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Haldane's Dilemma
Haldane's Dilemma is a severe limit on the speed of evolution, first calculated in 1957 by renowned evolutionary geneticist, J. B. S. Haldane. The limit is sufficiently slow that it calls into question the "fact" of evolution, or evolutionary genetics as an empirical science. The problem also displays various forms of long-term negligence from evolutionary leaders.
- 1 The Dilemma
- 2 Status
- 3 Introduction to technical details
- 4 Evolutionist responses to Haldane's Dilemma
- 4.1 Traditional confusion factors
- 4.2 It makes "no sense," or is "an illusion"
- 4.3 Beneficial substitutions "pay for themselves"
- 4.4 The assumptions seem "unrealistic or out-of-date"
- 4.5 Failure to pursue
- 4.6 Neutral evolution
- 4.7 Environmental change
- 4.8 Partitioned populations
- 4.9 Dominance modifiers
- 4.10 Soft selection
- 4.11 Truncation selection
- 4.12 Computer simulations
- 4.13 Internet tactics
- 5 References
- 6 External links
The Dilemma
Evolution requires the substitution of new beneficial mutation into the population, to create new biological adaptation. Haldane calculated that organisms with low reproduction rates, such as cows, could substitute a new beneficial mutation no more frequently than one per 300 generations.
The problem can only be seen through examples, and the easiest example to understand is human evolution. Start at some alleged human ancestor ten million years ago, which generously allows evolution far more time than is available. (Allegedly the last common ancestor between humans and chimps was three to five million years ago. And the human adaptations in question are alleged to have evolved mostly within the last two million years.) In ten million years, an ape-human-like lineage could substitute no more than 1667 beneficial mutations. In evolutionary genetic literature, it is undisputed that Haldane's calculations, if correct, would indicate such a limit. (And according to evolutionary geneticists, each of those substitutions is typically one nucleotide, not thousands of nucleotide differences.)
All the necessary data, theory, and claims, come from evolutionists. The calculation is:
- Allow 10 million years for an ape-man lineage. (This figure favors evolution by allowing far more time than is available.)
- Divided by 20 years effective generation time. (This figure is from evolutionary geneticists, for this lineage, over this period of time.)
- Divided by 300 generations per beneficial substitution. (This figure is from Haldane's calculations.)
- Equals a maximum of 1667 beneficial mutations substituted into that ape-man lineage. (Plus some limited number of neutral mutations, which do nothing to improve adaptation.)
The problem is: Can all the uniquely human adaptations be explained within that limit? Such adaptations would include: the tripling of brain size, upright posture, hand dexterity, vocal speech organs, language, distribution of hair, and appreciation of music, to name a few. That can be compared with the power of beneficial mutations observed today, such as the alleged examples in the beaks of Galapagos finches. Is a limit of 1,667 beneficial mutations sufficient to create all the uniquely human adaptations? This is Haldane's Dilemma. The problem is deepened by the fact that Haldane's assumptions are wildly unrealistic in favor of evolution. (See the assumptions.)
A similar problem exists for other species, especially those with low reproduction rates and long generation times, such as: whales, elephants, bears, apes, and so forth. The higher the generation time and the lower the reproduction rate, the fewer beneficial mutations are substituted over time.
Haldane's Dilemma is easy to communicate – a limit of 1,667 beneficial mutations for human evolution. Yet evolutionists never communicated any such limit to the general public. Even their technical journals strongly avoided such direct figures, and instead spoke obliquely in terms of substitution rate – such as "one gene substitution per 300 generations," a phrase that obscures the problem from view, and may as well be in code.
Moreover, the evolutionary literature on Haldane's Dilemma is extremely confused, contradictory, and unresolved – though evolutionists do not generally acknowledge those particulars. The confusion still permeates evolutionary literature today, and makes discussion awkward. For example, evolutionists will cite one evolutionary geneticist's paper as true, when many other evolutionary geneticists implicitly regard it as false – and the matter remains unresolved because evolutionary leaders have not explicitly addressed such contradictions. If you enter into this controversy, be prepared for such mischief. Calls for evolutionists to clear up this topic have been ignored. (For example, see a tale of peer-review, where evolutionary leaders suppressed clarifications from their journals.) Evolutionary leaders have a lengthy record of negligence on this important problem – a record of mis-communication, a record of allowing falsehood and confusion to prevail for decades. No conspiracy is suggested, but there is long-term negligence. That negligence itself is worth studying, that we may better understand the sociology of science.
