text:
Internet, a system architecture that has revolutionized communications and methods of commerce by allowing various computer networks around the world to interconnect. Sometimes referred to as a "network of networks," the Internet emerged in the United States in the 1970s but did not become visible to the general public until the early 1990s. By 2015, approximately 3.2 billion people, or nearly half of the world's population, were estimated to have access to the Internet.
The Internet provides a capability so powerful and general that it can be used for almost any purpose that depends on information, and it is accessible by every individual who connects to one of its constituent networks. It supports human communication via electronic mail (e-mail), "chat rooms," newsgroups, and audio and video transmission and allows people to work collaboratively at many different locations. It supports access to digital information by many applications, including the World Wide Web. The Internet has proved to be a spawning ground for a large and growing number of "e-businesses" (including subsidiaries of traditional "brick-and-mortar" companies) that carry out most of their sales and services over the Internet. (See electronic commerce.) Many experts believe that the Internet will dramatically transform business as well as society.
Origin and development
Early networks
The first computer networks were dedicated special-purpose systems such as SABRE (an airline reservation system) and AUTODIN I (a defense command-and-control system), both designed and implemented in the late 1950s and early 1960s. By the early 1960s computer manufacturers had begun to use semiconductor technology in commercial products, and both conventional batch-processing and time-sharing systems were in place in many large, technologically advanced companies. Time-sharing systems allowed a computer's resources to be shared in rapid succession with multiple users, cycling through the queue of users so quickly that the computer appeared dedicated to each user's tasks despite the existence of many others accessing the system "simultaneously." This led to the notion of sharing computer resources (called host computers or simply hosts) over an entire network. Host-to-host interactions were envisioned, along with access to specialized resources (such as supercomputers and mass storage systems) and interactive access by remote users to the computational powers of time-sharing systems located elsewhere. These ideas were first realized in ARPANET, which established the first host-to-host network connection on Oct. 29, 1969. It was created by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the U.S. Department of Defense. ARPANET was one of the first general-purpose computer networks. It connected time-sharing computers at government-supported research sites, principally universities in the United States, and it soon became a critical piece of infrastructure for the computer science research community in the United States. Tools and applications—such as the simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP, commonly referred to as e-mail), for sending short messages, and the file transfer protocol (FTP), for longer transmissions—quickly emerged. In order to achieve cost-effective interactive communications between computers, which typically communicate in short bursts of data, ARPANET employed the new technology of packet switching. Packet switching takes large messages (or chunks of computer data) and breaks them into smaller, manageable pieces (known as packets) that can travel independently over any available circuit to the target destination, where the pieces are reassembled. Thus, unlike traditional voice communications, packet switching does not require a single dedicated circuit between each pair of users.
Commercial packet networks were introduced in the 1970s, but these were designed principally to provide efficient access to remote computers by dedicated terminals. Briefly, they replaced long-distance modem connections by less-expensive "virtual" circuits over packet networks. In the United States, Telenet and Tymnet were two such packet networks. Neither supported host-to-host communications; in the 1970s this was still the province of the research networks, and it would remain so for many years.
DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency; formerly ARPA) supported initiatives for ground-based and satellite-based packet networks. The ground-based packet radio system provided mobile access to computing resources, while the packet satellite network connected the United States with several European countries and enabled connections with widely dispersed and remote regions. With the introduction of packet radio, connecting a mobile terminal to a computer network became feasible. However, time-sharing systems were then still too large, unwieldy, and costly to be mobile or even to exist outside a climate-controlled computing environment. A strong motivation thus existed to connect the packet radio network to ARPANET in order to allow mobile users with simple terminals to access the time-sharing systems for which they had authorization. Similarly, the packet satellite network was used by DARPA to link the United States with satellite terminals serving the United Kingdom, Norway, Germany, and Italy. These terminals, however, had to be connected to other networks in European countries in order to reach the end users. Thus arose the need to connect the packet satellite net, as well as the packet radio net, with other networks.
Foundation of the Internet
The Internet resulted from the effort to connect various research networks in the United States and Europe. First, DARPA established a program to investigate the interconnection of "heterogeneous networks." This program, called Internetting, was based on the newly introduced concept of open architecture networking, in which networks with defined standard interfaces would be interconnected by "gateways." A working demonstration of the concept was planned. In order for the concept to work, a new protocol had to be designed and developed; indeed, a system architecture was also required.
In 1974 Vinton Cerf, then at Stanford University in California, and this author, then at DARPA, collaborated on a paper that first described such a protocol and system architecture—namely, the transmission control protocol (TCP), which enabled different types of machines on networks all over the world to route and assemble data packets. TCP, which originally included the Internet protocol (IP), a global addressing mechanism that allowed routers to get data packets to their ultimate destination, formed the TCP/IP standard, which was adopted by the U.S. Department of Defense in 1980. By the early 1980s the "open architecture" of the TCP/IP approach was adopted and endorsed by many other researchers and eventually by technologists and businessmen around the world.
By the 1980s other U.S. governmental bodies were heavily involved with networking, including the National Science Foundation (NSF), the Department of Energy, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). While DARPA had played a seminal role in creating a small-scale version of the Internet among its researchers, NSF worked with DARPA to expand access to the entire scientific and academic community and to make TCP/IP the standard in all federally supported research networks. In 1985–86 NSF funded the first five supercomputing centres—at Princeton University, the University of Pittsburgh, the University of California, San Diego, the University of Illinois, and Cornell University. In the 1980s NSF also funded the development and operation of the NSFNET, a national "backbone" network to connect these centres. By the late 1980s the network was operating at millions of bits per second. NSF also funded various nonprofit local and regional networks to connect other users to the NSFNET. A few commercial networks also began in the late 1980s; these were soon joined by others, and the Commercial Internet Exchange (CIX) was formed to allow transit traffic between commercial networks that otherwise would not have been allowed on the NSFNET backbone. In 1995, after extensive review of the situation, NSF decided that support of the NSFNET infrastructure was no longer required, since many commercial providers were now willing and able to meet the needs of the research community, and its support was withdrawn. Meanwhile, NSF had fostered a competitive collection of commercial Internet backbones connected to one another through so-called network access points (NAPs).
From the Internet's origin in the early 1970s, control of it steadily devolved from government stewardship to private-sector participation and finally to private custody with government oversight and forbearance. Today a loosely structured group of several thousand interested individuals known as the Internet Engineering Task Force participates in a grassroots development process for Internet standards. Internet standards are maintained by the nonprofit Internet Society, an international body with headquarters in Reston, Virginia. The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), another nonprofit, private organization, oversees various aspects of policy regarding Internet domain names and numbers.
Commercial expansion
The rise of commercial Internet services and applications helped to fuel a rapid commercialization of the Internet. This phenomenon was the result of several other factors as well. One important factor was the introduction of the personal computer and the workstation in the early 1980s—a development that in turn was fueled by unprecedented progress in integrated circuit technology and an attendant rapid decline in computer prices. Another factor, which took on increasing importance, was the emergence of ethernet and other "local area networks" to link personal computers. But other forces were at work too. Following the restructuring of AT&T in 1984, NSF took advantage of various new options for national-level digital backbone services for the NSFNET. In 1988 the Corporation for National Research Initiatives received approval to conduct an experiment linking a commercial e-mail service (MCI Mail) to the Internet. This application was the first Internet connection to a commercial provider that was not also part of the research community. Approval quickly followed to allow other e-mail providers access, and the Internet began its first explosion in traffic.
In 1993 federal legislation allowed NSF to open the NSFNET backbone to commercial users. Prior to that time, use of the backbone was subject to an "acceptable use" policy, established and administered by NSF, under which commercial use was limited to those applications that served the research community. NSF recognized that commercially supplied network services, now that they were available, would ultimately be far less expensive than continued funding of special-purpose network services.
Also in 1993 the University of Illinois made widely available Mosaic, a new type of computer program, known as a browser, that ran on most types of computers and, through its "point-and-click" interface, simplified access, retrieval, and display of files through the Internet. Mosaic incorporated a set of access protocols and display standards originally developed at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) by Tim Berners-Lee for a new Internet application called the World Wide Web (WWW). In 1994 Netscape Communications Corporation (originally called Mosaic Communications Corporation) was formed to further develop the Mosaic browser and server software for commercial use. Shortly thereafter, the software giant Microsoft Corporation became interested in supporting Internet applications on personal computers (PCs) and developed its Internet Explorer Web browser (based initially on Mosaic) and other programs. These new commercial capabilities accelerated the growth of the Internet, which as early as 1988 had already been growing at the rate of 100 percent per year.
By the late 1990s there were approximately 10,000 Internet service providers (ISPs) around the world, more than half located in the United States. However, most of these ISPs provided only local service and relied on access to regional and national ISPs for wider connectivity. Consolidation began at the end of the decade, with many small to medium-size providers merging or being acquired by larger ISPs. Among these larger providers were groups such as America Online, Inc. (AOL), which started as a dial-up information service with no Internet connectivity but made a transition in the late 1990s to become the leading provider of Internet services in the world—with more than 25 million subscribers by 2000 and with branches in Australia, Europe, South America, and Asia. Widely used Internet "portals" such as AOL, Yahoo!, Excite, and others were able to command advertising fees owing to the number of "eyeballs" that visited their sites. Indeed, during the late 1990s advertising revenue became the main quest of many Internet sites, some of which began to speculate by offering free or low-cost services of various kinds that were visually augmented with advertisements. By 2001 this speculative bubble had burst.
Future directions
While the precise structure of the future Internet is not yet clear, many directions of growth seem apparent. One is the increased availability of wireless access. Wireless services enable applications not previously possible in any economical fashion. For example, global positioning systems (GPS) combined with wireless Internet access would help mobile users to locate alternate routes, generate precise accident reports and initiate recovery services, and improve traffic management and congestion control. In addition to wireless laptop computers and personal digital assistants (PDAs), wearable devices with voice input and special display glasses are under development.
