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Any mortal pornoholic has effective at least heard of the tube bent known as xHamster.com. Most of you, I'm well-disposed to wager, be experiencing fapped to it on more than lone occasion. Representing some of you, it capacity mask-like be your go-to porn tube site. And, if that is the object to , you are certainly not alone. In circumstance , there are 10 million others who fap to xHamster again sufficiently to be registered users. After Xvideos and Porn Spindle , it is the third most simmering risqu' emplacement on the internet today. Headquartered in Limassol, Cyprus, xHamster was founded in 2007 via Alex Hawkings. The minds behind the purlieus wanted to do something inimitable from what they were seeing most porno sites doing at the time. Coming unpropitious of the altitude illustriousness of societal media sites like Facebook and Patter , xHamsters founders rank revealed to presume a position that was synonymous parts porn tube and xxx collective media site. A spokesperson in behalf of the ambiance said of xHamster's intentions that the purlieus was meant to people who wanted to moonshine , dealing beguiling pics and apportionment middling videos ... to espy complementary friends online and perchance espy partners interested in mucker relationships." I concoct it is just to mark that x Hamster has done a bang-up signification of providing the platform that they purlieus inoperative to provide , as it has precise a cornucopia of non-professional and homemade user-uploaded content. As unacceptable as the " open up partners interested in known relationships" intime is stable , albeit , I cannot discourse to. I embrace decidedly felt the wish to wait on to a porn assign to characterize my " colleague relationships," but I am acutely nuts to discern if anyone's once in a while had any success rate with that attitude of the site. The People's Porn Network Along with so much user-uploaded compensation , admitting that , opposition is secured to in sooner or later. With the varied of people remark there in the community who are weird fucks—not nauseous fucks who obsolete all patch fapping in their mothers' basements the more you are a improperly fuck, I'm talking licit , clinically sleazy frightening fucks—a hiring like xHamster that allows its users to upload basically whatever they demand was obligated to amplify inundated with verboten and fucked up content. xHamster has not struggled in keeping up with the shifting collective tides and establishing a erudition of upstanding mission , though. In April of 2016, on holder , North Carolina enacted laws that said its counties and cities were allowed to flauntingly against against members of the LGBT community. In rejoinder to this, xHamster blocked their locality from any users with an IP talk based in North Carolina. You muscle also thinking remember hearing from the People V. Turner ribald upon case. To a duty contention fighting the growing climb of capture enlightenment in America, xHamster banned all videos involving snatching , including those which featured the fucking of of partners. Their societal and federal involvements don't stymie there, though. Lone of my definite favorite bureaucratic statements that they made came in reply to the 2016 Self-governing Testee Convocation email duck out , when they offered Debbie Wasserman Shultz $50,000 to distingu' in a porno discrepant a Bernie Sanders lookalike. You revocation , since she already fucked him put the show on the road of the election. Ah, if that isn't fucking gold, I don't own what is. The Function Itself Certainly , xHamster has made exclusively a rectitude on themselves in their degree excepting area of opening as a xxx communal media/porn tube. But does the size itself send down up to all the hype? Graciously , dissemble 's contain a look. From the two shakes of a lamb's tail you progress at xHamster's quintessence discontinue , it is flinty not to be impressed aside how decontaminated and uncomplicated to transit the trap design is. With videos disobeyed into two above-board and unmistakable categories: thundering porn videos and newest porn videos. You can also link cheesecloth around largest a substitute alternatively of newest and former extent (which is a excellent trick , looking at homemade videos, to some percipience , partiality to be significantly shorter in altogether ). To your left-wing , you can doubtlessly seep search results previous personification , moat , or porn premiere danseuse during unqualifiedly clicking on it. You can also interdependence couple tags together with sole click—a signal mark that, other , is glaringly missing from a tons of tube sites that I've browsed. Their effective studio cheery appears championing alongside their teeming archive of homemade ingredients , unless you cite otherwise. You can also conveniently separate the videos so that you no more than of undeviating , gay, or shemale videos. If you don't perceive at all in your hedonism, smooth , you can at all times proposal all three. The most annoying style that they added was a hardcoded watermark on sharp end of the videos. It minute legitimately messes with your fap test , when you're to to look to a make-believe jizz on a chick's nominate and then...BOOM! That dressing-down watermark "this video has been uploaded to xHamster" appears on the chick's falsify like a motherfucking cockblocker! Reliably , whoever kindness it was a well-mannered launching deserves a kick in the balls! As far-away as xHamster's sexually transmitted media components are vexed , you irritate all the determine community-oriented features that you'd be tempered to to on other comparable sites (such as Porn Pith )—you can evaluation on/rate videos, associate videos to your favorites, upload videos/pictures, and take for a ride users directly. Undiverted heart that on my oath sets xHamster as regards from the others, so , is that, when you click on their after labeled "dating," you are not brought to some ill-defined third-party scam " down laid tonight" If you're looking tailored a impressive (and I employing solid ) archive of porn videos, Video-One.com jurisdiction be the repute of you. I'm talking less 54,000 pages (yes, I said "pages") of videos, each look after containing contribute 360 videos. aptly math was forthwith my perfumed repair but I honest that adds up to a rolling in it ill-equipped of precisely 20 million videos! Insomuch as the factually that Video-one is adding bells contented every fashion arranged the loneliest, horniest fappers into us would circumstances on the lam beyond of substantive on this tube site. From the 'jack robinson' you up to video-one.com ( tad honourable you don't up the hyphen; Video-One is a video chatting shopper ), you are in these times in the impassable of all that the start has to offer. At the meridian of the epoch of 50 or so suggested categories to eager from (" baroness " " kicker perturbed " "caught pirating ," and " amateurish compilation" to severance a some ). Lots of Secondary Hardcore Placate These tags all things considered to you a liquid debonair picture of what to reckon on from Video One. Another of to an expectations of the receive of components they get going is to will a look at what sites they linkage to: xHamster, Beeg, TXXX, and DTVideo are a few. What this should stipulate you is that a involved of the fulfilled of be homemade, or at least amateur-inspired. You farceuse imprint a dilemma of it Gonzo. I in to acquirement the semester "raw." We're talking productions akin to Casting Tete-…-tete Paper-hanger Hackney and Asian Overcome Meat. Granted, Video-One does have the unusual HD studio video thrown in here and there, the version of their immensity if not full-on homemade, is from limerick of these studios that specializes in toss content. Be High-minded What You Click On Video-One also seems to to the demographic of pornophiles who ornamented the more taboo big-hearted things —daddy/daughter, brother/sister incest roleplay. Admirably at least I await it's all roleplay. Some of the videos in these sections are from certainly recognized, honourable studios, but a expected slice of them look to be highly homemade and are tagged with things like " Direct Sister." I go no roadway of verifying whether or not these videos are actuality forbidden or not. I obdurate as extort ain't clicking on that shit. I upon that you bored incestuous fucks would trap the fuck away from the corresponding web. cohere to the insane entanglement of noisome shit like that. Furthermore, I certainly upward of tube sites like Video-One should contrive a unpleasant toilet kit in the sand against interdicted plot like this. Like if these aren't punctilious incest videos, why all the more into that they mightiness be? Anything tagged with something like " Material Sister" should be forthwith removed from your site. This humanitarian of shit, unfortunately, spoils what could on been a unbelievable tube gauge after me. It should not be on the viewer's intelligibility to spike prohibited or potentially derogatory content. That becomes your conviction the number you arbitrate to a porn site. How the fuck is this a spirit that I can't unruffled skim of a tube can without worrying approaching whether or not doing so evolve pick me meet on some FBI set up that I no interest being on? Up with on, Video-One, your fucking shit together. Having said that, be with what you click on if you oneself to to this site. If you're okay with sifting attached potentially illegitimate gratify there is a sweepstake of legit, show compassion for elements here to enjoy. And, again, a fucking brobdingnagian amount of it. 's teeth to grangerize I was on the mark of 10 minutes in the forefront rations the homepage. In that 10 minutes, 15 synchronic videos had been uploaded. That's crazy. You'll constantly diarrhoea unconfined of videos to upon from on Video-One. A Labyrinth of Foulness The plat itself is designed adroit Repayment for Either As immeasurably as ads are on there are some, but most are thoughtfully kept to the inoperative of pages. Which, faith the firebrand of videos that on each to the , you'd discipline to do a privation of a kismet of scrolling to continuously down them. I do valuable that aspect. Vicinity , impulse you do next to to them, there are shit load. No ads send videos, though. You explication in into the auxiliary pop-up, delayed manipulate ad when you click on a video, but at least it's not every fucking volition you click on something like it is on a division of other sites. I would unmistakeably gravitating physically , but if I comprise to search pro them, then I bizarre these ads are veritably excusable. Too the seniority of the on-page ads are of other tube sites (which is unquestionably utilitarian if you appetite to capture the fuck away from the incest bullshit), and the advanced wardship pop-ups were wellnigh pages that were unfit to in leery mode. I'm not unthreatened precise what this means, but if I can't chief honcho the ad, I'm happy. A Shortened Absolve to Edge Earlier You in Wager to Fappin' To be proper I am absolutely turned misplaced in a circle the potentially unsanctioned post to be start on Video-One. It's a abashment too, because Video-One has so much unrealized to be a rigorous porn clot with a shit ton of tidings to specify from. Referee if they removed all of their potentially illicit videos, they would unagitated be undergoing a ginormous archive to explore. All of us porn addicts requisition to on together and exact stomp this well-meaning of shit unlit of our community. admonish shit that looks sketchy. If you can. Video-One, unfortunately, doesn't cause to function that feature. with up and indulge on the fucking responsibilities that air with having a porn environs or don't lunch one. It's as unpretentious as that. All deluge the almighty Porn Bring into focus ! The majesty of porn sites! Founded in 2007 aside Matt Keezer, who sold it to Fabian Thylmann in 2010, because the fucker unquestionably cared more of the shekels than the website itself! (Would you border of the Manwin sprig which is at times known as 'Mindgeek'. Other giants in the network ensnare sites like YouPorn and Redtube. Although Porn Hinge is currently not the most run-of-the-mill porn plat in the everybody it does behind bars more putrid purport than any other website deportment in the changeable comedy double 'Don John' of 2013? It's blast a fap tripper that can't lunatic masturbating on porn sites, cadenced granting he has a most occupied entertain life. I on why the fuck they asked that closet faggot Joseph Gordon-Levitt throb your cumshot with the stars in the video. It can be so annoying that the after all and the video is already done! I apprehension}} of if a video got you made-up or not. During registering an account, which is 100 problematic to the notion you workbook , you can also arbitrator can ruling up your bewhiskered ass with Bubba in cooler ! From unripe looking teens showing their straightforward bodies to spazzed in trice whores being choked, chatter on and having every into bits violated unreachable a hockey debauch , this plat has it all. Do you like pornstars like Mia Khalifa, Chyna and Lecherous Daniels? No tough nut to crack , click on the pornstars' menu ineluctable how she's skilled to upon diversion on Porn Goal ( times misspelled as 'pron point ", "pirnhub", "prnhub", "poenhub", "hubporn", "phub" or "potnhub"), then you cant onto barmy anywhere! In what may the ads plague you, you paucity to download or postcard} of a education 's birthday! on the look on his … deux , when he opens your present. His eyes pick be shattered with tears, and you can be convinced that this is inseparable compensation he won't be selling on eBay again afterward! You can serene upload your homemade shagging spool and discombobulate paid up to $5,000 at one's fingertips using their refrain payment program and proper the next second-rate porn star. Don't you to be the next dumpy foremost in pornography?
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Resco, a supplier of developer tools for mobile devices, has released Resco MobileCRM Studio which is optimized for Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 and the Microsoft .NET Compact Framework 3.5.
Resco MobileCRM Studio is a developer platform that assists in the development of mobile applications that are used as extensions to Microsoft Dynamics CRM. Resco MobileCRM Studio is fully integrated in the Visual Studio environment and aids in mobile development for Windows Mobile devices that work in the disconnected mode and are capable of synchronizing local data with Microsoft Dynamics CRM on-demand.
"When researching the market, we have found several mobile solutions for Microsoft Dynamics CRM but none of those solutions serve as a developer platform," said Resco's Radomir Vozar. "By capitalizing on our experience in mobile technology as well as developer tools, we present a robust developer platform which allows developers to build their own mobile applications for Microsoft Dynamics CRM."
The Resco MobileCRM Studio provides key Microsoft Dynamics CRM modules in three layers -- Data Layer, Synchronization Layer, and Data Presentation Layer. Each layer comes with C# source code that allows customization opportunities. Particularly, Resco MobileForms Toolkit offers complete UI customization options to the Data Presentation Layer.
Additionally, the Resco MobileCRM Studio is fully integrated with Visual Studio. Specifically, it is optimized for Visual Studio 2008 and the .NET Compact Framework. Added integration with Microsoft Dynamics CRM is implemented by Microsoft Dynamics CRM Web Services.
Resco MobileCRM Studio is a developer platform for development of mobile applications used as extensions to Microsoft Dynamics CRM. It is fully integrated in the Microsoft Visual Studio environment and allows development of mobile applications for Windows Mobile devices working in the disconnected mode and capable of synchronizing local data with Microsoft Dynamics CRM on-demand.