In addition, evolutionary literature has scarcely begun to discuss, much less establish, that 1,667 beneficial mutations (or any other figure) is sufficient to explain human evolution.
In short, Haldane's Dilemma remains profoundly unsolved and under-discussed.
Despite those failures, most evolutionary geneticists regard the problem as "solved," and largely set it aside in the 1970s. However, there exists no agreed solution to Haldane's Dilemma. Evolutionary geneticists contradict each other not only about the solutions, but also about the basic fundamentals of the problem itself.
Evolutionary geneticist, G. C. Williams, writes:
- "In my opinion the [Haldane's Dilemma] problem was never solved, by Wallace or anyone else. It merely faded away, because people got interested in other things. They must have assumed that the true resolution lay somewhere in the welter of suggestions made by one or more of the distinguished population geneticists who had participated in the discussion." (G. C. Williams, 1992, Natural Selection: Domains, Levels, and Challenges, p 143-144, emphasis added)
To many creationists, Haldane's Dilemma falsifies large-scale evolution. To other creationists, Haldane's Dilemma demonstrates that evolutionary genetics cannot cope with its central issues – evolutionary genetics is theoretical castles-in-the-sky, substantially disconnected from empirical reality; amorphous and ultimately untestable; not an empirical science. As Haldane's Dilemma moves forward, Walter ReMine predicts evolutionists will increasingly advance unfalsifiable (untestable) aspects of evolutionary theory and evolutionary genetics. This suggests the evolutionists' explanation is either falsified, or unfalsifiable – and either way it is not scientific (using the same definition of science that evolutionists endorsed in court).
Introduction to technical details
The Cost of Substitution
Haldane's Dilemma arises from a concept called the cost of substitution. This concept became confused in various ways, and the confusion was the source of many false "solutions." Intelligent design theorist, Walter ReMine objects to the many confusion factors still entrenched in the literature, and has published a paper to clarify the issues. Leading evolutionary geneticists, including James Crow and Warren Ewens, peer-reviewed the paper and acknowledge it is correct.
A cost argument operates as follows. Every evolutionary scenario requires a certain level of reproduction rate – called a "cost." A cost is a required reproduction rate for a given evolutionary scenario. If the species cannot actually produce the required reproduction rate, then the scenario is not plausible. In other words, each scenario has a requirement, and if the requirement is not met, then the scenario is not plausible. That requirement is reproduction rate.
There are various types of cost, each for a specific purpose. Such as:
- The cost of continuity – a reproduction rate of 1, which is required merely for continuing into the next generation.
- The cost of mutation – the extra reproduction rate required for preventing genetic deterioration due to harmful mutations.
- The cost of segregation – the extra reproduction rate required for maintaining polymorphisms in a population.
- The cost of random loss – the extra reproduction rate required for coping with random losses to the population, (such as fire, flood, famine, selection for non-heritable traits, and many other factors).
- The cost of substitution – the extra reproduction rate required specifically for making substitutions – that is, required for increasing the number of copies of the substituting mutations. [Haldane's version of the cost concept was far more indirect and confusing, but (when correctly reinterpreted) it was effectively identical in how it operated, and in the results it produced.]
The sum of all those costs (plus a few other minor costs) is the cost of evolution: the total reproduction rate required by the scenario. Thus:
- Cost of evolution = Cost of continuity + Cost of mutation + Cost of segregation + Cost of random loss + Cost of substitution + …
If the species cannot produce that required reproduction rate – in other words, if the species cannot "pay the cost" – then the scenario is not plausible. Haldane's Dilemma merely applies that logic to each generation.
