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a violent, short-lived weather disturbance that is almost always associated with lightning, thunder, dense clouds, heavy rain or hail, and strong, gusty winds. Thunderstorms arise when layers of warm, moist air rise in a large, swift updraft to cooler regions of the atmosphere. There the moisture contained in the updraft condenses to form towering cumulonimbus clouds and, eventually, precipitation. Columns of cooled air then sink earthward, striking the ground with strong downdrafts and horizontal winds. At the same time, electrical charges accumulate on cloud particles (water droplets and ice). Lightning discharges occur when the accumulated electric charge becomes sufficiently large. Lightning heats the air it passes through so intensely and quickly that shock waves are produced; these shock waves are heard as claps and rolls of thunder. On occasion, severe thunderstorms are accompanied by swirling vortices of air that become concentrated and powerful enough to form tornadoes.
Thunderstorms are known to occur in almost every region of the world, though they are rare in polar regions and infrequent at latitudes higher than 50° N and 50° S. The temperate and tropical regions of the world, therefore, are the most prone to thunderstorms. In the United States the areas of maximum thunderstorm activity are the Florida peninsula (more than 90 thunderstorm days per year), the Gulf Coast (7080 days per year), and the mountains of New Mexico (5060 days per year). Central Europe and Asia average 20 to 60 thunderstorm days per year. It has been estimated that at any one moment there are approximately 1,800 thunderstorms in progress throughout the world.
This article covers two major aspects of thunderstorms: their meteorology (i.e., their formation, structure, and distribution) and their electrification (i.e., the generation of lightning and thunder). For separate coverage of related phenomena not covered in this article, see tornado, ball lightning, bead lightning, and red sprites and blue jets.
Most brief but violent disturbances in Earth's wind systems involve large areas of ascending and descending air. Thunderstorms are no exception to this pattern. In technical terms, a thunderstorm is said to develop when the atmosphere becomes "unstable to vertical motion." Such an instability can arise whenever relatively warm, light air is overlain by cooler, heavier air. Under such conditions the cooler air tends to sink, displacing the warmer air upward. If a sufficiently large volume of air rises, an updraft (a strong current of rising air) will be produced. If the updraft is moist, the water will condense and form clouds; condensation in turn will release latent heat energy, further fueling upward air motion and increasing the instability.
Once upward air motions are initiated in an unstable atmosphere, rising parcels of warm air accelerate as they rise through their cooler surroundings because they have a lower density and are more buoyant. This motion can set up a pattern of convection wherein heat and moisture are transported upward and cooler and drier air is transported downward. Areas of the atmosphere where vertical motion is relatively strong are called cells, and when they carry air to the upper troposphere (the lowest layer of the atmosphere), they are called deep cells. Thunderstorms develop when deep cells of moist convection become organized and merge, and then produce precipitation and ultimately lightning and thunder.
Upward motions can be initiated in a variety of ways in the atmosphere. A common mechanism is by the heating of a land surface and the adjacent layers of air by sunlight. If surface heating is sufficient, the temperatures of the lowest layers of air will rise faster than those of layers aloft, and the air will become unstable. The ability of the ground to heat up quickly is why most thunderstorms form over land rather than oceans (see the map). Instability can also occur when layers of cool air are warmed from below after they move over a warm ocean surface or over layers of warm air. Mountains, too, can trigger upward atmospheric motion by acting as topographic barriers that force winds to rise. Mountains also act as high-level sources of heat and instability when their surfaces are heated by the Sun.
The huge clouds associated with thunderstorms typically start as isolated cumulus clouds (clouds formed by convection, as described above) that develop vertically into domes and towers. If there is enough instability and moisture and the background winds are favourable, the heat released by condensation will further enhance the buoyancy of the rising air mass. The cumulus clouds will grow and merge with other cells to form a cumulus congestus cloud extending even higher into the atmosphere (6,000 metres [20,000 feet] or more above the surface). Ultimately, a cumulonimbus cloud will form, with its characteristic anvil-shaped top, billowing sides, and dark base (see the figure). Cumulonimbus clouds typically produce large amounts of precipitation.
At one time, thunderstorms were classified according to where they occurredfor example, as local, frontal, or orographic (mountain-initiated) thunderstorms. Today it is more common to classify storms according to the characteristics of the storms themselves, and such characteristics depend largely on the meteorological environment in which the storms develop. The United States National Weather Service has defined a severe thunderstorm as any storm that produces a tornado, winds greater than 26 metres per second (94 km [58 miles] per hour), or hail with a diameter greater than 1.9 cm (0.75 inch).
Isolated thunderstorms tend to occur where there are light winds that do not change dramatically with height and where there is abundant moisture at low and middle levels of the atmospherethat is, from near the surface of the ground up to around 10,000 metres (33,000 feet) in altitude. These storms are sometimes called air-mass or local thunderstorms. They are mostly vertical in structure, are relatively short-lived, and usually do not produce violent weather at the ground. Aircraft and radar measurements show that such storms are composed of one or more convective cells, each of which goes through a well-defined life cycle. Early in the development of a cell, the air motions are mostly upward, not as a steady, uniform stream but as one that is composed of a series of rising eddies. Cloud and precipitation particles form and grow as the cell grows. When the accumulated load of water and ice becomes excessive, a downdraft starts. The downward motion is enhanced when the cloud particles evaporate and cool the airalmost the reverse of the processes in an updraft. At maturity, the cell contains both updrafts and downdrafts in close proximity. In its later stages, the downdraft spreads throughout the cell and diminishes in intensity as precipitation falls from the cloud. Isolated thunderstorms contain one or more convective cells in different stages of evolution. Frequently, the downdrafts and associated outflows from a storm trigger new convective cells nearby, resulting in the formation of a multiple-cell thunderstorm.
Solar heating is an important factor in triggering local, isolated thunderstorms. Most such storms occur in the late afternoon and early evening, when surface temperatures are highest.
Violent weather at the ground is usually produced by organized multiple-cell storms, squall lines, or a supercell. All of these tend to be associated with a mesoscale disturbance (a weather system of intermediate size, that is, 10 to 1,000 km [6 to 600 miles] in horizontal extent). Multiple-cell storms have several updrafts and downdrafts in close proximity to one another. They occur in clusters of cells in various stages of development moving together as a group. Within the cluster one cell dominates for a time before weakening, and then another cell repeats the cycle. In squall lines, thunderstorms form in an organized line and create a single, continuous gust front (the leading edge of a storm's outflow from its downdraft). Supercell storms have one intense updraft and downdraft; they are discussed in more detail below.
Sometimes the development of a mesoscale weather disturbance causes thunderstorms to develop over a region hundreds of kilometres in diameter. Examples of such disturbances include frontal wave cyclones (low-pressure systems that develop from a wave on a front separating warm and cool air masses) and low-pressure troughs at upper levels of the atmosphere. The resulting pattern of storms is called a mesoscale convective system (MCS). Severe multiple-cell thunderstorms and supercell storms are frequently associated with MCSs. Precipitation produced by these systems typically includes rainfall from convective clouds and from stratiform clouds (cloud layers with a large horizontal extent). Stratiform precipitation is primarily due to the remnants of older cells with a relatively low vertical velocitythat is, with limited convection occurring.
Thunderstorms can be triggered by a cold front that moves into moist, unstable air. Sometimes squall lines develop in the warm air mass tens to hundreds of kilometres ahead of a cold front. The tendency of prefrontal storms to be more or less aligned parallel to the front indicates that they are initiated by atmospheric disturbances caused by the front.
In the central United States, severe thunderstorms commonly occur in the springtime, when cool westerly winds at middle levels (3,000 to 10,000 metres [10,000 to 33,000 feet] in altitude) move over warm and moist surface air flowing northward from the Gulf of Mexico. The resulting broad region of instability produces MCSs that persist for many hours or even days.
In the tropics, the northeast trade winds meet the southeast trades near the Equator, and the resulting intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) is characterized by air that is both moist and unstable. Thunderstorms and MCSs appear in great abundance in the ITCZ; they play an important role in the transport of heat to upper levels of the atmosphere and to higher latitudes.
When environmental winds are favourable, the updraft and downdraft of a storm become organized and twist around and reinforce each other. The result is a long-lived supercell storm. These storms are the most intense type of thunderstorm. In the central United States, supercells typically have a broad, intense updraft that enters from the southeast and brings moist surface air into the storm. The updraft rises, rotates counterclockwise, and exits to the east, forming an anvil. Updraft speeds in supercell storms can exceed 40 metres (130 feet) per second and are capable of suspending hailstones as large as grapefruit. Supercells can last two to six hours. They are the most likely storm to produce spectacular wind and hail damage as well as powerful tornadoes.
Aircraft and radar measurements show that a single thunderstorm cell extends to an altitude of 8,000 to 10,000 metres (26,000 to 33,000 feet) and lasts about 30 minutes. An isolated storm usually contains several cells in different stages of evolution and lasts about an hour. A large storm can be many tens of kilometres in diameter with a top that extends to altitudes above 18 km (10 miles), and its duration can be many hours.
The updrafts and downdrafts in isolated thunderstorms are typically between about 0.5 and 2.5 km (0.3 and 1.6 miles) in diameter at altitudes of 3 to 8 km (1.9 to 5 miles). The updraft diameter may occasionally exceed 4 km (2.5 miles). Closer to the ground, drafts tend to have a larger diameter and lower speeds than do drafts higher in the cloud. Updraft speeds typically peak in the range of 5 to 10 metres (16 to 33 feet) per second, and speeds exceeding 20 metres (66 feet) per second are common in the upper parts of large storms. Airplanes flying through large storms at altitudes of about 10,000 metres (33,000 feet) have measured updrafts exceeding 30 metres (98 feet) per second. The strongest updrafts occur in organized storms that are many tens of kilometres in diameter, and lines or zones of such storms can extend for hundreds of kilometres.
Sometimes thunderstorms will produce intense downdrafts that create damaging winds on the ground. These downdrafts are referred to as macrobursts or microbursts, depending on their size. A macroburst is more than 4 km (2.5 miles) in diameter and can produce winds as high as 60 metres per second, or 215 km per hour (200 feet per second, or 135 miles per hour). A microburst is smaller in dimension but produces winds as high as 75 metres per second, or 270 km per hour (250 feet per second, or 170 miles per hour) on the ground, as shown in the figure. When the parent storm forms in a wet, humid environment, the microburst will be accompanied by intense rainfall at the ground. If the storm forms in a dry environment, however, the precipitation may evaporate before it reaches the ground (such precipitation is referred to as virga), and the microburst will be dry.
Downbursts are a serious hazard to aircraft, especially during takeoffs and landings, because they produce large and abrupt changes in the wind speed and direction near the ground.
In general, an active cloud will rise until it loses its buoyancy. A loss of buoyancy is caused by precipitation loading when the water content of the cloud becomes heavy enough, or by the entrainment of cool, dry air, or by a combination of these processes. Growth can also be stopped by a capping inversion, that is, a region of the atmosphere where the air temperature decreases slowly, is constant, or increases with height.
Thunderstorms typically reach altitudes above 10,000 metres (33,000 feet) and sometimes more than 20,000 metres (66,000 feet). When the instability is high, the atmosphere moist, and winds favourable, thunderstorms can extend to the tropopause, that is, the boundary between the troposphere and the stratosphere. The tropopause is characterized by air temperatures that are nearly constant or increasing with height, and it is a region of great stability. Occasionally the momentum of an updraft carries it into the stratosphere, but after a short distance the air in the top of the updraft becomes cooler and heavier than the surrounding air, and the overshoot ceases. The height of the tropopause varies with both latitude and season. It ranges from about 10,000 to 15,000 metres (33,000 to 50,000 feet) and is higher near the Equator.
When a cumulonimbus cloud reaches a capping inversion or the tropopause, it spreads outward and forms the anvil cloud so characteristic of most thunderstorms. The winds at anvil altitudes typically carry cloud material downwind, and sometimes there are weak cells of convection embedded in the anvil.
An airplane flying through a thunderstorm is commonly buffeted upward and downward and from side to side by turbulent drafts in a storm. Atmospheric turbulence causes discomfort for the crew and passengers and also subjects the aircraft to undesirable stresses.
Turbulence can be quantified in various ways, but frequently a g unit, equal to the acceleration of gravity (9.8 metres per second squared, or 32.2 feet per second squared), is used. A gust of one g will cause severe aircraft turbulence. In the upper part of violent thunderstorms, vertical accelerations of about three g have been reported.
The motion of a thunderstorm across the land is determined primarily by the interactions of its updrafts and downdrafts with steering winds in the middle layers of the atmosphere in which the storm develops. The speed of isolated storms is typically about 20 km (12 miles) per hour, but some storms move much faster. In extreme circumstances, a supercell storm may move 65 to 80 km (about 40 to 50 miles) per hour. Most storms continually evolve and have new cells developing while old ones dissipate. When winds are light, an individual cell may move very little, less than two kilometres, during its lifetime; however, in a larger storm, new cells triggered by the outflow from downdrafts can give the appearance of rapid motion. In large, multicell storms, the new cells tend to form to the right of the steering winds in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere.
The energy that drives thunderstorms comes primarily from the latent heat that is released when water vapour condenses to form cloud drops. For every gram of water that is condensed, about 600 calories of heat are released to the atmosphere. When water drops freeze in the upper parts of the cloud, another 80 calories per gram are released. The release of latent heat energy in an updraft is converted, at least in part, to the kinetic energy of the air motions. A rough estimate of the total energy in a thunderstorm can be made from the total quantity of water that is precipitated by the cloud. In a typical case, this energy is about 107 kilowatt-hours, roughly equivalent of a 20-kiloton nuclear explosion (though it is released over a broader area and in a longer span of time). A large, multicell storm can easily be 10 to 100 times more energetic.
Thunderstorm downdrafts originate at altitudes where the air temperature is cooler than at ground level, and they are kept cool even as they sink to warmer levels by the evaporation of water and melting of ice particles. Not only is the sinking air more dense than its surroundings, but it carries a horizontal momentum that is different from the surrounding air. If the descending air originated at a height of 10,000 metres (33,000 feet), for example, it might reach the ground with a horizontal velocity much higher than the wind at the ground. When such air hits the ground, it usually moves outward ahead of the storm at a higher speed than the storm itself, as shown in the figure. This is why an observer on the ground watching a thunderstorm approach can often feel a gust of cool air before the storm passes overhead. The outspreading downdraft air forms a pool some 500 to 2,000 metres (about 1,600 to 6,500 feet) deep, and often there is a distinct boundary between the cool air and the warm, humid air in which the storm developed. The passage of such a gust front is easily recognized as the wind speed increases and the air temperature suddenly drops. Over a five-minute period, a cooling of more than 5 °C (9 °F) is not unusual, and cooling twice as great is not unknown.
In extreme circumstances, the gust front produced by a downburst may reach 50 metres (about 160 feet) per second or more and do extensive damage to property and vegetation. Severe winds occur most often when organized lines of thunderstorms develop in an environment where the middle-level winds are very strong. Under such conditions, people might think the winds were caused by a tornado. If a funnel cloud is not observed, the character of the wind damage can indicate the source. Tornadoes blow debris in a tight circular pattern, whereas the air from a thunderstorm outflow pushes it mostly in one direction.
By the time the cool air arrives, rain usually is reaching the surface. Sometimes all the raindrops evaporate while falling, and the result is a dry thunderstorm. At the other extreme, severe multiple-cell and supercell storms can produce torrential rain and hail and cause flash floods.
In small thunderstorms, peak five-minute rainfall rates can exceed 120 mm (4.7 inches) per hour, but most rainfalls are about one-tenth this amount. The average thunderstorm produces about 2,000 metric tons (220,000 short tons) of rain, but large storms can produce 10 times more rainfall. Large, organized storms that are associated with mesoscale convective systems can generate 1010 to 1012 kg of rainfall.
Within a single thunderstorm, there are updrafts and downdrafts and a variety of cloud particles and precipitation. Measurements show that thunderclouds in different geographic locations tend to produce an excess negative charge at altitudes where the ambient air temperature is between about -5 and -15 °C (23 to 5 °F). Positive charge accumulates at both higher and lower altitudes. The result, as shown in the figure, is a division of charge across space that creates a high electric field and the possibility of significant electrical activity.
Many mechanisms have been proposed to explain the overall electrical structure of a thunderstorm, and cloud electrification is an active area of research. A leading hypothesis is that if the larger and heavier cloud particles charge preferentially with a negative polarity, and the smaller and lighter particles acquire a positive polarity, then the separation between positive and negative regions occurs simply because the larger particles fall faster than the lighter cloud constituents. Such a mechanism is generally consistent with laboratory studies that show electrical charging when soft hail, or graupel particles (porous amalgamations of frozen water droplets), collide with ice crystals in the presence of supercooled water droplets. The amount and polarity of the graupel charges depend on the ambient air temperature and on the liquid water content of the cloud, as well as on the ice crystal size, the velocity of the collision, and other factors. Other mechanisms of electrification are also possible.
When the accumulated electric charges in a thunderstorm become sufficiently large, lightning discharges take place between opposite charge regions, between charged regions and the ground, or from a charged region to the neutral atmosphere. In a typical thunderstorm, roughly two-thirds of all discharges occur within the cloud, from cloud to cloud, or from cloud to air. The rest are between the cloud and ground.
