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The Ottomans provided great contributions towards the fields of psychiatry and neurology. Their thoughts and writings delve into many depths and are worthy of recognition by those in the medical sphere.
|Figure 1. A miniature picture that illustrate Ibn Sînâ examining a patient suffering from the "love sickness".
This article was first published in the Turkish review History of Medicine Studies (ed. Hasan Âli Göksoy, Hüsrev Hatemi, Nil Sari), Istanbul 1986, No. 1, pp. 105-112. We are grateful to Nil Sari, author of the article, for allowing its publication.
Here we are going to present the classification of mental and neurological diseases found in Turkish medical manuscripts between the fifteenth and eighteenth centuries. Although there are some variations in detail among different manuscripts, I do not intend to go into the description of these details, nor am I going to compare them, for the general overview is the same. Therefore I am going to give the classification of Mukbilzâde (Zahîre-i Muradiye, 1437), whose writing on mental illness is one of the best. Also, I am going to give briefly the descriptions and symptoms of the diseases, so that it will be easier to understand the classic classification of mental diseases found in Ottoman medical manuscripts.
Before giving the classic list, I must state that, although mental diseases are studied under the title of the illnesses of the head, a few illnesses such as "ihtinak-i rahm" (hysteria), "hafakan" or "yurek oynamasi" (anxiety), 'sehvetu'l kelbiyye" or "kopekgibi istahli olmak" (obesity), "noksanu'l-sehvet" (lack of appetite) and some other psychosomatic illnesses and sexual diseases due to mental disorders are mentioned amongst the group of related physical diseases.
Still other mental illnesses are given under independent titles, one of which is alcohol (sûcîye muptela olanlar), opium (afyonkesler ve berse muptelâ olanlar) and tobacco addicts. Another illness studied separately is "teza'zu-i dimag" which means traumatic head injuries, such as falling from a height, a hard blow to the head and fighting. Gevrekzâde describes the organic changes resulting in the brain following this shock and the consequent motor and sensorial disturbances. Still, another disturbance studied separately is "infiâlât-i nefsâniye" which means emotional and personality disorders.
I am sure that if the Turkish medical manuscripts are studied more thoroughly other mental illnesses will be discovered and in this way a complete and correct classification will be accomplished.
Here we are going to deal with those mental diseases studied under the illnesses of the head of which "ser-sâm" is usually mentioned first. "Ser-sâm", supposed to be originally Persian, is composed of two words, "ser" meaning "head" and "sâm" meaning "swell". The main symptoms of "sersâm" are confusion of the mind, talking nonsense, fever and trembling.
There are different types of "sersâm". One is "feranitis" (sersâm-i safravî), also called "tîz sersâm", which is swelling of the brain membranes. We believe it to be meningitis.
Another type of sersâm is "flegmoni" (demevi verem), which is the inflammation of the brain itself. We suppose it to be encephalitis. It has five types of symptoms. These are: the face and eyes of the patient turn quite red, the eyes protrude from their sockets, intense headache, patient is continuously disturbed and has spasm (küzâz), drowsiness and vomiting.
Still another type of "sersâm" is "subârî" (sersâm-i sevdâvî), which is the worst type of "sersâm", said in Turkish to be "ifratla olan sersâm-i tîz". Its main symptoms are madness (divânelik) and agitation (asuftelik).
The other symptoms are briefly the following: the patient cannot sleep well, sees complicated dreams, wakes up in fear, his eyes are bloodshot, sometimes the whites of the eyes turn yellow, the eye movements are slow and involuntary, tears flow as if there were something in the eye; he speaks non-sense in bewilderment; at the beginning he is very restless, but later slows down so much that he can hardly open his eyes; he has a high fever, his tongue is swollen, his mouth is dry; his pulse is fast and strongly at the beginning, but later on it changes and becomes weak and slow. His breath is also strong in the beginning but later it weakens; he feels such a pain on his neck that it seems as though his veins are being strung.
In Mukbilzâde's writings "humre" and "demregu" are said to be diseases of the brain itself. But I am not sure whether it is a type of "sersâm" or not. In the Redhouse dictionary and Tarama Sozlugu "humre" is erysipelas and in Turkish "yilancik, alazlama". "Demregu" (temriye) is a skin disease, lichen or eczema (Tarama Sozlugu). It has three different symptoms. These are, briefly, headache, a strong feeling of heat; coolness of the skin of the face, the colour of the eyes is yellowish; later, from time to time the face heats up and the eyes grow red. The fever and trembling (sitma) it causes are much higher than that of the flegmoni. But most of those who suffer this illness die within three days. If they survive three days they may expect to live on. I wonder if these diseases are mentioned under the title of head diseases, because they might have caused complications when left without effective treatment.
|Figure 2. A room in a mental hospital. Lunatics and physicians trying to pacify them.
The last type of "sersâm" is the cold sersâm (soguk sersâm or sersâm-i balgâmî), "sersâm" without fever, "lijergis" in Greek. The Arabic-Turkish terms for it are "nisyan" and "unutsaguluk" (forgetfulness), respectively, for its main symptom is forgetfulness. It has twelve particular symptoms. These are: a slight headache, a very slight or no fever, a strong feeling of sleepiness, extreme forgetfulness, extreme slowness in movement, pulse slow and light, labored breathing, frequent gaping, a white tongue, profusion of saliva, confusion and inability to distinguish good from bad . Lijergis is said to be lethargy but it may also be dementia.
"Seher subati" and "subât-i seherî" are two different illnesses, "Subat" (nevm-i mufrit) seems to have various meanings, such as hypersomnia, absent-mindedness and lethargy. The Turkish term for it is "ogunmak", meaning, to be overcome by sleep, to lose consciousness, feeling sleepy or doze. "Seher" is sleeplessness or insomnia. One who suffers "seher subati" wants to go to sleep, but no sooner than he goes to sleep, he wakes up again. They talk nonsense just as an insane person and some symptoms of frenitis can be observed. Here the humour "safra" (bile) is dominant. Those who suffer "subat-i seheri" sleep much more than "seher subati"; although they can be woken up, they soon go to sleep again. They show symptoms like those of lisergos. If the illness is severe, then there is difficulty in swallowing and urinating and inability to defecate and also asthma. In "subat-i seheri", the humour balgam is dominant.
"Ahze" (catalepsy or catatonia) is a sudden paralysis of all the senses and motor activities. One who suffers from "ahze", suddenly becomes rigid in the posture he is in, sitting or standing. If the attack comes while sleeping eyes remain closed, if one is awake eyes remain wide open. The terms such as "suhus", "cumud" and "dutmak" are said to be synonymous.
"Mal-i hulyâ" is attached to a great importance and it is not a single illness but a group of illnesses appearing with various symptoms. "Merâkî" and "Kutrub" and sometimes even "Ashk" (Emir Celebi: Enmuzec) are said to be different kinds of "mâl-i hulyâ". Although the main symptoms of "mâl-i hulyâ" are fear, obsession and sadness, they seem to have a great variety. For example, delirium and talking nonsense is an important symptom. In "merâkî" (hypochondriacal attitudes) disorders of the digestive system; in "kutrub", continuous fugitiveness are the main characteristic symptoms.
Under the title of "envâ-i dîvânelikler" (different kinds of madness) we find "mania", "dau'l-kelb", "subara" and "kutrub". I suppose they were mentioned under the same title because they have similar symptoms, mainly aggressiveness.
Those who suffer from "mania" are in a state of excitation and attack anyone they come across, like beasts of prey. Both their anger and love are always excessive. They usually talk franticly and they have the looks of beasts of prey. They are skinny.
"Dau'l-kelb" is a kind of "mania". Sometimes patients are in a bad temper and then sometimes they are cheerful and compassionate.
An old dictionary defines "subara" as a disease between "frenitis" and "cilnun" (madness) (Hayrullah Efendi: Lugat-i Tibbiye). We have already described "subara".
"Ashk" (love) is an illness. Here the victim causes himself to be ill. When the feeling of love is too deep an illness such as "mal-i hulya" and anxiety will develop. The patient becomes afflicted with this illness when he comes across someone beautiful; he falls in love and becomes fond of his beloved. One who falls in love begins to be thinking of the beloved day and night. This is a widespread story. The main symptoms are: dry and sunken eyes, when he cries he sheds tears profusely, when he hears a poem or a couplet describing separation from the beloved, he feels sad and cries. When his beloved is spoken about his pulse speeds up and becomes irregular.
|Figure 3. Sultan Bayezid II's mental illnesses patients' hospital and medical madrasa in Edirne, Turkey.
"Unutsaguluk" or "unutsaligi" (fasâdu's-zikr) means forgetfulness (amnesia). The senses of the patients suffering from this illness are all sound. Whatever they see, they see correctly, whatever they hear, they hear correctly, but as soon as they hear or see, they forget. If the illness has begun with forgetfulness and dysfunction of the mind has resulted from it, it is easier to cure it. But if the illness begins with the disfunction of thought and discrimination, then treatment is difficult.
"Eblehlik" ("humk", "ru'unet", "ahmaklik") or "gaflet" is a hereditary disease. It is a kind of feeblemindedness, and imbecility. Sufferers act like little children or old people.
"Ihtilât-i zihn", meaning the confusion of the mind, is an extremely troublesome disease. The functions of thought and discrimination are harmed. Patients will not speak, do, hear or care as they are expected to. In this illness there may be "tahayyul fesadi" (illusion), so that the person suffering from this illness perceives images of men, animals and objects distortedly; or he has hallucinations, perceiving images that, in fact, do not exist.
"Uykusuzluk (insomnia) and uyaniklik (vigilance): "Uyaniklik" is a state of perceiving and acting deliberately and as he wills. Insomnia is the opposite of vigilance. Among the different causes of insomnia are various anxieties, sorrows, pain, indigestion, tumours like cancer and old age. Among the symptoms of insomnia are: sleeplessness, dryness of eyes, nose, gums and tongue.
Suban: "Kafatasinin (bas, canaginin) icinde toplanan su" (liquid collecting in the skull: Hydrocephalus): It is often observed that liquid is collected in the skull around the hard membrane (gisâ-sulb). Symptoms: Heaviness in the head, difficulty in closing the eyes. It is incurable. Mostly children suffer from this illness. The parts where the water is collected seem to be pulled down. When touched by hand, it moves softly.
"Dawwar" (bas cigzinmek, dolab marazi) and "sedere" (gozu kararmak): This is an illness where the world seems to be circling around the patient. As a result, he is unable to stand up and if he tries to stand up feels dizzy and almost fainting falls down again. Objects before his eyes move about.
"Kabus" (Agir basmag; nightmare, sleep apnea): While asleep the patient feels as if something or someone such as a heavy man has fallen on him; that heaviness weights upon him. As a result, he breathes with difficulty, tries to shout and move, but he cannot. He nearly goes mad. As soon as the "kabus" has gone, he wakes up. This disease is the beginning of three serious illnesses: "sar'a" (epilepsy), "sekte" (apoplexy) and the insanity called mania.
"Sar'a" (Tutanik: epilepsy): Sensorial and motor functions are both irregular and inefficient. While the epileptic attack lasts, the organs of the patient fail to function properly. There are contractions all over the body (tesennuc-i kullî). The cause of the foam in the patient's mouth is spasm (tesennuc). Several types of "sar'a" are mentioned, such as the "sar'a" of the brain (sar'a-i dimag); "sar'a" starting in the stomach (sar'a-i midevî); "sar'a" which is caused by the sting of scorpions, bees etc.; and "sar'a" seen in women undergoing menopause (ihtinaki'r-rahm: Hysteria).
"Sekte" (Can kasilmasi; apoplexy): "Sekte" comes suddenly and as a single attack. "Sekte" begins with vertigo (dewar) and ringing in the ears (tanîn). Sensorial and motor transmission from the brain to the body fails. When sekte comes all the organs and senses cease functioning. The main cause of "sekte" is the excess of blood in the blood vessels; too much blood collects in the cavities of the brain and prevents connection with organs. All the organs grow cold. Some doctors call this illness "ihtinâk-i dîl" or "kalbin nefes alamamasi", meaning failure of the heart to breath, suffocation. It is hard to decide whether the patient with an attack of "sekte" is dead or alive, but the patient may revive in spite of this condition. Therefore the patient supposed to be dead should not be buried until after a certain time. In "subat" there may also be a failure of the sensorial and motor functions, but this condition develops slowly in contrast with "sekte".
|Figure 4. A miniature picture of the insane, illustrating musical therapy at the Bayezid II's Hospital, composed by Nil Sari.
"ihtilac": (convulsion) is the involuntary convulsion of the muscles. This convulsion is temporary and passes away rapidly. Besides cold, anger, happiness and anxiety also may cause "ihtilac". It may sometimes be the beginning of "sekte" or "guzaz" (tetanus); or, if it develops in the abdominal muscles it may be the beginning of "mal-i hulya" or "sar'a". If it occurs in the facial muscles, it may be the beginning of "lâkve" (facial paralysis).
"Lâkve" (Yuz-goz egilmek: facial paralysis): It is a disease occurring in the eye muscles. The eye, eyebrow, skin of the forehead, lips, chin are distorted from their natural condition and undergo change. Lâkve may be the beginning of "sekte". A patient suffering from this illness is unable to spit properly or chew easily. He dribbles saliva from one side of his mouth. Two different kinds of facial paralysis are dealt with. One is "lâkve tesennucu" (spasmodic facial paralysis) and the other is "lâkve-i istirha" (loosening facial paralysis) and in this type the senses are weakened, the upper eyelid drops down, the gum loosens and fails to hold saliva.
"Hadr" (to get numb) is an Arabian term, which means in Turkish (archaic) "tutulmaklik, tutmakhk, a'za uyusmasi "that is, the failure of the senses. This illness occurs in sensorial and motor organs. First the sensorial organs function poorly or fail to function altogether; consequently, motor ability also loses its natural capacity. "Hadr" has seven causes, some of which are opium eating, too much cold affecting the organs, the bite or sting of poisonous animals or insects such as a snake or scorpion and wrenching of the nerves. If the cause of the illness is in the brain, all the motor and sensorial functions cease. If it is in the spinal marrow, weakening of the sensorial and motor functions spreads either all over the body or only in one half, proportionately with the effectiveness of the cause. The senses in the face are sound. Sometimes a vertebra is dislocated, and "hadr" develops. When a nerve of the neck or the vertebra is damaged, the organ which it serves is affected and the symptom can be observed there. Sometimes "hadr" may result in "felg" (paralysis), "sar'a" (epilepsy), "sekte" (apoplexy) or "tesennuc" (spasm).
"Ra'se" (tremor, trembling): Ra'se is a disease affecting the organs that are the means of movement. When the sufferer tries to move his hand to do something, involuntary movement intervenes and hinders voluntary movement and from the combination of them ra'se results. It mostly appears in hands or head (bas titremek) and sometimes in all organs. "Ra'se" is incurable in the elderly.
"Falic" (paralysis, hemiplegia) is the complete failure and paralysis of muscles and tendons ("mutlak istirha"). Although it is sometimes described as hemiplegia affecting half the 'body, it should be noted that in Turkish manuscripts "falic" has a wider meaning, including paraplegia, in which the head is not affected and sometimes in "falic" all the body is affected, while sometimes a single finger is paralyzed.
"Tesennuc" (Sinir cekilmek: spasmodic contraction of a muscle; spasm, cramp, convulsion). There are three types of "tesennuc", in one of which there is congestion of the nerves and muscles (tesennuc-i imtilayî), where the muscles are in spasm. In Arabic it is called "tekallus" (shrink). The cause is generally humidity. In the sanguine type muscles swell and enlarge. When the cause is cold, the patient recovers fast. In "kuru tesennuc" muscles get contracted both in length and width. In "tesennuc" of extreme dryness (yubûset galebesi), the muscles contract. Other causes of "tesennuc" are, sting of scorpions, extreme cold, anxiety and fear, sleeplessness, too much crying, extreme fever, fever and tremor (issi isitma) in children.
"Kuzaz" (spasm, tetanus, shivering: spastic paralysis): There are several meanings of "kuzâz". One is related to "tesennuc". The other meanings are: the "tesennuc" of the neck ("ense gekilmesi"). In this illness the neck must be put straight so that it will not move forward or backward; "kuzaz" caused by cold and freezing in which muscles shrink. Nerves and muscles become rigid, cannot move, organs are shrunk in every way. But in "tesennuc" the organ shrinks in one way, nerves and muscles expand and contract. Both usually cause ache. "Kuzaz-i dimagî" or "kuzaz" of the brain is the worst. In children's "kuzaz" all the muscles in the back of the head stiffen, they can eat and drink with difficulty, there are convulsions in all extremities, they speak with difficulty etc. In some types of "kuzaz" the muscles of the face are spastic; in others suffering from "kuzaz", the head and neck are turned to one side. There are different kinds of "kuzaz", such as "ku'zaz-i imtilai" and "ku'zaz-i veremi".
|Figure 5. An Ottoman vehicle to carry patients.
"Levi", supposed to be Persian or a'ya in Arabic is a state in which the suffered eats and drinks too much for a couple of days, becomes tired and is unwilling to move. He, also feels weak. His veins and muscles contract, he tends to stretch himself. This state is called "levi" meaning to have a bad stomach from overeating.
"Suda" (headache) and "sakîka" (migraine) are important headings in medical manuscripts. For instance in "Zahîre-i Murâdiye" 21 and in "Nuzhetu'l-ebdân" 14 types of headaches are mentioned and these main types of headache are classified into other minor groups. Headaches are classified according to their aetiology which depends generally on the four humours and temperaments. "Sakîka" (migraine) or "yarim basagrisi" is described as an illness which comes for a couple of days and then passes away. Pain is felt while the attack (nobet tutmak) lasts. Several factors are mentioned as the cause of headaches. Some of them are: walking too long in the sun, sitting before the fire, taking a long bath, taking hot food, cold, sitting too long without movement, anger, shouting too much, sleeplessness, thinking too much, sleeping too long, fear, crying too much, sorrow, exhaustive reading, and anxiety.
Discussion and conclusion:
— The majority of the mental and neurological illnesses are mentioned under the title of "the diseases of the head". Most of the illnesses due to the disorders of the central and peripheral nervous systems are dealt with in one comprehensive title.
— The relations between these diseases are always discussed.
— Some of the diseases are more like syndromes, while others are only symptoms. For instance while "mal-i hulya", "ask" are a group of illnesses, "ra'se", "unutsaguluk", "devvar" are symptoms. Some others such as "eblehlik", "kafatasi icinde toplanan su" and "Iâkve" obviously seem to be single illnesses.
— Although the names of these illnesses are specific and are classified in a similar way in different medical manuscripts, variations can be noted.
— Under the title of one major illness there is usually sub-classifications of which I gave a few examples here. Thus we have seen four sub-types of "sersâm". For instance there are several types of "sar'a", "sekte", "tesennuc" etc.
— Although this classification is very different from todays, it is also based on symptoms and organic factors.
— Classification depends usually on organic symptoms. I did not come across a tendency to subjective speculation.
— The Ottoman physicians knew that such illnesses were disorders of the central and peripheral nervous systems.
— The sub-types of some diseases are classified according to their etiology which depends generally on the four humours and temperaments.
— We find some of the Turkish terminology quite interesting and absolutely to the point. For example, "unutsaguluk", "bas cigzinmek", "agirbasma", "dutarik", "can kasilmasi", "yuz-goz egilmek" etc. We expect others to be discovered in the course of study and research.
— I conclude from my studies that Ottoman doctors had an advantage in having the heritage of the earlier Islamic medicine, to which they made their own contributions and so could build up a good knowledge of psychiatry and neurology.
Emir Celebi: Enmuzecu't-tib. Cerrahpasa Tip Fak. Tip Tarihi Ktp. No. 96.
Emir Celebi: Neticetu't-tib. Cerrahpasa Tip Fak. Tip Tarihi Ktp. No. 59.
Esref bin Muhammed: Hazâ'inu's-Saâ'dat. By. Bedi N. Sehsuvaroglu. TTK,. XI. No: 9, Ank. 1961.
Hayrullah Ef.: Kamus-i- tib, Cerrahpasa Tip Fak. Tip Tarihi Ktp. No. 581.
Ibn-i Serif: Yadigar. Cerrahpasa Tip Fak. Tip Tarihi Ktp. No. 311.
Koptagel -Ilal, G. ve Kazancigil: A.: Ortadogu ve Islam Dunyasinda Bilimsel Dusunce ve Psikosomatik Hekimlik Kavraminin Tarihsel Temeli. I. Uluslararasi Turk-Islam Bilim ve Teknoloji Tarihi Kongresi. Bildiriler II., s. 71-86, Istanbul 1981.
Mukbilzâde Mu'min: Zahîre-i Muradiye. Suleymaniye Ktp. H. Mahmud No. 5507.
Nidâî: Menâfiu'n-nâs: Cerrahpasa Tip Fak. Tip Tarihi Ktp. No. 133.
Sâlih b. Nasrullah: Gâyetu'l-beyan fi tedbir beden-il insan. Cerrahpasa Tip Fak. Tip Tarihi Ktp. No. 117.
Sâlih b. Nasrullah: Nuzhetu'l-ebdân fî tercumet gayetu'l-itkan. Cerrahpasa Tip Fak. Tip Tarihi Ktp. No. 551.
Sari (Akdeniz), Nil: Gevrekzâde Hafiz Hasan Efendi ve Kafa Travmalan Hakkindaki Bilgisi. I. Uluslararasi Turk-Islam Bilim ve Teknoloji Kongresi, 14-18 Eylul 1981.
Sari (Akdeniz), Nil: "Osmanli Tibbinda Beden ve Nefis Terbiyesi" "IV. Milli Turkoloji Kongresi Bildirisi, 19-23 Ekim 1981 Ist.
Sari (Akdeniz), Nil: "Nidaîye Gore 'Keyif ve 'Afyonkes' Tedavisi". Yeni Symposium, Yil: 19, Sayi: 1, Ocak 1981, Ist. S. 19-25.
Sari (Akdeniz), Nil: "Halk Hekimliginde ve Osmanlica Tip Yazmalarinda Akil ve Sinir Hastaliklarinin Tedavisi" II. Milletlerarasi Turk Folklor Kongresi Bildirileri, C. IV, 1982, Ank.
Sari (Akdeniz), Nil: Osmanlica Tip Yazmalarinda Mâl-i hulya ve Tedavisi (XV.-XVIII. yy.) Ist. Uni. Cerrahpasa Tip Fak. Deontoloji Anabilim Dah, 1982, Ist.
Suleyman b. Abdulmennân: Cem-ul mucerrebât (1176) Cerrahpasa Tip Fak. Tip Tarihi Ktp. No. 166.
Sehsuvaroglu, Bedi N.: Sair ve Hekim Ahmedî, Ist. Tip Fak. Mec. C. 16, Sayi: 4, 1953.


