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Meteorite, any fairly small natural object from interplanetary space—i.e., a meteoroid—that survives its passage through Earth's atmosphere and lands on the surface. In modern usage the term is broadly applied to similar objects that land on the surface of other comparatively large bodies. For instance, meteorite fragments have been found in samples returned from the Moon, and the robotic rover Opportunity has identified at least one meteorite on the surface of Mars. The largest meteorite that has been identified on Earth was found in 1920 in Namibia and was named the Hoba meteorite. It measures 2.7 metres (9 feet) across, is estimated to weigh nearly 60 tons, and is made of an alloy of iron and nickel. The smallest meteorites, called micrometeorites, range in size from a few hundred micrometres (μm) to as small as about 10 μm and come from the population of tiny particles that fill interplanetary space (see interplanetary dust particle).
Laboratory, astronomical, and theoretical studies show that most discrete meteorites found on Earth are fragments of asteroids that orbit in the inner portion of the main asteroid belt, between about 2.1 and 3.3 astronomical units (AU) from the Sun. (One astronomical unit is the average distance from Earth to the Sun—about 150 million km [93 million miles].) It is in this region that strong gravitational perturbations by the planets, especially Jupiter, can put meteoroids into Earth-crossing orbits. Not all meteoroids need to have formed in this region, however, as there are a number of processes that can cause their orbits to migrate over long time periods. Fewer than 1 percent of meteorites are thought to come from the Moon or Mars. On the other hand, there is good reason to believe that a significant fraction of the micrometeorites found drifting down through Earth's upper atmosphere come from comets. Although evidence from studies of meteors suggests that a small fraction of the cometary material that enters Earth's atmosphere in discrete chunks possesses sufficient strength to survive to reach the surface, it is not generally believed that any of this material exists in meteorite collections. For further discussion of the sources of meteorites and the processes by which they are brought to Earth, see meteor and meteoroid: Reservoirs of meteoroids in space and Directing meteoroids to Earth.
The principal driving force behind meteorite studies is the fact that small bodies such as asteroids and comets are most likely to preserve evidence of events that took place in the early solar system. There are at least two reasons to expect that this is the case. First, when the solar system began to form, it was composed of gas and fine-grained dust. The assembly of planet-sized bodies from this dust almost certainly involved the coming together of smaller objects to make successively larger ones, beginning with dust balls and ending, in the inner solar system, with the rocky, or terrestrial, planets—Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. In the outer solar system the formation of Jupiter, Saturn, and the other giant planets is thought to have involved more than simple aggregation, but their moons—and comets—probably did form by this basic mechanism. Available evidence indicates that asteroids and comets are leftovers of the intermediate stages of the aggregation mechanism. They are therefore representative of bodies that formed quite early in the history of the solar system. (See also solar system: Origin of the solar system; planetesimal.) Second, in the early solar system various processes were in operation that heated up solid bodies. The primary ones were decay of short-lived radioactive isotopes within the bodies and collisions between the bodies as they grew. As a result, the interiors of larger bodies experienced substantial melting, with consequent physical and chemical changes to their constituents. Smaller bodies, on the other hand, generally radiated away this heat quite efficiently, which allowed their interiors to remain relatively cool. Consequently, they should preserve to some degree the dust and other material from which they formed. Indeed, certain meteorites do appear to preserve very ancient material, some of which predates the solar system.
Recovery of meteorites
Meteorites traditionally are given the name of a geographic feature associated with the location where they are found. Until quite recently, there were no systematic efforts to recover them. This was largely because meteorites fall more or less uniformly over Earth's surface and because there was no obvious way to predict where they would fall or could be found. When a meteorite was seen to fall or when a person chanced upon an unusual-looking rock, the specimen was simply taken to a museum or a private collector.
In the 1930s and '40s, enterprising meteorite collectors began crisscrossing the prairie regions of North America, asking farmers to bring them unusual rocks that they had found while plowing their fields. Prairie soil is largely derived from fine glacial loess and contains few large rocks. The collectors realized that there was a reasonable chance that any rocks the farmers unearthed would include meteorites.
A better approach to finding meteorites than searching places with few rocks, however, is to search places where they can accumulate over time—i.e., where the surface is quite old and rates of weathering are low. Because meteorites contain minerals, such as iron metal, that are easily weathered, they do not normally last long on Earth's surface. Liquid water is one of the principal agents of weathering. In desert environments, where there is little water, meteorites survive much longer. Indeed, they tend to accumulate on the surface in arid regions if weathering rates are slower than the rates at which meteorites fall to Earth, provided that little windblown sand accumulates to bury them. Areas of the Sahara in North Africa and the Nullarbor Plain region in Australia have proved to be good places to look for meteorites. The most-successful collection efforts, however, have been in Antarctica.
The Antarctic can be viewed as a cold desert. Annual snowfall is quite low over most of the interior, and the intense cold slows weathering rates considerably. Most meteorites that fall on the ice sheet become buried and are stored for 20,000–30,000 years, although some appear to have been in Antarctica for a million years or more. The ice of the Antarctic sheet gradually flows radially from the South Pole northward toward the coast. In places, the ice encounters an obstruction, such as a buried hill, that forces it to flow upward. Strong katabatic winds, which sweep down the gently sloping ice sheets from the centre of the continent, sandblast the upwelling ice with snow and ice particles, eroding it at rates as high as 5–10 cm (2–4 inches) per year and leaving the meteorites stranded on the surface. Areas of upwelling ice, called blue ice for its colour, can be recognized from aerial or satellite photographs, and on foot the dark meteorites are relatively easy to spot against the ice and snow. The drawback of collecting in Antarctica is the harsh conditions that the collection teams must endure for weeks to months while camping out on the ice. Since the 1970s several countries, notably the United States and Japan, have operated scientific collection programs. Some tens of thousands of meteorites have been retrieved from Antarctica by the two countries' programs, increasing the number of meteorites available to researchers manyfold. These include one-third of all known Martian meteorites, one-third of known lunar meteorites, and numerous other rare or unique samples. Because large numbers of Antarctic meteorites are found within small areas, the traditional geographic naming system is not used for them; rather, an identifier is made up of an abbreviated name of some local landmark plus a number that identifies the year of recovery and the specific sample. (See also Antarctic meteorite.)
Types of meteorites
Meteorites traditionally have been divided into three broad categories—stony meteorites (or stones), iron meteorites (irons), and stony iron meteorites (stony irons)—on the basis of the proportions of rock-forming minerals and nickel-iron (also called iron-nickel) metal alloy they contain. Stony meteorites make up about 94 percent of all known meteorites, irons about 5 percent, and stony irons about 1 percent. There is considerable diversity within each category, leading to numerous subdivisions (classes, groups, etc.) based on variations in chemistry, mineralogy, and structure. It is important to realize that meteorite classification is based primarily on observable characteristics. Just because subdivisions belong to the same category, it does not necessarily follow that they all consist of meteorites that have the same or similar parent bodies. Indeed, more often than not, they are unrelated. Conversely, subdivisions from different categories may have a common origin. For instance, if a large asteroid were to melt, its denser metallic components would tend to sink to its centre (its core), while its less-dense rocky material would form a mantle around it, much like what happened to Earth. This separation process is known as geochemical differentiation. When the differentiated asteroid is later broken up by collisions, samples of its rocky mantle, iron core, and core-mantle interface might be represented in the three main categories. Thus, the challenge for researchers is to determine which types of meteorites are related and which are not, as well as to identify the processes that were responsible for the tremendous diversity that is seen among them.
Stony meteorites
The most fundamental distinction between the various stony meteorites is between those that were once molten, the achondrites, and those that were not, the chondrites. Chondrites have been subdivided into three main classes—ordinary, carbonaceous, and enstatite chondrites—and these in turn have been divided into a number of groups.
Chondrites are the most abundant meteorites (about 87 percent of stony meteorites) in collections. They also are arguably the most important. In terms of terrestrial rocks, these meteorites seem akin to sedimentary conglomerates—i.e., fragments of preexisting rock cemented together. They are a mechanical mixture of components that formed in the solar nebula or even earlier. Perhaps more remarkably, the compositions of chondrites are very similar to that of the Sun, except for the absence (in chondrites) of very volatile elements such as hydrogen and helium. The Sun contains more than 99 percent of the mass of the solar system. The composition of the Sun must therefore be very close to the average composition of the solar system when it formed. As a result, the Sun's composition can serve as a reference. Deviations in a meteorite's composition from this reference composition provide clues to the processes that influenced the formation of its parent body and the components in it.
Meteorites are classified as chondrites on the basis of the presence within them of small spherical bodies (typically about 1 mm [0.04 inch] in diameter) called chondrules. From their shapes and the texture of the crystals in them, chondrules appear to have been free-floating molten droplets in the solar nebula. Simulation experiments show that chondrules formed by "flash" heating (to peak temperatures of 1,400–1,800 °C [2,550–3,270 °F]) and then rapid cooling (10–1,000 °C [18–1,800 °F] per hour). The sizes, compositions, and proportions of different types of chondrules vary from one chondrite meteorite to the next, which means that chondrule formation must have been a fairly localized process. There is also good evidence for its having occurred many times. If chondrule abundance in chondrites is any guide, the chondrule-forming process was one of the most energetic and important in the solar nebula, at least in the region of the asteroid belt. Nevertheless, despite more than a century of study and speculation, scientists have yet to definitively determine what the process was.
Refractory inclusions
Minor but important constituents of chondrites are refractory inclusions. They are so termed because they are highly enriched in the least-volatile, or refractory, elements. Because calcium and aluminum are two of the most abundant refractory elements in them, they are often called calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions, or CAIs. They range in shape from highly irregular to spherical and in size from tens of micrometres up to a centimetre or more. Like chondrules, they formed at high temperatures but appear to have been heated for more prolonged periods. Many but not all types of inclusions appear to have been formed from a molten state, which probably came about by the heating of preexisting solids. Others seemed to have formed as crystalline solids that condensed directly from a hot gas. Like chondrules, there is no consensus on the mechanism or mechanisms that formed refractory inclusions.
The space between the chondrules and refractory inclusions is filled with a fine-grained matrix that cements the larger meteoritic components together. The matrix is richer in volatile elements than are chondrules and inclusions, suggesting that at least some fraction of it formed at a lower temperature. The matrix of many chondrites contains organic matter (up to about 2 percent by weight). The isotopic compositions of the hydrogen and nitrogen atoms in the organic matter are often very unusual. These compositions are best explained if at least some of the organic matter was produced in the interstellar molecular cloud from which the solar system formed. Other materials that predate the solar system survive in the matrix, albeit at much lower concentrations. Unlike the organic matter, these materials formed not in the interstellar medium but around stars that died millions to hundreds of millions of years before the solar system formed. The evidence that these tiny grains (a few nanometres to 10 micrometres in size) have circumstellar origins lies in their isotopic compositions. These are so different from the compositions of solar system materials that they could have been produced only by nucleosynthesis (formation of elements) in stars. For instance, the average ratio of carbon-12 to carbon-13 observed in solar system objects is about 89 to 1, with a range of about 85–94 to 1. For some material isolated from chondrites, the carbon-12/carbon-13 ratios of individual particles range from about 2 to 1 to about 7,000 to 1. Types of minerals of circumstellar origin that have been isolated from chondrites include diamond, graphite, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, olivine, corundum, spinel, chromite, and hibonite.
Alteration processes
