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Garden Party
Herbal Medicine in HIV/AIDS
When we hear people refer to "herbal" or "botanical" medicine, we know that they are talking about plants used for healing purposes. Some other terms that are frequently used, however, can create some confusion. To clarify:
Herbal medicine involves the use of whole plants or parts of whole plants to obtain the active ingredients or chemicals that have a pharmacological effect. It is also referred to as herbology.
Phytomedicine includes extracts from whole plants.
Botanical medicine is the term preferred by the United States Food and Drug Administration and many plant experts to refer to herbal or phytomedicine.
Homeopathy uses herbs in the preparation of homeopathic remedies, but is very different from herbal medicine. Homeopathic treatments are based on the theory that "like heals like"; itching, for example, would be treated with something known to cause rather than stop it. Homeopathy uses tiny amounts of a plant, so it is almost impossible to measure the active ingredients present, and its healing mechanism is not based on the active compounds of plants.
Nutraceuticals may be derived or synthesized from plants and include other nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, and amino acids as main ingredients. These compounds are sold separately, in combinations, and in various concentrations.
Phytopharmaceuticals are plant medicines that have standardized concentrations of active ingredients only, not concentrations of whole plants.
The History of Herbal Medicine
Herbs have been used for spiritual and medicinal purposes for thousands of years. Archeologists and anthropologists have found cave carvings depicting healing plants dating back as far as the Stone Age. There are records of over 700 medicinal plants used by the Egyptians around 1500 B.C. The practice of herbal medicine has also been recorded from Medieval times to the present in Greece, Rome, and other parts of Europe. India and China are good examples of places where herbs were used thousands of years ago and continue to be used today in hospitals and medical care centers as well as in people's homes.
Throughout history, it was usually women who grew and practiced healing with herbs, but it was men who recorded and assembled all the information to document it. This explains why all the early herbalists were men.
The World Health Organization has estimated that about eighty percent of the world's population uses plants for healing purposes to some extent. Over fifty percent of drugs today are derived from plants, directly or indirectly. Digitalis, for example, comes from foxglove, and aspirin from white willow. Some herbalists believe that the world has a plant for every illness but that most plants are not yet known. There are an estimated 250,000 to 300,000 species of plants, but only about 5,000 of them have been studied for their constituents and medicinal properties.
Risks and Dangers of Medicinal Herbs
Like medicinal drugs, herbs can be very potent and toxic, and they can have adverse side effects. While plants have been used as healing agents for thousands of years all over the world, there is little documentation of the safety and efficacy of most herbals. There are only a limited number of clinical studies on some plants, even fewer clinical trials in humans. Most studies have been done overseas outside the United States.
Many herbalists believe that using the whole plant or part of the plant has a different effect from using just an extracted active ingredient, and possibly poses less risk of toxicity. Constituents in plants other than the active ingredients often appear to counteract or balance possible negative effects. Dandelion, for example, is used medicinally as a diuretic, and increased urination can lead to potassium depletion. But dandelion is also rich in potassium, so there may be enough to compensate for the possible loss. The healing property of herbs may be due to a combination of components found in the whole plant working together, and not just to one active ingredient acting alone.
Harmful side effects can be caused by an herb-medication interaction, from an overdose, from a mislabeled or adulterated product, or from any other inappropriate use. Adverse reaction to herbs is usually quick, with symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, cramps, diarrhea, dizziness, itching, or rashes coming on shortly after the herb is taken. Anyone experiencing any of these symptoms persistently should immediately discontinue taking the herb and seek medical help. Children and pregnant women should be particularly careful about taking herbals without professional supervision. In fact, they should avoid taking them in general.
In the United States, herbs are not controlled or regulated by the government as they are in European countries. In fact, some herbal products have been found to contain small amounts of lead, arsenic, antibiotics, coumarins (which act as blood thinners), and other harmful or unwanted fillers.
If you are taking both herbs and medicinal drugs, make sure your healthcare providers know what you are taking. To minimize possible drug-herb interactions, do not take the two together; In general, take herbs one hour before or two hours after medications to avoid interference with the absorption of medicinal drugs. Become an educated consumer and inform yourself about herbals. Never self-prescribe or take something because it worked for someone else. Not only may it not work for you, it might actually harm you. Learn to recognize which herbs are which, and remember, more is NOT better in taking herbs.
Herbs and HIV/AIDS
It has been estimated that at least a third of persons infected with HIV in the United States use medicinal herbs in some way or are interested in trying them. In some countries where conventional drugs are not an option, people with HIV disease rely heavily on herbal medicine and nutrition.
No herb and no combination of herbs will "cure" HIV/AIDS. Herbs can be of significant help, however, in alleviating the symptoms associated with HIV/AIDS, strengthening the immune system, helping the body to fight the virus, helping to speed up recovery from certain ailments, and helping to eliminate toxins from the body in order to maintain health. It is important to remember that herbal therapies are not quick-acting. They are not "magic bullets." In most cases, it may take several days or weeks for any effect to be noticeable.
Only some herbs commonly used in HIV/AIDS and only some of their most frequent uses are covered in this article. Many foods and nutritional supplements can also be helpful with these common HIV/AIDS symptoms and drug side effects:
Nausea. This is usually caused by medications, food intolerance, food poisoning, pregnancy, motion sickness, or strong smells from foods, perfumes, cleaning products, or fumes. Herbs that can help include ginger, peppermint, St. John's wort and chamomile. Ginger may have a mild blood-thinning property; avoid large quantities if taking blood-thinning medication or experiencing difficulty with blood clotting. A cup of ginger tea a day or a couple of slices in cooking is not a problem. Thyme oil, goldenseal. or a high dose of eucalyptus may aggravate nausea. Some people are allergic to chamomile.
Diarrhea. This can be caused by HIV itself and by some antiviral medications, food poisoning, antibiotics, and intolerance to milk. Herbs used to treat it include psyllium, slippery elm, oat bran, marshmallow root, blackberry leaf, ladies' mantle, meadowsweet, cinnamon, black walnut hull, fenugreek, carob, and oak bark. The first four can delay absorption of drugs that are taken at the same time; this interaction can be reduced by taking the herbs at a different time. Oak bark is a strong astringent and is best used only as a last resort. It is important to drink plenty of fluids with any of the herbs to maintain electrolyte balance and avoid dehydration. Avoid thyme oil and high doses of eucalyptus, as they will aggravate diarrhea.
Constipation. Binding foods such as rice, black tea, bananas, and cheese can trigger constipation, as can a lack of dietary fiber and fluids, lack of exercise, and some medications or iron supplements. Besides correcting food intake, increasing fluids, and exercising, taking cat's claw, cascara sagrada, aloe, psyllium, licorice, oats, flax seeds, flax oil, fenugreek, or dandelion root may help. Another herb used against constipation is senna, but it is very strong and may be irritating; it should not be used for more than three or four days in a row. It is important to drink at least 12 ounces of liquid each time any of these laxative herbs are taken.
Irritable bowel syndrome. This is a combination of episodes of diarrhea, constipation, and normal bowels, sometimes accompanied by bloating. Herbs that have been shown to have a calming and soothing effect are chamomile, peppermint (see discussion of individual herbs, below), psyllium (preferably the black psyllium, as it is milder than the blonde variety, and take with plenty of liquid), slippery elm, and garlic tea.
Lack of appetite. Medications, depression, fatigue, constipation, and sickness can take away appetite. Treating those conditions and making one's favorite foods can help to improve it. Food enters our system first through our eyes and nose before our mouths. Make foods look colorful and appetizing, and add herbs and seasonings to produce delicious aromas that stimulate appetite. Cooking herbs that contribute flavors, many nutrients, and phytochemicals to a dish include garlic, oregano, cilantro, thyme, turmeric, parsley, basil, etc. Other herbs that may help stimulate appetite are dandelion root, fenugreek seed, orange peel, fennel, cayenne, astragalus, burdock root, coriander seed, cinnamon, reishi mushrooms, and chicory. Bitter herbs increase the production of saliva, which stimulates appetite.
Depression/anxiety. Some medications may cause depression and anxiety, and they may also be part of the disease process due to emotional stress and isolation. If depression is not severe, some herbs may help, but it may take a month or two before seeing any results. St. John's wort, kava, and gingko biloba are among the most popular. If taking antidepressants such as Paxil, Prozac, Elavil, etc., these herbs should be avoided. Recent reports and reviews of past literature, however, indicate that these herbs can be taken along with the mentioned medications when properly supervised by a medical doctor who can adjust the drug dose. On the other hand, antidepressants that are considered MAOIs (monoamine oxidase inhibitors), such as Marplan, Nardil, Eldepryl, and Parnate, appear to interfere with some herbs, such as licorice and St. John's wort, possibly causing serious interactions. Avoid them in such a case. Lately, some relief from depression has been anecdotally reported from the use of whole lemon and olive oil blended into a juice. Lemons are packed with phytochemicals and antioxidants in the peel, rind, and seeds, and the rest of the fruit is rich in vitamin C.
Abnormal lipid (fat) levels. Elevated levels of cholesterol and triglycerides have been associated with the use of protease inhibitors, although not everyone has this reaction. In addition to nutrition and exercise intervention, cayenne, seaweeds, garlic, mushrooms (shiitake, maitake, and reishi), soy products, onions, psyllium, guggul or guggulipid, fenugreek, oats, and green tea may help to control fat abnormalities.
Hyperglycemia. High levels of sugar in the blood may be caused by some antiviral medications. Nutrition intervention is essential to control high blood sugar. Some helpful herbs are bitter melon, astragalus, pau d'arco, aloe, dandelion root, burdock, garlic, reishi mushrooms, fenugreek, sage, and ginger. If a person is on insulin or medication to lower blood sugar, herbs can drop sugar levels too low, causing dizziness, blurred vision, mood changes, shaking, or fainting.
Liver problems. Elevated liver enzymes are frequently seen due to current or past liver disorders and the use of certain drugs. The liver acts as a detoxifier or filter for the body. Chemicals ingested, environmental and dietary factors, alcohol consumption and viruses can cause liver damage. Some animal and human case studies have shown some herbs to be beneficial to liver function: milk thistle, bitter melon, licorice, aloe, garlic, turmeric, astragalus, and dandelion root. Silymarin, an active ingredient in milk thistle, helps the body regenerate liver cells as well as ridding the liver of toxins. No toxicity has been found when taken in recommended doses.
Excess mucus production. Try eliminating dairy products (eat other calcium-rich foods and supplement with calcium), substituting with soy products, increasing liquids, taking vitamin C, and avoiding high-sugar and high-starch foods. Poor stomach emptying also contributes to mucus formation and accumulation. Some herbs that may help are stinging nettles, grapeseed extract, curcumin, ginger, sage, fenugreek, and mullein.
Fatigue/lack of energy. These may be due to anemia, lack of exercise, depression, wasting, chronic fatigue syndrome, or a weak immune system. Besides a well-balanced diet, exercise and nutritional supplements, some herbs can help to boost the immune system and contribute to increasing energy levels. Some of these are garlic, astragalus, ginseng, echinacea, burdock root, cayenne, St. John's wort, ginger, ginseng, and red clover blossom.
Difficulty sleeping. The cause can vary enormously: Caffeine-rich foods and beverages, stress, depression, and some medicines can promote wakefulness. Medications could be taken earlier instead of at bedtime. Herbs that will help include valerian, catnip, hops, mint, chamomile tea, chamomile (in tea form, accompanied by massage), passion flower, lemon balm, scullcap (recent reports of toxicity were due to a scullcap product tainted with germander, an herb that causes liver damage).
Selected Herbs
Aloe vera. Laxative, antiseptic, and anti-inflammatory, aloe is also known by its trade name, Carrisyn, or by the extract name Acemannan. The gel from inside fresh leaves is very good for sunburn and minor burns, and when applied externally it may have antifungal and antibacterial activity. For severe, blistering burns, medical care is necessary; aloe should not be used as it may aggravate the condition by slowing the healing process. Acemannan is the latex, also known as aloe juice, left from the gel once the liquid evaporates. It may have antiviral and laxative properties. It is the latex, or aloe juice, that may cause cramps, or diarrhea, and may aggravate ulcers and other gastrointestinal conditions. Aloe should not be taken with other laxatives or diuretics.
Astragalus root. There are thousands of astragalus varieties grown all over the world. It is the Chinese type, however, that has been studied and tested for its medicinal properties. It contains many active ingredients that appear to help improve immune function, lower blood sugar, counteract the side effects of chemotherapy, increase appetite, alleviate night sweats, protect the liver from toxins and combat tiredness. It is considered a very important tonic herb in China. It can also lower blood pressure and cause dizziness or feelings of tiredness if taken in excess or in concentrated forms.
Bitter Melon. This is a common food in Asia, the Caribbean, and South America. Also known as Chinese cucumber, it has active ingredients that will lower blood sugar, stimulate appetite, and alleviate psoriasis. It has also been used for fighting viruses, parasites, and tumor cells, and for cleansing the liver. Two proteins have been identified in bitter melon that appear to inhibit HIV in lab tests. It is eaten fresh as a vegetable, as a juice extracted from the fresh plant, as a concentrated powdered extract, or as a tincture. As the name implies, its flavor is very bitter. The fresh extracted juice is used by some for a retention enema, but it should be avoided by people with hemorrhoids or anal injuries. It can lower blood sugar levels too much in people taking insulin or medication for diabetes. Avoid if having diarrhea, as it can be laxative.
Echinacea. There is much controversy regarding the use of echinacea in HIV infection. Some experts advise not to take it at all, while others say it is okay if the CD4 cell count is 200 and above, or to take with caution as it is an immune stimulant that can be too strong. Still others see no problem and consider it safe. Most studies have been conducted a while ago in Europe using concentrated active ingredients extracted from echinacea purpurea or pallida (not angustifolia), sometimes taken intravenously. A recent review of all the literature has led many reputable herbalists today to believe that it is safe for people with HIV/AIDS to take echinacea orally for certain conditions, such as at the start of flulike symptoms, or to boost the immune system against other infections.
Garlic. Garlic is known as a "natural antibiotic," "Russian penicillin," and "nectar of the gods." among other nicknames. It has been grown for more than 5,000 years and has been used for centuries for medicinal purposes as well as for religious and ritual ceremonies. Its healing properties include fighting fevers, colds, worms, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, stomach upsets, fungal infections, and blood-clotting problems, among other conditions. It is better to crush the fresh garlic to allow the allicin to be produced, rather than using the odorless capsule form. Allicin is one of the active compounds in garlic responsible for its healing property and for its strong smell. Cooking will destroy some of it, but some beneficial properties remain. Chewing fresh parsley helps to eliminate the strong smell coming from the body after eating raw garlic. A warm bath or shower will open up pores and help the body to eliminate the garlic odor faster.
Gingko Biloba. The leaves of the tree are used. The pulp of the fruit and the seeds are poisonous. Touching either can cause a rash similar to a poison ivy reaction. The seeds must be processed in a particular way before they become edible. Gingko extracts are usually taken instead of capsules or pills because large amounts of the active ingredients are needed to see any pharmacological effect. Gingko is a powerful antioxidant that has a blood-thinning effect. It is used for circulatory problems such as varicose veins and for vertigo, short-term memory loss, and inner-ear problems. It also appears to help asthma, kidney, and immune disorder sufferers. Gingko should be avoided by those taking anticoagulant medication or those with blood-clotting problems. It is wise to avoid if taking aspirin, large doses of vitamin E, or Amprenavir, because of their combined blood-thinning properties.
Ginseng. This has been used in the Orient for over 2,000 years as a tonic for gaining energy, increasing longevity and wisdom, and helping to cure almost anything. It is really meant to promote health, help balance the physical and mental stresses of the body, and build up resistance to illnesses. Chinese, Korean, and American ginseng are three species of the true ginseng. Siberian ginseng has similar effects on the body but is a different plant. Siberian ginseng is reported to help lower cholesterol, blood sugar, and blood pressure, as well as to strengthen the adrenal glands. It is less expensive than the true ginsengs.
Some experts prefer the use of the American ginseng for people with HIV/AIDS, as it is a milder variety. There is great difference in products available; some contain little or no ginseng and as much as 55 percent alcohol. Ginseng can cause diarrhea, insomnia, and rashes in rare cases. Avoid it in heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, or if taking anticoagulants, steroids, or tranquilizers.
Guggul or Guggulipid. This is a sticky, yellowish substance from a tree native to India. Guggul is found in standardized or purified extract form, which is known as guggulipid. This is widely available and used in India to treat arthritis and to lower high cholesterol and high triglycerides. It appears to lower LDL, the bad cholesterol, but raise HDL, the good cholesterol. It also appears to prevent or reduce the platelets from sticking to each other, lowering the risk for coronary artery disease.
Guggulipid is better tolerated and more effective than guggul, the crude resin form available in capsules or tablets. It is considered safe; only in a few rare cases, diarrhea, restlessness, hiccups, and mild nausea have been reported when taking guggul, the unpurified form. Those with inflammatory bowel syndrome, diarrhea, or liver problems, should avoid it.
Licorice. One of the most studied herbs, licorice is also one of the most frequently used in Asia to stop smoking and for a large number of conditions, including fungal infections, gastric ulcers, heartburn, sore throats, coughs, colds, and many others besides HIV infection. One of the side effects, especially when taking licorice on an empty stomach or in high doses or for a long period of time, is swelling of the face and ankles, which indicates potassium loss and sodium retention. A cup of licorice tea a day would not be a problem. Taking over three cups a day is not recommended for someone with elevated blood pressure, low potassium levels, kidney or gall bladder disease, arrhythmias, anorexia ,or bulimia. Potassium loss could be compensated by taking licorice with no glycyrrhizin.
Mushrooms. Shiitake and reishi mushrooms have both been used for medicinal purposes throughout Asia for centuries. They have antioxidant activity. Studies show both mushrooms to be very safe to take, but allergic reactions are possible. Shiitake mushrooms are reported to have antiviral, antimicrobial, immune-stimulating, tumor-fighting, and cholesterol-/blood sugar-/blood pressure-lowering properties. They have many nutrients and are widely used in Oriental cooking. They are available fresh or dried to be added to foods. Capsules, tablets, and tinctures are also available.
Reishi mushrooms, also known as Ganoderma mushrooms, are considered the "elixir of life" and were used by Chinese emperors for longevity, energy, and the ability to fight stress and illness. They are used, among many other things, to lower cholesterol and triglycerides, stimulate the immune system, lower blood sugar, control allergies, slow cancer growth, prevent blood clots, reduce inflammation, and protect the liver from environmental toxins. Reishi mushrooms are available mostly in a dried form that can be soaked and used in soups, but they are not as popular in cooking as shiitakes. Reishi mushrooms are mainly found in capsules, liquid extracts, tablets, tinctures, or teabags.
Peppermint. It contains many flavonoids and volatile oils that help with indigestion and other gastrointestinal problems. It soothes and calms smooth muscles. For irritable bowel syndrome in particular, it is recommended to take the enteric-coated peppermint capsules so the active ingredients can reach the large intestine directly. Peppermint tea will also work, but for faster action the enteric-coated capsules may be preferable.
Slippery Elm. The inner bark of the slippery elm tree has been used extensively by Native Americans as a laxative and for coughs, upset stomach, ulcers, diarrhea, etc. During the American Revolution, doctors used it as a poultice to treat gunshot wounds. It has also been used as food in times of hunger or food shortages. Today it is used to soothe irritated mucous membranes of the throat and the digestive system and for diarrhea and constipation. Because the gastrointestinal tract is so adversely affected in HIV infection, some experts believe slippery elm powder should be taken by everyone with the virus to prevent gastrointestinal damage.
St. John's wort. A recent study in England showed that this herb significantly reduced fatigue as well as depression. Two active ingredients, hypericin and hyperforin, are responsible for its healing properties; make sure both are listed in the ingredients of any St. John's wort you buy. Hyperforin may be more responsible for the herb's healing properties. There are no clinical human trials to show that it may help HIV-related depression, but some case reports indicate that it can. Studies using standardized hypericin extract available in Germany suggest that using this herb as an antiviral for HIV/AIDS can have good results. Products found here, however, do not appear to be concentrated enough. Besides increasing sensitivity to sunlight, St. John's wort may act as a diuretic, causing possible loss of potassium and dehydration. It should not be taken with other diuretic or cardiac medications. It can also reduce the effect of chemotherapy and can reverse its effect, so it should not be taken if undergoing this treatment.
Other herbs used in HIV/AIDS. Cat's claw, grown mainly in the rainforest of Peru, has been used there for centuries for rheumatism, gastric ulcers, tumors, and many other ailments. In Europe and the U.S., it became known for its use against cancer and HIV infection. It is not recommended for autoimmune diseases such as lupus and arthritis and tuberculosis.
Fennel seed tea is used for intestinal gas, cramps, coughs, lack of appetite, and poor digestion. Some people may get skin irritations if allergic or sensitive to its volatile oil content.
Pau d'arco is used for fungal infections and to strengthen the immune system. It is also used to lower blood sugar. It can cause hypoglycemia if used improperly.
Sage is used for coughs, phlegm, sore throats, and elevated blood sugar.
The above is intended to be a general overview and guideline, not a prescription for treating any condition. Each case must be treated individually, and always in consultation with a doctor and/or nutritionist.
What to Look for When Buying
Because there is no regulation of herbal products, there can be no assurance that what you intend to buy is what you get. Standardization is the mechanism used in Europe to guarantee that a product contains a certain amount of a properly identified herb and, mainly, that it contains a certain amount of its active ingredient. In this country, however, there is no tight control of this mechanism. Some standardized products here have been found to have less than the concentrations specified on their labels. At least, standardized products assure that the plant has been properly identified. So, buyer beware!
Buy only from reliable sources you trust. Contact the manufacturers and ask how they assure quality control. Ask for a listing of all the ingredients in a product. Check that the manufacturer belongs to the American Herbal Products Association.
Dried herbs should look fresh, clean, and free of bugs. They should retain the strong smell typical of the plant.
Buy whole leaves and flowers, rather than crushed or powdered product.
Keep herbs in dark, covered containers in a cool and dry place, away from sunlight.
Be sure you can identify dried herbs before buying them. Lids with labels can be switched between containers at a store.
If buying capsules or pills, be sure the labels indicate the ingredients and that they list the amount of active ingredients. Look for expiration dates and how to contact the manufacturer.
Freeze-dried herbs keep their potency longer than powdered herbs.
Tinctures are easier to take, but check their label carefully too.
"Wildcrafted" means that the herbs are not cultivated but are grown wild. They usually cost more, but be aware that properties and potency of an herb change due to soil, geographic, and growing conditions. You may be paying more for less potency and properties.
For sound, reliable information on herbal medicine:
The Herb Research Foundation, 1007 Pearl Street, Suite 200, Boulder, Colorado 80302; (303) 449-2265.
The American Botanical Council, P.O. Box 201660, Austin, Texas 78720
The American Herbalists Guild, P.O. Box 70, Roosevelt, Utah 84066
For information on Chinese Herbs and Medicine:
Quan Yin Healing Arts Center, 1748 Market Street, San Francisco, California 94102
Oriental Healing Arts Institute, 945 Palo Verde Boulevard, Long Beach, California 90815
Referrals to qualified herbalists in the United States are available from the above organizations. They can also provide listings of places where herbal products can be purchased. Most products are also available by mail order. Most centers providing HIV/AIDS services, particularly nutrition services, can also provide information and/or referrals on herbal medicine.
There are enormous numbers of publications on herbs. The following books can be good starters and are readily available in most bookstores and in public libraries:
The Complete Medicinal Herbal, by Penelope Ody, has colorful pictures of plants.
Herbal Remedies for Dummies, by Christopher Hobbs.
The Green Pharmacy, by James Duke, also in paperback
The Way of Herbs, by Michael Tierra (1998 edition)
Herbs for Your Health, by Steven Foster
Rosa J. Donohue is a nutrition consultant with Iris House, Inc., St. Vincent's Hospital's Air Bridge Program, Mt. Sinai's HIV Adherence Network Development Program, Community Food Resources Center, and Gay Men's Health Crisis. She divides her time between New York City and Geneva, Switzerland.


