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Frequent Links
Numbers station
"Phonetic Alphabet Nato" from The Conet Project
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A numbers station is a type of shortwave radio station characterized by unusual broadcasts, reading out lists of numbers or incomprehensible morse code messages.[1] The voices are often created by speech synthesis and are transmitted in a wide variety of languages. The voices are usually female, although sometimes men's or children's voices are used. Some voices are synthesized and created by machines; however, some stations used to have live readers.[2] Many numbers stations went off the air due to the end of the Cold War in 1989, but many still operate and some have even continued operations but changed schedules and operators.
The first known use of numbers stations was during World War I, and the first possible listener was Anton Habsburg of Austria.[3] The numbers were most likely sent through the use of Morse code. It is widely assumed[by whom?] that these broadcasts transmit covert messages to spies.[citation needed] The Czech Ministry of Interior and the Swedish Security Service have both acknowledged the use of numbers stations by Czechoslovakia for espionage,[4][5][6] with declassified documents proving the same. With a few exceptions,[7] no QSL responses have been received from numbers stations by shortwave listeners who sent reception reports to said stations, which is the expected behavior of a non-clandestine station.[8]
The best known of the numbers stations was the "Lincolnshire Poacher", which is thought to have been run by the British Secret Intelligence Service.[9]
In 2001, the United States tried the Cuban Five on the charge of spying for Cuba. That group had received and decoded messages that had been broadcast from Cuban numbers stations.[10] Also in 2001, Ana Belen Montes, a senior US Defense Intelligence Agency analyst, was arrested and charged with espionage. The federal prosecutors alleged that Montes was able to communicate with the Cuban Intelligence Directorate through encoded messages, with instructions being received through "encrypted shortwave transmissions from Cuba". In 2006, Carlos Alvarez and his wife, Elsa, were arrested and charged with espionage. The U.S. District Court Florida stated that "defendants would receive assignments via shortwave radio transmissions".
In June 2003, the United States similarly charged Walter Kendall Myers with conspiracy to spy for Cuba and receiving and decoding messages broadcast from a numbers station operated by the Cuban Intelligence Directorate to further that conspiracy.[11][12]
It has been reported that the United States used numbers stations to communicate encoded information to persons in other countries.[10] There are also claims that State Department operated stations, such as KKN50 and KKN44, used to broadcast similar "numbers" messages or related traffic.[13][14]
- 1 Suspected origins and use
- 2 The Atención spy case evidence
- 3 Formats
- 4 Transmission technology
- 5 Interfering with numbers stations
- 6 Classification
- 7 Recordings
- 8 References in mass media
- 9 See also
- 10 References
- 11 Further reading
- 12 External links
Suspected origins and use
According to the notes of The Conet Project,[15][16] which has compiled recordings of these transmissions, numbers stations have been reported since World War I. If accurate, this would count numbers stations among the earliest radio broadcasts.
It has long been speculated, and was argued in court in one case, that these stations operate as a simple and foolproof method for government agencies to communicate with spies working undercover.[17] According to this theory, the messages are encrypted with a one-time pad, to avoid any risk of decryption by the enemy. As evidence, numbers stations have changed details of their broadcasts or produced special, nonscheduled broadcasts coincident with extraordinary political events, such as the August Coup of 1991 in the Soviet Union.[18]
Numbers stations are also acknowledged for espionage purposes in Robert Wallace and H. Keith Melton's Spycraft:[19]
The one-way voice link (OWVL) described a covert communications system that transmitted messages to an agent's unmodified shortwave radio using the high-frequency shortwave bands between 3 and 30 MHz at a predetermined time, date, and frequency contained in their communications plan. The transmissions were contained in a series of repeated random number sequences and could only be deciphered using the agent's one-time pad. If proper tradecraft was practiced and instructions were precisely followed, an OWVL transmission was considered unbreakable. [...] As long as the agent's cover could justify possessing a shortwave radio and he was not under technical surveillance, high-frequency OWVL was a secure and preferred system for the CIA during the Cold War.
Others speculate that some of these stations may be related to illegal drug smuggling operations.[20] Unlike government stations, smugglers' stations would need to be lower powered and irregularly operated, to avoid location by triangulated direction finding. However, numbers stations have transmitted with impunity for decades, so they are generally presumed to be operated or sponsored by governments. Additionally, numbers station transmissions in the international shortwave bands typically transmit at high power levels that might be unavailable to ranches, farms, or plantations in isolated drug-growing regions.
High frequency radio signals transmitted at relatively low power can travel around the world under ideal propagation conditions, which are affected by local RF noise levels, weather, season, and sunspots, and can then be received with a properly tuned antenna of adequate size, and a good receiver. However, spies often have to work only with available hand-held receivers, sometimes under difficult local conditions, and in all seasons and sunspot cycles.[10] Only very large transmitters, perhaps up to 500,000 watts, are guaranteed to get through to nearly any basement-dwelling spy, nearly any place on earth, nearly all of the time. Some governments may not need a numbers station with global coverage if they only send spies to nearby countries.
A 1998 article in The Daily Telegraph quoted a spokesperson for the Department of Trade and Industry (the government department that, at that time, regulated radio broadcasting in the United Kingdom) as saying, "These [numbers stations] are what you suppose they are. People shouldn't be mystified by them. They are not for, shall we say, public consumption."[21]
On some stations, tones can be heard in the background. In such cases, the voice may simply be an aid to tuning to the correct frequency, with the actual coded message being sent by modulating the tones, using a technology such as burst transmission.
The use of numbers stations as a method of espionage is discussed in Spycraft:[22]
The only item Penkovsky used that could properly be called advanced tradecraft was his 'agent-receive' communications through a one-way voice-link. These encoded messages, known as OWVL, were broadcast over shortwave frequencies at predetermined times from a CIA-operated transmitter in Western Europe. Penkovsky listened to these messages on a Panasonic radio—strings of numbers read in a dispassionate voice—and then decoded them using a one-time pad.
Identifying and locating
Numbers stations are often given nicknames by enthusiasts, often reflecting some distinctive element of the station such as their interval signal. For example, the "Lincolnshire Poacher", formerly one of the best known numbers stations (generally thought to be run by SIS, as its transmissions have been traced to RAF Akrotiri in Cyprus), played the first two bars of the folk song "The Lincolnshire Poacher" before each string of numbers.[23]
The "Atención" station was thought to be from Cuba, as a supposed error allowed Radio Havana Cuba to be carried on the frequency.[24]
Several articles in the radio magazine Popular Communications published in the 1980s and early 1990s described hobbyists using portable radio direction-finding equipment to locate numbers stations in Florida and in the Warrenton, Virginia, areas of the United States. From the outside, they observed the station's antenna inside a military facility, the Warrenton Training Center. The station hunter speculated that the antenna's transmitter at the facility was connected by a telephone wire pair to a source of spoken numbers in the Washington, D.C., area. The author said the Federal Communications Commission would not comment on public inquiries about American territory numbers stations.
According to an internal Cold War era report of the Polish Ministry of Interior, numbers stations DCF37 (3370 kHz) and DFD21 (4010 kHz) transmitted from West Germany since the early 1950s.[25]
The Atención spy case evidence
The "Atención" station of Cuba became the world's first numbers station to be officially and publicly accused of transmitting to spies. It was the centerpiece of a United States federal court espionage trial following the arrest of the Wasp Network of Cuban spies in 1998. The U.S. prosecutors claimed the accused were writing down number codes received from Atención, using Sony hand-held shortwave receivers, and typing the numbers into laptop computers to decode spying instructions. The FBI testified that they had entered a spy's apartment in 1995, and copied the computer decryption program for the Atención numbers code. They used it to decode Atención spy messages, which the prosecutors unveiled in court.
United States government evidence included the following three examples of decoded Atención messages.[10] (Not reported whether the original clear texts were in Spanish, although the phrasing of "Day of the Woman" would indicate so.):
- "prioritize and continue to strengthen friendship with Joe and Dennis" [68 characters]
- "Under no circumstances should [agents] German nor Castor fly with BTTR or another organization on days 24, 25, 26 and 27." [112 characters] (BTTR is the anti-Castro airborne group Brothers to the Rescue)
- "Congratulate all the female comrades for International Day of the Woman." [71 characters] (Probably a simple greeting for International Women's Day on 8 March)
At the rate of one spoken number per character per second, each of these sentences takes more than a minute to transmit.
The moderator of an e-mail list for global numbers station hobbyists claimed, "Someone on the Spooks list had already cracked the code for a repeated transmission [from Havana to Miami] if it was received garbled." Such code-breaking is possible if a one-time pad decoding key is used more than once.[10] If used properly, however, the code cannot be broken.
Generally, numbers stations follow a basic format, although there are many differences in details between stations. Transmissions usually begin on the hour or half-hour.
The prelude, introduction, or call-up of a transmission (from which stations' informal nicknames are often derived) includes some kind of identifier,[2] either for the station itself and/or for the intended recipient. This can take the form of numeric or radio-alphabet "code names" (e.g. "Charlie India Oscar", "250 250 250", "Six-Niner-Zero-Oblique-Five-Four"), characteristic phrases (e.g. "¡Atención!", "Achtung!", "Ready? Ready?", "1234567890"), and sometimes musical or electronic sounds (e.g. "The Lincolnshire Poacher", "Magnetic Fields"). Sometimes, as in the case of the Israeli radio-alphabet stations, the prelude can also signify the nature or priority of the message to follow (e.g., [hypothetically] "Charlie India Oscar-2", indicating that no message follows). Often the prelude repeats for a period before the body of the message begins.
After the prelude, there is usually an announcement of the number of number-groups in the message,[2] the page to be used from the one-time pad, or other pertinent information. The groups are then recited. Groups are usually either four or five digits or radio-alphabet letters. The groups are typically repeated, either by reading each group twice, or by repeating the entire message as a whole.
Some stations send more than one message during a transmission. In this case, some or all of the above process is repeated, with different contents.