Few if any chondrites have remained completely unaltered since they formed as part of their larger parent asteroids. Four processes have modified the chondrites to varying degrees: aqueous alteration, thermal metamorphism, shock, and brecciation. Soon after the chondritic parent bodies were formed, they were all heated to some degree. In some bodies, temperatures were modest but high enough for liquid water to exist; reaction of the original minerals with water—aqueous alteration—transformed them to complex mixtures of minerals. Other chondritic parents were heated more intensely, and, if they once contained water, it was driven off. The temperatures achieved were high enough to induce changes in mineralogy and physical structure—thermal metamorphism—but insufficient to cause widespread melting. At an early stage, this heating resulted in an increasing uniformity of mineral composition and recrystallization of the matrix. Organic matter and circumstellar grains in the matrix were also destroyed at this stage. With more intense heating, even the chondrules recrystallized. In the most-metamorphosed chondrites examined, those whose parent bodies experienced temperatures of roughly 1,000 °C (about 1,800 °F or 1,270 K), the chondrules are quite difficult to see. The third modification process, shock, is caused by collisions of meteoritic parent bodies. Not just chondrites but all major types of meteorites exhibit shock features, which range from minor fracturing to localized melting. The processes of aqueous alteration and thermal metamorphism were probably finished within about 50 million years of the formation of the solar system. On the other hand, collisions of asteroids and their fragments continue to this day. In the fourth process, brecciation, the bodies have been broken apart and reassembled.
Classification systems
As can be gathered from the preceding discussion, the features now seen in chondrites reflect processes from two distinct episodes—those that led to the formation of the chondritic parent bodies and those that later altered the material in the parent bodies. As a result, chondrites are classified in two complementary ways. On the basis of concentrations of their major elements (iron, magnesium, silicon, calcium, and aluminum) and on their oxidation states, oxygen isotopic compositions, and petrology (e.g., abundance of chondrules and matrix, chondrule size, and mineralogy), chondrites naturally cluster into distinct classes and groups. It is generally believed that the defining characteristics of the classes and groups were determined by conditions prior to and during the formation of the meteorites' parent bodies and that each group comes from a different parent asteroid or set of asteroids.
In addition, within each of the groups, the meteorites differ in the degree to which they were thermally metamorphosed or aqueously altered. These differences are referred to as petrologic types; they are broken down in the petrologic types table. Types 2 and 1 represent increasing degrees of alteration by water, and types 3 through 6 (some researchers extend the types to 7) reflect increasing degrees of modification by heating. Thus, a meteorite that experienced extensive aqueous alteration would be classified as type 1, and one that experienced temperatures just short of melting would be type 6 (or 7). A meteorite that remained completely unmodified by either process since its formation would lie at the boundary of types 2 and 3.
As an example of how the two classification methods are applied, the carbonaceous chondrite known as the Allende meteorite, whose fall was witnessed in 1969, is classified as CV3. This indicates that it belongs to the CV group and petrologic type 3 of the second table.
Meteorites are also classified according to the severity of shock and the terrestrial weathering they have experienced, but these schemes are less commonly used. Still another way to distinguish meteorites is as "falls" or "finds," depending on whether they were observed to fall to Earth.
CI carbonaceous chondrites
Perhaps the most interesting type of chondrite is the CI group of carbonaceous chondrites. Strictly speaking, it could be questioned why such meteorites are called chondrites at all, inasmuch as they do not contain chondrules. They are aqueously altered so heavily that, if they once contained chondrules, all evidence of them has been erased. When their elemental abundances are compared with those of the Sun, however, it turns out that the two are extremely similar. In fact, of all meteorite types, the CI chondrites most closely resemble the Sun in composition. Consequently, in devising a classification scheme, it makes sense to group them with the chondrites.
Because CI chondrites are chemically so Sun-like—and thus so like the average composition of the forming solar system—some scientists have speculated that they are of cometary rather than of asteroidal origin. Comets are believed to represent the most unaltered material in the solar system. Although there are difficulties with this idea, scientific knowledge about the nature and origin of comets is still limited, which makes it unwise to entirely dismiss this intriguing possibility.
Achondrites, their name meaning "without chondrites," are a relatively small but diverse group of meteorites. They exhibit a range of features that would be expected if their parent bodies experienced widespread melting: igneous features similar to those observed in terrestrial volcanic rocks, segregation of molten metal (possibly into a core) from molten silicate rock (magma), and magmatic segregation of silicate crystals and melt. Most achondrites collected on Earth are derived from asteroids, but one small group is thought to come from Mars and another from the Moon.
The three most numerous asteroidal achondrite groups are the aubrites, the howardite-eucrite-diogenite association, and the ureilites. Aubrites are also known as enstatite achondrites. Like the enstatite class of chondrites, the aubrites derive from parent bodies that formed under highly chemically reducing conditions. As a result, they contain elements in the form of less-common compounds—for example, calcium as the sulfide mineral oldhamite (CaS) rather than in its more usual silicate and carbonate forms.
The howardite, eucrite, and diogenite (HED) meteorites all came from the same asteroidal body, Vesta, the second largest member of the asteroid belt. They have also been linked to the mesosiderites, a group of stony iron meteorites (see below Association of meteorites with asteroids). Examination of HED meteorites shows that Vesta has had a complex history that included melting, segregation of metal into a core, crystallization, metamorphism, and impact brecciation (the process in which an impact shatters rock).
The eucrites are subdivided into cumulate eucrites and basaltic eucrites. Cumulate eucrites are like terrestrial gabbros in that they seem to have formed at depth in Vesta and crystallized quite slowly. By contrast, basaltic eucrites are similar to terrestrial basalts, apparently having formed at or near Vesta's surface and cooled relatively fast. The diogenites, composed predominantly of the mineral pyroxene, also seem to have formed at depth. The howardites are impact breccias composed of cemented fragments of diogenite and eucrite materials.
The third main class of asteroid-derived achondrites, the ureilites, are carbon-bearing. They consist of a silicate rock, made primarily of the minerals olivine and pyroxene, that has dark veins running through it. The veins, which constitute as much as 10 percent of the meteorites, are composed of carbon (graphite and some diamond), nickel-iron metal, and sulfides. The silicates clearly crystallized from magma, but there is debate about how they formed. The carbon-rich veins seem to have formed by shock-induced redistribution of graphite that originally crystallized along with the silicates. In addition to the three main achondrite classes, there exist several minor classes and a collection of unique achondrite specimens, all of which reflect the variability of melting processes in the asteroids.
About three dozen meteorites have been identified as having come from Mars. All are volcanic rocks. All but one of these belong to one of three classes—shergottites, nakhlites, and chassignites—that were established well before a Martian origin was suspected. The three groups are often referred to collectively as SNCs. One piece of evidence for a planetary origin of the SNCs is their young age, between 150 million and 1.3 billion years. Retaining enough heat so that volcanic activity could continue until just 1.3 billion years ago, let alone more recently, required a planet-sized parent body. Because there is considerable geochemical evidence that the rocks did not originate on Earth, the only likely candidates that remain are Venus and Mars, both of which appear to have experienced recent volcanic activity. The most convincing evidence for a Martian origin comes from an Antarctic meteorite, an SNC named EETA79001. This meteorite contains trapped gases (noble gases, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide) whose relative abundances and isotopic compositions are almost identical to those of the Martian atmosphere as measured by the two Viking landers. Scientists believe that the Martian meteorites are fragments of the planet's near surface that were launched into space by large impacts and that eventually found their way to Earth. In the case of EETA79001, atmospheric gases apparently became trapped in glasses produced during the violent shock event that excavated the rock from Mars. As the only samples of Mars available to scientists on Earth, Martian meteorites provide a unique window into the evolution of this enigmatic planet.
Several Martian meteorites have been aqueously altered to some degree, which is in line with other evidence that liquid water was present at least periodically on Mars at some time in the past. The most unique Martian meteorite is another Antarctic specimen, ALH84001. This rock, an orthopyroxenite, has a crystallization age of about 4.5 billion years, which is roughly the same age as asteroidal meteorites (see below The ages of meteorites and their components), but several of its properties clearly tie it to the other Martian meteorites. About 3.9 billion years ago, aqueous fluids passed through it, precipitating carbonate-magnetite-sulfide mineral assemblages. Some researchers interpreted these rather unusual assemblages as evidence for life on Mars. They also reported features in the meteorite that they interpreted as fossilized bacteria. These claims created considerable controversy, but they also generated important debate on how life might originate and how it might be recognized even if it is unlike the life known on Earth.
A number of lunar meteorites have been found in Antarctica and hot deserts on Earth. They probably would not have been recognized as having come from the Moon were it not for the lunar samples brought back by the manned Apollo and robotic Luna missions. The meteorites, which likely are fragments blasted off the Moon by large impacts, resemble the various rock types represented in the lunar samples (e.g., mare basalts, highland regolith breccias, and highland impact-melt breccias), but they almost certainly came from areas that were not sampled by the various missions. Therefore, like the Martian meteorites, they are an important source of new information on the formation and evolution of their parent body.
Iron meteorites
Iron meteorites are pieces of denser metal that segregated from the less-dense silicates when their parent bodies were at least partially melted. They most probably came from the cores of their parent asteroids, although some researchers have suggested that metal, rather than forming a single repository, may have pooled more locally, producing a structure resembling raisin bread, with metal chunks as the "raisins." The latter would have been likely to occur if the asteroid underwent localized shock melting rather than melting of the entire body.
Iron meteorites are principally composed of two nickel-iron minerals, nickel-poor kamacite and nickel-rich taenite. The abundances of those two minerals strongly influence the structure of iron meteorites. At one extreme is the class known as hexahedrites, which are composed almost entirely of kamacite. Being nearly of a single mineral, hexahedrites are essentially structureless except for shock features. At the other extreme is the class known as ataxites, which are made up primarily of taenite. Ataxites are the rarest class and can contain up to about 60 percent nickel by weight. Again, because they are nearly monomineralic, they are almost featureless structurally. Between these two classes are the octahedrites. In those meteorites, kamacite crystals form as interlocking plates in an octahedral arrangement, with taenite filling the interstices. This interlocking arrangement, called the Widmanstätten pattern, is revealed when a cut and polished surface of the meteorite is etched with dilute acid. The pattern is an indication that octahedrites formed at relatively low pressure, as would be expected if they formed in asteroid-sized bodies.
At one time iron meteorites were classified in terms of nickel content and Widmanstätten structure, but this has been largely superseded by a chemical classification based on gallium, germanium, and nickel content. The most-common classes have the rather uninspiring names IAB, IIAB, IIIAB, IVA, and IVB. There are numerous other smaller classes and unique iron meteorites. On the assumption that most iron meteorites formed in the cores of their parent asteroids, variations in the composition and properties of iron meteorites in a given class reflect the changing conditions during solidification of these cores. Gallium and germanium abundances in molten nickel-iron metal are relatively unaffected by the process of crystallization, but they are sensitive to the conditions under which the parent asteroid formed. Thus, iron meteorites with similar gallium and germanium abundances are probably related to one another, either because they came from the same asteroid or because their parent asteroids formed at similar times and places. Nickel abundances, on the other hand, are influenced by crystallization because nickel tends to concentrate in those portions of nickel-iron metal that are still molten. As a result, nickel abundances can be used to determine the sequence of crystallization within iron meteorite classes.
The IAB, IIICD, and IIE iron meteorites exhibit geochemical characteristics that are distinct from those of the other classes of irons. Their origin remains uncertain, but they may have been produced by impact processes.
Stony iron meteorites
Stony iron meteorites contain roughly equal amounts of silicate minerals and nickel-iron metal. They fall into two groups: pallasites and mesosiderites. Pallasites are composed of a network of nickel-iron metal in which are set crystals of the silicate mineral olivine. Olivine crystals are typically about 0.5 cm (0.2 inch) across. The centres of large areas of metal exhibit the Widmanstätten structure. Pallasites formed at the interface between regions of molten nickel-iron metal and molten silicates. The molten nickel-iron metal regions could have been the outer cores of asteroids or, less likely, nuggets in the asteroids where the metal had collected. Similarly, the molten silicate regions could have been the deepest layers of the silicate mantle.
As discussed above in the section Achondrites, mesosiderites are probably related to the three classes of achondrites collectively called HEDs. Like one of the HED classes, howardites, mesosiderites are impact breccias containing fragments belonging to the other two classes, eucrites and diogenites. In addition, however, the mesosiderites contain a large amount of dispersed nickel-iron metal. The origin of the metal is not known for certain, but it may be from the core of the body that collided with and brecciated the mesosiderite parent body.