Take a simple example. Suppose a scenario claims that in one generation a substituting mutation increases (in number of copies) by twenty-five percent. This will require a reproduction rate of at least 1.25, (which is a cost of continuity of 1, plus a cost of substitution of 0.25). That requirement is not reduced one iota by the following situations:
- Changes in the environment
- Changes in population size
- Soft selection (or hard selection)
(Note: These three items have been falsely alleged as "solutions" to Haldane's Dilemma. A clear understanding of the cost of substitution shows they are not.)
Add up the cost of substitution over all generations of a given substitution, to obtain a total. Then divide by the number of generations, to obtain the average. In other words, 'adding up a total' is merely an intermediate step in obtaining an average cost – which is the focus of concern. Over the long term, if the species cannot pay this average cost, then the given substitution rate is not plausible. Toward that end, Haldane calculated the total cost of substitution for various types of mutations, and various population sizes, as expected in nature. Averaged over those circumstances, he calculated the total cost of one substitution is 30.
Under Haldane's pro-evolutionary assumptions, if more than one mutation is substituting, then their costs of substitution will add together. For example, in a given generation, if the cost of substitution for two mutations separately would be 0.07 and 0.03, then the cost for both simultaneously is 0.1. Since this summing applies each generation, it also applies over the long-term – so it also applies to their total cost of substitution. Therefore, regardless of whether the substitutions occur one at a time (end-to-end), or whether they overlap in time in any arbitrary fashion, their total cost of substitution is still fully required.
Several of the other costs tend to be large, (items 1, 2, 3, & 4 above), and consume almost the entire reproduction rate, leaving little leftover to pay for substitutions. Through breeding experiments on higher vertebrates, Haldane measured that they have a reproduction rate that leaves only 0.1 leftover to pay for substitutions.
In conclusion, the total cost of substitution is 30, and paid in installments of 0.1 per generation, which means, over the long term, substitutions can occur no more frequently than one per 300 generations (=30/0.1). His calculation allowed for sexual reproduction and for numerous concurrent substitutions overlapping in time in arbitrary ways.
Haldane's Assumptions
Evolutionists often complain that Haldane's assumptions are out-of-date or unrealistic. That is highly misleading. Haldane's assumptions are wildly unrealistic in favor of evolution, and that makes Haldane's Dilemma all the more potent as anti-evolutionary evidence. Haldane's assumptions also represent the current evolutionary genetics textbooks.
- He assumed the population does not get stuck on top of a local fitness peak, held there by survival of the fittest, and forever prevented from evolving.
- His analysis assumed continual, non-stop evolution, with no stasis. (Haldane's analysis pre-dated Gould and Eldredge and the general acceptance that fossil species almost always display stasis – or lack of change – throughout their existence.)
- He assumed the fitness terrain offers no significant obstacles to evolution, such as impassable 'mountains' or deep 'crevasses' in the fitness terrain.
- He assumed the fitness terrain is not maze-like – with dead ends, a labyrinth of blind alleys, and backtracking – which would make successful large-scale evolution far slower and far less probable.
- He assumed the fitness terrain does not warp or deform in any ways unfavorable to evolution. For example, he assumed the fitness terrain does not warp so much, so often, or so rapidly, that it would turn evolution into a random process, where beneficial evolution becomes a moot point.
- He assumed the species is not in error catastrophe (also known as mutational meltdown), where genetic deterioration occurs from generation to generation.
- He assumed the species does not go extinct.
- The above factors can occur in countless combinations that would prevent large-scale evolution or slow it down. But Haldane silently assumed-away any and all obstacles to evolution. (That practice is especially common in any evolutionist presentations to the general public.)
- His analysis ignored pleiotropy – where a gene affects more than one biological trait. Pleiotropy generally makes substitutions difficult, and pleiotropy occurs frequently in life. Haldane's analysis ignored this difficulty, and that favors evolution.
- He ignored all ill effects of environmental change, and also assumed unrealistically favorable effects of environmental change – all of which favors evolution. (For example, he used a peculiar environmental-change scenario to artificially elevate the starting frequency of the substituting mutations, thereby lowering their total cost of substitution. And he completely ignored the overwhelmingly ill effects of that same scenario.)