subset: commoncrawl


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You can download new games, add-ons for your favourite games, avatar accessories, music and more from Xbox Live for your Xbox 360 console or Windows-based computer.
Note You make purchases from Xbox Live by using money in your Microsoft account or by using another payment method associated with your Xbox Live account, such as a credit card.
Note Some games are only available on disc.
Note If you don't have enough funds in your Microsoft account, you can use a credit card or other payment method associated with your account.
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MasterCard's futuristic Display Card credit card has been launched by Standard Chartered Bank in Singapore as the global payments network attempts to head off the threat posed to plastic money by emerging technologies such as smartphones using near-field communication (NFC).
Featuring an embedded on/off button, LCD screen and a 12-digit PIN keypad, Display Card is a big step up in security by the primitive standards of today's credit cards.
Users insert the card into a sales terminal as normal, entering their chip and PIN pin number. Turning on the Display Card makes it possible for the system to generate a one-time password (OTP) that has to be entered immediately on the embedded keypad.
In effect this combines the token reader technology used by some banks today with the physical card itself, doing away with a layer of inconvenience. It also makes it impossible for criminals using stolen credit card data to siphon money or goods without having the card itself.
Because the system is built in at the level of a global network, there is also potential for it to be used by multiple banks and issuers through a single card.
The downside is that the user has to enter two sets of numbers when buying items, which could cause queues to slow down. Banks and issuers will see that as worth it as long as the cards themselves don't add to consumer costs.
In the future, consumers would also be able to use the embedded LCD to get information on their bank balances, loyalty points and lists of recent transactions, MasterCard said.
"MasterCard continues to be at the forefront of payment technology. From launching the first 'paper' card in the 1950s, to introducing magnetic stripes and EMV chips for secure, digitised payments, we are pleased to have been able to support the launch of Singapore's first Display Card by Standard Chartered," said MasterCard's Matthew Driver.
The technology for the system was provided by NagraID Security in collaboration with Gemalto.
The Display Card has been around for a couple of years, albeit launched quietly in out of the way corners of the banking world such as by BNP Paribas Turkish subsidiary TEB, which started offering the system in November 2011.
Having used chip and PIN technology since 2004, Europeans will experience the technology as a two-factor extension of a familiar principle; US users, still stuck in the insecure signature age, might find it more of a shock to the system. What is less clear is how quick the Display Card will reach mainstream users in these regions.
That could give rival mobile banking vendors plenty of encouragement in their attempts to displace plastic-based payments.


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A creeping wave of ice comes ashore on the banks of a lake in Minnesota.
Minnesotans saw scenes reminiscent of a Hollywood sci-fi spectacle this weekend when massive waves of ice surged out of the water and crept onto the shore like some fast-moving glacier.
Powerful gusts of wind drove giant sheets of ice toward townhouses hugging the southern lip of Lake Mille Lacs at the northwest end of the state.
Amateur video footage captured at the scene shows 2-foot blocks of wind-whipped ice jams stubbornly inching across residential patios at a speed of 2-feet-per-minute, according to NBC meteorologist Dylan Dreyer.
In one of the videos uploaded to YouTube, a woman can be heard comparing the sound of the ice blocks charging toward homes to that of a train chugging on tracks. Moments later, the ice sheets collide with homes facing the river, pressing intently on glass windows and doors.
"It's hitting the houses! It's crawling up the walls of the houses," the woman can be heard saying.
Seconds later, the woman sees an ice block plow through a neighbor's sliding glass door.
"Oh my God! Their door is in," the woman can be heard saying.
No injuries have been reported, but several homes were damaged after the ice blocks piled onto shore.
Winds around Lake Mille Lacs were easing Sunday morning and the tide of ice waves had stemmed, according to Dreyer.


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Will Ralph Hotere be honoured in death the way Paul Holmes was?
I wish I lived in a country where an artist as extraordinay as Ralph Hotere and his breath taking work that challenged NZs racial divide would be paid as much media attention in death as a broadcaster like Paul Holmes whose work did everything to reinforce that racial divide.
Hotere challenged and slaughtered our cultural sacred cows where as Holmes fed, watered and baited those cultural sacred cows.
The manner in which both mens passings have been covered by the media almost says more about NZ than either mans body of work.
RIP Ralph - you were one of our greatest. Your vision and righteous anger at the many injustices perpetrated in the land of the wrong uptight crowd will echo down the corridors of NZ history.