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Designed for digital painting, concept art, comics and texture creation, modelled on existing real painting tools. Feature rich, with an ergonomic and flexible user interface.
Visit Krita's official website for up to date information:Krita.org
Krita Questions? Want to dig deeper? Read the Krita site for documentation for the upcoming Krita 3.
Krita is a free and cross-platform creativity application for digital painting, image manipulation, concept art, comics and the creation of textures for things like game art or 3D models. It is designed around existing real-world painting materials and artist workflows, but it is also packed with functions digital artists require, like layers, filters, vector-based path drawing, typography tools, and built-in color-management support. Krita is a KDE application based on the Calligra platform.
Krita has a highly flexible and user-friendly interface. Nearly all aspects of the interface, including the toolbar, keyboard shortcuts and specific tool options through the movable tabbed panels, or Dockers can be customized to suit the specific needs of an individual or team. Dockers are panels that can be moved around the screen through familiar drag-and-drop gestures. Using these tools a personally customized task-based workspace can be created in minutes. Each workspace can be uniquely named, saved and recalled for later use. When combined with the right-click accessible Artist Palette pop-up, an artist can create a seamless experience customized specifically to their needs, whether it is project-based or based more on personal workflow requirements.
Krita allows users to easily right-click and customize its toolbars. There are two toolbars in Krita: "Files" toolbar and "Brushes and Stuff" toolbar. You may add or remove whatever functions of the toolbars, change text position, icon size and order. Texts on the button can be changed or even overlapped by assigning any desirable icons to them (with KDE plasma workspace installed). While customizing toolbars, the function list is searchable.
A powerful feature in Krita is the ability to assign/reassign keyboard shortcuts. The user is encouraged to assign both the main shortcut and an alternative shortcut to a single command. While customizing shortcuts, the command list is searchable and the users is notified of any conflicting commands.
Krita lets you set up shortcuts that both speed your own workflow, emulate another software package or, perhaps, both.
Dockers are movable panels that each contain a specific set of tools. They are moved around the screen using familiar drag-and-drop gestures and can be placed either floating directly on the canvas or docked in one of the multiple docking areas. Dockers may be sized horizontally and vertically. Multiple dockers can be grouped in a shared space and switched between them by clicking on their tabs. By right-clicking on the title area of any panels you can easily add or remove panels from a complete list. A docker can also be collapsed to save space by clicking on its down arrow in the upper left corner.
There are two kinds of palettes in Krita: the ordinary palette for color presets (Color Preset Docker), and the not-so-ordinary Artist Palette pop-up used for quick access to color selector, color history and favorite brushes. This quick access palette can be called up by right-clicking anywhere on the canvas, which liberates the artist from the interruption in switching among colors and tools, thus providing a more immersive user experience. Favorite brushes can be added to the palette by clicking on the toolbar button, as well as selecting from any number of tag-based group of brush sets.
Krita has a powerful and highly customizable brush system modeled on various existing real-world drawing tools. In brush settings different genres of tools are grouped separately, each of them has tens of specified options which allow artists to adjust them thoroughly. On the right-side of the brush setting window is a sketchpad where you may test the current brush settings. The background color and sketchpad gradient can be altered by clicking the icons beneath it.
While using the brush tool ("Paint with brushes" in toolbox), you may change brush size by holding Shift and drag brush-tip horizontally on the canvas. By holding Ctrl you temporarily switch to color-picker. By holding middle-mouse button you can move canvas. Right-click for the quick palette. Quick sliders of Opacity, Flow and Size can be found on Krita's brush toolbar, while only two can be shown at the same time, you may click the plus button on the right to switch between different sliders.
The following file formats can be opened directly by Krita. However, you can only save directly to native supported formats. Use export to save files in formats which are not natively supported. Depending on your operating system and building environment, some file formats may not be supported.
Krita can be downloaded as a part of Calligra Suite or get it directly from Krita's website.