Another future direction is toward higher backbone and network access speeds. Backbone data rates of 10 billion bits (10 gigabits) per second are readily available today, but data rates of 1 trillion bits (1 terabit) per second or higher will eventually become commercially feasible. If the development of computer hardware, software, applications, and local access keeps pace, it may be possible for users to access networks at speeds of 100 gigabits per second. At such data rates, high-resolution video—indeed, multiple video streams—would occupy only a small fraction of available bandwidth. Remaining bandwidth could be used to transmit auxiliary information about the data being sent, which in turn would enable rapid customization of displays and prompt resolution of certain local queries. Much research, both public and private, has gone into integrated broadband systems that can simultaneously carry multiple signals—data, voice, and video. In particular, the U.S. government has funded research to create new high-speed network capabilities dedicated to the scientific-research community.
It is clear that communications connectivity will be an important function of a future Internet as more machines and devices are interconnected. In 1998, after four years of study, the Internet Engineering Task Force published a new 128-bit IP address standard intended to replace the conventional 32-bit standard. By allowing a vast increase in the number of available addresses (2128, as opposed to 232), this standard will make it possible to assign unique addresses to almost every electronic device imaginable. Thus, the expressions "wired" office, home, and car may all take on new meanings, even if the access is really wireless.
The dissemination of digitized text, pictures, and audio and video recordings over the Internet, primarily available today through the World Wide Web, has resulted in an information explosion. Clearly, powerful tools are needed to manage network-based information. Information available on the Internet today may not be available tomorrow without careful attention's being paid to preservation and archiving techniques. The key to making information persistently available is infrastructure and the management of that infrastructure. Repositories of information, stored as digital objects, will soon populate the Internet. At first these repositories may be dominated by digital objects specifically created and formatted for the World Wide Web, but in time they will contain objects of all kinds in formats that will be dynamically resolvable by users' computers in real time. Movement of digital objects from one repository to another will still leave them available to users who are authorized to access them, while replicated instances of objects in multiple repositories will provide alternatives to users who are better able to interact with certain parts of the Internet than with others. Information will have its own identity and, indeed, become a "first-class citizen" on the Internet.
Society and the Internet
What began as a largely technical and limited universe of designers and users became one of the most important mediums of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. As the Pew Charitable Trust observed in 2004, it took 46 years to wire 30 percent of the United States for electricity; it took only 7 years for the Internet to reach that same level of connection to American homes. By 2005, 68 percent of American adults and 90 percent of American teenagers had used the Internet. Europe and Asia were at least as well connected as the United States. Nearly half of the citizens of the European Union are online, and even higher rates are found in the Scandinavian countries. There is a wide variance in Asian countries; for example, by 2005 Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Japan had at least half of their populations online, whereas India, Pakistan, and Vietnam had less than 10 percent. South Korea was the world leader in connecting its population to the Internet through high-speed broadband connections.
Such statistics can chart the Internet's growth, but they offer few insights into the changes wrought as users—individuals, groups, corporations, and governments—have embedded the technology into everyday life. The Internet is now as much a lived experience as a tool for performing particular tasks, offering the possibility of creating an environment or virtual reality in which individuals might work, socially interact with others, and perhaps even live out their lives.
History, community, and communications
Two agendas
The Internet has evolved from the integration of two very different technological agendas—the Cold War networking of the U.S. military and the personal computer (PC) revolution. The first agenda can be dated to 1973, when the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) sought to create a communications network that would support the transfer of large data files between government and government-sponsored academic-research laboratories. The result was the ARPANET, a robust decentralized network that supported a vast array of computer hardware. Initially, ARPANET was the preserve of academics and corporate researchers with access to time-sharing mainframe computer systems. Computers were large and expensive; most computer professionals could not imagine anyone needing, let alone owning, his own "personal" computer. And yet Joseph Licklider, one of the driving forces at DARPA for computer networking, stated that online communication would "change the nature and value of communication even more profoundly than did the printing press and the picture tube."
The second agenda began to emerge in 1977 with the introduction of the Apple II, the first affordable computer for individuals and small businesses. Created by Apple Computer, Inc. (now Apple Inc.), the Apple II was popular in schools by 1979, but in the corporate market it was stigmatized as a game machine. The task of cracking the business market fell to IBM. In 1981 the IBM PC was released and immediately standardized the PC's basic hardware and operating system—so much so that first PC-compatible and then simply PC came to mean any personal computer built along the lines of the IBM PC. A major centre of the PC revolution was the San Francisco Bay area, where several major research institutions funded by DARPA—Stanford University, the University of California, Berkeley, and Xerox PARC—provided much of the technical foundation for Silicon Valley. It was no small coincidence that Apple's two young founders—Steven Jobs and Stephen Wozniak—worked as interns in the Stanford University Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and at the nearby Hewlett-Packard Company. The Bay Area's counterculture also figured prominently in the PC's history. Electronic hobbyists saw themselves in open revolt against the "priesthood" of the mainframe computer and worked together in computer-enthusiast groups to spread computing to the masses.
The WELL
Why does this matter? The military played an essential role in shaping the Internet's architecture, but it was through the counterculture that many of the practices of contemporary online life emerged. A telling example is the early electronic bulletin board system (BBS), such as the WELL (Whole Earth 'Lectronic Link). Established in 1985 by American publisher Stewart Brand, who viewed the BBS as an extension of his Whole Earth Catalog, the WELL was one of the first electronic communities organized around forums dedicated to particular subjects such as parenting and Grateful Dead concerts. The latter were an especially popular topic of online conversation, but it was in the parenting forum where a profound sense of community and belonging initially appeared. For example, when one participant's child was diagnosed with leukemia, members of the forum went out of their way either to find health resources or to comfort the distressed parents. In this one instance, several features still prevalent in the online world can be seen. First, geography was irrelevant. WELL members in California and New York could bring their knowledge together within the confines of a forum—and could do so collectively, often exceeding the experience available to any local physician or medical centre. This marshaling of shared resources persists to this day as many individuals use the Internet to learn more about their ailments, find others who suffer from the same disease, and learn about drugs, physicians, and alternative therapies.
Another feature that distinguished the WELL forums was the use of moderators who could interrupt and focus discussion while also disciplining users who broke the rather loose rules. "Flame wars" (crass, offensive, or insulting exchanges) were possible, but anyone dissatisfied in one forum was free to organize another. In addition, the WELL was intensely democratic. WELL forums were the original chat rooms—online spaces where individuals possessing similar interests might congregate, converse, and even share their physical locations to facilitate meeting in person. Finally, the WELL served as a template for other online communities dedicated to subjects as diverse as Roman Catholicism, liberal politics, gardening, and automobile modification.
Instant broadcast communication
For the individual, the Internet opened up new communication possibilities. E-mail led to a substantial decline in traditional "snail mail." Instant messaging (IM), or text messaging, expanded, especially among youth, with the convergence of the Internet and cellular telephone access to the Web. Indeed, IM became a particular problem in classrooms, with students often surreptitiously exchanging notes via wireless communication devices. More than 50 million American adults, including 11 million at work, use IM.
From mailing lists to "buddy lists," e-mail and IM have been used to create "smart mobs" that converge in the physical world. Examples include protest organizing, spontaneous performance art, and shopping. Obviously, people congregated before the Internet existed, but the change wrought by mass e-mailings was in the speed of assembling such events. In February 1999, for example, activists began planning protests against the November 1999 World Trade Organization (WTO) meetings in Seattle, Washington. Using the Internet, organizers mobilized more than 50,000 individuals from around the world to engage in demonstrations—at times violent—that effectively altered the WTO's agenda.
More than a decade later, in June 2010 Egyptian computer engineer Wael Ghonim anonymously created a page titled "We Are All Khaled Said" on the social media site Facebook to publicize the death of a 28-year-old Egyptian man beaten to death by police. The page garnered hundreds of thousands of members, becoming an online forum for the discussion of police brutality in Egypt. After a popular uprising in Tunisia in January 2011, Ghonim and several other Internet democracy activists posted messages to their sites calling for similar action in Egypt. Their social media campaign helped spur mass demonstrations that forced Egyptian Pres. Ḥosnī Mubārak from power.
(The convergence of mobs is not without some techno-silliness. "Flash mobs"—groups of strangers who are mobilized on short notice via Web sites, online discussion groups, or e-mail distribution lists—often take part in bizarre though usually harmless activities in public places, such as engaging in mass free-for-alls around the world on Pillow Fight Day.)
In the wake of catastrophic disasters, citizens have used the Internet to donate to charities in an unprecedented fashion. Others have used the Internet to reunite family members or to match lost pets with their owners. The role of the Internet in responding to disasters, both natural and deliberate, remains the topic of much discussion, as it is unclear whether the Internet actually can function in a disaster area when much of the infrastructure is destroyed. Certainly during the September 11, 2001, attacks, people found it easier to communicate with loved ones in New York City via e-mail than through the overwhelmed telephone network.
Following the earthquake that struck Haiti in January 2010, electronic media emerged as a useful mode for connecting those separated by the quake and for coordinating relief efforts. Survivors who were able to access the Internet—and friends and relatives abroad—took to social networking sites such as Facebook in search of information on those missing in the wake of the catastrophe. Feeds from those sites also assisted aid organizations in constructing maps of the areas affected and in determining where to channel resources. The many Haitians lacking Internet access were able to contribute updates via text messaging on mobile phones.
