text:
Mplus Home
Last Day
Last 3 Days
Last Week
Tree View
Edit Profile
Explaining a significant interaction ...
Mplus Discussion
Multilevel Data/Complex Sample
Mary Mitchell
posted on Monday, May 11, 2009 - 12:38 pm
I ran a multilevel SEM and found a significant interaction between two between-level variables and would like to graph their relationship with my outcome variable. Specifically, I would like to generate a graph that shows the relationship between office referrals (IV - continuous at between-level) and ratings of order & discipline (DV - factor at within-level) separately for younger vs. older teachers (IV - binary at between-level). However, I'm not sure which plot command/option to use. Thank you for your help!
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Tuesday, May 12, 2009 - 9:12 am
The PLOT command does not include a plot for interactions. See short course Topic 3 slides 161-168 for a coverage of latent variable interactions including interpretation. This may help.
Mary Mitchell
posted on Wednesday, May 13, 2009 - 11:57 am
Thanks Linda!
I have another question for you - I found in my SEM output that one of my path estimates was nonsignificant in the unstandardized section of output, but was significant in the standardized output. I found that the p-values were very similar - .06 for the nonstandardized estimate and .04 for the standardized, so I'm not sure if I should report this estimate as being significant or not? If the two sets of estimates are in conflict, which one do you report?
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Friday, May 15, 2009 - 8:08 am
I would go with the raw coefficient although I know of no study that has investigated differences in significance between raw and standardized coefficients. I would also remember that I am doing many tests and be conservative in what I call significant.
Mary Mitchell
posted on Friday, May 15, 2009 - 9:14 am
Thank you Linda! This is very helpful.
Rebecca Taylor
posted on Sunday, June 05, 2011 - 10:21 am
Dear Drs. Muthen,
I ran a multilevel (students in schools) latent covariance model which included latent estimation of both the outcome and one of the predictors at the school level. Additionally, I included interaction terms for a couple of the within level observed variables, and I estimated a few random slopes that I am trying to predict with the latent predictor.
I found significant interactions both within and cross-level, and now I would like to plot the simple slopes. I saw in other discussion posts that Mplus does not currently have this capability. However, I was wondering...
(1) Is it possible to use Preacher's HLM slopes calculator with Mplus estimates? Are the two compatible?
(2) If they are compatible, is it possible to get Mplus to print the asymptotic covariance matrix?
(3)If so, where would I find that in the output?
Thank you in advance!
Rebecca Taylor
posted on Sunday, June 05, 2011 - 10:37 am
A correction to the above: I did NOT end up modeling the predictor as a latent variable in the final model that converged. I used a group aggregated observation to predict the random slopes. However, my questions about plotting the interactions still apply.
My syntax is as follows, if that is helpful.
gender grade RaceThrt lep sped lunch
plan_m centS CGM_S centGPA
ReCGMPop CGMMob CGMLep CGMIep CGMFrl CGMRdi CGMFem
x1x2 x1x3;
MISSING= all (-9999);
WITHIN = gender grade RaceThrt lep sped lunch centGPA centS x1x2 x1x3;
BETWEEN = ReCGMPop CGMMob CGMLep CGMIep CGMFrl CGMRdi CGMFem CGM_S;
Cluster = unit;
ANALYSIS: TYPE IS TWOLEVEL random;
Define: x1x2=gender*centS;
s1 | plan_m ON gender;
s2 | plan_m ON centS;
s3 | plan_m ON RaceThrt;
plan_m ON grade lep sped lunch centGPA;
centGPA centS ON lunch lep sped gender racethrt;
plan_m ON x1x2 x1x3;
s1 s2 s3 plan_m;
plan_m ON ReCGMPop CGMMob CGMLep CGMIep CGMFrl CGMRdi CGMFem CGM_S;
s1 ON CGM_S;
s2 ON CGM_S;
s3 ON CGMRDI;
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Monday, June 06, 2011 - 7:18 am
(1) I haven't looked at Preacher's calculator but you say that it refers to HLM slopes, which means that you consider random slopes for observed covariates. That is, not using the general Mplus approach of also allowing latent covariates (or observed y variables). It sounds like your Mplus model is of this special kind and therefore the calculator would be applicable.
(2)-(3) You get the asymptotic covariance matrix by requesting TECH3 in the OUTPUT command. You can also save this using the SAVEDATA command.
posted on Monday, November 07, 2011 - 4:37 pm
I ran a model to examine a three-way interaction between a within and two between-level variables predicting a within-level outcome. I am trying to use Topic 3 slides 164-171 to interpret these findings. Is this appropriate for this type of interaction? If so:
S1 = 0.149 + 0.096*IV1 - 0.074*IV2 - 0.104*IV1*IV2 + 0.276*Control1 + e and
S1 = 0.149 + 0.096*IV1 + (-1)(0.074 + 0.104*IV1)*IV2 + 0.276*Control1 + e
Are these the changes in the slope between the within-level IV and DV depending on IV1 and IV2?
s1 | DV on IV;
DV s1 ON IV1 IV2 INT Control1;
DV with s1;
Between Level
Control1 0.276 0.174 1.588
Control1 0.235 0.118 1.999
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Monday, November 07, 2011 - 8:40 pm
You should look at the Topic 7 slide 45 where you have a random slope. It results in a product between the within IV x and the between IV w.
In your case you get a product (interaction) of your within IV and your between IV1 and between IV2. So your equation
S1 = 0.149 + 0.096*IV1 + (-1)(0.074 + 0.104*IV1)*IV2 + 0.276*Control1 + e
is not correct because your model doesn't have an interaction bewteen IV1 and IV2.
posted on Wednesday, November 09, 2011 - 4:05 pm
Thank you for your response to my question and for pointing me towards Topic 7 slide 45. This helped clarify what I am looking for in the model and output. I would like to follow-up on on your response and more details regaring my model might be needed.
Similar to a post under the Multilevel Data/Complex Sample/Cross-level and between-group interac... around 2010/09/10 I would like to model an interaction between IV, IV1 and IV2. IV, IV1 and IV2 are observed variables. The post I saw for a similar model (IV at within level, two latent variables and their interaction at the between level) could be modeled using XWITH by including the interaction in the between level of the model. Given the observed variables, I created an interaction term (INT in my model, IV1*IV2, I did this in the data but could also use the DEFINE statement). I then added the interaction term to the between level of the model. Is this the appropriate way to model an interaction between IV1 and IV2 in the model from my last post? I think this would yield the following based on the output:
S1 = 0.149 + 0.096*IV1 - 0.074*IV2 - 0.104*INT + 0.276*Control1 + e
If so, can I simply replace INT with IV1*IV2 to rearrange the terms? I would appreciate any guidance you can provide in extending Topic 7 slide 45 to the three-way (two-way interaction at the between level) case.
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Thursday, November 10, 2011 - 7:04 pm
Yes, this is correct.
posted on Wednesday, July 11, 2012 - 11:10 am
I have a question drawing on the example above (2011/11/07) based on the syntax:
s1 | DV on IV;
DV s1 ON IV1 IV2 INT Control1;
DV with s1;
I have noticed that in examples 9.2 and 9.5 in the manual and in the NLES Math Achievement example in the Topic 7 slides, starting about slide 33, that when between level covariates are added they are included in the ON statement for both the random intercept and random slope. I am wondering if it is appropriate to have different variables in these statements like altering the example to:
DV ON Control1;
DV with s1;
This works when I estimate a similar model. Are there any concerns regarding this asymmetrical approach? If this is appropriate, is the interpretation that IV1, IV2, and the interaction affect the slope of DV on IV, not the intercept - these are cross level interactions. Control1, alternatively only affects the random intercept - and is not a cross level interaction since it does not alter the slope. Thanks in advance for your input.
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Wednesday, July 11, 2012 - 8:23 pm
All of that is perfectly ok - the choice depends on your substantive theory.
posted on Monday, February 11, 2013 - 4:04 pm
I am using a model similar to the one outlined in the post from July 11, 2012. A reviewer has asked that I demonstrate that there is sufficient variance in the slope representing the relationship between IV and DV, specifically that there is significant variance in relationship between IV and DV at level 2 prior to testing level 2 moderators that may explain this variance.
I would appreciate your insight on how I could provide this information. Is it simply the matter of including the BETWEEN residual variances for DV and S1 with IV1 IV2 and INT constrained to zero where the estimate of the residual variances are statistically significant? Thanks in advance for your input.
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Monday, February 11, 2013 - 5:37 pm
I think you are considering a random slope. As a first step you may just want to estimate the variance of that slope on Between, that is, not including any level-2 covariates predicting the random slope. Perhaps that is what the reviewer refers to.
If this is not what you are asking, let me know.
posted on Tuesday, March 19, 2013 - 5:10 pm
A delayed thank you for this insight.
I ran the model you suggested - outlined below - and got an estimate for the variance of the slope at the between level. I had missed that when you do not have the covariates at the between level that Mplus returns variances rather than residual variances.
I am reporting the variance estimate and CI in the text of a paper and am wondering if there is a standard greek letter (like beta for regression weights) that I should use for this estimate. The estimate in the Mplus output is in the psi matrix, should I use psi, tau_1 which I have seen used for the variance of a random slope, or something else? Thank you in advance for your input.
s1 | DV on IV;
DV with s1;
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Tuesday, March 19, 2013 - 6:25 pm
There doesn't seem to be a common multilevel notational standard. HLM uses tau, MLwiN uses sigma_u I think, and Mplus uses psi because it associates it with factors. Sigma is a typical Greek letter for variances, so a fairly middle-of-the road approach could be to use sigma_b (reserving sigma_w for the within-level residual variance) - thereby not favoring any software...
posted on Wednesday, June 05, 2013 - 5:56 pm
I have constructed a multilevel three way interaction similar to the one from July 11, 2012. I have used model constraint to calculate the simple slopes and their significance to further understand a significant three way interaction.
I am now wondering if I can use model constraint to test whether two of the slopes are significantly different. The equation I have used in the following code is similar to the one above from November 9, 2011. The code I have used is the following and it has worked (meaning I get an estimate for DD and its significance):
Model Constraint:
LL = equation...;
LH = equation...;
HL = equation...;
HH = equation...;
I am wondering if I can interpret DD as the estimate and significance of the difference between the slopes estimated in HH and LH? For clarification, L and H are estimates of the slopes for combinations of + and - 1 SD of the variables in the interaction. Thanks in advance for your assistance.
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Thursday, June 06, 2013 - 10:59 am
Yes, the DD z-tests tests the difference between HH and LH.
Johnna Capitano
posted on Monday, September 23, 2013 - 12:46 pm
I am trying to create an interaction term, MVD, by multiplying two observed variables, DepVig and Ms. When I use the following syntax, I receive an error statement saying that MVD is an unknown variable in an on statement. How do I make it known? I thought that using the define statement was how to make it known. Thank you for your assistance! Johnna
ID Zvig Ms Cs Depvig;
Within are Ms Cs Zvig DepVig;
MVD = DepVig * Ms;
CVD = DepVig * Cs;
Zvig on Ms;
Zvig on Cs;
Zvig on MVD;
Zvig on CVD;
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Monday, September 23, 2013 - 2:16 pm
Put it at the end of the USEVARIABLES list.
Johnna Capitano
posted on Monday, September 23, 2013 - 3:53 pm
Ahhhh - thank you! I've been looking through the manual and prior posts for over an hour. Many thanks. Johnna
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Monday, September 23, 2013 - 5:35 pm
It's stated at the bottom of page 574 and the top of page 575 in the user's guide.
posted on Wednesday, October 30, 2013 - 4:45 pm
I am interested in testing an interaction between two level 1 variables (x and m) predicting a level 1 (y) variable accounting for clustering in the variables. I would appreciate your insight regarding setting up the code to run the models. As an example, we can think of x as a rating of customer service quality, m as interaction duration, and y as purchase size. These variables are observed for sales people with multiple ratings for each sales person. Assume that I created the interaction (int) term using the define statement such that int = x * m. I am wondering if the following code is how I would set up this model when there is clustering at level 2 for both x and m.
s1| y on x;
s2| y on m;
s3| y on int;
y on;
s1 on;
s2 on;
s3 on;
Alternatively, is the following code correct when x has level 2 clustering but m does not? As an example, m could be customer gender, which is random across employees.
s1| y on x;
y on m;
s3| y on int;
y on;
s1 on;
s3 on;
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Wednesday, October 30, 2013 - 8:38 pm
A 2-level structure does not necessitate random slopes; random intercepts can be sufficient to capture the clustering effect. So, saying
on Between can be sufficient.
posted on Saturday, April 05, 2014 - 1:28 pm
And what would happen to the interpretation if y; from the above example is not mentioned on the between level (y x m & int are clustered given id) and the model is:
cluster = id;
within = y x m int;
y on x;
y on m;
y on int;
Is this model correct, and interpretable in terms of standard errors, if I use the twolevel option?
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Sunday, April 06, 2014 - 5:51 pm
If you have no between level variable and no model on between,you should use TYPE=COMPLEX.
posted on Sunday, April 06, 2014 - 11:35 pm
But I need Bayes estimator. So my question is if estimates are interpratable from such a model or to some extent biased?
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Monday, April 07, 2014 - 9:35 am
I would do a TWOLEVEL BASIC and look at the ICC's. If they are high, I would include the random intercept on between.
posted on Monday, April 07, 2014 - 9:44 am
Thanks for this. These ICC's are low.
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Monday, April 07, 2014 - 4:56 pm
What is your average cluster size and what is the range of your icc's?
posted on Tuesday, April 08, 2014 - 1:44 am
Average cluster size is 125 and the range = [.000, .000]
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Tuesday, April 08, 2014 - 9:52 am
If the ICC's are zero, you don't need to account for clustering. Just use a single-level model.
posted on Tuesday, April 08, 2014 - 9:56 am
Brilliant. Thanks very much.
posted on Thursday, April 24, 2014 - 12:12 pm
I have clustered customer service data (similar to my post 2013/10/30) with measures of multiple service interactions for each employee. The customer changes in each interaction. I would like to use customer behavior (CB) at the start of the interaction (time 1) to predict employee behavior (EB) at the end of the interaction (time 2), accounting for employee behavior at time 1. I also have between level controls for each employee (e.g., employee tenure) that I would like to include in the model. I have built, and ran the following models (M1 and M2):
Usevariables are
ID CB1 EB1 EB2 Control1;
Within = ;
Between = Control1;
Cluster is ID;
EB2 on CB1 EB1;
EB2 on Control1;
Within = CB1 EB1;
Between = Control1;
Cluster is ID;
EB2 on CB1 EB1;
EB2 on Control1;
When I run M1 I get ICCs(aprox value) for EB1(>.2) EB2(>.2) and CB1(<.1).
For M2 I get an ICC for EB2(>.2).
I am wondering:
1 - Conceptually, what is the difference between M1 and M2 when I move CB1 and EB1 to the within level?
2 - Is M2 enough to account for the clustering? Should I include CB1 and EB1 on the between level since they are also clustered by the employee? Thanks in advance for your assistance.
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Friday, April 25, 2014 - 8:39 am
1. You include contextual effects for cb1 and eb1 in M1 due to the latent variable decomposition of the variables. See Raudenbush and Bryk for further information and Example 9.1 in the user's guide.
2. Any model you specify will be controlled for clustering with TYPE=TWOLEVEL. If cb1 and eb1 have variance on between, you should include their contextual effects.
E.I. Montoya
posted on Sunday, May 11, 2014 - 6:43 pm
Hi! I am running a COMPLEX type model with clustered data. I am using the asymptotic covariance matrix generated by TECH3 output to find variances/covariances of the coefficients. (I am using Kris Preacher's online calculator to determine simple slopes.) I have a simple question. Where do I find the variance and covariance of the constant/intercept? Do I need to specially request this?
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Monday, May 12, 2014 - 6:06 am
All free parameters should be included in TECH3. If you can't find it, please send the output that includes TECH1 and TECH3 and your license number to
Daniel Lee
posted on Sunday, April 09, 2017 - 5:17 pm
Hi Dr. Muthen,
I am trying to probe interaction between the multiplicative term of two time invariant covariates (a * b) predicting slope (from latent growth model). Both "a" and "b" are manifest variables. I was wondering if you had code for probing this type of interaction.
Thank you!!
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Monday, April 10, 2017 - 7:02 pm
Do the same as for regular regression with interaction (see our web page).
Kathryn Modecki
posted on Wednesday, February 21, 2018 - 10:40 pm
Dear Linda and Bengt-
I am modeling cross-level interactions using daily diary data with Mplus v 8.
My approach has always been to build-up models in multi-level approaches (resulting in fairly parsimonious models).
However, within the Topic 7 notes (slide 33) the example is provided with per_adva private catholic mean_ses predicting the random slope at level 2.
Theoretically, it makes sense that these would each be important cross-level interactions. Is it your advice that a conservative approach is to model in this way, with multiple predictors of the random slope concurrently, rather than testing for cross-level interactions variable by variable?
Especially with diary data, it feels like the conservative choice is as per the example in topic 7.
Many thanks.
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Thursday, February 22, 2018 - 3:31 pm
I think it is good to bring in all theoretically relevant predictors at the same time to see which are significant in the presence of the other (assuming no collinearity problem).
Hailey Lee
posted on Wednesday, March 06, 2019 - 6:22 pm
Dear Bengt/Linda,
I found the topic 7 slide 45 helpful, but I wanted to make sure that I understood correctly. I am trying to interpret the cross-level interaction effect in the output;
K5ANGER on K0ANGER MRACE P0INCOME P0EDUC P0ERISK P0CRISK gender age;
s| K5ANGER on dyad_g;
%between MF%
%between session%
K5ANGER S on mfcond;
K5ANGER with s;
and the output is:
Between SESSION Level
then the impact of mfcond on anger is (-0.341)+(0.876)*dyad_g. Is it correct?
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Thursday, March 07, 2019 - 5:51 pm
Hailey Lee
posted on Saturday, March 09, 2019 - 11:37 am
Hi again,
I still have lingering questions about the interpretation of the output.
1. Does -.039 mean the impact of mfcond on k5anger in general, regardless of the presence of the interaction effect?
%between level%
2. The mfcond variable is a binary variable (i.e.,mfcond= 0 or 1). Then the impact of mfcond on anger when the dyad_g=0 : -.341 + .876 (0)= -.341. In this case, can I interpret that if the dyad_g is 0, then those in the mfcond=1 have lower anger scores?
%between level%
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Tuesday, March 12, 2019 - 5:44 pm
Let me give you a better answer. Your model says
anger_ij = a_j + s_j*dyad_ij + residual
with the random intercept
a_j = 4.261 - 0.039*mfcond_j + residual
and random slope
s_j = -0.341 + 0.876*mfcond_j + residual
You can plug these a_j and s_j expressions into your anger equation.
Therefore, the impact of mfcond on anger is both through the intercept a_j and through the slope s_j:
(-0.039 + 0.876*dyad)*mfcond
The answer to your latest questions are:
1. -0.039 is the effect of mfcond on anger when dyad=0 (if you center dyad, it will be at the mean).
2. No, it is -0.039 (so lower but a a different value). Note that -0.341 is the intercept of s_j and it is not influenced by mfcond (it has to do with the influence of dyad).
Back to top
Add Your Message Here
Posting Information:
This is a private posting area. Only registered users and moderators may post messages here.
Enable HTML code in message
Automatically activate URLs in message
Tree View
Program Credits