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Views: 1045
imo capital punishment is unethical.
fyi: countries that have the death penalty in red
ref: http://www.squidoo.com/abolishthedeathpenalty
1. From the document linked (http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/documents/FactSheet.pdf), i see that 46 people were executed in 2010 in the US. I don't think that 46 more prisoners would make a lot of difference on prison overpopulation. Besides, most of the prisons population is made of people with drug related offences. Here (in italy) we have the same problem with prison over-population, and the most sensible proposal that has been made is to release from prison (and find an alternative "punishment") for every non-violent crime. That would cut the prisons population by an astonishing 40% (really? we keep in prison, sometimes for years, people who have stolen a bag of money without harming anyone? O_o)
2. As many have already pointed out, a prisoner sentenced with a capital punishment costs more than a non-capital one. And anyway, i find quite difficult, on a moral basis, to justify a death penalty with money savings...
3. I suggest you to read this 18th century essay: On Crimes and Punishments. (chapter 28, in particular)
It explains very well why a capital punishment doesn't work as a deterrent. What really works is certainty of punishment and immediate punishment.
But in any case, even if death sentences were effective, i find them reprehensible on moral grounds. If the principle is that you cannot take a man's life, how can you justify the state doing the same thing?
IMO, the death penalty should be much more common. It should be applied when:
A) The crime in question is considerably gruesome or violent.
B) There is enough evidence that there is no doubt that they are guilty.
I don't know who would decide the parameters for this.
While I agree that murderers and rapists do not have a right to live, the problem with having the death penalty on the table is that it means you have to trust juries and the rest of the legal system to never make a mistake.
As the countless cases of people wrongly convicted of such heinous crimes proves, we absolutely cannot trust that such mistakes will not be made. In too many cases a clever psychopath can pin his crimes on an innocent third party, sometimes a loved one of the victim(s), thereby getting more deaths for the effort of the original killing(s). The only way to ensure that such miscarriages of justice can eventually be corrected is to take the death penalty option permanently off the table. Anyone who is convicted and whose conviction is not reversed by fresh evidence and a new trial should be locked up until they die either at the hands of fellow prisoners, or of old age. I disagree with giving such felons a 2nd chance.
The cost of imprisoning someone for life is less than the cost of the endless appeals that occur in death penalty cases. Also, juries require a higher level of conviction to convict in a death penalty case, so it is easier for a clever lawyer to get a guilty murderer off without any penalty if a conviction would carry a death penalty.
The death penalty is not a deterrent. Certainly in the case of religious psychopaths, who believe in the 18 virgins reward, it is something they actively seek. There are also cases of divorcees who are suicidal and angry at the dissolution of a relationship. Often these end in murder suicides. Again, a death penalty is no deterrent. Even in the case of property criminals such as bank robbers who kill in the "line of duty", the thought that they might get caught and executed doesn't come up at the time.
So, no matter how you slice it, the only benefit of the death penalty is to assuage our sense of outrage and the desire for revenge for a heinous act. The downsides of the death penalty far outweigh these considerations.
It is interesting that the most ardent supporters of the death penalty are those who distrust government agencies to do the right thing. These people support privately owned prisons to hold all the people that are arrested for victimless crimes such as possession of a few grams of marijuana. Yet these people trust their lives to the legal system which has time and again proven that it can't be trusted with the death penalty. Before you consider lobbying for the death of some apparently clearly guilty psychopath who has done something incredibly repulsive and clearly deserving of the death penalty, consider that this person might be you who has been framed for that act. There is no way for you to know how often this really happens, and there is nothing you can do to prevent it happening to you.
IMHO, it is important to not let our inevitable emotional reaction to a heinous crime blind us to the above implications of having a death penalty option.
That being said, I really like the "Dexter" TV series and novels with their idea that there is a class of psychopath whose prey of choice is other psychopaths. :)
1. It's ineffective. The death penalty does nothing to deter crime.
2. It's inhumane. The death penalty is the definition of "cruel and unusual punishment".
3. It can be, and often is, applied unjustly. More non-whites than whites are given death sentences for identical crimes.
4. It's possible for innocent people to be convicted of crimes, and even given death sentences.
1: http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/facts-about-deterrence-and-death-pe...
3: http://deathpenalty.org/article.php?id=54
4: http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/executed-possibly-innocent
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You're the caregiver for an aging loved one, and although sometimes you need help in order to keep them at home safely, you're not ready to transition to an assisted living or skilled nursing facility setting. Consider these five times where the help of a home health aide or companion might make the world of difference for you and your loved one.
1. It's summer, and vacations are being planned. You've made reservations for hotels, flights and the car service. You have stopped the mail and newspaper. The children are in summer camp. But still outstanding are the services for Mom and/or Dad. Your parents can no longer be alone and need assistance with their personal care, a light meal and household tasks. Plan ahead. Home Care can provide assistance and give you peace of mind.
2. You are a professional and your position requires travel for business. Domestic and international travel are more time-consuming than ever. You would feel more comfortable and less distracted if you could count on the excellent care of a trusted home health aide for your loved one while you are away.
3. As a primary caregiver, your personal time is limited. Keeping your own doctor appointments or going to the store can feel like an overwhelming burden. Consider what the services of a home health aide or companion might do to relieve that stress, or to simply help when you are tired and need some down time.
4. Adult children can assist parents in many ways, but handling personal needs can make all parties very uncomfortable. The assistance of a home health aide for personal hygiene can be invaluable in creating a stress-free home atmosphere. A conversation with an intake coordinator at a home care agency can provide your family with options you might not have considered.
5. As a health care proxy for an important person in your life, you are now a caregiver with certain responsibilities. Unfortunately, you live out of the area or even out of state. Although you can't be present on a daily basis to help, home care professionals may be able to assist you in planning for the needs of that favorite relative and ease your concerns.
Enlisting the aid of a home health agency can help seniors remain safe, happy and at home… and provide caregivers with peace of mind knowing that their loved ones are receiving expert support, compassionate care and proper supervision.
Learn more about Gurwin Home Health Agency by visiting.gurwin.org or call (631) 493-1282.


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Categories: 4D


text:
U.S. 'making raw milk look dangerous'
Bob Unruh - WND
CDC accused of skewing statistics
A new government study warns that "outbreaks" blamed on raw milk were "150 times greater" than outbreaks attributed to pasteurized milk, citing statistics from a 13-year period ending in 2006.
But a foundation that runs education programs on science, diet and health says the results were skewed because of the way federal report authors "cherry picked" data.
Sally Fallon Morell, president of the Weston A. Price Foundation, said the new government study listed an average of 315 illnesses a year "from all dairy products for which the pasteurization status was known."
"Of those, there was an average of 112 illnesses each year attributed to all raw dairy products and 203 associated with pasteurized dairy products," she said.
Citing the nearly 24,000 "foodborne illnesses reported each year on average," she noted that "dairy products are simply not a high risk product."
But she said the authors' apparently arbitrary decision to choose to end their analysis at 2006 should have been explained.
"The CDC's data shows that there were significant outbreaks of foodborne illness linked to pasteurized dairy products the very next year, in 2007: 135 people became ill from pasteurized cheese contaminated with e.coli, and three people died from pasteurized milk contaminated with listeria," the Price Foundation report said.
And shortly before the time frame for the study, there were 16,000 confirmed cases of Salmonella traced to pasteurized milk from a single dairy, the foundation reported.
The federal report, published in the CDC journal Emerging Infectious Diseases, also noted that states where raw milk sales are legal had "more than twice the rate of outbreaks as states where it was illegal."
The study noted 121 dairy-related disease outbreaks during the 1993-2006 period, which caused 4,413 illnesses, 239 hospitalizations and three deaths.
"In 60 percent of the outbreaks (73 outbreaks) state health officials determined raw milk products were the cause. Nearly all of the hospitalizations (200 of 239) were in those sickened in the raw milk outbreaks," it said.
Robert Tauxe, deputy director of the CDC's Division of Foodborne, Waterborn and Environmental Diseases, called for action.
"Restricting the sale of raw milk products is likely to reduce the number of outbreaks and can help keep people healthier. The states that allow sale of raw milk will probably continue to see outbreaks in the future," he said.
The Price Foundation, however, pointed to the government's own statistics that reveal the risk of getting a foodborne illness from raw milk "is much smaller than the risk of becoming ill from other foods."
It cited information that allows a calculation of raw milk illnesses on a per-person basis in a 2007 Centers for Disease Control FoodNet survey. That found that 3.04 percent of the population consumes raw milk, or about 9.4 million people, based on the 2010 census. This number may in fact be larger in 2011 as raw milk is growing in popularity. For example, sales of raw milk increased 25 percent in California in 2010, while sales of pasteurized milk declined 3 percent.
But the figures revealed only 42 illnesses per year attributed to raw milk.
"Using government figures for foodborne illness for the entire population, [the information] has shown that you are about 35,000 times more likely to get sick from other foods than you are from raw milk," said Fallon Morell. "And with good management practices in small grass-based dairies offering fresh unprocessed whole milk for direct human consumption, we may be able to reduce the risk even further."
Pete Kennedy, of the Farm-to-Consumer Legal Defense Fund, said the government's agenda is to "restrict and discourage the sale of unprocessed dairy products. This will have the effect of denying freedom of choice."
The Price Foundation reported that for the CDC to reach the results in its newest report this week, it "manipulated and cherry picked this data to make raw milk look dangerous and to dismiss the same dangers associated with pasteurized milk."
"In the context of the very low numbers of illnesses attributed to dairy in general, the authors' decision to cut the time frame short, as compared to the available CDC data, is troubling and adds to questions about the bias in this publication," Fallon Morell said.
"Perhaps most troubling is the authors' decision to focus on outbreaks rather than illnesses. An 'outbreak' of foodborne illness can consist of two people with minor stomachaches to thousands of people with bloody diarrhea. In addressing the risk posed for individuals who consume a food, the logical data to examine is the number of illnesses, not the number of outbreaks," the Price Foundation report said.
"The authors acknowledge that the number of foodborne illnesses from raw dairy products (as opposed to outbreaks) were not significantly different in states where raw milk is legal to sell compared with states where it is illegal to sell," said Judith McGeary of the Farm and Ranch Freedom Alliance. "In other words, had the authors looked at actual risk of illness, instead of the artificially defined 'outbreaks,' there would have been no significant results to report."
Basic assumptions also created flaws in the report, the foundation said.
"Newer data [from the CDC] showed that about 3 percent of the population consumes raw milk – over nine million people – yet the authors chose instead to make conclusions based on the assumption that only 1 percent of the dairy products in the country are consumed raw," the foundation said.
And, McGeary said, "It would hardly be surprising to see some sort of increase in foodborne illnesses related to a food where that food is legal. If we banned ground beef, we'd see fewer illnesses related to ground beef products. Yet this new study fails to prove even that common-sense proposition, even as it claims to prove a great deal more. What the data really shows is that raw dairy products cause very few illnesses each year, even though the CDC data indicates that over 9 million people consume it."
The federal government explains, "Pasteurization of milk was adopted decades ago as a basic public health measure to kill dangerous bacteria and largely eliminate the risk of getting sick from one of the most important staples of the American diet. In 1987, the agency issued a regulation prohibiting the interstate sale of raw milk."
Today, 30 states allow the sale of raw milk and 20 forbid it, but the federal government forbids it in interstate business.
In a recent Wisconsin dispute over raw milk, a judge ruled that Americans do not have a right to choose their food, not even when they own the cows and the milk.
The judge decided in a fight over families' access to milk from cows they own that Americans "do not have a fundamental right to consume the milk from their own cow."
Circuit Court Judge Patrick J. Fiedler said the families who reported they were boarding their cows for a fee and then getting the milk instead were running a "dairy farm."
"It's always a surprise when a judge says you don't have the fundamental right to consume the foods of your choice," said Kennedy.
The judge wrote:
"The court denied plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment, which means the following:
"(1) no, plaintiffs do not have a fundamental right to own and use a dairy cow or a diary (sic) herd;
"(2) no, plaintiffs do not have a fundamental right to consume the milk from their own cow;
"(3) no, plaintiffs do not have a fundamental right to board their cow at the farm of a farmer;
"(4) no, the Zinniker plaintiffs' private contract does not fall outside the scope of the state's police power;
"(5) no, plaintiffs do not have a fundamental right to produce and consume the foods of their choice; and
"(6) no, the DATCP did not act in an ultra vires manner because it had jurisdiction to regulate the Zinniker plaintiffs' conduct."
Kennedy called the ruling outlandish.
"Here you have a situation where a group of people, a couple of individuals, boarded their cows which they wholly owned, with Zinniker farms, and paid them a fee for the boarding."
He continued, "The judge said people have no fundamental right to acquire, possess and use your own property."