subset: commoncrawl


text: - CONDITIONING AT ITS MOST SUBLIME. Care for and smooth hair daily with the decadent conditioning experience of Essential Shea Conditioner. An ultra crème moisturizing conditioner that quenches hair in rich hydrating indulgence. Detangles and moisturizes each strand. Coarse, dry hair is smoothed to fluidity. Infused with pure Shea Butter. Scented by jasmine and exotic florals. Masterfully crafted by Frédéric Fekkai. Finish with a cool water rinse. If hair is extremely coarse, leave conditioner on for 2 minutes before rinsing. For maximum benefits, use with Essential Shea Shampoo. "Don't deny or inhibit your hair's texture. With the right care, it is beautiful." - Frédéric Fekkai


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Latest News
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Waterfront Seattle
Waterfront Seattle is a multi-year program to rebuild Seattle's waterfront following the removal of the Alaskan Way Viaduct. The Program spans the waterfront from Pioneer Square to Belltown and includes a rebuilt Elliott Bay Seawall, a new surface street providing access to and from downtown, and new parks, paths, and access to Elliott Bay. Waterfront Seattle is led by the City of Seattle's Office of the Waterfront, working closely with civic leaders, stakeholders and the broader Seattle public to create a "Waterfront for All."


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Behind the Scenes...
Well, the first of our big events at Bristol Motor Speedway is in the record books – and let's face it, the Food City 500 weekend definitely got 2013 started off on a high note.
It was another amazing trio of races. Couldn't have asked for much better because the action on the track was definitely top-notch. You guys all saw that so you know what I'm talking about. There are other things, however, that I saw or heard about that you likely did not. So, here are a few behind-the-scene moments:
- Getting to finally see some of the drivers' kids in action was fun. Keelan Harvick sitting behind the wheel of his dad's car, hanging onto the steering wheel, was pretty cute…. And visiting with Ryan Newman's daughters, Brooklyn and Ashlyn, although they weren't feeling all that well, was great too. Then there's Wyatt Sadler… that young'un is his definitely his daddy Elliott's mini-me!
- Jeff Foxworthy and Charlie Daniels couldn't be more down-to-earth. Both of them are super nice guys – people with whom you'd love to just hang out. Charlie's Pledge of Allegiance was powerful and moving and it was obvious from his tone that he believed in each word with every ounce of his heart and soul.
- Clint Bowyer has the energy of 12 5-year-olds. During driver introductions he was jumping up and down, talking up a storm. In case you didn't realize it, he's more than a little ADD. In a span of five minutes he talked about his car, about how much he wanted to win a Cup race at Bristol, how the spring race should be moved to later in the year so it could be a night race, how the August Night Race needed to be moved so that the starting time would coincide with darkness, how driver intros should be in total darkness with laser lights, how he loved hunting, how he hated to be bored…. I'm not kidding.
- Kasey Kahne likes an alcoholic beverage. Or two. Kahne, who won his very first BMS Cup race here in March, was all excited about taking part in the Winner's Toast. However, he didn't love what was in his cup. After the toast, he walked off the stage and said "Pepsi? I figured for sure it was gonna be moonshine. I won the race, I finally won this race…. Sure would be nice to have something a little stronger." Needless to say, he was given "something stronger" within 30 seconds. "Now that," he said with a grin, "is how you're supposed to celebrate, especially after winning at Bristol!"
- Brad Keselowski is one funny dude. While awaiting his walk down the ramp during driver intros, he lamented the fact that so many drivers had their kids walking with them. Brad, ever the quick wit, hatched a plan. "You know what I'm gonna do next time," he said. "I'm gonna get a doll, wrap it in a blanket, go walking down that ramp and when I get to the bottom – after everybody is all going nuts over me having a baby – I'm just gotta toss it into the crowd. Can you imagine how freaked out everybody would be?" Everybody standing around him just cracked up, including me.
- Discovering that University of Tennessee football coach Butch Jones can be a fan too. Jones met Danica Patrick, whose sister is a UT grad, and posed for pictures in front of her hauler. Worried that he wasn't going to get a copy, he asked multiple folks to make sure he got at least one picture emailed to him.
- Dale Earnhardt Jr. truly loves and appreciates his fans. He was scheduled to sign autographs for 45 minutes on Friday evening at Food City Race Night but when that time was up there were lots and lots more fans still in line. So instead of bolting like he could have he continued to sign autographs for a pretty good while after that. He didn't have to… he just did it. Kasey Kahne did the same thing after his allotted time was up. Gotta love that.
- Jimmie Johnson loves it when he can spend some time with kids on race weekends. For the past couple of years Jimmie has appeared in the BMS Kids Zone and he always goes above and beyond for the kids. He helps them build cars while talking to them and then he signs autographs for them. He's supposed to stay for 20 minutes and it ends up being closer to 45 minutes.
So there you have it, just a few more memories from the March race weekend. Hope you guys enjoyed being at the World's Fastest Half-Mile – and that you're coming back in August. It's only a little over four months away!


text:
Wonderful World of Animation Art Gallery
9517 Culver Blvd.
Culver City, CA 90232
Warner Bros Studios
Wile E. Coyote
Edition Size: 500
Etching of Wile E. Coyote.
This etching was created from the original line art drawn by Chuck Jones; the colors were chosen from the original color call-outs for the Looney Tunes characters. The etching comes already framed with a 1" black wood molding, an archival mat and mountings which measure 14.25" x 16.25"; the image itself is 6" x 4.25".
US$ 195 (framed)


text:
Day 12, Cap Song's log: We are not fairing to well, the elves have betrayed us, the dwarves have all fled, and many men are dead, we may not make it through this war.
Day 13, Cap Song's log: I received a message from Reahon, him and his men should arrive in a day or so, hopefully they will reach us before we move on.
Day 14, Cap Song's log: Reahon has been delayed, we will have to move on without them, and hope they survive this terrible place.
Day 15, Cap Song's log: Today we managed to push through to the Arch of Arcus, we're almost to our destination, we just need to survive for another five leages, and then we will reach the floating city.
Day 16, Cap Song's log: Today has been a bad day for us, the scouts have reported a large force moving torwards us, they should arrive in a days time, I fear for the lives of me and my men, this may be our last day.
Day 17, Cap Song's log: This may be the day I die, scouts say the force is maybe an hour away, as I stand watching my men form ranks, I wonder "why did our lords and King send us to our deaths on this wretched island?"
Day 19, Cap Song's log: We have somehow prevailed over unconquerable odds, though we have lost many men, we have still come out victorious, For Garheim and For the King!
here's the link to the set: http://www.flickr.com/photos/56602732@N ... 483839964/


text:
We just got accustomed to the bizarrely unnecessary, yet incredibly profitable, sexy Halloween costume market— shilling everything from sexy Oscar the Grouch to barely there Chewbacca. Christmas is revealing costume vendors' latest victim.
Sexy Santa, elf, and even gingerbread house costumes are on the rise.
"Last year, we ran out of Santa costumes, and I had more than 200 for sale, and 85 for rent, and we rent each of those out five times," Debbie Easley, co-owner of Easley's Fun Shop, told The Republic.
These are the strangest skimpy Christmas costumes that your great aunt Edna hopefully won't be wearing to your Christmas dinner.
(Warning, these photos have partial nudity.)


text:
Christa's favorite fabrics are solids, and she stocks over 100 different Kona solids. In fact, her Charming Chevrons quilt (which hung at QuiltCon and was a recent blogger's quilt festival viewer's choice winner) is made entirely from Kona Solids. If you want to make a quilt like this one, Christa has a step-by-step quilt along with multiple tutorials to create this quilt – including tutorials for the straight line and pebble quilting! Kits are still available in several color options.
She's just started a brand new free quilt along this week called String of Pearls which features Lizzy House's Pearl Bracelets, along with solids. Kits are available for this quilt – what a perfect way to get the variety of colors of that Pearl Bracelet collection, with out having to buy big pieces. Although, if you are looking for Pearl Bracelet fabric yardage, Christa has a huge selection of that too, including fat quarter bundles.
PS: Christa also carries those nifty new Olfa Splash cutters!


text:
|p:^:_1 Improved
initial writing: 2005-06-23
last updated: 2006-02-28
The monad p:^:_1 n gives the number of primes less than n , denoted by π(n) in math. When n has extended-precision internal type (integer or rational), the result of p:^:_1 n is an extended-precision integer. Previously, the result of p:^:_1 n was always a machine-word integer.
For example, the sum of all primes less than one million is:
+/ i.&.(p:^:_1) 1000000x 37550402023


text:
Labels: All, Flash, gdc
posted by Danc at 11:37 AM
4 comments
Labels: All, gdc, Steambirds
posted by Danc at 1:23 AM
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Labels: All, indie, Steambirds
posted by Danc at 8:20 PM
30 comments
Labels: All, game applications, interaction design, layers of mastery, new product development
posted by Danc at 12:05 PM
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posted by Danc at 10:19 PM
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This site is about art and game design. You'll find galleries of my latest illustrations. Also, I have extensive ramblings on a wide variety of game design topics.
"[...] probably the most interesting article I've ever read." Tycho from Penny Arcade on the Nintendo Innovation Strategy article
I've been a game designer, pixel artist, painter, tools designer, product manager and marketing guy. I got my first job while in college working on a shooter called Tyrian at a little company called Epic Megagames. These days, I'm designing games deep in the forests of the North West.
I remain, to this day, not a chickadee plucker. Despite the rumors.
View my complete profile
Want to make something amazing? The Winter Mystery Project is kicking off in Seattle and Lostgarden needs someone with mad programming skills.


