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For this morning we come to 2 Corinthians chapter 11 again. We're looking at a portion of Scripture that starts in verse 22 and runs down to verse 33. The general category that we're studying in this portion of the epistle falls under the title, "Apostolic credentials." As you well know, the apostle Paul is here giving his credentials. He is comparing himself to the false apostles in Corinth and showing his superiority to them. They are messengers of Satan, they are disguised as angels of light but they are deceivers and they are liars and they false apostles. They are doing the work of Satan to destroy the church and pervert the gospel. But the people unfortunately have listened to them and Paul is forced to defend himself against them. And so he is reluctantly comparing himself in this section to the false apostles, and in most remarkable ways demonstrates his superiority to them. He wants the people to trust in him because he is the messenger of God.
And I've titled kind of the general tone of this "Humble Boasting...Humble Boasting." Paul is forced into boasting but never to the point of sacrificing his true humility and thus he demonstrates and maintains his godliness, even when forced against his will to have to boast about himself as superior to the false apostles.
Let me begin our look at this section on humble boasting with a quote that is taken out of a book called Future Grace, written by John Piper. This is what he writes, "Humility is not a popular human trait in the modern world. It's not touted in the talk shows or celebrated in valedictory speeches or commended in diversity seminars or listed with corporate core values. And if you go to the massive self-help section of your sprawling mall bookstore, you won't find many titles celebrating humility. The basic reason for this is not hard to find. Humility can only survive in the presence of God. When God goes, humility goes. In fact, you might say that humility follows God like a shadow. We can expect to find humility applauded in our society about as often as we find God applauded."
"In my local newspaper," he writes, "recently a guest editorial captured the atmosphere of our time that asphyxiates humility. This is what the article said: 'There are some who naively cling to the nostalgic memory of God. The average church goer takes a few hours out of the week to experience the sacred, but the rest of the time he is immersed in a society that no longer acknowledges God as an omniscient and omnipotent force to be loved and worshiped. Today we are too sophisticated for God. We can stand on our own and we're prepared and ready to choose and define our own existence.' " Then Piper adds, "In this atmosphere, humility cannot survive. It disappears with God. When God is neglected, the runner-up god takes His place, namely man. And that by definition is the opposite of humility, namely the haughty spirit called pride. So the atmosphere we breathe is hostile to humility," end quote.
Well he's right. When God goes, humility goes because humility is an appropriate response to an understanding of the presence of God. And when God goes and man becomes his own god, man becomes proud. Pride is then turning from God to trust in oneself and most of us are very familiar with it and it is a sin to be forsaken. We're commanded repeatedly in Scripture to humble ourselves, both in the Old and the New Testament, particularly in the light of God who's worthy of our humble praise and adoring worship.
Humility then in a sense is the purest and highest of virtues. We could say that the humbler you are, the more you have bowed your knee to God. When you truly know God and love God and adore God and worship God and honor God and seek God's glory, it is consequent upon that commitment to be humble. Therefore the purest and highest of virtues is humility. At the same time, the most heinous sin of all is the opposite of that which is pride. All sin is an affront to God, all sin reflects a turning from God. For example, the sin of covetousness is turning away from God and God's provision to find satisfaction in material things and things you don't possess. Lust is turning away from God's gift of sex to find satisfaction in sexual sin. Anger is turning away from God's justice and God's retribution to find your own personal vengeance and satisfaction. Impatience is turning away from God's will and the circumstances God has allowed to find satisfaction in the design that you have made for your own life at your own pace on your own timetable. Anxiety is turning away from God's sovereignty to seek to control your own life. Fear is turning away from God's power to succumb to the dread of other powers. And so it goes for all sin. No matter what sin you define, all sin is somehow a turning away from God. And pride, of course, is the ultimate idolatry because it turns away from God to replace him with oneself. Pride is most wicked because it is turning from God to find satisfaction in self. Godly people are not proud, they are marked by humility. And that was true of the apostle Paul.
Because he was a godly man, he resisted pride. In writing to the Philippians he said that we're not to look on our own things but on the things of others. We're to consider others better than ourselves. We're to have the mind of Christ who thought it not something to be held onto to be equal with God but gave Himself up, divested Himself of all of those glorious prerogatives, took upon Himself the form of a servant, became as a man and humbled Himself to death.
So it is precisely at a very difficult point that we find Paul in 2 Corinthians. Because he is a godly man, because he is a humble man, and because he has been forced to have to defend himself and prove himself superior to other men, he is caught in a very difficult balancing act. On the one hand, he is a humble man, on the other hand, he must boast about his superiority. This is a serious tension and a very distasteful one to him that he is being forced to defend himself as the true apostle of Jesus Christ, he's being forced to compare himself with false apostles, and demonstrate his superiority to them, and at the same time manifest the true humility of his heart. And that's a tough balancing act. He is therefore forced into this humble boasting. These false teachers, as we've been saying all along, have begun to corrupt the church and the church is at stake and the gospel is at stake and the truth is at stake and Paul can't sit idly by and let them succeed. And the best way to call a halt to it is to demonstrate his own superiority to them and then remind the people of the truth of God.
As we come to chapter 11 and verse 22 we come to the section of Scripture in which Paul compares himself to these false apostles. It is something he does very reluctantly. Clear back in chapter 10 verse 12 he says, "We are not bold or anxious to class or compare ourselves with some of those who commend themselves." He starts there by saying...I really don't like to do this. And he's been giving disclaimer after disclaimer after disclaimer, all the way from 10:11...or, 10 verse 12 through chapter 11 verse 21. That whole section is one long disclaimer. I really am forced to do what I don't want to do. He is very reluctant to boast about himself, to even say what is true about himself. He's very reluctant to compare himself with others, but he's been forced to do it for the sake of the church and the sake of the gospel. And I'm so glad that he was forced to do this, in a sense, because therefore he has given to us this magnificent look at his truly humble character. He has maintained his humility all through this section, even while having to boast about his superiority. It is a great glimpse of true humility in operation.
Now as we come to verse 22, just a brief reminder. He starts out in verse 22 by showing that he is at least the equal of the false apostles. He does it by three times in verse 22 saying, "So am I...So am I...So am I." They parade their credentials, their racial credentials, their national credentials, their religious credentials. They are Hebrews, they're Israelites, they're descendants of Abraham. Well so am I. So on the level of nationality, on the level of race, on the level of religious heritage, he is at least their equal. And those were important with regard to apostolic privilege. One needed to belong to Israel and be a part of the seed of Abraham and be a Hebrew in order to qualify to be an apostle. And on that, he is their equal. In the category of racial and religious heritage, he is their equal. But starting in verse 23 he talks about his superiority and it is basically expressed in the phrase, "I more so," and then, "far more," "far more." He goes from the area of equality in verse 22 to the area of superiority in verse 23 and following. And all the way down to chapter 12 verse 13 he is presenting himself as superior to the false apostles. And again I remind you, this is something he doesn't really like to do, he is forced to do it and we're glad he was forced to do it because of the richness of this passage and how it indicates the humility of the man even in the midst of comparing himself with others.
He starts then in verse 23 with his credentials. Here are his credentials of superiority. Number one, we started with this one last time, his experience of suffering. Verse 23, "Are they servants of Christ? I speak as if insane. I more so, in far more labors, in far more imprisonments, beaten times without number, often in danger of death. Five times I received from the Jews 39 lashes, three times I was beaten with rods, once I was stoned. Three times I was shipwrecked, a night and a day I've spent in the deep." We'll stop at that point.
It's quite remarkable because you would assume that if a man is going to show his superiority as an apostle and as a teacher, he might start out by talking about his heritage, his background, his education, his mentors, his schooling, his experience, his success, his achievements, his accomplishments and all of that. But he doesn't do that. He goes right to the most dominant feature of his life as an apostle, which was suffering. And suffering is the truest and purest evidence that he is the minister of God because if, in fact, he is an effective minister of God, we would expect suffering to follow. Why? Because he is representative of the light invading this dark world. This world is fallen, this world is wicked and sinful, this world is unbelieving, this world is cursed, this world lies in the lap of the evil one, Satan the prince of the power of the air, the god of this world. It is his domain. It is his kingdom. It is his chaos. It belongs to him. And if this man is proclaiming the gospel of Jesus Christ invading that kingdom of darkness, if he is bringing the light to bear upon it, we would expect that he would be marked by suffering. And the greater the impact of his ministry, the greater the consequent retaliation by the kingdom of darkness. So the more suffering, the more his credential is manifest.
And that is precisely what he's saying here. The dominant feature of his life has been suffering and that's proof positive that he has brought the truth to bear upon a kingdom of lies. Verse 23, he starts out, "Are they servants of Christ? I speak as if insane." He says that for the sake of argument. They go around proclaiming to be servants of Christ. We know that. Back in verse 13 of chapter 11, there are false apostles, deceitful workers disguising themselves as apostles of Christ. They're in disguised like Satan who has disguised himself as an angel of light. But they claim to be servants of Christ. All the effective false teachers claim to be servants of Christ. And for the sake of argument, Paul says, "Are they servants of Christ?" And then parenthetically he adds, "I speak as if insane." In other words, it's an insanity to even suggest that, but I suggest it sarcastically for the sake of argument. The whole discussion here is insane to start with. How is it that a man with the reputation of Paul, a man with a character of Paul, a man who had spent so long, so many months with the Corinthians, who had endeared himself to them, who had manifested his character day after day and night after night, they knew him very well, they knew his teaching very well, they knew his character very well, they knew the patterns of his life very well, and they knew well his effectiveness and his ministry had been spread abroad everywhere and word had spread from church to church and place to place about the man, it wasn't as if he was a mystery to them. But here came some false teachers, told some lies about Paul, and these people who knew better believed the lies. Why is it that people do that? They do. It is because of the subtleties of Satan's deceptions. Satan is wily and cunning and crafty and subtle.