Social gaming and social networking
One-to-one or even one-to-many communication is only the most elementary form of Internet social life. The very nature of the Internet makes spatial distances largely irrelevant for social interactions. Online gaming moved from simply playing a game with friends to a rather complex form of social life in which the game's virtual reality spills over into the physical world. The case of World of Warcraft, a popular electronic game with several million players, is one example. Property acquired in the game can be sold online, although such secondary economies are discouraged by Blizzard Entertainment, the publisher of World of Warcraft, as a violation of the game's terms of service. In any case, what does it mean that one can own virtual property and that someone is willing to pay for this property with real money? Economists have begun studying such virtual economies, some of which now exceed the gross national product of countries in Africa and Asia. In fact, virtual economies have given economists a means of running controlled experiments.
Millions of people have created online game characters for entertainment purposes. Gaming creates an online community, but it also allows for a blurring of the boundaries between the real world and the virtual one. In Shanghai one gamer stabbed and killed another one in the real world over a virtual sword used in Legend of Mir 3. Although attempts were made to involve the authorities in the original dispute, the police found themselves at a loss prior to the murder because the law did not acknowledge the existence of virtual property. In South Korea violence surrounding online gaming happens often enough that police refer to such murders as "off-line PK," a reference to player killing (PK), or player-versus-player lethal contests, which are allowed or encouraged in some games. By 2001 crime related to Lineage had forced South Korean police to create special cybercrime units to patrol both within the game and off-line. Potential problems from such games are not limited to crime. Virtual life can be addictive. Reports of players neglecting family, school, work, and even their health to the point of death have become more common.
Social networking sites (SNSs) emerged as a significant online phenomenon since the bursting of the "Internet bubble" in the early 2000s. SNSs use software to facilitate online communities where members with shared interests swap files, photographs, videos, and music, send messages and chat, set up blogs (Web diaries) and discussion groups, and share opinions. Early social networking services included Classmates.com, which connected former schoolmates, and Yahoo! 360° and SixDegrees, which built networks of connections via friends of friends. In the postbubble era the leading social networking services were Myspace, Facebook, Friendster, Orkut, and LinkedIn. LinkedIn became an effective tool for business staff recruiting. Businesses have begun to exploit these networks, drawing on social networking research and theory, which suggests that finding key "influential" members of existing networks of individuals can give those businesses access to and credibility with the whole network.
Love and sex
By the start of the 21st century, approximately 20 percent of the Internet population had used it at some time to meet others, with Internet dating services collecting nearly half a billion dollars per year in matchmaking fees. Dating sites capture an important aspect of the Web economy—the ability to appeal to particular niche groups. Of the myriads of dating Web sites, many cater to individuals of particular ethnic or national identities and thereby preselect people along some well-defined axes of interest. Because of the low costs involved in setting up a Web site, the possibilities for "nichification" are nearly endless.
Pornography is another domain in which nichification is prevalent. By the 21st century there were some four million Web sites devoted to pornography, containing more than a quarter of a billion pages—in other words, more than 10 percent of the Web. Forty million American adults regularly visit pornographic sites, which generate billions of dollars in yearly revenues. All of society's vices, as well as its virtues, have manifested themselves on the Internet.
Advertising and e-commerce
Nichification allows for consumers to find what they want, but it also provides opportunities for advertisers to find consumers. For example, most search engines generate revenue by matching ads to an individual's particular search query. Among the greatest challenges facing the Internet's continued development is the task of reconciling advertising and commercial needs with the right of Internet users not to be bombarded by "pop-up" Web pages and spam (unsolicited e-mail).
Nichification also opens up important e-commerce opportunities. A bookstore can carry only so much inventory on its shelves, which thereby limits its collection to books with broad appeal. An online bookstore can "display" nearly everything ever published. Although traditional bookstores often have a special-order department, consumers have taken to searching and ordering from online stores from the convenience of their homes and offices.
Although books can be made into purely digital artifacts, "e-books" have not sold nearly as well as digital music. In part, this disparity is due to the need for an e-book reader to have a large, bright screen, which adds to the display's cost and weight and leads to more-frequent battery replacement. Also, it is difficult to match the handy design and low cost of an old-fashioned paperback book. Interestingly, it turns out that listeners download from online music vendors as many obscure songs as big record company hits. Just a few people interested in some obscure song are enough to make it worthwhile for a vendor to store it electronically for sale over the Internet. What makes the Internet special here is not only its ability to match buyers and sellers quickly and relatively inexpensively but also that the Internet and the digital economy in general allow for a flowering of multiple tastes—in games, people, and music.
Information and copyright
Commerce and industry are certainly arenas in which the Internet has had a profound effect, but what of the foundational institutions of any society—namely, those related to education and the production of knowledge? Here the Internet has had a variety of effects, some of which are quite disturbing. There are more computers in the classroom than ever before, but there is scant evidence that they enhance the learning of basic skills in reading, writing, and arithmetic. And while access to vast amounts of digital information is convenient, it has also become apparent that most students now see libraries as antiquated institutions better used for their computer terminals than for their book collections. As teachers at all education levels can attest, students typically prefer to research their papers by reading online rather than wandering through a library's stacks.
In a related effect the Internet has brought plagiarism into the computer era in two distinct senses. First, electronic texts have made it simple for students to "cut and paste" published sources (e.g., encyclopaedia articles) into their own papers. Second, although students could always get someone to write their papers for them, it is now much easier to find and purchase anonymous papers at Web sites and to even commission original term papers for a fixed fee. Ironically, what the Internet gives, it also takes away. Teachers now have access to databases of electronically submitted papers and can easily compare their own students' papers against a vast archive of sources. Even a simple online search can sometimes find where one particularly well-turned phrase originally appeared.
File sharing
College students have been at the leading edge of the growing awareness of the centrality of intellectual property in a digital age. When American college student Shawn Fanning invented Napster in 1999, he set in motion an ongoing legal battle over digital rights. Napster was a file-sharing system that allowed users to share electronic copies of music online. The problem was obvious: recording companies were losing revenues as one legal copy of a song was shared among many people. Although the record companies succeeded in shutting down Napster, they found themselves having to contend with a new form of file sharing, P2P ("person-to-person"). In P2P there is no central administrator to shut down as there had been with Napster. Initially, the recording industry sued the makers of P2P software and a few of the most prolific users—often students located on university campuses with access to high-speed connections for serving music and, later, movie files—in an attempt to discourage the millions of people who regularly used the software. Still, even while some P2P software makers have been held liable for losses that the copyright owners have incurred, more-devious schemes for circumventing apprehension have been invented.
The inability to prevent file sharing has led the recording and movie industries to devise sophisticated copy protection on their CDs and DVDs. In a particularly controversial incident, Sony Corporation introduced CDs into the market in 2005 with copy protection that involved a special viruslike code that hid on a user's computer. This code, however, also was open to being exploited by virus writers to gain control of users' machines.
Electronic publishing
The Internet has become an invaluable and discipline-transforming environment for scientists and scholars. In 2004 Google began digitizing public-domain and out-of-print materials from several cooperating libraries in North America and Europe, such as the University of Michigan library, which made some seven million volumes available. Although some authors and publishers challenged the project for fear of losing control of copyrighted material, similar digitization projects were launched by Microsoft Corporation and the online book vendor Amazon.com, although the latter company proposed that each electronic page would be retrieved for a small fee shared with the copyright holders.
The majority of academic journals are now online and searchable. This has created a revolution in scholarly publishing, especially in the sciences and engineering. For example, arXiv.org has transformed the rate at which scientists publish and react to new theories and experimental data. Begun in 1991, arXiv.org is an online archive in which physicists, mathematicians, computer scientists, and computational biologists upload research papers long before they will appear in a print journal. The articles are then open to the scrutiny of the entire scientific community, rather than to one or two referees selected by a journal editor. In this way scientists around the world can receive an abstract of a paper as soon as it has been uploaded into the depository. If the abstract piques a reader's interest, the entire paper can be downloaded for study. Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, and the U.S. National Science Foundation support arXiv.org as an international resource.
While arXiv.org deals with articles that might ultimately appear in print, it is also part of a larger shift in the nature of scientific publishing. In the print world a handful of companies control the publication of the most scientific journals, and the price of institutional subscriptions is frequently exorbitant. This has led to a growing movement to create online-only journals that are accessible for free to the entire public—a public that often supports the original research with its taxes. For example, the Public Library of Science publishes online journals of biology and medicine that compete with traditional print journals. There is no difference in how their articles are vetted for publication; the difference is that the material is made available for free. Unlike other creators of content, academics are not paid for what they publish in scholarly journals, nor are those who review the articles. Journal publishers, on the other hand, have long received subsidies from the scientific community, even while charging that community high prices for its own work. Although some commercial journals have reputations that can advance the careers of those who publish in them, the U.S. government has taken the side of the "open source" publishers and demanded that government-financed research be made available to taxpayers as soon as it has been published.
In addition to serving as a medium for the exchange of articles, the Internet can facilitate the discussion of scientific work long before it appears in print. Scientific blogs—online journals kept by individuals or groups of researchers—have flourished as a form of online salon for the discussion of ongoing research. There are pitfalls to such practices, though. Astronomers who in 2005 posted abstracts detailing the discovery of a potential 10th planet found that other researchers had used their abstracts to find the new astronomical body themselves. In order to claim priority of discovery, the original group rushed to hold a news conference rather than waiting to announce their work at an academic conference or in a peer-reviewed journal.
Politics and culture
Free speech
The Internet has broadened political participation by ordinary citizens, especially through the phenomenon of blogs. Many blogs are simply online diaries or journals, but others have become sources of information and opinion that challenge official government pronouncements or the mainstream news media. By 2005 there were approximately 15 million blogs, a number that was doubling roughly every six months. The United States dominates the blog universe, or "blogosphere," with English as the lingua franca, but blogs in other languages are proliferating. In one striking development, the Iranian national language, Farsi, has become the commonest Middle Eastern language in the blogosphere. Despite the Iranian government's attempts to limit access to the Internet, some 60,000 active Farsi blogs are hosted at a single service provider, PersianBlog.