text:
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Recognize a pornstar in this video? Help make pornstars easier to find on YouPorn by telling us who is in this video.
Help Us: Do these Pornstars appear in this video?
Mari Possa is awesome and hot.
Why don't more men let women do this to them!?
dana you can come pound my arse if u like?
beauty what a lucky guy i like the blonde girl i would like to try this with 2 girls who are sisters
why are people so obsessed with asses these days...?
Because they need more! And the alternative is just too creepy LOL
never had 2 like this dude but when my wife tells me i'm going to be shaved-it's always a prelude a great fuck!
whats the name of the brown haired girl?
wow.... need someones tongue in my ass too..
OMG, what a scene, I had a nice strong orgasm to this during her tongue in his ass and her sucking his cock at the start - wow I could'nt hold out till the end, lol Nice women & nice cock.. saved to favourites! I lick my husbands ass like that, thought I'd give it a go, what a turn on..
Wow...Lucky gay.That's my sex dream. Perfect sex and very hot. Brunette girls very beautiful and nice.
And the porn Oscar goes to this video!!! Speechless!
that bitch talks too damn much.
This is one of the best videos i have ever seen, funny and hot!
Wow!! Would have been nice to see the blonde use a strap on in his ass as he laid pipe in the brunette's ass. Held my orgasm to the end then exploded. Saved to favorites!
the brunettes name is Mari Possa
After playing with my pussy on & off all day when my fella came home we were on it I've been fucked in every hole sucked my fellas big dick then my friend joined us so Ive licked her pussy played with her clit my fella fucked her from behind then we both got covered in spunk x
??? why didn't they fuck his has ??? My gf is agree to be assfucked.......but only if she can do the same to me. Just try it ..
what a scene both the girls doing it with passion and overtime on him want to fuck two teen twins like this
I wanna fill in instead of that confused lil' boy, i'd make em' cum correct!
Where the hell do you sign up for that?
Cant watch for more than 7 or 8 minutes!
I feel like i know 2 girls that have similar personalities... And that just makes it hotter. ಠ_ಠ
yeah, shave me and let me do you any day
@Mike: I think it's a Gilette Mach 3 razor - which would put this scene sometime around 2005
totally hot!
che bellezza
Hot! Nice nipples on brunette, nice labia on blonde. Loved the various 69's. About the ATMs: not a good idea. Why would people who wouldn't drink sewage be ok with ATMs? Not against anal play and fucking but oral/anal is an invitation to hepatitis. Really enjoyed the video though.
that dude hit the fucking lotto
i wish they lick and suck my baloon knot like that those filthy whores!! I love um
I would have the brunette any day!
awesome show!
Best fucking vid on youporn. CLASS!
This is soooooo fucking hot. I love when a slut isn't shy about rimming my tight hole. I'll do anything to get her off!
I don't care how hot the woman is, she isn't getting near my asshole, balls or cock with a razor!
I wish those lovely bitches. Are. In my bed next time
Estan preciosas con toda la lefa por la cara la boca y los labios
Every man's dream
2 richtig geile fotzen, machen auch ass to mouth - herrlich
Great rimming. Would think they were all pleased the guy did not break wind at the wrong moment.
What is the name of this video?
Lucky Guy, those two bitches are worth every penny they charge !!!!
Yes, indeed they are ....
Too bad that i really don't like the girls voices..
i would of let them fuck me
I'd love to meet these chicks
Lol dam
i fucking love these girls, i sure wish that was me
this young lucky bastard will never forget this! WOW
Best 3some I've seen!
top threesome :)
mmm mmm this ole whiteboy would like to suck him off and get deep in that ass with my tounge mmmmm!!
just wonderful,fantastic,the best threesome,i ever see thanks
i love how they spend so much time shaving him yet they arent shaved themselves...
Let me lick that pussy and shove my cock in their pussy
This is the best video on you YouPorn!
Ass taste like a peach at 2645
i wanna fuck them 2
In da mix possa
yep, all u said. need to fuck his ass, too. hot video. but the women kissing was only for the guys . . . i guess, duh! so put more in it for me (female). what a nick cock!
The brunette is mari possa....Tushie from Family Business froma few years back.. She was a secretary at seymour butts biz and decided she wanted to get into porn...the rest as they say, is history!
That brunette is hot. Getting rimmed drives me crazy, only thing better is getting ass-fucked
I seconded the Oscar to Seymore ! Where does he find these women... and also how he SPOILS his buddies ! Keep it going Seymore... !!
that is a bomb ass vid. best I've seen in a long time
*stunned look* ... the make women like this?
one of the best porn video i have ever seen....now this is how porn video should be shot
Defintely among my top10 sex scenes
I wanna see little caprice doing the rimming, that will be perfect! Top 10 video by the way!
Blonde is Lauren Phoenix and the Brunett is Mari Possa.
Damn that was HOT! I volunteer for that!
OK, the ass-shaving would make me very nervous, but these two chicks are hot...
Holy Crap! I thought I had a great sex life!
You do know that this is porn!Someone has to think up these scenario's
I want those 2 in my bed now!!! Shit the kid looks confused afterwords like he wasnt sure if it was a dream or somethin.
plz told me boy name
The guy in the shower is different then what they call him it's Kyle:) KNOW YOU WANT SOME
It's sooooooooooo wunderfull!
First time I ever comment - this movie is #1. Higher level. Pure lust as some said before me. The ***brunette*** one absolutely LOVESSS her job!
now these two bxtches go good together
that blonde changed my life lol
Wow, don't know that dude held his load back so long.....much respect....
I want that treesome
These really talented girls rock
Ten hard cock salute. Wow!!!!!!!!!!!
they should have fucked him in the ass. wasted shave :(
Wow that blonde is my Hero!!! She's inspired me not to give up porn. Thank you
Did they use a shick or gillette blade?
Absolutely red hot. Loved the ass play and rimming.
it's like I am watching a movie with me and my sex-girlfriend such a shame that the guy is useless... so you would love me !!!
god..! its one of the best porn scenes ever, what a lucky bastard, how did he hold off so long...!!! ?
That is one lucky mf
that was hot!
This should win best 3-some. The girls were working it 1000%. Also, good job college kid looking dude. For not blowing your nut one minute in.
thats fun, ill keep you company hun
wow*what taste of ass of boy nce show i want that lol mmmm super yummy boy
This is a bisexual's dream; 2 beautiful women who know how to satisfy eachother and their man, and a guy with a pretty big penis that remained hard the whole time. I hope I can experience this soon.
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text:
XSTAR has been written and developed over a span of approximately 15 years, and much has changed during that time. Changes include advances in the fortran language, changes in the speed and memory capacity of the available computers, new insights into the flexibility required of XSTAR, and insight into which physical processes are likely to have the greatest effect on the model results.
XSTAR was written in standard fortran 77, and much of the code retains the programming style associated with the older versions of the fortran language. Hard experience with moving the code from one type of machine to another has led to an attempt to avoid any machine dependent extensions to the fortran language, any word length dependent numerical constructs or any use of extended precision arithmetic (with one or two exceptions).
The code is structured in an attempt to be modular, and to separate the calculation of the atomic rates from the calculation of level populations, ion fractions, temperature, etc. The goal is to make it relatively easy to add or change atomic data, requiring modification of just one subroutine if a new process is added or a fitting formula is changed. The data itself is all read in from an external file, so that it can be changed without any modification to the code itself if the existing fitting formulas are unchanged.
The remainder of this appendix is organized as follows. First we present a list of the subroutines and a short description of their function. This list is sorted by category: subroutines used in input, output, defining ionizing spectrum, primary driving subroutines, and rate calculation. Then we present a list of variable names and a description of their contents. Finally we present a schematic flow chart of the operation of XSTAR.


text:
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Men's Guide Pro Ski Tour Pants$199.00 $119.40


text:
Today is World Book Day and we're very pleased to mark the literary occasion here at Bluestone National Park Resort by launching plans for the first ever Pembrokeshire Children's Book Festival to take place later this year, and the latest book event to take place in Wales.
Reading is great. You can learn so much from a book, whether it's fact or fiction. And children love reading about adventures, following favourite characters and even learning new facts from books. And what better place to read than in 500 acres of free range fun and relaxing surroundings here at Bluestone.
Pembrokeshire Children's Book Festival will take place between the 30th October and 2nd November 2013 with a range of top children's authors attending to talk about their books, read them to children and even sign them – as well as a host of other events activities centred around children's literature which will be great fun for families.
We'll even have two former Children's Laureates attending!
We've teamed up with local community group Span Arts to host the festival here at Bluestone and in nearby Narberth – bringing together an outstanding line-up of some of our best-loved authors.
Our Commercial Director, Pamela Joseph, said: "We wanted to bring together a festival which reflects the very best in Children's literature today and have a line-up of authors who will entertain and engage everyone from toddlers to parents and grandparents.
"We are delighted to be supporting Span Arts and ensuring the festival is an opportunity for everyone in Pembrokeshire to attend, and there will be a large-scale school creative challenge programme to bring the joy of creative writing and great children's literature to every home in the region. This festival will put Pembrokeshire on the map for great children's literature events."
Hearing first hand the inspiration for classic tales is a once in a lifetime opportunity, and all the authors attending this years festival offers an entertaining session for all the family, as well as taking questions from the audiences during talks and book signing.
A full list of all authors will be announced on the festival website which launches later in March. There are also a selection of Welsh authors attending this first festival including best-selling authors Malachy Doyle and Jennifer Sullivan who are well-loved for their series of younger children's books.
Events will be taking place on site at The Pavilion in Bluestone and The Queen's Hall in Narberth. Tickets to attend the author sessions at Bluestone and Queens Hall in Narberth are also available in limited supply and will be on sale online within the next two weeks, from the festival website.
Special Children's Festival breaks will be offered, allowing families the opportunity to attend the festival with their children while enjoying the great all-weather facilities at Bluestone, including the Blue Lagoon water park, Adventure Centre, as well as the luxury lodges, restaurants and free range activities.
Tony Riches of Span Arts, said: "We are particularly pleased to be involved in ensuring the success of the Children's Book Fest in its first year and look forward to helping it to become a regular Pembrokeshire festival."
We'll also be offering some great Pembrokeshire Children's Book Festival deals to stay and enjoy the great luxury surroundings here at Bluestone, including the Blue Lagoon water park, Adventure Centre and a host of great activities for the whole family, as well as our luxury lodges and holiday cottages.
So keep you eyes peeled for more information as we reveal the top line-up of authors and activities taking place during Pembrokeshire Children's Book Festival.
Categories:Events and Whats On