- In calculating the Haldane limit on substitution rate, all his cost equations assumed tiny selection coefficients (approaching 0+), and this favors evolution by giving the absolute smallest total cost of substitution in each case. This further favors evolution when taken together with the next assumption.
- He assumed hundreds to thousands of substitutions occurring concurrently, which favors evolution by giving the optimally highest frequency of substitution, at the lowest cost of substitution.
- He ignored genetic drift. Elimination by genetic drift is almost always the outcome for beneficial mutations, especially for the tiny selection coefficients used by Haldane. According to evolutionary geneticists, if a beneficial mutation has a modest selective advantage of one-tenth percent (s=0.001), then it will be eliminated 998 times out of a thousand. Haldane's calculation ignored this effect, via the following assumption.
- He assumed a sufficiently high rate of beneficial mutation.
- He ignored the cost of unsuccessful substitutions. Almost all beneficial mutations fail to substitute; instead they are eliminated by genetic drift. Yet they still incur a portion of the total cost of substitution. Ignoring this factor lowers the cost, thereby favoring evolution.
- Beneficial recessive substitutions have an extremely high cost (easily in the thousands). But Haldane drastically discounted their cost, and that favors evolution. He also assumed the vast majority of beneficial recessive mutations are eliminated and completely without cost, and that further favors evolution. Moreover, since the large majority of mutations are known to be recessive, Haldane theoretically eliminated the largest source of beneficial mutations, and neither he, nor any evolutionary geneticist since, has accounted for that loss. In other words, Haldane assumed a sufficiently high rate of beneficial mutations, while simultaneously ignoring the fact that he theoretically eliminates the largest source of those. The role of beneficial recessive mutations is widely unaccounted by evolutionary geneticists. These have a cost for successful substitution, and a cost for unsuccessful substitution – and either way, these ought be accounted into some realistic view of evolutionary process, not simply assumed-away in favor of evolution.
- He assumed classical Darwinian selection, also called individual selection, which favors evolution by incurring the lowest total cost of substitution. Rather than other forms of selection (such as kin selection, group selection, deme selection, or species selection) that incur a higher total cost of substitution.
- He assumed the same model of genetics and selection still predominant in evolutionary genetics textbooks today – Haldane's model is not out-of-date.
- Haldane's model implicitly assumes no epistasis (or complex, favorable, interactions between the substituting mutations). The vast majority of biological traits (such as brains, hearts, blood clotting, vision, motility, hair, replication, metabolism, etcetera) are products of numerous genes, whose specific combination (not just any random combination of genes) is vastly more beneficial than any of the same genes taken alone or in smaller combinations. (The whole is greater than the sum of parts.) This type of epistasis (which is ordinarily what is meant by the term epistasis) occurs abundantly in nature – yet is usually de-emphasized or ignored in evolutionary genetics textbooks because it strongly aggravates evolutionary problems. [For example, sexual reproduction (when combined with this epistasis) is widely acknowledged to dramatically slow beneficial evolution, because it breaks apart favorable combinations of genes each generation. This dramatic slowing of beneficial evolution magnifies the classic evolutionary problems with the origin and maintenance of sexual reproduction.] By assuming no such epistasis, Haldane's model favors evolution and is consistent with most evolutionary discussions today.
- He assumed a reasonably constant population size, though he also allowed for various population sizes, as expected in nature. He did that for mathematical and tutorial convenience, and to obtain broadly applicable results, (since there would be infinitely many ways to vary the population size relative to substitutions). (He also did that because his particular cost concept was defined only under constant population size; a shortcoming now remedied by ReMine's cost concept. There is always a cost of substitution; it is unavoidable, whether or not the population size is constant. Changing the population size complicates the analysis, without solving the problem.)
The cost of substitution puts a limit, or threshold, on plausible substitution rates – lower rates are plausible, but higher rates are not plausible. In addition, Haldane's calculation made many wildly unrealistic assumptions in favor of evolution – and he made no attempt to guarantee those many favorable assumptions actually hold true. In short, the Haldane rate is an upper limit, a highly unrealistic maximum – not remotely a guaranteed 'average rate' of evolution.
