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Degrees & Information
Bachelor of Music Degree
The B.Mus. degree allows you to focus primarily on music in a professional degree program that is founded upon principles of liberal education. You can major in performance, music education or theory/composition. About two thirds of your classes will be in music, including lessons, classes such as music theory and history, and ensembles, while non-music classes will comprise the remaining third of your studies. As a result, you will receive a well-rounded education along with musical instruction of the highest quality, preparing you well for the challenges and opportunities of life in the 21st century.
Five-year B.A. and B.Mus. double-degree program
Lawrence offers a combined B.A./B.Mus. degree program, an innovative course of study that allows you to immerse yourself in music and at least one other field of study at a very high level. In this rigorous five year program, about half your coursework will be in music, with the other half in general education courses and a second major. The combination of a nationally ranked liberal arts college with a leading conservatory of music makes Lawrence's double-degree program a unique opportunity to pursue both musical and non-musical interests at a very high level in a collaborative environment. Each incoming double degree student meets with two advisors (one from the Conservatory and one from the College). Student and advisors work collaboratively in order to help plan a successful course of study. Our double-degree program is so successful because all of our professors see such great value in the dual course of study. If you choose the double degree program, you won't be alone. About half of every entering Conservatory class are double degree students.
Bachelor of Arts with a major in music
Pursuing a B.A. degree with a major in music allows you to receive advanced musical training while also extensively exploring non-musical interests. Roughly one third of your academic experience will be devoted to lessons, classes such as music theory and history, and ensembles. Another third of your program will be devoted to general education classes. The final third will be devoted to elective coursework of specific interest to you. You may even choose to pick up a second major or a minor. The B.A. degree with a major in music shows that you have completed your musical studies and training in the context of a liberal arts education and have acquired a broad set of skills and knowledge.


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Create a VSP.COM Member Account and get instant access to your personal benefit information. Check out your coverage, find a doctor, see past visits and more.CREATE AN ACCOUNT
What Gives Eyes Their Color?
Find out common eye color myths, what causes eye color to change and which eye colors are more susceptible to sun damage.
Save Your Eyesight by Wearing Sunglasses
Sunlight can permanently damage your eyes. Sunglasses are your best defense against overexposure to UV radiation. Learn what to consider when buying sunglasses to get the maximum protection.
Bags under eyes are a very common problem. Find out what the main causes of under eye bags are and learn how you can diminish the puffiness.
Add some extra sparkle to your eyes with these fun makeup tips. Choosing eye makeup based on your eye color is a great way to highlight your unique features.
Finding the right eyeglasses for your face shape is an art. Check out these hints on how to find eyeglass frames that complement your facial features.
8 Signs You Might Need an Eye Exam
If you experience any of these changes in your vision, schedule an eye exam. Yearly eye exams alone may not be enough to detect certain vision problems.
Anatomy of the Eye
Each part of the eye has a distinct function that is crucial to keeping your vision clear. Learn what each part does.
During a retinal exam, your eye doctor will take high-resolution pictures of the inside of your eye to identify any potential or existing vision and health problems.
Make sure your road to contact lens comfort includes these three important steps, brought to you by an eye care professional.
Make sense of all those letters and numbers in your prescription. It's not as complicated as you may think.
A Brief Look at Correctable Vision Problems
Many common vision problems are correctable with the help of an eye care professional and a prescription for corrective lenses.
Keep Your Sight Sharp at Every Age
With age comes a larger risk of eye disease. Find out about the eras of your eyes to keep your eyes sharp no matter what your age.
Learn six easy things you can do to help minimize the impact of Computer Vision Syndrome.
Understanding the causes and symptoms of dry eyes is the first step toward treating them. These useful tips should help ease your dry eyes.
Being cross eyed is not the same as having a lazy eye, but these conditions can be related. Both appear most often in young children and can often be fixed if treated in time.
4 Ways to Prevent Cataracts at Any Age
Lifestyle adjustments can help prevent cataracts. No matter what your age, if you follow these four tips, you can help prevent cataracts or slow their development.
Vision Problems: Another Reason to Stop Smoking
Add a host of vision problems to the list of reasons to stop smoking. From cataracts to irritated eyes, smoking is to blame for several eye problems.
Glaucoma affects millions of people and can cause vision loss. Yet, there's good news – early detection, coupled with new treatments, are helping gain ground on the condition.