In recent years it has become clear that lightning can be artificially initiated, or triggered, in clouds that would not normally produce natural lightning discharges. Lightning can be triggered by a mountain or a tall structure when a thunderstorm is overhead and there is a high electric field in the vicinity or when an aircraft or large rocket flies into a high-field environment.
Data from Earth-orbiting satellites show that, on average, about 80 percent of lightning flashes occur over land and 20 percent over the oceans. The frequency of lightning over land tends to peak in the mid-afternoon between 3:00 and 6:00 PM local time. Seasonal trends in the distribution of lightning (as shown in the video) are the result of temperature changes at the Earth's surface.
Tropical air masses commonly produce thunderstorms and lightning. Thunderstorm development requires moist, unstable air masses typical of those in tropical areas. In this region the Sun's rays are nearly vertical, allowing more energy to reach and warm the lowest layers of the atmosphere. Abundant moisture is added when the warm air moves over the ocean and becomes humidified by evaporation from the underlying water surface. Thunderstorm development is then initiated by upward movement of air, due to, for example, changes in air pressure or the topography of the land. The average number of days with audible thunder exceeds 100 per year over land areas within 10 degrees latitude north and south of the Equator. In some regions of equatorial Africa and South America there are more than 180 thunder days in an average year.
At higher latitudes, thunderstorm frequency depends on the character of the topography and how often moist, tropical air invades the region, which happens most often in the spring and summer. Maximum thunderstorm activity in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres is offset by approximately six months, with most Northern Hemisphere thunderstorms occurring between May and September and in the Southern Hemisphere between November and March.
Thunderstorms are a common feature of the summer monsoons in many parts of the world, especially southern Asia. As solar radiation warms the Indian subcontinent, an ocean-to-land air current is established and moist, unstable air from the Indian Ocean is carried inland. When this air is forced to rise by the steep slopes of the Himalayas, intense thunderstorms and rain showers are produced in great abundance.
In regions poleward of about 60 degrees latitude thunderstorms are rare to nonexistent. In these regions the air near the surface is cold and the atmosphere is generally stable. There are also few thunderstorms in regions that are dominated by semipermanent high-pressure centres, such as southern California. In these regions air from higher altitudes is descending and warming, which lowers the relative humidity and causes stable stratification of the lower atmosphere. As a result, thunderstorm development is inhibited.
Every year, most of the United States experiences at least two cloud-to-ground strikes per square kilometre (about five per square mile). Most of the interior of the country east of the Rocky Mountains has four or more strikes per square kilometre (about 10 discharges per square mile). Summer thunderstorms are frequent in northern Mexico and the states of Arizona, New Mexico, and Colorado when warm, humid air is forced to rise by mountainous terrain.
Maximum flash densities are found along the Gulf Coast and Florida peninsula, where over a year's time, values exceeding 10 strikes per square kilometre (25 strikes per square mile) have been measured. More than 20 million cloud-to-ground flashes strike the United States annually, and lightning is clearly among the country's most severe weather hazards.
A typical flash of cloud-to-ground lightning is initiated by electrical breakdown between the small positive charge region near the base of the cloud and the negative charge region in the middle of the cloud. The preliminary breakdown creates channels of air that have undergone partial ionizationthe conversion of neutral atoms and molecules to electrically charged ones.
On timescales measured in fractions of a second, high-speed cameras can record luminous events in the flash. Initially, a faint luminous process descends in a downward-branching pattern in regular distinct steps, typically 30 metres (100 feet) in length, though they can range from 10 to 100 metres (33 to 330 feet). The time interval between steps ranges from 10 to 50 microseconds (millionths of a second). Carrying currents on the order of hundreds to thousands of amperes, the stepped leader propagates toward the ground at an average velocity of 1.5 x 105 metres per second, or about one two-thousandth the speed of light. It is called a stepped leader because of its downward-moving "stepped" pulses of luminosity. Diameter estimates for the stepped leader range from a few centimetres to a few metres. The current-carrying core has a diameter on the order of 1 or 2 cm (0.4 or 0.8 inch), and photographic measurements indicate that a corona sheath of electric charge with a diameter of 1 to 10 metres (3 to 33 feet) surrounds the core.
As the stepped leader nears the ground, approximately five coulombs of charge have been deposited along the channel, inducing an opposite charge on the ground and increasing the electric field between the leader and the point to be struck. An upward discharge starts at the ground, church steeple, house, or other object, and rises to meet the stepped leader about 15 to 50 metres (50 to 160 feet) above the surface. At this moment of junction the cloud is short-circuited to the ground and a highly luminous return stroke of high current occurs. It is this return stroke, rather than the stepped leader, that is perceived as lightning because it is so much brighter and follows so quickly after the stepped leader. Portions of the stepped leader that have not reached the ground become the branches of the return stroke (see the figure), and charge on the branches flows into the main channel. The five coulombs of charge typically deposited along the stepped leader flow to ground in a few hundred microseconds and produce peak currents that are usually on the order of 30,000 amperes but may range from a few thousand to over 200,000 amperes. Peak temperatures in the channel are on the order of 30,000 °C (50,000 °F), about five times hotter than the surface of the Sun. Because the junction process occurs near the ground, the time to peak current measured at the ground is typically only a few microseconds. As the leader charge avalanches toward the ground, the return stroke luminosity propagates toward the cloud base at an average speed of 5 x 10 - 7 to 2 x 10 - 8 metres per second, or approximately one-third the speed of light, and the high-current-carrying core expands to a diameter of a few centimetres. Laboratory experiments suggest that when pressure equilibrium is attained between the return stroke and the surrounding air, the channel approximates a high-current arc characterized by a current density of 1,000 amperes per square centimetre.
In the rapid passage from ground to cloud, the luminous return stroke is observed to pause at points where large branches join the main channel, and the channel is observed to brighten as charge from the branch flows into the channel. The stroke then continues its upward propagation, reaching the level of the atmosphere where the temperature is 0 °C (typically at an altitude of five km [three miles] above sea level) in approximately 100 microseconds; the downward-propagating stepped leader traverses the same distance in about 30 milliseconds (thousandths of a second). There is then a pause for tens of milliseconds, and the channel cools to a few thousand degrees Celsius. If a second stroke occurs, it begins with the appearance of a dart of light, perhaps 30 to 50 metres (100 to 160 feet) in length, propagating down the channel of the previous return stroke. The dart leader moves downward at a speed of 2 x 106 metres per second (about one one-hundredth the speed of light) and carries a current of the order of 1,000 amperes toward the ground. Once again, when the leader effectively short-circuits a charge centre in the cloud to the ground, another return stroke occurs. After the first stroke, the dart leader may follow the lightning channel only partway before taking a new path to the ground. This gives rise to the common forked appearance of lightning as it strikes the ground.
This sequence of dart leader-return stroke typically occurs three to four times, although a flash to the ground that had 26 strokes and lasted two seconds has been reported. When a flash does have more than one stroke, the subsequent return strokes draw charge from different regions of the parent thunderstorm. Multiple strokes of lightning appear to flicker because the human eye is just capable of resolving the time interval between them.
During the return-stroke stage, approximately 105 joules of energy per metre are dissipated within the lightning channel. This energy is divided among the dissociation, ionization, excitation, and kinetic energy of the particles, the energy of expansion of the channel, and radiation. Spectroscopic measurements reveal that the air molecules, principally those of nitrogen, oxygen, and water, are split into their respective atoms and that on the average one electron is removed from each atom. The conversion from neutral air molecules to a completely ionized plasma occurs in a few microseconds.
When the stroke plasma is created, its temperature is at least 30,000 °C (50,000 °F), and the pressure is greater than 1,000 kilopascals (10 atmospheres). The channel pressure greatly exceeds the ambient (surrounding) pressure, and the return-stroke channel expands at a supersonic rate. The resultant shock wave decays rapidly with distance and is eventually heard as thunder once it slows to the speed of sound. Because it is estimated that only 1 percent of the input energy is stored in the particles and less than 1 percent is emitted as radiation in the visible and infrared region (4,000 to 11,000 angstroms [Å], where Å = 10-10 metre), it is probable that most of the energy dissipated goes into the energy of channel expansion, a process requiring no more than 10 to 20 microseconds.
Since light travels at about 300,000 km (186,000 miles) per second and the speed of sound is only about 0.33 km (0.2 mile) per second, the light from a discharge will always be seen before the sound arrives at an observer, as shown in the figure. The time delay between the bright flash of light and the arrival of the associated thunder can often be used to estimate the distance to a discharge. Every three seconds correspond to one kilometre, and every five seconds correspond to one mile.
The total thunder waveform comes from the entire lightning channel and includes the effects of channel branching and tortuosity, sound propagation in the atmosphere, and acoustic reflections from the local topography. The result is a series of sounds that are variously described as peaks, claps, rolls, and rumbles. At distances of a few hundred metres, thunder begins with a sudden clap followed by a long rumble; at larger distances, it begins with a rumble.
A small percentage of discharges between the cloud and ground are actually initiated at the ground and propagate upward to a charged region in the cloud. These discharges often are initiated (or triggered) by tall structures or by towers on hilltops (see the figure). The upward branching of such discharges makes them visually distinguishable from their "right-side-up" counterparts, giving the impression of a cloud-to-ground lightning flash that is upside down.
True cloud-to-cloud lightning is rare because most lightning flashes occur within a cloud. The first lightning flash in a thunderstorm is typically an intracloud discharge. When an intracloud discharge occurs, the cloud becomes luminous for approximately 0.2 to 0.5 second. The discharge is initiated by a leader that propagates between regions of opposite charge (or from a charged region to the neutral atmosphere). Luminosity is more or less continuous and has several pulses of higher luminosity of one-millisecond duration superimposed upon it. This situation suggests minor return strokes as the leader contacts pockets of opposite charge, but the similarity ends there. The total amount of the charge transfer is generally similar to the amount involved in a ground discharge: 10 coulombs, with a range from 0.3 to 100 coulombs. The mean velocity of propagation of intracloud lightning ranges from 104 to 107 metres per second. Electric currents associated with the luminous brightening are probably in the range of 1,000 to 4,000 amperes. Strikes to aircraft exhibit peak currents of only a few thousand amperes, about an order of magnitude less than currents in ground flashesthough sometimes the peak currents are large. Rise times to peak currents in cloud flashes are generally slower than those in return strokes. The amount of energy dissipated by intracloud flashes is unknown.
Most lightning strikes cause damage through the large current flowing in the return stroke or through the heat that is generated by this and the continuing current. The precise mechanisms whereby lightning currents cause damage are not completely understood, however. If lightning strikes a person, the stroke current can damage the central nervous system, heart, lungs, and other vital organs (see electrical shock).
When a building or power line is struck by lightning or is exposed to the intense electromagnetic fields from a nearby flash, the currents and voltages that appear on the structure are determined both by the currents and fields in the discharge and by the electrical response of the object and its grounding system. For instance, if a lightning surge enters an unprotected residence by way of an electric power line, the voltages may be large enough to cause sparks in the house wiring or appliances. When such flashovers occur, they may short-circuit the alternating current power system, and the resulting power arc may start a fire. In such instances, the lightning does not start the fire directly, but it does cause a power fault (short circuit), and then the power currents do the damage. In the case of metals, large currents heat the surface at the air-arc interface and the interior by electron collisions with the metal lattice. If this heat is also great enough, the metal will melt or evaporate.
At least three properties of the return-stroke current can cause damage; these are the peak current, the maximum rate of change of the initial current, and the total amount of charge transferred. For objects that have a resistive impedance, such as a ground rod or a long power line, the peak voltage during a strike is proportional to the peak current produced of the lightning stroke and the resistivity of the struck object. For example, if a 100,000 ampere peak current flows into a 10-ohm grounding system, 1 million volts will be produced. A common hazard associated with the large voltages produced by lightning strikes is the re-direction of some of the energy (that is, a flashover) from the original target to an adjacent object. Such secondary discharges, or side-flashes, often cause damage comparable to that of a direct strike, and they are one of the main hazards of standing under or near an isolated tree (or any other tall object) during a thunderstorm. Such large voltages frequently cause secondary discharges or side-flashes to radiate outward from the object that is struck to another object nearby. One form of a side-flash can even occur in the ground near the point of lightning attachment.
For objects that have an inductive electrical impedance, such as the wires in a home electrical system, the peak voltage will be proportional to the maximum rate of change of the lightning current and the inductance of the object. For example, one metre of straight copper wire has a self-inductance on the order of one microhenry. The peak rate of change in the lightning current in a return stroke is on the order of 100,000 amperes per microsecond; therefore, about 100,000 volts will appear across this length of conductor for the duration of the change, typically 100 nanoseconds (billionths of a second).
The heating and subsequent burn-through of metal sheets, as on a metal roof or tank, are to a first approximation proportional to the total charge injected into the metal at the air-arc interface. Generally, large charge transfers are produced by long-duration continuing currents that are in the range of 100 to 1,000 amperes, rather than by the peak currents, which have a relatively short duration. The heat produced by long continuing currents is frequently the cause of forest fires. A typical cloud-to-ground flash transfers 20 to 30 coulombs of charge to the ground, and extreme flashes transfer hundreds and occasionally thousands of coulombs.
The best personal protection against lightning is to be alert to the presence of a hazard and then to take common-sense precautions, such as staying inside a house or building or inside an automobile, where one is surrounded by (but not in contact with) metal. People are advised to stay away from outside doors and windows and not to be in contact with any electrical appliances, such as a telephone, or anything connected to the plumbing system. If caught outdoors, people are advised to avoid isolated trees or other objects that are preferred targets and to keep low so as to minimize both height and contact with the ground (that is, crouch but do not lie down). Swimming pools are not safe during a lightning storm because water is a good conductor of electricity, and hence being in the pool effectively greatly multiplies the area of one's "ground" contact.
The frequency with which lightning will directly strike a building in a particular region can be estimated from the building's size and the average number of strikes that occur in the region. If a building is struck whenever a stepped leader comes within 10 metres (33 feet) of the exterior of the building, then a building that is 12 metres (39 feet) wide and 16 metres (52 feet) long (an area of 192 square metres, or about 2,000 square feet) will have an effective strike zone of 32 metres by 36 metres (an area of 1,152 square metres, or 12,400 square feet). In a region where an average of three cloud-to-ground lightning strikes occur per square kilometre annually, such a building will experience an average of 0.0035 direct strike per year, or one strike about every 290 years (1,152 square metres x 3 flashes per square kilometre x 10-6 metres per square kilometre). In a region where there is an annual average of five strikes per square kilometre, the same building will experience an average of 0.0058 direct strike per year, or one strike about every 174 years. These calculations indicate that, for the second example, an average of one of every 174 buildings of similar size will be directly struck by lightning in that region each year.
Structures may be protected from lightning by either channeling the current along the outside of the building and into the ground or by shielding the building against damage from transient currents and voltages caused by a strike. Many buildings constrain the path of lightning currents and voltages through use of lightning rods, or air terminals, and conductors that route the current down into a grounding system, as shown in the figure. When a lightning leader comes near the building, the lightning rod initiates a discharge that travels upward and connects with it, thus controlling the point of attachment of lightning to the building. A lightning rod functions only when a lightning strike in the immediate vicinity is already immanent and so does not attract significantly more lighting to the building. The down conductors and grounding system function to guide the current into the ground while minimizing damage to the structure. To minimize side-flashes, the grounding resistance should be kept as low as possible, and the geometry should be arranged so as to minimize surface breakdown. Overhead wires and grounded vertical cones may also be used to provide a cone-shaped area of lightning protection, as shown in the figure. Such systems are most efficient when their height is 30 metres (98 feet) or less.
Protection of the contents of a structure can be enhanced by using lightning arresters to reduce any transient currents and voltages that might be caused by the discharge and that might propagate into the structure as traveling waves on any electric power or telephone wires exposed to the outside environment. The most effective protection for complex structures is provided by topological shielding. This form of protection reduces amounts of voltage and power at each level of a system of successive nested shields. The partial metallic shields are isolated, and the inside surface of each is grounded to the outside surface of the next. Power surges along wires coming into the structure are deflected by arrestors, or transient protectors, to the outside surface of each shield as they travel through the series, and are thus incrementally attenuated.
E. Philip Krider
Professor of Atmospheric Physics, University of Arizona