Punctuated equilibrium
Haldane's analysis assumed continual evolution, with no stasis. But that contradicts what is now recognized about the fossil record. Evolutionary paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould conservatively estimates that fossil species are in stasis – where change is not occurring – more than ninety-nine percent of the time. (Gould included the primate species and humans within his claims.) This predominance of stasis could reduce Haldane's limit by a factor of one-hundred – to a limit of 17 beneficial mutations for explaining human evolution.
When evolutionists eventually address this problem, ReMine predicts some of them will claim there is little or no relationship between the observed fossil stasis and genetic stasis – as though genetics and morphology are disconnected and unlinked. It is likely evolutionists will increasingly attempt that route of evasion.
But that is not the route taken by Gould and other evolutionary researchers. They suggest a broad general correlation between morphological change and genetic change – in short, a correlation between the observed fossil stasis and genetic stasis. Such a connection is central to what Gould and others call "the primary prediction of punctuated equilibrium" – which alleges to predict the relative rates of genetic change. (Gould, The Structure of Evolutionary Theory, 2002, p 812)
The connection between morphology and genetics is further strengthened by: (1) the field of evolutionary development (also called evo-devo), which claims that single beneficial mutations often have substantial effects on the organism, often visibly; and (2) the observed abundance of pleiotropy, where a given gene has more than one effect on the organism. These factors further suggest the observed fossil stasis represents genetic stasis.
Due to the observed fossil stasis, punctuated equilibrium claims that most change (including most beneficial change, or adaptation) must therefore occur at speciation events. However, leading evolutionists have long claimed that speciation is a substantially non-Darwinian process. (Because, in the Darwinian goal of "reproducing more of one's genes into future generations," the formation of "barriers to reproduction" is less fit.) That is, speciation events are said to be inexplicable in terms of individual selection, but are primarily due to genetic drift and inbreeding, which are non-adaptive. Altogether, those claims make adaptation and Haldane's Dilemma even harder to solve.
To help explain adaptation, punctuated equilibrium emphasizes the role of species selection. That is, new species are said to branch-off in a random direction with respect to adaptation, then the most adapted species are selected – the entire species is selected, rather than individuals. Evolutionists made an analogy between species selection and individual selection. In individual selection, mutation randomly creates new variations of individuals (most of them unfavorable), and then the favored individuals are selected. In species selection, speciation (operating like a random mutation) randomly creates new variations of species (most of them not favorable), and then the favored species are selected. Because of this randomness, numerous speciation events would be required to obtain one that is favorable – just as countless thousands of mutations would be required to obtain one that is favorable.
Evolutionary geneticist, John Maynard-Smith, aptly argues that punctuated equilibrium is implausible because of its high cost. The species' reproduction rate would have to replace, not just one population (as in the usual substitution process), but numerous entire species. That task requires far more reproduction (and a far higher cost of substitution), and that would slow the substitution rate. These arguments suggest that punctuated equilibrium slows beneficial evolution dramatically.
If these evolutionary leaders are correct, then beneficial evolution must be vastly slower than Haldane calculated. But these problems, like so much of Haldane's Dilemma, have been negligently under-discussed in evolutionary literature.
The figure 1,667 is wildly unrealistic in favor of evolution: (1) by allowing far more time than is available, (2) by ignoring the large slow-down due to punctuated equilibrium and its associated claims, and (3) by numerous unrealistic assumptions in favor of evolution.
Genetic Entropy
Dr. John Sanford in Genetic Entropy discusses Haldane's Dilemma in context of the loss-of-function through mutation over each generation. That is, suppose each created "kind" started out as an adaptive (or even hyper-adaptive) master genome supplied by the Creator. As the population grows through multiple generations, mutations creep in which serve to adulterate, not accelerate the functionality already available in the genome. This degradation, or de-evolution of the genome ultimately leads to the extinction of the population.