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The init-request-limits function works with the obj.conf function check-request-limits to monitor incoming requests with a given attribute. check-request-limits maintains a table of monitored values. intit-request-limits purges existing entries in that table according to the timeout. This function is not required unless you want to override the default value for the purge timeout in check-request-limits. For more information, see check-request-limits. The default is 300 seconds (five minutes). This function is applicable in Init-class directives.
The following table describes the init-request-limits parameter.Table 5–4 init-request-limits Parameter
(Optional) Sets the time in seconds after which to purge entries tracked by check-request-limits. The default is 300 seconds (five minutes).
An optimal value for timeout depends not only on your performance and memory requirements but also on the check-request-limits rules you are using. When using rules containing, for example, monitor="$ip" on a busy public web site, new buckets are created and kept for every client IP accessing the server. Because this setting potentially creates a very large number of buckets, the expiration should be short enough that unused entries are purged in a reasonable time.
However, to avoid removing and re-creating buckets for the same client, do not set a timeout that is shorter than the typical or expected client session.
If you do not use any dynamic bucket names (that is, if all monitored values and bucket are fixed strings instead of variables, or you never specify monitor or bucket parameters at all) there are only a fixed number of buckets. In that case, you can disable expiration entirely by setting the timeout to zero.
Init fn="init-request-limits" timeout="120"