I never cease to be amazed that that goes on even today, that you can spend years and years and years teaching and ministering and living your life in front of people and there's really no mystery about it and everything is an open book, and everything is known and it's all out there for people to see, and the character of your life and ministry is clearly established, someone comes along subtly, deceptively, spread lies, people buy them and they change their viewpoint. And you find yourself in the amazing position of having to try to defend in a conversation an accusation made against you that if measured against the years of ministry and life that is visible for everybody, are nothing but insanity. And that's what Paul is saying. The whole thing is insane, why am I even doing this? Why is this even being discussed? It's not as if you don't have enough information about me. And to even suggest on top of that insanity that these people are servants of Christ is another kind of insanity. But for the sake of argument, I'll ask the question...are they servants of Christ, then I more so. And here he launches into his superiority.
Their claim to be servants of Christ fall short. I am far more a servant of Christ than they are. And how does he prove it? "More labors, more imprisonments, more beatings, more shipwrecks," that's how he proves it, with his suffering. And we noted last time that what he mentions in verses 23 to 25 is really just a sort of a summation and the book of Acts doesn't record even all of those events. Those things happened to him, no doubt, more things happened to him, this is fairly even early in his ministry when he writes 1 Corinthians and there's a lot more that's going to happen later on of this same order of suffering. But Paul in wanting to prove himself an apostle starts out with his suffering.
Now that shouldn't really surprise us. If you have a little bit of history in your mind about what happened in the past before Paul to other preachers and prophets of God, you will understand why he uses this argument. You go back to the Old Testament and what did the people of Israel do to the true prophets? What did they do to Jeremiah? What did they do to the other prophets? Tried to silence them, threw them in a pit. What did they do to Isaiah? Well, we believe they sawed him in half. It's not anything new, it's the same age-old battle that those who spoke the truth of God against the kingdom of lies and darkness received retaliating persecution. In Matthew chapter 21 it was our Lord Himself who taught about how His spokesmen were always being mistreated. In Matthew 21 He gives a parable about a man who had a vineyard and he got it all prepared and then he gave it to a man to run for him. He hired a man to run his vineyard and he went on his long journey.
And when harvest time was come he sent his slaves to the vine growers to receive his produce. He sent some of his servants back to get the crop that had been harvested and the vine growers, the ones who had been running the vineyard in his absence took his slaves, beat one, killed another and stoned a third. And he sent another group of slaves larger than the first and they did the same thing to them, they just murdered them all. And what Jesus is talking about is simply this, the vineyard is God's vineyard, meaning the nation Israel, the people of Israel. Those who have been given the responsibility to work that vineyard in behalf of God, serve those people and produce a harvest are the Pharisees and the Jewish leaders. And the servants, or slaves, that are sent back to check on the crop are the prophets. And the whole picture of the parable is that the Jewish leaders have been massacring the prophets. That's what Jesus says. And finally, you remember, the man who owned the vineyard sent his son and what did they do to him? They killed him. Jesus is saying they killed the prophets and they're going to kill my son as well.
In Matthew 22 Jesus teaches the same thing in another story. He says in verse 2 there's a kingdom of heaven compared to a king who gave a wedding feast for his son. He sent out his slaves to call those who had been invited, that's Israel again. And he sends the prophets to call them to come and embrace his son. And what do they do? Down in verse 6, "They seize his slaves, mistreat them and kill them."
In chapter 23 of Matthew, Jesus again addressing the same issue, verse 37, "O Jerusalem, Jerusalem, who kills the prophets and stones those who are sent to her." Jerusalem became known as the city that killed the prophets.
So this isn't anything new. The apostles wound up being martyrs. It goes with the territory. It's like 2 Timothy where Paul says, "All who live godly in this present age will suffer persecution and the more godly you live, the more persecution and the more influential your godliness, the more persecution. Suffering marks God's righteous preachers. Not all of us will suffer to the degree that the apostle Paul will, few will. But suffering, nonetheless, is the mark. And the more suffering, the more evidently is this man the true spokesman of God.
Mark it out. The preachers who live in comfort and ease and wealth and prosperity are not the preachers of righteousness. The suffering preachers are.
Not finished with what he said for the sake of making the point firmly in verse 25, he adds verse 26 and 27, let's look at them. Still talking about his experience of suffering, verse 26, "I've been on frequent journeys in dangers from rivers, dangers from robbers, dangers from my countrymen, dangers from the Gentiles, dangers in the city, dangers in the wilderness, dangers on the sea, dangers among false brethren. I've been in labor and hardship through many sleepless nights and hunger and thirst, often without food and cold and exposure."
Now he goes on with this litany of suffering. He says...let's go back to verse 26 and just briefly touch these things so you'll understand what he's talking about..."I've been on frequent journeys." We've only had three major missionary journeys, they're mostly outlined in any study of the book of Acts. But within and around and after those three major journeys, there were many, many other trips. And in all of that travel that he did in the ancient world, he was in danger. He was in a high-risk operation because of threatening people, and threatening circumstances. And he lists some of the issues that he had to contend with.
First of all, he starts with the physical realm. Dangers from rivers. Bridges were few and floods were frequent. That sums it up. Bridges were few and floods were frequent. And fording rivers to get to where he had to go was a great, great challenge and posed the threat of drowning. He adds that he was in danger from robbers. The highways of the ancient world were littered with the carnage that was wrought upon people by brigands and highwaymen, as they were called, robbers. In fact, just one journey that Paul took, according to Acts 13, from Perga to Antioch of Pisidia required him to travel through the Taurus Mountains, very rough, very rugged terrain and famous for being infested with highwaymen because there were so many places where they could hide. And in order to cross the Taurus Mountains on that one journey alone, he would have had to forded two very dangerous and flood-prone rivers, as well as having to content with the potential of robbers.
And then he mentions in verse 26, "Dangers from my countrymen," meaning the Jews. The Jews frequently sought his life. Every town he went into he started preaching in the synagogue. Some of the Jews responded and believed in Jesus as Messiah and were saved. But the majority of them generally reacted with hostility and fury and sought his life and he literally had Jews all over the place plotting his death. Acts 9 records it, it happened in Acts 13, 14, Acts 17, Acts 18, Acts 20 and Acts 21 where he refers to the plotting of the Jews. In fact, Acts 20 he mentioned the plotting of the Jews as a general category. They hated his gospel because they hated the idea that Jesus was their Messiah and they wanted to silence Paul and they wanted to silence him by executing him, or assassinating him.
And then he adds that he had also been in danger from the Gentiles, not as often as from the Jews, but there was danger. For example, in the town of Philippi in Acts 16 where he was thrown into the Philippian jail, and, of course, he was in danger of losing his life there. And then in Acts chapter 19 when a riot started in Ephesus, he was in danger of losing his life to the mob there. So there were times when the Gentiles would have taken his life if they could, and there were many, many times when the Jews would have done it.
He adds this relentless danger in the city, and there he just has in mind every place he went where a mob scene responded with some kind of violence. Ephesus, that would be Ephesus, Jerusalem, they tried to take his life in Jerusalem, you remember, when he returned. Philippi, Iconium, Lystra, Thessalonica, it happened in Berea, it could have happened there, certainly could have happened in Corinth, as well, according to Acts 18. He had dangers in the city from those who wanted him dead.
And then he adds "in the wilderness." And these would be the dangers of exposure and that would be an exposure not only to the elements, to the cold and the rain and the snow and whatever else might have been there from the standpoint of the natural elements, but also the wild animals that inhabited those mountains would have been a threat to him...bears and lions and things like that.
It also indicates to us, in the wilderness, that he didn't stay on the well-traveled roads all the time. A lot of times you travel off the beaten path because you could avoid the robbers if you did that. Maybe because of some of the places he was going and some of the escape routes he had to take, he was unduly exposed in the wilderness because he left the well-traveled paths.
Then he adds in verse 26 that he had faced dangers on the sea, on his many sailing journeys which we talked about in connection with verse 25. And there were even more of those yet to come, including the wreck that would occur as recorded in Acts 27 which hadn't happened yet when he wrote this.
But on top of all of that, the worst and most potentially harmful danger of all, verse 26, "Dangers among false brethren." Is there anything worse than Judas traitors? Is there anything worse that people who come alongside you, claim to be your brother and do everything they can to destroy you? He refers to these false brethren also in Galatians 2. In Galatians chapter 2, I think it's verse 4, yes the false brethren who had sneaked in to spy out our liberty. False brethren were sneaking around trying to undermine Paul. They were pretending to be true Christians. Among them would be the false apostles at Corinth and the Judaizers who dogged his steps everywhere and tried to confuse his churches. They were the wolves in sheep's clothing. They were the perverse men that would rise up, he talked about in Acts 20, in the church. He despised the threat of false brethren who famed love and affection like Judas and were at heart traitors and betrayers. So in addition to the danger around him from natural peril, the danger around him from people who wanted him dead, the danger from mobs, the danger from exposure to the elements and wild animals, there was the danger of the destruction of his ministry by the false brethren who followed him, doing Satan's work of destruction. The man had a heroic devotion to ministry to go through all of this, just a heroic devotion to the ministry in the face of severe danger every day...every day.