Macular degeneration is an age-related eye condition that damages central vision. Early detection and prevention of vision loss is possible with yearly eye exams.
Diabetic macular edema occurs because of leaking blood vessels in the macula, part of the retina. Pressure from the accumulating fluid damages the retina and can lead to blindness.
Blurry Vision or High Blood Pressure?
Here's how one patient learned a lifesaving diagnosis from a routine eye exam. Blurry vision brought him in; high blood pressure finally got his attention.
Hypertension and Your Eyes: The Connection
Hypertension can lead to life-altering effects, including blindness. A VSP eye doctor can detect high blood pressure just by looking at the blood vessels in the eye and offer treatment to help prevent vision loss.
Sometimes, we experience an eye-related symptom that's actually a sign of a problem not related to the eyes at all. Find out which ones could signal a serious condition or disease.
Eye doctors can easily be the first to see signs of diabetes – through their patients' eyes. In this case, the patient had no idea she had the disease, until her optometrist spotted it during a routine eye exam.
Migraine pain is like no other. It affects a lot of people – over 25 million Americans alone. Eye doctors can help combat the little-known visual effects of the painful problem.
Eyes: 15 Facts You Probably Didn't Know About Them
Explore little known facts about your eyes like how often you blink, the age at which you start producing tears, and why eye transplants aren't possible--yet.
Seniors' Sight: Yearly Checkups a Must
With age comes more conditions – visual and otherwise. An eye care doctor shares info about some of the conditions most often caught and treated in annual eye exams.
From eyewear for sports to improving night vision, VSP answers men's frequently asked questions about eye health and eyewear.
Americans are living longer, but our eyes don't always keep up. Cataracts happen to almost everyone of a certain age. But, surgery to remove them is easy and quick.
Tears are made up of three layers, change chemically depending on their purpose, and decrease in quantity as we age.
Fact or Fiction: 5 Common Eye Myths Get Debunked
Your mother said not to sit too close to the TV because it would hurt your eyes. Find out whether she was right—and get answers to other crazy eye myths.
How to Prevent Eye Injuries in a Hazardous Workplace
Thousands of eye injuries occur each day. Learn how to prevent workplace eye injuries and the importance of safety eyewear.
Make the safety of your eyes a priority whether you're at work, home or at play. From high-impact polycarbonate frames and lenses to fashionable goggles and wraps, safety glasses will prevent eye injuries.
More than 40% of eye injuries occur during activities at home. Find out how to protect your eyes and learn what to do if you experience an injury.
Did you know protective eyewear is available with prescription lenses? Read this guide before shopping for sports-related eyeglasses, sunglasses and protective eyewear.
How to Tell if Your Child Needs Glasses
Over one in five school-age kids have vision problems. A children's eye care specialist gives the low-down on what to look for – and what to do.
All in the Family? A Primer on Genes and Vision Problems
Will your child need glasses just like mom? Genes can play a big role in vision problems, but they're not the only player. A pediatric eye care expert weighs in on the subject.
Could a routine eye exam reveal something even a brain scan missed? This one did. The results? A healthy, happy nine-year-old boy with a renewed promise for a healthy life.
If you do your homework, your children may actually look forward to their eye exam. Learn what you can do as a parent to help your children enjoy trips to the eye doctor.
10 million kids in America have vision problems that traditional school vision screenings can overlook. An eye care expert shares advice for parents.
Exercise Your Way to Healthier Eyes
Regular exercise is good for your eyes, and there are plenty of fun ways to get moving. Decrease your risk for glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration with exercise.
Eating for Healthy Vision
Every time you choose or prepare food, you hold your health in your hand – including your eye health. An expert shares some advice on what foods and nutrients are especially vision friendly.
These healthy and tasty snack options will keep your figure in check and your taste buds happy. Don't let snacking ruin your fitness plan.

subset: commoncrawl


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About the Author: Major General (Ret) Scott Gration serves as the U.S. Special Envoy to Sudan.
August 28, 2010 -- Greetings, and Ramadan Kareem. I'm writing this from the road to update you on my recent travels to Sudan and Kenya.
The holy month of Ramadan serves as a valuable opportunity to reflect on our shared objectives of peace, stability, and prosperity for Sudan and its neighbors. Whatever one's religious beliefs, the teachings of patience, sacrifice, and humility emphasized during Ramadan are helpful lessons for all of us working in the fields of international diplomacy and development.
