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Saturday, 30 July 2011
Ballonts under pressure (Ballonts IV)
Seeing how small ballonts cause trouble, here's one painting in the Furaha collection with small ballonts. It was destined for oblivion regardless of whether the ballonts it showed could work. It was an early painting; the hexapod (Caeruleacornu rubrum) is much too insectile and I don't like the colours or the composition anymore. The 'balloon tree' (Mollum trisiphonitum) is a mixomorph making use of sunlight to create little hot spots in which interesting thermal reactions take place. That gave me a nice excuse to paint half-transparent bubbles, always a nice thing to do. Molla (that would be the plural of 'mollum') launch their young into the air in the form of a larvae suspended from a balloon sac. The adult mollum blows gases into the sac, forcing it upwards through one of its siphons. Once the sac pops free, a valve between the sac and the larva closes, and the larva drifts off into the wild blue yonder (or hither, as the case may be). The larva is supposed to crawl around a bit before becoming sessile for the rest of its life.
As you can see, the mollum contains some of the ideas mentioned in the comments on the previous post, such as using a ballont for just one stage on a being's life cycle, or having it produced by an adult. What it also shows is the kind of ballonts I would have liked to have, i.e. fairly small ones... Oh well; what remains to do now is to play around with all the factors in the ballont equation to see how we can get as big as body mass as possible with as little a sac as possible.
A thinner membrane
In the calculations the membrane consisted of a Mylar-like substance. The Mylar party balloons you see everywhere use metal to resist gases diffusing through the Mylar. Whether animals can do that as well is uncertain, but, as fishes face a similar problem with swim bladders, and their sealing method works. I looked at spider silk to see if that would be better, but its density is about the same as that of Mylar. I did not dare to make the membrane thinner than 0.1 mm, which I thought was stretching it already (sorry about that one...).
Change the gas in the balloon
The lighter a gas is inside a balloon, the better, and hydrogen is as light as it gets. About the only way to get less mass would be to heat the hydrogen: after all, hot air balloons float because one cubic meter of hot air weighs less that one cubic meter of colder air. Does heating hydrogen make a difference? The 'ideal gas law' nicely describes the relation between pressure, volume and temperature of a gas. After expanding the ballont model a little bit the model allowed a calculation how much mass of hydrogen could be saved to fill a balloon with a 1 meter radius for a range of temperatures. This is what came out: this hypothetical balloon could lift 4.8519 kg with the inside and outside both at 15 degrees centigrade. With hydrogen heated to 25 degrees less hydrogen was needed to get the same pressure and so the balloon could lift more: an additional 12.4 grams, to be precise.
What!? A bit more reflection clarified why this was so. A hot gas requires fewer molecules to exert the same pressure as a colder gas, and the differences in the amount of molecules needed determines the difference in mass, i.e. how much it lifts. But hydrogen weighs so little that the reduction doesn't amount to anything. It does if you are dealing with a heavier gas such as air. In air, there's not much point in using a hot hydrogen balloon. By the way, those designing their own ballonts should make certain that the bladder is filled with hydrogen only. Water vapour is much heavier than hydrogen, so the bladder should not be 'contaminated' with it!
Change the composition of the atmosphere
Adding heavy gases to your atmosphere will increase how much mass a ballont can lift. Earth air largely contains nitrogen and oxygen, but there are heavier gases. The real heavyweights are noble gases such as krypton (3.7 kg per cubic meter) and xenon (5.86 kg per cubic meter). Radon is even heavier but radioactive. You can dream about replacing half of the nitrogen in the Earths air by xenon: the density of the air would increase 2.4 times, and so would the lifting power of a hydrogen-filled ballont. The snag is of course that heavy elements are very rare in the universe, so such an atmosphere would make little sense. Some other gases might help, such as chlorine, sulfur dioxide or benzene. Large amounts of those would create a nice atmosphere for ballonts. Do not ask me to design a biochemistry to make such an atmosphere probable; I would not know.
Change atmospheric pressure
Another way is to increase atmospheric pressure. Gases can be squeezed, and the physics aren't complicated. Say a given volume of air on a planet X would have a mass of 1 kg; the same volume of hydrogen might have a mass of 0.1 kg. That leaves 0.9 kg to lift something with. Now we increase the pressure twofold. The same volume of air now masses 2 x 1 = 2 kg, and that volume of hydrogen masses 2 x 0.1 = 0.2 kg. The difference now is 1.8 kg, also doubled. So atmospheric density has a linear effect on liftable mass.
The graph above shows liftable mass; see the previous post for how that was arrived at. Start at the line for 1 atmosphere (that is Earth itself). If you increase the radius of your balloon, the liftable mass rises, and more so for as the radius increases. We knew that. Go to the next line, one for two atmospheres of pressure, and you get a similar curve. It is just higher.
The image above does something similar. It builds on the balloons in the previous post. Under '1 atm.' (that would be Earth) there are two balloons, one with a 0.5 meter radius and one with a 1 meter radius. Underneath are slung the bodies they can just lift. Now let's see what happens if we decide that we want balloons to lift these same bodies, but under a higher atmospheric pressure. The balloons get smaller, but not as much as you might think or wish. For instance, the balloon that had a one meter radius under one atmosphere of pressure can have a radius of 79 cm under two atmospheres of pressure (that radius defines a sphere with half the volume of the with a one meter radius - with twice the density, the mass is the same; see?).
No matter what you do, that third power effect of radius conspires against having small ballonts. I think that I will delve into the possibilities of atmospheres with hundreds of times the pressure of Earth in a later post. That should do justice to 'Jovian floaters'; in the New Hades bookshop you will find that they were supposed to be so common in every gas giant as to be boring. We'll see.
You can of course keep on increasing atmospheric pressures even on a terrestrial planet, but there will be consequences; there always are. Think of wind forces, think of hothouse effects; there are probably lots of other effects. One is 'drag', or the force that resists moving through fluids or gases. If you want a ballont to move against the wind, you will want as small a bladder as possible to reduce drag. With an enormous bladder all a ballont can do is float with the wind, against which resistance would be futile. In a dense atmosphere the bladder would be smaller, making a self-propelled ballont more feasible. But drag also increases with density; as I said, there are always complications, even in a simple Newtonian universe.
In the past I had worked on the physics of ballonts a bit but not in detail. Those earlier efforts had made me settle on a pressure of about two earth atmospheres for Furaha. Two atmospheres is about what you get with a depth of 10 meters of water on Earth. Human bodies can adapt to that, as evidenced by underwater habitats. I did not dare, then or now, to go higher for fear of the consequences. What the current more detailed analysis yields is that smaller ballonts are, how to put it, exempt from existence.
But large ballonts will stay, at least for now. How Furahan ballonts breed and what their evolutionary history is are things that need quite a bit of reflection. I would not be surprised if regular commenters solve these issues long before I ever get round to them...
17 comments:
- Evan Black said...
I had never even considered the temperature of the lifting gas, but it seems that it has little effect on the density of hydrogen. But what if we turn around the equation? Hydrogen may not expand much with heat, but what if the atmosphere around the creature is cooler? Is it possible that ballonts can thrive in high-latitude areas with generally colder climates?
I have a planet idea with a surface atmospheric pressure of 9 atm (humans live at the highest point of the planet, where the density is less than 3 atm). I'm definitely going to explore ballont life there, but I'd also like to include some lighter-than-air life on Nereus as well. It seems like the square-cube law is the worst enemy of ballonts, though; I'll have to fight hard for my floaty nereids. :(
You bring up a good point with the drag coefficient of denser atmospheres. One thing that I don't think has been mentioned in this series of blogs yet is the aerodynamics of the gas bladder. Spherical objects have been analyzed up to this point (most likely because of the easier math involved) but a more oblong, bullet-shaped form would probably be advantageous in dense environments, cutting down on drag without shrinking the size of the bladder as much.
- 30 July 2011 at 17:52
i, rodlox (on lj) say,
*C.rubrum* reminds me (conceptually) of a giraffe wevil/beetle)
your puns are fine.
lots of food for thought about ballonts. thank you for sharing this.
- 30 July 2011 at 19:53
a thought - perhaps ballonts have an evolutionary intermediate stage along the lines of, not a jellyfish, but a Nereid Cloudrocket...and they gain the ability over generations to store more and more gasses in their bodies. (this would let them fine-tune their altitude/direction with little puffs of air - and emergency jetting away from serious danger)
- 30 July 2011 at 21:25
- Sigmund Nastrazzurro said...
Evan: interesting idea! I'll have a look at low temperatures. The limit will be zero centigrade though, assuming you don't want to freeze your animals. bear in mind that there is a third power law there.
As for drag, well, I thought about it, and reasoned that as long as volumes are so large that there is no change of self-propelled ballonts anyway, I might as well keep them spherical to keep membrane weight down. I suppose drag comes into play as soon as any semblance of control comes into play.
Anonymous/Rodlox: that must be what I was thinking of at the time (I do not remember, sadly). Thanks for the pun appreciation; this not being my native language it's appreciated.
Rodlox proper: might be...
- 30 July 2011 at 23:33
- JohnnyYesterday said...
Perhaps ballonts reproduce by budding. The large parent supports its growing offspring until their gas envelopes are large enough that they can fly on their own.
That still leaves the problem of the very first ballont, how did it reach adulthood if it couldn't fly below a certain volume?
Perhaps the first ballonts couldn't fly, but used their gas sacs to lessen their weight so they could jump farther and farther.
Maybe they wanted to catch the wind, so they'd jump up when it was blowing and sail on it.
For this, perhaps they could inflate their envelopes fairly rapidly by reacting concentrated hydrogen peroxide with a reducing agent.
Originally, the generation of concentrated hydrogen peroxide was part of their defense mechanism. Spill rocket-grade peroxide on something that can burn, and it'll spontaneously ignite.
- 1 August 2011 at 04:03
- Sigmund Nastrazzurro said...
From Metalraptor:
Hello, this is Metalraptor. I recently read your posts on ballonts on the Furaha blog, and was going to post a comment but my computer locked me out...again. I am going to try and have that fixed in the future. Anyway, I had a possible solution for your problem of ballont reproduction. If its fairly easy for a fifteen foot/five meter ballont to lift a mass of hundreds of kilograms or more (as shown in your graphs) it should be a simple matter for a grown ballont to simply carry its offspring on its body until they grow large enough to take...um, flight...on their own.
Alternately, a juvenile ballont could make use of a partial lifting effect in order to achieve effective gliding or powered flight abilities until it could float on its own. Gliding animals like flying squirrels and colugos can be very effective in dense forests if such animals can keep their speed of descent as low as possible, and smaller ballonts would be masters at this. A small ballont with powered flight would also waste much less energy in staying aloft than a creature that lacks any floating ability whatsoever (like a bird). Juvenile creatures taking flight as soon as they are born is actually not that radical of an idea. Pterosaur embryos suggest that these creatures could fly soon after birth.
I was also wondering if you were aware of Peter Ward's ballont experiment, a speculative lineage of flying toads he termed the "zeppelinoids". Strangely, these were the only actual speculative biology lifeforms in the whole book of Future Evolution. Ward does point out one Achilles Heel of the ballont system, hydrogen gas is extremely flammable, and with ballonts being high-flying organisms this makes them rather likely to get struck by lightning. And explode. Spectacularly. Still, he does point out that lightning strikes are so rare as to not invalidate the concept of a ballont.
- 2 August 2011 at 19:58
- mithril said...
so far all the examinations of ballonts have assumed a blimp like approach, where the gas balloon provides all the lift. it seems to me that a 'hybrid airship' approach would be more likely in light of the limitations nature puts on such schemes. hybrid airships, in real life, have shapess that provide additional lift in forward flight. the creature would have to keep moving, but with the reduction in weight caused by the gas bladder's lift, could fly longer using less energy.
- 3 August 2011 at 23:33
- Sigmund Nastrazzurro said...
About a bladder helping with running around. A gasbag that would lift half a body is still very voluminous, and is probably very vulnerable. You solved the latter problem nicely because the the bag is not continually inflated. On a light planet that might work (not because balloons lift more -they do not- but because you only need very lightly built legs to jump).
I agree that, once balont evolution is under way, it makes sense that adults help keep young ones aloft until they are large enough to float with easy on their own.
I have my doubt about a hydrid system, at least for medium sized ballonts. If you look at the images in the ballont posts, you will see that the liftable mass for even a 1-m radius ballont is mall. That is all there is to build a body out of, and if that includes wings, these will be small. I cannot see them overcoming drag easily, at least not if there is a bit of wind.
In fact, so far I have not equiped any ballont with powered flight for that reason. Perhaps I should reconsider for large ones.
I have never read Peter ward's book. I did not worry much about ballonts bursting into flames, as there isn't that much to generate a spark. As for lightning, would ballonts with little mass attract it? Perhaps very occasionally a ballonts does explode on a dark and stormy night...
You and Metalraptor have a point there. I am still afraid that propeller motors as used in zeppelins provide so much more thrust than animal wings that the ballont would be severely powered. Then again, I have no idea how much thrust is needed and how much could be generated. Perhaps that is something for a future post, if I manage to find out, that is.
- 4 August 2011 at 12:24
- j. w. bjerk said...
Hot air balloons are "steered" by changing elevations. Generally at different levels of the sky their are breezes blowing in different directions, and updrafts and downdrafts.
A Ballont that had some control over it's buoyancy and good vision, and a moderate brain could go where it wanted to go, if not necessarily quickly or in a straight line.
Since it has to be able to generate hydrogen, even if slowly to fill the bladder, it could also vent hydrogen (in moderation) to descend.
I recommend Frederik Pohl's Jem for pretty well thought out Ballonts.
- 4 August 2011 at 20:01
- mithril said...
in regards to the "hybrid ballont" idea..mainly i was thinking about creatures that use lifting gas to offset most of their mass. the Festo 'jellyfish' and 'manta' balloons fits this definition pretty well. perhaps like the Festo manta, the ballont's 'wings' would actually be specially shaped lift gas bladders with lightweight tendons lining it, so that small muscles could make it flex in the right motions.
alternately, really small ballont types might have insect like wings or even batlike membrane wings stiffened with reinforced gas cells instead of bones.
- 8 August 2011 at 02:01
- Selden said...
Perhaps ballonts might have an internal bladder into which they compress (swallow) gas from their lifting bubble? This would allow them to control their lift (and thus altitude) without having to lose hydrogen, which presumably could take an appreciable time to regenerate from water.
- 13 August 2011 at 16:34
- Evan Black said...
Wouldn't that "swallowed" gas still lift the creature?
- 17 August 2011 at 00:30
I think compressed gas would be denser and maybe not lift as much.Just checked, I am right, you just have to make sure you compress enough of the gas to make a significant difference but given the narrow tolerances we are dealing with that may not be a problem.
- 17 August 2011 at 05:48
- Evan Black said...
I didn't even think of that, kopout. Compression would increase the weight of a given parcel of gas.
Xenobiology is awesome!!!
- 19 August 2011 at 00:25
- Sigmund Nastrazzurro said...
I like Selden's idea about having a 'tank' with compressed gas. To get gas into the high-pressure container would probably require a few steps with compression chambers separated by valves. Kopout is right about how compression increases density. The wall of the 'tank' should be extremely strong though. Let's hope that it, and the muscles taking care of the compression, don't weigh too much.
- 19 August 2011 at 20:24
- Evan Black said...
Well, if the creatures are capable of strong-but-thin mylar-like membranes, perhaps they can handle lithe and efficient muscle fibers.
- 20 August 2011 at 04:57
There's another option besides compressing the lift gas or venting it--compression is a lot of work, and venting wastes both the chemical energy in the hydrogen as well as the energy needed to replace it. I would suggest a better option is to evolve a two-way biochemical pathway that stores hydrogen in a lipid or carbohydrate (I'm thinking lipids are the way to go, given higher energy:weight ratio and higher ratio of useful hydrogen to dead-weight carbon and oxygen). As far as I know this is biochemically feasible.
This way the animal's energy storage organs double as lift-gas reserves. Liberate some H2 to rise; bind it to fat to sink.
(Sorry for commenting on very old posts! I'm still working my way to the present...)
- 4 January 2014 at 16:55