Finally, after all the messages have been sent, the station will sign off in some characteristic fashion. Usually it will simply be some form of the word "end" in whatever language the station uses (e.g., "End of message; End of transmission", "Ende", "Fini", "Final", "конец"). Some stations, especially those thought to originate from the former Soviet Union, end with a series of zeros, e.g., "00000" "000 000"; others end with music or other sounds.[2]
Because of the secretive nature of the messages, the cryptographic function employed by particular stations is not publicly known, except in one (or possibly two[26]) cases. It is assumed that most stations use a one-time pad that would make the contents of these number groups indistinguishable from randomly generated numbers or digits. In one confirmed case, West Germany did use a one-time pad for numbers transmissions.[27]
Transmission technology
Although few numbers stations have been tracked down by location, the technology used to transmit the numbers has historically been clear—stock shortwave transmitters using powers from 10 kW to 100 kW.
Amplitude modulated (AM) transmitters with optionally–variable frequency, using class-C power output stages with plate modulation, are the workhorses of international shortwave broadcasting, including numbers stations.
Application of spectrum analysis to numbers station signals has revealed the presence of data bursts, RTTY-modulated subcarriers, phase-shifted carriers, and other unusual transmitter modulations like polytones.[28] (RTTY-modulated subcarriers were also present on some U.S. commercial radio transmissions during the Cold War.[29])
The frequently reported use of high tech modulations like data bursts, in combination or in sequence with spoken numbers, suggests varying transmissions for differing intelligence operations.[30]
For spies in the field, low-tech spoken number transmissions continue to have advantages in the 21st century. High-tech data receiving equipment is difficult to obtain,[31] and being caught with just a shortwave radio has a degree of plausible deniability that no spying is being conducted whereas possessing equipment more advanced than a civilian shortwave news radio would raise more eyebrows and would more quickly be construed as evidence of spying than something as harmlessly commonplace as an AM radio. Yet governments' embassies, aircraft, and ships at sea are known to possess complex receiving equipment that could make regular use of encrypted data transmissions from the home country. These probably include charts and photos that require more transmitted data than can be sent efficiently using spoken numbers.
Interfering with numbers stations
Documented instances of interference to broadcasts
The North Korean foreign language service Voice of Korea began to broadcast on the Lincolnshire Poacher's former frequency, 11545 kHz, in 2006, possibly to deliberately interfere with its propagation. However, Lincolnshire Poacher is broadcasting not only on one, but on three different frequencies, of which the remaining two have not been interfered and the apparent target zone for the Lincolnshire Poacher signals originating in Cyprus was the Middle East, not the Far East which is covered by its sister station Cherry Ripe.[citation needed]
On 27 September 2006, amateur radio transmissions in the 30 m band were affected by an English-language "Russian Man" numbers station at 17:40 UTC.
The late "Havana Moon" reported in his own publication The Numbers Factsheet in October 1990 that "one particularly dangerous station has been interfering with air to ground traffic on 6577 kHz, a frequency allocated to international aeronautical communications in the busy Caribbean sector". "On at least one monitored transmission, the air traffic controller at ARINC moved the pilot to an alternate frequency as the numbers transmission was totally blocking the frequency from effective use".
A BBC frequency, 7325 kHz, has also been used. This prompted a letter to the BBC from a listener in Andorra. She wrote to the World Service Waveguide programme complaining that her listening had been spoiled by a female voice reading out numbers in English and she asked the announcer what this interference was. The BBC presenter laughed at the suggestion of spy activity. He had consulted the experts at Bush House (BBC World Service headquarters) who declared that the voice was reading out nothing more sinister than snowfall figures for the ski-slopes near the listener's home. With more research into this case, shortwave enthusiasts are fairly sure that this was a numbers station being broadcast on a random frequency.[32]
Attempted jamming of numbers stations
Numbers station transmissions have often been the target of intentional jamming attempts. Despite this targeting, many numbers stations continue to broadcast unhindered. Several theories exist that aid in explaining the inability to effectively jam the transmissions. With only a finite number of jamming transmitters available at any given time, it may be more efficient to block clandestine stations intended for a large audience rather than a message intended for a single person. Another theory is that there may be a "gentlemen's agreement" in place; i.e., "We won't jam yours if you don't jam ours". In addition, the haphazard nature of some stations, e.g., not having a fixed schedule or frequency, also makes jamming more difficult because the broadcast may go undetected.[citation needed]
Historical examples of jamming:
- The YHF being jammed by the mysterious "Chinese Music Station".[33]
Although many numbers stations have various nicknames which usually describe some aspect of the station itself, these nicknames sometimes led to confusion among listeners, particularly when discussing stations with similar traits. M. Gauffman of the E.N.I.G.M.A. numbers stations monitoring group[34] originally assigned a code to each known station. Portions of the original E.N.I.G.M.A. group moved on to other interest in 2000 and the classification of numbers stations was continued by the follow-on group ENIGMA 2000.[35] The document containing the description of each station and its code designation is called the "ENIGMA Control List",[36] currently in its 25th edition. This classification scheme takes the form of a letter followed by a number (or, in the case of some "X" stations, more numbers).[37] The letter indicates the language used by the station in question:
- E indicates a station broadcasting in English.
- G indicates a station broadcasting in German.
- S indicates a station broadcasting in a Slavic language.
- V indicates all other languages.
- M is a station broadcasting in Morse code.
- X indicates all other transmissions such as polytones in addition to some unexplained broadcasts which may not actually be numbers stations.
There are also a few other stations with a specific classification:[2]
- SK – Digital Mode
- HM – Hybrid Mode
- DP – Digital-Pseudo Polytone
For example, the well known, defunct Lincolnshire Poacher station has the designation E3 (or E03), the Cuban "Atención" station has designation V2 (or V02). The most recent station to be given a designation is the Vietnamese language station V30.
Some stations have also been stripped of their designation if they are discovered not to be a numbers station. This was the case for E22 which was discovered in 2005 to be test transmissions for All India Radio.
- The Conet Project: Recordings of Shortwave Numbers Stations is a four-CD set of recordings of numbers stations. It was first released in 1997 by the Irdial-Discs record label. Broadcast of these recordings can be heard here: [1]
- Samples from Conet Project recordings, most identifiably that listed as Tcp D1 3 Counting Control Irdial are used by Scottish electronic music outfit Boards of Canada on their 2002 album Geogaddi, most conspicuously on the track "Gyroscope".[38]
- Samples from the track "tcp d4 11 konec konec irdial" as well as "tcp d2 08 the russian man d-va northern russian voice irdial" are also used by American electronic music artist Flying Lotus on his 2008 album Los Angeles.[39]
- Samples from the track "tcp d1 1 the swedish rhapsody irdial" are used by the Alternative Rock band Stereolab in the song "Pause" from their 1993 album Transient Random-Noise Bursts with Announcements.[40]
References in mass media
- American television series Fringe has an episode (season 3, episode 6) featuring a numbers station,[41] as do the series Scandal (season 2, episode 6), Covert Affairs (season 1, episode 2), Lost (season 1, episode 18) and The Americans (season 1, episode 8 and season 2, episode 2), along with the podcast Welcome to Night Vale (episode 6, "The Drawbridge," episode 42, "Numbers," and episode 65, "Voicemail").
- The band Wilco named its album Yankee Hotel Foxtrot (2001) after a segment of a recorded numbers station transmission. The recording is also sampled in the song "Poor Places" on the album.[42]
- The British-American action thriller The Numbers Station, released in April 2013 and starring John Cusack and Malin Åkerman, features a CIA-run numbers station in the British countryside.[43]
- In Treyarch and Activision's 2010 PC/console game Call of Duty: Black Ops, the primary character Alex Mason is captured and programmed to understand broadcasts from a Russian numbers station.[44]
- The song 'Even Less' by Porcupine Tree samples a real numbers station at the end of the track.[45]
See also
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- Notes
- ^ Olivia Sorrel-Dejerine (16 April 2014). "The spooky world of the 'numbers stations'". BBC News.
- ^ a b c d e "Intro to Numbers Stations". Retrieved 13 September 2014.
- ^ "The First Numbers Stations". The NSRIC. 30 November 2014.
- ^ "Lyssna på ett hemligt telegram". http://www.sakerhetspolisen.se/ovrigt/pressrum/aktuellt/aktuellt/2015-01-23-lyssna-pa-ett-hemligt-telegram.html (in Swedish). Säkerhetspolisen.
- ^ "The Swedish Security Service Released Info on a Numbers Station". Retrieved 24 January 2015.
- ^ Catinka Mannerfelt Agneskog. "Säpos hemliga radiotelegram" (in Swedish). SvD Nyheter. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
- ^ stations KKN44, BFBX and OLX Mason, Simon. "Shortwave Espionage". Retrieved 28 October 2011.
- ^ Helms, Harry L. (1981). "Espionage Radio Activity". How to Tune the Secret Shortwave Spectrum. Blue Ridge Summit, PA: TAB Books Inc. p. 52. ISBN 0830611851.
- ^ "E03 The LincolnShire Poacher". Retrieved 6 September 2014.
- ^ a b c d e Sokol, Brett (February 8, 2001). "Espionage Is in the Air". Miami New Times. Archived from the original on 2001-02-21.
- ^ Rijmenants, Dirk (2013). "Cuban Agent Communications" (PDF). Cipher Machines & Cryptology (PDF). Retrieved 2013-12-30.
- ^ "United States v. Walter Kendall Myers, United States District Court, District of Columbia, no. xxx." (PDF). Retrieved 2010-08-26.
- ^ Helms, Harry L. (1981). "Government and Military Communications". How to Tune the Secret Shortwave Spectrum. Blue Ridge Summit, PA: TAB Books Inc. p. 58. ISBN 0830611851.
- ^ Schimmel, Donald W. (1994). The Underground Frequency Guide: A Directory of Unusual, Illegal, and Covert Radio Communications (3 ed.). Solana Beach, California: High Text Publications, Inc. pp. 88–95. ISBN 1-878707-17-5.
- ^ Segal, David (August 3, 2004). "The Shortwave And the Calling: For Akin Fernandez, Cryptic Messages Became Music To His Ears". The Washington Post. p. C01.
- ^ Mason 1991, pp. 5–6
- ^ Wagner, Thomas (2004). "Chapter 6 "So here she was with a pillow over her head and over the radio..."". If It Had Not Been for Fifteen Minutes... a true account of espionage and hair-raising adventure. Retrieved 30 October 2013.
- ^ The Conet Project (included booklet), Irdial-Discs, p. 59.
- ^ Wallace & Melton 2008, p. 438
- ^ "Secret Radio Frequencies" (TXT). Retrieved 2012-07-16.