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In the 1920s and 1930s, New York City's Harlem was the focal point of the so-called New Negro Movement, which sparked the Jazz Age and an incredible revolution in art, fashion, literature and music. According to the preeminent African-American historian Henry Louis Gates, the Harlem Renaissance, as it was later known, was "surely as gay as it was black, not that it was exclusively either of these."
Many artists of the Renaissance were subtle, but others such as writer Langston Hughes (below) and singer Bessie Smith referred to same-sex attractions in their work. Their art, as well as other artists, are featured in a new exhibit, "The Harlem Renaissance: As Gay as It Was Black" at Florida Atlantic University.
Rod Hagwood at The Sun Sentinel:
"The photo panels highlight writers such as Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston; singers Ethel Waters, Ma Rainey and Bessie Smith; dancer Josephine Baker; comedian Jackie "Moms" Mabley and many others who populated the north Manhattan neighborhood during an era "when the Negro was in vogue," as Hughes once said. But gays – regardless of race – were not so fashionable, even as they surreptitiously captured the zeitgeist and ran with it, earning influential articles in Vanity Fair magazine and The New York Times by Carl Van Vechten, who announced the New Negro Movement to whites with "…now is the psychological moment when everything chic is Negro."
It is only in the last 10 years that scholarship has investigated how much gays, lesbians and bisexuals (many of the participants in same-sex affairs were married, some several times) contributed to the movement. Pop culture hasn't caught on yet, although in 2004 the movie "Brother to Brother" swept the indie festival circuit, winning six major awards, including best fiction feature, at the Miami Gay and Lesbian Film Festival. The film resurrects Bruce Nugent, Zora Neale Hurston, Langston Hughes and Wally Thurman."
"Although Harlem at the time was a black gay counterpoint to Greenwich Village and its population of white gays, intellectuals and artists, the virulent racial segregation of that era gave gays of color an additional hurdle to clear. 'Imagine if you had that triple threat: black, a woman and a lesbian,' said [Jack Rutland, executive director of the Stonewall Library Museum Archive in Fort Lauderdale]. 'You are deeply repressed. But there is a place like Harlem and you could be there with your own kind. So they did and this had an effect on the point of view of feminists and the art that came from there.'"
We analyzed Brother to Brother's importance for MTV/LOGO-owned AfterElton. Read that HERE. The images at top and right are from the other important gay film on that era, which surprisingly not mentioned here: Isaac Julien's gorgeous film Looking for Langston.
Shane Vogel, author of The Scene of Harlem Cabaret: Race, Sexuality, Performance, says the Renaissance offered freedom: "The goal...was to further depictions of black life by black artists, which included defining themselves sexually through art, writing, and dance. Many artists explored those themes in their work very openly."
"The Harlem Renaissance: As Gay as It Was Black" was organized by the Stonewall Library Museum Archive in Fort Lauderdale. The exhibit runs May 11-June 30 in Florida Atlantic University's Wimberly Library Atrium in Boca Raton.
You May Enjoy:
Fascinating Archive of Black LGBTs on Chicago's South Side
History of Philly's Black Gay Nightlife, WWII to Present