As the countdown to the referendum accelerates, the United States is redoubling its efforts to engage our Sudanese and international partners. I arrived in Sudan last week, with the goals of addressing the humanitarian situation in Darfur; discussing preparations for the January 2011 Referenda for Southern Sudan and Abyei; and furthering the negotiations on North/South post-referendum arrangements.
After completing meetings with high-level officials in Khartoum and Juba, I had the opportunity to travel throughout Southern Sudan, where I visited the towns of Aweil, Wau, Mapel, and Rumbek. The visits provided an opportunity to connect with our local partners in the Southern states, to hear their challenges and objectives firsthand. By offering an opportunity to reflect on priorities and build consensus on how to solve anticipated challenges in the months ahead, the weekend trip reinforced my belief that lasting peace will be built at the grassroots level just as much as at senior-level negotiations.
One of the major objectives of my trip to Sudan is to ensure that preparations are on track for the January 2011 referenda on self-determination for Southern Sudan and Abyei, and this was the key topic of discussion during my trip to Aweil, the first stop on my journey. I met with the Acting Governor of Northern Bahr Al-Ghazal state (a key border state with the North), where we discussed the state's preparations and security planning for the January 2011 referendum on Southern Sudan. I was impressed by Governor's commitment to ensuring that the conditions required to conduct a credible referendum in his province will be in place for the January vote.
In Wau I visited the province's Deputy Governor, and we discussed the security preparations for the referendum, and the state of agricultural development in the state. As a retired military officer, I was impressed to see the work of the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) training center in Mapel. I'm confident that the training provided to help professionalize the SPLA's 5th Division will have a positive and long-lasting impact on security and stability in the region. In Rumbek, the Governor very graciously hosted a dinner for me with 11 state ministers, and we met with the Governor and visited the Rumbek Secondary School. The students invited me to plant a tree at the school, a symbol of our shared commitment to building a more prosperous future for the people of Sudan.
From Sudan I flew to Nairobi, where I co-sponsored a very successful Southern Sudan Agriculture Conference with the Government of Southern Sudan (GoSS) and USAID. The conference brought together over 180 attendees, including officials from the GoSS, the U.S. Government, agricultural research organizations, financial institutions, and multinational agribusinesses, as well as key figures in the private donor community. The conference was held in honor of the late GoSS Minister of Agriculture and Forestry, His Excellency Dr. Samson Kwaje, who passed away earlier this month. Continuing his legacy, during the two-day conference, we examined the short- and long-term objectives to significantly increase production, to move Southern Sudan from subsistence farming to income-generating agribusiness. I'm extremely pleased that the conference was such a success, as agricultural development will be a critical component of the economic development of Southern Sudan in the years ahead.
On Wednesday evening, I returned to Khartoum for additional meetings, and I'm now in Cairo, where I attended the AU Envoys for Peace Summit. I promise to keep you posted on major developments as we work for peace and prosperity at this critical juncture.
Edrie I. in Maryland writes:
Although press reports and your own introduction indicates that one goal of this trip was to address the humanitarian crisis in Darfur, your write-up provides zero, zip, zilch to indicate your addressed it at all. For me, your silence on Darfur speaks volumes - and not in a good way at all. People are being destroyed physically and emotionally by the hour in Darfur, and you say nothing. You should accept any offer the President or the Secretary offer you to serve in Kenya; you do not appear to grasp the gravity and immediacy of the death, rape and devastation of the people of Darfur.
Enock O. in Kenya writes:
As a senior student of diplomacy and member of this region, I first of all thank you for the effort you have made to update us. The meetings you held both in Kenya and Sudan appear to be of major importance. However, my concern is with the approach that you have given this article.
The conflict in Southern Sudan is a tower that most global citizens can describe by looking at it from outside but can not tell its pillars. Your role was to point out weak and strong pillars in the Sudan conflict, especially now that their will be a national referendum next year. Therefore, by avoiding to address this issues, most people who have no privilege to bisect and look closely into the conflict will demand more from your article than you have provided.
Assuming you are back to your country, I seek to request for two things. One, in the face of cut edge media communication and diplomacy, remember that most global citizens have access to information faster than you can update your blog. For this, I request if you can provide critical but conscious information of your duties that main stream media does not have access to.
Second, a visit to Sudan is incomplete until you indulge domestic constituents in decision making. The conference on Agriculture would in this case be incomplete and unsuccessful if you did not engage domestic constituents; after all they are the ones who will aid to implement any project.