The Internet poses a particular problem for autocratic regimes that restrict access to independent sources of information. The Chinese government has been particularly successful at policing the public's access to the Internet, beginning with its "Great Firewall of China" that automatically blocks access to undesirable Web sites. The state also actively monitors Chinese Web sites to ensure that they adhere to government limits on acceptable discourse and tolerable dissent. In 2000 the Chinese government banned nine types of information, including postings that might "harm the dignity and interests of the state" or "disturb social order." Users must enter their national identification number in order to access the Internet at cybercafés. Also, Internet service providers are responsible for the content on their servers. Hence, providers engage in a significant amount of self-censorship in order to avoid problems with the law, which may result in losing access to the Internet or even serving jail time. Finally, the authorities are willing to shut Web sites quickly and with no discussion. Of course, the state's efforts are not completely effective. Information can be smuggled into China on DVDs, and creative Chinese users can circumvent the national firewall with proxy servers—Web sites that allow users to move through the firewall to an ostensibly acceptable Web site where they can connect to the rest of the Internet.
Others have taken advantage of the Internet's openness to spread a variety of political messages. The Ukrainian Orange Revolution of 2004 had a significant Internet component. More troubling is the use of the Internet by terrorist groups such as al-Qaeda to recruit members, pass along instructions to sleeper cells, and celebrate their own horrific activities. The Iraq War was fought not only on the ground but also online as al-Qaeda operatives used specific Web sites to call their followers to jihad. Al-Qaeda used password-protected chat rooms as key recruitment centres, as well as Web sites to test potential recruits before granting them access to the group's actual network. On the other hand, posting material online is also a potential vulnerability. Gaining access to the group's "Jihad Encyclopaedia" has enabled security analysts to learn about potential tactics, and Arabic-speaking investigators have learned to infiltrate chat rooms and gain access to otherwise hidden materials.
Political campaigns and muckraking
During the 2004 U.S. presidential campaign, blogs became a locus for often heated exchanges about the candidates. In fact, the candidates themselves used blogs and Web sites for fund-raising and networking. One of the first innovators was Howard Dean, an early front-runner in the Democratic primaries, whose campaign used a Web site for fund-raising and organizing local meetings. In particular, Dean demonstrated that a modern presidential campaign could use the Internet to galvanize volunteer campaign workers and to raise significant sums from many small donations. In a particularly astute move, Dean's campaign set up a blog for comments from his supporters, and it generated immediate feedback on certain proposals such as refusing to accept public campaign funding. Both the George W. Bush and the John Kerry presidential campaigns, as well as the Democratic and Republican parties, came to copy the practices pioneered by Dean and his advisers. In addition, changes in U.S. campaign finance laws allowed for the creation of "527s," independent action groups such as Moveon.org that used the Internet to raise funds and rally support for particular issues and candidates.
By 2005 it was widely agreed that politicians would have to deal not only with the mainstream media (i.e., newspapers, magazines, radio, and television) but also with a new phenomenon—the blogosphere. Although blogs do not have editors or fact checkers, they have benefited from scandals in the mainstream media, which have made many readers more skeptical of all sources of information. Also, bloggers have forced mainstream media to confront topics they might otherwise ignore. Some pundits have gone so far as to predict that blogs and online news sources will replace the mainstream media, but it is far more likely that these diverse sources of information will complement each other. Indeed, falling subscription rates have led many newspaper publishers to branch into electronic editions and to incorporate editorial blogs and forums for reader feedback; thus, some of the distinctions between the media have already been blurred.
Privacy and the Internet
Concerns about privacy in cyberspace are an issue of international debate. As reading and writing, health care and shopping, and sex and gossip increasingly take place in cyberspace, citizens around the world are concerned that the most intimate details of their daily lives are being monitored, searched, recorded, stored, and often misinterpreted when taken out of context. For many, the greatest threats to privacy come not from state agents but from the architecture of e-commerce itself, which is based, in unprecedented ways, on the recording and exchange of intimate personal information.
"Getting over it"
The threats to privacy in the new Internet age were crystallized in 2000 by the case of DoubleClick, Inc. For a few years DoubleClick, the Internet's largest advertising company, had been compiling detailed information on the browsing habits of millions of World Wide Web users by placing "cookie" files on computer hard drives. Cookies are electronic footprints that allow Web sites and advertising networks to monitor people's online movements with telescopic precision—including the search terms people enter as well as the articles they skim and how long they spend skimming them. As long as users were confident that their virtual identities were not being linked to their actual identities, many were happy to accept DoubleClick cookies in exchange for the convenience of navigating the Web more efficiently. Then in November 1999 DoubleClick bought Abacus Direct, which held a database of names, addresses, and information about the off-line buying habits of 90 million households compiled from the largest direct-mail catalogs and retailers in the nation. Two months later DoubleClick began compiling profiles linking individuals' actual names and addresses to Abacus's detailed records of their online and off-line purchases. Suddenly, shopping that once seemed anonymous was being archived in personally identifiable dossiers.
Under pressure from privacy advocates and dot-com investors, DoubleClick announced in 2000 that it would postpone its profiling scheme until the U.S. government and the e-commerce industry had agreed on privacy standards. Two years later it settled consolidated class-action lawsuits from several states, agreeing to pay legal expenses of up to $1.8 million, to tell consumers about its data-collection activities in its online privacy policy, and to get permission before combining a consumer's personally identifiable data with his or her Web-surfing history. DoubleClick also agreed to pay hundreds of thousands of dollars to settle differences with attorneys general from 10 states who were investigating its information gathering.
The retreat of DoubleClick might have seemed like a victory for privacy, but it was only an early battle in a much larger war—one in which many observers still worry that privacy may be vanquished. "You already have zero privacy—get over it," Scott McNealy, the CEO of Sun Microsystems, memorably remarked in 1999 in response to a question at a product show at which Sun introduced a new interactive technology called Jini. Sun's cheerful Web site promised to usher in the "networked home" of the future, in which the company's "gateway" software would operate "like a congenial party host inside the home to help consumer appliances communicate intelligently with each other and with outside networks." In this chatty new world of electronic networking, a household's refrigerator and coffeemaker could talk to a television, and all three could be monitored from the office computer. The incessant information exchanged by these gossiping appliances might, of course, generate detailed records of the most intimate details of their owners' daily lives.
New evidence seemed to emerge every day to support McNealy's grim verdict about the triumph of online surveillance technology over privacy. A survey of nearly a thousand large companies conducted by the American Management Association in 2000 found that more than half of the large American firms surveyed monitored the Internet connections of their employees. Two-thirds of the firms monitored e-mail messages, computer files, or telephone conversations, up from only one-third three years earlier. Some companies used Orwellian computer software with names like Spector, Assentor, or Investigator that could monitor and record every keystroke on the computer with video-like precision. These virtual snoops could also be programmed to screen all incoming and outgoing e-mail for forbidden words and phrases—such as those involving racism, body parts, or the name of the boss—and then forward suspicious messages to a supervisor for review.
Issues in new media
Changes in the delivery of books, music, and television extended the technologies of surveillance beyond the office, blurring the boundaries between work and home. The same technologies that make it possible to download digitally stored books, songs, and movies directly onto computer hard drives or mobile devices could make it possible for publishers and entertainment companies to record and monitor each individual's browsing habits with unsettling specificity. Television too is being redesigned to create precise records of viewing habits. For instance, digital video recorders make it possible to store hours of television programs and enable viewers to skip commercials and to create their own program lineups. The data generated by such actions could create viewer profiles, which could then be used to make viewing suggestions and to record future shows.
Privacy of cell phone communication also has become an issue, as in 2010 when BlackBerry smartphone maker RIM reacted to demands from the United Arab Emirates (U.A.E.), Saudi Arabia, and India that security forces from those countries be given the ability to intercept communications such as e-mail and instant messages from BlackBerry users within their borders. The U.A.E. later canceled a planned ban on the BlackBerry service, saying that it had reached an agreement with RIM, which declined to reveal its discussions with the governments of other countries. The demands were part of a rising tide of security demands from national governments that cited the need to monitor criminals and terrorists who used wireless communications.
The United States is not immune to these controversies. In 2010 Pres. Barack Obama's administration said that in order to prevent terrorism and identify criminals, it wanted Congress to require that all Internet services be capable of complying with wiretap orders. The broad requirement would include Internet phone services, social networking services, and other types of Internet communication, and it would enable even encrypted messages to be decoded and read—something that required considerable time and effort. Critics complained that the monitoring proposal challenged the ideals of privacy and the lack of centralized authority for which the Internet had long been known.
Photos and videos also emerged as unexpected threats to personal privacy. "Geotags" are created when photos or videos are embedded with geographic location data from GPS chips inside cameras, including those in cell phones. When images are uploaded to the Internet, the geotags allow homes or other personal locations within the images to be precisely located by those who view the photos online. The security risk is not widely understood by the public, however, and in some cases disabling the geotag feature in certain models of digital cameras and camera-equipped smartphones is complicated.
Google's Street View photo-mapping service caused privacy concerns when the company disclosed that it had been recording locations and some data from unprotected household wireless networks as it took pictures. The company said that the data had been gathered inadvertently. German officials objected to Google's actions on the basis of Germany's strict privacy laws, and, although German courts decided against the objections, Google did not expand its Street View service in Germany beyond the handful of urban centres that it had already photo-mapped. The controversy led to other investigations of the Street View service by several U.S. states and the governments of several countries (including the Czech Republic, which eventually refused to grant Google permission to offer the Street View service there).