subset: commoncrawl


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Major Section: PROGRAMMING
Make-ord is the ordinal constructor. Its use is recommended instead of
cons to make ordinals.
(make-ord fe fco rst) corresponds to the ordinal (w^fe)fco +
rst. Thus the first infinite ordinal, w (omega), is constructed by
(make-ord 1 1 0)and, for example, the ordinal (w^2)5 + w2 + 7 is constructed by:
(make-ord 2 5 (make-ord 1 2 7)) .
The reason
make-ord is used rather than
cons is that it
allows us to reason more abstractly about the ordinals, without
having to worry about the underlying representation.


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SAVANNAH, Ga. (AP) Rashad Hassan and Preston Blackman scored 13 points apiece as Savannah State held off Western Illinois 39-38 Saturday in nonconference action.
Blackman also tallied a game-high five assists to go with five rebounds and Cedric Smith grabbed nine rebounds for the Tigers, who outrebounded Western Illinois 33-26.
Savannah State (4-3) jumped out to a 22-13 halftime lead behind 11 first-half points from Hassan.
Western Illinois (3-3), following a 23.1 percent (6 of 26) first-half shooting performance, bounced back after intermission. The Leathernecks shot 50 percent (10 of 20) from the field and cut what was an 11-point second-half lead to one, 39-38, with 50 seconds remaining.
The Leathernecks held Savannah State scoreless over the final minute of the game but the Tigers' Arnold Louis blocked Don McAvoy's 3-point attempt as time expired.
Adam Link led Western Illinois with 11 points and had four of the Leathernecks' eight steals.