The Genetic Entropy hypothesis directly inverts the supposed evolutionary chain of events where mutations lead to higher functions. Rather it starts out with a higher functioning gene and becomes less functional over many generations.
Evolutionists object to this hypothesis with "where's this so-called master genome?" which is of course, non-reproducible since it only existed for the original created kind. Ironically however, the evolutionist believes in an original "imperfect replicator" or a "first replicating genome" which is the primary starting point of the evolutionary chain-of-events. When asked "where is this imperfect replicator" we discover that it is merely a thought-experiment, not reality. When we press further, we find that this first-replicator also needed some additional, unreasonably complex functionality including a cell wall (itself highly complex), an ATP Synthase motor (also a complex mechanism), and a means to absorb nutrition and eliminate waste. An evolutionist would say "it doesn't really need all that", and when pressed we find that they are still resting on a thought-experiment. In short, the first-replicator can be anything they want it to be for the convenient sake of argument, but can be moving-goalposts when inconveniently challenged as to what-it-really-is.
In essence, the master genome and the first-replicator are actually very close to each other in functionality. THe former is said to gain functionality over time and mutation while the other is said to lose functionality over time and mutation. Both are affected by mutation, but only one is affected in a way that is consistent with observation, the master genome. It is also consistent with all other areas of science. For example, in certain texts we may read that all areas of science are subject to the effects of entropy, except for biology "because of evolution". This is circular reasoning. If evolution isn't true, then biology is also subject to entropy and the master genome hypothesis coupled with the [Genetic Entropy] hypothesis more readily explain the state of flora and fauna in the world today. Moreover, they adequately explain the propensity of all living things to go extinct without replacement.
In addition, the current worldwide mass extinction[1] is marked both by the hunting of animals by humans but also their inability to produce offspring as fast as prior generations. The animals have always been hunted but their reproduction has usually outpaced attrition. The lack of ability to produce offspring as fast as in prior generations is also an indicator of loss-of-function.
In humans, the infertility rate continues to rise[2] with scientists groping in the dark for an explanation. This is also a loss-of-function as expected by the Genetic Entropy hypothesis. Likewise for rates of various cancers that are skyrocketing, expecting to rise by 57 percent in the next twenty years[3] blaming it on increasing longevity/lifespan while another group predicts something similar[4] but blames it on diet. The overarching conclusion is the same: the human genome is losing its ability to ward-off the effects of lifestyle that lead to cancer. While countries like America have greater success in dealing with treatment, the problem worldwide is pandemic. This is also a loss-of-function effect in the human genome.
That flora/fauna including humans are going extinct is something the evolutionary thinker must deny at all costs, since it undermines and nullifies the evolutionary hypothesis. For the creationist however, this news dovetails with the promises and goals of the Creator in that this creation is a temporary and transient reality. It was never intended to last forever, but had a finite life expectancy built-into the architecture.
Evolutionist responses to Haldane's Dilemma
Evolutionists must actually solve Haldane's Dilemma – not merely confuse it into oblivion, or assume it away, or brush it aside. If a solution would require special evolutionary processes, then those ought be widely embraced as realistic and exhibited consistently as an established part of the evolutionary model. Evolutionists have not done that.
Traditional confusion factors
- The field is held back by traditional confusion factors, such as:
- genetic death – which focuses on the elimination of the previous-type individuals
- genetic load, also known as substitutional load – which focuses on the "fitness reduction" that occurs during beneficial substitutions
- also extinction, selection intensity, fitness, fitness-renormalization, fitness-change, environmental-change and population-size-change.
- The literature applies those in various combinations, to produce numerous forms of needless confusion, error, and contradiction. Some leading evolutionary geneticists have known most of those faults for decades, yet by and large, have allowed those faults to remain uncorrected in evolutionary literature. Abundant confusion is the evolutionists' de facto main defense against Haldane's Dilemma.