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Physical Sciences
Research Highlights
April 2009
Cool Discoveries with Ultracold Molecules—Literally
Ultracold molecules open door to discovering new states of matter
Dr. David Chandler
When chilled to temperatures below one degree kelvin, just above the coldest temperature possible, molecules behave differently, explained Dr. David Chandler in his talk "The Quest for Ultracold Molecules" at the recent Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Frontiers in Chemical Physics & Analysis. The series features leaders from industry, government, and academia that discuss novel ideas and advancements in science.
Dr. Chandler discussed the cooling of molecules to ultracold temperatures, where the quantum nature of the gas dominate their interactions. Cooling atoms and molecules has resulted in discoveries, such as the realization and study of new states of matter.
In addition to forming new states of matter, cooling atoms to millikelvin temperatures, and below, has enabled ultra-high resolution spectroscopy studies and the extraction of information about the collisional dynamics of atoms and their interactions. The wave-like nature of ultracold molecules is also predicted to lead to a new understanding of weak interactions between molecules and novel technologies such as quantum computers.
Creating ultracold molecules: The field of ultracold molecule studies had remained generally unexplored due to the complexity of making ultracold samples. However, Dr. Chandler and his colleagues developed an approach to chilling molecules. The approach is called kinematic cooling.
With kinematic cooling, Chandler and his colleagues have produced measurable amounts of ultracold molecules with temperatures ranging from 10-100 mK. They created the molecules using a unique molecular beam scattering technique. The cold molecules are formed at the intersection of an atomic beam and a molecular beam. The collisions between the beams remove the translational motion from a molecule, thereby cooling it. With this technique, Chandler and his team have demonstrated the ability to produce cold molecules that can be observed for 100s of microseconds, opening the door to further studies.
About Dr. Chandler: Dr. Chandler became a staff scientist at Sandia National Laboratories in 1982 where he pursued his interest in photochemistry of small molecules. In collaboration with Dr. Paul Houston (Cornell University), he developed the technique of Ion Imaging for which he was elected Fellow of American Physical Society. His use of the technique to study both unimolecular dissociation and bimolecular scattering led to his discovery of kinematic cooling.