subset: commoncrawl


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Major Section: PROGRAMMING
Alphorder is a non-strict total order, a ``less than or equal,'' on
atoms. By ``non-strict total order'' we mean a function that always
t or
nil and satisfies the following properties.
Also see lexorder, which extends
o Antisymmetry:
XrY & YrX -> X=Y
o Transitivity:
XrY & YrZ -> XrZ
o Trichotomy:
XrY v YrX
alphorder to all objects.
(Alphorder x y) has a guard of
(and (atom x) (atom y)).
Within a single type: rationals are compared arithmetically, complex
rationals are compared lexicographically, characters are compared
via their char-codes, and strings and symbols are compared with
alphabetic ordering. Across types, rationals come before complexes,
complexes come before characters, characters before strings, and
strings before symbols. We also allow for ``bad atoms,'' i.e.,
atoms that are not legal Lisp objects but make sense in the ACL2
logic; these come at the end, after symbols.


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No matter how common or complex, our Wake Forest Baptist Health podiatrist can help you with many of your foot and ankle needs. We diagnose, treat and help you manage:
We also offer these services on location:
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©DavieMedical Center. All Rights Reserved.


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Home > Other Stuff > News & Notes> AirAsia Japan Launches Flights to Sapporo and Fukuoka
News & Notes
AirAsia Japan Launches Flights to Sapporo and FukuokaAug 03 (Fri ), 2012
AirAsia Japan Launches Flights to Sapporo and Fukuoka
AirAsia Japan, the newest low-cost carrier (LCC) based at Narita International Airport, has launched daily flights to Fukuoka and Sapporo.
To celebrate the launch, travellers can enjoy celebratory low fares from 100 yen one way between Sapporo, Fukuoka, Okinawa and Tokyo until 23:59 on 5th August 2012 for travel between 28 August and 27 October 2012.
"AirAsia and ANA entered into a joint venture only about a year ago and the response has been overwhelming. I am delighted and emotional to see our first flights take off today to Fukuoka and Sapporo," said Kazuyuki Iwakata, CEO, AirAsia Japan. "I would like to express our heartfelt thanks to everyone who has supported and assisted us. We hope to get your continuous support as we take all effort to ensure that we provide the best quality service and affordable air travel for everyone."
AirAsia Group CEO, Tony Fernandes added, "This is a dream come true for all of us at AirAsia. I have always believed in dreaming the impossible, but seeing AirAsia Japan's inaugural flights take-off today puts a smile on my face. It has only been one year since we announced AirAsia Japan's establishment and now we already have 2 aircraft, 243 staff in Japan and 3 domestic routes on the day we start our operations. Congratulations to Kazuyuki and his team for pulling this off."
Source: Asia Travel Tips


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Description: Cloche hat of tan straw. The high, domed crown is of woven tan straw in a spiraling pattern. On either side of the crown is an applique in blue, pink/gray, and black felt of an arc or half-circle. On one side, the arc points up, on the other side it points down. Around the base of the crown is a narrow band of black felt. The brim is also of woven straw, upturned at sides and edged with black felt. The hat is lined in a slightly iridescent bronze/gold fabric, now very shattered. Inside the crown is stitched an ornate label, with a view of two women playing tennis and the inscription: "Berkeley / Made in / California". A small arrow and the word "Front" indicates the front of the hat. Attached to an inner seam of the lining is size label "22".
Date: 1925
Item Type: Refine your search to only Physical Object
Partner: UNT College of Visual Arts + Design


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Note that under Rules we list the runes of all
the rules used in the proof. This list says that we used the
rewrite rules
CAR-CONS and
CDR-CONS, the definitions of the
ENDP and
APP, and primitive type reasoning
(which is how we simplified the
IF and
EQUAL terms).
For what it is worth,
IMPLIES and
AND are actually
macros that are expanded into
expressions before the proof ever begins. The use of macros is not
reported among the rules.