And then in verse 27 he adds to that which came upon him his own struggle. "I've been labor and hardship," he means by that he had to work in his own ministry to sustain himself. Labor and hardship are two words that have to do with one's work. Labor means...it's kopos, to work to the point of exhaustion. And mochthos, hardship, is a hardship related to a prolonged trial, a prolonged difficulty. So what he's talking about is this long-term relentless, unmitigated, unending difficulty of life in just trying to eke out a living. He uses labor and hardship to refer to his work and he does that on a number of occasions. First Thessalonians 2:9, "You recall, brethren, our labor and hardship," same two words, "how working night and day so as not to be a burden to any of you." In other words, he's talking about his earning his living, his leather work, his making tents. On top of all of the suffering and all of the danger and all of the difficulty that he faces and mentions and all of the pain and suffering that he talked about in verses 23 to 25, he has to earn his own way and do that as well as preach and minister everywhere.
By the way, in 2 Thessalonians 3:8 he uses those two words again. He says, "We kept working night and day with labor and hardship so that we might not be a burden to any of you." He didn't want to have to depend on them for his support so he worked.
The result of that, back to verse 27, "Through many sleepless nights." It wasn't because he was worried and full of anxiety and couldn't sleep. It wasn't because he had insomnia. The reason he stayed up all night is because he had to work. All day ministry, all day preaching, and then he had to work all night in order to support himself. He had to work all night to earn his living and the living of all those who traveled with him. There were sleepless nights because they were nights of labor. In fact, sometimes he even preached all night. That's right. You can go back to the twentieth chapter of Acts and you can see that the believers met on the first day of the week in the morning to break bread and Paul began to preach to them and it says he preached to them until midnight. Now that's a long sermon. He started in the morning and he's still preaching at midnight and there's a guy on the third floor and a guy falls out of the window because he fell asleep during the sermon. And he fell down three stories and was killed. And you know what they did? Acts 20, they went down and raised him from the dead and brought him back up because Paul wasn't finished. Brought him back up from the dead and said, "Now sit down, I'm not done." And listen, the text of Acts 20 says, "He preached until morning, until daybreak." That's a long service, a 24-hour sermon. Some of the sleepless nights were sleepless nights because he was feeding hungry, hungry, hungry sheep. Some of them were because he was working with his hands. Many sleepless nights. He didn't get proper rest. But I guess it worked out all right for him because the Lord never intended for him to die a natural death of old age, he was going to get his head chopped off prematurely.
He also found it difficult even working all night, preaching, traveling, staying out of danger, he found it difficult to make enough to sustain himself so he says in verse 27, "In spite of all his work, in spite of many sleepless nights of labor, he had experienced hunger and thirst often without food in cold and exposure." There were times when he didn't have enough to eat, he didn't have enough to drink, he didn't have enough to keep him warm and he didn't even have a place to stay. Inadequate food, that even happened when he was at Corinth, he mentions in chapter 11 verse 9, "When I was present with you and in need." I didn't even tell you about it. When he says "often without food," he's not talking about spiritual fasting. Just as an interesting footnote, there's only one occasion in the New Testament where you see Paul fasting and that's in Acts 13 with the pastors of the church at Antioch as they prayed and fasted before the Holy Spirit while the Holy Spirit was selecting from them, Paul and Barnabas, to go on this missionary tour to the Gentiles. After the commencement of his missionary work, there is no evidence that Paul ever fasted again. So this is not some kind of spiritual fast, this is a man who just doesn't have enough money or a place to purchase food. And he's cold. The end of his life, 2 Timothy 4:13, he tells Timothy to go find Crispus [Carpus] and get his coat and bring it to him. How did Crispus [Carpus] get it? Well he probably needed it so he left it with him. But he needs his coat. It's not like he has a wardrobe, he's here and his coat's there and it's the only coat he has, please could you bring it, I'm cold. It was a...it was a eking out a bare existence. Frankly this is enough to embarrass us today who suffer so little for the ministry and the gospel. We might hide our faces in shame.
But note this. When you're looking at the purest and truest apostle, he's going to be measured by his power against the kingdom of darkness. And that's going to be demonstrated by the level of persecution and suffering the man endures. The man endured the suffering of persecution because he was invading the kingdom of darkness and he endured just personal suffering and deep privation because he was so sold out to ministry. You know, the true and pure servants of God through the years are not the fat cats. They're not the people who are living at the highest level of comfort and wealth and prosperity. Those are the false teachers.
Paul would have this all reversed though and he knew what he wrote in Romans 8 was true, that sufferings in this world are not worthy to be compared with the glory which shall be revealed in us and he has entered into that glory now. And his eternal weight of glory must be monumental...monumental. And in all of this suffering his faith never diminished. In fact, it was just the opposite. In all of his suffering, his faith was strengthened. In Romans 8 he says in verse 35, "Who shall separate us from the love of Christ? Shall tribulation?" No, I've been through that, it didn't do it. "Shall distress?" No, I had that, didn't do it. "Shall persecution?" No, I experienced that and it didn't do it. "Famine?" No, that won't do it. "Nakedness?" No, that won't do it. "Peril?" No, that won't do it. "Sword?" No. Now how do you know that won't do it? I've been through all that. None of that separates you from the love of Christ. In fact, in all these things we overwhelmingly conquer through Him who loved us." He was more than a conqueror through it all.
So the first credential of true apostleship was suffering, and it is still the truest evidence of devotion to Christ. It's not how rich are you, it's how sacrificial are you. The false apostles never can demonstrate those credentials because they're in it for the money and personal gain.
Let me give you a second credential, and we'll stop with this one and do the other one in this chapter next time. The second credential, first, his experience of suffering; the second thing that marks him as a true apostle is his experience of sympathy...his experience of sympathy. Let me tell you something. If there's anything true about false apostles that can be added to the fact that they're in it for the money, for filthy lucre, it is that they are abusive of people, that they do not attempt to help people, they only use people. But notice the difference. Paul contrasting himself again with the false apostles who manipulated, abused and used these people for their own ends, he says this, "Apart from such external things," and I'll comment on that in a moment, "there is the daily pressure upon me of concern for all the churches. Who is weak without my being weak? Who is led into sin without my intense concern?"
Now let me help you to understand these two verses. They're very important. Verse 28, "Apart from such," and the translation is, NAS, is such external things. Literally "such other things...such other things." The Greek, tan pareictos[??] can mean "the things not mentioned." And that's what I think is the best usage here. So what he's saying is, in verses 23 through 27, "I've mentioned a lot of things, additionally I could mention other things but apart from other unmentioned things there is the daily pressure upon me of concern for all the churches." That's the basic gist of the translation. So the issue here is not external, the issue is exception. He's not saying these are all external things, that...that translation doesn't get at it. What he is saying is beyond what I've just listed and other things I didn't list there is the daily pressure of concern for the churches. I could have gone longer on the physical suffering, I could have gone longer on the persecution, beyond all of that what I said and what I didn't say, in addition to the list in verses 23 to 27 and other things not listed, there's even this...the daily pressure upon me of concern for all the churches. He's talking about his heart here. He's saying, "I feel the pain of the church's weakness. I feel the pain of the church's suffering." This man loved. That's why he could say to the Galatians, "I have birth pains until Christ is fully formed in you." That's why he can write the Philippians and the Thessalonians and all the other churches and say, "I don't cease to pray for you daily, praying for you, always in my prayers asking the Lord to make you strong, to build you up, to show you discernment and wisdom and knowledge and insight and understanding and to make you noble and to desire what is excellent," all of that because his heart was for his people.
Physical suffering was easier to endure, actually. He says in Philippians 4, "I've learned to be content in whatever circumstances I am. I know how to get along with humble means, I know how to live in prosperity. I've learned the secret of being filled and going hungry. I know what it is to have an abundance and suffer need, I can do all things through Him who strengthens me." That's the easy part of it. That's...that takes patience and trust in the Lord, but the hard part is enduring the suffering and the pain of the pressure of the churches. The man was concerned about his people, and that's the mark of a true apostle. He cared about his people.
In 1 Thessalonians chapter 2 he talks...he talks about his love for the people and he says, for example, "We prove to be gentle among you as a nursing mother tenderly cares for her own children." That's having a fond affection for you. I mean, he says down in verses 17 and following, "We were eager to see you, to see your face. You are our hope and joy and crown of rejoicing. You are our glory and you are our joy." The man had a true and honest and genuine sympathy for the people. His emotions were challenged to their limit. His endurance and stability was challenged to the max. Remember now, when he first heard that the Corinthians had bought into the lies of the false apostles, chapter 7 says he was depressed. You remember that? He was so depressed he had no heart left for ministry and he had an opportunity to preach in Troas, turned his back on an open door and bolted the place because he was so depressed. The man felt the pain of the weakness of his churches. He grieved over them. He agonized over them. He sweat over them. He prayed over them. He pled with them, he wrote them, he confronted them. He worked with them. That's the daily pressure.