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 \u000a SINGAPORE, 24 August 2016<\/strong> – \u000a Jones Lang LaSalle Incorporated<\/a> (NYSE: JLL) announced today that Christian Ulbrich, who has held the role of President since June, will now also assume the position of Chief Executive Officer, effective October 1, 2016. Ulbrich will succeed Colin Dyer, who will retire from JLL at the end of 2016 and step down from the CEO role on September 30, 2016. To ensure a smooth transition, Dyer will continue to guide the company's data, information and analytics priorities through the end of 2016. He also will remain on the Board of Directors through the Annual Shareholders Meeting in spring of 2017 and serve as an adviser through 2017. <\/p>
As President and CEO, Ulbrich will have overall leadership responsibility for JLL's strategic direction and growth. He will report to the Board of Directors, on which he serves as an executive member. He also will chair the company's Global Executive Board, the most senior internal management committee, on which he has served for eight years. <\/p>
Ulbrich joined JLL in 2005 as Managing Director of JLL Germany and served as EMEA CEO since 2009 before being named President. Under his leadership, JLL prospered in EMEA, outperforming challenging economic conditions by nearly tripling revenue and adding such services as the Tetris design and fit-out subsidiary and residential consultancy. <\/p>
Ulbrich's extensive real estate and finance background before joining JLL includes serving as CEO of the HIH group of companies headquartered in Hamburg, Germany, and part of M.M. Warburg Bank, and holding various positions within German and international banks. He is a member of the Board of Directors of Vonovia SE, Germany's largest residential real estate company, and holds a Diplom Kaufmann degree in Business Administration from the University of Hamburg.<\/p>
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Under Dyer's leadership since 2004, JLL's revenues grew more than five times - to $6 billion - through organic growth, over 80 strategic acquisitions across the globe, and the addition of more than 100 offices and 30 new countries to its geographic footprint.<\/p>
"The Board of Directors is very grateful for Colin's extraordinary leadership and service to JLL over the past 12 years," said Sheila Penrose, Chairman of the Board. "He has represented JLL on the global business stage, developed a stellar client base and a strong leadership team, and delivered significant shareholder value. We also appreciate his commitment to ensure a smooth and thoughtful transition by remaining engaged with the Board and the company." <\/p>
Penrose continued: "The Board has worked with Colin on a comprehensive and robust succession process, culminating in Christian's selection as CEO. We look forward to Christian's leadership of JLL's strategy, operations and corporate culture, building on a strong company legacy."<\/p>
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 \u000a About JLL<\/strong><\/p>
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JLL (NYSE: JLL) is a professional services and investment management firm offering specialized real estate services to clients seeking increased value by owning, occupying and investing in real estate. A Fortune 500 company with annual fee revenue of $5.2 billion and gross revenue of $6.0 billion, JLL has more than 280 corporate offices, operates in more than 80 countries and has a global workforce of more than 60,000. On behalf of its clients, the firm provides management and real estate outsourcing services for a property portfolio of 4.0 billion square feet, or 372 million square meters, and completed $138 billion in sales, acquisitions and finance transactions in 2015. Its investment management business, LaSalle Investment Management, has $59.1 billion of real estate assets under management. JLL is the brand name, and a registered trademark, of Jones Lang LaSalle Incorporated. For further information, visit \u000a www.jll.com<\/a>.<\/p>
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Again!? Another Man threatens an Elementary School!
CEDAR LAKE, Ind. (AP) - Authorities say an Indiana man who had 47 guns and ammunition in his home has been arrested after allegedly threatening to kill people at an elementary school near his home. Cedar Lake police were called to the home of 60-year-old Von I. Meyer early Friday after he allegedly threatened to set his wife on fire. A police statement says Meyer also said he would enter Jane Ball Elementary School and "kill as many people as he could." Authorities found 47 guns and ammunition worth over $100,000. Prosecutors filed felony intimidation charges against Meyer on Saturday, one day after the massacre at an elementary school in Newtown, Conn. He is being held without bond. Cedar Lake is about 45 miles southeast of Chicago.