Enock K. O.
Institute of Diplomacy and International Studies,
University of Nairobi


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I'll start with a very frank admission – I didn't always love technology. I remember feeling utterly out of my depth in grade five while trying to create code that would display green @ and # symbols across my black screen in a lovely tree shape. I managed the shape – but it took 25 minutes to render, and I made a failing grade due to not quite comprehending how to optimize my code.
So that sucked. Later, in my mid-teens, my father created and marketed a Baseball video game – installed with floppies, featuring World Series stats, tactics and gameplay and…well just awful graphics. I wore a silver baseball suit designed for my older sister and stood outside the Baseball Hall of Fame at Ontario Place pitching game sales to the passersby (see what I did there?) That year I outsold Electronic Arts in total sales. 83 games. Boo-yah!
I got over the trauma eventually, and in the middle of my art-school/goth-electronica phase, I met a lovely fellow who introduced me to the first home computer I'd ever seen – and the wonders of Cu-SeeMe. I was pretty impressed. Later, when my mom bought a Mac – I met the father of my children when I asked a friend if he knew anyone who could help me install software for it.
A world of wonder opened up to us the moment we had a home system to experiment with. We 'surfed', we wrote emails, made rudimentary art in Bryce 3D, Adobe, and a million now-long-dead paint programs. My mother was somehow able to send my grandfather email messages via Mac-to-Ham Radio, a practice he immediately banned when she attempted to send a photo and left my grandfather with four reams of printer paper ruined before his printer was willing to stop spewing symbols.
I learned to install software, developed a passion for specific browsers (shoutout to Netscape – which I LOVED downloading Star Trek theme packs for) and taught myself the Adobe suite when it became apparent that my Graphic Design college wouldn't. I had ideas galore and big visions for the future.
I got into pixel art on PDA devices and landed my first tech gig in a Gastown boutique (pre-bubble). I was the intended star, writer and host for a new WebTV/Broadcast show called 'FuturePop'. I also developed another show with my best friend, called Wired Woman TV, and learned to encode, edit, and manage content via FTP for multiple broadcast clients of the company I worked for.
I lived online – consuming every single post on Suck.com, and then later joining Plastic.com (sort of a Reddit 1.0) and experimenting with my first websites and basic code. I also began to take on more Website Manager roles – writing, creating graphics, videos, bumpers, ads, etc – and thus my career as a content developer geared up to maximum.
In the years afterwards – including a few bumpy ones during the dotcom bubble burst – I worked on everything from CD and DVD navigation and production, audio design and mixing, database theory and interactivity design.
I built skins for audio players, project managed an interactive site for users to explore the TV show DaVinci's Inquest Coroner's office where visitors could open the Coroner's laptop and email fan letters to the actor, and I even attempted to manage the build of my own WordPress-style content publishing platform. In 2002. For poets. Because dotcom bubble that's why. Seemed like a good idea at the time.
Later on I moved into content marketing and strategic growth – working with entertainment properties to run creative campaigns (like an April Fool's site-wide Rebrand) and with smaller entreprenuers and non-profits to help them gain followers and solve expansion problems, and even government work and political campaigns. I ran the social media for Vancouver Mayor's Office during the Stanley Cup Riots, and later tied together fundraising, voter contact data, and volunteer management platforms in drupal for a municipal campaign in which every single one of our candidates swept the slate.
Most recently, I was social media lead for Mozilla Foundation – an amazing experience I can't recount in just one post. I promise to follow up with what I've learned there in the next week or so.
All I can say is – I LOVE THE WEB. You've given me my proudest moments and favorite memories. We've come a long way together, baby.
Happy Birthday!


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When assessing the decision made by former Commissioner Paul Tagliabue to overturn the suspensions imposed on four players, it's important to understand both what he says and what he doesn't say.That's particularly important when assessing the contention that Saints linebacker Jonathan Vilma offered $10,000 to any teammate who knocked former Vikings quarterback Brett Favre out of the 2009 NFC title game, since Vilma's denial of that claim provides the basis for his defamation lawsuit against Commissioner Roger Goodell.
Early in the 22-page ruling, Tagliabue explains that he is "not reviewing Commissioner Goodell's October 9, 2012 findings and conclusions de novo." Those last two words are a common Latin legal term, which mean "from scratch."
Basically, Tagliabue didn't build the house of facts all over again.