Let me just take that apart. Daily...it never, ever went away, it was there every day. It never went away. He was burdened by the moral and spiritual and doctrinal issues among believers. He was...he was burdened by these matters. It applied, he says, "Pressure upon me," epistasis. By the way, that word is used, that word for "pressure upon me," is used in Numbers 16:40 in the Septuagint to refer to the hostile group led by Korah against Moses. It's...it's...it's like a rebellion, it's like a harassing, relentless, wailing assault. He says, "It assaults my peace and it assaults my joy and it assaults my tranquility and my satisfaction and my fulfillment. I...I'm all caught up in concern over the disobedient and immature believers in the church.
You can tell a true apostle because he's passionately consumed with the lives of his people. He wants to defend his church. That's why he's writing all of this. That's why he's making all these issues. How deeply does he feel this burden? How sympathetic really is he? Verse 29 answers the question. "Who is weak without my being weak?" That's real sympathy. Sympathy means to suffer with, empathy, to get in somebody else's skin. He's saying, "I care so much that when you're weak, I'm weak. When you hurt, I hurt." Like 1 Corinthians 12:26, "When one member of the body suffers, the whole body suffers."
False teachers, on the other hand, they don't care about the maturity of the believers. They don't care about their struggles. They don't care about their temptations and trials. They don't care about their...their drifting off into this and that. They don't care about anything. They are marked by selfishness. They are marked by abusive pride. They are exploiters of people. They ruthlessly take advantage of the weakness of people to come...to become rich and powerful. Just like Jesus said, "You devour widows' houses, you take the most weak of all and you consume them, you take all that they have." That's what false teachers do. They use people to make themselves rich and powerful. They're abusive, they're self-centered and their exploitational.
Paul's very opposite. He says, "When you're weak, I feel the pain. Your weakness does not work to my advantage, it works to my disadvantage. Your weakness works to the advantage of a false teacher." A false teacher likes nothing better than to move into a church of weak people and just exploit them. A true shepherd moves into a group of weak people and it becomes the biggest burden of his life. Their weakness did not work to his advantage, it worked to his disadvantage. It caused him immense pain.
Not only is he saddened at the failings and struggles and stumblings of the weak, and he talks about that in 1 Thessalonians 5:14, how important it is to strengthen the weak, but he was furious at the instigators of the fall of the weak, and he says that...look at it...verse 29, "Who is led into sin without my intense concern?" "Intense concern" is not a good translation, in my judgment, it's the Greek verb puroomai, that verb means "to set on fire...to set on fire, to inflame." When you lead one of God's people into sin, I am inflamed. That takes you back to Matthew 18:6, doesn't it? "You'd be better off if a millstone were tied around your neck and you were drowned in the depths of the sea, than to lead one of these little ones who believes in Me into sin," right? You better be careful how you treat God's people. Paul says, "Those of you who are leading these weak into sin, you're inflaming me," this is righteous indignation, holy indignation toward any who led his people into sin and turned them away from him as their teacher and from the church and from the truth.
Mark it down, folks, love is not the enemy of moral indignation, it is the partner of it. Sometimes when you get angry at false teachers pulling people away and people lying and destroying people's confidence in the church and having them leave the church and go away from the shepherds who love them and care for them, and you become confrontive about that, you're accused of not being loving. That's just the opposite of the truth. Holy indignation towards somebody leading people into sin is an expression of the purest kind of love. Somebody tries to kidnap my child, it's not unloving for me to defend him and to rescue my child from a would-be kidnapper. False teachers have no sympathy, they simply exploit people. Second Peter 2 says, "In their greed they exploit you with false words." That's what they do. Paul says, "I am on fire, I am inflamed about these false apostles leading you into sin."
Now there's the mark of a true apostle. Suffering...his experience of suffering first is experience of sympathy second. True marks of God's man. We'll save the third one for next time. Join me in prayer.
Father, we do thank You for this good word to us this morning and how it reminds us of the responsibilities of spiritual leadership which are ours, how we thank You that the word of instruction to us is so clear. We thank You for Your faithful shepherds, faithful leaders. We pray, O God, that You would cause Your people to be strong and not led astray, that You would give them good shepherds that truly love them and protect them. Lord, thank You for this word to us, help us to be faithful in whatever calling You've placed us, to be willing to suffer for the truth and to feel the pain of our brothers and sisters in their weakness and their struggles for these are not patterns of life from which all of us are exempt, but rather patterns of life which should characterize our living. We should all know a measure of suffering as we confront the lie with the truth, we should all demonstrate sympathy as we live within the body of Christ. We pray to that end that You might be glorified, for our Savior's sake. Amen.


text:
AUBURN UNIVERSITY – Dr. Bernhard Kaltenboeck, professor of pathobiology in Auburn University's College of Veterinary Medicine, and research associates Erfan Chowdhury and Yihang Li have developed a vaccine platform to treat intracellular diseases for which antibodies are ineffective.
When someone receives a vaccine, it usually means they are trying to build up antibodies toward a disease they do not want to get. For centuries, the approach has worked to prevent the spread of, or even eliminate, many diseases. However, antibodies are insufficient in preventing many other diseases.
"Some diseases occur primarily inside cells," said Kaltenboeck. "Perhaps it's a virus that harbors inside of cells, or small bacteria that infect cells as opposed to the surface of tissue, or a cancer. Antibodies are ineffective in these situations. What's needed is a cellular immune response that can remove these diseased cells."
To achieve that goal, Kaltenboeck, Chowdhury and Li detoured from tradition. Typically, large doses of vaccine are given because that means more antibodies are produced. Instead, they drastically lowered the dose – less than one hundredth of one percent as compared to traditional vaccines. This created a response by the body's immune cells, which is exactly what is needed for intracellular diseases. Such a response can serve as a preventive measure or as a way to treat chronic infections.
Further, the approach uses only short, synthetic protein fragments, or peptides, from the disease target. Current approaches to create a cellular response involve using actual pathogens, in whole or in part, in the vaccine formulation. By creating a fully manmade vaccine, the Auburn platform should prove to be not only safer, but also much less expensive.
The list of diseases that could benefit from the approach includes malaria, tuberculosis, HIV, dengue fever and cancer. Numerous commercially significant animal diseases are also candidates. Significant further development and testing is needed to advance the technology to the market, particularly for so many targets.
"As a public institution, we're very excited about the potential public benefit implications for this vaccine platform," said John Weete, assistant vice president for technology transfer and commercialization at Auburn University. "When you see the list of diseases that this technology could affect, the potential societal impact becomes self-evident. While we know we're very early in the process, we're still very optimistic about what this could do for both global public health and worldwide food production."
The Office of Technology Transfer has begun marketing the technology to major human and animal health companies. Nonprofit partnerships will also be pursued to seek development pathways for humanitarian targets such as malaria. The projected low cost of the vaccine opens doors for use of the platform against diseases in developing countries.
Further, given the relative simplicity of the formulations, multiple start-up companies could also be formed. Two are currently being contemplated: one for a viral infection that affects pigs and another for the bacterium Chlamydia, Kaltenboeck's primary research interest. Long associated with being a sexually transmitted disease, Chlamydia has numerous species that produce chronic infections in humans and animals, including cattle. The vaccine platform's effectiveness has already been demonstrated against Chlamydia in mice.
(Contributed by Brian Wright.)
Contact: Brian Wright, Office of Technology Transfer, (334) 844-7962 (email@example.com), or
Mike Clardy, Office of Communications and Marketing, (334) 844-9999 (firstname.lastname@example.com)

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Hubble Measures Deflection of Starlight by a Foreground Object
How Gravity Can Bend Starlight
This illustration reveals how the gravity of a white dwarf star warps space and bends the light of a distant star behind it.
White dwarfs are the burned-out remnants of normal stars. The Hubble Space Telescope captured images of the dead star, called Stein 2051 B, as it passed in front of a background star. During the close alignment, Stein 2051 B deflected the starlight, which appeared offset by about 2 milliarcseconds from its actual position. This deviation is so small that it is equivalent to observing an ant crawl across the surface of a quarter from 1,500 miles away. From this measurement, astronomers calculated that the white dwarf's mass is roughly 68 percent of the sun's mass.
Stein 2051 B resides 17 light-years from Earth. The background star is about 5,000 light-years away. The white dwarf is named for its discoverer, Dutch Roman Catholic priest and astronomer Johan Stein.


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350 Hemi, High Output Cummins
I read about it last night in Trailer Life.
Hope they get a better auto tranny for 2003.
Actually, I think its a 353 cid Hemi rated at 345 HP. I also heard that there may be a 300 HP version released in 2004 as well as a 375 HP version for Chrysler's return to a rear-wheel drive car platform with intentions of re-entering the police car market.
The auto transmissions that Dodge uses today have their basic mechanicals based on the A904 and A727 designs of the '60s and '70s. Those transmissions had a reputation for extremely reliable service, and in the case of the A727, exceptional durability in heavy duty applications. These are the predecessors to the 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, and 47REs today.
The "RE" series utilizes electronic shift controls and contains an overdrive unit not found on the older 904s and 727s. This is the two areas that have produced the major trouble spots in the RE series. However, Ford and GM have had similar problems with there electronic overdrives as well.
The 45RFE is a different transmission in most respects and doesn't share that much lineage with the old 904 & 727 units and these models have so far proven to be very reliable.