It makes "no sense," or is "an illusion"
- Such arguments (which often cite Wallace, Hoyle, Feller, Moran, or Brues) are false, and thrive on traditional confusion factors (especially genetic death and genetic load). Moreover, such arguments are implicitly contradicted by leading evolutionary geneticists – such as Crow, Ewens, Kimura, and Maynard-Smith – who all took Haldane's cost concept seriously. Unfortunately, those contradictions are not explicitly addressed, much less resolved, in the evolutionary literature. Instead, evolutionary leaders negligently allowed those confusions to prevail – confounding generations of researchers. The continued prevalence of such arguments is evidence of evolutionist negligence.
Beneficial substitutions "pay for themselves"
- That argument is most associated with Joe Felsenstein, and is still often heard today. Many evolutionary geneticists implicitly regard it as false, but have not bothered to publicly correct the falsehood. The continued prevalence of such arguments is evidence of evolutionist negligence.
- The argument confuses cost versus payment. A "cost" is calculated theoretically, based upon a given evolutionary scenario. For example, if a scenario claims the mutations "increase the reproduction rate," then that will increase the cost, but does nothing to assure the payment is made. The "payment" is the species actual reproduction rate, and is ultimately based upon observation, not storytelling or pure scenario-saying.
- The cost of substitution can only be paid by an actual, real (not imaginary), reproduction rate. For example, suppose a scenario claims that, in one generation, a new beneficial mutation goes from one copy to one million copies. That would require a reproduction rate of at least one million, (that is, a cost of continuity of one, plus a cost of substitution of 999,999). That requirement is not reduced one iota by asserting, "the new substitution theoretically increases the reproduction rate to one million, thereby paying for itself!" If the species cannot actually produce the required reproduction rate (in this case, a reproduction rate of at least one million), then the scenario is not plausible. Period.
The assumptions seem "unrealistic or out-of-date"
- That is highly misleading and does not even begin to solve Haldane's Dilemma. (See here.)
Failure to pursue
- The next largest source of error comes from evolutionists' failure to pursue their own explanations to their logical conclusion. The evolutionist chooses highly peculiar circumstances favorable to evolution, and then assumes it represents a general solution to Haldane's Dilemma. This common error occurs two ways:
- By ignoring the unfavorable effects of their own evolutionary scenario. (For example, by ignoring the overwhelmingly unfavorable effects of: environmental-change, barriers to gene flow, or small population size.)
- By mistakenly assuming the favorable effects of their scenario apply to all generations and wider circumstances in nature. Here is an example often given by evolutionists. Take a large population, where one individual has a beneficial mutation, and suppose all the disfavored individuals are eliminated in one generation – the evolutionist concludes, "The substitution occurs in one generation, not 300 generations, therefore Haldane must be wrong." The evolutionist implies his specially chosen generation represents all evolution. But obviously, his scenario cannot work generation-after-generation over the long-term. It will require numerous generations to grow the population back to it previous size, (where it can likely receive another beneficial mutation) – and this growth, as always, is limited by the species finite reproduction rate.
- These errors are basic, and their pervasiveness still today is evidence of evolutionist negligence.
Neutral evolution
- Evolutionary geneticist, Motoo Kimura, saw Haldane's Dilemma as a serious problem. In fact, Kimura cited Haldane's Dilemma as his main reason for proposing the Neutral Theory of evolution. However, neutral evolution does not explain adaptations. And it does not change the fundamental problem – Is 1,667 beneficial mutations enough?
- The Neutral Theory does not solve Haldane's Dilemma. Instead, the Neutral Theory was proposed in order to rescue the evolutionary storyline from the jaws of falsification – which is an altogether different feat. At the time, protein sequencing (and later, gene sequencing too) was revealing numerous genetically-based differences between diverse mammals, and Kimura realized these could not be explained under the Haldane limit on beneficial substitutions. To avoid such falsification, Kimura took his only remaining avenue of escape – he proposed that most evolutionary genetic change is neutral, (and therefore not limited by Haldane's argument).
- That began the controversy between two factions of evolutionists – neutralists versus selectionists – which has lasted many decades. Selectionists claim most substitutions are due to selection (if only the selection could be measured). Neutralists claim most substitutions occur precisely because selection is absent. In other words, evolutionary theory is compatible with both outcomes – which again indicates unfalsifiability at the core of evolutionary genetic theory. As Haldane's Dilemma moves forward, Walter ReMine predicts evolutionists will evade (rather than solve), by increasingly invoking neutral evolution.