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subset: commoncrawl


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Cone-ing? Ice Cream Prank Goes Viral on YouTube
(NEW YORK) -- The Aussies are at it again. Trending this week is a video on YouTube that has collected over a million viewers in less than seven days. The video shows a young Australian man ordering an ice cream cone at a drive-thru and when served, grabbing the ice cream instead of the cone.
This odd bit of behavior has been labeled cone-ing, and it is blowing up all over the Internet. People from different countries are filming themselves doing it and posting it on YouTube. These "coners" are then inducted into the online Cone-ing community.
Where did this silly fad come from, viewers ask. And who started it?
He has been called a "legend" and a "genius" on the Internet. His name is Alki Stevens, and he has titled his new viral video, "CONE-ING IS THE NEW PLANKING!!!!"
Remember planking? Also a 2011 Aussie hit in which the participant lies face-down, expressionless, and points his fingers and toes. It may seem boring, but there have been plankers who have planked on camels, clotheslines and police cars. The hype of planking got out of hand, as young people around the globe tried to up the ante. It ended tragically with the death of a 20-year-old man who lay down on a seventh-story balcony in Brisbane, Australia, and fell to his death.
Cone-ing has only caught on in the last few days, and many have expressed relief that, goofy as it is, it's safer than planking. The only worry (or maybe the payoff) is that it can upset the salesperson at the drive-thru.
One Facebook follower, Alexander Scaron, wrote, "Happened twice tonight 3rd time my manager through [sic] the cone at the person…"
Was cone-ing created to start a trend or to make a few thousand bucks? Stevens has made it to the top ten of the Unhatched viral video competition. Grand prize? Ten grand!
Will you be cone-ing to cool down this summer? Or will it be the trend that cools down once the competition's over?
Copyright 2011 ABC News Radio