- ^ Pescovitz, David (1999-09-16). "Counting spies". Salon. Retrieved 2012-07-16.
- ^ Wallace & Melton 2008, p. 37
- ^ Mason 1991, pp. 20–21
- ^ William Poundstone, Big Secrets, p. 197.
- ^ Bury, Jan (October 2007). "From the Archives: The U.S. and West German Agent Radio Ciphers". Cryptologia 31 (4): 343–357. ISSN 0161-1194. doi:10.1080/01611190701578104.
- ^ In the possible case, the underlying type of encryption might have been stated in the court record of the Atención case when the secretly copied decryption software was introduced into evidence.
- ^ See If It Had Not Been For 15 Minutes, Chapter 7 for a simplified explanation of decoding West German numbers messages without a computer.
- ^ Schimmel, Donald W. (1994). The Underground Frequency Guide: A Directory of Unusual, Illegal, and Covert Radio Communications (3 ed.). Solana Beach, California: High Text Publications, Inc. pp. 27–28. ISBN 1-878707-17-5.
- ^ Collins, Barry W. (July 1997). "The day the U.S. Army invaded W4TLV". QST 81: 48–49. ISSN 0033-4812.
- ^ "NSNL 15 – Voice stations". Cvni.net. 1999-07-03. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
- ^ Even a non-standard civilian shortwave radio can be difficult to obtain in a totalitarian state. See If It Had Not Been For 15 Minutes, chapter 6 for the problems of obtaining a numbers station receiving radio in East Germany during the Cold War.
- ^ "Secret Signals". Simonmason.karoo.net. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
- ^ "Chinese Music Station" (WINDOWS MEDIA AUDIO). Retrieved 2012-07-16.
- ^ "ENIGMA - The European Numbers Information Gathering and Monitoring Association". The NSRIC. Retrieved February 24, 2015.
- ^ "ENIGMA 2000". http://www.apul64.dsl.pipex.com/enigma2000/.
- ^ http://www.apul64.dsl.pipex.com/enigma2000/docs/ECL.pdf
- ^ Friesen, Christopher (2014). "Spy 'Numbers Stations' still enthrall". Radio World 38 (2): 14. ISSN 0274-8541.
- ^ "Boards of Canada's "Geogaddi"". Discogs. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
- ^ "Flying Lotus's "Los Angeles"". Discogs. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
- ^ "Stereolab's "Transient Random-Noise Bursts with Announcements"". discogs. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
- ^ Murray, Noel. "6955kHz – Fringe". AV Club. Retrieved October 1, 2012.
- ^ Wired, 23 June 2004: Wilco Pays Up for Spycasts Retrieved 2013-02-28
- ^ Matador Pictures: The Numbers Station Retrieved 2013-02-28
- ^ Blitter and Twisted, December 1, 2010 Retrieved 2014-01-22
- ^ "Porcupine Tree - Community". Retrieved February 4, 2015.
- Bibliography
- Mason, Simon (1991). Secret Signals – The Euronumbers Mystery. Lake Geneva, WI: Tiare Publications. ISBN 0-936653-28-0. Retrieved 2013-12-24.
- Wallace, Robert; Melton, H. Keith (2008). Spycraft: The Secret History of the CIA's Spytechs, from Communism to al-Qaeda.
Further reading
- Havana Moon (1987). Uno, Dos, Cuatro – A Guide to the Numbers Stations (PDF). Lake Geneva, WI: Tiare Publications. ISBN 0-936653-06-X. Retrieved 2013-12-24.
- Schimmel, Donald W. (1994). "1. Numbers Stations". The Underground Frequency Guide: A Directory of Unusual, Illegal, and Covert Radio Communications (3rd ed.). Solana Beach, California: High Text Publications, Inc. pp. 1–28. ISBN 1-878707-17-5.
- Pierce, Langley (1994). Intercepting Numbers Stations. Perth, UK: Interproducts. ISBN 0-9519783-4-9.
- Smolinski, Chris (February 1998). "Spy Numbers Stations – Have you heard them?". Popular Communications (Hicksville, NY: CQ Communications): 8–10. ISSN 0733-3315.
- Beaumont, Paul (November 2012). "Numbers Stations — A Modern Perspective (Part 1)". Radio User (Poole, UK: PW Publishing Ltd): 50–53. ISSN 1748-8117.
- Beaumont, Paul (January 2013). "Numbers Stations — A Modern Perspective (Part 2)". Radio User (Poole, UK: PW Publishing Ltd): 50–55. ISSN 1748-8117.
- Bury, Jan (October 2007). "From the Archives: The U.S. and West German Agent Radio Ciphers". Cryptologia 31 (4): 343–357. ISSN 0161-1194. doi:10.1080/01611190701578104.
- Friesen, Christopher (2014-01-15). "Spy 'Numbers Stations' still enthrall". Radio World 38 (2): 12, 14. ISSN 0274-8541.
External links
- ENIGMA website
- The Numbers Stations Research and Information Center
- "The spooky world of the 'numbers stations'", from BBC News Magazine
- "Numbers stations in popular culture"
- Priyom website


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Thanks again everyone for your support! I thought I would update where I at with this.... I've had blood tests and I haven't my results as yet... Has ultra sound and ct scans... the ultra sound fount 2.01 lymph node and three other non vascular lymph nodes in right groin and three non vascular lymph nodes in left groin... I have the biopsies on these tomorrow. They found 5 cysts in the liver and cyst on right anexa bulky uterus with endetrial fluid BUT NO MASS OF LYMPHADEMOPATHY So things now really hang on them lymph nodes being begnin .... but there are no masses of lymphademopathy, which is great news! if the nodes are malignant, at least we are on top of things , before they could have been far worst! but Im truly hoping they aren't malignant
Thank you for your kind words... They were very much appreciated... Well I phoned the medical center that I use to visit, and just asked for an appointment with any doctor... I was given a lovely indian woman. and she listened to me... Then went sort of mad at me... she said why have you let this go on so long... I said well the last time I complained about these things, I was told there was nothing wrong... She looked on her computer to see who I had seen, and there was no notes about anything except a sore wrist that I also had.... I said my husband begged the doctor to look into what is wrong with... that Im deterioting before his eyes,,,and this nice doctor said, I'm so sorry, sometimes us doctors need to do more than just listen, we need to act!... She confirmed my suspecions, she said that she believes I well could have lymphomia... She examined me...and also got the opinion of three other doctors, as to what was the quickest roads to take to get on top of everything... She got me in quick smart to an oncologist , she didn't want to muck around..and asked them to see me fast, because there is normaly a long wait...she is sending me for cat scans and biospys.. All she kept saying to me, is.. Im so worried for you this is very serious . And she kept saying WHY???WHY??? have you let this go on for so long?... I told her the truth, I was scared of being called a hypercondriac. Now I am glad that I wrote my thoughts and feeling here, because that gave me the power to make myself go to the doctors. I'm not really scared now of any results, all I wanted was to know....if what I suspected was true...or least to just have those things checked so that I wasn't left feeling I knew all along, and noone would help. So I will cross the next bridges as they come, but I at least feel better that I was listened too.
Do I See A Doctor
teemaree posted a topic in Coping with Celiac DiseaseI have been gluten free now for approx a year, After a new doctor discovered my gluten intolerance. The diet helped me so much, it helped with my rashes, anixety and depression, migrains, and most of stomach pains, and a hored of other minor aliments. So I have been so gratefull for some respite. The thing is, I am concerned about somethings that have been happening recently and I am too scared to go to the doctors, in case they think I am an idiot or hypercondriac, and most times doctors just won't listen or look into problems. So I have cut myself off from doctors, because they don't seem to want to help you.. So I always try to cure myself, so I don't have to put up with them. I had all the pointers of celiac all my life and doctors wouldn't listen to me.. they would always say, it's nothing to worry about, when ever I presented myself to their office wanting help. Till I changed doctors but they are a natural type doctor, who believes in natural remedies, but I find the natural remedies aren't helping, I feel I may need to go to a normal doctor, but I am really scared, not of what they may tell me... because I feel more empowered with information I just don't want to go to the doctors, because they will rush me in and out and not persue or test what I believe to be wrong... In a nut shell.... I feel I may have non hodgkins lymphomia the glands in my the left side of my groin are very very enlarged.. Also just under my jaw and I have a numbness into my jaw and a sort of ache on the left side and swelling around that area in my jaw... I have been having bad night sweats , which for me is unusual, because I am always cold..even on hot days. (I know the sweats could be due to menopause) I have itchiness around the lower part of my back and in my left ear... I am so weak and tired, needing 3 naps at least a day. My eyes are aching. And I just feel blahhhhhh my bowel movements have white mucus, and even a year into gluten free and trying to eat weight gaining foods I still am not gaining and I still have to force myself to eat because I don't have any appetite I know that if I have non hodgkins, the longer I leave it , the harder it will be to combat and it isn't something I can just cure myself of.... But on the other hand I am so scared of going to the doctors and them not looking into things and I will come out feeling ridiculed and stupid for thinking I needed help. What do you all think?... does anyone out there have non hogkins?... and experienced the same thing? are all the symptoms I have written just all part of celiac and something that will pass with time? I seriously need some view points on this.... please help me?
I got a real indication last week at how bad I must look... I was at work, I work at a cinema, and I served a lady, I had never seen or known her and she said to me.... Are you alright?..... I smiled at her and said "yeah I'm alright" she then again said.... Are your sure your okay?... I laughed and said "yeah I'm fine " She then said "Health wise, I mean?....is your health alright?" I found this odd to be asked this, and I said, ohhh I have celiac, guess that's a health problem She said you truly do not look well.... Then the other day my mother in law rang me, and said you need to get more help, You shocking people with the way you look... she said that my sister-in-law who hadn't seen me in approx 3 months, said I was unrecognizable, she would never of believed that the person she saw standing before her was me... besides the drastic weight loss, my mother in law went onto say.... you seem like a shell, you no longer have the glimmer in your eyes, you look like noone is inside your body... well not the person we know as always spirited and enthusiastic, that spread infectious laughter into other people... it's so hard seeing you like this, is there anything we can do to help you.. clean your house?... anything..... we want you better, your so distant ,we want YOU back. If only they knew, I want " ME "back also................... All my friends make comments, and continually ask me am I alright?..... people have even asked my husband am I dying of something? So in answer to your question.... I'm so looking forward to looking healthy again!!!...............because with all these types of comments, I must look dreadful!