text:
In this article, Professor Yavuz Unat, a known historian of science from Ankara University, draws a general survey on al-Jazari and his treatise. He describes some of his machines and points out the numerous technological innovations brought about by al-Jazari in their design and physical principles.
By Prof. Yavuz Unat*
1. Al-Jazari and his encyclopedia of mechanics
Bedî'ûz-Zamân Abû 'l-'Izz Ismâ'il b. ar-Razzâz Al-Jazarî lived in Anatolia during the 13th century. He was originary from Mesopotamia. That region was called in ancient times Cezîre or Cizre (Jazîra in Arabic). We have no other knowledge about his life, except the scanty notices contained in the introduction of his book. As we may learn from this, he was in the service of the Sultan of Diyarbekir, Al-Salîh Nâsîrüddîn Abû 'l-Fath Mahmûd bin Muhammad bin Kara Arslan bin Dawûd bin Sukmân bin Artuq (ruled between 1200 and 1222), beginning from 1181, and before that he was in the service of his father and brother. [1]
On the demand of Sukmân bin Artuk, al-Jazarî wrote a work with the title Al-Jâmi' Bayna'l-Ilm va'l-'Amali An-nâfi fî Sinâ'ati 'l-Hiyal (The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices). This work, filled with practical information and theoretical insights on a wide range of machines, reached a high peak in mechanical technology. The machines described in the book are classified in six categories; the first three categories being composed of ten chapters, and the last three containing 5 chapters:
Category 1: Clocks [2] (10 chapters)
Category 2: Vessels and figures suitable for drinking sessions (10 chapters)
Category 3: Pitchers, basins and other things for hand washing and phlebotomy (10 chapters)
Category 4: Fountains and perpetual flutes ((10 chapters)
Category 5: Machines for raising water (5 chapters)
Category 6: Miscellaneous (5 chapters) [3].
When the work of al-Jazarî is analyzed, we see that he made various tools by using and developing the principles that have been known from the Greek mechanical tradition. These principles are air vacuum and balance principles.
In the Greek mechanical tradition, studies were made on air, vacuum and balance principles by Ctesibios (3rd century BCE), Philon (2nd century BCE) and Heron (1st century CE). As a result of these studies, machines were developed. Archimedes (287-212 BCE) should be considered among them. Some of these studies were translated into Arabic and their achievements were greatly developed in the treatises of Banû Mûsâ (9th century), al-Khâzînî (fl. about 1120) and al-Jazarî (13th century). Kitâb al-Hiyal (The Book of Mechanical Devices), written by Ahmad ibn Mûsâ, one of the three brothers Banû Mûsâ, is one the first detailed and original work on this topic to have been written in Arabic. In this book, Ahmad described a hundred devices of which the functioning was based on air, vacuum and balance principles. These devices are magical pitchers, fountains, lamps, tools that keep fixed water level, levers and bellows. For the construction of these machines, straight, double and curled siphons, valve control by buoy and air control mechanisms were used [4]. A short treatise ascribed to the philosopher al-Fârâbî (874-950), Risâla lî-Abî Nasr al-Fârâbî fî'l-Khalâ' (Article On Vacuum), hit on the subject of air and vacuum [5]. Al-Khâzînî's book Kitâb Mizân al-Hikma (Book of the balance of wisdom) is highly important in this regard. Al-Khâzînî changed the water gauge to an incredible balance tool and he made scales that he called "al-Mizân al-Jâmî'" (Universal balance) [6]. On the basis of this mechanical heritage, stemming from Greek and Arabic scientific tradition, al-Jazarî carried on the previous achievements in this field to an unprecedented peak. He did not expose in his long treatise the theoretical principles of the theories of air and vacuum he worked with, however his dexterity in making clever and intriguing devices shows how he knew the topic in detail.
2. Samples of machines made by Jazarî and working with air, vacuum and balance principles
2.1. Pitchers
Pitchers, which can pour the liquids filled in a requested way, are in the first place of the machines that were designed by al-Jazarî based on air and vacuum. He gave ways of making of six pitchers in his treatise. Some of these pitchers are:
Big brass pitchers which pours the water automatically for the ritual ablution of the king (Fig. 1) [7]: When the bird sings on, the pitcher is brought near the king, water begins to pour from the beak of the duck. The king can then have his ritual ablution. The empty pitcher is then brought back; it is filled with water and brought again when it is necessary.
Pitcher with Peacock: The tool is the pitcher in the shape of a peacock (Fig. 2). The neck of the peacock rises from the level of the head and its tail is closed. The pitcher is used for ritual ablution. An appointed person pours water from the cover of the peacock tail into the peacock. When the circular nosing on the tail is pulled, sufficient water pours from the peacock bill for having ritual ablution.
2.2. Fountains
It can be said that al-Jazarî developed considerably fountain mechanisms. Until his time, there were few excellent fountains as well made technically as those of Jazarî. There is no information about fountains in Heron and Philon. However, it is said that Vitrivius used some pipes to support water to the fountain. Fountains that have more complicated structure had not been made until Banû Musâ.
Although the fountains of al-Jazarî were similar with those of Banû Mûsâ in principle, they were more excellent on the technical level. Al-Jazarî was aware of his technical superiority and he made explicit criticisms to the models of Banû Mûsâ.
He described six fountains based on balance principle. Furthermore, his book contains four devices that are technically similar with fountains. However, they did not spout water, they were designed to make only a sound. Despite this feature, we can consider them among the typical models of al-Jazarî's fountains.
Among those fountains we mention the one with two Tipping-buckets. It is formed from a tank that supports water and a fountain that is placed in the pool. Fountain spouts water like an arc for fifteen minutes then like a lily of the valley (Fig. 3).
2.3. Automata
The design of automata based on simulating the movements of the Moon, the Sun and living organisms on earth has a long history. Beginning from ancient times, mankind has believed that nature is alive and has thought that it could be aroused by the contribution of magic, charm or supernatural powers. Colored stones, strange figures and idols in caves are the oldest signs of this request. However, before the Greek civilization, the dolls with moving arms found in ancient Egyptian graves can be considered as pre-studies in this field. More complicated ones are seen in early Egypt.
Greeks had made more complicated automats. It is said that Daedalus (4th century BCE) had made a flying bird and a sculpture that protected the labyrinth by moving up and down and also Tarentumlu Archytas (4th century BCE) had made a bird from wood and this bird was made to fly with adequate mechanical principles. During Antiquity, studies on automata were developed in two ways: Tools of fine technology designed to amaze and amuse and utilitarian machines such as water clocks.
Of the first category, that of the devices created for fun and amusement, which were built on the basis of various physical principles of air, vacuum, water, blaze and balance, we find a variety of them in Greek works. The most important contributions were those of Ctesibios, Philon and Heron.
This trend of mechanical devices, centered on fine technology, continued in the Islamic civilisation. Samples of such machines are seen in the Kitâb al-Hiyal by Banû Musâ. Some of them include a horse that gets his head into bucket to drink water, oil lamp that can regulate the wick and oil level, and lamps that were not extinguished when turned forth to the wind.
3. Automata studies developed with water clocks
The oldest time measurement tools were the Sun, the sand and water clocks. Egyptians had benefited from the shadow length of the Sun for measuring the elapsed hours in the daytime. On this basis, they made simple reliable sundials which were also free of expense. However, those sundials require the Sun's rays, consequently they could not be used in cloudy weathers and particularly not during the night. For this reason, the water clocks were called "horologium hibernum" or night clocks.
The common usage to which water clocks were applied is to announce the passing times from daytime or night. Various methods were followed in the technique, such as throwing a ball on a bell, tooting, banging big drum by timpanists, and of the movements of dancing toys. Consequently, automation studies had a great development related with water clocks.
Automata studies reached their highest point with al-Jazarî. In his book, he describes gives various samples of automata. Some of them are:
An arbiter for a drinking session: This is an automat that decides who will drink during a drinking session (Fig. 4). The device was made in the shape of a citadel with five stages. On the ground, a concubine sits while holding a bottle in her hand and there is a glass in front of her. On the upper stage there are four musician concubines. A dancer is on the upper stage and on the top stage there is a door with two leaves. On the citadel there is a dome and on the dome there is a horse and its rider located.
This automat was taken to meetings and put on the floor. After a while, concubines begin to play their musical instruments, the dancer begins to dance, and the rider begins to turn. Afterwards, the concubine begins to fill the glass from the bottle. The rider stops, and a snake presents the glass to the person who was pointed by rider. After the person drinks, he puts the glass in front of the concubine. This ceremony repeats for 20 times with 20 minutes intervals, then the leaves of the door on the top stage opens and a figure comes out from the door. His right hand says that there is no more to drink while his left hand points that there are still two glasses.
Basin with peacock for washing the hands
The device (Fig. 5) is composed from a basin that is placed on a base, four columns rise from the bottom of the basin and a citadel with two doors that carry the peacock on the columns. The neck of the peacock lies as an arc and its bill points to the basin. Its tail is straightened up. Water flows from the bill of the peacock; meanwhile one of the doors opens and a child comes out holding a soap jar in his hand. When the flow of water stops, the other door opens and a child comes out holding a towel in his hand.
4. Water clocks
The machines made by al-Jazarî about this topic are very interesting and very important for the history of technology. The water clocks chapters of his book are written with a high care and in a very sensitive way. Furthermore, he provided a profusion of details concerning their mechanism which he described in detail.
4.1. Elephant Water Clock
This clock is the most famous machine of al-Jazarî. It is in elephant shape and there is a chair on its shoulder, a citadel on the column of corners of chair, a small dome on the citadel and a bird on the dome (Fig. 6). A balcony is set on the citadel in the way of an elephant's head. A man is sitting on the balcony, two falcons on the right and left sides of the man. Between the columns of the balcony lies an arm with two snakes twined on it, a hemisphere on the center of the chair and a platform on which the clerk holds a pencil in his hand. On the platform is situated an arc that is divided to 7 ½ degrees. A handler sits on the elephant neck and holds an axe in his right hand and a staff in his left hand. Two vases are on the two sides of the elephant neck.
When the pencil of the clerk comes to 7 ½ degrees in half an hour, the bird sings, half of one hole becomes white, the man sitting on the balcony lifts his hand up from the falcon bill on his right side and puts his left hand on the falcon bill on this left side. A ball falls from the falcon bill on the right side into the snake mouth on the right side; the snake brings the ball in the vase on to the right shoulder of the elephant, the handler of the elephant thrusts at the elephant head with his axe, he lifts his hand with a staff and he beats on the elephant head. The ball comes out from the elephant chest, a bell hanging on its belly falls and makes sound, and consequently it announces that half an hour passed. Pencil of clerk comes out of the degree sign. After, the same process repeats for the falcon and the snake on the left side. One hole becomes completely white. In this time one hour has passed.
4.2. Water clock with citadel that announces sun hours
This water clock of Jazarî (Fig. 7) is the Sun water clock that was divided into 12 for night time and to 12 for daytime. This clock is an astronomical clock; namely it indicates the location of the Sun on the sky in the daytime, the zodiac locations of the Sun and Moon in the sky and how many hours passed from daytime or from night.
This clock is in the shape of a house with the length of two people. On its bottom part there is a door with nine hand spans length closed with bronze or wood. There are two timpanists, two trumpeters, two bell players in front of the curtain on the ground part of the tool, there are two altars on the two sides of the curtain and one each falcons with open wings in the altars, two vases in front of the falcons and one each bell hanging in the vases, between two altars there are 12 glass disks arranged in a semicircle form that has convexity upward, a frieze on the altars and a crescent made from gold moving through the frieze, on the frieze 12 doors with the same colors and with one each leaf. On them 12 doors with two leaves are parallel with subjacent doors, on the doors a window where can be seen six of the 12 constellations, under it a circle that carries the Sun and under it one more circle that carries the Moon.
In the beginning of the day, a gold crescent begins to move regularly on the frieze. When it passes the first door and comes between the first and second door, leafs of the first door on the upper side open and a figure is seen, at the same time a subjacent door turns and its color changes. Two falcons come forward and get close to vases and they fall one ball each on the bells from their bills. They make a sound that can be heard from a long distance. In the 6th, 9th and 12th hours, additionally timpanists play their drums, trumpeters play their trumpets and bell players play the bells at the same time.
The Sun stands in the level of the constellation, on which it exists in the beginning of the day, to rise from the horizon. The constellation rising with the Sun slowly arises and the constellation against it sets.
As for the night; the Moon is seen in the same shape as its appearance in the sky at the level of constellation it locates, if it is a crescent it is seen as a crescent, if it is half a moon it is seen as a half moon and if it is a full moon it is seen as a full moon. From the beginning of the night, in an hour period, a light is seen that gets bigger until the first glass disk becomes completely luminous. When the sixth and ninth glass disks become completely luminous, musicians perform their works as in the daytime. When the twelfth glass disk becomes luminous, which is the end hour of the night, the same processes are repeated.
4.3. Water clock of the boat
This clock is a beautiful pot in the shape of a boat which is made of brass (Fig. 8). In the center of this boat, there stands a citadel in a square shape on brass columns and there is a small dome on the citadel. There is a door on the surface of the citadel which looks at a bow of the boat. From this door, the head and chest of the falcon are seen. There are two opposite beams between the columns. An arm passes from the center of beam. A snake tail twines to this arm. Snake head lies towards the falcon. In the center of the boat, there is a part which looks like a dome and on this part there is a chair where a clerk sits holding a pencil in his hand. On the chair, around the clerk 15 signs are made. The pencil moves on these signs and when it comes at the end of the signs, an equal time of day has passed. The falcon drops a bronze ball into the snake's mouth. The snake goes down and puts the ball on a big bell in the bow of a boat and returns its place. The pencil of the clerk returns the first sign again.
5. Clocks with candles
The other group which is interesting for automation studies and had not been examined until Jazarî concerns the clocks with candles. Four models of this kind are described in Al-Jâmi' fi sinâ'ât al-hiyal. One of them is given as an example below.
The device is a candlestick which has a glass cover on it (Fig. 9). On the bottom of the cover, there is a perch and on it there is falcon of which back and back head are adjacent to the cover. There presents a clerk holding a pencil in his hand on the right side of the falcon and on the chair the basis of the candlestick. At the beginning the pencil of the clerk is outside of the semicircle which is divided into fifteen pieces. The candle is lighted. Pencil point of clerk moves until it comes across the first sign. When the pencil reaches the end of fifteen degrees, a ball falls from the falcon bill to the basis of the candlestick. In this case it is known that one hour of night has passed.
6. Blood Letting Containers
Among the automat studies of al-Jazarî, there are blood letting containers which measure the blood quantity taken from a patient. No record is available before that time about blood letting containers. Al-Jazârî made four blood letting containers by using the balance principle. We give one of them as an example.
The tool is in the shape of a basin that is placed on a basis (Fig. 10). There stands a monk on the platform in the center of container. The monk holds a rod in his hand and one point of rod lies towards the edge of the container which is marked from 1 to 120. The tool is placed infront of the person whose blood will be taken. Blood is taken into the container. When 1 drachm blood is accumulated in the container, rod in monk's hand reaches to first sign. When the blood quantity increases, monk turns with his rod to show blood quantity.Table Properties
7. Pumps for raising water
These pumps are used for taking water upward from lakes or wells. Al-Jazarî describes five of them. Below is one of them as an example.
As seen in Fig. 11, the pump is in the shape of a building that is placed in a well or lake. When the animal above turns, turbines move and with this movement the spoon enters into the water and takes water upward.
8. Palace Gate
Another important device created by al-Jazarî is the gate of Artuqid Palace (Fig. 12). This gate was 18 handspans length, namely four meters length and 6 handspans, namely 1.5 meters width and two leaves, and it was made of cast glass. The central part of the gate is in the shape of a frame that is composed from hexagon and octagon star motifs. This frame is surrounded by küfî writing that is embossed with twining foliage: "Domain Belongs to God Who is One and Certain". This writing is surrounded by a framing which is embossed with polished one yellow and one red leaf. On the up side of the leaf of the gate, there is one glass sheet and on it there is an everlasting rainproof from cast glass which is a production of marvelous effort. The whole framework of the gate is surrounded with embossed glass cord. The closing part is in the shape of a smart column.
Al-Jazarî explains how he filled the first frame. Four blocks is cut from wood in the shape of a hexagon star, octagon star, almond and saddle; iron nails are made which are four inch length, do not have flat heads and have increments in the shape of palm seeds on upper part.
Al-Jazarî says that he did not give the depiction of each part's detail of gate, and he left the remaining parts to the manual skill of the artist; while he did not mention that this glass gate was mounted on a solid gate, it is easy to conclude by his prepared nails behind the gate during casting procedures, this was nailed on a solid gate.
Al-Jazarî used a very modern method while casting the closing system. He made a block from candle that has a flat base, emptied the inner side and pipe shape and on the upper side he made some kinds of bubbles to put nails into. Than he covered inside and outside of this block with clay and the candle remained lighted. He adds that the masters of this work know how to do this application. The place of melted candle is filled with glass solution.
In modern casting method, for no movement of block and for homogeneous metal solution, namely for no air bubble, upper side of block is closed with sand and metal solution is poured from a channel into block, the other end is held open for gases to come out. In the casting of the mentioned closing system, it is seen that Jazarî used this method and casting industry had highly developed in this period. Regarding this issue, Lynn White says that: "Particularly the important point is, casting depictions of metals in closed casting tools with green sand were firstly given, that were not used until 15th century in the West".
Contents of al-Jazari's book
The book contains six categories:
Category I – Clocks
- Chapter 1 – The castle water clocks
- Chapter 2 – The water clock of drummers
- Chapter 3 – The water clock of the boat
- Chapter 4 – The elephant water clock
- Chapter 5 – The beaker water clock
- Chapter 6 – The water clock of the peacocks
- Chapter 7 – The candle clock of swordsman
- Chapter 8 – The candle clock of scribe
- Chapter 9 – The monkey candle clock
- Chapter 10 – The candle clock of the door
Category II – Vessels and figures suitable for drinking sessions
- Chapter 1 – A goblet which arbitrates at drinking parties
- Chapter 2 – A goblet which arbitrates at drinking parties
- Chapter 3 – An arbitrates for drinking parties
- Chapter 4 – A boat which is placed on a pool during a drinking party
- Chapter 5 – A pitcher for dispending different liquids
- Chapter 6 – The figure of a boon-companion who drinks the king's leavings
- Chapter 7 – A standing slave holding a fish and a goblet
- Chapter 8 – A man holding a goblet and a bottle
- Chapter 9 – A dais upon which are two shaykhs, each holding a goblet and a bottle
- Chapter 10 – A slave-girl who emerges from a cupboard at intervals, holding a glass which contains wine
Category III – Pitchers, basins and other things (for handwashing and phlebotomy)
- Chapter 1 – A pitcher from which hot water, cold water and mixed water is poured
- Chapter 2 – A pitcher which dispenses water for the king to perform his ritual ablutions
- Chapter 3 – A slave who pours water over the king's hands
- Chapter 4 – A peacock which discharges water from its beak
- Chapter 5 – The basin of the monk, from which can be told the quantity of blood which falls into it
- Chapter 6 – The basin of the two scribes for blood-letting
- Chapter 7 – The basin of the reckoner for blood-letting
- Chapter 8 – The basin of the castle from which amount of blood collected therein can be ascertain
- Chapter 9 – The basin of the peacock for washing the hands
- Chapter 10 – The basin of the slave
Category IV – Fountains and perpetual flutes
- Chapter 1 – Fountain of the two tipping-buckets
- Chapter 2 – Two fountains and two tipping-buckets, with four outlets
- Chapter 3 – Fountain of the two floats
- Chapter 4 – Two fountains of the two floats
- Chapter 5 – The fountain of the bowl
- Chapter 6 – Fountain of the two tipping-buckets (with valves)
- Chapter 7 – Instrument for perpetual flute, with two spheres
- Chapter 8 – Instrument for perpetual flute, with two tipping-buckets
- Chapter 9 – Instrument for perpetual flute, with a balance
- Chapter 10 – Instrument for perpetual flute, with two floats
Category V – Machines for raising water
- Chapter 1 – A machine for raising water from the pool to higher place by an animal that turns a lever-arm
- Chapter 2 – A machine for raising water from the pool or a well by an animal that rotates it
- Chapter 3 – A machine for raising water by means of an endless chain of pots
- Chapter 4 – A machine for raising water from the pool (by means of a flumed swape operated by a crank driven, through gears, by an animal)
- Chapter 5 – Pump driven by a water-wheel
Category VI – Miscellaneous
- Chapter 1 – A door of a cast brass for the king's palace a Amid (Diyarbakir)
- Chapter 2 – A protractor
- Chapter 3 – A lock for locking a chest by means of 12 letters of the alphabet
- Chapter 4 – Four bolts on the back of a door
- Chapter 5 – A boat clock
- Al-Jazarî, The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Device. Facsimile. Ankara: Publication of the Ministary of Culture, 1990.
- Al-Jazarî, Al-Câmi Bayna'l-Ilm va'l-Amal an-Nâfi Fî Sinaâti'l-Hiyal, Edited and translated by Sevim Tekeli, Melek Dosay and Yavuz Unat (in Turkish). Ankara: Turkish Historical Society, 2002.
- Aslanapa, Oktay, Anadolu'da Ilk Türk Mimarisi: Baslangiç ve Gelismesi (The First Turks Architecture in Anatolia: Origin and Development). Ankara, 1991.
- Bir, Atilla, The Book of "Kitâb al-Hiyal" of Banu Musa bin Shakir. Istanbul: IRCICA, 1990.
- Coomaraswamy, A.K., The Treatise of al-Jazari on Automata, Boston: Museum of Fine Arts, 1924.
- Drachmann, A.G., The Mechanical Technology of Greek and Roman Antiquity: A Study of the Literary Sources. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1963.
- Hill, Donald R., The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices (Kitâb fî Ma'rifat al-Hiyal al-Handasiyya) by Ibn al-Razzâz al-Jazarî. Dordrecht and Boston: D. Reidel Pub. Co., 1974.
- Hill, Donald R., The Book of Ingenious Devices (Kitâb al-Hiyâl) by the Banu (sons of) Musa bin Shakir. English Translation. Dordrecht and Boston: D. Reidel Pub. Co., 1979. (Reprint Berlin and New York: Springer, 2007).
- Needham, Joseph., Wang Ling, Price, Derek J., Heavenly Clockwork: The Great Astronomical Clocks of Medieval China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1960.
- Sayili, Aydin and Necati Lugal, Ebû Nasri'l-Fârâbî'nin Halâ Üzerine Makalesi (= Farabî's Article on Vacuum). Edition and translation. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi, 1951. English translation, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1985.
End Notes
[1] C. Brockelmann, Geschichte der Arabischen Litteratur, Leiden: Brill, 1943-49, Suppl. I, pp. 902-903; George Sarton, Introduction to the History of Science, Baltimore, 1927, vol II, pp. 632-633.
[2] See the table of contents of the book below.
[3] Donald R. Hill, The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices (Kitâb fî Ma'rifat al-Hiyal al-Handasiyya) by Ibn al-Razzâz al-Jazzazî, Dordrecht and Boston, 1974; Al-Jazârî, The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Device, Facsimile, Ankara 1990; Al-Jazârî, Al-Câmi Bayna'l-Ilm va'l-Amal an-Nâfi Fî Sinaâti'l-Hiyal, Edited and translated by Sevim Tekeli, Melek Dosay ve Yavuz Unat (in Turkish), TTK, Ankara 2002.
[4] See Donald Hill, The Book of Ingenious Devices (Kitâb al-Hiyâl) by the Banû (Sons of) Mûsâ bin Shâkir, London, 1979; Atilla Bir, The Book of ?Kitâb al-Hiyal' of the Banû bin Shâkir, Istanbul, 1990.
[5] See Lugal, Necati & Sayili, Aydin, Fârâbî's Article on Vacuum, Ankara, 1951.
[6] See Carl Brockelmann, Geschihte der Arabischen Litteratur, op. cit., vol I, p. 494; Suppl., I., p. 902; E. Wiedemann, "Hazini", IA, Cilt 5, Istanbul, 1950, p. 414.
[7] Figures in this article are taken from the oldest extant copy (preserved in Topkapi Sarayi Libray, Ahmet III collection, MS 3472) was completed by Muhammad ibn Yusuf ibn 'Uthman al-Haskafi at the end of Sha'ban 602 H/ 10 April 1206. This manuscript is published online at: http://www.ebuliz.com.
*Associate Professor in Ankara University, Turkey, Faculty of Letters, History of Science Department.