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I moved from the USA to Israeli 10 years ago (aka "made aliyah"). I did so because I met a lovely divorced Israeli woman who had 4 children at a conference in Florida, and we remained in contact over a couple of years and saw each other at similar computer conferences, and we married. I was religous then, but didn't move there because of religious reasons, but for love.
And we still love one another. I, obviously, stopped believing in a God, but, as far as my wife is concerned, I am just an apikoris (heretical without being a non-believer). So I encourage that viewpoint. I live in an Orthodox "settlement" (aka "the suburbs") and so "coming out" would be a bit of a problem, but the guys I hang around with, the daf yomi, those who ask me for a d'var torah, etc, are used to my apikorsim views. It has taken me some time to get the subtle hint when I have crossed the line, from time to time, in my conversations.
I use that prolog to say that I do not believe that there is a divine right for the Jews to own the land. I do, however, believe in colonization of the land, in the same spirit that just about every other land was colonized. In the beginning there was an honest interchange. Jews bought land from Arabs or cultivated land that the Arabs never wanted (you woldn't think that you could get malaria here, but at one time, you could). Then mass aliyah begins. The Arabs from Jordan, Lebanon, and Egypt come in. The game of "who can settle the most and the best" is in full swing. And had that been left like that, all would have been ok.
And then the assholes start to arrive. The religious ones. And the muftis declare that it is a capital offence to sell land to a Jew. The Jews demand their religious inheritance and the muslims want theirs. And now, there is no longer an honest interaction or conversation going on. Because Islam can play victimhood much better (how, I don't know), and people love to support the underdog, the world has taken sides. When a big section of land was given to them, and the Jordanians massacred many thouands of these Arab settlers in order to take it and call it "Trans-Jordan", the world was silent. And while many of these survived and still dwell in tent cities in that same area (aka "Jordan"), and awaiting for the world to help, they are still ignored.
But somehow, it became an Israeli issue. It is certain to me that one day, a line will have to be drawn, and it will be announced "Ok, Arabs to the right, and everyone else to the left of the line". And while the lie of the "settlement issue" keeps going on, after all, once the line is drawn, you have to move, so what's the big deal if people are building. Get the final line drawn and move along, people are still taking sides. And oh, yeah, Obama arrives today. I am *NOT* going to drive into that giant parking lot known as Jerusalem with all of his special security. No way!
Despite all of this, with one step son having left active military service and another planning to start next year (hesder program), I would prefer that we have no enemies. And I would prefer that the world sees the conflict with a bit of clarity: you have Hamas fighting Fatah, making Abbas a persona-non-grate with no power, and each one flexing muscles at the other. And until the gang war is taken care of, there is a problem with any negotiations - you cannot negotiate with Fatah since those sided with Hamas will not accept any agreement, and negotiating with Hamas is not an option.
Did I mention that I love living here? :D
While the rest of that is background, you have the beauty of the land, the Israeli culture of looking for some "body" of water (mayaan) to splash around in (often an ancient pool), the food, the music, the very typical Israeli personalities (a readiness to fight and hug), and the politics. Oh yeah, while we may deny it, where else in the world do you have more than 36 political parties! We love parties! :D And I love my wife and step children (who are VERY Israeli, and are so cute with their occasional broken English), and their children (being a grandparetn is more fun than parenting).
Anyhow, hugs to all from this israeli americai!
Speaking of self-loathing Jews, here is a video with Shmuely Boteach (narcissist extroadinaire) debating Sam Harris on the existance of God.
I so wish this guy would just finally convert to Christianity and stop being such an embarassment!
I don't know why some people gravitate to religion and others don't get it. Easy answers, social cohesion, fear of death are my suggested hypotheses. Just park your brain at the door.
Judaism, in addition, is what I call a high-input/low-output faith: MUCH ritual, little talk of posthumous reward or punishment. So why bother? Rabbis have concocted volumes of BS answers.
It's truly a religion for the obsessive-compulsive. Even moderately Orthodox, as I'm sure you know, are fanatic about their stupid Sabbath, refusing to do even practical things like drive or make phone calls. The Torah calls only for abstention from work: if you're an accountant, don't do accounting.
Although ethnically Jewish (my grandmother's Yiddish accent would make my name come out "Challen") and duly bar mitzvah'd (Adelphia Hotel, Phila.) and having attended my share of Seders and High Holiday services, I was delighted to put it all behind me after high school. I was 12 when they put "under God" in the pledge. I said, "I'm never saying that" -- and never did.
In the early 80s I joined the founding congregation of Humanistic Judaism, under the brilliant Rabbi Sherwin Wine, and from my studies of Jewish history (the Torah is not it), I learned to view my heritage with more pride. Yes, I hated that the rabbis counseled passivity in the face of persecution, but there were heroic Jewish fighters -- and athletes too.
Eventually, I gravitated towards a purer humanism/skepticism. Why burden myself with what other Jews have or have not done? I'm not them. I learned a little about hand-to-hand combat, so I'll never be bullied - never have. I left the Jew-saturated North Shore of Chicago to move to rural New Hamphire.
Jews are few and far between, and I can't say I miss it. Just because I have contempt for fur-hatted idots bobbing up and down, their side-curls flying...or for passive sheep that almost never fought back...or just because I'm proud to see what Jews have done in Israel (they have to have a homeland, after all)...doesn't make me a self-hating Jew.
I am an individual human being. I'm a man, an atheist, a husband, a musician, a writer...and somewhere out there, culturally and genetically Jewish. That's it. Hope that helps.
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Brian Gregg (left) is headed to Sochi after taking second in the 30k freestyle race at U.S. Championships. (Sarah Brunson/U.S. Ski Team)
Jessie Diggins skied some of the fastest checkpoint times, but that didn't seem to fend off the dynamic Norwegian women's team which snatched up all three spots on the podium.
Brian Gregg (Winthrop, WA) led the U.S. men in 35th place at the venerable 50K race at Oslo's Holmenkollen venue.
Here is Noah Hoffman chasing race-winner Alexander Legkov of Russia on Sunday, when Hoffman finished 26th after an impressive performance at the 50k cross country race, the final event of the 2014 Sochi Olympic Winter Games.
Springtime temperatures ruled the course for a second day in a row Friday at the men's 15k classic of the 2014 Sochi Olympic Winter Games. Here's Kris Freeman battling the loose and challenging track.
Noah Hoffman skied into the top spot for the USA Sunday, finishing 35th in the Olympic skiathlon at the Laura Cross Country Ski Center.
Brian Gregg Quick Facts
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- Price Drop & Availability Alerts
- Price History Charts
- Amazon Product Search
- The Camelizer - Google Chrome, Firefox & Safari extensions
- Amazon Locales Support
- Registration Optional
- Camel Price Watch Management Interface
- Wishlist Import
Price Drop & Availability Alerts
The ability to generate alerts based on price and availability changes is essentially the main feature of camelcamelcamel. To track a product, one sets a price threshold at and below which an alert is generated, assuming the product is also in stock. In this context, alerts can be thought of as log entries, which are delivered via email, Twitter, or RSS feed, containing current price information and useful links (Amazon product page, price watch page, etc).
Registration is not required to use this functionality, nor do you even have to give your email address. However, registered users get access to a single RSS feed containing alerts for all of their tracked products, in addition to the Camel Management page and the Wishlist Importer (see below).
Price History Charts
Price history charts are another major part of camelcamelcamel. Every product page contains graphs of the price variations over time for each of the three price types, as well as the high/low/average prices. Price and availability data is updated from Amazon constantly to ensure it is as accurate as possible, but should always be checked on Amazon before making a purchase.
Amazon Product Search
Search is accessed via the box at the top right of every page, or by clicking "Amazon Products" in the menu at the top of the page.
Search results are displayed tabularly and, amongst other things, contain the Amazon/New/Used prices and links to price history RSS feeds for each price type, which are useful if you'd rather not actually create a price watch.
The Camelizer - Google Chrome, Firefox & Safari extensions
We have browser add-ons for Mozilla Firefox and Google Chrome that support Amazon. The Camelizer lets you view our price history charts without leaving retailer product pages, and makes it easy to create price watches when viewing retailer sites.
Amazon Locales Support
camelcamelcamel supports these Amazon locales: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Spain, the United Kingdon, and the United States.
Registration Optional, Hugs Mandatory
Signing up for things is a pain in the neck, so camelcamelcamel makes it completely optional. You don't even have to give your email address to track products, although it helps if you want to receive email alerts. If you don't, you can simply add the price watch's RSS feed to your newsreader and await the alerts patiently.
If you do choose to sign up or receive email alerts, rest assured that I will not sell or distribute your information to anyone without your consent.
Those brave souls who take the plunge -- much like Bastian in the Neverending Story 2 -- and register receive access to the Camel Management and Wishlist Importer tools, which are very useful and look good on your resume. Any price watches created prior to your registration, using the same email address, will be moved over to your account as we check them for pricing updates. This may take up to 8 hours or so, and they will appear to trickle in.
Camel Price Watch Management Interface
Accessible by clicking the "Your Price Watches" link at the top of every page, your list of price watch is laid out in table format: you get the name and picture of the product with a small description; your desired price as well as the price at which you began tracking the product, and the current price; and of course links to all manner of price watch, products, and Amazon pages.
To help you keep track of your price watches, there are a number of filters available--which remain active until disabled or you logout--to help refine the list, as follows:
Your price watch list is automatically split into pages of 25. Also, each product has a checkbox; this lets you edit or delete multiple price watches at the same time, using the dropdown menu at the bottom of the list.
Wishlist Import
The ability to import Amazon Wishlists was one of the earliest and most common feature requests. With it, you can import all of the products from any public Amazon list (Wishlist or otherwise); all it takes is the URL of the list. Once you submit that, camelcamelcamel reads the list information and imports the products which you have not already received/purchased, tracking them at "Amazon new price minus one". All price watches created using this tool are still editable and will appear under the "New" filter in the "Your Products" section of the site.
Please note that your Amazon login information is not needed to use this or any camelcamelcamel functionality.