Elisabeth Hasselbeck
teemaree replied to GlutenGalAZ's topic in Publications & PublicityA friend in the US sent me the transcript of the Larry King interview... I hope I am allowed to post it here? I am thrilled she is bringing awareness of celiac...But I do hope that she makes it loud and clear that it isn't a lifestyle choice. From what I read in this interview she really did seem to try her best to tell the importance and the sicknesses that come from being Celiac. No matter what... she is making people take notice, and trying to educate people, and we need all the GOOD help we can get in getting the message out... (COMMERCIAL BREAK) KING: Back with Elisabeth Hasselbeck. Her new book, "The gluten-free Diet." And it says: "A Gluten-Free Survival Guide." Now, we think of gluten, we think of wheat, right? HASSELBECK: Sure. Well, it's actually more than that. Gluten encompasses -- it's a protein found in barley, oats, wheat and rye. So it's more broad than most people actually think. So that is definitely a misconception out there. And I -- I truly -- this has been a decade-long process for me. I have Celiac Disease. And I say out of diabetes came that low glycemic index diet and out of my Celiac Disease, I found this all star diet. I call it my diet in the rough because it is something that, even if I didn't have Celiac Disease, like many others, I would follow this diet. KING: So you have to avoid what? HASSELBECK: I actually don't even think of it as avoiding. But for me with Celiacs -- and many do with Celiac Disease -- we, our bodies, it's an autoimmune disease where if our bodies encounter gluten -- that protein found in barley, oats, wheat and rye -- we, our bodies pretty much shut down and fight themselves. What happens is if undiagnosed -- and one out of 133 million people have Celiac Disease. The scary thing, Larry, is that only 3 percent of them know it. Ninety-seven percent of the people with Celiac Disease are not aware of it because of misdiagnosis. They get diagnosed with something else, like I did. You know, over 10 years ago, I was diagnosed with IBS, thyroid issues. I was having infertility problems. People suffer miscarriage after miscarriage, stillbirth. It eventually leads to intestinal cancer. KING: All right... HASSELBECK: So this is something that needs to be treated. But the diet is actually, yes, for people with Celiac Disease. For millions with food intolerance -- and that is up like 25 percent in the past five years. But for people who just want a healthy lifestyle. I mean I'm on this diet before I'm pregnant, during pregnancy and when I'm trying to get back in my bikini to, you know, strut around in the summer. KING: What -- what happens when you're a kind of -- for want of a better word -- victim of it, at its worst... HASSELBECK: If they're undiagnosed or do come across gluten and they are Celiacs, their bodies literally are so -- I mean I was in such pain. And doctors were ready to do surgery. They kept telling me I had IBS. I always say emphasis on the B.S. because that wasn't the answer. It's the -- the equivalent of going into your physician and saying my head hurts and them telling you have a headache. Well, thanks for the information. I was looking for a clear diagnosis. Thankfully, Dr. Peter Green was able to do that for me and run the proper tests. But it took me way too long to get that when it -- the saddest situation, I think, is when you have children who are encountering gluten when they have Celiac Disease and their bodies aren't growing. Your intestines aren't able to absorb any nutrients. So you are then predisposed to all of this, you know, intestinal cancer, etc. KING: Is it... HASSELBECK: But they're in such pain and deprived of nutrients and they don't grow. KING: You call it an allergy, but some say it's an autoimmune disease. HASSELBECK: It is an autoimmune disease. It is absolutely a disease... KING: It is? HASSELBECK: And it needs to -- we need to get that diagnosis percentage up drastically, because this is actually -- it's so preventative. I mean you have people who aren't celiacs on this diet because it improves everything from ADHD to ADD, depression, energy levels, metabolism. This is a phenomenal way to eat. I was so thankful to find it. But when people do encounter gluten who are celiacs, with it leading to diabetes, thyroid disease, intestinal cancer, it ends up costing their body so much more, but also our medical system so much more down the road. It's a preventative diet. It works incredibly well. I have never felt better in my life. And certainly when I proposed the book, it wasn't the one that people thought I would write, but it is one that comes -- literally comes from the gut and the heart. And I interweave throughout the book easy tips. KING: Can we test children as to whether they have it? HASSELBECK: Absolutely. And if you -- if your children are exhibiting symptoms such as either listlessness or irritability, if they have a bloated belly, if they say my -- my tummy hurts, it's most diagnosed in that first year, when parents are introducing food and you're -- you're still vigilant about everything they put in their bodies. It's in the years thereafter, that two to, you know, the teenage years where you're not really sure what's going on. If they're not meeting their growth benchmarks, demand a celiac test from your doctors. And if they have it, if your child has it, or a sibling, your chances of having Celiac Disease is one in 22. So you should get tested, as well. KING: Is it... HASSELBECK: It's something that, really, we need to improve upon. KING: Is it inherited? HASSELBECK: It is inherited. It's a genetic disease. You can get tested both for the gene. You can have an endoscopy. I have the gene. You know, I will have my family tested and my kids tested down the road. It's great information to have. We are in a new era of preventative testing, so you know what your gene code says, but also preventative eating. I mean I don't think of it as replacing anything and I -- I interview people throughout the book and give social tips. But I -- there are so many that are on it who don't have celiac, like I said, that do it just because of the health benefits alone. So it's not about removing, it's about replacing with something much more powerful. KING: One cannot deny an important, important book. Thanks, Elisabeth. HASSELBECK: Thank you, Larry. KING: See you soon. HASSELBECK: OK. KING: Elisabeth Hasselbeck, co-host of "The View" and author of "The gluten-free Diet: A Gluten-Free Survival Guide," with a forward by Dr. Peter Green. HASSELBECK: Thank you. KING: Thank you, dear.
Invitation To Good Health
teemaree posted a topic in Doctors Treating Celiac DiseaseI have to make mention here, of my doctor... I feel lucky and blessed to have found them, and who knows?... maybe I was pointed towards them for good reason? All my life I presented symptoms of celiac, I never knew anything about it, but I would present to my GP with all the symptoms, they would do a blood test and say, yeah some strange results and things were left there... without getting any help at all.. The past year has been a nightmare for me, with depression, anxiety, sickness, headaches, pain . I got to the point that I just wouldn't be bothered going to the doctors , because I felt it was total waste of my time, money and the doctors time... But it was apparent to everyone around me, that I needed some kind of help. As I lost so much weight and depression was taking over... So I looked on the net for a clinic that had a psychologist, I believed that was what I needed. I made an appointment at this clinic "Invitation to good health" A nurse spent an hour with me, interviewing me, and taking all my health details from the past. Then I saw the GP... he knew immediately what was wrong, in fact he pointed out symptoms to me, that I didn't even recognize as having, like skin rashes, feeling cold all the time... etc etc.. I just thought they were normal...that everyone was like that! He ordered blood tests, but I had to wait two months before seeing the doctor again to get the results, but in the mean time he told me to go gluten-free and soy and dairy free.. I did as requested and I was astounded at the difference in me... the way my brain cleared of being foggy, I was brighter, happier and felt good! I returned to get the results, and every thing was at the lowest level it could be, vitamin B, D calcium, zinc, iron etc.... he was very concerned and didn't want to bombard my system with vitamins because they would only make me feel ill... so he gave me zinc to start with but then this past month, things changed... here I was completely gluten-free , loosing 2 kg a week , and depression anxiety was taking hold of me in a huge way... headaches returned . I was feeling angry sad distant I hated life ... I knew I needed to get help quick, because I wasn't sure I could go through another day without going over the edge of depression and weight loss.. I was desperate, and rang the doctors office, my next appointment wasn't for another month... But I said please can you get me in..... They were so accomadating , they said we can try and squeeze you in between patients today... I couldn't go because I had to go to work, so they put me in the very next morning... Mind you.. I rang my old ordinary GP first, begging to be seen... and they couldn't get me in for a week... and I knew it was useless seeing him, cause he is not at all interested and just wants his fee and sends you out the door... So I went to invitation to good health the next morning.... my husband went along with me, because he wanted something done for me... he has watched my decline and he can't help me... The nurse took me in immediately and went over what has been happening , weighed me and saw the weight I had lost, I guess she also saw my depression and lethargy. The doctor came in and they spoke to me about having a bio chemist make me up some capsuals of vitamins etc... that would suit me and meet my own personal body needs ... I would be taking 10 per day.... I hated the thought of that... because I don't like taking tablets... But I know if I am going to get my body in any type of shape to cope, I will need these to help me... The nurse also made an appointment for me to see their psychologist, to help me deal with the anxiety and problems... they don't want to give me any antidepressants, and with couselling we maybe able to tackle the issues that are preventing me from eating and the sadness and anxiety I have. Next is an appointment with the psychologist, doctor, nurse, dietician and me.... and a plan will be made up for me... to help me mentally, physically and help me with eating. The thing that amazes me... is they truly want to get me on the track back to life.... They don't watch the clock and say your 5 minutes is over.. we don't know what to do for you... get out of here so I can see the next person.... They spent time examining and asking questions and explaining... they give me a direction to follow to help me on the right path to helping myself. They try and find ways of helping me with the costs of getting well.... As I sat there with the nurse, all I could repeat over and over.... was THANK YOU... THANK YOU..... THANK YOU.....my eyes were filled with tears, because the emotions of getting help were all new to me.... No one cared , noone bothered to point me in the right directions to help myself....till now.. So at last I now have hope... I feel I am in the hands of people that really want to save me and help me.... I thought I would forever be in this black hole till it took my life... now I see a glimmer ahead, and a rainbow to climb
I Cant Deal With This Anymore, Please Help..
teemaree replied to adelaidez's topic in Coping with Celiac DiseaseMany here also have problems with soy and dairy and even Tapioca, especially in the begining of going gluten-free I was also lead to believe that you can drink coke, but can't drink Pepsi, due to ingredients I know Prawn Crackers has tapioca flour,Skittles has soy , then the ice cream which has milk in it. As for the burgers, I personnally know I can't eat anything that has been sprayed or the cooking area has been sprayed with canola spray...and can't eat off grills or Bar B Q's where other things have been cooked on it... It truly is a matter of examining everything.... and eliminating a lot...seems I am eliminating everything , except for fresh veges, fruit, and meat...Because I have learnt that there isn't a whole lot of other items out there I can trust! I could so relate to what you said about the fact that it gets to the point where you just couldn't be bothered to eat any more...it does become all too hard...I am down to 36kg I continue to loose 2kg per two weeks , and I have been gluten-free for 6 months now, but really what is the alternative? To eat gluten and suffer pain and sickness and mind altering depression, tiredness anger , etc etc... or just depression because you are bloating and depressed about what you can eat...? I thought the idea of seeing a counsellor at school was a great idea, they may have ways to help you cope at college. But please don't drop out... don't let having Celiac have that kind of power over your future.. A trick that I use, when I get down about things, is tell myself, it's only food... don't let it control your life, do as you should.... you have many other important things in life to be grateful for... people that love and care about you... you have all your limbs, so you can function....and get around . I know that sometimes it's easier for us to dwell on what we can and can't do, all because of food....and the way it effects us. And we are in that mind set, because of the way it effects our brains and body. But sometimes we need to look outside the square and try and appreciate the things that are important . Like the little things that do make us smile when we are low and depressed and angry and in pain.