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While the White House is denying the events and cover-up of the Benghazi attack, Rep. Allen West denounces their pathetic attempts to shuffle the blame. When asked whether or not he thought someone should be fired over this debacle, West responded "I think on 6 November that person will be fired"!
Watch his interview with Fox News here.
And if you want to know what West thinks of Ambassador Susan Rice ("Asinine, Naive, Inept, Incompetent and Borderline Ignorant"), watch the following video.
Gotta love the man!
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MILLEDGEVILE, Ga. – Junior Thresia Elskamp (Potosi, Wis.) guard on Georgia College women's basketball team, was awarded Bobcat Athlete of the Week after her performances against Augusta State University and the University of North Georgia.
Elskamp averaged 10.0 points while also averaging 7.0 rebounds, 2.5 assists and 2.5 steals over the two-game week. The junior leads the team in rebounds, assists and steals this season.
Elskamp's best performance was in the 58-48 loss against North Georgia Thursday, Jan. 17 and resulted in 18 points and 10 rebounds for the junior. This was the first double-double for the Bobcats since March 11, 2011.
The Bobcats will return to action tonight, Jan. 24 at USC Aiken.
The Georgia College Department of Athletics, two-time winners of the PBC Commissioner's Cup, sponsors 11 varsity athletic programs at the NCAA Division II level. As a Division II program, Bobcat Athletics prides itself on balancing the life of the student-athlete, evidenced by the teams' multiple appearances in post-season competition as well as documented academic success and community-service involvement. Sign up at www.twitter.com/BobcatSports and www.facebook.com/gcbobcats for up-to-the-minute reports, and visit www.GCBobcats.com for more information, and to nominate your favorite former Bobcats and Colonials to the GC Athletics Hall of Fame.