The social network Facebook has been a particular focus of privacy concerns on the Internet. Over the lifetime of the site, the default privacy settings for a Facebook user's information evolved from most content being accessible only to a user's friends or friends of friends to being accessible to everyone. In December 2009 Facebook rolled out a new privacy settings update that allowed users to exercise more "granular" control over what personal information was shared or displayed. However, the labyrinthine nature of the various privacy-control menus discouraged use of the new privacy settings. Users tended to fall back on Facebook's default settings, which, because of the expansion of Facebook's "opt-out" policy, were at the loosest level of security, forcing users to "opt-in" to make information private. Responding to criticism, Facebook revised its privacy policy again in May 2010, with a simplified system that consolidated privacy settings onto a single page.
Another privacy issue is cyberbullying—using the Internet to threaten or humiliate another person with words, photos, or videos. The problem received particular attention in 2010 when a male Rutgers University student committed suicide after two acquaintances reportedly streamed a video over the Internet of the student having a sexual encounter with a man. Also in 2010, Donna Witsell, the mother of a 13-year-old Florida girl who had committed suicide in 2009 after a cyberbullying incident, formed a group called Hope's Warriors to help curb abuse and to warn others of the threat. Most U.S. states have enacted laws against bullying, although very few of them include cyberbullying.
Learn More in these related Britannica articles:
E-commerce, maintaining relationships and conducting business transactions that include selling information, services, and goods by means of computer telecommunications networks. Although in the vernacular e-commerce usually refers only to the trading of goods and services over the Internet, broader economic activity is included. E-commerce consists of business-to-consumer…
cultural globalization: Anti-globalism movements and the InternetAnti-globalism organizers are found throughout the world, not least in many management organizations. They are often among the world's most creative and sophisticated users of Internet technology. This is doubly ironic, because even as NGOs contest the effects of globalization, they exhibit many of…
poker: Internet pokerPoker games are available on hundreds of Internet sites, offering play 24 hours a day, seven days a week, for dozens of poker variants. "Ring" games are ongoing games in which players join the action at any time by purchasing chips, play as…
Computer networkComputer network, two or more computers that are connected with one another for the purpose of communicating data electronically. Besides physically connecting computer and communication devices, a network system serves the important function of establishing a cohesive architecture that allows a…
NEC CorporationNEC Corporation, major Japanese multinational corporation, producer of telecommunications equipment and related software and services. Headquarters are in Tokyo. Nippon Electric Company, Ltd. (NEC; officially NEC Corporation in 1983), was founded in 1899 with funding from the Western Electric…
More About Internet77 references found in Britannica articles
Assorted References
- major reference
- advertising
- Apple Inc.
- bazaar
- In bazaar
- chess
- child safety
- In child safety
- coin collecting
- comparison to oral tradition
- dance criticism


text:
If you haven't, someone has sequestered you in a cave for the past year. Since it was detected in Louisiana this past November, there's been talk of little else at state, regional and national farm shows or in coffee shops on main street.
As soybean planting continues, the question becomes: Will farmers treat for rust preventively or curatively — or at all — here in 2005? Only time will tell. But if soybean grower Marco Palmeira Chechia of Ponta Grossa County in Brazil is any example, it might be helpful to learn from his experiment in determining whether to treat for the disease. "We first saw rust last year around here," he says. "I did test plots. On the land where I treated preventively, there was no loss in yield. Where I treated curatively, there was 30% yield loss. Where I did a test plot with no control products, my yield loss was 70%."
In a trip I took to Brazil with several other ag journalists in mid March, I learned from the farmers and ag retailers there that rust can be controlled if proper action is taken.
Here's a capsule of comments from several Brazilian farmers and agronomists about Asian soybean rust and how to be prepared for the season ahead.
Ivo Carlos Arent Filho, Tibaji County
Filho farms 13,585 acres of corn and beans. He also owns a bed-and-breakfast, which, he jokingly says, "my wife manages so she won't bother me while I farm." He is not affiliated with any farmer cooperative but works with an agronomist who consults with 17 other farmers in the area.
"I rely on my agronomist and retailer to help me make buying decisions," he says. "My agronomist chooses the best products, then closes the deal with the retailer. Together they work on my spraying schedule." In Brazil, retailers do not custom apply crop protection products. Application is all done by growers.
Filho works with three retailers to buy products but works predominantly with one he's known and trusted for 15 years. "Price is very important to me, but also I want someone who's trustworthy," he says.
Albertino Perez, farm manager for Henrique and Anselmo Alberti's farm in Tibaji County
An agronomist for the Alberti farm, Perez is in charge of approximately 12,350 acres. About 70% of that land is soybeans. His soybean yields are about 2,850 lbs./acre, when the average for the area is closer to 1,780 lbs./acre.
"I first saw pressure from rust last year," he says. "It is better to do preventive sprays. By the time growers see rust, it's already here and difficult to control. The earlier you spray the better."
Perez says nozzle pressure is very important when spraying for rust. "You must reach the soybean plant from top to bottom when you spray because rust works its way from the bottom of the plant to the top," he explains. "You need the right pressure."
Perez buys some products from retailers, some direct from the manufacturer. "I buy where I can get the best price," he says.
Richard Djkstra, Ponta Grossa County
Richard Djkstra's farming acumen is second to none in the area and his leadership skills are known throughout the country. His father Frank introduced no-till farming to Brazil in the mid 1970s. Today, Djkstra carries on the legacy of his father, leading the no-till technology revolution in Brazil, serving on the board of his local farmer cooperative and heading the no-till association. He also is an agronomist.
This is his second year dealing with rust. "We monitor every four days for rust," he says. "The climate here is good for the potential for rust. We believe we can lose five to six bags [267 lbs./acre] to disease if we don't treat."
Djkstra, who farms 2,223 acres, works with an agronomist for a second opinion of his farming practices. "It's good to have another idea on how to do things," he says. "We work with our dealer to determine spraying schedules and whether to use a surfactant."
Jose Luiz Buss, Rubens Kliewer, Armin Kliewer, Ponta Grossa County
Armin and his son Rubens rely on the expertise of their agronomist (Buss) to help with product selections and agronomic practices.
The Kliewers have land in northern Brazil, where rust has been detected for four years. When asked about concerns with resistance, Buss says, "We're more concerned with efficiency than resistance to products."
Today, these farmers prefer preventive treatments for rust. In the future, if curative measures become more efficient and economical, they may switch to those treatments. "It all will depend on price," Armin says.
Willybrordus Sleutjes, Castro County
Sleutjes sprays preventively for rust. This is his second year dealing with the disease. He farms about 2,720 acres of corn and soybeans. He started farming in 1968 with 618 acres. He belongs to Batavo Cooperative, a large farmer cooperative that works with growers managing about 345,800 acres in southern Brazil.
"I believe that rust will appear if I don't spray," he says. "I will spray a fungicide three times during the season for rust and other diseases [such as powdery mildew]."
In the above photo, Sleutjes (left) talks with agronomist Roberto Moretzsohn de Castro.
Best treatments
Farmers in Brazil advise treating with a triazole plus strobilurin. They have learned that triazoles are a better curative approach (and less expensive). Using a triazole and strobilurin usually results in a longer residual than either alone. A triazole or triazole and strobilurin tankmix is best if the disease shows up early in the season at the vegetative stage.
Brazilian farmers have found a way to manage rust, and U.S. farmers will, too.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
To Learn More Contact
Tim Devaney
The Princess 65 MY features superb accommodations, head turning performance and exceeds expectations of a boat her size. The open Salon and Dining area gives you the feeling of a much larger boat. The cockpit is unusually large, and the area for seating, dining and sunbathing on the bridge is massive.
Viking Princess
65 Motor Yacht
Cruise Speed:
Max Speed:
Range NMI:
16' 11"
Engine Details:
Engine 1:
Engine 2:
Engine Fuel:
Inboard Diesel
Fuel Capacity:
Water Capacity:
The Princess 65 MY features superb accommodations, head turning performance and exceeds expectations of a boat her size. The open Salon and Dining area gives you the feeling of a much larger boat. The cockpit is unusually large, and the area for seating, dining and sunbathing on the bridge is massive.
This 65 Princess has every option available and features the rich dark cherry interior wood finish. It sleeps 8 owners and guests in 4 staterooms fwd, plus crew for 2 aft. There is a passerelle for easy boarding, a concealed transom davit, water-maker, bow thruster, stern thruster, Sat TV, Bose surround sound, and new flat screen TV's in the Salon and all staterooms. It has teak decks including the side decks & fly-bridge area, upgraded electronics, newer cushions on the bridge, newer heavy duty bimini top, separate washer and dryer in the 4th stateroom/utility room to name a few features.
220v/110v/60Hz Electrical System (USA), Electrical bonding and lighting meets or exceeds ABYC standard, 21.5kVA/60Hz Generator.
This boat has been meticulously maintained by her current owner and yacht management company and shows extremely well.
ALL GOOD is one of the only Princess 65 Sport Cruisers to have USCG approved coastwise trade endorsement on the document. That allows this yacht to charter legally.
Twin 1050 MAN Engines, 2000 hour service completed in Aug , 2015
220v/110v/60Hz Electrical System, Electrical bonding and lighting to ABYC standard.