"If the parties had intended such a review, they would have written it into the CBA," Tagliabue says. "Instead, I am giving appropriate deference to Commissioner Goodell's reasonable findings and am applying the same standard of review to findings of violation and to findings underlying the level of discipline. I am not substituting my judgment for the Commissioner's judgment, except insofar as I have received and considered new material information of which the Commissioner was unaware. In this instance, based on both the prior record and additional information, I am reviewing the discipline for consistency of treatment, uniformity of standards for parties similarly situated and patent unfairness or selectivity."
In other words, Tagliabue acted like a traditional appeals court, declining to start the case over and taking advantage of the work that already has been done. This distinction becomes critical when assessing whether and to what extent Tagliabue's finding impacts Vilma's pending lawsuit.
As to the most important factual question presented by the appeal process, Tagliabue doesn't determine that Vilma offered a bounty on Favre. Instead, Tagliabue "find[s] there is more than enough evidence to support Commissioner Goodell's findings that Mr. Vilma offered such a bounty."
In other words, Tagliabue believes it was reasonable for Goodell to conclude based on the evidence that Vilma offered a bounty. But the opposite proposition also could have been accurate — that it would have been reasonable to conclude that Vilma didn't offer a true and actual bounty.
Indeed, Tagliabue implicitly reached the latter conclusion, since he wasn't willing to suspend Vilma because Tagliabue couldn't conclude that the "talk" from Vilma amounted to a real threat, as opposed to "rhetoric and exaggeration."
"[T]here is little evidence of the tone of any talk about a bounty before the Vikings game," Tagliabue writes. "Was any bounty pledged serious? Was it inspirational only? Was it typical 'trash talk' that occurs regularly before and during games? The parties presented no clear answers. No witness could confirm whether Vilma had any money in his hands as he spoke; no evidence was presented that $10,000 was available to him for purposes of paying a bounty or otherwise. There was no evidence that Vilma or anyone else paid any money to any player for any bounty-related hit on an opposing player in the Vikings game."
In other words, Tagliabue wasn't able to determine that the words uttered by Vilma were real, that he meant what he said and intended to act on it.
Tagliabue used that specific occasion to give more passive-aggressive, big-picture advice to his successor: "It is essential to recognize that Vilma is being most severely disciplined for 'talk' or speech at a team meeting on the evening before the Saints-Vikings game. He is not being punished for his performance on the field and, indeed, none of the discipline of any player here relates to on-field conduct. No Saints' player was suspended for on-field play by the League after the game in question. If the League wishes to suspend a player for pre-game talk including 'offers' to incentivize misconduct, it must start by imposing enhanced discipline for illegal hits that involve the kind of player misconduct that it desires to interdict. The relationship of the discipline for the off-field 'talk' and actual on-field conduct must be carefully calibrated and reasonably apportioned. This is a standard grounded in common sense and fairness. It rests also on the competence of NFL officiating and the obligation and ability of the League to closely observe playing field misconduct, record it and review for illegal hits or other related misconduct."
For Vilma's defamation case, none of this matters. He insists he didn't make the offer, others insist he did, and eventually someone else will have to consider the evidence and make factual decisions "from scratch." In this regard, the transcript of the testimony from the Tagliabue appeal hearing could be very useful, since the witnesses will have a hard time disowning the testimony they've already provided under oath.
The fact that Vilma's lawyer has called upon Tagliabue to release the transcript publicly suggests that the totality of the testimony could help Vilma.
Thus, regardless of Tagliabue's belief that Goodell's conclusion that Vilma made the offer was reasonable, others will eventually tackle that question within the confines of civil litigation, and there's a chance that Tagliabue's emphasis on the difference between words and actions will cause the judge and/or the jury to think that Goodell didn't exercise enough care in distinguishing the two as he should have before publicly painting Vilma as a thug.


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Connect. Discover. Enjoy.
Beacon Hill Village, a member-driven organization for Boston residents 50 and over, provides programs and services so members can lead vibrant, active and healthy lives, while living in their own homes and neighborhoods.
Benefits include access to discounted providers who can help you manage your household, stay active and healthy, and serve your driving needs. Our social and cultural programs are always changing to support member interests.
The Village Movement and BHV
BHV and the Village Movement
Visit the Village to Village Network's website to see how the Village concept is sweeping the nation (and the world)!
Interested in starting your own Village? Get started now!