I worked out one of the results A high TSH result often means an underactive thyroid gland that is not responding adequately to the stimulation of TSH due to some type of acute or chronic thyroid dysfunction. Rarely, a high TSH result can indicate a problem with the pituitary gland, such as a tumor producing unregulated levels of TSH. A high TSH value can also occur when patients with a known thyroid disorder (or those who have had their thyroid gland removed) are receiving too little thyroid hormone medication.
I really don't understand much about blood tests and what they mean to your actual health.. I have some very weird results....if anyone can help me understand them and what they mean , I would appreciate it... MCV 99.3 range (80-100) MCH 32.05 range (27.00- 32.00) lymphocites 4.01 range (1.0-4.0) TIBC calc 46 range (46-77) my iron should be between 40 - 175 and mine was 6 My zinc level should be 60-130 my zinc level was 10 Vitamin B12 should be 200-1100 mine was 202 TSH 4.00 should be (0.40- 3.50) Free T4 13.0 should be (9.0-19.0) this result looks okay to me? chloride 109 should be (95-110) eGFR 85 should be 59 total protein 69 should be (65-84) CK 40 should be (30-150) I seem to be on the low scale of this? ttg iGA/igg 3 should be (0-20) okay they seem to be the only ones of concern? My doctor said that I am lacking alot of essential vitamins.... but because of my anti-immune system, and the fact I can't absorb things.... He doesn't want to throw everything into me at once, because he believes my body just couldn't take it... so he has started me on zinc for a month, and will then redo the blood tests to see if it has changed any of the other results... Can anyone explain to me what these resukt could mean to me health wise?>
teemaree replied to swittenauer's topic in Related Disorders & Celiac ResearchThis is so strange that many have it....I have had it all my life... I also have a thing called spina bifida oculta, where one of the bottom vertibra didn't form properly it doesn't effect me in anyway...but it never ceases to amaze me how so many ailments celiacs share..
Australians And New Zealanders Hellooooooo :)
teemaree replied to Aussie Peg's topic in International Room (Outside USA)Thanks Mushroom..............Well apparently the doctor mustn't want me to have the blood tests... because they still haven't emailed them too me... Under the privacy rights, I am allowed to have a copy of the report, A solicitor friend of mine, who actually defends doctors, told me that am in my rights, I may have to pay for a photo copy of the report, but I am well withing my rights to have it.... So that's how the law stands on it.... I can understand that doctors may not want a patient to misinterept things in it.... But all I really want is some real indication to the levels of certains things... to see how low they are?... and look into being able improve my vitamin levels with things I eat. Did anyone else have this kind of trouble getting hold of their blood tests results? It's clear that Mushroom didn't have any problems in obtaining records... Maybe I need to email them and ask again.... So they have to reply to the email?
Australians And New Zealanders Hellooooooo :)
teemaree replied to Aussie Peg's topic in International Room (Outside USA)I am wondering if any other aussies have the same problem as me?...... And that is getting your blood tests results?............... My doctor did do a very comprehensive blood test on me, checking everything.... He told me they found that my thyroid is not functioning , that my blood was high in copper, but the levels of zinc were very very low...that I am swamped in estrogen , I asked about my B levels... he said they are very very low extreamly low...he said that the tests show I cannot tolerate gluten or grains... that my auto immune system is fighting my body.... He said he can't place me on a multivitamin regeim as yet, because my body won't tolerate it, he said we have to go slow and steady, and introduce each vitamin bit by bit over time... for two months he just wants me taking zinc, plus my normal gluten free, dairy free soy free diet, and then he will check the levels again to introduce further vitamins What I am wondering is......................... What the blood tests levels on different things are?... All I have to go by is what he told me... no numbers to check anything... I rang their office afterwards and asked if I could have a copy of my blood test, because I was asked what numbers am I showing?.... and I have no idea?...... So could I please have a copy of the blood test.... I was told that the doctor has to give permission... and if I am allowed , they will email it to me... Well they didn't emailed it....So I am guessing he wouldn't let me have them? I am wondering if it is common pratice here for patients not to get copies of their blood works... and how do I find out just how low these results are?........... I'm kind of feeling frustrated here..... Everyone else seems to get their results and know the numbers ... I have no idea what so ever... I don't know how deep in a danger zone I am.... or even if I am really in a danger zone?.........
Good Q's To Ask The Belly Doctor?
teemaree replied to nix's gfgf's topic in Doctors Treating Celiac DiseaseIts a shame noone has answered this as yet....................because I too am going to see my doctor, and wanted some good question to ask, so I would leave more informed... But I guess it's hard to answer this post due to everyone having different ailments, and what is a suitable question for one person may not be suitable for someone else?
Where? Why? Whine!
teemaree replied to SGWhiskers's topic in Coping with Celiac Diseasehmmmmmmmmmmm I am thinking it is something in this part of the day... Smelled hot gluten, but moved right away. 3 minutes of exposure. Grocery store. Booked it through the bakery. Lady cooking something in the meat department. Smelled good. Felt sick. avoided the smell. Held breath through flour aisle. Yawned and yawned. Especially feeling sick and then started yawning... I'm thinking it may have happened before the flour aisle? It's not fair and not right!..............When you get glutened this way, It sucks.....and especially having to suffer for days to come because of it... and I agree with you... that gluten man freaks me out too...lol.. it's amazing how you can even hate a picture of wheat!............I wish there was something to take away the pain... I know how depressing it all becomes... and how sick you can feel... We need a magic way of thinking, when this happens to us, to help us get through it............. hugs go out to you... and know I understand!...
Can't Stop Binging On Gluten!
teemaree replied to Rachel Keating's topic in Weight Issues & Celiac DiseaseRachell, do you not feel pain after eating gluten?...........don't you get a foggy head?.. or headaches? or stomach pains?... or bad gastric? Cause I can assure you, if you keep on eating gluten, you will regret it, you will end up with all the above and maybe worst... You don't want to put yourself through that do you?.........having to go through pain and agony and mind altering problems , even from a simple accidental glutening?................ It's hell............and I can promise you , you will not get a moments rest from it..... Maybe it is easier for me to stay the hell away from gluten, because of all the damage and pain it has caused me..and continues to cause me, even looking at a picture of wheat gives me the heeby jeebeys.... I hate it, because of what it has done to me...IT IS POISON!.......... Maybe each time you grab for the gluten goodies.... picture it as a nail in your coffin?... not as yummy food... but as nails...placing you one step further to bigger problems......... Please sweetie..........look at the posts here, the pain and agony so many endure..........Why do you want that for yourself?.......... And when you look at gluten free stuff.........just tell your mind that it tastes great , and there is worst things you could have to eat.....instead of yummy fruits and vegetables and meat!... it's crunchy full of goodness... Please Rachell... be kind to yourself........... I must say though, when my family sit there and eat all the things I once enjoyed, I do get a little jealous, but that soon disappears when I think about the pain it causes me...........just replace the want and need with the thoughts of most excruiating pain ............because that is what will happen if you eat gluten!

subset: commoncrawl


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David's Great Sin
A man after God's heart loves the things God loves and the ways He prescribes. Though he may deviate from those ways at times, he will return—for God will not let him rest in his sin. All true ...Read More
The Sin of David
God mercifully forgave David when he acknowledged his sin, but this does not mean his transgression had no consequences. David also worshiped the Lord even after these consequences were brought to pass (2 Sam. 12:15b–23), showing that He ...Read More


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Currently crushing on Covergirl's how-to videos featuring French singer and actress, Soko. Her song I'll Kill Her has been one of my favorites ever since college, so I was happy to see her featured- loving her newly bleached hair!
Covergirl used their new Flamed Out collection to give Soko four different beauty looks- the sleek glossy eye and the bold lip above, plus a smoky eye and a no-make up look. I can't decide which I like the most, they are all styled so great as well. Which look is your favorite?


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Thursday brings the third-season return, on IFC, of Scott Aukerman's "Comedy Bang! Bang!" An often surreal and free-associating sketch show in the guise of a talk show, it is also a talk show within a sketch show — the one shading into the other in such a way that, where the two intersect, it is sometimes hard to tell what's written and what's made up on the spot, and what is real and what is not.
It is not without antecedents. Indeed, the talk show being a pillar of broadcasting lo these many decades, it would be strange if it weren't. It has precedents, if not actual roots, in the work of Bob & Ray; "The Steve Allen Show" with its mix of real and invented interviews; "Space Ghost Coast to Coast," with its long pauses and jump-cut rhythms; and numerous "Saturday Night Live" skits.
But it goes quite to its own place. Aukerman's sidekick and improvising one-man bandleader, Reggie Watts — his character is loose and hairy where Aukerman's is upright and composed — describes it as "two weirdos from an alternate dimension where logic isn't necessarily a major part of it, and we get into all sorts of crazy universal quantum adventures based on the guise of it being a fake talk show." That sums it up pretty well.
"It's very much like a 'Mr. Rogers' thing," Aukerman said recently over tuna sandwiches in a Hollywood coffee shop. "I'm very much playing the square, straight side of me, because I have Reggie to play off, being the weird one. Over the course of the TV show I've amplified the more irritating aspects of my personality; when we first started I was thinking it was going to be a little more dry and sarcastic than it ended up being, and I think we found a rhythm of hyperactivity and annoyingness." These days, he says, it's "a little more like a live-action cartoon, or a kids' show for adults."