It is rumored that Dodge will introduce new variants of the RFE series, including a beefier 459RFE for the RAM 1500 series. Also rumored are extreme-duty 48RE and 49REs for the RAM 2500-3500 models. As most know Dodge elected to not take the Allison transmission despite previously having part ownership in that company and will build its own heavy duty unit for medium trucks and diesels. So far, judging from early reports from GM truck owners, it looks like Dodge may have made a good decision.
ryanbab Posts: 7,240The local police here have dodge intrepids as their new police cars. The look kinda funny0
I've read at www.allpar.com that the 5.7 hemi's manufacturing costs are lower then the OHC 4.7's! I bet they still charge more for it! I would kill to see this motor in the current style Dakota. Now that they cancelled the redesign (of the Dakota) I think it's a possibility, but not likely. Man I'd trade my 2000 R/T in on a 2004 or 2005 5.7 Dakota in a minute, especially if they finish that Mercedes designed 5-speed for it (the nv-3500 can't take the torque output of the current 360 let alone the 5.7, and the Rams nv-4500 won't fit the Dakota without a redesign.) Otherwise they are supposed to beef up the 45rfe to handle the 5.7 but judging from problems with it on the 99 Grand Cherokees when first introduced, I wouldn't want to be a test pilot.
That new Intrepid police package is supposed to be pretty awesome. They only will sell it to law inforcement, it's like a heavy duty, poor man's 300M.
The new cummings will be the top class of pickup diesels (heck, the current Cummings still is, and they have redesigned it!). It is supposed to have a bunch more power and yet be as quite as a gas motor. I think Dodge will be picking up some market share in the 2500, and 3500 series trucks in 2003 with these two new motors and the new style.0
Don't believe everything you read/hear.
GM tried to promote the Duramax diesel as being as quiet as a gasser, and no diesel smell.
While it is clearly the most quiet of the big diesels, it is also not anywhere near a gasser.
I am sure the new Cummins will likely provide many improvements over the current model, but will it be as quiet as a gasser, I'll believe it when I hear it.
Also, I know there has been discussion about the auto trannies, but the last I read anything official, D/C still is going to detune the new Cummins when it is mated to an Auto tranny. This is going to hurt their sales as the vast majority of HD trucks sold are sold with auto trannies. Both Ford and GM put full power in place with the auto units, which will leave the Cummins still in 3rd place in the power war.
I agree the new Cummins will likely be the best available diesel with a manual tranny. But I would definitely wait 2 years or so to allow them to work the bugs out.
That seems to be the trend based on Ford and GM redesigns.0
jaijay Posts: 162I believe Allison Transmission is a subdivision of GM and has been in the GM family since 1929.0
Will Dodge make a 'real' crewcab in their new lineup?
I like the Cummins best in diesels, but my buddies have had all kinda problems on older dodge trucks with their auto trannys and poor brake designs.
I bought a 2500hd CC last year, with the 6.0L and a 5 speed manual. If I coulda got a cummins in that 2500HD I woulda bought it! Noway do I want one of those Isuzu Duramax things....
The new Ford 600 diesel looks good too.
But I agree, we'll have to look at them a coupla years out.0
kg11 Posts: 530What's wrong with Isuzus Duramax? Our '98 Isuzu NPR has almost 300k with no engine or trans (Allison) problems.
Broken Rod, Damaged Crank at 40k miles. I did all the oil changes, vehicle towed a three rail motorcycle trailer, but other than that, no harsh use.
Catastrophic engine failure. Isuzu finally offered parts only, after dealing with their zone rep.
I won't ever buy another Isuzu or Isuzu derived product.....
BTW, had a blown head gasket on the previous vehicle, a Mazda PU at 40k miles, Mazda picked the whole thing up.
Both companies later had recalls for those problems, when I contacted Isuzu, they refused to compensate me for the $1500 labor bill, as I had sold the vehicle.
My Ford 7.3L diesel went 185,000 with nary a problem.......
Now my 6.0L GMC has light (annoying) piston slap in the 30s to 2 minute period post start.....0
I stand corrected. And I knew that, too since I was a GM employee.
I was thinking of New Process Gear, which was at one time wholly owned by Chrysler, and is now (I think) a joint venture between Chrysler & GM.
............were 1999 Grand Cherokees and the result of the wrong lubricant being installed at the factory. If I recall correctly, this affected approximately 18,000 units.
Some people who saw the street testing of the new cummings said they were as quite as a gas, not a factory claim. Here is a link to the Buzz:
Even the standard cummings for 2003 will be 250 HP @ 2900 RPM and 460 ft-lbs @ 1700 rpm with the automatic, and it too gets the new high pressure common rail injection. Ford's manual transmission diesels do have more HP then the autos, but the Chevy with the Allison is the same. It is yet to be seen if the new HO cummings will not be available with the automatic because there are some possibilities of using a mercedes truck automatic (possibly the reason they didn't go with the Allision.)
Dusty was right, even if Chrysler never owned any part of Allison, they did turn down the opportunity to use the Allison in the new ram. The contract to do it was signed by both parties but something went sour. Allison had even boosted production capasity and has since released a memo on their commitment to service other OEM then GM. The Allison is supposed to still show up in the Chassis Cab 3500, 4500, and 5500 series trucks though.0
Some information given to me by a good friend of mine regarding some pre-release specifications from Chrysler on the new 5.7L hemi motor:
-It will be 345 CID, not 353 as mentioned in various magazines. Horsepower will be 345.
-A 6.1L version will be introduced at a later date.
-The block will be made of high nickel content cast grey iron and incorporate a new process which will increase torsional rigidity by 28%. This helps reduce noise by -6dB. Cylinders will be deep skirt.
-The nodular sand cast crankshaft will be crossbolted with M12 caps and M8 crossbolts, internally counterbalanced and fully counterweighted, incorporate a new method of microfinishing that is better than the current Nissan motors, reducing bearing friction by 44% over the previous 360 CID.
-The new 345 will be 100 lbs. lighter than the 360 CID it will replace and dimensionally smaller.
-Bore will be 3.92. Stroke is 3.58.
-Pistons will be cast aluminum made by Mahle Castings. They will have a low friction skirt coating and will weight 412.000 grams.
-Deck height will be 9.25 inches. The cam tunnel will be 7.44 inches from the crankshaft centerline resulting in greatly shortened pushrods. This translates to less valvetrain mass, flex, and greater RPM capability.
-A seven quart oil pan will be used for truck applications.
-Oil pressure range will be 40 lbs minimum (idle) and 90 lbs. max at 3100 rpm.
-There will be two plugs per cylinder, but only eight plug wires.
-Valves will be 2.00 inches intake (18 degree seats) and 1.55 exhaust (15.5 degree seats). The heads will allow a maximum of 2.125 intake and 1.90 exhaust.
-Heads will be cast aluminum and the ports will be directly on the chamber centerline. Chambers will be 85cc and utilize a slightly flat roof at the chamber apex. Ten bolts per head. The head gasket is multi-layered and use "torque-to-yield fasteners.
- Compression ratio will be 10.5 on pump gas.
-Valve springs will be low-mass, low pressure "beehive" single spring units and rated at 94 lbs seat pressure.
-Camshaft will be roller type and incorporate low-inertia, investment cast rockers. Rocker ratio is 1.65:1.
_The induction system will use a 80mm sidedraft throttle body, tuned-runner nylon plastic manifold. Runners are just over 14 inches long.
great info.
But with that bore and stroke I get 345.6 in^3
Aint that a 346 cubic inch engine?
Is pump gas premium?
I've had great luck racing with Mahle pistons, but I thought they mostly made forged?0
I don't remember seeing anything on the octane requirement. 10.5 CR seems a little high compared to 87 octane engines nowadays, but hemispherical combustion chambers are more tolerant of octane at higher CRs. Depending on the ignition timing curve, its probably do-able.
The HO cummings is goin to be available with a new automatic starting In January of 2003. The new transmission is rated for the full output of the HO cummings so that should help the Rams sales quite a bit. No more excuses about the automatic being detuned.0
Will the new auto tranny last.
The big problem with the current generation isn't so much the detuned engine, its the tranny that doesn't last behind it.
I don't know how many buyers are going to be willing to risk finding out if Dodge can build an auto tranny worth a damn. Especially when the engine in front is turning 550 ft/lbs.0
Do you have any studies done buy a research agency like JD powers to prove different failure rates of automatics form different makes? I highly doubt (especially considering Dodge has the longest powertrain warranty and it would cost them a fortune) that they fail at any greater rate then other manufactures in a similar application. I have never personally known anyone that has had a transmission failure on any make of car of truck, so have difficulty understanding the fixation so many have on the subject. I'm sure lots of folks can come forward with a story about their brother-in-laws neighbor who had a transmission go out in his... but unless you compare actual repair records to number of trucks sold the stories mean nothing. Besides the Cummings is the only diesel motor I know of with it's own fan club, talk about mass positive testimonials there! Just looking for brother-in-law stories, it would seem that that new Allison is having quite a few teething problems considering how few are actually on the road.0
You honestly don't know anyone who has ever had an automatic transmission failure????? Dang, I wish I were that lucky. I've had one go out on a Chevy truck, and my wife's has been acting funny.0
I can't think of anybody close right off the top of my head. My dad had some problems with a Chevy Blazer and one of his Dodge Caravans but neither of them proved to be a whole transmission. Just a part failure, or the wrong fluid in the case of the Dodge. Neither cost more the $100 to fix. I am a believer that more then 1/2 of the transmssions replaced or "rebuilt" were in need of only a specific part or two, not the entire assembly. Poeple are to afraid of the mysterious workings of the automatic transmissions and the repair sops just pray on this. It's like rebuilding or replacing your motor cause your water pump is bad, or your valve guides are worn. For some reason people will target and fix a specific motor problem but if the transmission is just acting weird they want a whole new one! Now we have blown up a clutch or two in my memories but that was pure abuse!0
The shops love those people!!!! I can hear it now, "My car dies everytime I put it in gear" says the car owner. "Sounds bad. I think you probably need a new transmission" says the shop owner. The car owner considers the $2,300 price for the new(rebuilt) tranny, then says "Well, it's expensive, but I gotta have it."