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Maintaining clean hydraulic fluid is crucial to keeping mobile equipment in good health — and keeping it up and running longer at peak operating performance.
A good way to ensure clean hydraulic fluid is to perform routine fluid analysis checks, which detect the fluid contaminants that cause up to 80% of hydraulic system failures. Some hydraulic component manufacturers are equipped with ISO-certified labs that provide fluid testing and diagnostic services for their customers.
A hydraulic blood test
Fluid testing labs are high-tech operations. These labs analyze hydraulic fluid samples in much the same way as medical labs test blood samples. Just as a blood test helps a doctor diagnose health problems, a sample of hydraulic fluid can help pinpoint sources of contamination and determine whether or not a system has adequate filtration.
Analysis services help reduce catastrophic equipment failures, maintain optimum component performance, and identify any substandard maintenance practices. The result is often increased productivity for the user.
The testing process
The analysis process begins by drawing hydraulic oil or lubrication fluid from a system when it is at normal operating temperature. Lab-equipped manufacturers of hydraulic products generally provide analysis kits with ultra-clean specimen containers, which are to be filled with the fluid flowing out of a system's sampling valve, sump drain, or reservoir drain. All surfaces need to be extremely clean during sampling to avoid contamination, which can affect the accuracy of fluid testing.
Some labs provide two kit styles (for testing with and without spectrographic analysis), allowing for different levels of testing. A user simply places a filled specimen container in the kit's shipping container and mails it to the lab. Users can opt for any method of shipment, since the age of the specimen generally does not affect testing results.
Once at a lab, sophisticated computer programs and laboratory diagnostic equipment are used to test hydraulic or lubrication system fluid samples that are drawn from the user's equipment. Testing may include:
- photomicrography — detects fluid contaminants, including size and type.
- viscosity (ASTM D445) — measures fluid flow rate. Too high or too low a viscosity may lead to fluid breakdown, inefficient equipment operation, premature system failure, or damage to other components.
- water (ASTM E203) — determines water content in a fluid. Excess water reduces the viscosity of hydraulic fluid, which can increase the likelihood of adverse chemical reactions and degrade equipment performance.
- Drawdown Particle Isolation — detects insoluble contaminants in fluids, including insoluble particles and organic or inorganic gel-like matter.
- Automatic Particle Count (ISO 11500) — counts the number and size of particles in a fluid sample and then defines contaminants according to size distribution and quantities. Results indicate any needed corrective actions.
- Spectrometric Analysis (ASTM D 5185) — evaluates the condition of additives in a fluid, as well as wear metal content.
- Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (ASTM E 1508) — pinpoints contaminant types, which aids in identifying origins.
- pH (ASTM E 70) — determines the acidity or alkalinity of watercontaining hydraulic fluids.
- Total Acid Number (ASTM D 974) — measures the amount of acid and acid-acting material constituents in a fluid. An increase in TAN indicates oxidation or acid contamination.
Once testing is complete, users are provided with the findings, which may include photos of the contaminants and tips on how to improve or maintain current fluid conditions. Conducting trend analysis, by comparing data from two previous samples, with current results, may also be meaningful.
Interpreting findings
Some common problems found in fluid samples are:
- elevated water content — due to ingression into the reservoir during equipment servicing or fluid refilling
- elevated particle count — due to inefficient filtration of particles, such as oxidized metal from fill fluid or system piping, steel from valve or pump wear, silica or fiber from external ingression or process operation, and
- oxidation — due to high system temperatures causing a reaction between the oil and oxygen, which can form sludge in the oil, lacquers, and varnishes on hot surfaces.
Some labs will provide an analysis report within 24 hours of fluid sample receipt. The report includes tips on improving or maintaining current fluid conditions and compares data from two previous samples, if available, with results of current samples. Viewing results of three side-by-side samples aids in easy recognition of trends that may indicate increased levels of contamination.
Labs also may offer guidance on what to do about contamination. Based on the type of metal content found in a fluid, they could recommend that users check on specific system components that may be wearing out and releasing particles into the fluid.
Selecting a lab
Because many fluid analysis labs are available, be sure to
look for one with experience, a full range of testing capabilities, ISO certification, and quick turnaround time. The most reliable labs will provide the best fluid evaluation — and the best means to improve and maintain the health of your hydraulic fluid.
Wassan Shaffou is lab manager for Eaton Corp., Southfield Mich. Visit hydraulics.eaton.com/services/ fluid_analysis for more details on Eaton's lab.
Water and temperature sensor continuously monitors hydraulic and lubrication fluids
The new Testmate Water Sensor (TWS-C) from Schroeder Industries, Leetsdale, Pa., is designed for continuous monitoring of hydraulic and
lubrication fluids. The TWS-C measures water content relative to the percent saturation of the fluid, and ranges from zero (indicating the absence of water) to 100 (indicating 100% water). It is suitable for a variety of applications, including laboratory equipment.
A special capacitance sensor absorbs water molecules from the fluid and changes the capacity value that is directly related to the saturation level of the fluid. An integrated thermoelement on the sensor measures the temperature of the fluid in the range of 13° to 212° F ( 25° to 100°C). Both this value and the degree of saturation are reported as a 4 to 20 mA signal.
The TWS-C can be directly installed into the hydraulic system with a threaded connection. It is recommended that the sensor be mounted vertically in a known turbulent area with the mechanical connection pointing upwards in hydraulic applications. Additionally, the sensor should be fully submerged with fluid free-flowing around the sensor.
For more information, visit www.schroederindustries.com


text:
This section contains resources to help teachers. The resources are organised into categories and sub-categories. Please feel free to take a look - we welcome constructive criticism to improve the material we provide.
Contributions to this resource library are also welcome; please send email to email@example.com.
Classroom of the Year competition 2011
Classroom Competition
© Multi-Lingual Resources, 2009-2014. All rights reserved.


text:
I had a nice trip over the mountain, but unfortunately it rained most of the time up there so I didn't get to see much of the nature. On the bright side I was one of the lucky ones that chose to attend the race on Friday instead of the main event on Saturday since it kept on raining that night and the next day causing the track to be even more muddy (and the temperature kept on dropping).
Because this was the first time I attended the race I didn't know what to expect, so I was a bit afraid if I would run out of energy. After the race I felt I had more to give, so I am really motivated for attending next year as well. There is a separate quota for foreigners who want to attend the race, so please join me next year!


text:
What is Madame Xanadu's plan? And why is she urging Shade the Changing Man to recruit a killer? One by one, our anti-hero misfits are drawn inexplicably to each other... While John Constantine aids Zatanna in escaping a town destroyed by magic, June Moon seeks help from Deadman. But in the end, will any of it be enough to escape the dark clutches of the insane and powerful Enchantress?
Project Superpowers Omnibus Vol. 2: Black Terror TP


text:
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text:
Major Section: EVENTS
Example Forms: (set-compile-fns t) ; new functions compiled after DEFUN (set-compile-fns nil) ; new functions not compiled after DEFUNNote: This is an event! It does not print the usual event summary but nevertheless changes the ACL2 logical world and is so recorded.
Also see comp, because it may be more efficient in some Common Lisps to compile many functions at once rather than to compile each one as you go along.
General Form: (set-compile-fns term)where
term is a variable-free term that evaluates to
t or
This macro is equivalent to
(table acl2-defaults-table :compile-fns term)and hence is
local to any books and
encapsulate events
in which is occurs; see acl2-defaults-table. However, unlike the above
simple call of the
table event function (see table), no output results
from a
set-compile-fns event.
Set-compile-fns may be thought of as an event that merely sets a
flag to
t or
nil. The flag's effect is felt when functions
are defined, as with
defun. If the flag is
t, functions are
automatically compiled after they are defined, as are their
executable counterparts (see executable-counterpart).
Otherwise, functions are not automatically compiled. Because
set-compile-fns is an event, the old value of the flag is
restored when a
set-compile-fns event is undone.
Even when
:set-compile-fns t has been executed, functions are not
individually compiled when processing an
include-book event. If
you wish to include a book of compiled functions, we suggest that
you first certify it with the compilation flag set;
see certify-book. More generally, compilation via
set-compile-fns is suppressed when the state global variable
ld-skip-proofsp has value


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Pear Linux is a desktop distribution based on Ubuntu, but unlike its parent distribution, which uses the Unity desktop interface, Pear Linux features a modified GNOME Shell called Pear Shell decked out to look like a MacOS X desktop. Not that it is a succeeded, but it is good attempt. Apple has nothing to worry about. The latest edition is Pear Linux 5. Code-named Sunsprite, it is based on Ubuntu 12.04, using (Linux) kernel 3.2.
Like virtually all desktop Linux distributions in use today, Pear Linux 5 is made available as an installable Live CD. The boot menu is shown below.
And like all desktop distributions derived from Ubuntu Desktop, it uses the Ubiquity installation program, a very user-friendly, but limited-in-features graphical installation program. The screen shot below shows the disk partitioning methods. While the current version of Ubiquity lacks support for LVM, the Linux Logical Volume Manager, and full disk encryption, the pre-release version of Ubiquity has partial support for both. So we should expect complete support for both features in Ubuntu 12.10, and, by extension, Pear Linux 6.
And this shows the Advanced Partitioning Tool. This is the interface to use when you want to create partitions manually. In the pre-release version of Ubiquity, support for LVM and disk encryption have not been implemented in this tool.
The Pear Shell offers a desktop interface with a Docky-powered dock at the bottom of the desktop. The dock is nothing compared to the MacOS X dock, but it works. At least it provides access to some of the most commonly used applications out of the box. What does not work is access to System Settings from the user indicator. Any attempt to launch it fails, without even a feedback error message. Luckily, there is an icon for System Settings on the dock, that works.
In Pear Linux, there is no traditional menu. Rather, the whole desktop becomes your menu when you click on the Launchpad icon on the dock. It is not exactly like the Takeoff Launcher or Mandriva and ROSA Linux's SimpleWelcome, but the effect and functionality are similar.
One of the Docklets (widget in Docky-speak) that you can add to the dock offers two virtual desktops or workspaces, but there is Mission Control, which offers easy access to open application windows. While I am not particularly crazy about Pear Shell, it is definitely much better than the default interface of GNOME 3 and even Unity desktop. The main issue with the desktop is that there is a noticeable lag after you click Launchpad before the application icons appear.


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Omnitron's Small Form Pluggable (SFP) and 10 Gigabit SFP+/XFP optical transceivers are interchangeable, compact media connectors. They enable a single network device to connect to a wide variety of fiber and copper cable types and distances.
Pluggable Optical Tranceivers are used to customize iConverter", FlexPoint", OmniConverter" and miConverter" products to meet specific networking protocols and media requirements. They support multimode dual fiber, single-mode dual fiber, single-mode single-fiber, Coarse Wave Division Multiplexing (see the CWDM Optical Transceiver Data Sheet) and Unshielded Twisted Pair copper cabling.


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WASHINGTON (AP) -- Chairman Ben Bernanke is telling Congress that the U.S. job market remains weak and that it is too soon for the Federal Reserve to end its extraordinary stimulus programs.
In testimony to the Joint Economic Committee, Bernanke notes the economy is growing moderately this year and unemployment has fallen to a four-year low of 7.5 percent. Still, unemployment remains well above levels consistent with healthy economies. And Bernanke says higher taxes and deep federal spending cuts are expected to slow economic growth this year.
Bernanke says reducing the Fed's efforts to keep borrowing rates low would "carry a substantial risk of slowing or ending the economic recovery."
The Fed's low interest-rate polices have made borrowing cheaper and helped ignite a huge stock rally this year.