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Our web site is designed to provide general information to educate users about programs and services, which may be available through our hospitals. The web site is not intended to provide medical advice nor should the information be used to attempt to determine the presence, absence or severity of any illness or medical condition which may be perceived or experienced by the user of this site. If you have or suspect you may have an illness or condition which you believe requires medical attention, we recommend you call your primary care physician. If you believe you are experiencing a medical emergency please call "911" (or your local medical emergency number) or seek immediate care from the nearest hospital Emergency Department. The provision of information to users of this web site is not intended as an inducement or to otherwise influence a person's decision to order or receive any item or service from a particular provider, practitioner or supplier that is reimbursable under Medicare, a state healthcare program (e.g., AHCCS) or any other healthcare plan.
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In this article, we'll discuss backpacks commonly used by hikers, campers, hunters and other outdoor recreationists.
There was a time not so long ago when only three types of people — military men, Boy Scouts and backcountry hikers — were regularly seen wearing backpacks. Nowadays, it seems everyone is carrying a pack on their back.
|Today's backpacks like the Ascend trail pack are made from lightweight yet durable materials such as ripstop nylon, nylon packcloth or Cordura.
School children carry their books in backpacks. Parents carry their children in them. There are backpacks for snowboards and skateboards; computer backpacks and backpacks for cameras; wheeled backpacks for travelers; backpacks in which you can carry your dog; backpack diaper bags and purses; backpack coolers; tennis backpacks; backpack beach chairs and even designer backpacks.
In this article, we'll be discussing backpacks commonly used by hikers, campers, hunters and other outdoor recreationists to transport equipment and provisions from point A to point B. There are three basic types of backpacks used in this manner: daypacks (including waist packs and fanny packs), external-framed backpacks and internal-framed backpacks. On short hikes, a daypack that holds a couple of water bottles, trail food, a rain jacket and a few other essentials may be all you need. Wilderness-area hunters, backcountry hikers and others usually need larger-capacity external- or internal-frame packs. A few insights into the many variations may prove useful before you buy.
Picking a Pack Type Best Suited to Your Activity
Daypacks are ideal for carrying small loads over short distances. Light and compact, they're well-suited for activities such as day hikes, cross-country skiing, climbing and trail runs. General-purpose models typically have a capacity range from 500 to 2,500 cubic inches.
Each model has features suited to particular activities. For example, those made for ski touring often have loops or straps for hauling skis and are more comfortable and useful than general-purpose packs. Bicycling packs are made to sit lower on the back to provide a lower center of gravity. Most have a special pocket or compartment in which to stow a helmet. Outside mesh pockets accommodate cycling shoes or water bottles.
|External-frame packs tend to be more comfortable during hot weather.
Snowboarding packs feature an extra-durable rear pocket, usually made of Hypalon, Kevlar or heavy-duty Cordura, to accommodate a snowboard. Their streamlined, narrow-profile design won't hinder balance and maneuverability in the backcountry or on the slopes.
Additional daypack features may include a padded hip belt; padded, contoured shoulder straps; outside mesh pouches for carrying water bottles or wet clothing; easy-access pockets storing cameras, GPS units, field guides or other items you want to keep protected, yet accessible; and/or external bungee cords or straps for securing gear to the outside of the pack.
External-frame backpacks, the first generation of framed packs, feature a rigid framework, usually of tubular aluminum, to which a pack and support harness attach. These tend to cost less than internal-frame packs because their design and production is less complicated. They tend to be more comfortable during hot weather because they allow air to circulate between your pack and back. Some allow you to customize the load height by moving the bag up and down the frame.
On the minus side, external-frame packs are much more rigid than internal-frame packs and usually have a wider profile. On open trails where balance isn't a critical factor, this shouldn't cause any problems, but in the backcountry, the frame could snag on branches or brush.
Internal-frame backpacks have a support system inside the pack, usually consisting of one or more aluminum or carbon stays that curve to fit your spine. The stays extend from the top of the pack to a hip belt, stabilizing loads and transferring weight to the hips. Many models include a high-density polyethylene framesheet to stiffen the back of the pack and allow for better weight transfer. The framesheet also prevents bulky items from poking you in the back.
Internal-frame backpacks offer better balance because of their low profile and close-to-the-body fit, making them good choices for wilderness hiking. They're more compressible and flexible than external-frame packs and transfer a large percentage of the pack's weight onto the hips, which can bear far heavier loads than the shoulders.
Picking a Durable Backpack
|Hydration packs come with hydration bladders and nozzles.
Today's backpacks usually are made from durable materials such as Cordura, ripstop nylon or nylon packcloth. Most feature water-repellent or waterproof coatings or treatments. The best have good backstitching or bar tacking in high-stress areas, such as around zippers, pockets and external loops. High-abrasion areas, such as the pack bottom, should be reinforced with a strong material such as Kevlar, Hypalon or heavy-weight Cordura. Back panels will disperse perspiration better and enhance air flow if they're made of reticulated or compression-molded foam covered with a breathable, wicking fabric.
Pay particular attention to the construction of the hip belt. You want one that fits properly and has just enough stiffness to support a load without sagging. A soft-foam hip belt may feel great in the store, but a few miles down the trail, it may become compressed, causing your hips to feel the pressure of the load. A too-firm hip belt can cut into your flesh and bruise you, which is just as bad. The best option is a belt made from a sandwich of different grade foams-open-cell foam for against-the-body comfort, closed-cell foam for support and compression-molded foam for even firmer support.
You don't want shoulder straps made of too-soft foam either. Follow similar guidelines here. And beware straps that have creases or puckers in the foam or in the cover material. On the trail, these could turn into hot spots against your skin. The best packs have straps that bend and curve without creasing, but you'll probably pay extra for such craftsmanship.
A Pack's Loading Design Does Matter
Many packs are top loaders, with a convenient, large opening or openings at the top. These tend to be more water-resistant, but when using one, it's more difficult to organize your gear. Panel-loading models have a U-shaped zippered opening in the front. These make organization easier, but they usually hold less gear, are less water-resistant and zippers can be troublesome. The best pack, if you can afford it, is a hybrid model combining the best features of both top-loading and panel-loading packs.
A Backpack's Capacity
|On short hikes, a daypack can hold a couple of water bottles, trail food, a rain jacket and a few other essentials.
A backpack's capacity is measured in cubic inches. The size you need depends on what you'll be doing and the amount and type of gear you want to carry. Here are some general guidelines:
- 2,500-3,500 cubic inches: Good for overnight hikes during warm weather, with tent, light sleeping bag, small stove and food.
- 3,000-4,500 cubic inches: An excellent choice for two or three-day excursions in late spring, summer or early fall.
- 4,500-6,000 cubic inches: Should get you by for trips up to a week long.
- 6,000+ cubic inches: Best for winter camping and long expeditions.
One tip to remember: don't use a pack that is too big. If you're like most folks, you'll have a tendency to fill all available space, and will wind up carrying a load that's heavier than necessary.
Pack Fitting Tips
It's important to buy a pack that properly fits your body. Try on as many loaded packs as you can to see what works best. Look for comfortable, supportive shoulder straps and hip belts, and a good torso fit.
The method usually employed to determine your torso length is to measure from the seventh vertebra (the bony protrusion at the base of your neck between your shoulders) to the small of your back (level with your hipbones). If your torso length is less than 18 inches, you'll want a pack with a suspension that's sized Small. A torso length between 18 and 20 inches requires a Medium. If your torso length is over 21 inches, your suspension size will likely be Large.
Be sure the hip belt cups your hips, and when cinched tightly, the pads don't touch. If you have straight or narrow hips, you'll probably prefer a standard hip belt. If you have wider hips, it may be best to choose a women's-specific model.
Shoulder straps should anchor to the backpack just below the seventh vertebra and the crest of your shoulders. They should wrap comfortably yet securely around your shoulders and should be at least five inches below your armpit.
Ask the shop owner to allow you to carry each pack with a load similar to that you intend to carry on the trail. You'll know you have the best one for you when the load feels so perfectly distributed you wonder if you forgot something. There should be no discernible hot spots, and you should be able to sashay your hips freely, swing your shoulders fully and raise your legs in parade step without ever feeling off balance.
Time now to hit the trail.