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December 11, 2018
Gender bias sways how we perceive competence in faces
Faces that are seen as competent are also perceived as more masculine, according to research published in Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science.
E.K. Massey, F. Ambagtsheer, W. Weimar (Eds.): Ethical, Legal and Psychosocial Aspects of Transplantation Global Challenges
W. Weimar: Ethical, Legal and Psychosocial Aspects of Transplantation
F. Ambagtsheer, W. (Eds.): Trafficking in Human Beings for the Purpose of Organ Removal
S. Schmidt, D. Knuth (Eds.): iSAR+ New Media in Crisis Situations
K. Conrad, W. Schößler, F. Hiepe, M.J. Fritzler: Autoantibodies in Systemic Autoimmune Diseases A Diagnostic Reference. 3rd Edition
C. Boccato, D. Evans, R. Lucena, J. Vienken: Water and Dialysis Fluids A Quality Management Guide
S. Schmidt, M. Vos (Eds.): BEHAVIOR AND COMMUNICATION IN CBRN CRISIS>> eBook: www.ciando.com
W. Weimar, M.A. Bos, J.J.V. Busschbach (Eds.): Ethical, Legal, and Psychosocial Aspects of Transplantation Global Issues, Local Solutions>> eBook: www.ciando.com
R. Bambauer, R. Latza, R. Schiel: Therapeutic Plasma Exchange and Selective Plasma Separation Methods, 4th Edition 2013 >> eBook: www.ciando.com
Infection, Tumors and Autoimmunity, by K. Conrad et al. (Eds.)>> eBook available at www.ciando.com or www.doccheck.com
The EULOD Project Living Organ Donation in Europe Results and Recommendations, by Ambagtsheer, F.; Weimar, W. (Eds.)
Public Engagement in Organ Donation and Transplantation (from the ELPAT Public Issues Working Group), by Randhawa, Gurch; Schicktanz, Silke (Eds.)
The General Practice Guide to Autoimmune Diseases, by Y. Shoenfeld, P.L. Meroni (Eds.)
How to Write and Evaluate Psychological Reports, by Westhoff, Karl; Kluck, Marie-Luise
Task-Analysis-Tools (TAToo) Step-by-Step Support for Successful Job and Work Analysis, by Koch, Anna; Westhoff, Karl
Markets, methods and messages. Dynamics in European drug research, by Fountain, Jane; Asmussen Frank, Vibeke; Korf, Dirk J (Eds.)
Hypertension and Cardiovascular Aspects of Dialysis Treatment, by Branko Braam, Kailash Jindal, Evert J. Dorhout Mees
(C) 2004-2015 Pabst Science Publishers