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Tagless Typed lambda-calculus with integers and the conditional in the higher-order abstract syntax. Haskell itself ensures the object terms are well-typed. Here we use the tagless final approach.
- class Symantics repr where
- type VarCount = Int
- newtype S t = S (VarCount -> (String, VarCount))
- newtype D t = D t
- evald :: D t -> t
class Symantics repr whereSource
l :: (repr t1 -> repr t2) -> repr (t1 -> t2)Source
a :: repr (t1 -> t2) -> repr t1 -> repr t2Source
(+:) :: repr Int -> repr Int -> repr IntSource
ifz :: repr Int -> repr t -> repr t -> repr tSource
Since we rely on the metalanguage for typechecking and hence type generalization, we have to use `let' of the metalanguage.
It is quite challenging to show terms. Yet, in contrast to the GADT-based approach (EvalTaglessI.hs), we are able to do that, without extending our language with auxiliary syntactic forms. Incidentally, showing of terms is just another way of _evaluating_ them, to strings.
We no longer need variables or the environment and we do normalization by evaluation.
Denotational semantics. Why?
|D t


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The Bombardment of Acre 1840
The attack on the Syrian city of Acre ended a British campaign to limit the power of Mehemet Ali, the Viceroy of Egypt. Mehemet had declared independence from Turkey in 1838 after conquering Turkish Syria in 1832. He defeated another Turkish army in 1839 when the Turkish fleet also defected to the Egyptians.
Protecting Turkey, mainly from Russian influence, had always been of great concern to Britain and the Foreign Secretary, Lord Palmerston, decided that British forces in the area had to restore Turkish rule in Syria.
The French government opposed any intervention but their fleet was not ready for war. In September 1840 British, Austrian and Turkish troops led by Commodore Charles Napier, second-in-command of the Mediterranean Fleet, drove the Egyptians out of most of Syria's coastal towns. On 10 October Napier defeated an Egyptian Army led by Ibrahim Pasha leaving Acre as last remaining enemy stronghold.
The Mediterranean Fleet, commanded by Vice Admiral Sir Robert Stopford, and supported by small Austrian and Turkish squadrons moved into position against the western and southern sides of Acre on 3 November and opened fire at 1400. The ships anchored closer to the shore than expected, 450-800 metres, and the Egyptian guns were aimed too high. The fire of the ships was devastatingly accurate thanks to the training associated with the new gunnery school HMS Excellent. The Egyptians had no opportunity to correct their error; their guns were disabled by direct hits and by the walls of the fortifications falling on their crews. The sailing ships of the line were in two lines with steamers manoeuvring in between.
At 1620 a shell penetrated the main magazine in the south of the city which exploded killing 1,100 men. The guns ashore fell silent and that night the city was occupied. British losses were light with only 18 men killed and 41 wounded. The ships had fired 48,000 rounds.
In return for hereditary rule in Egypt, Mehemet Ali quickly ordered the evacuation of Syria and the return of the Turkish fleet. The attack upon Acre highlighted the effectiveness of the Royal Navy's gunnery against targets ashore. During the Crimean War this was again demonstrated to great effect.
Further reading:
- A. Lambert, "Stopford: Acre 1840" in E.J. Grove (Ed.) Great Battles of the Royal Navy (London, 1994).


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Proview PDF Editor Screenshot
Proview is a PDF Editor for Mac OS X. It allows you to merge and split files, rotate flip and scale individual pages, or all pages, crop pages and modify the document information It can edit encrypted files, and can decrypt and encrypt PDF documents. You can also add or remove PDF attachments, and add text and dates to one or more pages.
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More from Infinity
Copper Futures – Copper supply shortages will extend into the first half of next year as an accelerating Chinese economy more than doubles the pace of growth in global consumption even as mines extract a record amount of metal.
Demand will outpace supply by 316,000 metric tons in the first six months, more than all copper in London Metal Exchange warehouses, before a surplus emerges in the second half, Barclays Plc estimates. Production has lagged behind consumption since 2010, according to the International Copper Study Group. The metal may average $8,300 a ton in the second quarter, 5.1 percent more than now and the most in a year, according to the median of 21 analyst and trader estimates compiled by Bloomberg.
China, which uses 41 percent of the world's copper, is rebounding from seven quarters of slowing growth after the government approved a $161 billion subways-to-roads construction plan in September. It's being joined by central banks from the U.S. to Europe to Japan, who also pledged more stimulus. Housing starts in the U.S., the second-largest consumer, reached a four- year high last month and business confidence unexpectedly strengthened in Germany, Europe's biggest economy.