220/240v Onan 21.5kw generator
220/240v 50amp retractable shore power cord
Cruiseair Air conditioning throughout including crew cabin
Power-assisted hydraulic steering system
Bow thruster
Stern Thruster
Raymarine Autopilot Upper & Lower
Furuno Color NavNet Radar/GPS with flybridge repeat instrumentation
Garmin 7212 Touch Screen GPS/plotter (Lower)
Garmin 7212 Touch screen GPS/Plotter (Upper)
Twin electric-powered stern line docking winches
Electric anchor winch
Electro-hydraulic trim tabs
Dual-station log and echo sounder with alarm
Dual-station VHF/RT
Remote-controlled searchlight
Flat Screen TV's throughout
BOSE Lifestyle surround-sound DVD/CD
Owner's suite TV/AM/FM/DVD
Cocktail cabinet with refrigerator
Microwave/conventional oven
Central Vac
Underwater lights (3)
Utility room with Separate washer & dryer, storage and 2 occasional berths
Vacuum freshwater WC system with holding tank
Electrically operated drop window to aft cockpit
Teak-laid aft cockpit deck, flybridge & side decks.
Remote-controlled telescopic passerelle (2.8m)
Transom platform with concealed electro-hydraulic crane to carry tender
Hot and cold transom shower
Deck/anchor wash
Acoustical insulation
Automatic & manual bilge pumps
Automatic fire-protected system
Automatic water pump with filter
Bonding for underwater gear
Bow thruster with dual controls
Contaminated fuel warning
Dripless shaft logs
Engine room access from cockpit
Engine room lighting
Engine room blowers
Fuel tanks
High-speed rudders
High-volume air intakes
Holding tank with pump-out
Port and starboard fuel tank
Propeller shafts
Propellers, 5-bladed, S-Class
Remote fuel shut-offs
Solid engine beds molded in hull
Water tank
Concealed transom crane
Port/Starboard Boarding ladder
Transom door
Bow pulpit
Swim platform with wet storage
Custom oversized stainless steel frame bimini top
Fresh water washdown system (forward & aft)
Cockpit lighting
Dockside water inlet
Electric docking windlass
Engine room access
Hot/cold shower
Flybridge molded stairs
Fitted A/C Crew Qtrs sleeps 2
Line/fender/life raft storage
Self-draining deck
Shore cable inlets and storage
Stereo speakers
Stairs to sidedecks
Teak-laid cockpit
Twin transom door to swim platform with folding ladder
Access from salon and cockpit.
Anchor windlass remote control
Audible/visual alarms
Raymarine Autopilot
Raymarine Tri data
Garmin 8212 GPS/Plotter
Furuno NavNet Radar/GPS
Shipmate VHF
Bow thruster control
Stern thruster Control
Chart table
Console and seat covers
Deck level lighting
Depth sounder/speed log
Search light w/remote control
Full instrumentation
Electronic controls with synchronizers
Dual helm seating
Hydraulic power-assisted steering
Large U-shaped seating with hi-lo table
Radar mast
Rudder angle indicator
Stereo speakers
Wet bar with refrigerator and grill
Windshield, Venturi type
Newer bimini top
Twin-beam searchlight controls
Trim Tab Controls
Teak flybridge deck
Cruisair with reverse cycle heat, SMX II controller
Luxury decor upgrade
Lacquer finished dark wood interior
Designer fabrics and window treatments
U-Shaped micro-leather sofa starboard
Double settee opposite sofa with hidden TV lift behind
Dining table with micro-leather sofa, seats ( 6 ) - storage underneath
Aft electric window
Tinted windows
Cocktail table
Cocktail cabinet with refrigerator
Elliptical shaped dinette
Overhead and indirect lighting
Sliding door to cockpit
Staircase to flybridge
Tinted side and aft windows
Oval settee with coffee table and double settee opposite
BOSE Lifestyle Home Theater System
Surround sound speakers
110V receptacles
Avonite countertop
Water heater
Miehle dishwasher
Drawers and storage cabinets
Princess flat surface electric range
Exhaust fan
Microwave/convection oven
Overhead and indirect lighting
Sub-Zero stainless steel undercounter refrigerator/freezer
Complete set of Princess china/flatware/stemware
Stainless-steel sink basin
Teak-and-holly sole
Walk-around queen berth with storage below
Air conditioner controller with reverse cycle heat
Custom drapes
110V receptacle
AM/FM stereo/CD
Flatscreen TV
Satellite receiver
Dressing table with mirror and stool
Ensuite head
Full-length mirror
Hanging lockers and drawers
Opening portlights
Overhead lockers outboard
Overhead and reading lights
Teak shower floor
Custom drapes
Mirrored medicine cabinet
Duplex GFI receptacle
Enclosed stall shower
Exhaust fan
Molded counter with sink
Storage locker
Vacuflush head
Walk-around queen berth
Cruiseair air conditioner with reverse cycle heat
Flat screen TV
Satellite receiver
Head curtains
110V receptacle
Deck hatch with blind
Dressing table with mirror and storage
Ensuite head
Full length mirror
Hanging lockers and drawers
Opening portlights
Overhead lockers outboard
European circular shower with teak sole
Duplex GFI receptacle
Enclosed shower
Exhaust fan
Lighting and mirror
Molded sink with vanity
Storage locker
Vacuflush head
( 2 ) Twin berths
Cruiseair air conditioning with reverse cycle heat
Flat screen TV
Satellite receiver
110V receptacle
Enclosed shower with seat
Exhaust fan
Lighting and mirror
Molded counter with sink
Storage locker
Molded-in sink and vanity
Mirrored medicine cabinet
Opening port light with screen and drape
Vacuflush head
110V Receptacle
Overhead lighting
Port lights
Washer/dryer combo unit
Trash compactor
( 2 ) Twin berths
Air conditioning controls
Locker and storage
Engine electrical boxes
Seafire fire control system
Raw water sea strainer
Bilge pumps throughout
Fuel tanks
Bilge alarm
Battery alarm
Bilge blower
Engine hour meter
Emergency engine stop
Fuel filters
New Teak Decks
Hull Paint
Props, shafts and rudders balanced and laser aligned
New state of the art entertainment system including stereo and TVs
Exterior upholstery
New Jetski
Electronics upgrades including a new Garmin 8212 unit.
New Anchor
Generator overhauled.
Hull paint
2000 hour Mann service
Props reconditioned
New cutlass bearings
Laser alignement
New refrigerator in galley
This listing is presented to you courtesy of a member of the International Yacht Brokers Association and may be centrally listed with another broker. It is offered as a convenience by this broker/dealer to its clients and is not intended to convey direct representation of a particular vessel.
The Company offers the details of this vessel in good faith but cannot guarantee or warrant the accuracy of this information nor warrant the condition of the vessel. A buyer should instruct his agents, or his surveyors, to investigate such details as the buyer desires validated. This vessel is offered subject to prior sale, price change, or withdrawal without notice.


text:
"I can hardly find words to tell how fully I realize that my soul and my way of thinking have been changed by those very Spiritual Exercises, that my mind has been enlightened by new rays of grace from heaven and that I have been imbued with a certain strength, so much so that in the overflow of the divine blessings into even my body I am completely invigorated and seem to be changed into an entirely new man."
The Faber Center for Ignatian Spirituality was adopted as a ministry of Marquette University in November 2005. Named after Blessed Peter Faber, S.J., who was among the first companions of St. Ignatius of Loyola and remembered for his expertise in directing the Spiritual Exercises, the Center is dedicated to providing faculty, administrators, and staff with support and guidance in leading a reflective life. Through retreats, reflection groups, a spiritual library and spiritual direction, faculty, staff and administrators are exposed to God's transforming love. This experience can impact on their personal lives in significant ways, affecting their understanding of the heart of the mission and spiritual heritage of Marquette University. Interested faculty, administrators and staff can contact the Faber Center at (414) 288-4545.
Peter was born in the village of Villaret, Savoy, France on April 13, 1506 to a relatively poor farming family. As a young boy, he shepherded his father's flock of sheep in the Alpine pastures. He had no education until he was ten years old when he convinced his father to allow him to attend a small school operated by a parish priest . At age eleven, he studied at La Roche and continued there until 1525 when he began his studies at the University of Paris. At the University of Paris, he lived at College de Sainte-Barbe with a roommate, Francis Xavier, and studied philosophy and theology. In 1529, Francis and Peter accepted another roommate, an older student, Ignatius of Loyola. Inspired by Ignatius, Peter Faber was ordained a priest in 1534. Ignatius directed him in the Spiritual Exercises before his ordination.
The original companions of Ignatius who formed the Society of Jesus, initially resolved to serve as missionaries in Jerusalem. However, because of an outbreak of war, they were unable to accomplish their original plan. As a result they traveled to Rome and put themselves at the disposal of the pope. Faber and James Laynez, another of the first Jesuits, were appointed to assist Cardinal Ennio Filanardi in reforming both the clergy and laity in Parma. He was also sent to accompany Dr. Pedro Ortiz, Charles V's representative, to the colloquy between Catholics and Protestants in Worms, Germany. He became increasingly well known for his direction of the Spiritual Exercises and conducted missions in Portugal and Spain further opening those countries to more Jesuit activity. He was assigned to be a theologian at the Council of Trent. With the idea of visiting Ignatius, his friend and spiritual mentor before traveling to Trent, Peter Faber returned to Rome. The exhaustion from the extreme demands of his work and the hardship of his travels weakened him and he fell ill. On August 1, 1544 at the age of thirty eight, while in the presence of Ignatius, he died. In 1872, Peter Faber was beatified by Pope Pius IX and on December 17, 2014 was raised to sainthood by Jesuit Pope Francis.
St. Ignatius of Loyola was born in 1491, the youngest son of a Basque nobleman. He served as a page and then as a courtier at the courts of leading Spanish noblemen. But, in 1521 a French army invaded Spain and attacked Pamplona near Castle Loyola. Ignatius led the defense until he was hit by a a canon ball which smashed his legs. The French took him to Castle Loyola where he spent nine months in convalescence reading devotional books that changed his outlook on life. He determined to make a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, but on the way spent many months in prayer at Manresa, Spain. As his prayer deepened, he kept notes. After returning from Jerusalem, he realized he needed more education if he was to carry out his new dream – a life of serving God and helping souls. He studied Latin at Barcelona. Then, after a short time at Spain's two leading universities, he studied at the University of Paris from 1528 to 1535.