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Cary visiting scientist Ken Schmidt and his research team have been studying the ecology and behavior of birds on the Cary Institute grounds since 1998.
Mosquitoes testing positive for West Nile virus in Pennsylvania are very low in sharp contrast with the numbers recorded in 2012.
We see so little of the world that we live in. I was reminded of this yesterday when I visited Tivoli, where 17-year cicadas have emerged in great hordes.
Discover how water from Catskill Mountaintops feeds Manhattan taps in the dynamic presentation, The City That Drinks the Mountain Sky.
A recent study shows a link between a certain type of tick and a rare illness. The report shows the virus is on the rise in parts of the Hudson Valley and has spread to the Capital District.
In the Northeast, the black-legged ticks (Ixodes scapularis) that spread Lyme disease also infect people with other maladies, among them anaplasmosis, babesiosis, and – as a new paper in the journal Parasites and Vectors reports – Powassan encephalitis.
Understanding the natural world is important — especially to scientists. But they'll be the first to say: Science is not the easiest subject to explain.
Monitoring a forest in New Hampshire provides clues to how important trees, such as maples, respond to changed conditions due to global warming.
The New Yorker reports on the controversy surrounding the diagnosis and treatment of Lyme disease. Columnist Michael Specter interviewed Cary disease ecologist Richard Ostfeld about the ecology of ticks and the spread of the disease.
Online version of our popular newsletter.
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Israel's Creed
The Shema begins with these words: "Hear, O Israel: the LORD our God, the LORD is one" (Deut. 6:4). The verbal imperative that begins this core affirmation for the Hebrews breaks forth from the text like a rosy dawn …Read More
The Prophets
The post-exilic prophets include Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi, and probably Joel. They convey the message of God for this period of time with cumulative clarity since they come at the end of a long age of prophetic indictment against the people. These …Read More
Conquest and Settlement
Deuteronomy is the linchpin to the historical books. Deuteronomy is a covenant document that is the foundational constitutional document of the emerging Israelites. There is an astounding preview of Israel's history at the end of Deuteronomy (chap. 27–30), which even …Read More
Bryan Estelle
Dr. Bryan D. Estelle is associate professor of Old Testament at Westminster Seminary California in Escondido, California. He is author of Salvation through Judgment and Mercy: The Gospel According to Jonah.


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Fight over Kansas abortion law in state court, too
A legal fight over a sweeping new anti-abortion law in Kansas is spilling into the state's courts, with two doctors hoping a judge will block enforcement of all of its provisions before it takes effect next week.
Shawnee County District Judge Rebecca Crotty set arguments for Thursday in a lawsuit filed by Dr. Herbert Hodes and his daughter, Dr. Traci Nauser, against the new restrictions. Among other provisions, the law bans sex-selection abortions, blocks tax breaks for abortion providers and prohibits providers from furnishing materials and instructors to public schools' human sexuality courses.
Hodes and Nauser terminate pregnancies at their health center in the Kansas City suburb of Overland Park, and they argue the new law violates their right to equal legal protection guaranteed by the Kansas Constitution. They're also seeking a ruling that a declaration in the new law that life begins "at fertilization" is merely a statement and not an attempt to regulate abortion — as supporters have insisted.
The hearing in their case comes a day after the chief federal judge in Kansas held the first hearing in a lawsuit filed by Planned Parenthood, which performs abortion at its Overland Park clinic. The federal case in Kansas City, Kan., is narrower, attacking only provisions spelling out what information must be provided to patients before their pregnancies are terminated.
U.S. District Judge Kathryn Vratil expressed skepticism Wednesday that Planned Parenthood's clinic would suffer "irreparable harm" if she didn't immediately block the provisions singled out by the organization. She didn't issue a decision, although one is expected soon.
The new law takes effect Monday. Supporters contend it preserves life, protects patients and lessens the state's entanglement with abortion. The Republican-dominated Legislature has strong anti-abortion majorities in both chambers, and GOP Gov. Sam Brownback is a strong abortion opponent.
The state already has spent nearly $769,000 on private attorneys in defending anti-abortion laws enacted since Brownback took office in January 2011. Attorney General Derek Schmidt, also a Republican, has predicted that defending this year's law will cost the state $500,000 over the next two years.
Hodes and Nauser filed a lawsuit in 2011 against health and safety regulations specifically for abortion clinics. That case still is pending in Shawnee County, preventing the rules from being enforced.
Planned Parenthood's federal lawsuit contends parts of the new law violate the free-speech rights of its clinic and the clinic's medical director by compelling them to espouse views promoted by abortion opponents.
The clinic objects to a requirement that the home page for its website link to a state health department site on abortion and fetal development and declare that the state's information is objective. The organization also opposes a new mandate that patients receive information that a fetus can feel pain by the 20th week of pregnancy, which it disputes.
Diana Salgado, an attorney for the New York-based Planned Parenthood Federation of America, argued that the law is an "egregious" example of "compelled speech." She said that justifies blocking the law while the organization's lawsuit is heard.
"The government has gone too far," she said.
The state argues that providers are free to post disclaimers saying they don't think the state's information is accurate.
"They can give their patients whatever additional information they want to give them," Shon Qualseth, a Lawrence attorney representing the state, added.
Vratil raised the same issue, telling Salgado, "I'm struggling with how you can be irreparably harmed."
Vratil set another hearing in the federal lawsuit for July 29.