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N3027 ("Proposal to add medievalist characters to the UCS") proposes to encode a wide range of abbreviation letters used in medieval manuscripts and early printed books. At present it is impossible to transcribe into Unicode many early texts as special abbreviation letters are so common, so I am very pleased to see that these letters are finally being encoded. However, there is one proposed letter that I have a little quibble with. According to N3207 :
LATIN LETTER THORN WITH STROKE is used for Old Norse þat, þess, þor-, þæt (Figures 29, 32, 33, 40, 73, 79).
Which is true enough as far as it goes, but I suspect that most of my readers will be more familiar with the letter thorn with a stroke through the ascender in the context of Old English, where it is the ubiquitous abbreviation for þæt (and unlike Old Norse, only þæt).
It is an odd thing about the proposal that Latin, Old Norse, Irish, Welsh and even Cornish are frequently cited as languages using a particular proposed character, but Old English is only cited for a single character (COMBINING DOUBLE CIRCUMFLEX ABOVE, which is an editorial mark used in some editions of Old English poetry) and there are only two other mentions of Old English in the entire 51 pages of the document, when quite a few of the proposed characters are applicable to Old English (three primarily used for OE), and six of the examples provided are actually of Old English text (figs. 29, 30, 31, 37, 39, 40). In fact two of the six examples cited for LATIN LETTER THORN WITH STROKE are Old English, contrary to what the casual reader might assume.
Not only does the proposal not mention Old English in relation to the proposed LATIN LETTER THORN WITH STROKE, but it omits the crucial piece of information that the the glyph forms of Old Norse and Old English letter thorn with stroke are quite different from each other. The Old Norse form has a short horizontal stroke through the ascender , whereas the Old English form has a longer diagonal stroke through the ascender . This difference can be seen in the examples given in N3027, where the Old Norse examples (figs. 32, 33, 42, 73 and 79) all use the former letterform and the Old English examples (figs. 29 and 40) both use the latter letterform. Although the examples show that Old Norse and Old English use distinct glyph forms, the text of the proposal does not make any mention of the fact that this character occurs in two distinct glyph forms, which I think is an important detail that should have been made explicit.
The following is an example of an early 12th century Old Norse manuscript :
Elucidarius (AM 674a folio 17r)
Thorn with stroke on lines 2 and 7
And this is an example of an Old English manuscript dated to about the year 1000 :
The Cædmon Manuscript [part of the Old English verse rendition of Genesis] (Bodleian Junius MS 11 folio 14)
Thorn with stroke on lines 3 and 11
These manuscripts exemplify the differences between the Old Norse and Old English forms of thorn with stroke. This difference is preserved in most modern typeset editions, with editions of Old Norse texts normally using a short horizontal stroke, and editions of Old English texts normally using a longer diagonal stroke. The following are a few examples that show the Old English form of the letter (see N3027 figs. 32, 33, 73 and 79 for some ON examples) :
Plummer and Earle, Two of the Saxon Chronicles Parallel (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1889) p.69
A. Campbell, An Old English Grammar (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1959) p.12
C.L. Wrenn (ed.), Beowulf (London: Harrap, 1973) p.210
The question then arises, should the Old Norse and Old English forms be encoded separately (LATIN LETTER THORN WITH STROKE and LATIN LETTER THORN WITH DIAGONAL STROKE) or should they be considered to be glyph variants of the same abstract character ? According to N3027 it would seem that they should be encoded as a single character, although the latest version of the MUFI character recommendation treats the two glyph forms as separate characters :
MUFI Character Recommendation Version 2.0 f (12 January 2006)
My inclination is to agree with MUFI on this one, although I suspect that I am wrong. According to Unicode encoding principles, language-specific glyph variations should be dealt with at the font level (i.e. in a font designed for Old Norse the glyph for LATIN LETTER THORN WITH STROKE would have a horizontal stroke, whereas a font designed for Old English would have a glyph with a diagonal stroke). However, there are plenty of precedents for encoding language-specific letterforms as separate characters.
My feeling is that in N3027, the proposed LATIN LETTER VEND is really only an Old Norse glyph variant of the already encoded LATIN LETTER WYNN used in Old English, and so if Vend and Wynn should be distinguished at the character level, why not Thorn with a horizontal stroke and Thorn with a diagonal stroke ?
An example from further afield that has been discussed recently is the proposed MYANMAR LETTER MON JHA (N3044), which is acknowledged to be a glyph variant of the already encoded MYANMAR LETTER JHA used for writing Mon, but which Michael Everson is proposing to encode as a distinct character because there is a requirement for a single "plain-text monofont" that covers all of the Myanmar-script languages of Union of Myanmar, and so language-specific glyph variants must be dealt with at the character level rather than the font level.
This has a bearing on the encoding of Thorn with a stroke, as fonts that are intended for use by medievalists (Alphabetum, Andron Scriptor, Cardo, Junicode, Leeds Uni) are general fonts that cover the characters required for all languages. Thus, users will generally not be using fonts specifically designed for Old Norse or Old English, but will be using a single "medievalist" font with a single glyph for LATIN LETTER THORN WITH STROKE, which will either cater for Old Norse or Old English, but not for both. I think that this is a pretty good argument for saying that as Old English Thorn with a diagonal stroke "is a language-specific variant which differs significantly from the 'default' letter" (ME's justification for MYANMAR LETTER JHA), it should be encoded separately from LATIN LETTER THORN WITH STROKE.
Anyhow, those are just my thoughts. It would be interesting to hear what other people think on this issue.


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Waste Management provides garbage, recycling and yard/food waste service for the City of Redmond. For questions, service issues, broken carts, or missed collection, please contact Waste Management at 800-592-9995 or visit them online.
Recycling at home is easy - and can really cut your garbage service costs (you garbage bill is based on the size of your garbage cart). Why not recycle when unlimited recycling is already built into your garbage fee?
Curbside recycling is easier than ever with All-in-One Recycling! Combine all recyclable items including clean paper, cans, glass and plastic bottles, jugs and dairy tubs, and cardboard in your large blue recycling cart.
View the new recycling guidelines
Which Plastics Can Be Recycled
There is no charge for the collection of extra recyclables that don't fit in your blue-lidded cart. Put them in recycling bins, boxes (limit 2'x2'x2') or paper bags marked "recycling". No plastic bags, please.
Does food sometimes go to waste at your home? If so, you're not alone!
Typically, 25% of the food we buy doesn't get eaten. For the average
family of four, that's a loss of $1,300 per year in addition to all the
water, energy and other resources wasted to produce it.
There are many strategies to reduce edible food waste, such as:
1. Storage tricks to keep produce fresh
2. Recipes to use up leftovers
3. Meal-planning tips, such as buying in bulk or in smaller quantities
4. Reminders of what needs to get used up – for example, a whiteboard or "Eat Soon" shelf for the refrigerator
To find additional resources, please visit their website.
You can put your food scraps into your yard waste cart - fruit, vegetables, coffee grounds, tea bags, meat, cheese, bones, even greasy pizza boxes. When you put your food scraps into your yard waste cart they are taken to Cedar Grove Composting and turned into compost – a great addition to help gardens grow!
View the food/yard waste guidelines
Residents with curbside service in Redmond can order a FREE kitchen food scraps pail and sample roll of compostable bags. Call 425-556-2897 to order. One order per household please.
Would you like to compost your food scraps but aren't sure where to fit a container? If you live in a townhome or multi-unit household and have your own garbage and recycling account, you can now get a small food/yard waste container from Waste Management. Collection occurs weekly at no additional charge.
With a capacity of 25 gallons, this wheeled cart is smaller than standard 96-gallon container (25"x20"x29" versus 35"x26"x46").
Acceptable items in the cart include:
• All food scraps, such as fruit and vegetable peelings, meat, and bones
• Food-soiled paper such as pizza boxes and paper towels
• Plant and yard debris such as floral trimmings or branches
• NO plastic bags, liquids or glass.
The 25-gallon containers are available to townhome or multi-unit households who pay individually for garbage and recycling services. To order a container, call Waste Management at 1-800-592-9995. You may also choose between a 35-, 64- or 96-gallon container sizes.
Note: free collection is offered only for a single container of any of the four available sizes (an additional cart costs $9.18 per month).
For more information, and helpful tips, visit King County's Recycle Food website.
Televisions, computers, and monitors contain toxic substances and are not allowed in the garbage. Instead, place any of the following items next to your recycling cart on collection day, and they will be recycled at no charge. Items must be no bigger than 2'x2'x2' nor heavier than 35 lbs. each. Please call Waste Management at 1-800-592-9995 to schedule a pick-up.
Visit E-Cycle Washington program to find electronics recycling locations in Redmond.
Many common cleaning products are hazardous to the environment when flushed down the toilet or thrown away*. Fumes from household cleansers and other products make indoor air in the typical home two to five times more polluted than the air outside! Children, seniors, and pets are particularly sensitive to chemicals.
Learn more about alternatives to toxics in the home: Green Cleaning
Learn how to make your own green cleaners: Make Your Own Green Cleansers
*Dispose of unwanted cleaning products at one of the household hazardous waste sites
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King County's Local Hazardous Waste Management Program Facilities (Factoria Hazardous Waste Locker and the Wastemobile) DO NOT accept latex paint.
To properly dispose of latex paint:
Oil-based paints are hazardous and need to be disposed of at a household hazardous waste facility
Contact: Household Hazards Line at 206-296-4692
Scrap metal pieces and small metal appliances are accepted in your blue recycling cart with these safety limitations:
First, Reuse! If the item works, sell or donate it. Reusing an item saves 20 times more energy than recycling it! Non-working items accepted for recycling include (put these in your blue recycling cart):
Scrap metal and small appliances are also collected at the Special Recycling and Collection Events.
Bulky items like mattresses, appliances, console televisions, furniture and building materials can be picked up by Waste Management for a charge. Visit Waste Management for more information and fees.
Refrigerators, Freezers and Air Conditioners are also accepted for a fee at the Special Recycling and Collection Events.
For other companies that recycle these items, please visit King County's What Do I Do With website.
There are drop-off bins for household alkaline batteries located at City Hall and the City Special Collection Events.
Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs (CFLs) and Fluorescent Tubes contain toxic substances and are not allowed in the garbage. To find a fluorescent bulb/tube recycling location, visit Light Recycle or call 1-877-592-2972.
Recycle used cooking oil and keep it out of the sewage system! Instead, convert it to biodiesel, a sustainable, low carbon fuel.
Residents are encouraged to use this free self-service program, open 24 hours a day, all year round. The cooking oil collection tank is located at the northern edge of the parking lot between the City's Senior Center and campus parking garage at: 8703 160th Ave. NE.
To ensure safe and secure transport and disposal of your fats and grease, put the cooled oil and grease from fryers, pots or pans in a sealed container such as a plastic milk jug. At the disposal tank, slowly pour the cooking oil into the collection container to avoid splatters. Be sure to close the tank's lid when finished. Take your own containers back home for reuse or disposal and leave nothing behind but the cooking oil you deposited.
This collection site is for cooking oil only. NO motor oil or other petroleum products. Thank you!
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Periodically, the City sponsors a recycling and collection event at the City Maintenance and Operation Center, near Home Depot. The event includes a wide range of materials such as appliances, furniture, bicycles, batteries, tires, and plastic plant containers, as well as paper shredding. While most items are collected at no charge, some do incur a fee. The City also hosts additional collection events for Styrofoam and paper shredding. For more information visit the Special Recycling and Collection Events.
Some items such as oil-based paint, pesticides, gasoline, oil and solvent cleaners, and fluorescent bulbs are considered as hazardous and CANNOT be thrown away in your garbage. These items are accepted at:
For more information on household hazardous waste, quantity limits and what is accepted/not accepted at the sites, and the use of safer alternatives, visit the Local Hazardous Waste Management Program in King County or call the Household Hazards Line at 206-296-4692.
Residents with curbside garbage service can recycle motor oil at the curb following these guidelines:
Only uncontaminated used motor oil is accepted. For more information visit Waste Management.
If you have clothing or linens that are clean and in good condition, you can set out for collection with your curbside recycling. The following items are accepted:
Secure in heavy-duty clear plastic bag tied at the top and place two (2) feet from your blue recycling cart. Items go to a local non-profit organization to be resold and benefit people with disabilities. For details visit Waste Management.
Even if your clothing or linens are not in good condition, they can still be recycled into industrial wiping cloths, athletic equipment and insulation. Many local organizations accept all clothing and linens regardless of their condition, as long as they are not wet, moldy or contaminated with hazardous materials. Examples of acceptable items include:
Visit King County's Threadcycle website to find a local drop-off site.
Clothing and other textiles are also collected at City Special Recycling or Collection Events.
The King County EcoConsumer program has joined forces with non-profit Catalog Choice to provide a convenient website where residents can opt out of thousands of different catalogs, coupons, credit offers, circulars, newsletters, other junk mailings and unwanted phone books. In addition to making mail and phone book opt-outs easier, this partnership will allow King County to make solid estimates about the amount of paper waste being diverted from its regional landfill.
Using ZIP codes, Catalog Choice will provide to the County data on the amount of mail being reduced and the number of County residents participating. Visit the new website Catalog Choice.
The U.S. Postal Service delivers more than 90 billion pieces of direct mail every year. A significant portion of this is unwanted advertising mail, or "junk" mail. Recycling junk mail is a good start, but not receiving junk mail saves landfill space and conserves natural resources. Learn how to reduce your junk mail.
Before you buy, use or discard an item, ask yourself:
Reduce: Can I buy this product with less packaging?
Reuse: Can I or someone else use this again?
Recycle: Can I recycle this after I use it?
Buy Recycled: Can I get this item with recycled content?
For more information visit King County's Waste Prevention page.
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Festive doesn't have to mean wasteful. Green can be your holiday color as well as your way of life. Learn more about Green Holidays resources to offer new and innovative ideas to green up your celebrations.
For information about green building certification programs, construction recycling, incentives to build green and much more visit the City of Redmond's Green Building and Green Infrastructure Incentive Program or King County's GreenTools website.
Confidential documents may be shredded at free community shred events, plus the paper is recycled! For dates and locations, visit Shredathon. Shredding is also available on specified dates at the City's Special Collection Events.
"What do I do with...?"
Comprehensive local recycling database
Household Hazardous Waste Line
Illegal Dumping Hotline
Report litter and illegal dumping
Spill Hotline - Redmond
Report spills, accidental discharges or illicit connections to the stormwater system.