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The fact that not everyone is happy with the way YouTube comments work now isn't news—not everyone wants to use their real names online, and Google Plus doesn't feel like its taken off. Still, it's amusing to actually hear some of the ridiculous reactions to the new comment system.
Granted, this video Shesellssheshells doesn't let us hear the actual folks who made these comments—this is a (hilarious) dramatic reading of comments left on the video introducing the new comments system. It's still great, though!
And if you like this, you should definitely check out how people react horribly to stuff like games, too.
YouTube Reacts to Meet the New YouTube Comments - Part 1 [Shesellssheshells]


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MIDDLEBURY — Two local nonprofits and an area resident are working feverishly to try to save a highly rated Middlebury childcare center that was scheduled to close its doors at the end of June.
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Sioux Falls Skyforce Caught Iowa Energy at the Right Time
Last week was rivalry week for the Sioux Falls Skyforce. Two games against the Iowa Energy with each team hosting. Before the two games, the teams had nearly identical records. Also with both teams splitting the previous four games, the trend would most likely continue. Lo and behold, Sioux Falls ending up sweeping the pair of games, holding the Energy to their lowest point total of the season in the first (97-84) and taking the second by a double digit margin (112-100).
The main reason for the Skyforce coming out ahead is personnel. Iowa's two best players all season were not in uniform for the two games. Othyus Jeffers earned a 10-day contract for the San Antonio Spurs on January 24. The operative word is earned because he is touted in some circles as a candidate for MVP of the league. His 22.8 points per game and 11.4 rebounds for a 6-5 guard who shoots 50 percent from the floor earns MVP talk on merits alone. Jarvis Varnado is the other no-show for Iowa. Unfortunately for the former 2013 titlist with the Miami Heat, Varnado has a hip injury and is unable to compete. As a result, Iowa did not have a starting center that has produced 14.3 points, 11.7 rebounds and 5 blocks per game and has been considered among the top 5 prospects in the NBA Development League.
The Skyforce and Energy will meet in a Thursday morning tussle that begins at 10:30. Jeffers is expected back in the Iowa lineup after being released from the Spurs over the weekend. Varnado's status for the game is uncertain. Following that matinee, a month and a half will pass before the two teams meet again on March 17. Sioux Falls will depart from Iowa and meet up Saturday night with Fort Wayne and return home to face Erie on Sunday.


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Remote wipe
Remote wipe lets you delete the work Dropbox from a team member's linked devices.
Remote wipe puts you in charge of company data, perfect for lost devices or when removing a team member.
Once you unlink a device and select the remote wipe option, the device will immediately stop syncing. Dropbox will attempt to delete the entire work Dropbox once the device is online and the Dropbox application is running. Dropbox is always remote wiped when you unlink mobile devices.
Deleting a member's work Dropbox from a lost device
If a team member loses a device you can make sure their data doesn't wind up in the wrong hands. You can remote wipe a member's work Dropbox, but not their personal Dropbox.
- Sign in to Dropbox with your admin account.
- Click on the Admin Console in the left sidebar.
- Choose the name of the member whose device you want to unlink.
- Select the device you want to unlink under Devices and click the X next to it.
- In the pop-up window, select the option to delete the work Dropbox from the computer the next time it comes online and then click Unlink.
Deleting a member's work Dropbox when removing them from the team
Only team admins and user management admins can remove members from the team and remote wipe their devices.
- Sign in to Dropbox with your admin account.
- Click on the Admin Console in the left sidebar.
- Click the gear icon to the right of the member's name and select Remove user from the menu.
- In the pop-up window, choose to use account transfer now or later, and then select Yes for the option to delete files from that person's devices the next time they come online.
Checking the status of a remote wipe
Dropbox displays the Delete status for each device you've chosen to remote wipe. Here are the status indicators you might see:
- Pending: The device has not come back online and/or the Dropbox application is not running. Until both of these conditions are met, Dropbox will not be able to delete the folder.
- In progress: Dropbox has connected with the device, and the folder is currently in the process of being deleted.
- Succeeded: The entire Dropbox was deleted from the device.
- Failed: If Dropbox was unable to delete any file within Dropbox, we'll provide a report that includes the name of each file that couldn't be deleted and the error for why. Click on the errors link to get a pop-up window and select Download report to view the report.
To check the status of a remote wipe:
- Sign in to Dropbox with your admin account.
- Click on the Admin Console in the left sidebar.
- Click on the member's name on the Members tab. Or, if you deleted the user's account from the team and chose the remote wipe option, click on the Deleted members tab and click on the user's name.
- In the Delete in progress section, find the device and its Device status.


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Omar Suleiman, looking like a president in waiting, took to Egyptian state television tonight with dark hints of conspiracies behind the democracy protests, a dismissal of demands for immediate political reform, and words of loyalty and respect for President Hosni Mubarak.
Mr. Suleiman – Egypt's long-standing foreign intelligence chief until this past week, when he was named Egypt's first vice president since Mr. Mubarak took power in 1981 – made a play for Mubarak to hang on until presidential elections in September, which the 82-year-old leader has promised not to run in.
"Standing down is an alien philosophy for the Egyptian people... Egyptians aren't the ones asking for this. We [Egyptians] respect Hosni Mubarak, our father," he said in an interview with government TV. "We can talk about complete constitutional reform when a new president comes on the scene. We have no time to discuss it now."
But Egypt's current electoral laws and Constitution are rigged against outsiders and strongly favor the ruling National Democratic Party (NDP).
Suleiman himself is among the few Egyptians who fulfill the current candidacy criteria. (Among other things, a candidate must belong to a legal party that won at least 3 percent of parliamentary seats in the last election. The fraudulent parliamentary election last November gave the NDP about 95 percent of the seats and the Muslim Brotherhood – Egypt's most organized opposition movement – remains banned.)
Suleiman alluded to the chance that the requirements could be eased and some reforms could happen before an election, but stressed that Egypt "has to put restrictions on who can run for president."
Protesters reject Suleiman's comments
Egypt's democracy protesters, many defying a curfew in Tahrir Square in central Cairo tonight, immediately dismissed his comments, particularly his claim that their demands have been met and his call to "end your sit-in."
"When he said that a president stepping down is alien to us, people in Tahrir were almost fainting," says Khaled Abol Naga, an Egyptian film star who's spent most of the past few days with demonstrators at Tahrir calling for Mubarak's downfall.
"People were enraged by these stupid claims in the year 2011. [The regime] thinks the people are a bunch of animals. These are a bunch of educated Egyptians, not the Muslim Brotherhood, not other parties. It's people from all walks of life and they're determined that Mubarak go," he says.
Blaming 'foreign agendas' for unrest
Suleiman also sought to bolster a narrative that's been spun out by new Prime Minister Ahmed Shafiq and other officials in the past day: That unidentified "outsiders" created the violence that claimed at least 10 lives around Tahrir Square on Wednesday evening and early Thursday. Suleiman said that "many of the protesters in Tahrir Square have foreign agendas."
That reference to "foreign agendas" appeared to be an attempt to label Egypt's democracy protesters as working for US or Israel, a favorite dissent-stifling tactic of regimes from Tunisia to Syria. Mubarak has maintained good relations with Israel during his reign and the US has arguably been his most important international backer, at least until the events of the past two weeks.
Saad Eddin Ibrahim, an Egyptian democracy activist and academic, was hounded as a foreign agent and jailed for three years over a decade ago. His crime? "Daring to criticize the Mubarak family's increasingly dynastic ambitions," as Middle East historian Juan Cole put it this week.
Cairo's protesters found themselves being painted with the same brush by Suleiman tonight.
"Actually, there is a plot if you read between the lines in Suleiman's statements and on state TV," says Mr. Naga, the film star. "They're stating that there are infiltrators, foreigners involved, to confuse the people, so if the US does come out in support of us they can point and say: 'See, it was a US plot, it was the CIA.' "
Naga says if that was Suleiman's intent, then it didn't work. "People don't trust [the regime] anymore, and they know they will be brutally jailed and killed if they give up now before real change has happened."
Tomorrow, protesters have vowed their biggest demonstrations yet.


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News Roundup
•••• Just when you thought it was safe to think about football again, "Madden" confirms that "Tebowing" will be included in this August's release of the game. Look, this is getting out of hand. Everyone knows that Monty Python invented "Tebowing" when King Arthur fought the Black Knight. [NFL]
•••• A partnership between Newcastle University and Limbs Alive, Ltd. uses a specially-designed video game with "next-gen" motion control technology to help stroke victims recover their motor skills. The game is called "Circus Challenge," because who doesn't want to bash clowns? [Joystiq]
•••• Well, Microsoft is at the point where they're once again literally giving away Xboxes. Any college student who purchases a Windows PC of $700 or more will get a free 4GB Xbox. [PC World]
•••• Subscription-based Vi-game.com will launch by the end of the month, allowing subscribers to play over 1600 PC and mobile games to their heart's content. From what I can tell it's similar to Gog.com, the difference of course being the subscriber model. And ... hey wait a second. There's a site called SupGame.net tha put out an identical press release. Hey, here's another identical one for Yes-game.com. Aside from a slight design difference, the three sites look very similar. So, maybe don't give these guys your credit card number just yet. [PRWeb]
Out This Week
"Dragon's Dogma," Capcom's open-world fantasy action RPG, is available tomorrow for PS3 and Xbox 360. While it may seem like another in a long line of swords and sorcery games of late, it has some interesting features like the "pawn" system, which I'll dive into more when I review the game.
For gamers looking to the future of conflict rather than the past, "Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon: Future Soldier" drops on 360 and PS3 before hitting the PC next month. Taking advantage of the Clancy brand's expertise and relationship with the military, the tactical shooter looks to provide a near-future experience of realism balanced with what is being advertised as an action-packed multiplayer experience.
Lastly, "Men In Black: Alien Crisis" comes out tomorrow on PS3 and Xbox 360, to tie into "Men in Black III's" theatrical release. Movie tie-in games are never stellar by any means, but we'll see how good the movie is in the first place. That's the real problem with that sort of release is that if the movie is a flop, playing the game is just going to remind you of how underwhelming the property it's tied to was. Which is a shame, because "Battlefield Earth" might have made a decent video game (but I doubt it).
Really Important Video
Look, I know there are plenty of this "type" of video involving game humor out there, but this one is a Game Cache favorite. Somehow they managed to put together a well-written, well-shot, smart and funny clip within what seems like minutes of "Diablo III's" launch failures. And the girl is impossibly cute.