At Paris, he gathered six other students who vowed to work for God in Jerusalem. But, war between Venice and the Turks made that impossible, so they put themselves at the service of Pope Paul III in 1538. Gradually Loyola and his companions decided to start a new religious order, the Society of Jesus, which soon gained the nickname of Jesuits. Paul III approved the order in 1540. The companions elected Ignatius Loyola their superior general and commissioned him to write the Jesuit Constitutions. They gave retreats based on Ignatius's Manresa notes, which were updated and published as The Spiritual Exercises in 1548. That book has been translated into dozens of languages in some 5,000 editions and is the basis of Ignatian Spirituality. The Jesuits opened colleges which quickly spread not only throughout Catholic Europe, but from India to Peru. When Ignatius died in 1556, Jesuit missionaries were already working in Asia, Africa and Latin America. Ignatius Loyola was canonized in 1622.
The Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius are written as a guide for retreat directors and spiritual directors to help individuals become more intimate with Jesus. As a result of our intimacy with and love for Jesus, we deeply desire to follow Jesus closely in our lives in all we do. Ignatius wrote the spiritual exercises as a result of his own conversion experience and his deepening sense of the presence and call of Christ in his own life. The exercises are organized around four weeks, as they were originally given, during the structure of a 30-day retreat. During the retreat, we pray through themes and images related to our relationship with God through love and sin, we follow Jesus in his public ministry through the passion and death of Jesus, and we join Jesus resurrected as he calls specially to each of us to serve Him and one another to build His ongoing Kingdom on Earth.
While the spiritual exercises are still offered at retreat houses during a 30-day retreat, the 19th annotation to the exercises is widely offered and includes daily prayer, and weekly meetings with a spiritual director. The 19th annotation generally lasts 10 months or so.
Spiritual Direction, sometimes known as spiritual companionship, has a long tradition in the Roman Catholic Church. For centuries, saints, mystics and Doctor's of the Church have written of the importance of their relationship with their spiritual guides. As in past times, contemporary spiritual direction also involves sharing your spiritual questions, and experiences of God and the Holy with another in the hopes that we will be better attuned to the work of God in our everyday lives. Often we may talk about prayer as the means of conversation and relationship with God. The spiritual director listens for God's spirit with you, as together you discern the invitation that God offers in your life at this time. As humans, we all long for deep and conscious meaning in our lives, and for many of us, that longing brings us to a curiosity and desire to know more about God's presence in our lives. Monthly conversations with a spiritual director can help support your path as you explore more about your images of God, feelings about God and religion, types of prayer practices, and the sacred questions of your life.


text:
A Cumberland County jury found a man guilty Thursday of kidnapping and murdering a 5-year-old Fayetteville girl almost four years ago.
FAYETTEVILLE � A Cumberland County jury found a man guilty Thursday of kidnapping and murdering a 5-year-old Fayetteville girl almost four years ago.
The eight-man, four-woman jury returned a not guilty verdict on a child rape charge against Mario McNeill. The decision was handed down around 3 p.m. Thursday, ending deliberations that spanned two days.
Jurors will now hear evidence before deciding whether McNeill should be sentenced to death or life in prison without parole. Judge Jim Ammons told jurors to return Tuesday morning to begin hearing arguments and testimony in a sentencing hearing.
Defense attorneys argued that while McNeill may have taken Shaniya Davis by car to Sanford, where he got a hotel room with her, he did not harm her. McNeill presented no evidence in his defense.
But authorities said Shaniya's mother, Antoniette Davis, gave the child to McNeill to settle a drug debt then falsely reported that she was missing from their Fayetteville trailer.
The state said McNeill took Shaniya to the Comfort Suites in Sanford before assaulting her, killing her and dumping her body.
Shaniya's body was found on Nov. 16, 2009, in a kudzu patch off N.C. Highway 87 on the Lee-Harnett county line, six days after she was reported missing.
Antoniette Davis is accused of giving her daughter to McNeill to pay off a drug debt. She has not yet gone to trial.


text:
A living fossil with an ancestry dating back some 270 million years, Ginkgo biloba stands out in the plant world as an object of fascination. A deciduous gymnosperm that persists as a single genus and species, Ginkgo offers scientists a unique glimpse at our botanical and evolutionary past. To celebrate this relict species and explore its botanical importance and relevance in our time, three eminent ginkgo researchers will share their expertise as part of a full-day symposium—Ginkgo Fest—at the Arnold Arboretum on Saturday, May 11 (this event was rescheduled from April 20).
Sir Peter Crane, Dean of Forestry and Environmental Science at Yale; William "Ned" Friedman, Arnold Professor of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard and Director of the Arnold Arboretum; and Peter Del Tredici, Senior Research Scientist at the Arnold Arboretum and ginkgo specialist, will lecture on their combined fifty years of ginkgo investigations and lead a tour of the Arboretum's ginkgo collection. The program will spotlight the history, culture, biology, and conservation of ginkgo, and displays will include examples of ginkgo bonsai created by Peter Del Tredici.
Recognized by its fan-shaped leaves and known for both the beauty of its autumn foliage and the fetid odor of its fruits, Ginkgo has its share of enthusiasts and detractors. The tree and its seeds—when removed from the fleshy and odorous fruits—have been an integral part of Chinese and Japanese culture for centuries. Once distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere but now native only to central China, Ginkgo has made a resurgence in the temperate zones, finding wide use as a street tree and as an ornamental favorite in managed landscapes.
In his book, Ginkgo: The Tree That Time Forgot, Peter Crane writes, "Ginkgo is one of the world's most distinctive plants and has one of the longest botanical pedigrees; there is no other living tree with a prehistory so deeply intertwined with that of our planet." The Arboretum's Ginkgo Fest celebration honors the tree's unique biology and its critical role in helping us unravel Earth's deep past. At the same time, as a plant with an ancient history of adapting to challenging and disturbed environments, Ginkgo biloba continues to excite scientists for what it may reveal about the future of plant life in a changing climate.


text:
Interconexión Eléctrica S.A. E.S.P., together with its subsidiaries, engages in the linear infrastructure management activities. The company operates and maintains 41,885 kilometers (km) of high-voltage transmission circuits and 80,815 MVA of transformation in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, and Chile; international interconnections between Venezuela and Colombia, Colombia and Ecuador, and Ecuador and Peru; and 5,000 km of circuits and 11,000 MVA of transformation in Brazil. It also structures, designs, constructs, operates, and maintains road infrastructure; and provides connectivity infrastructures and telecommunication solutions, as well as manages approximately 25,465 km fiber optics ne...
Interconexión Eléctrica S.A. E.S.P., together with its subsidiaries, engages in the linear infrastructure management activities. The company operates and maintains 41,885 kilometers (km) of high-voltage transmission circuits and 80,815 MVA of transformation in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, and Chile; international interconnections between Venezuela and Colombia, Colombia and Ecuador, and Ecuador and Peru; and 5,000 km of circuits and 11,000 MVA of transformation in Brazil. It also structures, designs, constructs, operates, and maintains road infrastructure; and provides connectivity infrastructures and telecommunication solutions, as well as manages approximately 25,465 km fiber optics network in Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Chile, Argentina, and Brazil. In addition, the company is involved in the planning, design, optimization, commissioning, operation, and management activities for transactional systems or technological platforms that involve value added information exchange, and goods and services related markets. Interconexión Eléctrica S.A. E.S.P. was incorporated in 1967 and is headquartered in Medellín, Colombia.
Calle 12 sur N° 18 -168
Bloque 1
Piso 4
Medellín, 50022
Founded in 1967
57 4 325 2270
57 4 317 0848
Gabrie checked woolblend jacket Isabel Marant Explore Cheap Price Clearance Outlet Locations Buy Cheap Big Discount Clearance With Credit Card AQz5vaCd
Interconexión Eléctrica S.A. E.S.P. does not have any Key Executives recorded.
Interconexión Eléctrica S.A. E.S.P. (BVC:ISA) is expanding investments in South America and could be placing a bid for Compañía de Transporte de Energía Eléctrica en Alta Tensión Transener S.A. (BASE:TRAN), as the Argentinean government is selling 26% stake on it, indirectly.
By being hired into one of our Administrative jobs at Lilly, you'll be a key member of the Lilly team. Professionals in Administrative careers come from a variety of backgrounds, bringing an assortment of knowledge and skills to every area of our business. Please click on your desired Administrative job to learn more about the exact qualifications. An Administrative job at Lilly may be waiting for you!
Date: 6/7/2018
Time: 17:00 pm
Minute Maid Park; 501 Crawford Street; Houston, TX 77002,Houston
Date: 6/10/2018
Time: 14:00 pm
The Consortium,Orlando, Florida,Orlando
Date: 6/21/2018
RecruitMilitary All Veterans Job Fair,Atlanta, GA,Atlanta
Stephanie LongMORE
Our Promise to make life better is about helping others fulfill the individual promises they make in their own lives.PLAY
We all know healthier people have higher quality of life. They learn more at school and contribute more in the workplace and their communities.MORE
Our history in diabetes—as the first company to introduce insulin in 1923—is both long and enduring.MORE
Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly USA, LLC and our wholly owned subsidiaries (collectively "Lilly") are committed to help individuals with disabilities to participate in the workforce and ensure equal opportunity to compete for jobs. If you require an accommodation to submit a resume for positions at Lilly, please email
Official Sale Online Clearance Eastbay crewneck jumper with foulard Blue Tory Burch Free Shipping High Quality 4YcDDS5Rr
for further assistance. Please note This email address is intended for use only to request an accommodation as part of the application process. Any other correspondence will not receive a response.