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Wikileaks' Assange to reenter the fray
Embattled leaker to face Times man
Julian Assange will step back onto the public stage this week with an appearance in London.
Wikileaks' spokesman and de facto leader is scheduled to speak on Thursday at City University. He will debate the rights and wrongs of the whistleblowing site's release of tens of thousands of frontline intelligence reports from Afganistan with Times columnist David Aaronovitch.
The appearance comes after several weeks of relative quiet for a man whose fame now arguably exceeds that of any disclosure so far made by Wikileaks.
Over a tumultuous summer he was at the centre of international controversies over the arrest of a US military intelligence specialist, the release of the Afganistan files, and claims of molestation and rape made against him by two Swedish women. Assange denies the allegations, which remain under investigation.
The pressure has prompted internal division within Wikileaks. Over the weekend, Daniel Schmitt, the site's German spokesman, announced his withdrawal, citing conflict with Assange over strategy and style. Schmitt had also called for Assange to temporarily step aside to deal with the allegations against him in Sweden.
"Julian Assange has reacted to each criticism with the accusation that I was refusing to obey and disloyal to the project," Schmitt told Spiegel.
"Four weeks ago he suspended me - a single person as prosecutor, judge and executioner."
Even without such controversial background, the debate on Thursday should prove an interesting clash. Aaronovitch is author of Voodoo Histories, a book debunking many of the web's most-repeated conspiracy theories. Assange meanwhile perceives shadowy forces working against him, including over the rape allegations, which he has attributed to "dirty tricks" by enemies such as the Pentagon.
The Register understands that Assange plans to appear in person, despite suggestions he could be arrested by British police on behalf of the US. Details of the event are here. ®


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Today numerous news agencies including BBC, websites and blogs have announced that women have won a huge "victory" because the proposed "Family Protection Bill" has been sent back by the Majlis for further discussions.
I don't know about everyone else but I am quite disgusted by the whole thing, which to me is nothing but positive press for IRI.
Polygamy is perfectly legal in Iran, a man can have up to 4 wives and numerous temporary (sighe) wives. The only pre-requisite seems to be that the man needs to get the permission of his first wife first! This new "Family Protection Bill" would take away that pre-requisite and the man would be able to re-marry without the permission of his wife.
I've done some digging into the Iranian family law and temporary marriages and divorce, and (please feel free to correct me if I'm wrong about this) but a man taking on a second wife without the permission of his first wife gives the first wife a valid ground for divorce. This is law as it stands today, doesn't that mean that the man can re-marry without the permission of his first wife?
What is the big hype? I am not surprised that Regime mouth pieces such as Shirin Ebadi and Hashemi Shahroudi are involved in fighting this so called "Family Protection Bill" and winning a "victory"!!!!
Why doesn't Ms. Ebadi who claims to be a woman's rights activist fight the hard fight, fight against polygamy rather then fighting against such a very insignificant part of it?
If you ask me the only victory here is the one for the Islamic Regime, with all the positive publicity it has received today.


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Riae Suicide — Suicide Girl of the Day
Riae is a 28-year-old Suicide Girl from Italy who says she buys her sex toys at the hardware store.
AGE: Riae Suicide
LOCATION: Italy
HOMETOWN: Town of colored shadows.
OCCUPATION: Model and Sobriety inhibitor
BODY MODS: 17 piercing and many tattoos.
GETS ME HOT: Boobs,men with prince albert piercings, girls with long red hair, bondage, big sex toys.
FAVORITE POSITION: In front of a looking glass.
FANTASY: Sex on plane
I LOST MY VIRGINITY: Have you found it?
CIGARETTES: Nope
MY KINK FACTOR: I buy sex toys at the hardware store.
MY POLITICS: Politics, who cares?
INTO:Piercings ,tattoos ,sushi, drugs, sex, Hentai, boobs, sweet things.
MAKES ME HAPPY: Long night of sex and Nutella.
MAKES ME SAD: Animal abuse, being lonely, lies, peas, artichokes.
5 THINGS I CAN'T LIVE WITHOUT: My Dog , sex, Nutella, choccolate ice cream, Nintendo DS.
I SPEND MOST OF MY FREE TIME: In my bed, but not to sleep!
SuicideGirls is a community that celebrates alternative beauty and alternative culture from all over the world. Since 2001, tens of thousands of models have submitted millions of photos to their website hoping to become SuicideGirls.


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Merkel's challenger Steinbrueck wells up during interview
PEER Steinbrueck, the main opposition challenger to German Chancellor Angela Merkel, choked up during an interview on Sunday when he was asked about what motivated him to carry on despite all the pressure and criticism of his campaign.
In an extraordinary display of emotion from a man known for his abrasive style, Steinbrueck struggled to find words, and sighed heavily. As his eyes welled up, the audience at the event by his Social Democrat (SPD) party stood up and applauded.
Steinbrueck, who is badly lagging Merkel in the run-up to the Sept. 22 election, faced more controversy on Sunday after rebuking his party's chairman for his disloyalty - yet another sign of disarray in his campaign.
He gave an interview with his wife Gertrude at the party event in which she spoke about how their lives had totally changed since her husband became lead challenger, and said he would never have taken this on, were it not for his convictions.
"We were doing well ... we had freedom, we had free time, we could decide what we wanted to do," she told the interviewer at the televised event. "Then he became challenger, and gets nothing but criticism for everything he has done before."
When the presenter then turned to Steinbrueck to ask what his motivations were, his eyes welled up.
The SPD trail Merkel's conservatives in opinion polls by about 15-16 points. In an Emnid poll published on Sunday, they slipped a point to 25pc, their lowest since January, and only 2 points above their poor showing in the 2009 election.
The SPD had high hopes of beating Merkel when it chose Steinbrueck last September. He was seen as an acerbic, conservative voice in the left-leaning SPD who could woo less convinced voters away from Merkel.
But his message has been clouded by mistakes. He became mired in a row over earning €1.25m as an after-dinner speaker, and bungled an ensuing public debate.
Six days ago, he sacked his chief spokesman, widely blamed for failing to prevent damaging remarks he made - that German chancellors were underpaid and Merkel was so popular because she was a woman - from appearing in a newspaper in December.
Deepening the sense of a lack of unity, Steinbrueck, 66, told weekly Der Spiegel he expected all SPD members, including chairman Sigmar Gabriel, to back him, following a meeting in which Gabriel openly criticised him.
"Only by concentrating all our strengths can the SPD oust this government and Mrs Merkel," the former finance minister told Der Spiegel.
"I therefore expect that everyone, including the party chairman, will over the next 100 days get behind the chancellor candidate and the campaign in a loyal, constructive manner."
At the party event in Berlin on Sunday the men sat next to each other and denied any rift. Gabriel said there could sometimes be friction, much as in a marriage, but this ultimately only generated warmth.
Despite her strong lead, Merkel may still struggle to form a government if her allies, the liberal Free Democrats (FDP), fail to secure the 5pc minimum for entry into parliament. She might then be forced to consider a coalition with the SPD, like the one she led in 2005-9.
FDP lead candidate Rainer Bruederle broke his hand and his leg in an accident on Friday, a party spokesman said on Sunday, adding he expected him to be able to return fully to work in two weeks' time.