9 times out of 10 all that problem turns out to be is the torque convertor control switch. Worst case scenario, a $200 fix, usually less than $75. I think you have hit the nail on the head with a lot of tranny repairs. Most people are scared to death of an auto when it comes to fixing them.
Come to think of it, recently my neighbor came over all worked up over the tranny on his Olds. He just knew the tranny was toast. Well, I looked at it, got it to do exactly what he said it was doing, and told him it was the TCC switch. He took it to a shop, they told him rebuild. He told them what I said and they said, well that could be the problem. They were going to take him, but since he already had an idea what was wrong, they knew better than to push it. Just one of the many reasons why I do 95% of my own maintenance and repairs.0
How did this thread get so far off topic?!?!0
Everybody's got some anecdotal story about transmissions. Around here there seems to be a higher propensity of failures on the Power Stroke autos. My daughter rides horses and the Power Stroke owners don't seem to be very pleased with the automatic transmissions.
I've heard of one Dodge diesel and 4 or 5 GM's failing. I personally know one Dodge diesel owner and at over 200,000 miles his transmission is going strong. I know two Chevy diesel owners and one had a torque converter failure early on but other than that they've been good.
The new B series Cummins engine is reported by the manufacturer to put out more than 300 hp and 540 ft.bs of torque. With the new injection system it is estimated to be about 40% quieter than the 2002 version. If this is true and the new transmission design works out; this should take over the market place! The previous transmission failures that I've seen were not of the "catastrophic" type. I'm sure that an analysis of the problem would reveal that replacement of te failed parts would correct the problem. Most ransmission shops don't like their tech's taking up that kind of time when they can sell you a rebuilt unit installed in less than half the time and move on to the next customers vehicle. I do know of a shop in Huntinton Beach, CA. that will pull the Mopar Auto, modify it and reinstall it. Those who have done this have not been reporting failures.0
sawdin Posts: 5First off, great board! Any guesses what the new HO 5.9L Cummins Diesel will get for gas mileage? Also, what are people getting with the current 5.9L for mileage.
Message to sawdin. I spoke to the Dodge Truck Zone rep inmy area and he says his staff has been using two of the new updated Cummins 5.9 and have reported consistent highway numbers of 21 mpg and as high as 24 mpg. Thats unloaded in the central valley area of California. He says the mountain road experience is about 17-19 mpg. There are two issues of this engine. The 49 state version and the California version. (Reminiscent of the gas engines) and the non-California version out does the other in horse power, torque and fuel economy. Does that help?0
ezshift5 West coastPosts: 858....well, it's been almost a year.........
It looks like 22 MPG for the latest edition of the 24v Cummins B series would be a fair call.
Any new fuel efficiency for the Cummins avail?
best, ez0


text:
Australian Standard Geographical Classification - Remoteness Area (ASGC-RA 2006)
Note: the layers on the map locator have been generalised by 40 metres to enable reasonable load times in the web environment.
What is ASGC-RA (2006)?
The purpose of the structure is to classify data from census Collection Districts (CDs) into broad geographical categories, called Remoteness Areas (RAs). The RA categories are defined in terms of 'remoteness' - the physical distance of a location from the nearest Urban Centre (access to goods and services) based on population size. A primary advantage of the new classification system is that the remoteness structure is updated each census, which commenced with the census year 2001. It was updated recently on 8 November 2007 after the 2006 census.
What are the RA Categories?
RA1 - Major Cities of Australia
RA2 - Inner Regional Australia
RA3 - Outer Regional Australia
RA4 - Remote Australia
RA5 - Very Remote Australia
How is RA Calculated?
Remoteness is calculated using the road distance to the nearest Urban Centre in each of five classes based on population size. The key element in producing the RA structure is the preparation of the Accessibility/Remoteness Index of Australia (ARIA+) grid – a statistical geography structure created by the National Key Centre for Social Applications of Geographic Information System (GISCA), Adelaide University, South Australia.
ARIA+ scores are first calculated for each Urban Centre, in 1km square grids. These are then added together, covering the whole geography of Australia. Each grid square carries a score of remoteness from an index of scores ranging from zero through to 15.
RAs are created by averaging the ARIA+ scores within CDs, then aggregating the CDs up into the 5 RA categories based on the averaged ARIA+ score.
What is the RA classification of my locality?
The Map Locator allows users to choose a location anywhere in Australia and instantly view details on the RA classification and incentives available.
The RA Locator can assist health professionals to make informed decisions about where they want to work, through offering accurate information about programs and incentives available for specific locations.
When is the ASGC-RA (2006) classification system to be introduced?
Which programs will switch to RA classification?
What is the grandparenting clause?
Rural, Remote and Metropolitan Areas (RRMA)
Please note the RRMA classification presented on the Map Locator is indicative only. For precise RRMA classification of an area please contact DoctorConnect.


text:
University of Florida
Florida Gators knock out UCLA, advance to Elite Eight
Scottie Wilbekin spent most of Thursday night's game trying to find his shooting touch.
But even with their star point guard struggling, the Gators repeated their recent outcomes against UCLA in the NCAA Tournament.
Michael Frazier II finished with a game-high 19 points and Wilbekin finally found rhythm in the second half, scoring 10 of his 13 points, to help Florida emerge with their fourth consecutive Elite Eight appearance following a 79-68 victory over the Bruins in the South Region semifinal at the FedEx Forum.
"I thought we were playing a very, very unique team style of play-wise," Gators coach Billy Donovan said. "It was probably a little different game for our team as it related to our guards having to play post defense more so than they ever had to do before, and our bigs having to guard really good perimeter shooters.
"Our guys stayed the course."
The Gators (35-2), the top overall seed in the NCAA Tournament, won their 29th consecutive game in front of a crowd of 14,991 and will next try to reverse its recent trend of coming up short on the doorstep of the Final Four when they face Dayton (26-10) Saturday night.
"From a team aspect, I think we've done a great job all year of just staying in the moment and just trying to chase greatness," Frazier said.
Dayton, the No. 11 seed and Cinderella story of this year's tournament so far, beat Stanford 82-72 in the earlier South Region semifinal to advance to its first Elite Eight since 1984.
The Gators will vie for their fourth Final Four appearance and first since winning the second of back-to-back national titles in 2007.
"It feels great because our goal coming into [Thursday] was to make it to the Elite Eight, and that's what we did," Wilbekin said. "Right now we have to put this game behind us and get focused on Dayton."
Florida beat UCLA (28-9) for the fourth time in the NCAA Tournament since 2006.
And it took another solid defensive effort as the Gators held UCLA, which came in averaging 81.7 points per game, to 30 points in the first half.
"We knew it wasn't going to be easy," Wilbekin said. "They're capable of going on runs just like we are. We just tried to weather their runs and get good possessions every time."
Wilbekin, the SEC Player of the Year, who suffered a knee bruise in the Gators' previous tournament win against Pittsburgh, wasn't his usual self throughout the first half scoring only three points and shooting only 1 of 7 from the field. UCLA was limited to three assists in the first half and had seven turnovers.
But the UCLA attempting to claw its way back into the game, Wilbekin came up with five clutch points that helped Florida extend its lead to 66-55 and effectively put the game out of reach.
In the second half, the Gators turned the ball over only once as they went with two point guards on the floor at the same time with Wilbekin and freshman Kasey Hill. Hill finished with a game-high 10 assists.
"It takes a pretty mature player to say I'm going to slide off the ball and give the ball to a freshman," Donovan said. "Scottie has been very good for Kasey and his development."
After UCLA cut the deficit to 56-55 with 10:04 left in the second half, Florida went on a 10-0 surge that was keyed by a Wilbekin assist to Frazier, a three-point basket and later a drive to the hoop where Wilbekin hit a shot high off the glass and drew a foul later making a free throw.
Frazier, who had struggled shooting in the Gators first two tournament victories, went 5 of 8 from three-point range Thursday and ignited Florida early making his first three attempts from long range. Frazier II tied Lee Humphrey for the UF-record for three-pointers made in a season with his 113.
UCLA coach Steve Alford stressed the importance of scoring against the Gators during the team's press conference earlier this week.
The Gators found a way to limit UCLA's 6-9 point guard Kyle Anderson's effectiveness getting him in foul trouble early. Anderson finished with 11 points and nine rebounds, but wasn't much of a factor in the second half other than the 9-2 surge that cut Florida's lead to one point.
Florida limited UCLA to 42.2 percent shooting overall and only 3 of 18 from three-point range.
Florida moved the ball well throughout the first half with assists on their first nine baskets and 11 assists overall. The Gators totaled 22 assists for the game.
Fellow freshman Chris Walker, who had only one rebound in eight combined minutes played in the Gators' first two tournament games, finished with seven points and three rebounds off the bench.
"I thought Chris gave us good quality minutes and he did a good job," Donovan said. "He was active. He blocked a shot and had some put backs."