text:
So what does Jerry Jones mean exactly when he says Tony Romo will be putting in "Peyton Manning-type time" at the Dallas Cowboys facility after signing his contract extension?
The Cowboys owner/general manager shed some light on his thinking during a Monday call-in spot on Sirius XM Radio with NFL.com senior analyst Gil Brandt.
Jones believes Romo -- entering his 10th year in the NFL -- has gained enough knowledge to positively impact a game plan at a level he's never done before.
"The people who are around him the most, his coaches, tell me he's never had a bad idea," Jones said. "So if you think about it, where he is right now, he's 10 years older than most of the players that are out on that field. We think his skill level is very much right where we hoped it would be for several years to come.
"But what we want to use more than we ever have, is the kind of thing that (Roger) Staubach contributed on the field. Real input into designing a plan that helps beat that opponent."
Jones made it clear Romo's job now entails much more prep work. This is the Manning part.
"You gotta do more than look at a couple of quick plays on Tuesday or Monday," said Jones, again not doing Romo any favors from a perception standpoint. "You've got to get in, study, spend time, look at 100 plays. To really have that input, but we think he can bring that to the table, and that will be a big change.
"That is a change. He's certainly had input, but not the kind of input he's going to be having going forward."
Tight end Jason Witten might not put much stock in it, but Jones sounds serious about increasing Romo's role within the organization. Given Romo's star-crossed past, this would qualify as a Texas-sized double down.
Follow Dan Hanzus on Twitter @DanHanzus.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
above ground pool cover reel
Above ground pool is known as a terrific and economical choice to enjoy and unwind the days in hot summer. Getting for an above ground swimming pool could be fun and also straightforward if you recognize elements, or considerations, or what you have to look for when you are going to make your decision. There are several considerations to remember such as construction products, accessories, dimension, with prices and so forth.
In this write-up, I am really going to break down buying process of this sort of pool right into 3 crucial factors: your pool, your yard, and also most basically, your satisfaction. This overview of customers is going to walk you through the process of acquiring the above ground swimming pool including the differences in choices as well as a number of questions that you ought to ask on your own.
Considering Your Yard
When you possess already chosen that you are going to transform your location at your yard right into the fun vacation, you probably can add the swimming pool in your yard. That is a great idea to put the above ground pool in your yard. You also require to stay clear of placing your swimming pool over the lawn sprinkler or the pipes systems and you ought to call the authority for guaranteeing the legislations of regional zoning.
Considering Your Pool
Your above ground pool could be individualized to set your design as well as your yard. This point is really going to help you in selecting the model. Besides that, you have the ability to develop which is excellent for you. After you consider just what the backyard might fit, you are additionally able to questions yourself to help you in finding the ideal design and also size. You merge need to also possess the capacity to offer anything from relaxing, swimming, and also the various other activities.
The last consideration when you wish to make the above ground pool is your enjoyment. When you possess already chosen what type of pool you such as, where your pool is placed, you have the ability to enhance your pool by adding the added accessories which have the ability to improve the appearances with the really feels. You could include the devices, like: steps, raised decks, as well as entry system.
Acquiring for an above ground swimming pool might be fun with easy if you recognize elements, or factors to consider, or just what you need to look for when you are going to make your decision. That is a good concept to place the above ground pool in your yard. Your above ground pool could be customized to set your design and your yard. When you have currently chosen just what kind of pool you like, where your swimming pool is positioned, you are able to improve your swimming pool by adding the additional devices which are able to improve the appearances as well as the really feels.