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At Pest Control Doncaster , we can provide all residents with a full Pest Control and Pest Treatment Service throughout all South Elmsall and Surrounding areas.
All our Pest Controllers and are fully qualified with all aspects of Pest Control and Pest Prevention. Pest Control Doncaster use the latest, but safe equipment and chemicals for all pests and we operate 7 days a week. We also have same day appointments.
You will find our prices very reasonable for all Pest problems and you will be offered a professional and friendly service at all times and our Pest Controllers will talk you through each step of the way and discuss with you the best ways to keep pests away from your home or garden.
Rodent Control – Pest Control Doncaster can eradicate all you Rodent problems in South Elmsall. We Offer a Fast, Efficient & Professional Service. Covering Domestic Properties throughout South Elmsall & Surrounding Areas.
Bed Bug Control – Pest Control Doncaster are the Bed Bug Control Experts and can have your bedrooms back in a habitable state quickly and effectively.
Wasp Nest Removal – Pest Control Doncaster can remove your Wasp nest in South Elmsall today, we offer the same day response to all Wasp Nest removal enquires from just £60.00 Seven days a week with no call out charges.
Flea Control – With Just One VisitPest Control Doncaster Will Eradicate All Fleas in your Home. We offer early evening & Weekend Appointments Too.
Commercial Pest Control – Pest Control Doncaster can offer you ongoing contracts and to help spread the costs for all your commercial Pest Control requirements in South Elmsall . We offer free surveys and we can offer you a free written Inspection report.


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Accessibility mode is enabled
Parks add to the beauty of our city and represent a place where residents and visitors can go to relax, reflect and recreate. In the City of Sacramento there are 226 parks and parkways totaling nearly 3,200 acres of land.
There are three types of defined parks in Sacramento. Each category defines the park purpose and amenities that we strive to provide for the community.
PARK hours
City of Sacramento parks are open from sunrise to sunset. An exception is made for a special event permittee; in which case, extra time is allowed, beforehand, for set-up and, afterward, for clean-up.
Neighborhood Parks
Neighborhood parks range in size from 2 to 10 acres, and serve a ½ mile radius. Some Neighborhood Parks are located adjacent to elementary schools and park amenities are usually oriented toward the recreation needs of children.
Community parks range in size from 6 to 60 acres, and serve a 3 mile radius or several neighborhoods. Community Parks contain amenities found in Neighborhood Parks, but may also contain lighted sports fields or courts, skate parks, dog parks, nature areas, and off-street parking and restrooms. Specialized amenities may also be found in Community Parks including community centers, water play areas or swimming pools.
Regional parks generally range from 75 to 200 acres and serve the entire City and beyond. Amenities in Regional Parks may include all the amenities found in Community Parks and also include sports complexes, large scale picnic areas, golf courses, and region-wide attractions.
If you are planning a picnic, family get-together or office outing in your local park you may need a Picnic Permit. A Certificate for Park Use is required for any activity with 50 or more people and/or in which assembly is intended to last more than 30 minutes.
For information on park availability please call the Park Permit Office at (916) 808-6060, or email email@example.com.
Please note that languages other than English will be written by machine translation and may contain errors.
Policies | Accessibility | Social Media | Website Feedback © 2013 - 2018 City of Sacramento


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Strange things have been happening in the plant lately. Rumors are circulating about sabotage and industrial spies. Many operators refuse to work at particular machines. Among the many complaints:
- Three different drinking fountains routinely shock people.
- Machines sometimes shut down in mid-run for no apparent reason.
- Red (stopped) and green (running) lights are on simultaneously, though one's dimmer than the other.
These are symptoms of circulating currents and differences of potential. Installing those ground rods is a waste of money and will delay an actual solution. When explaining this to your boss, use these facts:
- Kirchhoff showed that electricity flows through all paths presented to it, dividing flow inversely proportionate to impedance.
- "Ground" means "earth," [NEC Art. 100]. That's a high-impedance path to the source (electricity returns to its source — making a circuit).
- You need a low impedance path.
- Proper connection of the grounding strap on each distribution transformer.
- No L-G bonds on feeder (and branch) panels and circuits.
- Metallic raceway is electrically continuous.
- Panels and equipment housings are bonded per NEC Art. 250, Part V.
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Hey Susan,
I just moved back to Chicago, and have free time during the week. Mondays - Wednesdays usually works for my, and any time on those days is a good time. Let me know. I'm currently about a 3.5, haven't been playing too much :( so just hitting around to something more serious works.
Are you still looking for tennis partners?
© 2019 Created by Mark / The Mayor. Powered by


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Bad weather and other emergencies sometimes result in changes to school or bus schedules. In some cases, we may need to dismiss students early. At other times, we may cancel or delay school for the day. During bad weather, we will announce changes between 6 and 8 a.m. If we don't make a weather-related announcement by 8 a.m., it means schools and buses are operating normally.
The following changes may be made to school schedules:
Schools Closed: All classes, meetings, daycare in schools, field trips, after school/evening activities and community schools classes will be canceled. There will not be out-of-district transportation.
Schools Open Two Hours Late: Schools will start two hours late. Buses pick up students at their regular locations, but two hours later than normal. On occasion, we also limit bus service when we delay school. We will dismiss students at the regular time unless otherwise announced. If a school delay occurs on a Thursday morning, we will dismiss schools at the regular weekday dismissal time (no early release). In some cases, kindergarten, preschool, out-of-district transportation, and after school student or community activities may be canceled.
Early dismissal: In rare situations, such as a utility failure or a community incident, we may need to cancel classes early. In some cases, we may also cancel athletic and extracurricular events at affected schools. Your child's school will inform you if extracurricular activities are also canceled.
10622 Hillsboro Drive NW, Silverdale, WA 98383
Phone: 360-662-9500
Fax: 360-662-9501


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State-of-the-Art Wine Aerator
Calling all Wine Lovers! Get a State-of-the-Art Wine Aerator Delivered to your Door. Allows Wine to breathe releasing flavours and aromas instantly and improving the taste. 100% Dishwasher Safe and features a Sediment Filter and No-Drip Stand. Only $19 for One (Valued at $40) or $34 for Two (Valued at $80)
- Highlights
- Fine Print
Enjoy your wine at its best with a State-of-the-Art Wine Aerator. No wait, no mess, no fuss, just perfectly aerated wine to enjoy in seconds.
Option One: Only $19 for one State-of-the-Art Wine Aerator. Valued at $40
Option Two: Only $34 for two x State-of-the-Art Wine Aerators. Valued at $80
Innovative two piece design speeds up the breathing process as you pour the wine through the aerator and straight into the glass - improves the wine's nose, flavours, mouth feel and finish
Say goodbye to sediment with the convenient sediment filter to trap particles
Easy to clean, it's dishwasher safe - no more enjoying your red wine then trying to clean the stains out of your crystal decanter
Nationwide delivery is included for your convenience
What We Like
Breaths the wine to open up the aroma and flavours and mellows the harsh tannins in young vintages
Also great for filtering other beverages such as iced tea
Ideal gift for wine lovers, or get one for yourself and impress your guests
Please enter delivery details at checkout. Once purchased your goods will be automatically sent to your address approximately four weeks after the end of the promotion, no further action will be required
The product will be delivered to you in approximately four weeks from the end of the promotion
Members can purchase up to twenty vouchers (gift vouchers aren't available for this offer, but you can purchase multiple units and give the product as a gift)
Not valid in conjunction with any other offer and not redeemable for cash
Please ensure you address is correct. Incorrect addresses will incur a re-delivery fee


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Dior Prepares For Christmas
CHRISTIAN DIOR is getting into the Christmas spirit early this year by decorating the windows of historic Parisian department store Printemps Haussmann with bespoke dolls. The Poupettes - as the fashion house has called them - can be seen wearing exact replicas of famous Dior designs, from miniature versions of Raf Simons' debut dresses for the label to the iconic 1947 Bar suit.
The 74 dolls, 10 of which are male, wear 12 different outfits each lovingly made at the brand's Haute Couture workshop at its Avenue Montaigne headquarters. Each of the figurine's faces is embroidered and many come carrying reduced-to-scale accessories - including mini Lady Dior handbags, hats and fascinators.
The brand has also launched an exclusive collection for the store, featuring silk scarves, an advent calendar and a selection of snow globes starring four different dolls.


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SEATTLE (Reuters) - The preliminary court hearing next month in Washington state for the U.S. Army soldier charged with killing 16 Afghan civilians in a March rampage will include live video testimony from witnesses including villagers and Afghan soldiers.
U.S. Army Staff Sergeant Robert Bales is scheduled to have a two-week evidentiary proceeding called an Article 32 hearing at Joint Base Lewis-McChord beginning on November 5, Army Lieutenant Colonel Gary Dangerfield said on Friday.
Bales, a decorated veteran of four combat tours in Iraq and Afghanistan, is accused of walking off his base under cover of darkness and opening fire on civilians in their homes in at least two villages.
He faces 16 counts of premeditated murder and six counts of attempted murder, as well as charges of assault, wrongfully possessing and using steroids and alcohol while deployed, and destroying a laptop computer.
The March 11 mass shooting in Afghanistan's Kandahar province eroded already strained U.S.-Afghanistan relations.
Bales' civilian defense attorney, John Henry Browne, told Reuters that he and an Army prosecutor planned to question five to 15 Afghan villagers and military personnel as key witnesses from Kandahar Air Field.
Tracking down witnesses in Afghanistan has "been a real problem," Browne said. "A lot of them just don't want to cooperate with anyone."
Browne's co-attorney, Emma Scanlan, has interviewed soldiers in Afghanistan, but some Afghans wounded during the rampage were released from hospitals before she could interview them, Browne said.
"Some are still in medical care," Browne said, declining to specify where they were receiving treatment.
During the preliminary hearing, video testimony, possibly on Skype, would be beamed back to military officials and observers during the night at the Washington base, Browne said.
Other witnesses, from a potential pool of about 100, will testify in person at the Washington state base, Dangerfield said.
Browne said he was reviewing 5,000 pages of evidence, although other physical DNA and ballistics evidence is being processed by a U.S. military crime lab.
Bales faces a possible death penalty, as premeditated murder is a capital offense under the U.S. military code of justice.
"He's holding up. He's a strong fellow, but wants this process to move on," Browne said.
The Article 32 hearing's investigating officer is Colonel Lee Deneke, an Army reservist, Dangerfield said.
Deneke is also an assistant U.S. attorney in Tennessee, Browne said, where he serves as an Anti-Terrorism Advisory Council coordinator for the U.S. Attorney's Office. He has experience in military capital punishment cases, he added.
Bales is held at Leavenworth military prison in Kansas, but was assigned to the 3rd Stryker Brigade, 2nd Infantry Division headquartered in Washington state.
Editing by Mary Slosson and Peter Cooney