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Rahul Bhagat, the director of operations for the Pebble smartwatch, is soft spoken, calm, and collected.
Within the first two minutes of speaking with him it's easy to tell that he is very passionate about the product his company will finally start shipping to the first group of people who backed the project on Kickstarter.
Bhagat is Pebble CEO Eric Migicovsky's right-hand man. The two met at the University of Waterloo and previously worked on designing a smartwatch for BlackBerry.
The Pebble guys learned a lot from the BlackBerry endeavor. Primarily, they wanted to make a device with a low price and an e-ink display like the one on your Kindle so the watch could be seen in direct sunlight. E-ink also allows the watch to have very long battery life.
Now they have Pebble, the a digital smartwatch that syncs with Android phones and iPhones wirelessly using Bluetooth. The Pebble vibrates when you receive an alert on your smartphone such as a text message, Facebook notification, or email. Besides notifications, the smartwatch can control your phone's music or ping you when you get a phone call.
Pebble, took the Internet by storm last summer, bringing in $10 million on Kickstarter. It was the biggest campaign to date.
Pebble got to keep about $9 million of the $10 million it raised because Kickstarter charges a 5% fee and Amazon took another 4% to process the credit card transactions.
That $9 million is going towards manufacturing to fulfill orders, research and development, and salaries so the company can hire more skilled engineers, Bhagat said.
All of the hype surrounding Pebble was both good and bad for the company. "[The hype] has its pros and cons," Bhagat said. "We got a lot of opinions from backers...but on the negative side there ends up being people that are so anxious to get the device that every time there's a delay or non-ship date, they get upset."
Pebbles start shipping today, Jan. 23, but the company says it'll take at least six weeks to fulfill all the orders.
There have been rumors of Apple making an iWatch, but these rumors don't bother Pebble.
"We're not worried about that at all, we cover both markets, Apple and Android. I think we have a great device and it'll be exciting to see what Apple comes up with," Bhagat said.
Because Pebble is a watch that you're expected to wear all the time, we wondered what Pebble thinks users should do with their older watches.
"For me, Pebble is my only watch," Bhagat said. "I didn't use watches before Pebble so the functionality is great. We're not hoping to replace users Rolexes, but see our device as a more practical watch for everyday use."
For those who still want to get in on the smartwatch, you can pre-order one now for $150 on Pebble's website.
Don't Miss: Meet The Pebble Smartwatch Everyone Went Nuts For At CES >


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Then one year my brother let me borrow his Sony FD81 digital camera for my vacation and that started me on the road to digital and I've never looked back. I sold everything related to film and from that day forward I've had a ball.
My current color camera equipment includes a Canon 20D and a Canon XTi. For Infrared I have the following cameras which have been converted to IR: Sony P200, Sony N2, a Canon XTi and of course my trusty Sony F717 which is my baby and got me started on my IR fanatic craze in the first place.
So now I'm retired and enjoying the freedom of going wherever I want whenever I want to satisfy my photography addiction. We like to cruise the Caribbean once a year which is the best place for IR. The palm trees, water and bright sun are perfect for IR.
I do have one confession to make...I am an IRaholic and I hope you enjoy what I see in Infrared.
Copyright Statement: All Images and materials displayed and showcased here, are copyrighted and are the exclusive property of the artist. Images and material may not be reproduced or used in any way without the written consent of the artist.
Please Comment Freely to this Post.
Let Andrea know how much you enjoy and appreciate her Fantastic IR Work!
-=- Jerry -=-


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Educational loans are loans originated by the government or a private bank to help students and parents pay for college expenses such as tuition, fees, living expenses, books and other educational-related expenses. Federal student loans offer a lower interest rate and will save you money through the course of repayment.
Federal DirectLoans
Direct Loans are low-interest loans for students and parents to help pay for the cost of a student's education after high school. The lender is the U.S. Department of Education (the Department), though the entity you deal with, your loan servicer, can be a private business.
Federal PLUS LoansPLUS Loans are unsubsidized loans based on credit history for the parents of dependent students and graduate students. PLUS loans assist with the cost of your education expenses up to the cost of attendance minus all other financial assistance.
Alternative (Private) Student LoansA private student loan is a financing option for higher education that can supplement federally guaranteed loans. These student loans are credit-based with a variable interest rate.


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Hack-A-N900/First Steps
WARNING: That's where the pleasure and pain of N900 starts. How much pleasure and/or pain depends highly on how familiar you are with linux. So make sure you know how to accomplish simple administrative tasks via a root shell without bricking your system and do regular backups.
Root Access
Start "Application Manager", install package "rootsh" and "OpenSSH Client and Server"
Open "X-Terminal" on your N900.
Gain root access:
sudo gainroot
Add extras-testing to /etc/apt/sources.list
deb http://repository.maemo.org/extras-testing/ fremantle free non-free deb-src http://repository.maemo.org/extras-testing/ fremantle free
Update apt cache:
apt-get update
Connect the n900 via usb to your pc and select "PC Suite Mode".
On your N900:
ifup usb0 ifconfig usb0 192.168.99.2
On your PC:
ifup usb0 ifconfig usb0 192.168.99.1
Please refer to http://wiki.maemo.org/N900_USB_networking for a complete guide.
Generate ssh key:
From this point it's more convenient to work remotely via ssh.
Copy the generated private key to your PC.
scp email@example.com:/root/.ssh/id_rsa ~/.ssh/id_rsa_n900
Put the public key to the right place:
ssh email@example.com "mv /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub /root/.ssh/authorized_keys"
Log on to your N900:
ssh -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa_n900 email@example.com
change /etc/sshd_config to denied password authentication:
# Change to no to disable tunnelled clear text passwords PasswordAuthentication no
Install essential tools
apt-get install bash coreutils-gnu grep-gnu findutils-gnu tar-gnu wget vim netcat
Change shell in /etc/passwd to bash:
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash user:!:29999:29999::/home/user:/bin/bash
NOTE: Maemo ignores shebangs for shells and always executes shell scripts in busybox. You need to pass the script explicitly to any other shell:
bash ./test.sh
WARNING: Don't try to relink /bin/sh to /bin/bash. You system won't boot and you will have to reflash the device.
/usr/bin/glsto use gnu ls. For some third party scripts/builds to work properly you might need to create symlinks for the gnu tools to be used.
ln -s /usr/bin/ggrep /usr/bin/grep
You might also create bash aliases for gnu utils.
$HOME/.bashrc aliases example:
# alias to gnu ls instead of busybux alias ls='gls --color=auto' alias ll='ls -l' alias la='ls -la' alias md='mkdir' alias rd='rmdir' # aliases to gnu grep instead of busybux alias grep='ggrep' alias egrep='gegrep' alias fgrep='gfgrep'


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Panel is working to evaluate inBloom database for district
I sit on the Jeffco School District Data Advisory Management Council with information technology experts from businesses across Jeffco as well as parents and teachers. We are investigating, testing and advising the district on the potential need for and safety of a new way to organize the extensive amounts of information that Jeffco staff must gather to effectively serve our kids.
If you currently subscribe or have subscribed in the past to the Canyon Courier, then simply find your account number on your mailing label and enter it below.
Click the question mark below to see where your account ID appears on your mailing label.
|ZIP Code:


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After six rocky years, which included a multi-million-dollar signing bonus, several position changes and a drug suspension, the Orioles will be cutting ties with former first-round pick Billy Rowell.
Rowell, the ninth overall selection in the 2006 draft, can become a minor league free agent as soon as the World Series ends, and the Orioles will not make him an offer to return, according to an industry source. It will put the final exclamation point on what is arguably the biggest draft bust in franchise history.
The 24-year-old Rowell, who signed for a $2.1 million bonus as the first high school position player in the 2006 draft – one spot ahead of two-time National League Cy Young Award winner Tim Lincecum – will have a chance to latch on with another organization.
It's not a surprise considering Rowell, a first baseman and third baseman who also attempted to become an outfielder and a pitcher, did not have one at-bat for the Orioles' organization in 2012. The previous year he hit just .227 with no homers in 41 games with Double-A Bowie, the highest level he reached in six minor-league seasons.
In May, Rowell was suspended for 50 games for testing positive for marijuana. It was the second time he had tested positive for recreational drug use. When he returned from suspension, he went to the organization's complex in Sarasota, Fla., and began a throwing program in an attempt reinvent himself as a right-handed pitcher.
He dealt with some arm soreness, was sent home and was never summoned back to Sarasota. He was kept on short-season Aberdeen's roster all year for procedural reasons, but never played a game for the IronBirds.
The 6-foot-5 infielder from New Jersey will finish his career in the Orioles' organization with a .261 average and 40 homers in 550 minor-league games, most at High-A Frederick.
The $2.1 million bonus paid to Rowell was the largest the Orioles had ever given a position player until catcher Matt Wieters received $6 million the following year.


text: This is not even a factory made xbox 360 box. I made it myself, just a few minutes ago. It does not contain an Xbox 360 console, just the Xbox 360 home-made box. this box is great hand made by me says XBOX right on it It doesn't look anything like the picture I included in the auction. It looks much better, in my opinion.