"U.S. growth will be moderate and Europe is stabilizing, so that drag might reverse partially, and then it all falls back to China," said Dominic Schnider, Singapore-based global head of non-traditional assets at UBS AG's wealth-management unit. "Economic activity doesn't have to be that strong in China for inventories to get drawn down and you could see a rally in the first half, but then you come into the second half where mine supply comes in on the strong side."
Quarter Century
Copper rose 3.9 percent to $7,899.50 a ton this year on the LME, the world's largest metals bourse, as the LMEX gauge of six industrial metals gained 3.6 percent. The Standard & Poor's GSCI gauge of 24 commodities added 0.6 percent, and the MSCI All- Country World Index (MXWD) of equities jumped 11 percent. Treasuries returned 2.7 percent, a Bank of America Corp. index shows.
The metal averaged $7,949.43 since the start of January, headed for the second-highest level in a quarter century after last year's record $8,825.98. Freeport-McMoRan Copper & Gold Inc. (FCX), the biggest publicly traded producer, may report a 44 percent gain in net income next year, according to the mean of 11 analyst estimates compiled by Bloomberg. Shares of the Phoenix-based company will advance 28 percent in the next 12 months, the average of 21 predictions shows.
Global Shortfall
Global demand will expand 3.4 percent to 20.85 million tons next year, from a 1.5 percent gain in 2012, Barclays estimates. Supply will climb 3.5 percent to an all-time high of 20.83 million tons. While that means an annual shortage of 19,000 tons, it's driven by the projected first-half deficit, compared with a surplus of 297,000 tons in the second six months.
China's copper demand may rise 5.5 percent to 8.1 million tons, from a gain of 4.8 percent this year, according to Beijing Antaike Information Development Co., which has researched metals for two decades. The infrastructure plans approved in September include about 2,000 kilometers (1,250 miles) of roads, subway projects in 18 cities and extra spending on railways.
The nation's economy will rebound this quarter from the slowest pace in three years, and keep accelerating through at least the middle of 2013, according to the medians of as many as 37 economist estimates compiled by Bloomberg. That may not be enough to offset contractions elsewhere.
European Recession
The 17-nation euro-area tumbled back into recession last quarter and economists surveyed by Bloomberg expect Japan to do the same this quarter. Europe accounts for 18 percent of copper demand and Japan 5 percent. U.S. leaders have yet to resolve the so-called fiscal cliff of automatic taxes rises and spending cuts, which the Congressional Budget Office has warned risks shrinking the economy. The International Monetary Fund cut its forecast for global growth in 2013 twice since July.
Hedge funds and other speculators are betting on lower prices, U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission data show. They held a net-short 2,649 futures and options in the week to Nov. 20, after turning negative the week before for the first time since August.
While stockpiles monitored by the LME fell 33 percent to 249,975 tons this year, those in bonded warehouses in China reached a record 700,000 tons, Goldman Sachs Group Inc. said in a Nov. 8 report. Those tracked by the Shanghai Futures Exchange, which are separate from the bonded-warehouse figure, have more than doubled to 205,933 tons, bourse data show.
'Keep Up'
"The improvement in demand will probably be capped out by the ability of supply to keep up," said Andrew Shaw, the head of industrial-metal and bulk commodity research at Credit Suisse Group AG in Singapore. "We're probably past the trough but it's not very convincing."
Codelco, the largest producer, cut the premium it charges on top of the LME cash price on sales to Chinese buyers by 11 percent to $98 a ton for 2013, according to two people familiar with the talks. That compares with a 5.6 percent drop to $85 for European buyers and an 8.6 percent reduction to $85 for Japan and South Korea. Lower fees usually signal higher supply.
Chinese inventories may start contracting as the economy strengthens. Exports rose in October at the fastest pace in five months and a preliminary reading of HSBC Holdings Plc and Markit Economics' purchasing managers' index for November signaled the first expansion in 13 months.
'More Positive'
"Next year will be slightly more positive than this year," Jeremy Goldwyn, director at Sucden Financial Ltd., said in an interview on Bloomberg Television from Shanghai today. "That's predominantly based on improvement in Chinese conditions, marginally better in the U.S. and pretty much the same in Europe," said Goldwyn, who's worked in the industry for more than 25 years.