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I'm always interested in trying something new, and having had several very low yielding batches last year, I thought that I would test the method posted by Mark Imisides.
Like dgs, I did a full batch over Christmas of 200 litres, and my overall impression was that this method did give me a higher yield AND significantly less soap. I say "overall impression" as my test was qualitative rather than quantitative; it was difficult to provide accurate data due to the starting oil titration being 8koh, necessitating me using an enhanced prewash that contained some added methanol/KOH as well as the residual chemicals in the glycerol.
I did encounter one problem, which was the production of Calcium Soap; these remained suspended in the bio even after washing, but came out after I passed the bio several times through oak shavings held in a bucket suspended over my processor. The bio produced was bright, light coloured and very transparent. I'm using it in my Ford Focus car now.
Moving on, I thought it would be interesting to myself and maybe the wider biodiesel community if I carried out a more controlled test. At this point I should say that I am in no way a scientist; my knowledge of science is restricted to my experience of teaching science to children at Primary School (ages 4 to 7).
The first stage of my testing is to prepare the methoxides. I have done this today, and will share my practice here. I welcome any criticisms or improvements anyone might like to make as I go on. Just remember I am not a scientist.
I prepared the methoxides in accordance with the method outlined by Mark Imisides. I started with 1500ml of virgin methanol and added 150 of KOH. Once dissolved, I added 400ml of this solution to three bottles. Having read Tilly's warning about mixing methoxide in plastic bottles (his patent pending Dr Pepper technique), I used three identical glass bottles with screw caps.
I didn't add any drying material to the first bottle. This is my control.
To the second bottle I added 60g of quicklime. This came from a sealed drum that dgs gave to me before Christmas.
To the third bottle I added 60g of ordinary Portland Cement. This was from a new bag.
I have shaken the bottles regularly to maximise surface contact between the powders/liquid.
The bottles will now have to sit a couple of days to allow the fines to drop and leave clear methoxide at the top.
I have purchased three new litres of vegetable oil from my local discount supermarket. I thought that using new oil with next to no titration would be a better test than using used oil. I have also bought three identical 2litre plastic water bottles in which to react each methoxide with the new oil.
I will post further as the test progresses over the next few days.
image.jpg (24 Kb, 26 downloads)
Hi David,
There was some interesting testing performed and results posted on another forum using this procedure about 5 years ago.
I look forward to your results.
These are the three methoxide bottles 24 hrs after I last shook them. The liquid above the layer of quicklime and cement is clearing but still not completely clear. I will leave it another 24 hrs to see if any more fines drop out of suspension.
image.jpeg (42 Kb, 28 downloads)
I have used mostly new corn oil in my experiments in making various types of biodiesel to minimize problems caused by higher levels of free fatty acids. I titrated the new corn oil. It did have some free fatty acids in it. My titration number was 0.6 grams sodium hydroxide per litre of oil. Even though it's new oil it still does have some free fatty acids in it.
Hi David,
can you be more specific what quality or qualities of this procedure you are testing and how you plan on testing them.
Also I noticed that you mixed 1500ml Methanol with KOH,you poured 400ml into each of three bottles which totals 1200ml. There is 300ml methanol/ KOH mix missing.
Hi Tilly.
You are correct; I mixed a bit more methoxide than I needed rather than trying to mix an exact amount. I did this in case I lost a bit during the mixing due to my carelessness or evaporation of the hot liquid.
I measured the three lots of 400ml of methoxide using a laboratory glass measuring flask and carefully poured it into my methoxide bottles without spillage. I then disposed of the surplus methoxide. I do not intend using all this methoxide in my test, but using 400ml samples allows me to draw off the required amount of methoxide for my experiment without disturbing the sludge at the bottom of the bottles.
I would value any input you or anyone could make regarding how to proceed with the test from this point.
I propose to react three lots of 1000ml of new oil using the ratios outlined in Mr. Imisides's posted method.
What I am measuring/observing: The claim of this method is that it reduces the water that is produced when mixing KOH with methanol. The water is supposed to be reduced by adding quicklime (CaO) or ordinary cement to the methoxide. For my first experiment, I think that it is reasonable for me to measure and compare the amount of glycerol produced in a reaction using the CaO/cement methoxide and compare this to the amount of glycerol produced by the control sample of methoxide. My rationale for this is that anhydrous methoxide should produce less soap. The majority of soap usually migrates to the glycerol layer, so the anhydrous methoxides ought, in theory, result in a better yield (more biodiesel and less glycerol).
Once again, I am not a scientist and I would welcome any suggestions about how I can improve the test.
Hi David,
There are other claims for the procedure that catch my eye, such as:
1. It is foolproof (no titration required)
2. It proceeds at room temperature. (The reaction appears to go to completion in 10 minutes)
3 15% methoxide required in a single stage reaction without glycerine prewashes, enhancments, neutralizations, etc etc.
Ok Tilly, I hear what you are saying.
But as a first experiment I think that 1st stage yield is a reasonable start, as it is this aspect that I find most interesting. If it is true, then for minimal extra effort I will be able to achieve more efficient reactions and easier washing (due to less soap).
I'm keeping an open mind.
Hi David,
That is fine.
The fellow on the other forum did a number of experiments too that were quite interesting.
I await the results of your tests.
Do be aware that this procedure was not designed around the idea that it would produce high conversion biodiesel. However, if you use a 20% methanol/ lye mixture in the reaction that was mixed according to the instructions, that works out to 20g KOH per litre of WVO.
That on it's own should give pretty high conversion with most waste oils you are likely to get from a shop
Hello Tilly
I'm going to post in a minute regarding the stage I'm at with the testing, but thought I would answer the important point you raised above separately.
The reason why I am enthusiastic to test quantitatively whether the method works is not particularly because I am trying to achieve high conversion biodiesel over one stage. My interest is in whether this process improves the yield, over however many stages it takes to achieve full conversion.
At this point in the test, I am focussing upon the amount of glycerol that is produced after just a single stage. I think that is a pretty good starting point for us to discuss whether the claims of the anhydrous process are valid, the hypothesis being that using quicklime or cement to dry the catalyst results in a more efficient reaction and higher yield.
Once I have performed the initial reaction using the three catalysts, we can then consider what additional testing would be useful.
Best wishes,
Hello again Tilly
Before I go on with the testing (I'm now ready to go) I would like to ask you to check your calculations. According to the method as originally written, Mr. Imisides says that after mixing the methoxide solution, he adds this at a ratio of 100/15 oil to methoxide. This means that for my test I will be mixing 1000ml of oil with 150ml of the methoxide. That is 15% methanol and 15g of KOH. I don't want to mess up the test - am I missing something?
Here's where I am with the test - all ready to go. I have carefully calibrated my reaction bottles using a glass lab measure and added exactly 1000ml of oil to each. I'm waiting for the oil to warm up a bit and also some clarification whether the recommended amount of methoxide is 15% or 20%.
Current oil temperature is 19.5C.
Photo below.
image.jpg (30 Kb, 10 downloads)
Hi David,
According to MI as the process produces no soap, I wouldn't think the 15gms KOH is important. As for the methanol amount, I will let someone else comment.
What I will say is that using these amounts the test will be biased towards the 2x dried methoxide tests in that the undried methoxide will have 3.2% water plus the water in the methanol and also 15gms of catalyst is a massive amount to add to 1 litre of new oil.
Hi Dave,
I think that maybe I should stick to the method as originally posted, that is a 100/15 oil/methoxide mix. And yes, and initial hit of 15g/l of KOH during just the first stage is a massive amount.
Hopefully I will have time to do the test tomorrow.
Kind regards,
Hi David,
The instructions are "Now just add the methoxide solution to the WVO in your normal quantities at room temperature."
Because this is a single stage method as written, most people I know would normally use about 20% methanol in a single stage reaction.
He then goes on to say "I generally use a mixing ratio of 100:15."
He made it clear many times that high conversion biodiesel was unimportant and this is the amounts he uses.
He seemed to consider that if there was separation then he had successfully made biodiesel.
As a side note, the last biodiesel I made I used about 14% methanol and 10g KOH per litre.
If you use only 150ml methanol as you point out that is still 15g KOH in new oil which is quite substantial.
An interesting comparison would be to use 8g KOH mixed into 150ml methanol without the CaO drying with new Veg oil and see what the difference is.
I edited this post when I noticed that I had mistakenly written 15ml instead of 15%
I changed it to 150ml methanol for clarity.This message has been edited. Last edited by: Tilly,
Hi Dgs,
Not necessarily.
Water is only the result of methoxide production.
One of the claims made in this procedure is that only a small amount of methoxide is actually produced when you mix KOH with methanol without using the drying stager.
This means that only a small amount of water is actually produced in mixing KOH with Methanol.
The chemist neutral also thought that mixing KOH with methanol resulted in very little actual methoxide production and mostly what you had was KOH dissolved in methanol which does not produce water.
Of course there is also the 10% water content in the KOH if your KOH is 90% purity.
Hello Tilly,
My sandy brae tests on Potassium Methoxide did indicate that several % of water is formed when the methanol and KOH are mixed.
I very much doubt if all 10% of the missing purity of KOH is all due to water.
Hi DGS,
Yes, there is the 10% water contained in the KOH as I pointed out in my last post.
Everything I have read such as this MSDS says the remaining impurities is water.
From Cleartech MSDS
Potassium Hydroxide- 89.5-90.5%
Water- 9.50-10.5%
What do you think the remaining 10% is?
"KOH forms a series of crystalline hydrates, namely the monohydrate KOH·H2O, the dihydrate KOH·2 H2O, and the tetrahydrate KOH·4 H2O" - wikipedia. And another contaminant is carbonate.
Dissolving K in an excess of MeOH produces ions K+ and MeO- in solution. KOH and MeOH produces K+ and MeO- and H+ and OH-. As we know, these latter two can participate in side reactions, whether or not you have produced "methoxide." It's all just a big soup of ions floating in an excess of MeOH. Equations not balanced, note.
I suppose it's worth nothing that pure "methoxide" is a white crystalline (ionic) powder. You can have pure table salt too which is a white crystalline powder, and clearly when you dissolve that in water it's no longer "pure" in the strict sense.
Thanks Paulus.
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Many good teachers have differing opinions about the purpose and proper construction of the free body diagram. The grading of free bodies on the AP exam has been the subject of extremely lively debate for many years. Everyone, fortunately, has common goals:
* Award credit to students for correct physics
* Do NOT award credit to students for vague or incorrect physics
* Have enough flexibility in the rubric to accomodate alternative but reasonable interpretations of the correct construction of the free body diagram.
Perhaps the loudest of the shouting involves the issue of vector components. Many of us -- including me -- take it as a matter of faith that a free body should never include components of a force. Others reasonably point out that since the whole point of the diagram is to determine the magnitudes of the forces, and since one must break down angled vectors into components at some point, such components represent a necessary and important part of problem solving technique. I see the legitimacy to both arguments.
In order to quiet the arguments and send a clear message about free body components, the AP development has decided to change the language used to ask students to draw free body diagrams. The test questions now will SPECIFICALLY forbid components on free body diagrams, and will even remind students to use a separate space to draw components where necessary. You can see the white paper issued by the development committee here within the College Board's website.
Moral of the story: Argument settled by fiat. DO NOT put components on free body diagrams, or you will lose points. Break angled vectors into components on a diagram separate from the initial free body.