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Adrian Wilson will get another shot to extend his impressive NFL career.
The three-time All-Pro safety signed with the Chicago Bears, the team announced Monday.
The 34-year-old signed a three-year, $5 million deal with the Patriots last offseason, but he missed all of 2013 with an Achilles injury. The Patriots cut ties with him in April.
Wilson was excellent during his 12-year career with the Cardinals, using 4.4 speed, sure tackling and hard-hitting to stand out as one of the few bright spots on those pre-Super Bowl teams. He had an uncanny ability to get to the QB, registering eight sacks in 2005 and 25.5 during his career.
However, Wilson's vaunted speed is gone with age, and he was removed from nickel duty during his final season with the Cards after a fine 2011.
Safety is a real weak spot for the Bears, with Ryan Mundy and the pedestrian Chris Conte slated to start. Even though he turns 35 in October and hasn't played since 2012, Wilson should have a real chance to leapfrog one of them in training camp. The voice of the defense already is excited for him to join the club.
Want to welcome Adrian Wilson. Looking forward to taking the field with the enforcer!â
Lance Briggs (@LanceBriggs)
June 23, 2014
The Bears also announced the signing of tight end Jeron Mastrud.
In the latest episode of the "Around The League Podcast," the heroes discuss the winners and losers of minicamp season.


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The 15-member India squad for next month's ICC Champions Trophy will be picked here on Saturday and it would be interesting to see whether the selectors give a chance to axed senior players such as Virender Sehwag,who does not figure in the 30-member list of probables chosen earlier.
When the selection panel,headed by Sandeep Patil,named the list of probables on April 6,two prominent names Virender Sehwag and Harbhajan Singh were missing from it.
Since then,the two senior cricketers' form in the ongoing Indian Premier League would have been monitored by the selectors.
It remains to be seen whether the duo have made enough of an impression with their displays in the T20 League to force their way into the final squad for the June 6 to 23 tournament to be held in the United Kingdom.
As per the ICC rules,the selectors have the option to choose players from even outside the probables list announced for the ODI tournament,to be held in England and Wales.
The list contains four openers Murali Vijay,Shikhar Dhawan,Gautam Gambhir and Unmukt Chand and it would be interesting to see whether Sehwag makes it as one of three openers likely to be chosen in the final 15.
Similarly,for the spinners' slot,there are five claimants in R Ashwin,Amit Mishra,Ravindra Jadeja,Jalaj Saxena and Parveez Rasool.
Whether Harbhajan can force his way back after showing some good form in IPL remains to be seen.
There are seven middle-order batsmen,four wicketkeepers including Mahendra Singh Dhoni,who is expected to be named the skipper and 10 medium pace bowlers in the probables mix.
India and South Africa are scheduled to kick off the contest on June 6 at the Sophia Gardens at Cardiff,Wales in a Group B match.
India are to take on the West Indies at the Kennington Oval in London on June 11 and then conclude the four-team group engagement on June 15 against arch-rivals Pakistan at Edgbaston,Birmingham.
Australia,New Zealand,South Africa and Sri Lanka form Group A.
The top two teams from each group would progress to the semi-finals scheduled on June 19 and 20 at the Kennington Oval and Sophia Gardens respectively with the winners advancing to
the June 23 final to be played at Edgbaston.
This would be the first international engagement for the team after the conclusion of the four-Test series against Australia on March 24.
The list of 30 Indian probables: Murali Vijay,Shikhar Dhawan,Gautam Gambhir,Unmukt Chand,Virat Kohli,Yuvraj Singh,Suresh Raina,Rohit Sharma,Manoj Tiwary,Ajinkya Rahane,A Rayudu,Kedar Jadhav,M S Dhoni,Wriddhiman Saha,Dinesh Karthik,R Ashwin,Amit Mishra,Ravindra Jadeja,Jalaj Saxena,Parvez Rasool,Ishant Sharma,Bhuvneshwar Kumar,Ashok Dinda,Umesh Yadav,Mohammed Shami,Irfan Pathan,Vinay Kumar,Paveen Kumar,I C Pandey and Sidharth Kaul.


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The tradition and practice of Christian Meditation - 3
Laurence Freeman continues: "The great theological minds and spiritual teachers of the modern era – Rahner, Balthasar, Lonergan, Merton, Main, Griffiths
– have taken a decidedly mystical approach to the crisis of Christianity in a secular world. Successive popes - during and since the Council - have placed the recovery of a contemplative dimension of the faith at the heart of their pastoral agenda.
Contemplation had come to be regarded as a specialized vocation in the church. It was seen as a special call of God to a small elite and was usually lived out in a cloister – although great luminaries like Francis of Assisi, Catherine of Siena or the Beguines of Northern Europe declined to be conventional monastics and lived out their mystical vision close to the people and in daily contact with the world.
Today we are at a culminating point in the recovery of this contemplative tradition of Christian faith and one that is restoring it to its proper place in the Christian vocation – the universal call to holiness as the Council called it that touches monastic, lay and secular states equally. In the teaching of Christian meditation to children we see a beautiful and logical development of this process as well as a sign of radical hope for the church of the future.
I would like to offer an overview of this tradition and describe a particular simple practice of contemplative prayer, rooted in the tradition, which embodies it in a way that proves how universal it is.
It is not irrelevant that meditation is as old as recorded humanity. The first references to it come from India about 2500 BC. It is central to the teaching of the Buddha. Judaism had its tradition of mystical prayer. It characterizes the spiritual revolution of the axial Age – the era of Confucius, Lao Tsu, Buddha, the Hebrew prophets. Jesus emerges as the culmination of this breakthrough in the evolution of human consciousness. But let us begin where the Christian tradition begins with the teaching of Jesus. What he says about prayer shows what kind of teacher he was.
Jesus was clearly a teacher of contemplation. He was a deeply religious man and yet drew attention to the difference between man-made rules and the law of God. He summarized morality in the commandment of love and he spoke of prayer in terms of interiority and presence. He placed this contemplative teaching beside the injunction to love one's enemies – moral and spiritual, the mystical and political are thus united in his teaching.
Every developed culture has produced some form of monastic life. The emergence of the Christian monastic movement happened early but became prominent in the near East – in Egypt and Syria from the 4th century. The sayings of the desert fathers, their distilled spiritual wisdom, still provide a radical basis for an applied spirituality of great contemporary appeal to the young especially. They eschewed clericalism and intellectualism and those model for us a church that gives due significance to laity and contemplation. The influence of the Christian desert was funnelled into the western church through the Conferences of John Cassian in the 5th century. They are one of the foundations of Christian spirituality and Aquinas kept them on his desk while he wrote the Summa. Benedict had them read daily in the monastery at meals.
For further help with setting up and leading groups, please look HERE.


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Learn all about cake design and find inspiration in art deco with famed British cake designer Lindy Smith.
Youll learn where to look for inspiration and how to translate your ideas into unique and sleek confectionary creations as Lindy walks you through her cake design process. Apply art deco aesthetics to rolled fondant and modeling paste with top tips from Lindy as she creates her chic and colorful multi-tiered cake!
If you're not delighted with your Bluprint experience, we'll make it right or give you a full refund.