Lilly is an EEO/Affirmative Action Employer and does not discriminate on the basis of age, race, color, religion, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression, national origin, protected veteran status, disability or any other legally protected status.
It has come to our attention that there has been fraudulent activity by scammers representing themselves as Lilly recruiters. They are potentially using e-mail addresses that contain "@lillycareers.org." Lilly recruiting correspondence should come from a recruiting representative with an official Lilly.com e-mail address. If you suspect that you are being contacted by an unauthorized recruiter or agent of Lilly or believe the offer is suspicious, you may e-mail your concerns to our security department at [email protected] . You may also report suspicious fraud attempts to your local law enforcement agency or the FBI.
So it's OK to ruin 5 other people's day for revenge against Riot?
Those 5 players on the enemy team are innocent, they have nothing to do with Riot's decisions. And taking frustration against Riot out on those 5 players is a really really shitty thing to do to them.
apparently if u exploit a system that the creators are too lazy to think of you deserve to be punished instead of rewarded to help the mode improve by showing a flaw
The problem isn't with a not killing strategy. The problem is with them not trying to even play the game but hold it hostage.
If they had been trying to cap the relics and win the game then it is a valid strategy. They weren't instead they were trying to force the game to last as long as possible instead of winning. This is trolling. Regardless of if you are trolling your team or the enemy team it is straight up trolling.
The strategy is valid and viable
It's not about trying to win the classic fashioned way, the way this strategy works is simply to force the enemy to surrender. If they don't surrender then they are fine with keep playing, and thus the game carries on. If you can't beat this strategy, then go ahead and /ff. Correct me if I am wrong, but I am quite sure that 5-premade teams are matched with other 5-premade teams.
This is clever use of game mechanics, and is not banworthy in any way. We're literally being punished for thinking out of the box, because we can't have anything nice it would seem. It could easily be fixed but nah let's just enforce a rule instead.
So, a team does a fun stratergy or maybe they just randomly thought and talked about it if it could work, then try it like 5-8 times if it works, and instead of riot maybe first warning them specialy the one with the perma ban, just ban em ? For real now ?
Normal/Ramked games: inters, feeders, afk, open mid while the team doesn't want to, random reports, flame, spam, trolling in rankedFUN (or almost even troll already) MODE/ascencion: a different custom STRATERGY in a STRATERGY GAME.
for real.
Oh and btw, you won't be able to ban everyone doing that, there will now be so many Players doing it specialy scince some Youtubers did that stuff where like atlast 500.000 People saw it already alltogether, have fun banning them all Riot, I am sure the playerbase will enjoy that.Not like you could build in a cap at minute 30 or smth that the team with the most Points win or smth, noooo way.Oh, and i mean you can even laugh about that, i already had to face against one of these teams and i just laughed for the last 20 minutes(ofc we ffed but that's a funmode, who ducking cares about deaths/lost games?).But you know what isn't funny and where you don't do something against ?4 premades ducking off one single player, Flaming him, telling the enemy team to report him, and who do they belive ? The one guy, or the 4 guys ? HMMMMMM, so you get 9 reports for absolutly doing nothing without playing your game and even carrying at the end, well nothing happend yet with these reports, but i am sure they mark me as more often reported or badplayer for rito members, and I am sure this happend to everyone at last one time with over 400-500 games, it doesn't happen often, but it happens more often then this ascension stratergy.
And for real rito, if you give us ascencion for the 20th time while maybe poroking 2 times between and onetime dark star, it's no wonder that people are borred of playing it normaly, and do some off meta tactics, and it's not like the enemy team had to play that game and couldn't just ff, it's a fun mode who ducking cares about looses in it ????
Maybe if Riot didn't put out the same old game mode every 4 weeks people wouldn't go this far to find alternative ways to enjoy it.
I'm surprised so many people voted no on this.
While I don't think this counts as inting, it DEFINITELY counts as griefing.
The reasoning for this is because these people went into a premade with the intent of making the game miserable. It's basically the only reason they would do this.
Also, if they got banned for this, they probably got reported and punished a bunch of times, presumably.
Hell it's such a clear cut case, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griefer :
This form of "strategy" exists in many games, and always ends in bans if bans can be given.People are just too stupid to read past the title, it's not a "different strategy", it's classical griefing.
Spice POWAH (NA) - 12 months ago
Mathematician and knitter sarah-marie belcastrouses math to inspire her knitting projects
Step aside,
Buy Cheap Excellent Buy Cheap Big Discount Naeem Khan Long Sleeve Cashmere Sweater WEWfAC
, you aren't infinite at all. The (5,3) torus knot cowl is where it's at.
For me, one of the highlights of January's
Adam Lippes Sleeveless Midi Dress w/ Tags Free Shipping Wiki eONxMRJJ
was the mathematical fiber arts session . You can view a slide show I put together from the session . During the session, co-organizer sarah-marie belcastro gave a talk about her beautiful knitted torus knots and links. I included a picture of them in the slide show but wanted to share a few more details about them here on the blog.
In mathematics, a knot is basically what it is in the real world. You take a length of string, tie it up somehow, and attach the free ends together so it doesn't have a starting or stopping point. (I wrote about knots in a
Helmut Lang Structured Denim Jacket w/ Tags Sale Discounts 0Cl21
, in case you'd like to explore them more.) A link is any number of knots put together. They might just be stuck next to each other, or they might be entwined in some interesting way.
Torus knots and links, the subject of belcastro's talk, can be made by wrapping a string around a torus, or a donut. You can think of a torus as the shape you get when you sweep a circle around another circle as in the diagram below.
We can think of the red circle and the pink circle, the circles that wrap through the hole or around the hole, respectively, as the two main "directions" on the torus, analogous to latitude and longitude on a sphere.
Arizona Shortalls Girls 416 and Plus Arizona Footlocker Sale Online Good Selling Online FxQ79Z28
or link is defined by how many times it wraps around the two main directions. A ( p,q ) torus link* wraps p times through the center (along the red circle) and q times around the hole (along the pink circle). If we use a negative number instead a positive one for p or q , the description is the same, but the knot or link spirals around the torus in a different direction. For more illustrations of torus knots, check out the Knot Atlas .
Any two integers p and q can define a torus link. If the numbers don't share a common factor, the link only has one piece, so we call it a knot. If they do share a common factor, the link has more than one piece, like this (4,2) torus link. (The number of pieces is the same as the largest common factor that p and q share.)
Belcastro is both a mathematician and a knitter, and she has become adept at
Wide Range Of For Sale Sale Outlet Store Rag amp; Bone Wool PeakLapel Blazer Outlet Discount Authentic 7fPUVr
the two subjects. She uses mathematics to understand and guide her knitting and knitting to visualize complicated mathematical objects. A few years ago, belcastro started knitting tori using contrasting yarn to illustrate torus knots on them.
All text licensed under the
Burberry London Sleeveless KneeLength Dress Outlet Footlocker Finishline Discount Cheapest F1AP1D57
unless otherwise stated. Commercial re-use may be allowed Diane von Furstenberg ALine Mini Dress Prices Cheap Price Discount 100% Guaranteed Clearance Low Price Fee Shipping Excellent Cheap Online Cheap Find Great M70TYohZB
. All non-text content is subject to Ralph Lauren Cashmere Knit Sweater Buy Cheap For Cheap b8RfV0nx1
. © Crown Copyright.


text:
New Martian meteorite is one of a kind
Rock is water-rich and resembles observed regions of Red Planet's crust
A recently found Martian meteorite contains substantially more water than any previously found, and chemically the rock appears to be in a class by itself.
The meteorite, known as Northwest Africa 7034, formed about 2.1 billion years ago during Mars' Amazonian epoch and closely matches the chemical composition of parts of the planet's surface, scientists report online January 3 in Science.
"This new meteorite is more like Martian crust than any previous meteorite," says lead author Carl Agee, a planetary scientist at the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque.
Specifically, NWA 7034 resembles crust in regions on Mars examined by


text:
anime all nighter 2011 may and october
Give your thoughts, suggetions and stories
Post Reply
2 posts • Page 1 of 1
- donmurray29
- SFL Member
- Posts: 22
- Joined: Wed Dec 13, 2006 12:23 pm
- Location: london
anime all nighter 2011 may and october
At least with this Octoberfest 2010 I get my last suggestion from last time shown, Eden is East, Want to see next April is Evagnelion 2.0 as blu ray after seeing the print at the bfi a few months back, Eden is East movies 1 and 2,The Disappearance of Haruhi Suzumiya movie, To, http://mv.avex.jp/to/index.html is the cgi anime I listed last time from Fumihiko SORI who did Vexille and Appleseed and one short in the Halo Legends dvd, Satoshi Kon last movie since he died this year Yume-Miru Kikaihttp://yume-robo.com/, Macross Frontier ~Itsuwari no Utahime http://www.macrossf.com/movie/. Don't know about showing the Gintama movie, seen a few episodes to that though.
- Shinji Ikari
- SFL Pro
- Posts: 1141
- Joined: Tue Jul 20, 2004 1:07 am
- Contact:
Re: anime all nighter 2011 may and october
Personaly some of them you sugested I wouldent go for but looking back I think the bigest anime all nighter we ever had was the one where we preiared Advent Children that filled 3 cinima rooms I think so why not show the even more spectauler Advent Children Compleat on Blue Ray its got to be the most stunning blue Ray out there
Thogh On that Im still trying to get a copy of Red Line anyoe know where to get it?
Thogh On that Im still trying to get a copy of Red Line anyoe know where to get it?
Post Reply
2 posts • Page 1 of 1