text:
Gov. Tom Corbett may not like ranking priorities, but the pension crisis facing Pennsylvania needs to be one of his top issues this year.
Gov. Tom Corbett may not like ranking priorities, but the pension crisis facing Pennsylvania needs to be one of his top issues this year.
The problem Pennsylvania faces is clearly apparent, as top gubernatorial aides and the governor himself outlined to representatives from five Ogden Newspapers in Pennsylvania, including The Express, the Williamsport Sun-Gazette, Lewistown Sentinel and The (Altoona) Mirror, last week in Harrisburg.
Simply put: Bad decisions by previous legislatures and governors coupled with economic downturns that trashed investment returns for much of a decade have left Pennsylvania with a huge unfunded liability that threatens to swallow up larger and larger portions of the state budget.
There is a $41 billion shortfall between the funding on hand and what the State Employees' Retirement System and the Public School Employees' Retirement System are obligated pay out based on current formulas. And it's up to the state and school districts, i.e. taxpayers, to fill that hole.
It's important to note that state and school employees have been contributing their required amounts toward the pension systems each year.
The same can't be said for the state and school districts. In an effort to soften the blow for investment declines over the past decade, legislators capped below the amount required what the state and schools have to contribute in pension payments.
This put off the day of reckoning until later.
Well, later has arrived.
The percentage of payroll that the state and school districts have to contribute to the pension systems will increase annually for most or all of this decade and then remain at those peak levels into the 2030s or beyond assuming investments earn at least 7.5 percent annually.
Putting this in dollars, the state's share of the pension costs will increase from slightly more than $1 billion this fiscal year to $1.5 billion in the next. Pennsylvania is projected to be on the hook for $4.3 billion in payments to the pension plans in fiscal year 2016-17 and for $5.1 billion in fiscal year 2019-20.
Those increases pose a huge problem.
While Corbett is providing an important service by alerting the public, much like Paul Revere did in the Revolutionary War. To fix this problem, the Keystone State is going to need a general forcing a plan of attack if we are to have any hopes of securing a victory.
That's not likely to happen unless Gov. Corbett ranks it as a top priority.
The (Lock Haven) Express


text:
Andrew Orr / 1/14/2019 - 5/9/2019
COMM 101 is a course intended to improve your communication abilities in a variety of academic, social, personal and business settings. Emphasis is placed on the communication process, public address, small group discussion, and listening.
© 1997 - 2019 College of Southern Idaho. All rights reserved.
Physical Address:
315 Falls Avenue
Twin Falls, ID 83301-3389
Mailing Address:
PO Box 1238
Twin Falls, ID 83303-1238
(Please send UPS/FedEx to physical address)
Office of Admissions:
E-mail: email@example.com
Phone: 208-732-6221
General Information:
E-mail: email@example.com
Phone: 208-733-9554
Toll free: 1-800-680-0274 (Idaho & Nevada)
Website Questions:
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Get Social:
CSI Visual Identity (Logos) · Accessibility · Online Privacy Statement · Disclaimer · Copyright Claims


text:
Can't say I didn't call it…but it is now official: Microsoft's KIN project is now officially dead. The KIN team will now be integrated into the Windows Phone 7 team. Just yesterday I posted that I found it strange that nothing was ever announced about the EU launch date…I wonder if the rumored update will ever see the light of the day now. On a brighter note; it will be interesting to see how KIN Studio will be integrated into Windows Phone 7.:
"We have made the decision to focus exclusively on Windows Phone 7 and we will not ship KIN in Europe this fall as planned. Additionally, we are integrating our KIN team with the Windows Phone 7 team, incorporating valuable ideas and technologies from KIN into future Windows Phone releases. We will continue to work with Verizon in the U.S. to sell current KIN phones."
Continue reading KIN is DEAD! →


text:
20 Ergebnisse:
Active Filter:
Design and evaluation of a hybrid radiofrequency applicator for magnetic resonance imaging and RF induced hyperthermia: electromagnetic field simulations up to 14.0 Tesla and proof-of-concept at 7.0 Tesla
L. Winter et al.
Development and evaluation of a small and mobile Magneto Alert Sensor (MALSE) to support safety requirements for magnetic resonance imaging
C. Martin et al.
Detailing the use of magnetohydrodynamic effects for synchronization of MRI with the cardiac cycle: A feasibility study
T. Frauenrath et al.
Detailing radio frequency heating induced by coronary stents: a 7.0 tesla magnetic resonance study
D. Santoro et al.
Ophthalmic magnetic resonance imaging at 7.0 T using a 6-channel transceiver radiofrequency coil array in healthy subjects and patients with intraocular masses
A. Graessl et al.
On the subjective acceptance during cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging at 7.0 Tesla
S. Klix et al.
W(h)ither human cardiac and body magnetic resonance at ultrahigh fields? technical advances, practical considerations, applications, and clinical opportunities
T. Niendorf et al.


text:
Davis Wu
Demand Manager
Improved insights give Nestlé the competitive edge
We all like seeing our favourite products on special but there's more to running a promotion than simply deciding to cut prices.
Discounted prices lead to an increase in demand and unless this demand is accurately planned, manufacturers can find themselves with either too little, or too much stock.
Nestlé Oceania demand manager Davis Wu says for a fast moving consumer goods organisation such as Nestlé, accuracy around demand planning is crucial.
"Previously, if we were going to run a promotion we'd look at what the demand was for similar promotions in the past," Wu says. "However, this didn't consistently provide an accurate plan; we needed a more holistic view for better demand planning."
We can now work out the best time to run a promotion or what would be the best discount price to offer, rather than just guessing ....
Davis Wu
Efficient manufacturing relies on accurate planning
For Nestlé's factories, inaccuracy in demand planning has flowon effect on production scheduling of finished goods and amount of raw and packaging materials to be purchased, potentially causing delays in production, and failing to serve customers.
"We need to ensure raw materials orders from our suppliers are accurate so our products are produced in time and as fresh as possible when they hit the shelves of our customers," Wu says.
Nestlé is a global leader in nutrition, health and wellness products and has been providing consumers with a wide range of food and beverage products for more than 100 years.
Its Oceania business employs more than 6000 people, operates 12 factories, five distribution centres and 20 offices across Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands.
Improving accuracy around demand planning
Nestlé implemented SAS® Forecast Server to enhance its processes and achieve greater accuracy in demand planning.
"Over the phased implementation, we've seen improvement in demand plan accuracy, in particular bias," says David Hix, Nestlé Oceania supply chain director.
Since the implementation, Nestlé has reduced the forecast bias to less than half of what it was prior to using SAS, resulting in lower working capital.
Nestlé is now also able to adopt a more holistic approach to its demand planning and operations.
"If we run a promotion on one size of particular product, we know that our other sizes of that product are going to be affected and we can quantify the effect and make changes in our demand plan, improving its accuracy as a result," Hix says. "We are now making smarter business decisions."
Nestlé has also changed the way its supply chain, sales and marketing divisions collaborate.
"Instead of making different demand plans, all parties provide key inputs to generate one demand plan," Hix says. "We call this the 'single source of forecast' and this process ensures that we plan our business based on facts with inputs from all parties."
Wu says planning promotions based on facts rather than intuition has helped it gain even more insights.
"We can now work out the best time to run a promotion or what would be the best discount price to offer, rather than just guessing based on opinions or experiences of individuals," Wu says.
Hix says feedback from users since the implementation has been overwhelmingly positive, in particular from senior managers, whose engagement in the project is high.
"It was important to us that the solution could be deployed to all planners, even those who don't possess statistical or technical skills," he says. "Senior managers also recognise the impact of best return on investment in key areas such as promotion planning and marketing spend.
"The next key objective is to continue to further improve our promotional planning and marketing spend and embed it into all key decision-making processes," Hix says.
Difficult to consistently and accurately plan sales demand around promotions.
- Improved the accuracy of its demand planning.
- Can look more holistically at the impact of a promotion across the business.
About Nestlé Oceania
Nestlé Oceania is a global leader in nutrition, health and wellness products. Its Oceania business employs more than 6000 people, operates 12 factories, five distribution centres and 20 offices across Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands.