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This page lists current and past publications by various TeX user groups around the world, roughly in order of appearance. Please email us with additions or corrections.
Also available:
A pan-European conference has been held every year or two since 1985. The first four conferences were organized by enthusiastic individuals; since then, the conference has been sponsored by one of the formal TeX groups. The name EuroTeX has been used officially since 1990.
Die TeXnische Komödie is the quarterly newsletter of the German TeX users group. It contains news, announcements, and articles with TeXnical content as well. It is formatted with an A5 page size. Contact: firstname.lastname@example.com.
The NTG MAPS (Minutes & Appendices) are published twice a year, in Voorjaar and Najaar (spring and fall) issues. Gzipped PostScript files for issues 1-11 are at CTAN, in /usergrps/ntg/maps. Page size, originally A4, changed to 8.25 x 10.5in effective with MAPS 19 (Najaar 1997). Contact: firstname.lastname@example.com.
Baskerville: revived in 2009, with new editor Jonathan Webley, as both an on-line and print journal. From volume 3, the sources for Baskerville articles are on CTAN, in /usergrps/uktug/baskervi; most issues are also there as pdf files. Page size is A4.
TeXline was produced single-handedly by Malcolm Clark prior to the emergence of UKTUG and Baskerville. Sources for issues 5-14 are available from CTAN, in digests/texline.
Zpravodaj: The TeX Bulletin of the Czech/Slovak group is published four times a year. Contact: email@example.com.
GUST Biuletyn: The GUST Bulletin is published once or twice a year. Its size is A4; the design is based on that of TUGboat. It contains delightful drawings by a member of GUST (Grupy Uzytkowników Systemu TeX). Contact: email@example.com.
Eutypon published its first issue in October 1998. It is published twice a year.
TeXemplares published its first issue in autumn/winter of 2002. Editor: Enrique Melendez.
Ars TeXnica was established in March 2006 as the publication for GuIT, the Italian TeX users group.
The Asian Journal of TeX published its first issue in April 2007. It is the publication of the Korean TeX Society.
TUGIndia Journal published two issues several years ago.


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What is internet security?
The online world is an amazing place but, like the real world, there are some risks.
However, don't let those risks put you off exploring the internet. All you need to do is take a few precautions…
Avoid viruses
First of all, keep your computer healthy. Help it avoid viruses. You'll see them given many different names, such as 'malware' and 'spyware'.
But viruses are basically all programs or files with one thing in common - they're out to cause trouble by gaining access to your device and attacking personal data.
Your computer's built-in 'firewall' will keep some of them out, so make sure it's turned on.
And you should install anti-virus software which - if you keep it up to date - will usually block most other threats.
You can buy anti-virus software from a computer shop or download it online (sometimes for free). Once installed, the software will protect against new viruses with regular updates. These updates may occur automatically or you'll be prompted to install them.
You can find out more about firewalls and anti-virus software by taking a look at the relevant sites listed in the Related Links section at the end of this guide.
Use strong passwords
Don't make it easy for someone to pretend to be you online. Services like internet banking or email will often ask you for a password to stop strangers from accessing your private information.
Never pick obvious passwords like your user name, real name, date of birth, names of family members or simple sequences like 'abcdef' or '123456'.
Criminals are becoming more and more skilled at hacking into accounts by guessing weak passwords. For example, a commonplace word (which you would find in a dictionary) could be cracked by hacking programs.
Remember to use different passwords for different websites and to change your passwords regularly.
Be smart and come up with strong passwords - ones that are a combination of letters (upper and lower case), numbers and symbols. But don't make them so complicated that you can't remember them!
Don't reveal too much
Also, be cautious about revealing personal and private details or your email address when you're online. This is especially important when you're using social networking sites. Make sure you're happy with your privacy settings.
Your identity and personal information are valuable to criminals.
If they get hold of details such as your full name, address, date of birth, phone number, as well as credit card details or bank account numbers, there's a risk that they might steal your identity. This means that they could apply for products or services in your name.
Check for secure sites
Of course, sometimes you may need to enter personal details on a website. So get used to checking that the site is secure.
Look out for a small padlock symbol in the address bar (or elsewhere in your browser window) and a web address beginning with https:// (the s stands for 'secure').
And, if you want to download a product, a picture or a file, make sure it's from a website that you trust - for example, a reputable company site, a site that you have used safely in the past, or a site that a trustworthy friend or family member has recommended to you.
Consider your location
Finally, think about where you are. Be aware of who is around you and what they might be able to see over your shoulder. If you're not using your own computer, don't leave behind any details or open pages when you've finished.
Also, when you're using a wireless internet service (also known as 'Wi-Fi') on any computer in a public place, you cannot guarantee that the network is secure. This applies even if you have been given a password to use.
If you can avoid it, it's best not to send or receive private information when using a public wireless network.
There's so much to discover and enjoy in the online world. By taking a few simple precautions, you can feel safer while you're exploring the web.


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Refrigerate your fishing missions with the A/C relief of Simms' Stone Cold Shirt. Core climate management stems from Cool Control™ fabric technology, which wicks and dumps unwanted heat for a fresh fit in the hottest climates. Straight hem styling and off shoulder seems add all-day comfort, while COR3 tech blocks cancer-causing rays. Available in two new plaids for an enlightened aesthetic to your perspiration-free fishing.
Once you put on COR3™ clothing you'll never give it a second thought. This next evolution in fabric technology has a UPF 30 sun protection rating, wicks away moisture and keeps you odor free on the water and out on the town. All of our shirts utilizing cotton or cotton blend fabrics also feature EZ finish, our easy care treatment built for wrinkle-free travel and minimal care – and right off the rack they feel like an old favorite you've been wearing for years.
Cool Control™ is a cool touch fabric technology that utilizes recycled Jade stones that are converted into a fine powder and implanted into the yarn. This green technology offers a sustainable solution for cool wearing garments and also provides the wearer with anti-odor, wicking and quick-dry performance. Clothing featuring Cool Control is idal fo warm fishing environments. Combined with Simms' COR3™ fabric technology, shirts are ideal for providing comfor and sun protection for all-day wear on the water.


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The Car People are a leading stockist of used Renault Grand Scenic cars in Manchester and are here to help you choose a Renault Grand Scenic your way, and in your time. If our wide selection of used Renault Grand Scenic cars doesn't take your fancy then not to worry, we have loads of fantastic used cars in stock, including 4x4s, family cars and sports cars. We also have car finance available on any of our used Renault Grand Scenic cars today. We aren't pushy sales men that want you to buy just any used car, we pride ourselves on our hassle-free approach and want to make sure that the experience of buying a used car is as easy as possible. If you don't find what you're looking for let us know and we'll email you when the ideal car comes in stock.
Minimum Monthly Payment
Maximum Monthly Payment
This search is based on a repayment period of 60 months with a £200 deposit. If you want to tailor the terms of your finance search, please use our finance calculator.


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U.S. Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission
Agency Charges Georgia Military College Subjected African-American Groundskeeper to Racial Abuse
ATLANTA - Georgia Military College violated federal law by committing race discrimination at its Milledgeville, Ga., location, U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) charged in a lawsuit that it filed yesterday.
In its lawsuit, Civil Action No., 5:11-cv-00023, filed in U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Georgia, Macon division, the EEOC alleges that Georgia Military College Foundation, Inc., doing business as Georgia Military College, subjected Solomon Mosley, an African-American groundskeeper, to a racially hostile work environment over a four-year period.
Race discrimination violates Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. The EEOC filed suit after first attempting to reach a pre-litigation settlement through its conciliation process.
The federal agency seeks compensatory and punitive damages for the harmed employee, as well as injunctive relief designed to prevent such discrimination in the future.
The EEOC enforces federal laws prohibiting employment discrimination. Further information about the EEOC is available on the agency's web site at www.eeoc.gov.


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Supplier Award Presented to Sheetmetal Fabricator
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Wednesday, September 1, 2010
Contract sheetmetal fabricator CGI Automated Manufacturing, Inc., Romeoville, IL, is the sole U.S. recipient of the Excellent Supplier Award from the American Purchasing Society. Nominated by its customer Focal Point, a manufacturer of light fixtures and lighting systems, CGI performs laser cutting, CNC turret punching, rolling, forming, assembly, robotic welding and powder coating. Focal Point nominated CGI for its near-perfect delivery and quality record; CGI provides Focal Point with 1165 line items.
See also: CGI Automated Manufacturing, Inc.
Related Enterprise Zones: Fabrication
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- Inside Athletics
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Johnson City, Tenn. -- The East Tennessee State University athletic department announced today that Josh Kite (Greeneville, Tenn.) has signed a National Letter of Intent to join head coach Tony Skole's Buccaneer baseball program next fall.
Kite, a senior at Chucky-Doak High School, is a stand-out left-handed pitcher as well as playing in the field. Last year, Kite was a member of the Johnson City Press Super 22 team while playing for head coach Tim Lady. This season, Kite is a candidate for Tennessee High School Player of the Year.
At the plate, Kite is hitting .402 with 14 home runs and 41 RBIs. He has stroked 35 hits -- 10 doubles -- and has scored 40 runs as a first baseman/outfielder. On the mound, Kite has been equally impressive, posting a 7-1 record and a 1.65 earned run average so far this season. The left-hander has struck out 106 batters in 55.1 innings pitched.
Arguably the most saught after recruit in Chucky-Doak history, Kite has hurled one perfect game and one no-hitter so far this year. He struck out 11 in throwing a perfect game against Johnson County while his no-hitter came against Tennessee High.
"We are extremely excited to have Josh joining our baseball family here at ETSU," Skole said. "Kite is an extremely talented young man who will immediately make an impact in our baseball program. He is having a tremendous senior season and we think he is one of the top high school players in the entire state of Tennessee. Josh is a quality young man and comes from a great family. He is definitely going to be a bright spot in the near future for the ETSU baseball program.
Kite joins Justin Adams (Kingsport, Tenn.), Bryan Crouse (Morristown, Tenn.), and Scott Rose (Soddy Daisy, Tenn.) in the 2000 recruiting class.