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2018 Term 4 Opti Green Fleet Training
After Completing the Tackers program the Optimist Green Fleet is the next step in your child's sailing progression. After becoming a member and acquiring a fibreglass optimist, sailors are introduced to the basic concepts of racing in the Optimist Intro Green Fleet. Intro Green fleet runs from 09:00 - 11:00 on Sunday mornings. Once sailors are competent, they can move into Optimist Green Fleet where they put their skills learnt in Intro Green Fleet into practice, joining in Sunday afternoon racing with other Centreboard sailors and classes. Optimist Green Fleet is a critical step in the sailor's pathway to progress, this is where they will experience their first taste of real centreboard racing with the safety of a nearby coach and safety boats.
Course Summary
Course Day: Sunday
Dates: 21st October - 16th December. (Please note: No training is scheduled on the 25th November).
|Course Name
|Intro Green Fleet
|09:00 - 11:00
|Green Fleet
|11:30 - 15:00
Price: $280
Course Enrollment
To register for this course click the 'Book' button above. Courses are dependent on numbers, if we are unable to run the course due to a lack of participants we will let you know as soon as possible and fully refund you.
Please note for all the below courses, the following conditions apply:
A minimum of 6 participants is needed for each course to proceed. If minimum numbers aren't reached by Wednesday 17th October 2018, the Club will endeavour to combine courses to ensure some form of training still occurs for those who want it. If training is cancelled due to insufficient numbers full refunds will be issued.
Maximum numbers for each course will be 8, if this number is exceeded, the Club will endeavour to find coaching staff to comply with AS guidelines. Volunteer parent safety boat drivers may be required to allow the course to go ahead. Enrollment is on a first come first serve basis.
Payment is required to confirm a participant's position on the course.
Enrollment in each course will be reviewed by the Head Coach ensuring suitable course allocation.


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Derwent - Inktense Block - Lagoon 0810
Inktense Blocks
Vibrant strokes of ink-like colourThese chunky water-soluble ink blocks bring a new sense of freedom and colour to your drawing and painting!
Dry Derwent Inktense delivers pure vibrant colour but when completely washed out it is transformed into a translucent ink-like paint which, when dry, can be worked over.
The blocks are extremely versatile and can be used for a wide range of creative effects. You can use them like pans of paint, apply colour directly to wet or dry paper and use them on their side to cover large areas quickly.
The blocks complement the Inktense range perfectly opening up an exciting world of endless possibilities. They can also be used on fabric to create stunning silk paintings and quilts.
Visit the 'hints & tips' section to view a video demo of this product in action!
Customer Reviews
Write an online review and share your thoughts with other shoppers!
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An important issue is at hand that impacts the fairness of taxes that some pay and, in some cases, do not pay.
At a time when governing officials look to broaden the tax base, they face challenges to respect and be fair to those existing property taxpayers that end up subsidizing those in the 'for profit' sector, which in effect narrows the tax base.
Reflecting on a new policy proposal provided to the city commission on June 13, the topic of Rural Housing Incentive Districts will be examined for consideration of incorporating this as a section into the overall city economic development policy.
In a staff memo related to housing needs and efforts to reduce housing costs, the narrative in the cover sheet of the Housing Study Group, reported as, "reached the conclusion (hat housing issues in Hays have not manifested into discernible problems and there is no need for policy recommendations at this time."
In the work session agenda memo, page 167, the options listed are 1) Approve RHID policy as presented 2) Give staff further guidance and 3) Take no action.
It would be appropriate and, I believe many taxpayers would support, a "take no action." It appears to be very general and "for-profits" should be excluded from application. Commissioners Kent Steward and Henry Schwaller appear more sensitive toward concerns related on fairness to the taxpayers.
It is clearly evident that a for-profit special interest party named in the June 14 Hays Daily News story would like nothing better than a quick rubber stamp of approval. And if so, how soon can FedEx deliver an application before the ink dries?
I gather from their prior investment venture (and let me be a little loose with that term in view of the lessened risk taken) for the 32-unit Stonepost apartments on East Fifth, which did not have the benefit of long-term abatements. Valuation at the start was $1,184,870 with taxes paid at the early start at $16,000 -- but, in 2012, taxes were $10,149 on a reduced valuation of $790,300.
Pray tell, how did this happen? The trick of the trade is to protest and file an appeal with the local hearing officer, who in this case made the correct call to say "no" and when that fails you pack a violin, head east to the State Board of Tax Appeals and work the system under the guise of "revitalization," which usually only works for real depressed areas of a city. After singing a sad song, daddy gives back the candy. I really doubt any planning commission or board is going to see blighted property in any area near the medical center as merit for a revitalization approach.
Along the way, we are told that other communities like Dodge City and Garden City are doing this, as if their gullibility should set a standard or justification for taking the same path. Apparently, staff has recommended approval.
As an example of a true entrepreneur in the housing trade and there are others out there to be sure, a man named Wes Bainter of Hoxie happens to be in the midst of construction on his self-owned 32 units called Ellis Estates located at 33rd and Indian Trail in Hays. These units are independent living apartments for seniors with a taxable valuation that will stand at $2.1 million.
When asked why he chose Hays, he said he wanted to provide a service to senior citizens here and at six other similar communities. I didn't hear the words, "make money" or "make a profit." I heard clearly, "I'm not asking for tax breaks, and I don't want a government subsidy."
Next time, any community organizer from Washington says, "You didn't build that. Somebody else made that happen," I'll tell them that locally Wes Bainter Construction and Rans Aircraft owner Randy Schlitter did it without money from the taxpayers.
Guy Windholz


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jefferson davis would likely point to
The Dark Side of Thomas Jefferson A new portrait of the founding father challenges the long-held perception of Thomas Jefferson as a benevolent slaveholder For more than 50 years, Jefferson State has led the way in providing excellence in education, value and personal attention com somos especialistas en investigación de mercado y desarrollo de información clave, aplicada al marketing táctico y estratégico. Let us help you FindYourPlace at desde 1993 contamos con alianzas. Jefferson Finis Davis, the first and only President of the Confederate States of America, was a planter, politician and soldier born in Kentucky and raised in your source for local news, sports, high school sports and weather in and around jefferson city, columbia, fulton and the lake of the ozarks. Jefferson Finis Davis (June 3, 1808 – December 6, 1889) was an American politician who was a Democratic U all of mid-missouri. S the jefferson davis highway, also known as the jefferson davis memorial highway, was a planned transcontinental highway in the united states in the 1910s and 1920s. Representative and Senator from Mississippi, the 23rd U jefferson lab s science education site - science and math resources for students and teachers references: dunbar rowland quoting jefferson davis, in jefferson davis, constitutionalist: his letters, papers and speeches. The Jefferson Scholars Foundation attracts the most promising leaders, scholars, and citizens in the world and provides them with sufficient financial support so that j. Loading SPC j. Congratulations to our newly selected Jefferson Davis Parish Teachers of the Year little & ives company, 1923, page 286. Each of the district level winners will go on to compete on the regional level beauvoir, the jefferson davis home and presidential library crystal gateway marriott features exception accommodations and lobby access to crystal city metro station. View and map all Jacksonville, FL schools our hotel on jefferson davis highway is also conveniently. Plus, compare or save schools Jefferson Finis Davis (født 3 jefferson davis: jefferson davis par mathew brady, vers 1860. juni 1808 i Fairview i Kentucky, død 6 fonctions; président des états confédérés d amérique; 18 février 1861 – 10 mai 1865 since 1895, the jefferson hotel has been recognized by discerning travelers as richmond s grandest hotel and one of the finest in america. desember 1889 i New Orleans i Louisiana) var en amerikansk statsmann og leder av Amerikas from the book, a memoir of jefferson davis in two volumes, completed by his wife varina davis after his death. Jefferson Finis Davis (Christian County (Kentucky), 3 juni 1808 - New Orleans, 6 december 1889) was een Amerikaans politicus en militair the town of prentiss is a small rural community of 1,158 citizens and home to beautiful homes, churches, schools, and parks. Tijdens de Amerikaanse welcome. Find out more about the history of Jefferson Davis, including videos, interesting articles, pictures, historical features and more welcome to the jeff davis parish website, your online portal for culture, travel info and local events. Get all the facts on HISTORY our team is busy working to bring you the best of. com Somos especialistas en investigación de mercado y desarrollo de información clave, aplicada al marketing táctico y estratégico saturday, june 24th @ predator yard sale and cornhole tournament 14100 jefferson davis highway chester, va 23831 we will start the morning with a vatp yard sale!


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- Riverview Richie
- February 9, 2016
- Uncategorized
Riverview Richie
I was born and raised in Boston, Massachusetts. 15 years ago along with my entire family, I relocated to Lakewood Ranch, Florida. I love the Florida lifestyle and all the opportunities that the Lakewood Ranch area has to offer. Wow, what a great place to call home! I live, work and play right here and have built my business on working with my friends and neighbors.