text:
Baarkintji elder Maureen O'Donnell has called for employers to consider increasing the number of Indigenous people in the workplace during the launch of Broken Hill's NAIDOC Week celebrations.
- Print page
- Email this
- Permalink
After presiding over the Welcome to Country ceremony at Broken Hill for the National Aboriginies and Islanders Day Observance Committee (NAIDOC) Ms O'Donnell explained that a lack of jobs for Indigenous Australians was stifling progress in their communities.
"I'd like to see Aboriginal people getting into more jobs," Ms O'Donnell said.
"There's not many jobs here for our people and we've got a lot of people looking for work and they're not given that opportunity.
"People out there looking for people to work for them, if they can get into that, they might find out that that's a good thing for Aboriginal people, to get into work," Ms O'Donnell added.
Mayor Wincen Cuy led more than 60 people including leaders representing church groups, emergency services and health organisations at Broken Hill's annual NAIDOC Week launch.
Ms O'Donnell said it was pleasing to see more non-Indigenous people involved at events like NAIDOC Week.
"We're getting more and more people because we want to work together," Ms O'Donnell said.
"It is the Broken Hill people and the tribal people from this area is my family - the Wilyakali people - and the different other people need to be recognised.
"We all should be working together for a better future because we all live in Broken Hill and we all should be working together and respecting each other," Ms O'Donnell continued.
NAIDOC Week - which commences nationally on Sunday July 7 - is a celebration of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures and an opportunity to recognise the contributions of Indigenous Australians in various fields.
Broken Hill's signature NAIDOC Week event will be a Family Fun Day at Sturt Park on Thursday (July 4) and organisers are encouraging everyone to attend.
The theme for NAIDOC Week 2013 is 'We value the vision: Yirrkala Bark Petitions 1963', which celebrates the 50th anniversary of the presentation of the petitions to Federal Parliament.
The petitions protested the Commonwealth's granting of mining rights on land excised from Arnhem Land reserve and sought the recognition by the Australian Parliament of the Yolngu peoples' traditional rights and ownership of their lands.
Visit the NAIDOC Week website for further information.


text:
Westerlund 2: Detail 3
The pillars in the star-forming region surrounding Westerlund 2, composed of dense gas, are a few light-years tall and point to the central cluster. They are thought to be incubators for new stars. Besides sculpting the gaseous terrain, intense radiation from the most brilliant of the cluster stars is creating a successive generation of baby stars. The bluish haze is an indicator of oxygen gas in the nebula.
NASA, ESA, the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA), A. Nota (ESA/STScI), and the Westerlund 2 Science Team


text:
Send your kid onto an unforgettable journey with the world's most charming bear! Teddy Floppy Ear is a main character of series of adventure games for the children, based on the on famous polish cartoon. Each game mixes entertaining adventure with a healthy dose of learning. In "Mountain adventure" episode Teddy visits his uncle, who is a painter living in the mountains. During mountain travels Teddy solves numerous minigames and learns basics of art, color mixing and grading, shape recognition and many more. Beautiful hand-painted graphics, soothing music, entertaining and violence free story keep your child occupied for hours. main features: - Great for even the youngest children - Educational value - Absolutely no violence - Numerous mini-games for variety - Quest map which reflects player's advance - Subtitles as an option
Only registered members can share their thoughts. So come on! Join the community today (totally free - or sign in with your social account on the right) and join in the conversation.


text:
Teacher resources and professional development across the curriculum
Teacher professional development and classroom resources across the curriculum
Exploring Representation
|Introduction | Try It Yourself: Interpreting Stories and Graphs | Summary | Your Journal
In this section, we looked at problems that were solved using different forms of representation. Consider why each type of representation was appropriate for the given mathematical task. Remember that one of the goals in working with representations in the middle grades is to help students move from their own non-conventional forms of representation to using conventional forms. These problems are good examples of how we can introduce students to conventional forms of representation by using situations that have meaning for the students.
As we think about how to encourage students to use representations in their mathematical work, we should consider the process we use to show our own thinking through the use of appropriate notations. We begin by creating a representation from the given data -- whether geometric, algebraic, or even a story with two variables. We then select a representation to model the problem. This is the tricky part -- are we going to draw a picture, make a table or graph, use technology? Often, there is more than one representation to use for a problem, such as in the Building Viewpoints task. If this is the case, we need to choose the one that works best for the given situation. Finally, we need to use our representations to communicate the mathematical knowledge to others.
|Teaching Math Home | Grades 6-8 | Representation | Site Map | © |
© Annenberg Foundation 2017. All rights reserved. Legal Policy


text:
Sign led 3d sign
Presupuesto €250-750 EUR
I need a factory sign for my store, that is located in a mall. The sign I need has to be in 3d letters with LED. The uploaded file shows my logotype. The size of the sign is going to be 200X70 CM.
47 freelancers están ofertando el promedio de €331 para este trabajo
Welcome to theDesignerz ( World #1 Graphic Design company on Freelancer ) If you are looking for some real quality graphics work and willing to pay fair price for that then you are reading the right proposal. We ar Más
Dear Client, Hope you will be enjoying a good health. After thoroughly reading your project brief, we hereby offer you our high quality professional services. Dear Client, Hope you will be enjoying a good Más
.AWARD IT TO START WORK ON IT RIGHT NOW EXPERT ARE [login to view URL], can do it right [login to view URL] chat first to [login to view URL] provide you multi options to select from it .. .we will start work on your project right now AWARD it and Más
Sir Please Give me a chance. My work is very professional i will give u 3 nice,awesome and Professional samples for logo only and u need to select only 1 in it and if u want more sample then i will charge more pl Más
Hi, lETS GET STARTED. If you are looking for any specific works examples please let me know and I would be glad to forward along. Kindly go through our portfolio to get an idea about our creativity. http Más
Hello, We would like to thank you for providing us the opportunity to submit our proposal in your project. We are interested to work on your project. We understand that you need Sign led 3d sign. Please share the Más
With decades of experience I am able to apply not only theoretical knowledge, but also technical ability and creative influence to all areas of my work. Portfolio on the following link https://www.freelancer.com/u Más
Hi, I just went through your job description and ready to start work now and will provide you first draft as soon as possible. Please visit my profile page https://www.freelancer.com/u/eyenetindia.html to check m Más
As a professional designer, let me assure you that I can provide you quite efficient designs for your project and can deliver some really creative designs. Create a positive impact on your business. Please do leave a Más
Dear sir i can show you something similar i have done before. i am a graphic designer with 5 years experience in 3D design,, product design, 3D modeling, 3D rendering, 3DAnimation , and game design. I am using Aut Más
Good day friend, we offer you a complete service where we will make your 3D logo with two versions and an animation. The model of your logo optimized to be printed in 3D. does it seem bad to you!!!??? https://drive Más
I'm a 3D Designer - Oriented to PhotoRealistic Visualization You can see examples of my job here: [login to view URL] Contact me by chat, so we can start working on this project. Jonatan


text:
Dr. Andrea B. Braidt, MA, MLitt, born in 1971 in Ried i. I. (Upper Austria), studied Comparative Literature, Film and Cultural Studies in Innsbruck and England. Since the late nineties, she has been teaching at Austrian universities, focusing on Gender/Queer Studies, film genres and narratology; she carried out cultural research at the austrian kulturdokumentation. international archive for cultural analysis in Vienna, and held Fellowships at the International Research Center for Cultural Sciences IFK and the Collaborative Research Center for Media and Cultural Communication in Cologne, Germany. She was Visiting Researcher in the USA and Canada, 2003-2004 Visiting Professor at the Gender Studies Department of the Central European University in Budapest, and from 2004 to 2011 Senior Scientist for Film Studies at the Department of Theater, Film and Media Studies (TFM) of the University of Vienna, where she was in charge of teaching, research management and international cooperation. Since October 1, 2011, Andrea B. Braidt has been Vice-Rector for Art | Research at the Academy of Fine Arts, Vienna.
She has published numerous articles on film and television studies in international contexts, devised and organized numerous conferences, led and co-ordinated a vast number of international research projects. Moreover, Braidt is co-editor of the journal "Montage AV. Zeitschrift für Theorie und Geschichte audiovisueller Kommunikation" (journal on the theory and history of audiovisual communication): http://www.montage-av.de/. In June 2011 she was offered an Elise Richter position by the FWF (Austrian Science Fund) for her habilitation project "Erregung erzählen. Film-Perspektivierung, Gender, Empathie" ("Narrating Arousal. Film Perspectivation, Gender, Empathy"). Since October 2011, she has held the office of vice chair of the Gesellschaft für Medienwissenschaft e.V. (Registered Association for Media Studies): http://www.gfmedienwissenschaft.de/gfm/start/index.php, and since November 2012 she has been chairwoman of the Gender Studies Association Austria: www.oeggf.at.
Books (selected)
Film-Genus. Gender und Genre in der Filmwahrnehmung. Marburg: Schüren 2008 (monograph)
Porno. Montage AV, 18./2, 2009 (Ed., together with Patrick Vonderau)
John Cassavetes. Filmmaker. Maske und Kothurn, 55./4, 2009 (Ed., together with Elisabeth Büttner)
Screenwise. Film Fernsehen Feminismus. Marburg: Schüren 2004 (Ed., together with Monika Bernold, Claudia Preschl)
Field of duty of the Vice-Rector for Art | Research:
Apart from those tasks carried out jointly with the Rector and the Vice-Rector for Teaching | Promotion of Early Stage Artists/Researchers, and those assigned to the Rector's office in its function as a collective body, the Vice-Rector for Art | Research has the following duties:
1. Scientific research, artistic research, and developing the accessibility of the fine arts:
- Coordinating scientific and artistic research, and developing the accessibility of the fine arts in the context of the Academy of Fine Arts, Vienna
- Involvement in national and international projects of scientific and artistic research, and projects to develop the accessibility of the fine arts
- Projects financed using third-party funds according to § 26 and § 27 Universities Act
- Support and further education of scientific and artistic staff (§ 100 Universities Act) as well as of the research scholars (§ 95 Universities Act)
- Support of postgraduate studies for doctoral students together with the Vice-Rector for Teaching | Promotion of Early Stage Artists/Researchers
- Implementation of the plan for the advancement of women involved in scientific and artistic research, and in developing the accessibility of the fine arts
2. Budgeting and administration of the funds allotted to scientific and artistic research as well as to developing the accessibility of the fine arts:
- Administration and controlling of third-party funds
3. Support of graduates:
- Developing a network for graduates
- Support and help for graduates
- Integrating graduates into scientific and artistic research, and into developing the accessibility of the fine arts
4. Organization of events:
- Event planning (exhibitions, symposia, lectures/talks, workshops, etc.)
5. Evaluation and quality assurance for the field of activity:
- Drafting and submitting an evaluation guideline to the Senate
- Carrying out evaluations based on such a guideline
- Implementation of evaluation measures in scientific and artistic research, and in developing the accessibility of the fine arts


text:
Wheee! We just bought a duplex. We'll be living on the 1st floor, with hang on... A BACKYARD (fenced in)! And a small patio! In a nice neighborhood (a bit trashy in some areas but getting better i.e. father and child riding chopper bicycles in the summer), that has the best animal policies in the city. No pet limits, need to be spayed/neutered to have a rebate on city license, and no breed specific laws.
We're moving in march (last winter with no yard!) and I can't wait! I just needed to share the joy!