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The Clark has a host of runners who could all factor, including stakes winners Humble and Hungry (7-2), Eighttofasttocatch (5-1), See Tobe (6-1), Roadhog (8-1), Sleepless Knight (8-1) and Concealed Identity (15-1).
"He is coming off a big layoff," said Ignacio Correas, who conditions Humble and Hungry, a graded stakes winner who finished second in the 2012 Dixie Stakes (G2) on the Preakness undercard. "He cracked a quarter in the Colonial Turf Cup (June 16) and we gave it time to heal. He is doing great and we are using this race as a prep for another run at the Dixie."
Bold Affair won the Primonetta last year with a career-best 100 Beyer Speed figure. The Howard Wolfendale trainee is an eight-time stakes winner, a winner of four-of-five at Pimlico and is two-for-two in 2013 after winning the What A Summer and Conniver Stakes at Laurel Park. Abel Castellano has the mount on the daughter of Two Punch, who is the even money favorite on Frank Carulli's morning line.
"I have been very happy with her. There has been no drop off from last year," said Castellano, who will be aboard the mare for the 12th consecutive start. "She broke her maiden here and just loves Pimlico. She gives me her best every time out and I expect nothing else Saturday."
Multiple stakes winners Winning Image (4-1) and Dance to Bristol (6-1) are among candidates hoping to deny Bold Affair her 12th victory in 19 starts.
Nine are entered in the Stormy Blues, including Jewel of the Cat (5-2), who has two wins and two seconds in four starts for Benny Perkins, including a runner-up finish at Laurel last year in the Selima Stakes. The daughter of Wildcat Heir makes her 2013 debut under Chris DeCarlo.
"She has had a couple nice works since we brought her back after a month off," Perkins said. "She is a pretty good filly. We had a turf career in mind for her when we bought her. She looks a lot like her father-same color, same star on the head and the sprinter body type. I wouldn't mind getting her back on the dirt at some point this year, but for right now we'll keep her sprinting on the turf."
One to watch is Girl of The Rain (3-1), who makes her first start for Team Valor after winning four-of-seven on the turf in Italy last year.


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Rita Ora mortified by wardrobe malfunction
Singer RITA ORA has apologised to fans after accidentally flashing her breast during a performance in London on Wednesday night (07Nov12).
The Shine Ya Light star raced between two shows in the capital on the back of a motorbike to perform as part of the Red Bull Culture Clash event.
She took to the stage at Wembley Arena in white biker leathers with the zip pulled down to expose her cleavage, but her energetic dance routine resulted in an embarrassing wardrobe malfunction, and she exposed her breast to the audience.
The star has now told fans she feels mortified over the nipple slip, writing in a post on Twitter.com, "Yes. It's true. I got straight off a moterbike (sic) from O2 (Arena) to Wembley I didn't have time to change and then all of a sudden the zip got lower... And lower. I rushed on stage and pop! It happened, f**k! Sorry guys. (How embarrassing) apologised! Dispite (sic) that, amazing show!"


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Brussels, 27 September 2001
Commission adopts communication on future of cinema and audiovisual industry in Europe
The audiovisual sector in Europe, which is a strategic industry because of its cultural importance and its potential for the creation of wealth and jobs, continues to suffer from numerous handicaps that hinder the circulation of films and other audiovisual works. The Communication that the Commission has just adopted on the basis of a proposal from Viviane Reding, Commissioner responsible for culture and the audiovisual sector, in agreement with Mario Monti, Commissioner responsible for competition policy, analyses these handicaps and proposes ways of overcoming them. It also provides the cinema sector with greater legal security by explaining the criteria that the Commission uses when examining national cinema support schemes under the Treaty's rules on State aid.
"The European audiovisual sector is extremely creative, which is a reflection of our great cultural diversity. Given the new production and distribution opportunities provided by digital technology for our content, the Commission intends to help to remove the obstacles that prevent our film and programme makers and industrialists from taking full advantage of the Community dimension", in the words of Viviane Reding, who added: "my colleague, Mario Monti, and I wish to give this sector greater legal security and show it that the cultural dimension of audiovisual works is fully taken into account in all Community policies".
This Communication, which takes account of the findings of a very broad consultation conducted with the Member States and those working in the sector, deals with questions of the use of works (rights), electronic cinema, the taxation of the sector, the rating of works and other problems affecting the circulation of films and other audiovisual works.
This exercise is distinct from the forthcoming review of the "Television without Frontiers" Directive, but is part of the same approach, which involves ensuring that an industry that is considerably exposed to international trade can benefit more from the Community dimension. As part of this same approach, the Commission actively supports the European audiovisual sector through the Media Plus programme (€400 million for 2001-2005) and "i2i Audiovisual", which is a joint initiative of the European Investment Bank and the Commission (cf. IP/01/717 of 18 May 2001) that is designed particularly to promote venture capital in this sector. Moreover, this Communication is in keeping with the principles of Community audiovisual policy as set out in the Communication of December 1999 (cf. IP/99/981 of 14 December 1999). The process of reflection on the definitions of the concepts of "European work" and "independent producer", which was begun during the consultation with Member States and professionals, will be taken forward in the review of the "Television without Frontiers" Directive in 2002.
Removing the obstacles to the exploitation of audiovisual works in Europe and to the preservation of the heritage
Taking advantage of the opportunities offered by e-cinema
Digital technology applied to films increases the opportunities for disseminating works throughout the territory of Europe and in the rest of the world. Given what is at stake in cultural and economic terms, Europeans must be in the forefront of the definition of the standards of e-cinema and its use. This is primarily the responsibility of the industry, and the Commission welcomes the establishment of the European Digital Film Forum. The Community is supporting the use of digital technology in Media Plus and "i2i Audiovisual".
The aim is, in particular, to develop, through standards that are open and recognised at world level, methods for film-quality digital compression, technologies for projecting works and encryption methods.
Giving thought to the taxation of audiovisual works
The consultation confirmed the call from professionals for the application of a reduced or zero rate of VAT to cultural products and services, which is already possible in certain cases, such as for cinema tickets. As to the services that are not covered by this possibility of reduced-rate taxation under the sixth Directive, such as video or on-line services, the Commission will consider including them as part of the review of the corresponding annex to the VAT Directive after 2002.
What are the other potential obstacles to the circulation of audiovisual works?
The Communication also announces the establishment of a group of experts to continue to give thought to developing the technologies and economy of the audiovisual sector and to launch a study in 2002 on the financial characteristics of the film industry (financial importance of the various production phases, ratio between investment and revenue, etc.).
Greater legal security concerning state aid to the cinema sector
Although the Commission has not yet rejected any national support scheme for the cinema sector, the professionals expressed the fear that Community competition law (State aid) may prevent the Member States or regional entities from supporting their cinema sector in an international environment marked by tough competition with other continents. The Communication adopted by the Commission explains quite clearly the criteria used to assess the schemes of assistance for film and television productions. It should be pointed out that the Commission does not consider aid to any one film, but examines the national support schemes.
The Commission initially checks that the conditions of access to the scheme do not violate the EC Treaty, especially in terms of discrimination based on nationality (e.g. aid being available only to nationals of a particular Member State) and in terms of compliance with the rules of the internal market. It then checks that the specific criteria for cinema and television aid set out in the June 1998 decision on the French aid scheme have been met. In doing so, the Commission applies the "culture derogation" provided for in the Treaty, which, in principle, ensures favourable treatment for the cultural sector, and implements a solution which ensures a balance between the objectives of cultural creation, the development of audiovisual production in the Union and compliance with Community law on State aid. These specific criteria are as follows:
The Commission has already examined and approved several national schemes on the basis of these criteria: France, Netherlands, Germany (Federal level and certain Länder), Ireland and Sweden. It hopes to finish examining the other national schemes by the end of this year.
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To continue the great strides toward eliminating pediatric disease, it is essential that each generation include men and women who are committed to basic and clinical research. The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute provides opportunities for undergraduates and high school students to gain hands-on research experiences with the hope that it will encourage them to pursue careers in laboratory or clinical sciences.
Students interested in seeking internships or student employment at the CHOP Research Institute should first review the investigator profiles to identify researchers who may be doing research that they find interesting. One way to search would be to use keyword terms such as "cancer" or "sickle cell" to get a list of researchers working in those fields. Contact an investigator directly to learn more about possible unpaid internships or paid student employment and the investigator's research program. You may also want to browse the Hospital job search tool, as internship opportunities are sometimes listed.
Students, whether paid or not, and other individuals such as academic collaborators, research interns and work-study students, must be registered formally through the Non-traditional Research Personnel (NTP) program. Registration, begun by the sponsoring Children's Hospital investigator, includes completing occupational health and training requirements. This assures that all members of the research community receive training in pertinent aspects of the HIPAA law regarding maintenance of confidentiality in handling private medical and personal information; other aspects of human subjects protection; and orientation to the research process, environment and restrictions for which each NTP is responsible.
Summer students at the CHOP Research Institute may participate in a weekly seminar program that aims to introduce students to the research and career paths of some of CHOP's most successful clinical and basic science researchers. The Summer Student Research Colloquium provides students with the opportunity to experience CHOP Research first hand at weekly, one-hour interactive classroom "chalk talk" format.