In his somewhat disturbing cheeriness, the onscreen Aukerman offers a cracked reflection of the man who plays him, a born organizer who would stage a haunted house for his Halloween shows at the Upright Citizens Brigade theater, and all-night shows where people would come in their pajamas. "For some reason," he said, "I've always been the guy to gather people together to make it happen."
The podcast version of "Comedy Bang! Bang!," sometimes represented without the exclamation marks, which Aukerman started (as "Comedy Death Ray") in 2009, became the foundation of a network, Earwolf, that also features programs from Jeff Garlin, Kevin Pollak, UCB founder Matt Besser, Michael Ian Black and Michael Showalter, and the Aukerman-Adam Scott-hosted "U Talkin' U2 to Me?"
Aukerman grew up in Orange County, "semi-close to the beach," where to distinguish himself from the surf crowd "I would intentionally pronounce words very properly because I didn't want to have that kind of lazy speech."
A fan of David Letterman and "East Coast humor," he had a Letterman-inspired public access show as a teenager; the experience later fed into "Between Two Ferns," the Funny or Die-based public-access-style faux talk show that Aukerman created with its passive-aggressive host, Zach Galifianakis, and which reached its pop-cultural apotheosis in March when President Obama, out to inform the young about the Affordable Care Act, was its guest.
Aukerman's TV career began as a writer and performer on David Cross and Bob Odenkirk's mid-'90s HBO series, "Mr. Show with Bob and David," "doing offensive in-your-face topics, mixed with silliness, but with a lot of cursing. Now I've wound up with a very bright, very optimistic show that uses friendly comedy — we try to have a show based on the fact that everyone likes each other, while still not being toothless, still having a seedy underbelly of awkwardness or … violence." He laughs. "Every once in a while I'll turn in a show and the network will say, 'Uh, we don't like this joke,' and I'll say, 'Well it's something that you would see on 'Maron' or 'Portlandia,' and they'll say, 'Well, your show is different, because your show is so fun.' "
Like the podcast, whose guest list overlaps that of the TV show, "Comedy Bang! Bang!" showcases a generation of comics and comic actors whose watchword seems to be "Show Up and Play." In its two previous seasons, Aukerman's couch has been occupied by Amy Poehler, Jon Hamm, Rashida Jones, Sarah Silverman, Bill Hader, Jason Schwartzman, Clark Gregg, Zoe Saldana, David Cross, Aziz Ansari and, of course, Galifianakis, with Bobby Moynihan, Kristen Schaal, Matt Walsh, Tony Hale, Thomas Lennon and Paul F. Tompkins interviewed as characters or playing in sketches. Upcoming this year are Fred Armisen, Alison Brie, Tony Hawk, Nick Offerman, Craig Robinson, Jenna Fischer and Josh Groban.
"With Bob and David with 'Mr. Show,' they were very concerned with creating a climate of 'Hey, we're all doing something really cool here,' " Aukerman recalls. "It was so amazing to be a part of that as a guy who had been doing standup for literally two nights when Bob came up and said, 'Hey, you should work on my show.'
"Which is what I try to do. I love that I'm able to put whoever I want on my show; there are people who have just been in town for a year and it's, like, 'Come be a part of it, even if you only have one or two lines.' It's almost like legitimizing them. I know when I was young, Odenkirk would say, 'Hey, can I introduce you in your sketch show?' and it gave me the strength to keep going for another three months. So I really enjoy that I get to put on these great people — and give them a day rate, which is probably very meaningful to them as well."
Looking forward to the fourth season, which will double the third's 20-episode run, Aukerman says, "I think it'll be good. It's just good to be on the air 40 weeks in 2015."
'Comedy Bang! Bang!'
Where: IFC
When: 10:30 p.m. Thursday
Rating: TV-14-DLV (may be unsuitable for children under the age of 14 with advisories for suggestive dialogue, coarse language and violence)


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High Street Hostel
As Edinburgh's original independent hostel, we've been helping backpackers sleep since 1985.
Offering affordable accommodation right in the heart of Old Town Edinburgh, we're just a few minutes' walk from Waverley Train Station.
Our historic 470-year-old building was originally known as Morton House and belonged to the fourth Earl of Morton, who was beheaded in 1581 for his involvement in the murder of Mary Queen of Scots' husband!
In the present day, however, our guests can enjoy our large common room, fully equipped kitchen, clean comfortable rooms and free Wi-Fi.
Rooms are cleaned daily and each bed comes with bed linen and is equipped with a free locker for security and peace of mind. Bed linen is free and towels can be rented for only £0.20.
Our foyer lounge has free Wi-Fi so you can stay connected to your friends and family. Whereas, our large main lounge is a perfect place to chill out, relax, meet other travellers and play pool and other games.
Guests are welcome to use our electrical adaptors, hair dryers and book exchange, all for free. There's also free coffee, tea and hot chocolate.
The nearby shops offer everything you may need so you can show off your cooking skills (or maybe lack thereof) in our fully equipped self-catering kitchen.
Laundry service is available for only £3.50. We also have luggage and bike storage.
You'll also receive great discounts on food and drinks at some of Edinburgh's best local pubs.
Our friendly staff can offer you some great advice on what to see and do and where to eat and drink. We can also arrange for you to make the most of your time while you are Scotland and book you on a MacBackpackers tour to the highlands. We have free maps and advice as well as free daily walking tours.
Just step out of our front door to experience all the history and culture which Scotland's capital city has to offer.
There's always something going on around here. Thursday is our free pub crawl and there's also free movie nights with popcorn! Why not check out our £3.50 burger nights on Fridays and Sundays? Or our weekly £1 pool tournament? You can also get breakfast for only £1.90.
There's no curfew!
We also have two other hostels in the Old Town of Edinburgh: the small and friendly Royal Mile Backpackers, and Castle Rock Hostel which has awesome views of Edinburgh Castle!
Go green and carbon neutral! Fifteen years ago we bought 75+ hectares of woodland that absorbs more than the total CO² emissions from fuel used in our hostel and also the other properties in our small MacBackpackers hostel and bus company chain. We also try our best to recycle everything (with your help) and our electricity is all sourced from renewable, non-nuclear supplies. Stay with us for a great holiday and minimal environmental impact!
Please note that we do not permit guests under the age of 18. ID is required at check-in. No stag or hen parties, please.
Please see our Must-Read Hostel Info below before booking.
Availability & RatesTo view availability and prices please select dates and click 'Update Dates'
Hostel Facilities & Policies
- 24 Hour Reception
- 24 Hour Security
- Adaptors
- Age Restriction
- Bicycle hire
- Bicycle parking
- Board Games
- Book Exchange
- Breakfast Not Included
- Card Phones
- Common Room
- Credit Cards Accepted
- DVDs
- Free City Maps
- Free Internet Access
- Free WiFi
- Hair Dryers
- Hair Dryers For Hire
- Hot Showers
- Internet Access
- Jobs Board
- Self-Catering Facilities
- Late check-out
- Laundry Facilities
- Linen Included
- Security Lockers
- Luggage Storage
- No Curfew
- Outdoor Terrace
- Pool Table
- Reception (limited hours)
- Safe Deposit Box
- Tea & Coffee Making Facilities
- Tours/Travel Desk
- Towels For Hire
Cancellation PolicyThis property has a 2 day cancellation policy. Failure to cancel within this time will result in a cancellation charge equal to the first night of your stay.
Must-Read Hostel InfoThis property has specific Terms & Conditions.
Please note NO under 18's allowed in the hostel.
We do not accept booking of six or more people via Hostelworld.
Please note that our bathrooms are unisex (but with private cubicles of course).
Please note different cancellation policy for the month of August and New Year's bookings below.
Outiside of those dates, we have a 48hr cancellation policy. Cancellations must be made 48 hours before 10.30am of the arrival date. No shows shall be charged the equivalent of the first two nights' accommodation.
Please note that our check-in time is 2pm but guests are welcome to drop their bags off earlier and use the facilities the Hostel has to offer
– Guests cancelling outside of the cancellation period to arrival will receive a refund of the full price minus the deposit.
- HOGMANAY (NEW YEAR'S EVE): For any bookings over Hogmanay (New Year's
Eve) we will charge you the full amount on the 1st December. Should you
book after the 1st December the whole amount will be charged within 24
hours after booking. Once this payment has been taken, no refunds will be
- AUGUST: For any bookings in August we will charge you the full
amount 14 days before arrival. Should you book less than 14 days before
arrival the whole amount will be charged within 24 hours after booking.
Once this payment has been taken, no refunds will be given.
- If you do not show up on the date you booked for your reservation will
be cancelled unless you've notified us directly about your late arrival.
DirectionsShow MapHide Map
From the airport:
Take the blue bus no.100 (costs £3.50 and takes about 30 minutes) into the city centre and get off at Waverley Bridge. There is a bus every 10 -15 minutes from the airport.
From there, walk away from Princes St. towards a small roundabout and cross straight over the roundabout onto Cockburn Street. At the top of Cockburn Street turn left onto the High Street on the Royal Mile and then cross over the traffic lights at Northbridge, continuing down the hill, we're the second street on the right - Blackfriars Street. We're on your right-hand side.
From the bus station:
At St Andrews Square, head up to Princes Street (the main shopping street in Edinburgh.) Turn left onto Princes Street and then take the first right at the Balmoral Hotel onto Northbridge.
At the top, turn left at the Royal Bank of Scotland onto the High Street on the Royal Mile, crossing at the traffic lights but continuing down the hill, we're the second street on the right - Blackfriars Street. We're on your right-hand side. The hostel is open 24 hours. Hope this helps.


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Institutes of the Christian Religion (2 vols.) by John Calvin
John Calvin's Institutes of the Christian Religion is a monumental work that stands among the greatest works of Christian theology and Western literature. Written as an introduction to Christian doctrine, Calvin's Institutes quickly became one of the best systematic theologies of the … more


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by Yoko Kawashima Watkins
To help put the right book in each reader's hands, consider the following comprehensive text complexity analyses within your instructional plans.