text:
Maskinen is a Swedish hip-hop/electro band consisting of members from other acts such as Afasi&Filthy and Slagsmålsklubben. They've only released three singles but managed to create quite a stir not only on Swedish dance floors but also around the world – from headlining parties in Brooklyn and Brazil to heavy support from Bonde Do Role, Erland Öje and plenty of other Dj's.
- Online:
- maskinen.net


text:
With a legacy of 45years of trust, hard work and loyalty, Sigma Dairy Research and Development (SDRD) has been a confiding entity harped on the ideals of shared co-operation, diligent work, equality & reliability. After establishing ourselves in the field of Ice-cream Plant making and Dairy equipments, we at Sigma Dairy Research and Development, now have managed to enter a new dimension of assembling of Dairy types of gear, Ice-cream plant and distributing it pan India and the countries worldwide.
With our ''WORK ETHICS'' ideals enable us to provide our customers with world class services ensuring reliability and quality of desired products. Our organization likewise shares a presumed remaining in the market making itself the best among every one of its rivals. Along with a reputed standing in the market and being the best amongst all its competitors ,Sigma Dairy Research & Development (SDRD) is also been accredited as ISO certified, thereby assuring the authenticity in the market.
Why Choose Us?
With a distinctive blend of world class services and technological wisdom, SDRD is a well-established leading ice cream plant distributor giving customized functional and technical solutions for global reach and stability
For more details please online visit us at: http://www.dairyproequips.com


text:
Movies on the Beach
Movies on the beach will begin at 8:30 p.m. at various Ocean City venues: Carousel Resort Hotel, 11700 Coastal Highway; 27th Street and North Baltimore Avenue; and Princess Royale, 9100 Coastal Highway; ococean.com Take a break from the dark theater, and experience free movies on the beach. Bring a blanket or just chill out on the soft sand. 2013 movies schedule Carousel Hotel June 26: "Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted" July 3: "The Lorax" July 10: "Hotel Transylvania" July 17: "Big Miracle" July 24: "Brave" July 31: "Despicable Me" Aug. 7: "The Odd Life of Timothy Green" Aug. 14: "Beverly Hills Chihuahua 3" Aug. 21: "The Avengers" Aug. 28: "Rise of the Guardians" 27th Street June 24: "Rise of the Guardians" June 28: "Hotel Transylvania" July 1: "Big Miracle" July 5: "ParaNorman" July 8: "The Lorax" July 12: "Free Willy" July 15: "Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted" July 19: "Toy Story 3" July 22: "Brave" July 26: "Spy Kids: All the Time in the World in 4D" July 29: "Wreck-It Ralph" Aug. 2: "The Odd Life of Timothy Green" Aug. 5: "The Muppets" Aug. 9: "The Pirates! Band of Misfits" Princess Royale July 2: "The Amazing Spider-Man" July 11: "The Lorax" July 18: "The Blind Side" July 25: "Wreck-It Ralph" Aug. 1: "The Avengers" Aug. 8: "Big Miracle" Aug. 15: "Raiders of the Lost Ark" Aug. 22: "Hotel Transylvania" Aug. 29: "Cirque du Soleil: Worlds Away"
Rachel Smith Photography, Courtesy Ocean City Department of Tourism
Copyright © 2019, The Baltimore Sun, a Baltimore Sun Media Group publication | Place an Ad


text: Treutlen County got its territory from Emanuel and Montgomery counties in 1917. Its land a wealth of wiregrass and pine forests, the region saw its earliest settlers arrive in 1784, historians speculate. The county bears the name of John Adam Treutlen who participated in the Provincial Congress of 1775 and served as the state's first official governor. While visiting Orangeburg, South Carolina, Treutlen was murdered, allegedly by Tories. Soperton, the county seat, is named for a prominent local citizen.


text:
Steel mill shuts down
In 1887, the Pennsylvania Steel Co. bought farmland to build a modern steelworks. Now, 125 years later, the new owners are ready to raze the Sparrows Point steel mill and build something else. The Baltimore County mill was once the biggest employer in the state, but the last few decades have not been kind. Longtime owner Bethlehem Steel filed for bankruptcy protection in 2001, and the years after that brought a procession of short-term operators. The latest, RG Steel, sped into bankruptcy in May, idling the plant and laying off nearly all the approximately 2,000 workers. The company quickly sold the property for $72.5 million — not even a tenth of its price in 2008, the last time it was sold alone. Hilco Trading and Environmental Liability Transfer, the two companies that together won the bidding, said they hoped to find new operators. But in December, Hilco — which specializes in liquidations — canceled a January auction for the property after selling the most valuable steelmaking asset to a Sparrows Point competitor, reportedly for spare parts. Local leaders declared the plant dead. Union leaders said the sale blocked the efforts of potential operators to buy the entire facility. Hilco, for its part, insisted it had "seriously considered" all companies with the financial means to make such a purchase. Its a seismic change for southeastern Baltimore County. Hundreds of the laid-off workers have signed up for retraining to try to switch careers. Local businesses are coping — or not — with the loss of a major customer. And the future of the more than 3,000-acre property, with its water views and toxins, remains to be written.
Baltimore Sun
Copyright © 2019, The Baltimore Sun, a Baltimore Sun Media Group publication | Place an Ad


text:
best game ever
Focusing on legendary leaders, The Conquerors expansion pack challenges Age of Empires 2 veterans and novices alike to wage war on an epic scale with all-new civilizations, unique units and technologies, and campaigns based on infamous conquerors such as Attila the Hun, El Cid and Montezuma.
best game ever
Only registered members can share their thoughts. So come on! Join the community today (totally free - or sign in with your social account on the right) and join in the conversation.