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To save results or sets tasks for your students you need to be logged in. Studyladder is free to join Join Now, Free
What a brilliant site you have!!! I love it, especially as it saves me hours and hours of hard work. Others who haven't found your site yet don't know what they are missing!
You can go to an overview of all the curricula here.
Number and place value
ACMNA055 – Recall addition facts for single-digit numbers and related subtraction facts to develop increasingly efficient mental strategies for computation
Samples: Adding three numbers. Add three numbers - each under 6. Adding three single digit numbers.
5.NA.3 – Describe spatial and number patterns, using rules that involve spatial features, repeated addition or subtraction, and simple multiplication.
Samples: Single Digit Addition Match. Place value - 'Adding On' single digit numbers.
5.NA.1 – Apply additive and simple multiplicative strategies and knowledge of symmetry to:
5.NA.1.a – Combine or partition whole numbers
Samples: Reading numbers – to 10,000. Write numbers – to 10,000. Comparing numbers – to 10,000.
3.NA.1 – Apply basic addition facts and knowledge of place value and symmetry to:
3.NA.1.a – Combine or partition whole numbers
Samples: Write numbers – to 1000. Reading numbers – to 1000. Comparing numbers – to 1000. Ordinal numbers.
4.NA.1 – Apply basic addition and subtraction facts, simple multiplication facts, and knowledge of place value and symmetry to:
4.NA.1.a – Combine or partition whole numbers
Samples: Ordinal numbers. Odd or Even amounts. Even numbers to 20 - equations. Place Values. Place value 100.
You can go to an overview of all the curricula here.


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Hello everyone
I was in the middle of creating this post when I got a fatal error message on one of my blogs, and Brad has put in a lot of work helping me with my cpanel and ftp and stuff - thank you so much Brad!
I'm Isha, short for Marysia, and they both rhyme with Morticia, fisher, Trisha etc.
On twitter I'm @ishabluebell. On the Noble Samurai forum I'm ishabluebell. On the Warrior forum I'm Boadicea On the Challenge forum I'm Isha.
I live in London UK; I was born here but grew up in Yorkshire England in an area that some of you might know as "Last of the Summer Wine country". It's beautiful there.
Did the Thirty Day Challenge internet marketing training in 2008 & 2009.
I'm a Market Samurai nut, a moderator on the Noble Samurai forum, and am creating a free in-depth Market Samurai glossary.
Hiya from London!


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With all these monks, I figured it would be fun with a group photo! I've been very proud of the fact that I've actually managed to choose different face options for all five monks. :) (I actually have a sixth one that is only level 14 that has a sixth face!) But now I see that I seem to have unknowingly picked a favorite hair colour... (I knew about the favorite skin colour already.)
Say hi!
|From left: Elyn (mistweaver/windwalker) - Shunbi (mistweaver/windwalker) - my main: Kinlai (brewmaster/windwalker) - Ninasan (windwalker/brewmaster) - Zenja (windwalker/brewmaster)
Anyone else level same class over and over? And even keep the same race, like me?
Have a great friday!


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Performance: live art, 1909 to the present
H. N. Abrams, Mar 1, 1979 - Art - 128 pages
A provocative history of live art traces the precedents of contemporary multi-media events to Bauhaus experimentalism and surveys the Futurists' manifesto-like events, the Dadaists' cabarets, and later "happenings" and "spectacles."
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Acconci action activities actors actual artists audience Ball ballet Bauhaus became Berlin Beuys Black Mountain Black Mountain College blue body Breton Cabaret Voltaire Cafe Cage CHATTER CHITTER CHATTER circus collaboration colour costumes created Cunningham Dada Dadaists dance dancers demonstrations designed dressed Duchamp earlier Emmy Hennings exhibition Expressionist Festival figures film followed Foregger Futurist gallery gestures Gilbert and George Grosz Huelsenbeck Hugo Ball ideas images Janco Jarry Joseph Beuys Kaprow Klein manifesto Manzoni Marinetti masks material Mayakovsky means mechanical Merce Cunningham Meyerhold Moscow movement Museum musicians noise noise music objects painters painting Paris Picabia Piero Manzoni play poems poets poses posters presented production programme prostitute Ribemont-Dessaignes Russian Russolo Satie Satie's scene Schawinsky Schlemmer simultaneous soirees sound Soupault space spectator stage style Surrealist took place Trisha Brown Tristan Tzara Ubu Roi variety theatre walking Wedekind workshop wrote York Zurich


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All season radials are pretty versatile tires, but let's face it, they aren't necessarily all that great on snow and ice or off highway. A team of German scientists developed new technology they hope will allow motorists to use the same tires in all conditions.
Researchers from the University of Applied Sciences in Leipzig unveiled the new technology at an industrial trade show in Hanover this week. Using electronic sensors, the tires can adjust their profiles on the fly, adapting height and width to suit road conditions.
"That means your car is always equipped with the best possible tyre and noise and petrol consumption are automatically optimised, too," Detlef Riemer, who is leading the project, told the AFP.
The team is still trying to figure out which materials work best for the smart tires' moveable parts, but Reimer said a patent has already been filed. Nothing was said about the type of rubber they will use, but it is well-known that winter tires are typically made from a softer rubber compound. We're sure these Teutonic masterminds will think of something good.
Photo credit: Associated Press


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Forumwarz is the first "Massively Single-Player" online RPG completely built around Internet culture.
You are currently looking at Flamebate, our community forums. Players can discuss the game here, strategize, and role play as their characters.
You need to be logged in to post and to see the uncensored versions of these forums.
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APerkinsRadford on Family Tree Circles
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Journals and Posts
John Pring Duff Family
Hello iam the great grandaughter of John Pring Duff who was Married to Agnes Glass. They had four children John, Lily, William and Lousia. William was my grandfather. He died when my mother was only five in 1958 I think. I do know some about this family but would love to know more. If you know anything about this family please contact me. My email is [email protected]
Looking for Perkins From West VA or LA
Hello, I am looking on info on my grandfather Alfred E. Perkins. I know he was born in New Hill, West VA and lived in New Orleans LA in the late 1940's and early 1950's. He left my grandmother, my father and aunt in 1952 or 1953. He was in the army. I know little about him. My grandmother would not talk much about him. She said he had cherokee Indian in him. He would be around 81 now. I really would like to find out what happen to him.
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Most Popular TV Shows Set in Every Stateby IMDb-Editors | last updated - 21 Jun 2017
We took a hard look at IMDb user behavior and crunched the numbers to determine the most popular television shows set in every state of the USA, as well as the District of Columbia.
51 images
Alabama: "Hart of Dixie"
Alaska: "Northern Exposure"
Arizona: "Medium"
Arkansas: "17 Kids and Counting"
California: "American Horror Story: Murder House"
(Honorable Mentions: "The Big Bang Theory" and "Modern Family")
Colorado: "South Park"
Connecticut: "Gilmore Girls"
Delaware: "The Pretender"
District of Columbia: "House of Cards"
Florida: "Dexter"
Georgia: "The Walking Dead"
Hawaii: "Hawaii Five-0"
Idaho: "Wayward Pines"
Illinois: "Shameless"
Indiana: "Stranger Things"
Iowa: "American Pickers"
Kansas: "Smallville"
Kentucky: "Justified"
Louisiana: "True Detective"
Maine: "Once Upon a Time"
Maryland: "The Wire"
Massachusetts: "Rizzoli & Isles"
Michigan: "Home Improvement"
Minnesota: "Little House on the Prairie"
Mississippi: "In the Heat of the Night"
Missouri: "Masters of Sex"
Nebraska: "The Young Riders"
Nevada: "CSI: Crime Scene Investigation"
New Hampshire: "Stan Against Evil"
New Jersey: "House M.D."
(Honorable Mention: "The Sopranos")
New Mexico: "Breaking Bad"
New York: "Orange Is the New Black"
North Carolina: "One Tree Hill"
North Dakota: "Fargo"
Ohio: "Glee"
Oklahoma: "Saving Grace"
Oregon: "Grimm"
Pennsylvania: "Pretty Little Liars"
Rhode Island: "Family Guy"
South Carolina: "Army Wives"
South Dakota: "Deadwood"
Tennessee: "Nashville"
Texas: "Friday Night Lights"
Utah: "Big Love"
Virginia: "The Vampire Diaries"
Washington: "Grey's Anatomy"
West Virginia: "The Real McCoys"
Wisconsin: "That '70s Show"
Wyoming: "Longmire"