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radnyc wrote:I only have one suggestion for you: GET THE PUMP! It has saved the lives of a lot of people. Kemeny and her team will take great care of you! Gallbladders are practically a useless appendage, like your appendix. Believe me I don't miss it one day.
juliej wrote:I agree with radnyc: a gall bladder is an organ you can easily live without. I have the HAI pump so my gall bladder was removed too and I don't miss it at all.
About your squeamishness about needles, ports, etc. -- it's time to pull back - WAY BACK - and look at the BIGGER picture! The HAI pump has been proven to prolong the lives of Stage IV patients and in many cases leads to a cure. "Cure" is a very powerful word so let it circle around in your mind for awhile. What would you be willing to do for the chance to spend more time with your husband, your mom, your family, experience the exhilaration of just rising out of bed each morning to another sunrise?
There were a lot of things I didn't like about my treatment and my surgeries, but I always knew it was the best chance I had of surviving. So I put on my "big girl" pants and did what I had to do. I'm not saying it's easy, but you need to dig down and find the strength to get through this. That might involve taking Ativan (ask Trish or Sandy for a prescription) or talking to a counselor about your fears. They are normal fears to be sure, but if you give into them, I think you will deeply regret it in the long run.
juliej wrote:About the HAI pump - it's about the size of a hockey puck and made out of titanium so it's very lightweight. If you're slender like me, it makes a small lump in your abdomen, but it's not visible except in my running tights. Accessing it is simple and for some reason I don't feel the "pinch" of the needle as much as I do with the PowerPort in my chest. I can see the port in my chest all the time, but the HAI pump is pretty invisible so it's easy to forget it's there.
juliej wrote:I don't claim to be an expert on cancer treatment, but I know this one thing for sure. I was so incredibly lucky to have had the chance to get an HAI pump and to have Dr. Kemeny bring her exceptionally brilliant mind to bear on my case. I would not be alive now if it wasn't for her. I am due to have my pump removed sometime this year because I am now a survivor - something no one would have remotely believed about me back when I was diagnosed.
I understand your fears, but take this advice from one who has walked this path ahead of you. You won't regret it one single second when they say the magic words, "you are free of cancer!" There is the stone-hard reality of what you have to go through (I had 8 surgeries in all), but the sweet joy of surviving has a way of erasing all the fear and pain. Take the leap. It's worth overcoming all your anxiety about ports, needles, etc. to beat this and the HAI pump is your best shot.
twinzma wrote:Thank you so much for the news on the pump! My husband though is stubborn and thick headed and won't go to MSK. He loves his oncologist (so do I) but she is in the dark and said HAI pump is used for primary liver cancer and not mets....grrrrr. At his initial diagnosis they found 30 liver mets, way too many for resection. I pray they systemic chemo gets him there.
twinzma wrote:As far as your fear of needles and tests, it should subside. You could also try asking for a sedative. You don't want your fear to overcome your health and stress certainly is not going to help you any. My husband uses Lidocane on his port before injection and it has helped a lot, ask for a prescription. I use it for botox treatments and don't feel the needle as long as they let the alcohol dry before sticking you.
twinzma wrote:As far as the gallbladder, I have had mine out for other reasons. The only setback is that fried or fatty foods have a tendency of upsetting my stomach now. It really is a blessing in disguise though, I now avoid those unhealthy foods most of the time, I still can't give up the occasional fresh fish fry.
Best wishes and prayers your way. Hope that you find Nedsville soon.
O Stoma Mia wrote:Dr. Nancy Kemeny
zx10guy wrote:Something minor to add here. The gall bladder is not an organ. It's just a storage sack for bile that is produced by the liver. Bile aids in digestion of lipids/fats as it helps dissolve lipids/fats into solution. People do have a pretty normal life after having their gall bladder removed. But you may have to make dietary changes especially around consumption of fatty foods.
zx10guy wrote:Something minor to add here. The gall bladder is not an organ. It's just a storage sack for bile that is produced by the liver. Bile aids in digestion of lipids/fats as it helps dissolve lipids/fats into solution. People do have a pretty normal life after having their gall bladder removed. But you may have to make dietary changes especially around consumption of fatty foods.
radnyc wrote:Never had any issue with this, I eat the same as before. I never ate too fatty foods though. It could just be me.
mariane wrote:Sorry for the late answer. I have been living with the pump for almost 3 years. Last 2 years were happy, healthy years. I was able to run with my kids and friends, I did yoga and pilates. With time I felt the pump less and less. I feel it during harder pilates exwrcises or yoga poses but it is painless. Initially I had a little bit of pain during exercises. I did even forbidden things like skiing. I don't encourage you to do it. I just want to tell that my life is almost completely back to normal. If I have usually more BMs after LAR but I gradually learnt my new normalcy and can control it fairly well with diet.
mariane wrote:My oncologist is not a supplements' fun. I take barely any. I have 2 young kids. I try to feed them relatively healthy but the food although cooked at home is sometimes too greasy... I like strawberries with whipped cream and just eat them without remorse. Kids love pizza and it is hard to avoid a slice... My liver tests look good. I try to enjoy life and just live my life without planning too much or thinking about the future as it stresses me. I got so much chemo, all the scans...I am grateful for good 3 years. I think gut flora is very important. Taking probiotics helps me a lot and hopefully strengthens immunity. Good luck!
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The basic laws of the universe are fighting against your efforts to apply systems and order to your business.
Almost every company has made workforce adjustments in the wake of the recent contraction in the economy. This usually means fewer employees and doing more with less. Such is the case with my own company, and I find myself back in production more often than not. Frankly, I'm surprised by what I've found.
Having been in business for 35 years, I've overcome most of the randomness and chaos of the typical screen-printing environment—or at least that's what I thought. For years I've worked on developing ordered systems optimized for maximum output and minimum costs. That's what you're supposed to be doing as a business owner. When you're in the trenches everyday, it's easy to experience the frustration of not getting everything done that's on the schedule. Random, chaotic events pop up to interfere with and block your efforts. By working with controls and standard operating procedures (SOPs) the effort is to eliminate or at least minimize those random events.
Once you've established all of the SOPs, the next task is implementation and training of your employees to make them work. Finally, with training and systems in place, it's up to the managers to actually manage the system to ensure maximum productivity and output. Targeted profit and a high percentage of machine utilization are evidence of successful implementation of SOPs. Things like minimum set-up times and limited machine adjustments are typical of the events being controlled. All of this is good and would appear to be pretty obvious.
But this is where things begin to go wrong. Systematic order is a transient or unstable state. In physics there's a condition called entropy—the natural condition, usually applied to heat or thermodynamics, where the tendency is toward randomness or equilibrium. Randomness is defined here as the state under which no one body influences another. Entropy in an information system is the natural tendency to move from order to disorder. The ultimate result is chaos.
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Root filesystem mounted fine under squeeze, and after I upgraded to wheezy. I've been living with it for a bit, so I'm not exactly sure, but I think it started after doing a dist-upgrade on wheezy, but that could be coincidence. The machine is a Lenovo T400 FWIW.
boot screen photo1 shows first warnings about read-only file system; nothing is logged obviously
fsck finds no problems2
mount -o remount,rw /
above works fine
(but I have to restart network-manager and gdm3 to get a usable system; I'm not sure it is related, but I can't seem to connect to a service running on localhost, eg python -m SimpleHTTPServer 8080 and in another terminal w3m times out sending request to localhost port 8080)
I don't notice anything amiss in fstab
# /etc/fstab: static file system information.
# Use 'blkid' to print the universally unique identifier for a
# device; this may be used with UUID= as a more robust way to name devices
# that works even if disks are added and removed. See fstab(5).
# <file system> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass>
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
# / was on /dev/sda1 during installation
UUID=2934c627-6f1a-438b-a877-1544108c7418 / ext3 errors=remount-ro 0 1
# swap was on /dev/sda5 during installation
UUID=39b1f59e-6193-4c46-8b4d-80b183f0b19c none swap sw 0 0
/dev/scd0 /media/cdrom0 udf,iso9660 user,noauto 0 0
/dev/sdb1 /media/usb0 auto rw,user,noauto 0 0
Any pointers would be much appreciated. Hopefully I'm doing something obviously wrong and fixable, but if not any hints about how to debug?
tune2fs -l /dev/sda1
tune2fs 1.42.2 (27-Mar-2012)
Filesystem volume name: <none>
Last mounted on: <not available>
Filesystem UUID: 2934c627-6f1a-438b-a877-1544108c7418
Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53
Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic)
Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype needs_recovery sparse_super large_file
Filesystem flags: signed_directory_hash
Default mount options: (none)
Filesystem state: clean
Errors behavior: Continue
Filesystem OS type: Linux
Inode count: 14893056
Block count: 59547904
Reserved block count: 2977395
Free blocks: 50391869
Free inodes: 14576981
First block: 0
Block size: 4096
Fragment size: 4096
Reserved GDT blocks: 1009
Blocks per group: 32768
Fragments per group: 32768
Inodes per group: 8192
Inode blocks per group: 512
Filesystem created: Tue May 3 01:44:56 2011
Last mount time: Wed Apr 18 13:11:25 2012
Last write time: Tue Apr 17 23:51:46 2012
Mount count: 5
Maximum mount count: 25
Last checked: Tue Apr 17 23:51:46 2012
Check interval: 15552000 (6 months)
Next check after: Sun Oct 14 23:51:46 2012
Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root)
Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root)
First inode: 11
Inode size: 256
Required extra isize: 28
Desired extra isize: 28
Journal inode: 8
First orphan inode: 9145036
Default directory hash: half_md4
Directory Hash Seed: af8ca7f0-bcad-49f3-98c0-9b19a531a885
Journal backup: inode blocks
It appears that /etc/init.d/checkroot.sh isn't being run at boot, and that's the script that finally remounts root as rw (if I run it after boot, it does exactly that). I'm using Debian testing/wheezy. There are dependency annotations in /etc/init.d files, but beyond that I'm not sure how to tell more about the init system.
Fixed, but no idea how it happened or if the fix is exactly how the system ought be. I noticed checkfs and mtab in /etc/rcS.d, but no checkroot, so I added it:
cd /etc/rcS.d
ln -s ../init.d/checkroot.sh S06checkroot.sh
After rebooting twice (first time could have been my confusion, but I added some further instrumentation to checkroot.sh between them), I'm back up with rw on boot (and the problem with listening to/requesting from localhost disappeared, so I guess it was related).
(I see on a squeeze system I have access to it's at S07checkroot.sh; I was close perhaps.)


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Connect your Dropbox accounts
Connecting your personal and business Dropbox accounts lets you easily access both from all your linked devices, while still keeping your data separate.
If you have a personal account for your photos and tax returns, and a business account for clients and projects, Dropbox will let you connect your accounts to make accessing them both a breeze. You'll still have two separate accounts, but now you'll be able to easily access your personal and work Dropbox folders from your computer, your mobile devices, and the Dropbox website.
Connecting your accounts online
Connecting your personal and work accounts on the Dropbox website is the first step towards getting access to both accounts on your linked devices. It also lets you access both personal and work Dropbox accounts from the web without the hassle of logging in and out multiple times.
- Sign in to your Business account on the Dropbox website.
- Click on your name in the top right corner of the page to open your account menu.
- Select Connect a personal Dropbox.
- Create a new personal Dropbox, or sign in if you already have an account.
- Review and confirm your settings.
Signing into work and personal accounts on your devices
If you're installing Dropbox for the first time on your device, you'll need to sign into both accounts.
- If you haven't already, connect your accounts online (see above).
- Open the Dropbox application.
- Sign in to either your personal or work Dropbox.
- Click Now add your personal Dropbox or Now add your work Dropbox, depending on which Dropbox you've already signed in to.
If you're an existing Dropbox user, you'll need to sign into your second Dropbox from the Dropbox icon in your computer's system tray or menu bar.
- Click on the Dropbox icon in the menu bar or system tray.
- Click on the gear icon and select Preferences.
- Select the Account tab.
- If you've already signed in to your work Dropbox, select the Personal tab. Otherwise if you've already signed in to your personal Dropbox, select the tab with your team name.
- Click on the Link button.
- Enter the password for your second Dropbox account.
Moving files between your Dropbox accounts
Once you've connected your personal and work accounts on your computer, it's easy to drag items from one Dropbox folder to the other, just like you would with any other file or folder.
Whenever possible, we'll preserve your membership in a shared folder if you move it from one Dropbox to the other. You'll receive a notification that you've left the shared folder in your first Dropbox and joined the shared folder in your second Dropbox. If you're the owner of the folder, ownership will be transferred to your second Dropbox account.
Please note that if your admin or the owner of the folder has set certain sharing restrictions, moving it to your other Dropbox can cause you to leave the folder entirely and end up with a non-shared copy that doesn't sync with other members' changes.