text:
What is Adobe Acrobat DC?
Acrobat DC is the latest version of Acrobat after Acrobat XI. It's the complete PDF solution for working anywhere with your most important documents. Acrobat DC is totally reimagined with powerful new capabilities and a stunningly simple user experience that works consistently across desktop, mobile and the web – including touch-enabled devices.
You can work with Acrobat DC on the desktop only or purchase a subscription to take advantage of additional capabilities made possible by new Adobe Document Cloud (DC) services.
Here are just a few things you can do with Acrobat DC:
- Work anywhere. Create, edit, comment, and sign with the Acrobat Reader mobile app.
- Edit anything. Instantly edit PDFs and scanned documents as naturally as any other file with revolutionary new imaging technology.
- Replace ink signatures. Send, track, manage, and store signed documents with a built-in e-signature service.
- Protect important documents. Prevent others from copying or editing sensitive information in PDFs.
- Eliminate overnight envelopes. Send, track, and confirm delivery of documents electronically.
I own a previous version of Acrobat. Why should I move to Acrobat DC?
Here are some of the new things you can do with Acrobat Pro DC on the desktop:
- Turn scanned paper documents into instantly editable PDFs
- Edit PDFs faster with full-page paragraph reflow and easy bullet updates
- Export PDFs to Word, Excel, or PowerPoint with improved bullets and tables
- Fill, sign, and send forms fast from anywhere with smart autofill
- Use a spell checker to identify and fix typos in your PDF
- Crop and correct photos of paper documents automatically
- Fix suspected text recognition errors in scans with a side-by-side view
- Store and access files securely online with 5GB of free storage
With a subscription to Acrobat Pro DC, you can also:
- Create, edit, and sign PDFs using the new Acrobat Reader mobile app
- Edit text in a PDF on your iPad
- Organize pages in PDF files from your iOS or Android tablet or smartphone.
- Turn your mobile device camera into a portable scanner
- Get signatures from others, track responses, and archive signed documents
- Send, track and confirm receipt of important documents, without overnight deliveries
- Store and access files securely online with 20GB of storage
- Get ongoing access to new features and upgrades at no additional charge
See the Acrobat DC version comparison for more detail about how Acrobat DC differs from previous versions.
Which products make up the Adobe Acrobat DC family of software?
Adobe Acrobat DC includes desktop products, free mobile apps, and online services available through Adobe Document Cloud.
Desktop products for Windows:
Desktop products for Mac OS:
Mobile apps:
- Adobe Acrobat Reader for Android, iOS, or Windows Phone
- Adobe Fill & Sign for Android or iOS
- Adobe Sign for Android or iOS
Web app:
Which Acrobat DC product is right for me?
What do I get when I subscribe to Acrobat DC?
When you subscribe to Acrobat Pro DC or Acrobat Standard DC, you pay a low monthly fee to get:
- Acrobat Pro or Acrobat Standard desktop software, respectively – including any upgrades.
- Adobe Document Cloud services, which let you complete essential PDF tasks with the Acrobat Reader mobile app or your web browser, including storing and sharing files online. Document Cloud services also enable complete workflows for sending,
and tracking documents. e-signing,
I subscribe to Acrobat DC. What new features have been added recently?
New and enhanced features are typically released on a quarterly basis. To see what's been added over time, read the Acrobat New Features summary.
Does Adobe have tools to help IT departments with enterprise deployments?
Yes, many Acrobat DC tools and utilities are available to streamline enterprise deployments and help control IT costs. Supported tools include Microsoft SCCM/SCUP, Apple Remote Desktop, Citrix XenApp, and Windows Terminal Server on Windows Server 2008. To learn more, visit the IT resources page.
How can I learn to use the new features in Acrobat DC?
For information and tutorials about how to use the new features and functionality in Acrobat, visit Acrobat DC Learn and Support.
How does product activation work in Acrobat DC?
Activation is a required process by which Adobe validates that your software is genuine and being used as allowed by your product license agreement. It is intended to protect both your rights as a consumer and Adobe's rights as a software developer. Activation also helps confirm that the software you bought is not counterfeit.
Acrobat DC products automatically attempt to activate over the Internet. During activation, no personal information is transmitted. Each single-user license grants rights for Acrobat to be installed on two computers at any given time. See the Adobe software activation page for more information.
If your organization has computers that cannot be online for activation, IT administrators can set an offline exception using Adobe Customization wizard. Learn more about IT resources.
What are the minimum system requirements to run Acrobat DC?
What languages does Acrobat DC work in?
What languages do Adobe Document Cloud services and storage connections work in?
What can I do with Adobe Document Cloud services when working in Acrobat DC?
Adobe Document Cloud services work with Acrobat DC desktop,
Sign up for free Adobe Document Cloud services to get these advantages:
- Adobe Document Cloud storage - Store and access files online with 5GB of free storage
- Fill & Sign - Fill and e-sign forms quickly with instant access to your personal autofill collection across desktop,
web, and mobile
- Send files - Upload large files and easily share with others.
Purchase a subscription to Acrobat Standard
- Create PDF - Convert documents, images or photos into PDF files (web and mobile)
- Export PDF - Turn PDFs into editable Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint, or RTF files (web and mobile)
- Edit PDF - Add or edit text in a PDF (iPad with Acrobat Pro DC subscription only)
- Organize PDF – Reorder, delete, or rotate pages in a PDF (web and mobile with Acrobat Pro DC subscription only)
- Combine PDF - Combine multiple files into a single PDF (
- Send & Track - Send, track, and confirm delivery of documents electronically instead of using fax or overnight services (this service supports desktop,
web, and mobile functionality)
- Send for Signature - Send documents for signature and then track, manage, and store them online (this service supports desktop,
web, and mobile functionality)
- Fill & Sign - Fill and e-sign forms quickly with instant access to your personal autofill collection (this
servicessupports desktop, web, and mobile functionality)
- Adobe Document Cloud storage - Store and access files online with 20GB of storage
Do I have to work with Adobe Document Cloud services if I purchase Acrobat DC?
Do I need to be online to use Acrobat?
The first time you open Acrobat DC desktop software, you'll need an Internet connection for software activation. After that, you'll be able to work offline with ease. If you purchase a subscription, you'll be asked to log in periodically to verify your credentials (every 30 days if you have a monthly plan versus 99 days with an annual plan). Also, two new Acrobat tools – Send for Signature, and Send & Track – require an online connection.
My company won't let me run software in the Cloud, but I still need Acrobat. What should I do?
Acrobat DC desktop software doesn't run in the cloud – it is locally installed software running on your desktop. It can connect to Document Cloud services to provide a richer array of features and capabilities. However, if your company prohibits software that connects to the cloud, talk to your IT administrator. Acrobat settings can be customized to remove access to the cloud services. Learn more about IT resources.
Is Adobe Document Cloud secure?
Yes. At Adobe, security practices are deeply ingrained into our internal culture, software development, as well as service operations processes. Whether related to identity management, data confidentiality, or document integrity, Adobe Document Cloud employs leading edge security practices to protect your documents, data, and personal identifiable information to the highest degree possible. For additional information about our company security practices, the Adobe Secure Product Lifecycle, or Adobe Document Cloud solution security, see the Adobe Security pages on adobe.com.
What can I do with the Adobe Acrobat Reader mobile app?
The free Adobe Acrobat Reader mobile app makes it easy to view and interact with PDF files from anywhere on your Android, iOS, or Windows devices. It also lets you unlock premium Document Cloud features to do more with PDFs when you purchase a subscription to Adobe Acrobat Standard DC or Adobe Acrobat Pro DC. Learn more about the Acrobat Reader mobile app. Or, download it from Google Play, the iTunes App Store, or the Windows Phone Store.
How does the Acrobat Reader mobile app differ from prior versions?
Acrobat Reader for mobile is the next generation of the Adobe Reader mobile app, and it turns your mobile device into a serious business tool. Just like Reader on the desktop, Acrobat Reader for mobile is free, and continues to offer the industry's most reliable mobile experience for viewing and interacting with PDFs. And now, with the addition of Adobe Document Cloud and Acrobat DC subscription services, you can take your files and PDF tools with you, and stay productive wherever you go. Learn more about the Acrobat Reader mobile app.
What is the Adobe Sign mobile app, and how does it relate to Acrobat Reader for mobile?
Adobe Sign mobile app (formerly known as the Adobe EchoSign mobile app) is a free, stand-alone app that works as a mobile companion to Adobe Sign, which is included in Acrobat Standard DC, Acrobat Pro DC, and Adobe Document Cloud for enterprise subscription plans. Adobe Sign lets you conduct complete business transactions on the go. With it, you can send, sign, track, and manage signed documents from your iOS or Android device. It's also the ideal tool for collecting e-signatures in person from a client or customer. Adobe Sign works independently of the Acrobat Reader mobile app. You can download it from Google Play or the iTunes App Store.
What is the Adobe Fill & Sign mobile app, and how does it work with Acrobat DC for mobile?
Adobe Fill & Sign is a free mobile app that can be used all by itself, or with Acrobat DC. While Acrobat lets you work with fillable PDF forms and draw a signature with your finger, Fill & Sign gives you an easy way to work with paper forms or PDFs that haven't been optimized for form filling. You can download it from Google Play or the iTunes App Store. With Fill & Sign on an iPad or Android tablet device, you can:
- Open a PDF file, take a photo, or pick an image from your mobile device
- Type answers right onto the form, or accept autofill suggestions
- Sign your form by typing or drawing your signature, or using an image
- Edit your personal autofill collection so you don't have to retype frequently-used information each time you complete a new form
Do Adobe's mobile apps support enterprise mobility management (EMM)?
Yes. Adobe is committed to helping enterprise customers meet demand for mobile business productivity solutions while safeguarding enterprise security and compliance. The Acrobat Reader and Adobe Sign mobile apps both support the Android for Work EMM platform, and Adobe Acrobat Reader for Microsoft Intune is available for iOS and Android.
Are all of the features available on my computer in Acrobat Reader for mobile?
No, but the Acrobat Reader mobile app includes essential PDF tools, including the most popular Acrobat features. With Acrobat Reader on Android or iOS devices, you can create, export, sign, and send PDFs with ease. And working on an iPad, you can also edit text in a PDF and organize pages. Learn more about the Acrobat Reader mobile app.
How do I buy Acrobat DC?
Acrobat DC is offered as a subscription or one-time desktop purchase.
- Subscription: You can buy Acrobat Pro DC or Acrobat Standard DC through an annual or month-to-month subscription plan. It includes Acrobat Pro DC for your desktop, plus mobile apps and Adobe Document Cloud services.
- Desktop: Get Acrobat Pro DC or Acrobat Standard DC for your desktop only. Special upgrade pricing is available for Acrobat X and XI owners.
Select a store to order Acrobat DC products or contact an Adobe Authorized Reseller. To purchase Acrobat DC for your organization, learn more about Acrobat volume licensing.
I own a previous version of Acrobat. What's my best option for buying Acrobat DC?
Subscription plans are the best way to take advantage of everything Acrobat DC has to offer. New, lower prices for annual and month-to-month subscription plans make Acrobat DC more affordable than ever, while also giving you access to premium Adobe Document Cloud services. If you own Acrobat Pro X or XI – or Acrobat Standard X or XI – you also qualify for a reduced price when purchasing a perpetual (one-time) license. A one-time purchase includes desktop software and lets you work free Adobe Document Cloud services only.
See the Acrobat DC product comparison to review subscription and one-time purchase options. You can also view the Acrobat DC version comparison to understand how Acrobat DC differs from previous versions.
Is there a trial version of Acrobat DC?
Yes, you can download a trial version of Acrobat Pro DC desktop software for Windows or Mac. Acrobat DC trial software lets you take advantage of all the powerful features built into desktop software for Windows or Mac. Although Document Cloud services are not included automatically, you can try free Document Cloud services by downloading the Adobe Acrobat Reader mobile app from Google Play or the iTunes App Store – and signing up for free Adobe Document Cloud services. Complete Document Cloud services are available with subscription plans only. The trial software is available in English, Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese, Czech, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Swedish, and Turkish. Read the trial FAQ.
Is there a trial version of e-signature services in Adobe Document Cloud?
Yes. You can sign up for a trial version of Adobe Sign, an Adobe Document Cloud solution. This trial lets you work with the Send for Signature tool in Acrobat Reader DC, Acrobat Standard DC, or Acrobat Pro DC. You can also use a web browser experience or the Adobe Sign mobile app. Download the app from Google Play or the iTunes App Store.
Can I purchase an Acrobat DC subscription anywhere in the world?
Will Acrobat DC continue to be available as a desktop-only software license?
Yes, Adobe is committed to delivering variety of Acrobat software purchase options to meet customer requirements. The Acrobat DC family of products will continue to be available via a perpetual software (desktop-only) license that is sold through volume licensing programs such as the Transactional Licensing Program, Cumulative Licensing Program, as well as through retail and e-tail stores via product key cards and digital delivery.
Are there any changes to the availability of Upgrade Plan for Acrobat?
What do I get when I subscribe to Acrobat DC vs. making a one-time purchase of desktop software?
When you subscribe to Acrobat Pro DC or Acrobat Standard DC, you pay a low monthly fee to get:
- Acrobat Pro or Acrobat Standard desktop software, respectively – including new features and services updates on an ongoing basis.
- Adobe Document Cloud services, which let you complete a wide variety of PDF tasks with the Acrobat Reader mobile app or your web browser, including storing and sharing files online. Document Cloud services also enable complete workflows for sending, e-signing, tracking, and managing documents.
When you buy an Acrobat DC perpetual license as a one-time purchase, you get:
- Acrobat Pro DC or Acrobat Standard DC desktop software.
- If you sign up for a free Adobe Document Cloud account, you can also work with the Acrobat Reader mobile app or your web browser to complete basic PDF tasks, including storing and sharing files online.
What type of plans are available if I want to purchase Acrobat in volume?
Contact an Adobe Authorized Reseller to purchase Acrobat DC through the Transactional Licensing Program or Cumulative Licensing Program, or request a contact from Adobe to learn about Adobe Document Cloud for enterprise plans.
My company is interested in purchasing Acrobat in volume. How do I get started?
What are the most significant changes in Acrobat DC compared to Acrobat XI?
Get an all-new experience
With Acrobat DC, Adobe is taking the world's best PDF solution to an entirely new level. With an intuitive, touch-enabled interface, Acrobat DC delivers powerful new functionality to get work done anywhere. The new Tools Center offers quick access to the tools you use most, while elegant new tool experiences work consistently across desktop, web, and mobile. And, Acrobat DC now includes functionality that lets you send and track documents electronically, instead of using fax or overnight delivery services.
Work anywhere
Access your work as you move between desktop and devices, and pick up that form or document where you left off. With the Acrobat Reader mobile app, you can create, edit, comment and sign documents directly on mobile devices.
Sign anything
Acrobat DC now includes two powerful options for signing documents. Use the new Fill & Sign tool to quickly complete forms sent to you by others. Finish the job fast with reusable text from your personal autofill collection. Or, use the new Send for Signature tool to collect e-signatures from others quickly and securely - without printing, faxing or overnight delivery. Send, track, manage and store signed documents from anywhere using a complete signing process that is legally-compliant in many countries around the world.
Edit anything