Standards Model of Text Complexity
Text Complexity Toolkit
Lexile Level: 730L |
Source: National Governors Association for Best Practices and Council of Chief State School Officers.[1]
Qualitative Text Complexity Ranges
Crowdsourced from 1 educator who filled out the Literary Text Complexity Qualitative Measures Rubric.[2]
Add your own assessment to this crowdsourced measurement.
1. National Governors Association for Best Practices and Council of Chief State School Officers. "Supplemental Information for Appendix A of the Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts and Literacy: New Research on Text Complexity," Common Core State Standards Initiative (2014): 4. Accessed August 8, 2014, http://www.corestandards.org/assets/E0813_Appendix_A_New_Research_on_Text_Complexity.pdf.
2. Adapted from the CCSSO's ELA State Collaborative on Assessment and Student Standards, and the text complexity rubrics used by the Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction ELA Team.
3. Lexile® is a trademark of MetaMetrics. Used under license.
4. ATOS® is a trademark of Renaissance Learning, Inc. Used under license.


text:
Account Executive - National
- Employer
- Combined Worksite Solutions
- Location
- National
- Salary
- W2, Benefits, 401K
- Posted
- Aug 24, 2017
- Closes
- Oct 23, 2017
- Ref
- W2, Benefits, 401K
- Category
- Broker / Agent, Sales
- Job Type
- Full Time
- Career Level
- Experienced (Non-Manager)
We are seeking licensed insurance professionals with health insurance and employee benefit experience to join our rapidly growing Worksite Solutions Division as Account Executives. This is a weekday, business to business (not individual) marketing and sales opportunity.
Combined Worksite Solutions is a division of The CHUBB Group, which is one of the world's largest multi-line property and casualty insurers. With operations in 54 countries,CHUBB provides commercial and personal property and casualty insurance, personal accident and supplemental health insurance, reinsurance and life insurance to a diverse group of clients.
Qualified candidates will be trained to market our products and services to Employers, Affinity Groups & Associations, Payroll Partners, TPA's and the Insurance brokerage Community. Additionally you should:
- Understand the supplemental insurance marketplace
- Communicate well with Business owners and C-Level Executives
- Have a great work ethic and work well independently with little supervision
- Be financially motivated to build a successful career with our company
- Provide superior customer service before and after a sale
Excellent Benefits
The Worksite Specialist position is an elite opportunity to work with professionals during business hours. You will become a W-2 employee with full ACE Group benefits including health insurance, retirement plan and supplemental insurance plans. We offer paid training, generous commissions and bonus structure and world class conference trips/promotions.
Your new career starts with a week of training in our Chicago home office, followed by field training with a worksite professional to help you launch your career. Additionally you will be assigned existing corporate accounts to service.
To qualify for this elite opportunity you must:
- Hold an active Life and Health Insurance License in your state or be willing to obtain one
- Have experience in business to business sales and working with business professionals
- Have excellent presentation and communication skills


text:
HEllO ;)
Introduction of EarReaders.
Becoming Active on KAT
Wildwielder's Book Uploads - (And Some That Aren't There Any More!)
TVfreak83 uploads for people with download limit or low Bandwidth
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Pokemon GO! and Indonesia
Medical Journal, Truth About Cancer
The Good, The Bad, and Pokemon GO!
Living under a table!
seed request
the captive 2014 1080p
kimberly chi
the dressmaker
the witcher 3
house of cards s04
dangan ronpa
the last sip
eset 9


text:
Les paso la patente de los cables Groneberg, para el que entienda alemás y quiera ver detalles.
Puedes ver la en la siguiente página:
Haz click en "number search" y luego mete el número DE4336230 en el campo "publication number", después haz click en "search". Te aparecerán unos datos generales. Haz click en el título y te aparecerán el abstract, la descripción y eso. Solo el abstract está en inglés.
Que bien siendo en inlges es más sencillo para una mayoría.
Click en EC: H01B11/08; H01B11/12 para ver documentos.
<iframe src="http://v3.espacenet.com/results?sf=n&FIRST=1&F=0&CY=ep&LG=en&DB=EPODOC&PN=DE4336230&Submit=SEARCH&=&=&=&=&=" width="100%" height="450"></iframe>
Gracias es valioso tu aporte...
The invention concerns a distortion-poor transferring alternating current cable also in a casing arranged at least two utilizable lines, which consist in each case of at least two hooked up utilizable leaders, whereby the isolated utilizable leaders i the cable are so distributed that around the cable longitudinal axis heraum to different utilizable lines belonging utilizable leader is each other neighbouring.
It is for some time in particular well-known for the HiFi technology that quality improvements are attainable during the signal transmission by the fact that the signal lines are at least trained in pairs in each case, whereby the leaders at the cable ends, belonging to the respective signal line, are hooked up.
A conventional two-vein cable therefore, whereby the pair educating leader concerning the cable longitudinal axis lie diagonally to each other, thus around the cable longitudinal axis directors/conductors of different lines each other neighbouring are trained as at least vieradriges cable. It was shown that with a such arrangement substantial quality improvements are possible. These result even also from the use of the technology mentioned for mains cables. This cable "well-known cables reference under the brand" Quattro exhibit usually an outside screen in form of a shielding network within the sheath, in order to prevent irradiations into the cable and cross modulations between several cables.
In the DE 29 07 211 A1 a loudspeaker cable is described, for which just like for the "quattro" cable described before the task is the basis to lower the impedance of the cable in the range of high frequencies and to improve thus the frequency response of the cable. The improvement of this well-known cable is to be attributed to the fact that the well-known skin effect is minimized by allocation of the total leader on several single leaders. Mobile cables for power installation, whose core from metallic or isolating material can be, describe De-as the 11 14 554.
The specialist thus of the thought to use an electrical conductor as central shielding element in order to affect the director/conductor of surrounding magnetic fields, rather led away. Beyond that it concerns with the cable described there a high voltage cable, with which the signal distortion problems described above do not play a role.
The DE 20 51 620 B2 shows a cable, with which a small characteristic impedance was design objective, however reveals it no central, electrically leading shielding element. In the De-OS 20 33 675 a remote controlling cable for a guided weapon, for example an armor-piercing guidance projectile, is described. Such a remote controlling cable is rolled up on a hasp. If the guidance projectile with high speed leaves the muzzle pipe of the weapon, high traction powers must be transferred over the cable, in order to overcome the mass-moment of inertia of the hasp and accelerate these. Accordingly the there cable has the substantial purpose to take up those on the cable during its completion influencing mechanical loads. It does not concern with the well-known central wire therefore a shielding element. The goal of the available invention consists of still improving the quality reached with the well-known cables.
On the basis of this objective a distortion-poor transferring alternating current cable of the initially mentioned kind is characterized according to invention by the fact that in the cable longitudinal axis a central electrically leading shielding element is arranged.
According to invention planned the central, leading shielding element and/or the leader can be put thereby on a reference potential or completely unangeschlossen to remain, whereby it adjusts itself to a center potential of the transferred alternating current. The invention is based on the realization that the magnetic field training around the individual ladder can affect itself also with the initially mentioned improved cables to the cable inside disturbing.
The energized lines of an alternating current cable become in by the lines, which flowed through power source and the consumer closed electric circuit against-intimately from river, whereby appropriate magnetic fields develop, which exhibit magnetic field portions in the same direction between that against-intimately durchflossenen cables toward the neighbouring cable. Thus it comes between the neighbouring cables to a repulsive strength, those with the amount of the current flow and remove-removing those developing magnetic fields causes on the one hand an induced interference current in the neighbouring cables, on the other hand one they, although slight, cause changes of position of the leaders in the well-known cables, whereby the capacity between the leaders becomes veraen<DP N=3>dert, so that in HiFi plants audible distortions develop. Such signal distortions were so far not attributed to the used cables.
A part of the magnetic fields developing around the ladder is taken up by a any existing outside screen of the cable and derived. According to invention planned the central ladder provides for the admission and derivative of a further substantial part of the developing magnetic fields, so that between the leaders developing magnetic field strengths as well as magnetically induced interference currents are decreased clearly.
In a preferential execution form of the cable according to invention the central leader and the cable casing, if necessary with the screen, are then it dimensions that the utilizable leaders rest firmly against the central leader. Thus the central leader has not only the function to take up and distribute the developing magnetic fields, but beyond that still another mechanically stabilizing function, by which the motion possibility of the utilizable leaders is substantially reduced. Thus between the utilizable leaders a constant distance is kept also if the cable is bent. The central leader can, as the utilizable leaders, of twisted strand wire to preferably consist. As also with conventional cables neighbouring utilizable leaders are preferably against-intimately twisted and preferably beyond that around the length of the cable around the central leader stranded arranged.
In a preferential execution form the central leader consists of solid material, in particular solid metal. Beispie for possible materials are copper, aluminum and also carbon fibers. In each case the central leader without its own isolation can be trained.
The mechanical adjustment of the utilizable leaders by the central leader is strengthened still by the fact that the extent outline of the central leader with radial projections/leads rises up in after radially outside tapering areas, which by the Aneinanderliegen benachba round utilizable leader is educated. A further perfecting succeeds, if the outer contour of the central leader exhibits adapted recesses to the extent outline of the utilizable leaders, whereby preferably after radially outside tapering area by the central leader essentially fill out itself.
The cable according to invention can be used with advantage in such a way that the central leader at both ends of the cable is intended to a reference potential for the connection. This type of use is in particular favourable for mains cables. In particular f audio cable or digital cable is appropriate it, if the central leader is intended to a reference potential only at an end of the cable for the connection. During the transmission of audio signals between a CD player, tape recorder, receiver etc. and an amplifier is it appropriately, the central leader, like also a any outside screen to connect with the mass potential of the amplifier. The cable according to invention can be used also without any connection of the central leader, for example as loudspeaker cables.
In all use categories mentioned it will be appropriate, if a any existing outside screen is attached in the same way as the central leader. Remark examples of the invention are to be described in the following on the basis the design more near.
Fig. 1 a cross section by a cable with two information signal lines and four utilizable leaders as well as with a central leader,
Fig. 2 a cross section by a further remark example of a cable with four utilizable leaders and a central leader trained squarely in the cross section as well as an outside screen,
Fig. 3 a cross section by a cable with eight utilizable leaders and a central leader adapted in the form as well as with an outside screen, Fig. 4 a cross section by a cable with four utilizable leaders and a central leader adapted in the form as well as with an outside screen.