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SAN LEANDRO, Calif. - Monday, December 3rd 2012 [ME NewsWire]
PI Server 2012 delivers a step change in performance and scalability, while leveraging system resources better than ever before
vCampus Live! 2012
(BUSINESS WIRE)-- OSIsoft, LLC (www.osisoft.com), provider of the PI System and the leader in real-time data and events infrastructure, today announced the release of PI Server 2012 at vCampus Live! 2012. PI Server 2012 is the highest performance, most reliable, most secure, and most scalable PI Server that OSIsoft has ever released.
"As the world becomes more connected, we see an exponential rise in the amount number of sensors tied to all types of assets," said John Baier, Director of Product Management at OSIsoft. "These assets are becoming more sophisticated as well, adding many new parameters that drive data stream counts higher. Users need the data to be captured at greater fidelity than ever before, so that they can catch critical events, that help make faster decisions and reduce cost. PI Server 2012 is designed to meet these needs with the capacity to handle the data loads of today and provide the ability for expansion going forward."
Engineered to meet the growing demands of your enterprise, PI Server 2012 ensures the data you need is there – when, how, and where you need it. No matter what size your system, from large to small, PI Server 2012 can help. Here are some of the ways PI Server 2012 lets you realize the Power of Data:
Scale up or scale out, and run at the speed of your business
Real-time data and events can come in different forms – in big bursts, at very high rates, or across millions of data streams at the same time. PI Server 2012 can easily scale up or scale out to collect and store this volume of data and make it available to your end users. This can be low frequency smart meter data from homes across an entire city, or high speed data to ensure the electrical grid reliability.
All your historical data at your fingertips all the time
Find and retrieve many years of data as quickly as possible. Instantly access and analyze important data by events, cutting the time it takes to run your monthly or quarterly summary reports. With PI Server 2012, you can keep all your data online and available to perform business intelligence or ad hoc analyses in real time, without impacting other users or round-the-clock operations.
Put your data and events where they belong
Centralize your data and events in a single place so that you have one version of the truth, representing thousands of data streams and years of history. PI Server 2012 has unique backfilling features, enabling you to incorporate data from multiple systems into a single data store, greatly simplifying system maintenance. This can now be accomplished in a matter of hours instead of days or weeks.
Ensure your data is safe and secure
PI Server 2012 is enhanced for greater resilience over unreliable or slow networks, has built-in features to recover from ungraceful shutdowns, and has automatic recovery capabilities that improve availability and reduce cost. System administrators will spend more time enabling users and less time maintaining systems.
Visualize your data where and when you need it
Combining PI Server 2012 with new releases of PI Visualization products allows you to consume real-time data using what you know best, the assets in your facility. With simple asset context and easy event discovery, it's intuitive to uncover valuable insights in your data. Want to analyze data on the move? Try the new PI Coresight iPad® App, soon to be available in the Apple iTunes® store.
Ready for mission-critical operations
As a true test of mission-critical operation readiness, the OSIsoft Network Operations Center (NOC) has been monitoring the PI Systems of enterprise customers for the last eight months using PI Server 2012. Join the NOC and hundreds of PI System users who already count on PI Server 2012 to keep their business running 24/7.
"I have been testing PI Server 2012 on a Windows Server 2012 platform and all I can say is WOW," said Jeff Edwards, Director at Triencon Services Inc., a private energy services firm. "PI Server 2012 can handle the depth of automated meter data with the speed to handle synchrophasors, it has the tools for analysis and visualization, and the hooks for integration with enterprise systems. This isn't your daddy's PI System."
About OSIsoft, LLC
OSIsoft (www.osisoft.com) delivers the PI System, the industry standard in enterprise infrastructure, for management of real-time data and events. With installations in 110 countries spanning the globe, the PI System is used in manufacturing, energy, utilities, life sciences, data centers, facilities, and the process industries. This global installed base relies upon the PI System to safeguard data and deliver enterprise-wide visibility into operational, manufacturing and business data. The PI System enables users to manage assets, mitigate risks, comply with regulations, improve processes, drive innovation, make business decisions in real time, and to identify competitive business and market opportunities.
Founded in 1980, OSIsoft, LLC is headquartered in San Leandro, CA, with operations worldwide and is privately held. Learn more about OSIsoft and the PI System at www.osisoft.com.
Mike Dupuis, +1-510-297-5824
# Latest NewsSubmit News
03 December 2012 at 14:50 - Posted by AfricaFinance
OSIsoft Releases PI Server 2012
SAN LEANDRO, Calif. - Monday, December 3rd 2012 [ME NewsWire]


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The dynamic design language of the BMW 2 Series Convertible with the extended wedge-shaped silhouette exudes aesthetics, elegance, power and dynamics in equal measures. The focused exterior design inspires with a distinctive shoulder line as well as a large number of irresistible eye-catching features.
The striking front of the BMW 2 Series Convertible, with its inward-sloping double kidney grille and aerodynamically optimised large air inlets, embodies impressive dynamics. This effect is emphasised by the flat LED headlights that create the typical BMW face.
Viewed from the side, the wedge-shaped silhouette and dynamic light alloy wheels catches eyes. Even the 17" wheels – included as standard – are sporty and aesthetic. Creating a slightly more dynamic effect are the optional 18" alloy wheels Double-spoke style 384.
The athletic rear is characterised by its perfect interplay of clear contours, dynamic L-shaped lights and chrome-plated exhaust pipes. An additional eye-catcher: the view onto the windscreen with the roof open.
The electric roof of the BMW 2 Series Convertible can be operated automatically at speeds of up to 31mph. With the roof closed, the fabric softtop lends to the overall driving experience, with its elegant body colour contrast perfecting the appearance.


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3 syllables
- donia, gonia, tonia
4 syllables
- adonia, ansonia, antonia, colonia, cydonia, estonia, gastonia, harmonia, idonia, latonia, madonia, omonia, petronia, rondonia, sidonia, sinfonia, slavonia, slovonia, sophronia, vernonia, vidonia
5 syllables
- amazonia, caledonia, diaphonia, macedonia, patagonia, philharmonia
6 syllables
- new-caledonia
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Ou contactez-nous au Tel: 01 45 61 82 08
Privacy Policy
Warwick Hotels and Resorts highly regards your privacy. The information that you provide to us will be used to send you information about our collection of hotels and resorts, such as special rate programmes, discounted rate offerings, special promotions and new hotel and resort openings. If you desire to book a reservation or create a customer profile online, your personal information will be utilized to make and confirm your reservation and to customize and enhance your visit to any Warwick Hotel in the future. Your personal information will not be used for any other purpose, unless explicitly stated at the time of the request. Warwick International Hotels does not sell your personal information to third parties. Every email communication from Warwick Hotels and Resorts, with exception to reservation confirmations and the like, will contain clear instructions for how you can remove yourself from that mailing list ("Opt-out").
Information Collection and Use
Warwick Hotels and Resorts collects demographic and profile data from our site and we use this data in two main ways. First, we analyze visitor data in aggregate - that is, we collect information about thousands of website visits and analyze it in its entirety. This kind of study involves looking for trends among the visitors to our site, rather than studying information about any individual visitor. Examples include researching which parts of the site are accessed most frequently or determining which site content are the most attractive to our customers. Second, we may use information you provide to help us customize our communications with you and improve our services to you when you stay at any Warwick Hotels and Resorts. For example, if you inform us of a room or service preference, we will attempt to make every effort to satisfy that request when you visit us in the future. We may use third parties to build and manage these communication and preference systems, and our arrangements with these third parties prohibit them from disclosing your personal information.
Warwick Hotels and Resorts may use aggregated, statistical information to describe our site traffic and to establish advertising and other business relationships with third parties. Warwick Hotels and Resorts does not share any of your personal data to any third party advertiser.
The Security of Your Information
We work very hard to safeguard and protect the security of your personal information, including credit card information, during transmission by using Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) software, which encrypts information you input. Your data is kept in a highly secure environment protected from access by unauthorized parties. It is important for you to protect against unauthorized access to your password and to your customer profile by ensuring that you logoff and close your browser window after you have finished visiting our site.
Cookies are small pieces of information that are stored in a browser-related file on your computer's hard drive when you visit our site. We use cookies to improve your user experience, for instance, by allowing you to login without typing the registered email address or registration number and password. We also use them to deliver information and fresh content specific to your interests. Cookies are widely used on most major sites.
We may use third party advertising companies to serve ads on our behalf. These companies may employ cookies and action tags (also known as single pixel gifs or Web beacons) to measure advertising effectiveness. Any information that these third parties collect via cookies and action tags is completely anonymous.
Links to Other Sites
This website contains links to other sites that are operated under different privacy practices. All such websites are independent from this website. Warwick Hotels and Resorts has no control over the contents of such other websites or their privacy policies or compliance with the law, and do not vouch for their security. You should therefore be fully aware the provision of the link does not constitute an endorsement, approval, or any form of association by or with Warwick International Hotels. You should therefore remain alert when you leave our site, and read the privacy statements of other websites. We have no control over Data that is submitted to these third parties. You access the data on such websites at your own risk. We recommend you read such statements when entering these sites.
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Protecting the privacy of children is our primary concern. As we cannot distinguish the age of persons who access our website, a blanket privacy policy is applied. If a child has provided us with personal information without parental or guardian consent, the parent or guardian should e-mail us to remove the information and unsubscribe them from any promotional contact opportunities. Warwick Hotels and Resorts does not intend to nor does it seek to receive information from minors.
Changes to Privacy Statement
We will post our new statement on this page once we have changed our privacy statement, so that you are always informed of the way that we collect and use the Data. If at any point we decide to use the Data you submitted under this current statement in the revised condition, you will be given the opportunity via the website, E-mail or in writing to opt out or otherwise prevent from such usage.
Abuse of Terms of Service
We may provide your personal information to the police or other investigating agencies to assist them in the investigation of any suspected violations of law. We also reserve the right to share your name and contact information with our attorneys in the event of serious violations of conduct.
Contact Us
If you have any questions about our privacy policies or any other matter, please contact us at email@example.com