Acrobat DC includes powerful enhancements to PDF editing and exporting tools. Revolutionary new imaging technology lets you turn scanned paper documents into instantly editable PDFs. Acrobat automatically creates custom fonts to match your original document so new edits blend right in. Editing existing PDFs is faster than ever with full page paragraph reflow and easy updates to bullets and numbered lists. PDFs exported to Office formats include improved bullet and table formatting. And now, you can use your mobile device camera as a portable scanner, then optimize your photo in Acrobat to automatically remove backgrounds and adjust perspective.
See the Acrobat DC version comparison to see more detail about how Acrobat DC differs from previous versions.
Are all of the features available in Acrobat XI also available in Acrobat DC?
While Acrobat DC offers dozens and dozens of new and improved features across desktop, mobile, and web apps – there are some features that have been removed or changed when compared to Acrobat XI. These include retirement of the Adobe FormsCentral desktop app, as well as reduced support for Flash-compatible videos and use of Flash technology in PDF Portfolios.
Why did Adobe decide to retire the FormsCentral online service and desktop app?
Despite enthusiastic use of FormsCentral by many of our customers over a three year period, we found there wasn't as much demand for this type of service as we anticipated. Because the FormsCentral online service was fully retired on July 28, 2015, the companion desktop app – which was included in Acrobat XI Pro software – was also retired. To learn more, read the FormsCentral FAQs.
What are my options for creating forms in Acrobat DC?
Acrobat DC includes three tools that can help you create and enhance fillable PDF forms.
- The Prepare Form tool in Acrobat DC is your primary tool. With it, you can easily convert existing forms into fillable PDF ones. Scan a paper form or select a simple form made in Microsoft Word, Excel, or another application. Acrobat automatically recognizes and converts static form fields to fillable ones. You can also add or edit form fields, and add intelligence to make sure you collect all the information you need. Robust form authoring options include buttons, checkboxes, calculations, signatures fields, and required fields. Learn more about fillable PDF forms, or view the tutorial.
- The JavaScript tool in Acrobat Pro lets you enhance fillable forms with advanced formatting, calculations, or validations. You can also assign actions to buttons and connect form fields to company databases.
- The Send for Signature tool - which is available with Acrobat DC subscriptions - gives you a quick and easy way to add form and signature fields to a document before requesting signatures from others. Learn more about electronic signatures, or view the tutorial.
What are my options for collecting form responses from others in Acrobat DC?
Acrobat DC gives you multiple options for collecting form responses, depending on your goals.
- The fastest and easiest method is to use Acrobat to convert an existing paper or electronic form into a simple PDF file - without adding fillable form fields – and send it to others as an email attachment. Anyone with free Adobe Acrobat Reader DC software can fill it out using the new Fill & Sign tool and send it right back to you. If you have an Acrobat DC subscription, you can also use the new Send & Track tool to upload your form to Adobe Document Cloud, share a link with specific recipients, and get notified when they've viewed your file.
- If you have a form that gets used frequently and you need to keep a record of each person's responses, the Acrobat Prepare Form tool lets you collect form data automatically in Acrobat and compile it in a table format. Data can be exported to a spreadsheet for further analysis.
- If the primary goal of your document is to collect signatures from others, the new Send for Signature tool – which is available with Acrobat Pro and Acrobat Standard subscriptions – lets you send, track, manage, and store documents that include both signature and form fields.
Adobe Document Cloud enterprise plans also let you add form data collection and e-sign services to your business applications through turn-key integrations, APIs, and professional services.
How has support for Flash-compatible videos changed in Acrobat DC?
How have PDF Portfolios changed in Acrobat DC?
New PDF Portfolios created with Acrobat DC use a simpler visual experience than prior generations. In the past, Acrobat made it possible to customize PDF Portfolios with built-in themes, layouts, and palettes that were dependent upon Flash technology. Because support for Flash-compatible content is being reduced, these features are no longer available. This affects the creation of new PDF Portfolios only. Acrobat DC and Acrobat Reader DC will continue to support viewing of PDF Portfolios created with prior versions.
Is Acrobat DC 64-bit compliant?
What protected viewing modes are available in Adobe Acrobat DC and Adobe Acrobat Reader DC?
Similar to Protected Mode in Acrobat Reader, Protected View is an implementation of "sandboxing" technology for the rich Acrobat feature set. In Acrobat DC, Adobe extends the functionality of Protected View beyond blocking write-based attacks that attempt to execute malicious code on your computer system using the PDF file format to read-based attacks that attempt to steal your sensitive data or intellectual property via PDF files.
Just like Protected Mode, Protected View confines the execution of untrusted programs (for example, any PDF file and the processes it invokes) to a restricted sandbox to avoid malicious code using the PDF format from writing to or reading from your computer's file system. Protected View assumes all PDF files are potentially malicious and confines processing to the sandbox unless you specifically indicate that a file is trusted.
How does Acrobat DC work with Microsoft Office?
Acrobat DC integrates seamlessly with Office 365, Office 2013, Office 2010, and Office 2007 applications.
From Windows environments, you can:
- Create high quality Adobe PDFs from the Acrobat task ribbon in Office apps (Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint, or Outlook).
- Add protection to PDFs created from the Acrobat ribbon in Office to restrict others from copying or editing sensitive content.
- Use the Acrobat ribbon in Word, Excel, or PowerPoint to execute many steps at once. Quickly email a PDF file, protect it with a password, set file usage restrictions, or send a file out for shared review. In Acrobat Pro DC, you can also create a PDF and immediately run a preset Action to run predefined tasks, such as preparing a document for archiving or public distribution.
- Use the Send & Track plug-in for Microsoft Outlook to send large or small files to others and set tracking options to get notified when people view your file (Acrobat DC subscription only)
- Import comments from a PDF file into the source Word document as markups that can be accepted or rejected with the Microsoft Word Track Changes tool.
- Simplify email search and retrieval. Archive emails or email folders from Microsoft Outlook with one-button ease.
- Create high quality Adobe PDFs directly from Microsoft Project or Visio.
Additional ways to work with Microsoft tools:
- Use the Save As command In Microsoft Word for Mac to create high-quality PDF files, complete with interactive links.
- Work in Acrobat DC to turn existing PDFs into Word, Excel, or PowerPoint files with industry-leading formatting accuracy. Keep layouts, bulleted lists, and tables intact for easy editing in Office applications.
- Work with Windows 8.1 touch-enabled devices
- Capture web pages as PDF files with a single click from Microsoft Internet Explorer. Convert all or part of the page, keeping links, layouts, and formatting intact.
Does Acrobat DC integrate with Microsoft SharePoint?
Yes. From SharePoint document libraries, you can:
- Open a PDF file, edit it in Acrobat, and save it back into the repository.
- Turn any repository file into a PDF and save it
- Turn any repository file into a PDF and email it
- Combine multiple files into a single PDF
You can also automate processes by hosting shared document reviews or data collection for PDF forms on your SharePoint server.
Which version of Acrobat DC is available in Adobe Creative Cloud?
Acrobat Pro DC is available through Adobe Creative Cloud, which provides access to the latest versions of Creative applications on a membership basis. Many Creative Cloud plans include Acrobat Pro DC with Document Cloud services.
Can I get Document Cloud services if I'm an active Creative Cloud Member?
Yes. Many Creative Cloud plans include Acrobat Pro DC with Document Cloud services. Explore Creative Cloud plans.
I own a previous version of Acrobat Pro with Creative Cloud. Why should I move to Acrobat DC?
Acrobat DC is a completely reimagined solution with a stunningly simpler user experience that works consistently across desktop, mobile, and the web – including touch-enabled devices.
Here are just some of the new things you can do:
- Create, combine, and export PDFs using the new Acrobat Reader mobile app
- Edit text and organize pages in a PDF on an iPad
- Edit PDFs faster with full-page paragraph
reflowand easy bullet updates
- Turn scanned paper documents into instantly editable PDFs
- Fill, sign, and send forms fast – with smart autofill
- Get e-signatures from others – in minutes instead of days
- Turn your mobile device into a portable scanner
- Send, track, and confirm delivery of documents and graphic layouts electronically
Are there any differences between Acrobat Pro DC included with Creative Cloud and Acrobat Pro DC bought separately?
I am a Creative Cloud trial member, is Acrobat Pro DC included in my Creative Cloud trial?
Yes. Acrobat trial software lets you take advantage of all the powerful features built into desktop software for Windows or Mac. Although Document Cloud services are not included automatically, you can try free services by downloading the Adobe Acrobat Reader mobile app from Google Play or the iTunes App Store – and signing up for free Adobe Document Cloud.
I already have Creative Cloud storage. Do I get even more storage with Acrobat Pro DC and Adobe Document Cloud?
For centralized, IT-based deployments of Acrobat, should I use the Creative Cloud Packager or the Customization Wizard for Acrobat?
Both the Creative Cloud Packager and the Customization Wizard for Acrobat will output an MSI or PKG file for centralized deployment via Microsoft SCCM or Apple Remote Desktop, respectively. If your organization works with a lot of Creative Cloud products, Packager lets you download, deploy, and license Acrobat together with Creative Cloud apps. The customization Wizard can then be used for application level customization, including suppressing upsell messaging, configuring PDF printer settings, and turning off access to services. Creative Cloud for Enterprise (CCE) admins can now create self-service Acrobat DC packages with Creative Cloud serial numbers using Customization Wizard. Learn more about Customization Wizard.
What versions of Acrobat does Adobe currently support?
Adobe actively supports Acrobat DC and Acrobat XI. Per the Adobe Enterprise Support Lifecycle Policy, support for Acrobat X ended on November 15, 2015. Learn more about Supported Product Versions.
What support options are available for Acrobat DC products?
Registered owners of the current version of Acrobat are eligible to receive person-to-person support on issues related to installation and products, with affordable per-incident support prices. Visit the Acrobat Help page for additional support information, including worldwide telephone support numbers, Knowledgebase articles, and tutorials — available free of charge. The Acrobat Help page also provides detailed information on common Acrobat issues.
How does Acrobat DC handle updates and security patches?
By default, Acrobat DC is set to update your software automatically. If you have a perpetual (one-time) license, you will get bug fixes and security updates throughout the supported lifecycle of the product. If you have a subscription, you'll get the same updates – plus new and enhanced features – as long as your subscription is current. For organizations that prefer to manage their updates on their own schedule, Acrobat DC also provides flexible tools for IT administrators. Learn more about IT resources.
What's the difference between Continuous and Classic tracks for the Acrobat DC desktop product?
Acrobat Pro DC and Acrobat Standard DC desktop software are available for volume deployment using either "continuous" or "classic" tracks.
Typical installations use the continuous track, which updates silently and frequently in order to stay current with new features, security and platform enhancements, and bug fixes. The continuous track is the only track that enables access to all paid Adobe Document Cloud services, including support for the Send for Signature and Send & Track tools. If desired, IT administrators can turn off automatic updates in order to test a new version before rolling it out to employees. Only the latest version is available for download. IT administrators can also tune out Document Cloud services so employees don't see the options presented in their user experience.
Using similar update methods to Acrobat X and XI, the classic track uses a quarterly update cadence to deliver security and platform enhancements and bug fixes only. The classic track does not provide access to new or enhanced features, and enables access to free Adobe Document Cloud services only. IT administrators can tune out Document Cloud services if desired. Learn more.
What version of the PDF specification does Acrobat DC support?
Acrobat DC supports ISO 32000-1, the open standard maintained by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
What PDF-based standards does the Acrobat DC Family support?
Acrobat DC supports the creation and validation of these workflow-specific PDF standards:
- PDF/A for archiving (ISO 19005): PDF/A-1a, PDF/A-1b, PDF/A-2a, PDF/A-2b, PDF/A-2u, PDF/A-3a, PDF/A-3b, and PDF/A-3u
- PDF/E in Acrobat DC Pro for engineering (ISO 24517): PDF/E-1
- PDF/X for print production (ISO 15930): PDF/X-1a, PDF/X-3, PDF/X-4, PDF/X-4p, PDF/X-5g, and PDF/X-5pg
- PDF/VT in Acrobat DC Pro for variable data and transactional printing (ISO 16612-2): PDF/VT-1 and PDF/VT-2
What is PDF/A?
What is PDF/E?
PDF/E provides specifications for creating, viewing, and printing documents used in engineering workflows. Architects, engineers, construction professionals, and manufacturing product teams can use Acrobat DC Pro to facilitate the exchange of documentation and drawings with others in the supply chain, and to streamline review and markup of documents.
What is PDF/X?
PDF/X provides specifications for creating, viewing, and printing final print-ready or press-ready pages. This standard provides guidelines for PDF settings that affect critical aspects of printing, such as color space and trapping. Print professionals, graphic designers, and other creative professionals can use Acrobat DC to create and deliver predictable, press-ready PDF/X-compliant files.
What is PDF/VT?
PDF/VT provides specifications for creating, viewing, and printing files such as bank statements and business invoices used in the variable data and transactional printing industry. Professionals who work with large documents containing variable data can use Acrobat DC Pro to ensure that the files they've produced comply with this international standard.
Does Acrobat DC work in conjunction with any other PDF standards or initiatives?
Yes. Acrobat DC supports the creation and use of PDF in compliance with these additional standards and initiatives:
- PDF/UA (Universal Accessibility): PDF/UA is an ISO standard (ISO 14289-1) that helps clarify PDF-specific technical requirements to ensure that conforming PDF ISO 32000-1 files are accessible and usable to all, including users who rely on assistive technology.
- W3C Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG): Adobe participates in the WCAG working group at the W3C to help develop the technology-independent WCAG 2.0 standard as well as advisory techniques to help authors and developers meet this accessibility standard.
- PAdES (ETSI): PDF Advanced Electronic Signatures provides specifications to help ensure compliance with digital signature standards in the European Union. Adobe Acrobat DC supports PAdES Parts 2, 3, and 4.
Where can I learn more about standards?
How does Acrobat DC provide accessibility for people with disabilities?
Acrobat DC helps address the needs of both users with disabilities and authors of accessible content. Using Acrobat Pro or Acrobat Standard, virtually anyone can create accessible PDF documents that others can view using Adobe Acrobat Reader. This helps users with disabilities more easily access and use PDF files and forms across multiple languages.
Using Acrobat Pro DC, Acrobat Standard DC, or Acrobat Reader DC on Windows, users and authors can:
- Customize accessibility preferences with an easy-to-use wizard
- Work with magnifiers
- Read PDFs out loud using built-in functions or working with professional screen-reading software
- Set high-contrast colors for better visibility
- NEW Read text easier in high contrast mode with dynamic background adjustment
- Enable large-type display by setting text to reflow through pages
Using Acrobat Pro DC or Acrobat Reader DC on Mac, users can:
- NEW Work with the VoiceOver screen reader on Mac OS X computers
- Work with magnifiers
- Set high-contrast colors for better visibility
- NEW Read text easier in high contrast mode with dynamic background adjustment
- Enable large-type display by setting text to reflow through pages
In addition, authors can use Acrobat Pro DC to make PDF files more accessible:
- Add tags to control reading order and improve navigation
- Verify and adjust reading order for pages or columns of text
- Validate standards-compliant PDF documents, check for possible accessibility problems, and adjust files to meet accessibility standards
- Take advantage of enhanced tools to support the creation of PDF documents that meet WCAG 2.0 and PDF/UA standards
- Use the Make Accessible guided Action to more easily prepare, verify, and fix standards-compliant accessible PDF files
Learn more at the Adobe Accessibility Resource Center.
Süsteemi Creative Commons tingimused ei kehti Twitter™-i ja Facebooki postitustele.