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Sri Chinmoy called his artwork "Jharna-Kala", which is Bengali for "fountain-art." The name reflects the spontaneous fountain of creativity he experienced through meditation, expressed and revealed through an extraordinary output of paintings in a wide array of media and forms.
In December 1991, Sri Chinmoy began drawing birds, representing the soul's freedom. Since then he has drawn millions of an ongoing series entitled "Dream-Freedom Peace-Birds."
Sri Chinmoy painted and drew rapidly and spontaneously in a meditative way. His mystical, often abstract works of art, varying from miniatures to murals, include a multiplicity of styles and techniques. He completed many thousands of paintings and millions of drawings, and exhibited in galleries around the world.
"Usually when I draw, I try to be in a contemplative mood. I try to keep my mind as empty, vacant and tranquil as possible. The outer mind is like the surface of the sea. On the surface, the sea is full of waves and surges; it is all restlessness. But when we dive deep below, the same sea is all peace, calmness and quiet, and there we find the source of creativity."
Sri Chinmoy


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Story highlights
- Survey: China's urban rich are making far more than they officially report
- Researchers found unreported "gray income" was 6.2 trillion yuan (U.S. $1 trillion)
- Suggests the top 10% of households earn nearly 21 times more than the poorest
- "The richer the household, the more likely it receives shadow income"
China's urban rich are making far more than they officially report, suggesting the wealth gap in the world's second largest economy is much higher than previously thought, according to a new study.
The China Society of Economic Reform released a survey Monday that found "gray income" was 6.2 trillion yuan (U.S. $1 trillion), or 12% of GDP. "Gray income" can range from illegal cash from kickbacks to unreported income and gifts.
"The result has highlighted expanding social inequalities and policy issues surrounding official corruption and income distribution," said Wang Xiaolu, who led the research for the CSER, in an article in Caixin Online. "The richer the household, the more likely it receives shadow income."
The study comes a day after Bo Xilai, a once high-flying politician, was sentenced to life in prison for bribe-taking,15 years for embezzlement and seven years for abuse of power. Bo is appealing the verdict.
The CSER surveyed 5,344 urban families in 18 Chinese provinces. The results suggest the top 10% of households earn nearly 21 times more than the poorest 10%. The National Bureau of Statistics places income disparity far lower, saying China's wealthiest make 8.6 times more than its poorest. "China is in a dangerous zone as one the most unequal countries in the world," Wang wrote.
The survey found that rich families gain 80% of their wealth from business and on average "have decent gains" in stock markets, whereas most middle and lower income families lose cash in the capital markets, Wang said. "We can't rule out that some of these business gains are problematic, or even illegal, because many survey takers count kickbacks as business gains," he wrote.
Much of the high gray income is linked to the loose credit handed out between 2009 and 2010, Wang wrote, as well as the rapid increase of government investment during the same period.
"To stop widening income disparity and unfair allocation, in addition to anti-corruption campaigns, there needs to be gradual but firm progress in economic, political and social reform that moves the country closer to the rule of law with public scrutiny over administrative power," he said.


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PAWS Cat City
PAWS Cat City is located in Seattle's University District. Since PAWS opened this urban, cat-only adoption center in 1997 (originally in the Greenwood neighborhood), we have found homes for more than 15,000 cats and kittens through this location. PAWS Cat City's open-colony setting, with cats and kittens staying in rooms rather than in cages, provides an opportunity for visitors to interact with the cats, see how they interact with each other, and get a better sense of each cat's unique personality.
We also use the ASPCA® Meet Your Match™ program, which is designed to help you find the animal companion who's right for you, by matching your expectations to a cat's personality and behavior. We welcome you to visit PAWS Cat City.
Visiting the cats and kittens
Before going into the rooms with the cats and kittens, you'll be asked to complete a survey designed to give us more information about you and the type of cat or kitten you are looking for. After completing the survey, the staff will tally the results, explain the paperwork for cats who may fit best with your lifestyle and expectations, and invite you to visit with them.
You can download, print and complete the survey below to save you time during your visit to Cat City or the PAWS main shelter in Lynnwood. Printed surveys are also available at both locations.
Download and view the Cat Adopter Questionnaire (PDF). View our current adoption fees.
Other services
PAWS Cat City also sells PAWS merchandise, cat toys and supplies, and pet licenses for the City of Seattle.
PAWS does not have dogs available for adoption at this location, nor is Cat City equipped to accept any incoming animals. For information on our dogs available for adoption, please visit our main shelter in Lynnwood.
Get assistance with finding your lost pet or helping a stray pet you found.
See our resources if you can't keep your pet.


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Verizon Wireless Expands Digital Service in Burlington, Massachusetts
WOBURN, MA — In a continuing effort to provide the best wireless service for local residents, Verizon Wireless, the nation's largest wireless provider, has expanded its digital network in Massachusetts. The new site provides improved wireless coverage and capacity along Route 3A in the downtown Burlington, Massachusetts area.
The new cell site is part of the company's aggressive multi-billion dollar network investment each year to stay ahead of the growing demand for Verizon Wireless voice and data services, like two-way text messaging and Internet access, in New England.
'Test Man' Isn't Just a Commercial Character
Verizon Wireless' investment in its network is a large part of the company's commitment to offer customers the most reliable service. To consistently prove reliability, the company employs engineers to conduct network studies that are performed by real-life test men and test women, who are the inspiration behind the company's national advertising campaign. These engineers conduct more than 300,000 call attempts monthly on Verizon Wireless' and other national wireless carriers' networks, while traveling over 100,000 miles nationwide in specially equipped, company-owned quality test vehicles.
"The expansion to our network in Burlington will allow us to meet the growing need of local businesses and consumers for their voice calls and data applications, like our high-speed Express Network®, two-way text messaging, and now, our new picture messaging service," said Bob Stott, Verizon Wireless regional president.
For precious family moments, or even business-related needs, Verizon Wireless' picture messaging service allows customers to quickly and easily take photographs with a camera-phone, add a message and voice recording, and send to friends, colleagues or an email address of their choice over the company's 1X high-speed digital network.
Verizon Wireless' new push-to-talk service allows customers to connect directly, in seconds, with other Verizon Wireless Push to Talk users by simply pressing a button on their push to talk capable handset. The new walkie-talkie feature provides customers with a fast connection to the people they communicate with most and the reliability of Verizon Wireless' nationwide wireless network.
Express Network is the company's national high-speed wireless data network, providing fast wireless Internet service, with bursts up to 144 kilobits per second (kbps). Express Network gives users full Internet access, intranet access and traditional email functionality via a laptop at unprecedented speeds for wireless access. Users can expect average speeds between 40 and 60 kbps, significantly higher than speeds being produced by competing technologies and comparable to, if not faster, than what PC users get when using a dial-up Internet service.
Verizon Wireless has invested more than $8 billion over the last two years in its national network, offering customers access to the most extensive wireless voice and data network in the United States.
About Verizon WirelessVerizon Wireless is the nation's leading provider of wireless communications. The company has the largest nationwide wireless voice and data network and 34.6 million customers. Headquartered in Bedminster, NJ, Verizon Wireless is a joint venture of Verizon Communications (NYSE:VZ) and Vodafone (NYSE and LSE: VOD). Find more information on the Web at www.verizonwireless.com.####


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June 12 will be the next time USDA issues its World Agricultural Supply and Demand Estimate (WASDE), and the market is already anticipating what will be revealed in that report. And, in fact, the market is already issuing projections of what the USDA will report on such issues as corn and soybean production and carryover. While a recent USDA study says WASDE reports can move the market by substantial amounts on days they are issued, another economic study suggests that the accuracy of the information contained in WASDE reports is not always 100%.
Between the 8th and the 12th of each month, USDA staff members within the World Agricultural Outlook Board chair an interagency committee of specialists who assemble domestic and foreign production and consumption information on major crops, and release the information to a market that is ready to respond either bullishly or bearishly to the data. According to a USDA study published in the recent Amber Waves electronic newsletter, USDA's Economics Research Service (ERS) looked at 350 WASDE reports and resulting commodity market responses from 1981 to 2012.
The report said, "ERS estimates that, following WASDE's publication, the average report causes an immediate price change of about $190 per contract for cotton and soybeans and almost $140 per contract for hard red winter wheat at recent prices. These price changes, which correspond to a 1-day return on collateral of around +5 percent to a cotton and wheat trader and +8 percent to a soybean trader, signify that WASDE updates market expectations and is therefore informative." To quantify the impact, the ERS study said, "In 2009, cotton and wheat traders held on average 100,000 contracts on report days; soybean traders held four times as many."
In addition to the USDA study's contention that the report had information that was of value to the market, the report also concluded, "Overall, findings reveal that markets value the situation and outlook information published in WASDE and rapidly incorporate that information into futures prices. Reports that included NASS crop survey data are very informative but so are most reports that do not contain production information for row crops. Lastly, WASDE affects multiple simultaneously traded contracts for the same commodity about equally, and the report's impact increases during low-inventory periods."
With the quantification of how the WASDE reports impact the market, and particularly in times when commodity levels are diminished, the accuracy of the WASDE estimates is being called into question. A trio of economists from Clemson University (Olga Isengildina-Massa), the University of Georgia (Berna Karali) and the University of Illinois (Scott H. Irwin) studied the WASDE reports from the 1987/88 crop year to 2009/20102, and agreed with the USDA study about market impact, by saying, "It has been widely documented that the release of many USDA reports moves the markets…volatility in corn and soybean futures markets increases about 7 times on report release days."