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Victor Cruz is more than just a wide receiver for the New York Giants and an amazing salsa dancer—he's a philanthropist too.
Cruz will receive the Big Brother Big Sister award this month for his outstanding effort helping children around New York and New Jersey stay fit and active. The Boricua football star has also helped feed the hungry at food pantries. The award will be presented to him by an 11-year-old Little Brother, Tamauri. How sweet!
Want more from Ariel? Follow her on Twitter.


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Suzanne Bump
3/28/14 - Amherst -State Auditor Suzanne Bump gave the keynote speech at the Umass Women's Leadership Breakfast where three students were honored for their achevements. ( JOHN SUCHOCKI / THE REPUBLICAN )
(John Suchocki)
By Andy Metzger
State House News Service
BOSTON — While acknowledging the truth of some aspects of a lawsuit brought by a former top aide, Auditor Suzanne Bump in a Friday court filing denied that she conducted electioneering out of her office and pushed out Laura Marlin because she was a whistleblower.
"Defendants justly ended Ms. Marlin's employment with the Office because her ongoing rude, disrespectful, and confrontational behavior towards her colleagues, including toward Auditor Bump, were an impediment to the smooth and efficient functioning of the Office and it became apparent that, despite coaching and counseling to which Auditor Bump had referred her, she was unable or unwilling to correct her unacceptable behaviors and negative management style," Bump's attorneys wrote in response to Marlin's Aug. 6 lawsuit.
Marlin claims she was forced to resign after raising concerns about political interference with auditing processes and campaign activities occurring in Bump's State House office. Beyond a statement that denied the claims, Bump and her office have declined to comment.
Marlin had claimed Bump wanted to hold a political meeting to seek the endorsement of a labor group representing social workers in her State House office in May and only moved it after she raised objections. In her suit, Marlin claimed the day after the meeting, Bump told Marlin the group's political director should have been contacted in the course of a recent audit.
In her response Bump said Marlin wrongly objected to holding a "legal and proper meeting" with leaders of SEIU Local 509 about concerns with the process of an audit that was released about seven weeks earlier.
Bump said she moved the meeting to avoid a "further debate" with Marlin and later talked to Marlin about her "unprofessional behavior" and advised her that union officials should have been contacted to identify members who "could provide information relative to the state objectives of the audit."
Bump also acknowledged that on one occasion an unidentified state representative whom she had asked to help her collect nomination signatures had picked up a packet of papers from her office.
Bump also said she had been unaware that a Bump campaign staffer had dropped off campaign paperwork for Marlin, and said the office's general counsel told the staffer he should "never again bring campaign material to the Office."
Marlin's lawsuit has created political hay for Bump's Republican opponent Patricia Saint Aubin, who said in a statement that if the allegations are true they are "unethical and potentially criminal."
The attorney general's office previously said Bump would be represented by outside counsel. The attorneys listed on the response are John Graff and Tobias Crawford, of the firm Hirsch Roberts Weinstein. The judge assigned the case is Leo Sorokin. Crawford clerked for Sorokin when he was judge magistrate, according to his bio on the law firm's website.
Bump conceded that in Marlin's most recent two "formal" performance evaluations she praised Marlin's performance and gave her merit-based pay raises - which was one of the claims in Marlin's suit.
The response contends "outside the formal review process, Auditor Bump provided Ms. Marlin with a memorandum discussing and listing some of her unacceptable interactions with co-workers and colleagues, which they also discussed on numerous occasions, and referred Ms. Marlin to professional counseling and coaching to remedy her negative behaviors."
Marlin had claimed that after she raised objections to Bump's directive that the union's political director should have been included in the audit process Bump "became extremely angry and combative in response to Ms. Marlin's statements and memorandum. She hurled invectives at Ms. Marlin, at times raising her voice and using foul language."


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Very nice tree Steven
Cheers Pup
Webos wrote:What you have achieved in only a couple of years is excellent. Well done. I wonder how faithfully others who took part in his design programme have kept to his design.. I might post mine.
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Tagged: Mick Billmeyer
A Weighty Matter
As various media outlets in the Philadelphia region have noted recently, manager Charlie Manuel has slimmed down considerably since he began a diet and exercise program during the 2009 season. This photo from thefightins.com shows the dramatic change in Charlie's appearance:
Charlie says that his weight loss is due to NutriSystem, but after seeing this photo on the Phillies' website recently, I think I know what really happened:
Charlie transferred his weight to bullpen coach Mick Billmeyer.
I'm sure the weights listed in the Phillies yearbooks should be taken with a grain of salt (or maybe not, doesn't salt make one retain water?). Anyway, while Charlie's weight was gradually shrinking, Mick's seems to have been growing, from 225 to 275 pounds.
Mick, ask Charlie about the NutriSystem!


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Did you know the golf swing has two centers, an upper, and a lower?
The approximate location of you upper center is the top button on your golf shirt (if you have it buttoned). The approximate location of your lower center is your belt buckle.
Controlling both of your centers will lead to better contact every time. I use two good drills to check for proper positions of these two points before and during my student's swings.
Prior to hitting a ball, your two centers will be vertically in-line with themselves. To experience this alignment, grab a club and a golf ball, and put yourself your normal setup position. In this position, you should notice that your two centers are in a straight vertical line. If they are not, then your set-up position is out of balance, and you should make a correction to this position to insure the two centers form a straight line. A good drill to practice is setting up in front of a mirror, visually checking to see if your two centers are in line. Drawing a line down the middle of the mirror will assist you in achieving the correct position.
When you are in an impact position in your swing, your centers are no longer in line. Your lower center must be ahead of the ball, on its way to facing your intended target. You upper center should be in line and/or behind the ball. If they are not in these positions, chances are you are making a reverse weight shift. A good drill to achieve this desirable position is to again use a mirror. This time, try to insure that as you swing the club down, your lower center passes the line you have drawn on the mirror, while your upper center remains behind the line.


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U.S. expects unique atmosphere playing host Russiaby Dan Rosen / Chicago Blackhawks
|Getty Images
SOCHI -- On the fifth anniversary of his first game as a head coach in the NHL, Dan Bylsma will stand in the middle of a scene that should be unlike anything he has seen or experienced in the 1,825 days since he was hired by the Pittsburgh Penguins.
Bylsma will be standing behind the United States' bench, coaching in an Olympic hockey game between the U.S. and Russia in Russia. It would only be bigger if there was a medal on the line.
"It's going to be different," Bylsma said after putting his American team through practice Friday. "But it's going to be big."
Much bigger than the game Thursday against Slovakia, which the Americans won 7-1.
However, Bylsma, who has coached in Game 7 of the Stanley Cup Final and 65 Stanley Cup Playoff games, said he felt like a rookie coach again during his first Olympic game.
He can't even imagine what it'll feel like Saturday at Bolshoy Ice Dome (7:30 a.m. ET, NBCSN, CBC), when the Americans and Russians each play the second of their three games in Group A play at the 2014 Sochi Olympics.
"I had not experienced another game like it," Bylsma said of the U.S. opener Thursday. "Before the game I had a chance to be on the bench with pretty much no one in the arena, no one on the bench, no one on the ice, and it felt like my first Olympic game. I was nervous. It was special. You're about to take the ice, about to get ready for a big game.
"But playing the Russians in their home building, I don't know if we're going to have seen a building and a place like the one we're going to see [Saturday]."
Not true. Thirteen of the American players here actually have. They were on the 2010 Olympic team that was lumped into the same group as Canada, meaning before they got to the gold-medal game, they had to play the Canadians on Canadian ice in the preliminary round.
Zach Parise remembers the nerves and excitement they had going into that game. Ryan Suter remembers the noise in Rogers Arena, dubbed Canada Hockey Place for the 2010 Vancouver Olympics. David Backes recalls the energy the Canadians got from their fans.
But most importantly, the American players that were in that game recall the result: USA 5, Canada 3.
"We understood that they were the favorites. We understood that it was their building," said Parise, now the U.S. captain. "Honestly, we just went in and played hard, and whatever happened, happened. We got great goaltending that night from Ryan [Miller], and all of a sudden we found ourselves putting it into an empty net and wining 5-3. We had the nerves, we had the butterflies, but we just played hard, and we played well.
"I think we're going to find ourselves in a pretty similar situation [Saturday] as we did in Vancouver."
Except, of course, for a few subtle differences, such as the size of the rink, the skill of the Russians and the history of the two countries involved.
Canada might be the United States' biggest hockey rival now, but whether they were alive or not, the game that still resonates with American hockey fans everywhere is the "Miracle on Ice" from Feb. 22, 1980, when the college kids wearing "USA" across their chests stunned the Soviets in the semifinals in Lake Placid, N.Y.
Patrick Kane said he has watched every documentary, movie and highlight from that famous game.
"I'm sure that's probably the greatest moment maybe in USA sports in general, but definitely in USA hockey," Kane said.
This American team is looking to change that.
"We've got a crew that would love to write our own chapter and maybe give the generation of kids that's playing hockey today something else to look forward to or strive to repeat," Backes said. "That's some motivation we have."
All they can do Saturday is take a step toward making that happen.
For all the hype the game will get, all the nerves and excitement the Americans and Russians will feel going into it, neither team is going to care about the outcome if they fail to leave these Olympics with at least a medal around their necks.
Each believes it can win gold. To go a step further, the Russians and Americans expect to win gold.
Before they can have a shot at that, though, they'll get a chance at a rehearsal on the big stage.
If Bylsma thought the game against Slovakia was big and different, just wait until the arena doors open Saturday. An Olympic hockey game between the Americans and Russians in Russia -- it's history even if it isn't for a medal.
"I don't know if I'm going to have the nerves," Bylsma said, "but it's going to be a special game."