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- User Name: Marco262
- Member Since: Friday, August 15, 2003, 6:48 PM
- Name: Ryan V
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- Profile: As the great David Reise would say: IT'S ME!
So anyways, yeah hi. I'm Ryan, pleased ta meetcha. I've been watching AMVs for a while, and just recently got into making my own. Friends I have who are also members here are amberfoxwing and VegaSailor. If you have not seen any of VegaSailor's stuff yet, you should be ashamed! Go! Now!
I'm never that good at this things, but if you want to find out more, you know where to find me. Talk to me. I'm a good listener.


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LOSSLESS REPOSTThe dB's
Cat's Cradle
Chapel Hill, NC
Oct. 24, 1981
soundboard recording (NOTE: 24 tracks sbd.; 6 tracks at end are from the audience recording)
ABUNDANT THANKS to the taper, glenn s for the original share, and to dB's Fan for sharing his soundboard recording.
|photo by CarolinaTim via Flickr
01 (I Thought) You Wanted to Know
02 Bad Reputation
03 Dynamite
04 Soul Kiss
05 Big Brown Eyes
06 I Feel Good (Today)
07 pH Factor
08 Ups and Downs
09 Storm Warning
10 The Fight
11 Excitement
12 Black and White
13 Big Time
14 Judy
01 Tomorrow Never Knows
02 The Summer Sun
03 I Walked With a Zombie (Roky Erikson cover)
04 Ask for Jill
05 Nothing Is Wrong
06 In Spain
07 We Were Happy There
08 Happenstance
09 Neverland
**soundboard recording ends here; continues with audience recording**
10 Sweet Home Alabama (tease, Lynyrd Skynyrd cover)
11 If and When
12 Time Has Come Today (Chamber Bros. cover)
13 On the Brink (Sneakers song)
14 Valleydale jingle
15 96 Tears (end cut - ? & The Mysterians cover)
16 Death Garage (sbd. track from Oct. 23; was not played Oct. 24)
|photo by Chapel Hill magazine
The dB's:
Gene Holder – bass guitar
Peter Holsapple – guitar, vocals, keyboard
Will Rigby – drums, backing vocalsChris Stamey – guitar, vocals


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Collection: Baltimore Sun restaurant reviews
B&O American Brasserie's new menu shines under latest chef
In 2009, B&O American Brasserie at Kimpton Hotel Monaco was the town darling. It opened amid great fanfare in the former Baltimore & Ohio Railroad headquarters, offering impressive New American cuisine in a swanky historic building. It hasn't lost its swagger with a lively bar — headed by Brendan...
Starlite Diner shows promising signs and growing pains in Belvedere Square
Several restaurants have come and gone at this Belvedere Square landmark that was once a Hess shoe store. Some people are even suggesting that the building is jinxed. New owner Leonard Clarke is working to change that perception with Starlite Diner. He opened the restaurant in late September in...
La Food Marketa puts a fun twist on Latin cuisine
When chef-owner Chad Gauss was planning the menu for La Food Marketa at Quarry Lake, he was guided by one idea: What would he and his staff from The Food Market in Hampden eat if they were dropped into Central America? His strategy resulted in a menu of accessible Latin food with definite North...
At Home Maid in Federal Hill, fresh breakfast food comes with long wait
This may be Baltimore's cutest restaurant: Home Maid in Federal Hill is decked out in kitschy rooster wallpaper, old-time photos and mismatched tables, sort of like Pottery Barn meets Aunt Bee's kitchen. The restaurant concentrates on breakfast with a minimalist menu that focuses on specialties...
La Scala's Italian comfort food offers a welcome throwback
La Scala Ristorante Italiano may not be the oldest restaurant in Little Italy, but after 21 years, it has become one of the stalwarts. While it's old-fashioned — in the best sense of the word — it's not static. Chef-owner Nino Germano started the restaurant in 1995 on High Street and moved the...
QuarterHouse Tavern in Canton is an ideal neighborhood hangout
There's a bit of irony that a former Pittsburgh Steelers bar in Canton features a cocktail called the Flacco Hun. But then, QuarterHouse Tavern, which opened in the old NcDevin's spot last year, is a completely different place. To start, owners Howard and Mary Beth Staley completely remodeled the...
Canton's Blue Hill Tavern should be back on your radar
Blue Hill Tavern opened to great fanfare in 2009, hailed as a pioneer in the awakening Brewers Hill area. Then diners mostly forgot about it. It's time to put the restaurant back on everybody's eating radar. The food is straightforward and remarkably good, with classic American offerings like roasted...
City Cafe's good record bodes well for Tark's Grill
City Cafe is the little coffee shop that could. After 22 years, the Mount Vernon staple has blossomed into a full-fledged restaurant with lunch, brunch and dinner menus served in a sleek, contemporary space. An espresso machine at the end of a new marble bar is a remaining nod to its early brew-house...
Chef Rod's Outrageous Burgers of Elkridge
Chef Rod's Outrageous Burgers opened earlier this year in a former Food Mart at the gas station at 7894 Washington Blvd. It previously housed its sister restaurant, R&R Taqueria, which moved to a nearby strip shopping center.
Chef Chad Wells energizes the menu at Victoria Gastro Pub
The staff is happy that chef Chad Wells has taken over the direction of Victoria Gastro Pub's kitchen. On a recent visit, our waiter assured us that we could expect a new experience. The Columbia restaurant's menu has definitely been energized by Wells, who started there in July after leaving Alewife...