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Containerized control unit for Rig Assist Snubbing Unit
Electromach BV in Hengelo is specialised in containerized solutions for hazardous areas. Also called TVC's or "Transportable Ventilate Containers".
For the company Balance Point Control (BPC) in Emmen Electromach developed a containerized control unit for a (new built) rig assist snubbing unit.
Balance Point Control, part of the Superior Energy Services Inc., is provider of the Maintenance and Decommissioning Services in the E+P sector and Storage and Processing. They are specialised in Hydraulic Workover and snubbing services, which are mainly used in the European on- and offshore market.
The containerized solution for BPC is developed for a Zone 2 hazardous area and classified as Ex II 3G Ex de pz [ia] IIB T3. The container is transportable and can be used on multiple platforms. For this project it will be used on an offshore rig and has been built according to the Norsok standard Z-015.
The complete control system, developed by BPC, for the snubbing unit, is integrated in the container as well as the operating and monitoring HMIs. The container has been executed with an explosion protected HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning) unit and an explosion protected battery system.
A complete flameproof fire and gas system is incorporated and naturally the power distribution system. Above the door, flashing lights will warn the platform employees if a malfunction of the system occurs. Also all used junction boxes (8146, 8150 series), (emergency) lighting (6000, 6008 series) and signalling equipment (6161 series) are from the R.STAHL product range.
The container will be pressurized to maintain explosion protection. A safe non-hazardous internal atmosphere with overpressure will be ensured by means of ventilation. Due to a 15 meter long fresh air-intake stack, which has been mounted on the side of the container, fresh air will be drawn out of the safe area for ventilation.
The HVAC used in the container is a HVAC with an integrated purge and pressurization unit, which has been placed within the container. Usually the HVAC will be placed on the top side of the container. However in this case, it was necessary to build as compact as possible, and more important the Norsok Standard (Z-015) was applicable, which does not allow any protruding parts.
More information about HVAC's
Battery Box
The container was equipped with a Battery Box from Electromach, as a back-up for the BPC installation. The installation from BPC has been based on a 24VDC circuit. In case of a power loss, the Battery Box will maintain the power for about half an hour, so the operator can make sure that a controlled shut-down can be performed.
Camera system
On the platform rig multiple explosion protected cameras from R.STAHL have been installed for monitoring the safety of the situation. The container has been executed with a complete operating and monitoring system. In the container 6 big screens will display the operating process and a real-live image can be monitored using 4 Dome Camera's (EC-750) and 1 Compact Camera (EC-710). All camera's are implemented and configured by Electromach.
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Agile DevOps
Transient environments
Managing the illusion of infinite capacity to reduce environment scarcity
Content series:
This content is part # of # in the series: Agile DevOps
This content is part of the series:Agile DevOps
Stay tuned for additional content in this series.
In economics, scarcity is the fundamental problem of "having humans [with]... unlimited wants and needs in a world of limited resources" (see Related topics). When resources are scarce, people compete for access to them. Competition for resources is evident when it comes to people getting access to environments on traditional software projects.
The beauty is that thanks to hardware commoditization, virtualization, and cloud computing, this competition can be greatly diminished when the appropriate patterns and practices — such as transient environments — are used on a project. Transient environments are short-lived environments that are terminated on a frequent basis. To be clear, the scarcity never vanishes, but you experience the illusion of infinite capacity. When applying the transient environment pattern, you'll start forgetting that it's even an illusion.
Sometimes, you'll hear these types of environments referred to by other names, including ephemeral, temporal, temporary, and disposable. These all mean essentially the same thing — that nonproduction environments are as short-lived as possible. Lately, my company has been recommending that they last no more than 72 hours — and that's on the high end.
One of the more challenging problems in software development occurs when teams have fixed instances that no one else can alter. Often, this happens because the environment took days, weeks, or months to configure. This is an antipattern that occurs because no one took the time to script the creation of the environment. Thus, environments are scarce resources, and the competition for them is fierce. When environment lease policies do exist, they are often ignored, or the lease deadlines are extended multiple times.
Most projects I've seen don't have environment lease policies — or they are very loosely defined and often violated. For the ones that do have lease policies, environments require the manual installation of tools, data, and configuration — after the environment has been created. This makes each and every environment unique and, therefore, more difficult to manage, because hundreds of environments might get provisioned on larger enterprise projects. In that case, there's no simple approach to getting back to a baseline for the environment. Moreover, no team member knows how to get it back to that baseline state. As a result, team members become reluctant to terminate — or even modify — these environments. This antipattern makes it prohibitively more expensive to create and terminate environments.
With transient environments, all environments are ephemeral except for production (although there are effective ways to make production environments ephemeral too). Although this might vary by project, the heuristic is that these environments exist for only enough time to run through a suite of automated and exploratory tests. The key prerequisites for transient environments is that they be scripted, tested, and versioned. Ideally, you should be using an infrastructure automation tool such as those I discuss in "Agile DevOps: Infrastructure automation."
The key features that make up transient environments are:
- Scripted environments: They are fully scripted, versioned, and tested.
- Self-service environments: Any authorized person on the team can launch a new environment.
- Automatic termination: Environments are automatically terminated based on the team policy. Team members have no option to override the policy.
Once you have a fully scripted environment, you can enable authorized team members to obtain it in a self-service manner. With the freedom to simply launch and terminate environments on demand comes responsibility. This responsibility is reinforced by defining termination policies and enforcing those policies through automated processes that terminate the environments on a regular basis. (I will cover test-driven infrastructures and versioning in future articles in this series).
By defining transient-environment policies and automating the implementation of those policies on your projects, you can reduce the proliferation of unique environments, support self-service deployments, increase automation of environment instantiation, move toward a culture of environments as commodities, allow for test isolation, and significantly reduce the amount of troubleshooting in environment-specific problems. Some of the key benefits are:
- Reduce environment dependency: Reduce the dependency that your team has on any one particular environment by providing the capability to launch and terminate them at will.
- Better resource utilization: By terminating environments that are no longer being used, you free up capacity for others.
- Knowledge transfer: When team members know that their environments will be terminated on specific times, automation becomes the only solution to the institutional knowledge of how the environment gets configured.
How it works
The nice thing about transient environments is that it's a rather simple pattern to implement once your environments are fully scripted, versioned, and tested. At that point, you have three primary tasks to perform:
- Create a team policy: In collaboration with your team members, determine your team policy based on your project requirements. I recommend starting aggressively and regularly reducing the number of hours these environments live — to about 72 hours.
- Automate environment termination: Write a script that terminates all environments that exceed the team lease policies.
- Schedule environment termination: Schedule a process to run on a regular basis that executes the environment-termination script.
Base your team policy on the time it takes to run through all of the required testing.
To schedule environment termination, you can start by using a scheduler
such as
cron or — if you're using Java — Quartz
(see Related topics). You can also use the scheduler
provided by your Continuous Integration server to run a job at a regular
time every day. This example shows a simple
cron expression
that runs a script once a day at 2:15 a.m.
0 15 02 * * /usr/bin/delete_envs.sh
The next example uses the command-line interface provided by Amazon Web Services (AWS) CloudFormation to terminate an environment as defined by a CloudFormation stack:
/opt/aws/apitools/cfn/bin/cfn-delete-stack --access-key-id $AWS_ACCESS_KEY \ --secret-key $AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY --stack-name $current_stack_name --force
A script like this can be expanded to loop through an environment catalog and terminate all associated resources.
By defining an aggressive team policy, scheduling a process, and automating the termination of environments, your team can proactively manage resources and reduce the chance that environments the project relies upon exist for weeks or months.
How does environment troubleshooting usually work on most projects? In my experience, it's a painful slog of determining what got changed, who changed it, and why. Often, several people investigate the problem to determine the proper remedy. The problem is often replicated because each environment is unique — because unique modifications are made to it as it runs for weeks or months.
Alternatively, with a transient-environment policy — based upon scripted, versioned, and tested environments — you get the environment into a known state. To do this, you launch a new environment and apply changes to determine its effect. Then, you write automated tests and scripts and then version the changes. Because effective change management is in place, you can always get back to a known state to make changes, rather than wasting hours or days determining what got changed in a dynamic environment modified by myriad users. This is the essence of having a canonical environment.
A transitory stay
In this article, you learned that agile DevOps environments are as short-lived as possible — as little as a few hours and as much as a few days. By defining a policy and scheduling automated termination of environments, you reduce the dependency on a limited number of unique environments, better utilize resources, and encourage automation so that environments can be launched and terminated on demand.
In the next Agile DevOps installment, you'll learn about creating an environment that fails constantly — paradoxically, for the purpose of preventing failure. In it, I'll cover Chaos Monkey, a tool developed by the Netflix tech team that intentionally and randomly, but regularly, terminates instances in the Netflix production infrastructure to ensure that the systems continue to operate in the event of failure.
Downloadable resources
Related topics
- Scarcity: Wikipedia describes economic scarcity.
- "Automation for the people: Deployment-automation patterns, Part 2" (Paul Duvall, developerWorks, February 2009): Read about the "Disposable Container" pattern for deployments.
- "Servers fail, who cares?": Gregg Ulrich of Netflix describes how Netflix doesn't rely on any one environment to stay running.
- Quartz: Quartz is an open source job-scheduling service.
- IBM Tivoli® Provisioning Manager: Tivoli Provisioning Manager enables a dynamic infrastructure by automating the management of physical servers, virtual servers, software, storage, and networks.
- IBM Tivoli System Automation for Multiplatforms: Tivoli System Automation for Multiplatforms provides high availability and automation for enterprise-wide applications and IT services.
- Evaluate IBM products in the way that suits you best.