Fig. 1 shows a remark example of the cable, in whose casing 1 an area square in the cross section exists
2 for the admission of four utilizable leaders
3. The utilizable leaders 3 are educated from a core
4 formed by twisted strand wires and a usual isolation
5. The strand wires are twisted in usual way, whereby the direction of twisting is characterized by arrows
6. From the drawn in arrows 6 it becomes clear that neighbouring utilizable leaders 3 are against-intimately twisted. Essentially together the lying close utilizable leaders 3 train a middle area
7, which tapered
8 after radially outside star-like and exhibits in points running out ranges. Centrically in the area 7 a central leader 9 is arranged, that is essentially so dimensioned that the utilizable leaders 3 rest against him. The leader 9 can likewise consist of twisted strand wires, preferably however of a solid wire.
The central leader 9 does not exhibit own isolation. By the request of the utilizable leaders 3 together as well as by the central leader 9 formed the diagonal support for all utilizable leaders 3 and by a suitable dimensioning of the area 2 a good adjustment of the utilizable leaders 3 is reached relatively to each other.
Beside the mechanically stabilizing effect the central leader 9 has the substantial task to decrease reciprocal effects of the magnetic fields trained around the utilizable leaders 3 around by the fact that the magnetic fields are taken up and derived from the central leader 9.
The cross section representation of the Fig. 1 does not show 3 thus in a screw course around the central leader 9 that the utilizable leaders are stranded arranged around the central leader 9 around over the length cable, each individual utilizable leaders is put. Fig. remark variation in type of the cable shows 2, with which the casing exhibits 1 min an essentially circular interior.
At the inner wall of the casing 1 min an outside screen 10 is arranged, which is final inwardly by a schlauchfoermige Stabilisation 11, for example in form of a foil. In the interior 2 again four utilizable leaders 3 are arranged min, that fit together with their isolations 5.
In the area 7 is a central leader 9 min, that is squarely trained in the cross section and rises up themselves with its corners 12 into the tapering ranges 8 of the area 7 between the utilizable leaders. In this way the central leader 9 min causes a certain spatial adjustment of the utilizable leaders 3, that compensate the missing spatial adjustment of the utilizable leaders 3 in this case by the form of the interior 2 min.
With the remark example represented in Fig. 3 the cable exhibits again a casing 1 min with an interior 2 min circular in the cross section. Intended is also here the utilizable leaders 3 cylindrically surrounding screen after 10 with a stabilization 11 radially inside. The utilizable leaders of 3, in the explained remark example eight utilizable leaders 3, lie about due to the dimensioning of the interior 2 min and the dimensioning of a central leader 9 min min closely together at and on a circular path around the central leader 9 min min.
The each other neighbouring utilizable leaders 3 are - as the arrows clarify 6 - as against-intimately twisted wire braids trained. The central leader 9 min min exhibits itself a star shaped outer contour also to the outer contour of the utilizable leaders 3 adapted recesses 13 and into the tapering ranges 8 of the area of 7 3 projections/leads 14 rising up between the utilizable leaders.
In this way the central leader 9 min min essentially fills out the area 7 between the utilizable leaders 3. Since the utilizable leaders 3 also in this case preferably schraubenlinienfoermig stranded around the central leader 9 min min are arranged around, also the recesses must form 13 14 slots schraubenlinienfoermige with the projections/leads, into which the utilizable leaders 3 are inserted.
The preferential training of the cable according to invention plans the central screen by the central leader 9, 9 min, 9 min min and at the same time an outside screen 10, which surround the utilizable leaders 3 cylindrically in usual way in form of a wire mesh. Outside screen of 10 and central leaders 9, 9 min, 9 min min are preferably attached thereby in the same way and/or are not attached, as this was described above. Fig. a remark example clarifies 4 in accordance with Fig. 2, with which the central leader 9 min min min is provided with four projections/leads 14, which follow on the outer contour of the utilizable leaders 3 adapted recesses 13, whereby also in this case the area 7 between the utilizable leaders 3 into the tapering ranges 8 is filled out by the central leader 9 min min min.
Patente cable Groneberg Quattro Reference
Diseñado y fabricado en Alemania con patente registrada, un cable de amplias virtudes audiofilas para toda aplicación con una notable diferencia sobre productos del mismo o mayor rango de precio.
>>> Groneberg HFT @ México
>>> Groneberg HFT @ México
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text:
Latino Youths Optimistic But Beset by Problems
A national survey finds that Latinos from ages 16 to 25 are satisfied with their lives and optimistic about their futures. They value education, hard work and career success. But they are more likely than other youths to drop out of school, live in poverty and become teen parents.


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Gil Clancy
Boxing trainer
Gil Clancy, 88, a boxing trainer who helped lead Emile Griffith to welterweight and middleweight titles, died Thursday at an assisted-living facility on Long Island, N.Y., his family said.
Born in Rockaway Beach, N.Y., in 1922, Clancy boxed in the Army during World War II. After his discharge he studied physical education at New York University, earning a master's degree in teaching and paying tuition by training fighters. Eventually, he rose to prominence as a corner man.
Clancy also worked with Muhammad Ali, Joe Frazier, George Foreman and Oscar De La Hoya. But he's best known for his 20-year association with Griffith.
Griffith captured the welterweight title from Benny "The Kid" Paret in April 1961 with a 13th-round knockout. Six months later, Griffith lost the title to Paret in a split decision, then regained it in a controversial rematch with Paret in 1962.
With Clancy shouting encouragement from the corner, Griffith knocked Paret unconscious, and Paret stayed propped against the ropes while Griffith hit him repeatedly for several seconds before referee Ruby Goldstein stopped the fight. Paret never regained consciousness and died 10 days later.
After retiring from training, Clancy worked as a TV commentator.
He was elected to the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1993.
Zoogz Rift
Punk rock musician
Zoogz Rift, 57, a punk rock musician whose experimental style garnered comparisons with Captain Beefheart and Frank Zappa, died March 22 at Encino Hospital of complications from diabetes, said his partner, Laura Rift.
Rift's music "both challenges and irritates, insults and amuses," Jeff Spurrier wrote in The Times in 1985. "His songs are musical mud pies lobbed at the mainstream market, fragmentation earbombs set in often bizarre meters with arrangements that both soothe and sear."
Rift was born Robert Pawlikowski on July 10, 1953, in Paterson, N.J., but grew up in Parsippany, N.J. He moved to Los Angeles in 1977 after starting his career in the early 1970s. He played in New York punk rock clubs such as CBGB before moving to California.
His first album was 1979's "Idiots on the Miniature Golf Course." Rift recorded steadily through the 1980s.
He also was a painter and a pro wrestling personality with the Universal Wrestling Federation beginning in the 1990s. Rift had several health problems in recent years and started oil painting about 2002 after finding it increasingly difficult to play guitar, Laura Rift said.
Laura and Zoogz Rift were divorced but had reconciled years ago, she said.
Carl Bunch
Drummer for Buddy Holly
Carl Bunch, 71, a drummer for Buddy Holly and the Crickets who was in the hospital with frostbite when Holly and other members of the Winter Dance Party Tour were killed in a 1959 plane crash, died Saturday at Antelope Valley Hospital. The cause was complications from diabetes, his family said.
Bunch, then 19, thought of the tour as an audition for a permanent position with the band, he told The Times in 1993. He joined the tour weeks before the tour bus broke down Feb. 1, 1959, in a Wisconsin snowstorm, and he ended up with frostbitten feet. Holly, Ritchie Valens and J.P. "the Big Bopper" Richardson died two days later in a plane crash.
An earlier version of this article said drummer Carl Bunch, who played with Buddy Holly and the Crickets, was born in Big Springs, Texas. The town is Big Spring.
"I couldn't believe it," Bunch said in The Times interview. "I couldn't see Ritchie dead. We had become close."
Bunch rejoined the tour for its final days and then joined the Army. He later played for a time with Roy Orbison and Hank Williams Jr.
Born Nov. 24, 1939, in Big Spring, Texas, Bunch took up the drums as a teenager to help recover from leg surgery.
In the 1980s, he earned degrees in theology, biblical counseling and psychotheology from Friends International Christian University in Merced. He ran a Christian ministry and was a substance-abuse counselor before poor health led him to retire in the early 1990s.
A father of three, he was married to his wife, Dorothy, for 44 years.
In 2000, Bunch played drums in a re-creation of the 1959 tour and signed autographs as "the Frostbitten Cricket."
David E. Davis Jr.
Founder of Automobile magazine
David E. Davis Jr., 80, the founder of Automobile magazine who was widely considered the dean of automobile critics, died Sunday at a hospital in Ann Arbor, Mich., of complications from bladder cancer surgery.
Davis had twice been editor of Car and Driver when he split from the magazine in 1985 and started Automobile the next year with financial backing from media mogul Rupert Murdoch.
The magazine was aimed at auto buyers "with cash for upscale, trendy cars … who like their reading material — even in a car magazine — to be literate, stylish and, yes, trendy," the Miami Herald said in 1986.
Born in 1930 in Burnside, Ky., Davis developed an enthusiasm for cars at 14 after a neighbor gave him a ride in a DKW Roadster.
After briefly studying at Olivet College in Michigan, he sold Volkswagens and men's clothing.
He tried auto racing but rolled an MG at a Sacramento track in 1955 and had to undergo 18 months of reconstructive surgery.
Turning to publishing, Davis sold advertising for Road & Track magazine and wrote automotive copy for a Detroit firm. By 1962, he was writing for Car and Driver and was soon the magazine's editor and publisher.
Many of his Car and Driver columns were reprinted in "Thus Spake David E: The Collected Wit and Wisdom of the Most Influential Automotive Journalist of Our Time" (1999).
James Pritchett, an actor who played Matt Powers on the NBC soap opera "The Doctors" from 1963 to 1982 and won an Emmy for the role in 1978, died March 15 at his home in New York, his family announced without giving the cause. He was 88.
James M. Roberts, a longtime executive with the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, including 18 years as executive director, died Monday of emphysema at his home in Rancho Bernardo, Calif., the academy announced. He was 87.
Pat Rowe, former longtime spokeswoman for the National Weather Service in Los Angeles, died Saturday at Sherman Oaks Health & Rehab of complications from a fall in December, her family said. She was 82.
— Los Angeles Times staff and wire reports


text:
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