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When Manatee County conducts two referendums next month, it will feel like summertime but, for proponents of the ballot measures, livin' won't be easy.
They have a tough sell.
Balloting begins June 8 and ends June 18. (The deadline to register to vote is tomorrow.)
The proposal receiving the most attention calls for increasing the sales tax in Manatee to 7 percent from 6.5 percent.
The initiative was proposed by the County Commission, under the authority of a state law that enables counties to levy -- with voter approval -- an "indigent health care sales surtax."
Manatee officials estimate the tax would generate about $23 million annually. That's what the county spends on "community health care costs," including $9 million for hospitals providing care to low-income patients.
If the sales tax is approved, the county would use part of the revenue to pay for indigent care. A new source of money is needed, supporters contend, because a fund created by the 1984 sale of Manatee Memorial will run out of dollars in 2015.
Critics question why the county will have exhausted the fund. They want to know more about how the county would spend the $14 million remaining if $9 million is paid for indigent care.
Official documents include a "Manatee County Health Care Plan," but it lacks specific information about how the revenue might be allocated and to whom.
The tax initiative, as described in county documents, is about more than funding uncompensated care provided by hospitals, doctors and others.
The plan, according to its primary author -- County Administrator Ed Hunzeker -- could trigger other actions intended to lower property-tax rates in unincorporated Manatee and its cities.
Hunzeker contends the plan could result in a 26 percent reduction in municipal property-tax rates and a 13 percent cut in rates for the unincorporated county.
(An outline of the plan, titled "How will we pay?" can be viewed at www.mymanatee.org. Click on the optimistically titled tab "Real property relief could be on the horizon.")
The proposed reductions in property tax rates would be contingent on a number of factors.
City and county tax rates must be approved yearly, for example, by elected commissions and councils -- outcomes that may be likely, if the sales tax passes, but are not guaranteed.
Anticipated increases in property values might make rate reductions easier to achieve in the future; nevertheless, Hunzeker's plan relies on revenue increases that have received little attention or scrutiny.
For instance, the plan calls for:
• An electric franchise fee. This would create a 5 percent charge on electric utility bills and generate about $11 million annually. The cost for a "typical" residential customer using 1,000 kilowatts per month, would be $52 per year.
Fees for other utilities -- including water, sewer and storm water -- would follow, the plan states.
Those fees would have to be approved by the County Commission, but the plan's charts use those potential sources of revenue to demonstrate how tax rates could be reduced.
As the plan notes, neighboring counties charge such fees; nevertheless, there will be plenty of questions in need of answers before the commissioners endorse and implement additional fees.
• Changes in the formula for funding the Sheriff's Office patrol services. Currently, the $28 million cost of patrol deputies is paid by all Manatee County property owners. "Since most city homeowners already pay for municipal police patrols, the ... plan asks unincorporated owners to pay all of the cost rather than sharing it with city homeowners."
This component explains why the proposed reduction in city tax rates is greater than the unincorporated rate. It is attractive to the cities, but will residents of the unincorporated area support this switch? Hard to say -- especially if it is buried in an overall strategy with many moving parts.
The other initiative is less likely to stir debate. It calls for Manatee County to enact an Economic Development Ad Valorem Tax Exemption (EDATE).
In 2008, 66 percent of voters statewide -- and 62 percent in Manatee -- favored amending the Florida Constitution to allow local governments to exempt up to 100 percent of property taxes, for up to 10 years, of companies that build or expand their facilities and create new jobs.
Before the EDATE program can go into effect locally, it must be approved by voters in a countywide referendum.
In 2010, Sarasota County voters approved EDATE locally, putting Manatee at a competitive disadvantage. Under normal circumstances, I'd expect EDATE to pass in Manatee. The question is: What impact will the sales tax proposal have on voters?
There are plenty of questions to ask and answer before the vote. The Herald-Tribune will conduct a Hot Topics Forum on these referendums May 29 at the Polo Grill Ballroom in Lakewood Ranch. (For information about attending the luncheon meeting, visit the website of the Lakewood Ranch Business Alliance, our partners for this event: www.lwrba.org.)
Meantime, readers with questions about either proposal can email me. I may pose the queries while moderating the forum or pose them later to county officials -- and report back on the results.
Tom Tryon is opinion editor. firstname.lastname@example.com
Tryon: Manatee tax vote: Changes, questions
When Manatee County conducts two referendums next month, it will feel like summertime but, for proponents of the ballot measures, livin' won't be easy.


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Lamborghini will build 20 copies of the Sesto Elemento sports car that turned heads at the 2010 Paris auto show. CEO Stephan Winkelmann, speaking in Frankfurt on Monday ahead of Tuesday's press day at the Frankfurt motor show confirmed plans for the production run.
It's expected that the Sesto Elemento will use the V10 from the Lamborghini Gallardo, making 570 hp with a 0-to-60-mph time of less than three seconds.
There's no word on pricing yet, but expect to write a check for near or more than the Reventón's $1.5 million ticket.


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Update 3: Swype has contacted us to clarify the following:
Read More
Swype does not, and will not ever make money off of the data it collects from you. They do not sell ads. They do not sell information. The comment made on the CM review forum was a generalization about the larger Android app developer community, and in no way was intended to imply that Swype uses your data for ad revenue.


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A fallen striker is eulogized
Tuesday, May 6, 2008
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This is the first and only International Labor Day. It belongs to the working class and is dedicated to the revolution! -- Eugene V. Debs. On May 1, 1886, the Working People of Chicago called a general Strike, demanding an 8 hour working day and decent work conditions. The workers were brutally repressed by their employers and city officials. On May 3rd, 6 workers were murdered, and the next day, in Haymarket Square, 11 more people were killed after the police attacked a crowd of workers. The Radical Labor movement went nationwide, with 11,562 business's hit by strikes that year. Although much work remains for the Labor Movement, the beginnings of widespread action began on May Day. May Day is the Workers Day!
One of Northland's earliest posters! This print commemorates the struggle for the eight-hour day, which involved a general strike in Chicago on May 1st, 1886, and culminated later that same week with the Haymarket massacre. Offset poster, black ink on mustard-colored paper.
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by Robert B. Reich
"It's not all I would have liked," said Republican Sen. Lindsey Graham of South Carolina, speaking of the deal on the fiscal cliff, "so on to the debt ceiling."
For Republicans, the battle over the fiscal cliff is only a prelude to the coming battle over raising the debt ceiling -- a battle that will likely continue through early March, when the Treasury runs out of tricks to avoid a default on the nation's debt.
The last time the debt ceiling had to be raised, in 2011, Republicans demanded major cuts in programs for the poor as well as
So we've come full circle.
On it goes, battle after battle in what seems an unending war that began with the election of Tea Party Republicans in November 2010.
The war isn't really over the federal budget deficit. In fact, federal deficits are dropping as a percentage of the total economy.
For the fiscal year ending in September 2009, the deficit was 10.1 percent of the gross domestic product, the value of all goods and services produced in America. In 2010, it was 9 percent. In 2011, 8.7 percent. In the 2012 fiscal year, it was down to 7 percent.
The deficit ballooned in 2009 because of the Great Recession. It knocked so many people out of work that tax revenues dropped to the lowest share of the economy in more than 60 years. (The Bush tax cuts on the rich also reduced revenues.) The recession also boosted government spending on a stimulus program and on safety nets like unemployment insurance and food stamps.
But as the nation slowly emerges from recession, more people are employed -- generating more tax revenues, and requiring less spending on safety nets and stimulus. That's why the deficit is shrinking.
Yes, deficits are projected to rise again in coming years as a percent of GDP. But that's mainly due to the rising costs of health care, along with aging baby boomers who are expected to need more medical treatment.
Health care already consumes 18 percent of the total economy and almost a quarter of the federal budget (mostly in
So if the ongoing war between Republicans and Democrats was really over those future budget deficits, you might expect the two parties to be focusing on ways to hold down future health-care costs. They might be debating how to make the cost controls in the Affordable Care Act more effective, for example, or debating the merits of moving to a more efficient single-payer system, as every other advanced country has done.
But they're not debating this, because the federal deficit isn't what this war is about.
It's about the size of government. Tea Party Republicans (and other congressional Republicans worried about a
"My goal," says conservative guru Grover Norquist, "is to cut government in half in 25 years, to get it down to the size where we can drown it in the bathtub."
What's behind this zeal to shrink government? It's not that the U.S. government has suddenly become larger. In fact, non-military government spending relative to the size of the U.S. economy remains the smallest of any other rich nation.
Apart from the military,
I believe the animus toward government has more to do with the growing frustrations of many Americans that they're not getting ahead no matter how hard they work. Government is an easy scapegoat.
The median wage continues to drop, adjusted for inflation, even though the economy is growing. And the share of the economy going to wages rather than to profits is the smallest on record.
Increasingly it's looked like the game is rigged, especially when people see government bailing out Wall Street (the
The outrage grows when average working people are told -- wrongly -- that a growing portion of Americans don't pay taxes and live off government handouts.
The battle over the fiscal cliff is over, but the war will continue until Americans who have lost confidence in our government begin to trust once again that it's working on their behalf.
Fiscal Cliff Deal Won't End War Between Democrats and Republicans | Politics
© iHaveNet


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I had a very rough few weeks, starting with horrendous diarrhea and landing in the hospital with intense pain in the rectum and a fever. I landed in the hospital and had to endure four rectal examinations by doctors with different findings by each. Only my GP was willing to suggest I might be suffering an abscess. The hospitalist and infectious disease doctors were not willing to definitely call my situation an infection in the rectum. They treated me with three different antibiotics for 3 days then released me to my oncologists to get chemo. I was sent home with flagtyl and ceftin antibiotics.
I'm worried that antibiotics won't resolve my issue if it is a rectal abscess and the infection will just come back.
Has anyone out there had a similar situation? How did you get an accurate diagnosis?