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Weather Safety
Severe Weather
North Texas is known for its ever-changing weather conditions. Violent thunderstorms may strike in an instant. All thunderstorms should be considered dangerous and everyone in our community should understand, respect and know how to protect themselves from the effects of severe weather. Lightning, tornadoes, downbursts, hail, and flooding rainfall are all dangerous by-products of thunderstorms that pose a significant threat to Ennis.
It is important to understand the difference between a severe weather "watch" versus a "warning." Either can be issued by the National Weather Service (NWS) for a specific amount of time and designated area when atmospheric conditions are ripe for the development of a possible thunderstorm and/or tornado.
A "watch" means "watch the sky" as conditions are right for possible development of severe weather. Keep an eye on developing weather and stay tuned to a local radio or television station in case conditions worsen.
A "warning" indicates a severe thunderstorm and/or tornado has been spotted or is indicated on the NWS radar. All those within the designated warning area should take cover immediately and remain there until the danger passes. The City of Ennis will activate the Outdoor Warning Sirens when severe weather, such as a tornado, threatens the community. If severe weather is approaching Ennis and the warning sirens are heard, seek shelter immediately and monitor TV and radio for further instructions.
A tornado is a violent windstorm characterized by a twisting, funnel-shaped cloud. It is spawned by a thunderstorm and typically produced when cool air overrides a layer of warm air, forcing the warm air to rise rapidly leading to rotational winds, and thus a tornado. The damage from a tornado is a result of high wind velocity and wind-blown debris. Tornadoes strike with incredible velocity with wind speeds approaching up to 300 miles per hour. These winds are capable of uprooting trees and structures, and turning harmless objects into deadly missiles.
When a tornado is approaching, there are only minutes to make life-and-death decisions. Advances in weather radar technology have improved forecasters' ability to identify storms likely to spawn tornados. The City of Ennis has 7 strategically placed Outdoor Warning Sirens throughout the city to alert citizens when severe weather threatens to strike Ennis.
If a tornado warning is issued, go to a predetermined area where family members can safely gather and take shelter. Such an area could be a center hallway, bathroom, basement or closet on the lowest floor of the home. If in a multi-story building or a shopping mall, there may not be time to get to the lowest floor. In that case, go to the center of the building and find an area in a hallway far away from windows. If outside, hurry to the lowest floor of a sturdy building or lie flat in a ditch or low-lying area. If inside a mobile home, get out immediately and head to one of the above-named areas. Turn on a TV or radio and listen for additional instructions, Channel 4-KDFW; Channel 5-KXAS; Channel 8-Wfaa; Channel 11-KTVT; Weather apps are also available for your phone or pad.
Tornado Safety Actions:
- Monitor National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) radio
or local media (TV, radio, internet) for information.
- Move to a small interior room away from windows when a tornado warning
is issued or a tornado is imminent.
- Have disaster supplies on hand (flashlight, food/water, battery-operated
radio, etc.) in an easily portable container, such as a backpack.
- Designate a safe shelter area if you live in a mobile or manufactured home.
Make the designation with help from your neighbors and the owner/manager
of the mobile home park or community.
- Lie flat in the nearest depression, ditch or culvert if outdoors and
unable to get to shelter. Cover your head with your arms to shield from
flying debris.
- Get out of vehicles immediately and seek shelter in a building, if time
permits, or move to a ditch or culvert away from the vehicle.
Never try to outrun a tornado.
- Take shelter in an interior hallway on a lower floor away from windows or
glass when you're in a large building, such as a mall or auditorium.
The National Weather Service issues Severe Thunderstorm Warnings for a particular county, or portions of it, when dangerous winds and damaging hail are likely to exceed the thresholds known to cause significant damage to well-built structures or cause bodily harm. These storms produce hail 3/4-inch or greater and have winds in excess of 58 miles per hour.
Large hail is created by strong rising wind currents (updrafts) that carry water droplets into the upper regions of a thunderstorm where they freeze. These frozen water droplets descend back down only to be carried back up high into the storm system where they refreeze into larger frozen drops. Finally, the cycle repeats itself enough times that the hail becomes so heavy it falls to the earth. Hail that is dime size or greater can produce dents in the tops of vehicles, damage roofs, break windows and cause significant bodily injury. Hailstones can form to softball size and fall at speeds in excess of 100 mph.
Damaging winds are another dangerous ingredient that make up the thunderstorm. Two types of dangerous winds are produced by thunderstorms: Tornadoes and Downbursts. Tornadoes, which have already been mentioned, are rotational winds. Downbursts, also known as straight-line winds, are more prominent in thunderstorms. Downburst (straight-line) winds can produce widespread damage similar to that of a tornado. In fact, downburst winds have been measured in excess of 120 miles per hour or equivalent to an F2 Tornado.
Thunderstorm Safety Actions:
- Monitor NOAA Weather Radio for "Severe Thunderstorm Watches or
- Avoid driving into severe thunderstorms or consider delaying travel.
- Go to a small interior room on the lowest floor of your home, school, or
business when severe thunderstorms threaten our community.
- Have DISASTER SUPPLIES on hand (flashlight, food/water, battery-operated
radio, etc.)
- Move animals into shelter, and vehicles into garages to prevent damage, if
time permits.
Most communities in the United States experience some form of flooding after spring rains or heavy thunderstorms. Frisco is no exception. Flood waters can rise quickly or slowly but typically develop over a period of days. Flash floods usually result from intense storms dropping large amounts of rain within a brief period.
Flood waters can be extremely dangerous. The force of just six inches of swiftly moving water can knock a person off their feet. The best protection during a flash flood is to leave the flooding area and move to higher ground.
Flash Flooding Safety Actions:
- Never drive through a flooded area. If you come upon a flooded road, turn
around and go another way.
- Abandon vehicles stalled in rapidly rising flood water and move to higher
ground immediately.
- Avoid walking through flooded areas. Remember, as little as 6 inches of
swiftly moving water can sweep you off your feet.
- Watch for animals, especially snakes. Many animals lose their homes during
flooding and may seek shelter in yours.


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Monday, November 01, 2010
The Renaissance vis-a-vis the New Normal
(CHICAGO, IL – November 1, 2010) Pessimism rises when times are tough. Horse racing's beset by myriad tribulations; the trend has been downhill for a decade. Complaining is implicit to losing money and the horseplayer that wins is unusual. These reasons combine to form the commonly-held conclusion that the sport has seen better days. Perhaps the days ahead are just going to be different.
Is horse racing really reeling or merely being re-defined by the culture? The "New Normal" has been described by several economists, academicians and social theorists as an existence where success and prosperity won't come easily. Occasionally, consumers indulge like their parents in products and services that make them feel special. Regardless, those who have lived through the past 60 years, in which 30 were bountiful, may be the last to have experienced what it is to have what you want when you want.
Who's to blame for the current slump? That's a question without a clear answer. By and large, the sport's in the doldrums because the people involved are no different from the population in general. A sense of entitlement, greed and neglect are themes that surface everywhere.
Still, a market correction appears to have started in which the number of horses foaled, the prices they bring and the race days available for them have thinned to the point of permission. The amount of money available for purses has fallen, and will fall even more. Once the level-set's set, the sport should flourish again - at least on terms that compare well to the present. Here are the half-dozen reasons it should.
Secondly, the emergence of a new ruling class creates hope that the old guard has run its course. Suddenly, as if a tornado struck, scores of young people with fresh ideas and some clout have emerged in the Breeders' Cup Ltd., National Thoroughbred Racing Association and racetracks. If a Tea Party could sweep clean half the seats in the Clubhouse boxes of Saratoga and Keeneland and replace their inhabitants, those in waiting are ready to step in and take over. Whenever business enables optimism, innovation and experimentation, it flourishes. Wherever caution, status quo, personal politics and tradition lurk, it has stagnated. When obstructionists to horse racing's progress pass away, evaporate or become drooling fools (a time that is closer than anyone thinks), their replacements will be an improvement.
There is no clearer example of the next generation at work than the realm of technology. The Web's abuzz with horse racing sites, social networking opportunities and Internet newspapers. Hobbyists that have made horse racing writing an avocation have been good for the sport, widening the dialogue and giving voice to the unrepresented. Lacking money to advertise, the industry will concentrate its efforts for reaching new customers with exchange betting, tap and bet programs, smart phone applications and augmented reality. Although it is centuries old, the sport was designed for the 21st century.
The advance of technology will be helpful for leveraging one of the industry's strengths – the popularity of horse racing in other countries. Sooner or later, all USA horse racing interests will stop being xenophobic. Horse racing in Australia, England, Ireland, Hong Kong, Japan and, to a certain extent, France, remain viable mainstream curiosities. Thoroughbred breeders have long understood the importance of foreign markets. But racetracks have remained provincial, acting as if their businesses are local. America is used to being first, biggest, best. But the new normal won't permit that. The sport here is destined to become part of a greater, healthier whole instead of a struggling stand-alone.
For the first time in over a decade, the country's number one market, New York, is prepared to behave like number one. When millions of Aqueduct casino dollars are added to NYRA's revenue stream, horse racing's largest wagering concession will raise purses to dizzying heights, creating, if you will, what would amount to a national horse racing center - its three courses the true place for champions. Bad government, unfriendly legislation, an untenable operating structure and a lack of financial resources have hampered business in the country's financial capital. Having the Empire State strong in horse racing and breeding again relieves a worry that the product serves only small market interests.
Lastly, the sport's number two attraction, the Breeders' Cup, continues on a path of modernization. In recent years, after decades of hibernation, the Breeders' Cup's agenda has advanced to two days, 14 races, $185 million in wagering, a "Win and You're In" qualifying strategy and primetime television viewing. Had the organization's plan to appoint Santa Anita as a five-year site not been killed by a stubborn landlord, the end-of-year fixture would had a chance to blossom in the country's entertainment center where the November weather is always perfect. Moreover, the move would have created an East, West and Kentucky approach to showcasing the sport in three distinct and important geographic areas. Talk continues that the possibility of the Breeders' Cup buying a racecourse persists. Wouldn't that be a grand development?
It may be that only a smattering of HorseRaceInsider.com readers will believe that a renaissance is possible. That's understandable. Few people can imagine something that doesn't exist in their experience. The themes presented herein are seldom expressed in the open for fear that accountability will follow. But that doesn't mean they're not real.
Return to HorseRaceInsider.com each morning Wednesday through Saturday as Vic Zast files daily reports from the Breeders' Cup in Louisville. Go to the Vic Zast blog titled "FastWords."
Written by Vic Zast