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Loren looks at Cauley and asks, "Do you know this man? Is he part of Bowb's gang?"
"And if he get's an equal share, then I think Cauley should have one too." Loren adds.
for OSR Discussion & Play-by-Post Games
Eris wrote:Loren looks at Cauley and asks, "Do you know this man? Is he part of Bowb's gang?"
Wouter wrote:Yilmaz takes both vials and puts them in his backpack. He closes the chest, locks the room behind him and joins the others at the cemetery. He introduces himself to Deccon and his face grimaces slightly at the firm handshake. He smiles, rubbing his sore hand: "Well met, sir Deccon Stormfall! I am Yilmaz the Old, as people have come to know me around these parts. I'm sure we could use a big, strong fellow like you."
Tamerlane wrote: "Now I've for for treasure and glory and I'll not be denied. With the map and Cauley's guidance, I say let us shove off and make our start."
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text:
Dance Karaoke Thursdays @ Slate!
Come experience the world's best "DANCE KARAOKE!" DJ Purple's Thursdays in the Mission are a 10-year tradition, starting from our legendary beginnings at Jack's Club, now grown into a weekly pyrotechnic extravaganza on the big dance floor and beautiful sound system at Slate Bar! Join us this Thursday and every Thursday, 9:30pm-1:30am, no cover! 2925 16th St, San Francisco (@...
How did a *Karaoke Show* get voted "Best DJ in San Francisco"?!?
There was quite a stir when DJ Purple was voted "Best DJ in SF" in the SF Weekly Reader's Choice Awards for 2011."How could a karaoke KJ win Best DJ? That's not real DJ'ing!" said those uninitiated into the mysteries of Dance Karaoke. "Come check it out! You'll see!" said those had been there… Come...
DJ Purple Interview in The Bold Italic!
Thanks to Andy Wright and The Bold Italic for this in-depth profile and interview with DJ Purple!
The DANCE KARAOKE Song Books!
DJ Purple's song books are the heart of DANCE KARAOKE! You've never seen so much dancing at a karaoke show! Hear the story of the books in this exclusive interview with MissionMission.org! Then pick a song and get ready to move your feet… and everyone else's!
Tupelo Tuesdays!
Join DJ Purple on Tuesdays for DANCE KARAOKE at Tupelo – a thriving bar in North Beach with great food and a history of legendary performances… Janis Joplin played her first San Francisco gigs here, and Steve Martin began his stand-up career here! Tuesdays, 9:30pm-1:30am, no cover! 1337 Grant Ave, San Francisco (in the heart of North Beach)


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Corruption Lawyers Manchester
The implementation of the Bribery Act 2010 introduced a whole new area of criminal law resulting in a new wave of recent prosecutions for bribery offences that previously did not exist.
Normally a prosecution will be against a company if it can be shown that an employee of that company has committed an act of bribery and that the company did not have in place adequate procedures to prevent this happening.
Should a corporate client of ours face a prosecution under the Bribery Act it will be essential to show that the company had done everything that could reasonably be expected to prevent any such offences of bribery taking place.
Corruption Penalties
The penalties under this prosecution can range from a fine or imprisonment for an individual or significant financial penalties against corporate defendants. There can also be further wide range of penalties which can seriously affect that company's ability to trade in the future.
We fully appreciate the importance of any bribery or corruption prosecution against an individual or corporate client. If we are instructed to defend any client facing such a prosecution our services will be specifically tailored to the individual or corporate clients requirements. Should it be necessary to instruct a Barrister we have direct access to Barristers throughout the country who are highly specialised in dealing with this field of the criminal law.
FAQ: Can I discuss my case initially without having to instruct you?
The answer is yes. We fully understand that it is essential for you to feel confident in your legal team. Instructing the right lawyer is a vitally important decision. We are very happy to spend time with you discussing your case, listening to your concerns and explaining how we can help. Feel free to call us for an initial no obligation chat free of charge.
Contact our Corruption Lawyers Manchester Today
We are expert solicitors acting for the defence in proceedings for corruption. We have been practicing in this field for over 20 years now, so please don't hesitate to contact our Corruption Lawyers Manchester free on 0800 634 7022 today.
Corruption Lawyers Leeds | Corruption Lawyers Liverpool | Corruption Lawyers London
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Who are we?
The Spa Valley Railway recognises that your privacy is important, and we are committed to protecting the Personal Data that we collect from you. The Spa Valley Railway is owned and operated by the Wealden Railway Company Limited (Registered company 1936470). In this Privacy Policy, Wealden Railway Company Limited is referred to as "SVR", Spa Valley Railway", "WCR", "SpVR", "we", "our" and "us" and who is for the purpose of GDPR we are the Data Controller and can be contacted by email here or by post by writting to West Station, Nevill Terrace, Royal Tunbridge Wells, Kent, TN2 5QY.
Personal Data is managed in accordance with the General Data Protection Regulations (GDPR).
The Spa Valley Railway will never sell your Personal Data, or otherwise use your data for the benefit of outside parties. We do not use your Personal Data for automated decision making, profiling, screening or other similar processes. We will only use your data for purposes reasonably required in the ordinary course of Spa Valley Railway activity such as bookings or contacting a customer relating to a booking. This Privacy Policy outlines the types of Personal Data that we may collect, how that Personal Data will be used, disclosed, transferred and stored, and sets out the measures that we take to comply with the above Acts and Regulations.
Collecting Personal Data
The Spa Valley Railway will only collect and hold Personal Data about you that is reasonably necessary to undertake our normal activities, bookings and functions, or as otherwise permitted by law.
Why we collect Personal Data
We may collect your Personal Data for one or more of the reasons outlined below. We will use Legitimate Interest as the legal basis for so doing, excepting where under GDPR we are required to seek your express consent.
- Providing our membership services to you including newsletters, and information about events.
- To assist with your enquiries.
- Processing a booking or application that you have made via our website provider and booking system vTicket, which is owned and operated by Wilson Digital.
- For appropriate surveys, direct marketing, promotions or competitions.
- Facilitating our internal operations including the fulfilment of any legal or regulatory requirements.
- Analysing our services and member/ customer needs with a view to developing new and/or improved products and services.
- For Spa Valley Railway volunteers, contractors and suppliers, as is reasonably and/or legally necessary.
- For us to be able to contact you by email, post or by MailChimp regarding your bookings, transactions or contracts you enter into us with.
How we collect your Personal Data
We generally collect Personal Data directly from you, through the use of any of our standard forms, over the internet, via email or through a telephone conversation with you. As part of booking process' on this website information is collected online and used within vTicket by our website provider Wilson Digital.
We may also collect Personal Data from third party contractors or agents who provide our products and services on our behalf.
What kinds of Personal Data we collect:
You are under no legal obligation to provide your Personal Data. If however you do not provide us with your personal data it may affect our ability to offer you our products and services.
The types of Personal Data that we collect may include:
- Your name & job title
- Contact information such as postal address
- Email address
- Social media
- Phone number
- Other contact details and relevant information that allows us to provide our products and services to you in the manner that you have requested, or to comply with the law.
We do not generally collect sensitive information from you. However, if you provide such information to us, we will only collect that information with your express consent and only where such information is reasonably required in order for us to provide our products or services to you (such as special access or an assistance requirement due to a health condition).
We do not store credit card details. We will only provide such Personal Data to those third parties as required to provide our products, sorting or services.
We shall not disclose sensitive data to any other party beyond necessary third-party contractors or agents without your consent. We will hold your Personal Data as current for up to 2 years after its last active use or to legally required timescales (whichever is the longer), after which your Personal Data will be archived and not used or maintained, unless you contact us further. We will only hold your personal data with your explicit permission, if we are informed that you have withdrawn this consent then we will only keep your personal data for the period required to complete any transaction that we have legitimate interest with.
How your data is held and processed
Your personal details are stored on a secure booking system called 'vTicket' provided by Wilson Digital. Any paper documents you have completed, and any correspondence are held in a secure environment. We process your data only to contact you on products, experiences, bookings you have made, matters of interest relating to the Spa Valley Railway such as events. Your data is not subject to any processing which includes automated decision making.
Our online payment portal is provided by PayPal. www.paypal.co.uk
Your Rights
- You can ask for a copy of the information we hold about you and have it corrected if it is wrong.
- You have the right to ask us to delete any personal data we hold about you.
- You have the right to object to your data being used for specific purposes.
If you have any cause for complaint about our use of your data you should contact us to try to resolve the matter. You have the right to lodge a complaint with the UK's supervisory authority, the Information Commissioner's Office, if not satisfied.
How we use cookies
A cookie is a small file which asks permission to be placed on your computer's hard drive. Once you agree, the file is added, and the cookie helps analyse web traffic or lets you know when you visit a particular site. Cookies allow web applications to respond to you as an individual. The web application can tailor its operations to your needs, likes and dislikes by gathering and remembering information about your preferences.
We use traffic log cookies to identify which pages are being used. This helps us analyse data about webpage traffic and improve our website in order to tailor it to customer needs. We only use this information for statistical analysis purposes and then the data is removed from the system.
Overall, cookies help us provide you with a better website by enabling us to monitor which pages you find useful and which you do not. A cookie in no way gives us access to your computer or any information about you, other than the data you choose to share with us.
You can choose to accept or decline cookies. Most web browsers automatically accept cookies, but you can usually modify your browser setting to decline cookies if you prefer. This may prevent you from taking full advantage of the website.
Links to other websites
Our website may contain links to other websites of interest. However, once you have used these links to leave our site, you should note that we do not have any control over that other website. Therefore, we cannot be responsible for the protection and privacy of any information which you provide whilst visiting such sites and such sites are not governed by this privacy statement. You should exercise caution and look at the privacy statement applicable to the website in question.
CCTV Policy
Description of CCTV Use & Reasons/purposes for processing information
The Wealden Railway Company Ltd. / Spa Valley Railway (SVR) uses CCTV at its stations and elsewhere on trains or the lineside to monitor and collect visual images for the purpose of safety (including the observation of train movements), security and the prevention and detection of crime. Images from wide angle 'webcam' cameras at stations may also be made available as internet streams via our website and other partners such as RailCam for promotional purposes. The use of these systems is set out in this policy.
Nature of work – Transportation, Heritage, Leisure
The use of CCTV will be notified to the Information Commissioner and such notification will be renewed annually. The continuing requirement for CCTV will be assessed annually by the SVR Leadership Team at which time this policy will also be reviewed. The use of CCTV by the SVR will comply with the SVR's data protection policy.
Person Responsible
The CCTV systems used by the SVR are the responsibility of the SVR's Telecommunications Manager. At the current time this is Mark Patrick. The systems are managed and owned by the SVR and third party services are not used for the provision of recording and monitoring.
System Setup & Camera Positioning
The systems used are chosen to produce clear images. Cameras are sited such that they primarily only cover private land on SVR premises but some peripheral capture of public areas (e.g. just beyond the entrance gate) is unavoidable. The systems will not record audio.
Monitoring of Live Images
Monitor screens are provided in staff areas such as Booking Office and the Signal Box. These monitors are arranged such that members of the public cannot see them from normally accessible positions.
Remote access to live streaming of images from the systems is possible but access is limited to members of the SVR Leadership Team and also to the Telecommunications team for the purposes of system support. A strong password is required for access.
Image Storage & Security
Images from the cameras are securely stored and access is only possible by members of the SVR Leadership Team. Where applicable systems will be password protected. Where systems permit remote access via the internet, this will be secured with a strong password and details will only be made available to members of the SVR Leadership Team.
Images will not be retained for a period exceeding 4 weeks. The exact storage period depends on system capability at each location and will vary.
Access to Recorded Images
The SVR Leadership Team may view images to assess and evaluate an incident. Such use of the system will require authorisation from the Telecommunications Manager along with at least one other member of the Leadership Team and will be done privately.
Any access to the system will be noted in the CCTV logbook held at Tunbridge Wells West Station stating the data and time access was made, the period of time being accessed, who access was authorised by, who undertook the access and details of any recordings extracted and who they were passed to, if applicable.
Any request for access to the images should be made to the Telecommunications Manager in writing. They will consider the impact of such a request and act on it accordingly, taking into account the possible impact on the SVR or any individuals concerned.
Images containing identifiable personal images will not be published online or be sent to the media.
Images obtained from the CCTV systems will not be made available to third parties. The only exceptions are as follows:
- Images will be voluntarily released to law enforcement bodies (typically the police) or government safety agencies (e.g. HSE, ORR) on request but only ever by agreement from at least 3 members of the SVR Leadership Team. The agency representative will need to sign for the images.
- Images captured from dedicated wide angle 'webcams' installed at our stations may be streamed or posted online via our website or other partner sites such as RailCam for promotional purposes. The intended target of these cameras will be our trains and facilities, not our customers or volunteers. The cameras will be arranged such that in normal use no individual person would occupy more than 1/6th of the screen.
All locations where CCTV is in use will display signage to clearly indicate this to customers, volunteers and visitors.
As the primary purpose of the CCTV systems is for safety and security, any wilful damage to them will be treated seriously. This includes adjusting the angle of cameras or covering them without the consent of the S&T team. Where this damage is by a member of staff or a volunteer, disciplinary action will be taken as appropriate.
Accidental damage to the systems should always be reported to the S&T team for repair.