Their analysis is that WASDE reports are not always 100% accurate, but they also point to the three reasons they found for the errors.
Tendencies of USDA forecast staff members:
The university economist say, "The first one deals with forecasters" abilities and reflects behavioral characteristics and tendencies…Thus, forecasting behavior may be different with respect to predicting positive vs. negative change and extreme vs. moderate rate of change." The economists say there is a personal reaction built into the estimation process that may have a positive or negative reaction to the numbers being calculated. And they surmise, "..reaction to positive vs. negative change in WASDE forecasts would likely be due to mis-calibration of forecasters" reaction to information and can result in optimism as well as pessimism. Given the public nature of the forecasts and their ability to affect markets, these biases should be unintended."
They found that, "corn and soybean forecasters tend to overcorrect previous mistakes. For example, a 1% overestimation in corn production in the previous year is likely to be followed by a 0.3% underestimation in current year. On the other hand, wheat forecasters tend to repeat their previous errors. Thus a 1% overestimation in wheat production in the previous year is likely to be followed by a 0.2% overestimation in current year."
Incorporation of macro-economic data:
According to the university-based study, "The second source reflects data that are not (efficiently) included in the forecasts. Previous studies showed that USDA forecasts do not encompass simple time-series models. In our study we investigate whether USDA forecasts fail to efficiently take into account macroeconomic data and tend to show mistakes during certain economic conditions, which has not been analyzed in previous studies of these forecasts." They say, "In our study we investigate whether USDA forecasts fail to efficiently take into account macroeconomic data and tend to show mistakes during certain economic conditions." For example, they point to the economic changes in commodity value and production resulting from changes in policy from one Farm Bill to the next. That has pointed to more corn acreage and less wheat and soybean acres, which they contend the USDA forecasters did not efficiently incorporate into their estimates.
They discovered that not all of the macro-economic factors in the marketplace are efficiently incorporated in the WASDE reports particularly exchange rate, oil price-related data, and inflation:
- "USDA forecasters appear to overestimate corn and soybean price and underestimate use (corn feed and residual and soybean exports) as well as supply (soybean production) during the periods of increasing oil prices."
- And regarding the errors related to exchange rates, they said "Appreciation of U.S. exchange rate is associated with overestimation of corn and soybean price, underestimation of some domestic use categories (corn feed and residual, soybean crushings, and seed and residual, wheat food and feed and residual), underestimation in wheat ending stocks, and overestimation in wheat exports and seed use."
- Higher inflation is associated with underestimation of corn ending stocks and wheat price, overestimation of wheat feed and residual use, as well as overestimation of soybean production and seed and residual use. Increasing tendencies for underestimation of corn exports and ending stocks, soybean production and wheat food, seed and ending stocks are detected during the Renewable Fuel Act (RFA) period (2005-2010), while wheat feed and residual use is increasingly overestimated during this time."
Data use errors:
The agricultural economists say, "The third source of forecasting errors may stem from the data forecasters use. Most fundamental models of commodity prices rely on uncertain estimates of independent variables, and errors in those variables may cause errors in price and ending stocks forecasts." They pointed to a pecan export forecast that was in error because of data processing errors. And since the market's attention is fixed on carryover stocks, the economists report, "Due to the residual nature of ending stocks (total supply less total use), errors in ending stocks forecasts can be tracked down to their sources by regressing ending stocks forecast errors against the errors in all supply and use categories."
They found that, "Analyses of data-related sources of error reveal that errors in ending stocks forecasts are mostly driven by errors in production forecasts across all commodities. Among use categories, corn feed and residual, soybean crushing, and wheat export errors have the biggest impact on endings stocks errors. Errors in price forecasts are caused by errors in U.S. ending stocks forecasts for all commodities and total use forecasts for soybeans and wheat."
The ag economists studied all of WASDE's reports on corn, soybeans, and wheat which comprise 90% of total US grain and oilseed production, and they added, "Knowledge of supply and demand forecasts accuracy is important because these categories serve as building blocks for price forecasts. Furthermore, supply and demand estimates are published within a set of other forecasts in WASDE reports that have been shown to affect the markets."
So, with the next WASDE report being released June 12, the university ag economists say their findings can be used by the market to interpret the USDA data, if the market is fully aware of the flaws and inefficiencies in USDA forecasts or adjust for those.
USDA's monthly reports on World Agricultural Supply and Demand Estimates (WASDE) have been shown to have an impact on the commodity market because of the importance of the information. However, the reports also have some accuracy issues, based on the personal biases of estimators, their incorporation of macro-economic data, and data processing errors. If the market is aware of those errors, then adjustments can be made.


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Kirrily Anderson is a self-confessed control freak, but the trait has done her artwork no harm at all. In fact, it's a blessing. Have a look at the fine detail in the female faces she draws, the perfect shading and line-by-line texture in their hair – it takes a focused mind to create something that beautiful.
As well as fashion, Kirrily is inspired by nature and you'll see not just fabrics but bark, rock and water juxtaposed with the smooth complexions of the women she draws. She likes to feature animals in her work too, where possible. The artists she admires include Gustav Klimt, Aubrey Beardsley, Antoni Gaudi and Chuck Close.
Beyond illustration, Kirrily is a graphic designer and also a street artist. She hates the cold, wants life to be one long summer, and adds chilli to almost any meal. Travel is another passion. "I love to tell interesting tales of hitchhiking with drug lords in Guatemala, partying as a piñata in New Orleans, and camping with camels in the Negev dessert," says the Melbourne-based illustrator.
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About The Congress
As it has happened in previous congresses, the 9th International Congress on AIDS in Asia and the Pacific will bring people from various backgrounds in Asia and the Pacific region to meet and share knowledge, skills, ideas, research findings related to HIV and AIDS. This is also be an opportunity for people to provide mutual support and make stronger commitments in their fight towards the epidemic.
Congress Theme
Empowering People, Strengthening Networks.
A vibrant community of empowered people, linked by strong networks that reach across Asia and the Pacific and beyond to mobilize a holistic and effective response, based on the latest best practices and scientific evidence, to the specific and cross-border challenges of the HIV pandemic faced by countries in the region today.
To promote scientific excellence and inquiry, provide a forum for meaningful dialogue, foster accountability, and encourage individual and collective action in addressing HIV/AIDS in Asia and the Pacific and ensure the sustainability of the response.
Specific Objectives
- To share expertise and knowledge on key issues critical to the control of HIV/AIDS in the region
- To form significant and sustainable partnerships among stakeholders at all levels and support multi-sectoral collaboration to enable a stronger and more comprehensive response to HIV/AIDS
- To foster dialogue on the experiences, advances, challenges faced and lessons learned in each country;
- To showcase successes and best practices of HIV/AIDS programs across the region;
- To advocate for greater political and societal commitment and accountability in promoting equal access to HIV and AIDS prevention, care and treatment for all
- To strengthen political, community, and business leadership, adopting a consultative, collaborative and participatory approach;
- To raise awareness of the gravity of the regional epidemic internationally and its specific social, cultural, economic and political context.
- To accelerate the scale-up of HIV prevention, care, and treatment services and the integration of a comprehensive AIDS response into existing health systems;
- To advance strategies to free people infected with, affected by, and vulnerable to HIV from stigmatization, marginalization and discrimination and to protect their rights;
- To raise the visibility of cross-border issues impacting on the pandemic, taking into account economic integration and increased mobility in the region and globally
- To enhance media involvement and promote public awareness of the continued impact of, and response to, HIV and AIDS in Asia and the Pacific
- To create venues for public discussion of HIV/AIDS issues and exchange of relevant information and technologies.
Whilst every attempt will be made to ensure that all features of the congress mentioned in this announcement will take place as scheduled, the Organising Committee reserves the prerogative to make last minute changes should they arise.
In the event that the 9th ICAAP cannot be held or will have to be changed due to events beyond the control of the Congress organisers (force majeure) or due to events which are not attributable to wrongful intent or gross negligence of the Congress organizers, the Congress organizers cannot be held liable by delegates for any damages, costs or losses incurred, such as transportation costs, accommodation costs, or financial losses.
Under these circumstances, the Congress organizers reserve the right to either retain the entire hotel deposit, or to reimburse the delegate after deducting costs already incurred for the organization of the 9th ICAAP and which could not be recovered from third parties. It is therefore recommended that you take out personal insurance.
Travel insurance is not included and delegates are therefore advised to take out their own travel insurance and to extend their policy to cover personal possessions as the Congress does not cover individuals against damages, costs and losses during travel.
Bali Convention Centre
Bali, Indonesia
News Archives
- Vacancy: ASAP Executive Director
- Goodbye Bali, hello Busan!
- Plenary rejects double standards
- Universal Access still tough challenge
- Indonesia sees progress: President
- 9th ICAAP gets underway in Bali
- A Call for Stronger Commitment to Universal Access
- 9th ICAAP Security & Safety Statement
- Community Roles as a Key in AIDS Response
- 9th ICAAP Expresses Condolence


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Joyful carols, solemn chant and jubilant works for period instruments will combine to create a glorious celebration of the season when the Baroque Folke performs at Center/Stage on Dec. 20. This always-popular annual free concert features music performed on period instruments by an eight-member consort of friends.
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