Expectations for next year's global supply are probably too optimistic, Macquarie Group Ltd. said in a report Nov. 6, citing constraints including power shortages in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The bank anticipates production growth of 4 percent next year and a "significant copper surplus remains unlikely."
The mining industry is contending with rising costs from labor to energy and is extracting about 19 percent less metal from every ton of rock that it was in 2000, according to Macquarie. Codelco, based in Santiago, reported a 5 percent drop in nine-month production on Nov. 22 because of declining ore grades at its Chilean mines.
Freeport will report net income of $4.52 billion in 2013, from $3.14 billion in 2012, according to analyst estimates. Its shares rose 6.6 percent to $39.22 this year and will reach $50.05 in 12 months, the predictions show. Copper accounted for 78 percent of sales last year, data compiled by Bloomberg show.
"We're still relatively positive on copper with China's economy recovering, and the U.S. as well," said Nick Trevethan, a senior commodities strategist at Australia & New Zealand Banking Group Ltd. (ANZ) in Singapore. "Europe's pretty much written off, but the China story's becoming more and more about China and less and less about the rest of the world."
- Glenys Sim in Singapore at Bloomberg.


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Wham! Bam! Kapow!: Cartoon Storytelling
The next time your kindergartener decides to makes up a new story, challenge him to a whole new method of storytelling—as a cartoon! Teach your child how to work in all the essential parts of a story (beginning, middle and end) as he engages his creative mind. Completing this fun cartoon project is sure to strengthen his fine motor skills as well.
What You Need:
- Several sheets of paper sectioned into cartoon panels
- Ink pad
- Fine tip markers
What You Do:
- Ask your child to tell you the story. After he tells it, discuss the various parts—beginning, middle and end. Who is the main character? What problem is he trying to solve? What challenges does he face? How does he succeed?
- Now help your child figure out which characters need to be in each cartoon panel. What does each character look like? It might help your child to create a character sheet so that he can keep track of who has a cape, who has a magic wand, or who can fly.
- Time to get grubby! How many characters are in each cartoon panel? Assist your child in making one fingerprint per character.
- Take the time to wash the ink off little fingers so that the cartoon doesn't get smeared.
- Bring out the fine tip markers so that your budding cartoonist can add arms, legs, capes, and other gadgets to each character's fingerprint and bring his story to life.
To extend this activity, make a special place on the refrigerator to run your child's comic strip. New ones can be added regularly as you either recycle the old or save them in a special folder.


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BURLINGTON — After the No. 2 Vergennes Union High School baseball team made it through a rocky first inning in their Division II semifinal win over No. 6 Otter Valley, winning pitcher Charlie Stapleford described the Commodores as resilient.
Fortunately for the Commodores, that description proved to the prophetic.
In Saturday's D-II final at the University of Vermont's Centennial Field, VUHS, trailed, 3-0, after one inning against No. 13 Missisquoi — and ace pitcher Matt St. Amour.
MIDDLEBURY — Middlebury Planning Commission members will take another close look at the draft 2012 town plan in wake of comments from several local businesspeople and citizens who are calling the 199-page document too lengthy, prescriptive and not welcoming enough to prospective entrepreneurs.
Those kinds of comments — along with some positive ones — have reached commission members in recent days by e-mail and through testimony delivered at well-attended public hearings the panel held at Middlebury's Ilsley Library on June 4 and 6.
RIPTON — Ripton Elementary School will soon prove that it is literally willing to go the distance to stabilize — and even increase — its student enrollment.
Ripton school directors last week agreed to run a new bus service to Hancock and Granville this fall to give families in those Route 100 communities extra incentive to attend Ripton Elementary.
MIDDLEBURY — Tom Anderson has spent the past 15 years coordinating recreation programs for Middlebury-area residents.
Now, at age 63, Anderson wants to have some outdoor fun on his own time.
"I guess after all these years, it's time for me to recreate a little," Anderson said with a smile on Tuesday. "I love to hike, snowshoe and kayak."
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FERRISBURGH — In each of the past two years, the town of Ferrisburgh has set aside a day each summer to gather and celebrate as a community, calling the event Ferrisburgh Day.
This year presents Ferrisburgh and its residents with an extra reason to gather, the 250th anniversary of the town charter. Officials essentially decided to combine Ferrisburgh Day with a birthday celebration on Saturday, June 23.
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