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VIDEO: FIBA World Cup: Round of 16, Day 1 Wrap
Team USA routs Mexico | Spain keeps rolling | No Parker, no problem | Melo wants to be the 'digital athlete'
No. 1: Curry lifts U.S. into quarters — Stephen Curry finally found the hot hand and blistered Mexico from deep, scoring 20 points and leading Team USA to an easy win and a spot in the quarterfinals. NBA.com's own Sekou Smith was there:
Curry got hot early and really cranked it up during the third quarter of Saturday's 86-63 blowout of Mexico, leading the U.S. National Team with 20 points as they made their first game of the elimination round of this competition look a lot like one of their pool play romps.
After watching U.S. big men Anthony Davis and Kenneth Faried lead the way to the Round of 16, Curry went off against Mexico. He scored 11 of his points in a flash after halftime as the U.S. went into overdrive.
"That's who he is," U.S. swingman DeMar DeRozan said. "He's one of the greatest shooters in the game. And when he gets going, it's lights out."
Curry shot 6-for-9 from deep and added four assists and three rebounds. Klay Thompson added 15 points, James Harden 12, DeMarcus Cousins 11 and Rudy Gay 10.
The U.S. moves on to the quarterfinals, having won their 60th straight game in World Cup/World Championship/Olympic and international exhibition competition. They will face the winner of Saturday's Slovenia-Dominican Republic game on Tuesday.
No. 2: Spain stays on collision course with U.S. — Senegal kept it close in the first half, but Spain's superior players took charge in the second half. NBA.com's John Schuhmann is in Madrid:
Spain's 89-56 victory was a foregone conclusion from the tip and never got very interesting. But Senegal did keep the game within single digits for most of the first half and may have exposed a couple of issues for what has been the best team in the tournament.
The Gasol brothers, Marc and Pau, have been mostly terrific over the eight days. But they had some trouble keeping Senegal's bouncy bigs off the offensive glass in the first half. The only African team that made it through to the knockout rounds grabbed 10 offensive rebounds in the first half, with Spain securing only 13 of their opponents' 26 missed shots and free throws.
"They're a long team and they crash the boards," Pau Gasol said afterward. "They chased their rebounds well and they gave themselves opportunities."
Senegal converted all those second chances into only four points. They were one of the worst shooting teams in the tournament, lacked size in the backcourt and didn't get much from the Timberwolves' Gorgui Dieng on Saturday. He shot 1-for-9 and scored just six points. Dieng and his countrymen were a feel-good story in Group B, but were also the worst team that got through to the round of 16.
The U.S. is obviously a lot more skilled. And they have as athletic a frontline as anybody, starting Kenneth Faried and Anthony Davis at the four and five. The U.S. was the fifth best offensive rebounding team in group play.
No. 3: Evan Fournier lifts France — The French, the reigning European champions, don't have Tony Parker in the World Cup, so any lift they can get from Orlando Magic guard Evan Fournier is welcome. He shook off a slow start to the tournament to carry France over Croatia and into the quarterfinals. NBA.com's John Schuhmann was there:
Orlando Magic coach Jacque Vaughn was in Granada for the first three days of Group A games at the 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup. Vaughn was there to watch and support France's Evan Fournier, whom the Magic acquired from the Denver Nuggets in June.
Vaughn almost went without seeing Fournier make a shot. As the fifth guard in France's rotation, the 21-year-old didn't see much playing time and missed his first seven shots of the tournament before hitting an open, 15-foot jumper late in the first half of France's third game, an easy win over Egypt.
Fast forward a week and Fournier was playing a big role in France's 69-64, round-of-16 victory over Croatia, lifting les Bleus into the quarterfinals, where they will likely meet tourney favorite Spain.
With France struggling offensively (to put it lightly) and down 15-7 after the first quarter, Fournier began the second period on the floor. He missed his first couple of shots, but scored seven of France's 16 points in the period, helping les Bleus take a one-point lead at halftime.
At that point, Fournier jumped a couple of more spots in the French guard rotation, starting the second half. Midway through the third quarter, he pushed France's lead from four to 10 with a personal 10-0 run, which included his second fast-break and-one of the game.
France's defense did its part through the first three quarters, holding Croatia to just 19 points on 8-for-32 shooting over the second and third. Croatia found something in the fourth with Ante Tomic dominating the smaller French bigs in the post and Bojan Bogdanovic hitting some big shots on his way to a game-high 27 points. But their comeback fell short when Bogdanovic's pull-up three did the same with 20 seconds left.
Fournier finished with 13 points and four rebounds, and was a game-high plus-16 in 19:29. Afterward, he looked back at that first bucket against Egypt as a key moment.
"It was a big moment for me," Fournier said, "just to watch the ball get inside the rim, get my rhythm going, because I was missing easy shots, open shots."
No. 4: Carmelo's off-court dreams and on-court plans to retire as a Knick — Carmelo Anthony, with the help of a business partner, launched Melo7 Tech Partners this summer. The company invests in startup firms specializing in digital media, Internet consumer ventures and technology-based operations. Marc Berman of the New York Post reports on Melo's ambitions:
"I want to brand myself as the digital athlete," Anthony said Thursday at the Bloomberg Sports Business Summit in Manhattan. "Nobody really took that place. There've been athletes that came before me that were doing what I'm doing and there are going to be people after me that are doing what I'm doing.
"But I really want to be the pioneer for that digital athlete, and when it comes to tech I want to be the face of that space," said Anthony, noting the likes of Magic Johnson, Michael Jordan and David Beckham became known worldwide for their business ventures.
But none is known as the guy for the Digital Age. Anthony nominates himself.
"At the end of the day, we all know what's my day job: basketball," Anthony said. "That's what my brand is built on, but I'm trying to take my brand to the next level, make it bigger, make it stronger."
And there is no better place to start up a venture capital firm than New York, Anthony claimed. So add that — and Phil Jackson — as driving forces behind what kept him with the Knicks. He signed a five-year, $124 million deal ending his free agency adventure.
It was a process, Anthony stressed, that he never wants to go through again. He did five years, not two like LeBron James.
Yes, Anthony might make more in two years. He gave up about $5 million ("relative to the contract I got, it's not a lot of money," Anthony admitted) in staying with the Knicks. And he wants to stay put.
"I plan on ending my career here, so it wasn't for me to go out there and try to strike a two-year deal and then have to go through this situation in two years. I'm not doing that ever again. I would never do that again. I would advise no one to ever do that," Anthony said. "I experienced it and it's behind me."
SOME RANDOM HEADLINES: Bulls coach Tom Thibodeau says everyone needs to take a step back on Derrick Rose … Heat meet with center Ryan Hollins … Kings part ways with Jeremy Tyler … Jared Dudley said knee pain hampered him last season with Clippers … Gustavo Ayon prefers to play in NBA over Europe next season.


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text:
Google is "exploring" building an iPad clone, the New York Times reports.
Google had been working with third-party hardware manufacturers, encouraging them to build Android-based tablet computers, but now, the Times reports, "Google is going one step further, exploring the idea of building its own slate, an e-reader that would function like a computer."
Times: Eric E. Schmidt, chief executive of Google, told friends at a recent party in Los Angeles about the new device, which would exclusively run the Android operating system. People with direct knowledge of the project — who did not want to be named because they said they were unauthorised to speak publicly about the device — said the company had been experimenting in "stealth mode" with a few publishers to explore delivery of books, magazines and other content on a tablet.
Here's what a Google Tablet could look like (according to images from January) →
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text:
It is incredible that Cuba "occurred" to the world. On the doorstep of the United States, in the midst of the Cold War, adventurer Fidel Castro made his socialist revolution. Although twenty years ago almost all Communist regimes fell, the Cuban regime is "forcing" the same failed story even today.
Unlike all other Central American countries, Mexico is large and powerful state. It is similarly structured as its northern neighbor, the United States. Center of the state is one of the largest cities in the world - Mexico City.
According to the size of the countries, Central America is similar to Europe - it is dominated by small states and it is easy to move from one to another.
How does Malta look like? Imagine little Island, place it on the high seas of the Mediterranean Sea, somewhere between Europe and Africa, and put on it nearly half a million people. In summer, add hundreds of thousands of tourists and - that`s Malta.
Laos is a small landlocked country hidden between Thailand and Cambodia on the one side and Vietnam on the other. Due to poor transport links, as well as extreme poverty, only few tourists visit this godforsaken part of the world.
關於作者Davorka Kovac Kresimir Kovac


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