text:
English as a Second Language (ESL) programs in Canada offer a wonderful opportunity for international students. English is one of two official languages in Canada, and in most provinces it is spoken by the majority of the population. Canada's educational system is internationally recognized, and accredited ESL programs and schools ensure high quality instruction.
International students taking ESL programs in Canada will find a wide variety of ESL options including courses offered at both online and campus-based Canadian colleges, universities, secondary schools and independent language colleges. Areas of study include business English, conversational English, English for the workplace, English for academic purposes, university preparation, language test preparation and more. Most ESL programs in Canada offer the option of different levels: beginner, intermediate and advanced. Schedules are also flexible, with full semester ESL programs as well as summer programs, and spring or Easter break language camps. Other ESL options like unpaid internships may also be available.
International students will also find a variety of potential housing options, including homestay, on-campus dormitories and residences, or independent off-campus apartment living. All of these options allow international students to choose the right ESL program in Canada to fit their academic and personal needs.


text:
u38cg wrote:The Culture is more morally ambiguous in Consider Phlebas than in subsequent books. Whether that's down to narrative requirements, a change of view on the part of the author, or something else...
It's because you see it through the perspective of the main character in Consider Phlebas, and he's made his decision there. I seem to remember that, Intellectually, I wasn't convinced by his argument, but on an emotional level, you side with him.
That was my first Banks book, and it's unfortunately mediocre*.
I loved Against a Dark Background until the end, which was terrible. The Algebraist was pretty entertaining, though again, a little disappointing at the end. Excession is great, but is a little anti-climactic (maybe that's the wrong word - there's a climax, and it's on a big scale, but it doesn't feel big). Having read that lot, I was worried that Banks was about 80% of the best SF writer writing today, but thankfully Inversions was superb throughout.
Use of Weapons is very good, though the non-linear format felt a little gimmicky. Feersum Endjin is great, but deh bad chpelin in a quarter of the chapters was a chore to read. Look to Windward is his best outright Culture book, I think (I'm discounting Inversions as it barely establishes itself as being in that universe). Others rate The Player of Games a little higher, and it's a good book, but I think a little overrated. Matter is a pretty good story, though the new big ideas weren't that impressive by Banks' standards. The State of the Art is clever in places (the throw-away joke about the ship contacting the BBC had me in stitches - I think his jokes are very effective because they're rare and unexpected), but I seem to remember it felt a little uneven, maybe only worth reading for completists.
I'm really looking forward to his new one, Transition, which is out next month.
I've read very few of his non SF books (IB rather than IMB). The Wasp Factory was effective and odd, and as much as it was deeply unpleasant in places, I enjoyed it. The Steep Approach to Garbadale dragged in places, and the ending felt very contrived. Any recommendations for other IB books?
*I feel this word has excessively negative connotations, as does "average". I think it's partly this that leads 85% or so of drivers to consider themselves "above average" or better. Sure, people overrate themselves, but I think that misinterpretation of average to mean poor contributes too.


text:
Adam Bernbach's Piña Colada Recipe
D.C. mixologist Adam Bernbach tends the bar at Estadio and Proof, but he's also a frozen drink aficionado. The classic piña colada doesn't have to be cheesy—so long as it's made with top-notch ingredients.
Notes: Make demerara syrup by dissolving 8 ounces demerara sugar in 16 ounces of boiling water. Stir until sugar dissolves. Let cool before using.
- Yield:Makes 4 cocktails
- Active time: 10 minutes
- Total time:15 minutes
- 8 ounces diced fresh pineapple
- 8 ounces coconut milk
- 8 ounces dark rum
- 4 ounces demerara syrup (see note)
- 2 ounces fresh lime juice (from 3 to 4 limes)
Add pineapple, coconut milk, rum, demerara syrup, and lime juice to the jar of a blender. Add 1 quart ice. Blend until ice is completely broken up and the mixture is smooth.
Divide between 4 serving glasses. Garnish each glass with pineapple fronds.


text:
Parnell: the politics of power
Wolfhound Press, 1991 - Political Science - 191 pages
What people are saying - Write a review
We haven't found any reviews in the usual places.
Parnell Wicklow and Nationalism
Parnell and the Leadership of Nationalist Ireland
10 other sections not shown
Common terms and phrases
amnesty Anglo-Irish anti-Parnellite Avondale Balfour Belfast British Butt career Catholic century Charles Stewart Parnell coercion Conservative crime Dillon divorce Dr Kenny Dublin effect election England English evictions F.S.L. Lyons Famine Fenian Fenian support Freeman's Journal gentry Gladstone Gladstone's Hansard Healy historians Home Rule Bill House of Commons independence interest Irish history Irish members Irish nation Irish nationalists Irish parliamentary party Irish party Irish politics Irish Unionist Irishman issue John Jowers Joyce Joyce's Katharine O'Shea Katharine's Katie Kilmainham Land League land question landlord later leader leadership letter Liberal London Lord memoirs Michael Davitt National League nationalist Ireland never O'Connell O'Leary organisation parliament Parnell's Parnellite Phoenix Park murders physical force Plan of Campaign politicians Redmond rent rhetoric Rhodes social Special Commission speech split T.P. O'Connor tenant farmers tradition Ulster Protestants Ulster question Union Unionist parliamentary Westminster Wicklow William O'Brien Willie
References to this book
Nineteenth-century Ireland: the search for stability
David George Boyce
Snippet view - 2005
All Book Search results »
Ireland: 1798-1998
Alvin Jackson
No preview available - 1999