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This young convert was deeply impressed and determined to make these the rules of his life. From that day onward throughout his life he made it a rule to spend the first moments of his day alone with God and God's Word. Before he read a letter, looked at a paper or even read a telegram, he went first to the Bible, that the first impression of the day might be what he got directly from God.
Rev John Terech is Director of Operations for the new Covenant Order of Evangelical Presbyterians (ECO). He came to speak to us shortly after Woodbury Presbyterian was received into ECO.
Rev Nader was born and grew up in Egypt where he was ordained as a Presbyterian minister in June of 1990. In 1991 he moved to Montreal, Canada, where he was involved in pastoral ministry and pursuit of further academic studies earning STM and MA degrees from McGill University. In 2001 he moved to Ontario, Canada and served different churches in the Toronto area, and completed an MA degree in North American immigration history.
Since 2008 Rev Nader served as an interim pastor for several Presbyterian churches in the western NY and eastern Ohio regions. He is a Minister at Large in the Florida Presbytery of ECO and currently lives in Palm Beach Gardens, FL, with his beautiful bride, Sarita.
Rev Nader is an avide soccer fan (or football as it is called in the rest of the world!) and his favorite team is Chelsea in England.
Reformed Theological Seminary student
John Ortberg is the Senior Pastor at Menlo Park Presbyterian Church. Read his biography here.


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If your login and or password do not work, you can try resetting your password by –>clicking here. We recently upgraded our Membership system, this will be the case for most returning customers since 7/4/14.
IMPORTANT: Check your spam folder for the Reset Notification email, that will include the important link to reset your password with.
If that page tells you it does not recognize your email address, you either registered with a different email address, or you have not registered yet. No problem!
Just email us at email@example.com , and let us know. We can can add any customer to the system manually, or send a customer a temporary register link.
To purchase the Meter Drop Method, please –>click here
NOTE: We depend on the feedback of our customers. All emails are read and answered in 24 hours.
For some customers, their browser settings are keeping them from logging in. You might also try clearing your browser's cache.
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How To Clear Your Browser Cache


text: Olbia is one of the main cities in Sardinia, (fourth for number of inhabitants after, Cagliari, Sassari and Quartu Sant'Elena), and is a rapidly growing industrial and commercial centre. It was the capital of the "Giudicato di Gallura" and the first Gallura Episcopal seat; since 2006 it has been the administrative capital city (with the town of Tempio Pausania) of the Olbia-Tempio province.Fragments of ceramics and a little statue representing the Mother Goddess found in Porto Rotondo, dates back to the Mid Neolithic Age (4.000-3.500 B.C.) the first evidence of human presence in the Olbia area.Near Olbia there are also some interesting archaeological sites dating back to the pre-nuraghic period: the nuraghe "Riu Molinu" (Cabu Abbas), the "Giants" tomb of "Su Monte de S'Abe", the sacred nuraghic well of Sa Testa, the Punic walls located between "Via Torino" and "Via Acquedotto", the "Pedres" and "Sa Paulazza" castles, the Roman waterworks, the Roman farm of "S'Imbalconadu" along the road to Padru.There are also nineteenth-century buildings like the library "Biblioteca Simpliciana" and the Town Hall. Among the cult buildings, we must mention the little "Basilica di San Simplicio", located in the city centre, set in a square where several Roman milestones can be seen; this simple granite structure is considered the most important medieval monument in the whole of Gallura.It is also worth visiting the recently open archaeological museum, located on the little island of "Peddone", along the road which leads to the "Isola Bianca" port, in front of the city centre. Its characteristic feature is the main large central patio, where some recently discovered Roman ships are housed. Not to be missed are the several splendid beaches which surround the entire area. The seashore and preserved area of "Tavolara-Punta Coda Cavallo" spreads (for about 15,000 hectares) along one of the most beautiful and evocative part of the coasts of the whole Mediterranean sea and is of major importance. It is also not far away from the "Costa Smeralda".


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The role of the Royal Navy in the United Kingdom's foreign and security policy, means that the size and shape of the fleet will continue to evolve. The driving factors are not simply those of need, but to do so cost-effectively avoiding waste and unnecessary expense.
This philosophy has been carried through into the design of the next generation of ships, which have much smaller crews, a high degree of computer automation and are multi-role.
They need to be multi-role to face the wide range of tasks that they will be called upon to perform around the world. But they must also be capable of carrying out specialist roles when needed. This section therefore offers a glimpse of what sort of Navy we will require and how that translates into specific ships, aircraft and submarines.
Maritime Organic Air Power
The first of the three core capabilities is expected to remain an essential component of most operations - be they deterrent, hostilities, peace-keeping or major humanitarian efforts. The ability to put combat aircraft, or support helicopters, into the air over international waters or inland during coastal operations is likely to be a key factor in determining success. Thus the Royal Navy intends to retain, and ultimately to look to replace, its three aircraft carriers. It has recently decided to select two larger Carriers that can operate both the F35 Joint Strike Fighter and a range of helicopters, see Future Aircraft.
But the aircraft carriers themselves would be of little use without effective aircraft. Having withdrawn the Royal Navy Sea Harrier airborne interceptor aircraft from service, the Joint (RN & RAF) Force Harrier, based at RAF Cottesmore and RAF Wittering, fly the Harriers GR7 / GR9 / T10 close air support aircraft. The latest GR9 standard is a heavily updated development of the extant GR7, but incorporates the ability to use a wide range of advanced precision weaponry, new communications and systems upgrades. These weapons provide the option to attack a wider range of targets, at longer ranges and with less risk.
Alongside the GR9 upgrade programme, some aircraft are being fitted with more powerful engines to enable them to perform better in extremely hot climates. Upgraded aircraft with the improved engine will be designated GR9A. New digital weapons that are being integrated onto the GR9 include the advanced Global Positioning System and laser-guided Paveway IV bomb, and infrared and television variants of the Maverick missile to achieve high-precision ground attack capabilities. The aircraft will be able to carry up to six Paveway IV bombs. The Successor Identification Friend or Foe system now makes the aircraft less vulnerable on operations. The aircraft is being fitted to carry the advanced Brimstone fire and forget anti-armour missile. Part of the longer-term plans for the aircraft currently include equipping it with secure communications, a ground proximity warning system and, for training sorties, the Rangeless Airborne Instrumentation and Debriefing System. The programme also includes an upgrade to the two-seater T10 training aircraft to T12, the equivalent of the GR9 avionics standard. Work is underway, with the United States, to develop the Joint Strike Fighter aircraft, that can fly from our smaller aircraft carriers, and that will be both stealthy and supersonic. Lockheed Martin has been chosen as the prime contractor to build the Harrier replacement with aircraft F35 which will enter service alongside with US Forces as well.
Defence Capability
The replacement for the Type 42 Destroyer is the Type 45, which together with the Harrier successor F-35 Joint Strike Fighter, will provide the Royal Navy's major maritime Anti Air Warfare contribution.
The vessel must be capable of worldwide operations in open ocean and the littoral areas, in climates ranging from tropics to Atlantic winters. It must be capable also of operating with other units of a national, NATO or coalition force over a wide range of missions with varying levels of command embarked, and in a number of roles covering the full spectrum of activities from defence diplomacy, in peace and tension, to war.
The Royal Navy's long-term vision paper, "The Future Navy", is now available below as a
PDF document to read or download.


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Robert Hogg is the Managing Director of Black Marble Ltd, a Microsoft Gold Partner based in the North of England, specialising in Microsoft BizTalk and SharePoint based business automation and collaboration solutions, as well as Application Lifecycle Management.
Robert is in his fourth year as an MVP, currently for the Connected Systems Division, and is also a Fellow of the British Computer Society and an Honorary Fellow at the University of Hull. He speaks throughout the UK, as well as internationally. Robert writes, contributes and edits books, white papers and articles on SOA, Modelling and Enterprise Service Bus.
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