Environmental change
- Environmental-change (like mutation) is random with respect to a species, and therefore it tends to harm the species. (For example, by lowering the reproduction rate, or by raising various evolutionary costs, such as the cost of random loss, or the cost of unsuccessful substitutions.) Haldane's calculations ignored those unfavorable factors.
- Haldane assumed an environmental-change scenario; therefore some evolutionists claim his argument is invalid in a constant environment. Their claim is false. Haldane's environmental-change scenario is wildly unrealistic in favor of evolution (by lowering the cost of substitution). Under a constant environment, Haldane's favors to evolution would not exist; therefore evolution would be slower than what Haldane calculated.
- Some evolutionists (following Joe Felsenstein) claim the cost of substitution is only valid in a deteriorating environment. Their claim is false. To increase the number of copies of a substituting mutation, extra reproduction rate is required – the cost of substitution is unavoidable. (See here.) Leading evolutionary geneticists (including Crow, Ewens, Maynard-Smith, and Kimura) implicitly contradict Felsenstein's argument, but have not publicly addressed it. Instead, they negligently allowed the confusion to prevail – confounding generations of researchers. The lingering prevalence of Felsenstein's argument is evidence of evolutionist negligence.
Partitioned populations
- Some evolutionary theorists propose a large population partitioned into many small sub-populations by intermittent barriers to gene flow. Then the barriers to gene flow are alleged to rise and fall, as needed at just the right moments, in order to solve whatever shortcoming the theorist is explaining away.
- In other words, theorists attempt to choreograph nature into an intricate dance, as though nature will obey. But nature need not dance to the theorist's tune, nor obey facile storytelling. 'Barriers to gene flow' generally occur randomly, and therefore will not generally help the species or evolution. Indeed, it is awkward to claim that intermittent 'barriers to gene flow' will speed up beneficial evolution. These proposals have not been shown to solve Haldane's Dilemma; instead, they confused it into oblivion.
Dominance modifiers
- Beneficial recessive mutations have an exceedingly high cost of substitution (easily in the thousands). In hopes of reducing that cost, some evolutionists promoted "dominance modifiers," which would convert a beneficial recessive mutation to dominant. However:
- These would likely be unlinked to the substituting mutation, thereby reducing effectiveness of the dominance modifier (and the random origin of "a dominance modifier already linked to the substitution that it modifies" would be exceedingly infrequent.)
- These would likely originate too late to reduce much cost.
- These would likely incur their own additional cost of substitution.
- Dominance modifiers would presumably also convert harmful recessive mutations to dominant, and convert beneficial dominant genes to recessive – thereby increasing the cost of mutation.
- For these reasons, dominance modifiers do not solve Haldane's Dilemma. Moreover, they are seldom mentioned.
Soft selection
- Soft selection remains ambiguous and confused in evolutionary literature. Most arguments surrounding it are based on genetic death or genetic load, which cause error.
- For example, the cost of substitution was often defined in terms of "genetic death" or elimination of the previous-type individuals. So, soft selection was claimed to reduce the problem by reducing or delaying the elimination. But that is wrong-headed, because the issue is not 'elimination' of the previous-type individuals, rather the issue is the 'increase' of the new-type individuals (and the reproduction rate necessary to make that happen) – and this version of soft selection does nothing whatever for that increase. (On the contrary, it keeps the previous-type individuals around longer, taking up resources, and slowing evolution down.) By focusing on the wrong issue, genetic death fostered this false solution to Haldane's Dilemma.
- Soft selection is most commonly defined as frequency-dependent selection, or density-dependent selection. But that is not sufficient to reduce Haldane's Dilemma, much less solve it. The total cost of substitution has an absolute minimum (that occurs when the selection coefficient approaches 0+), and rises as the selection coefficient rises. Haldane's equations already favored evolution by granting the absolute minimum total cost of substitution – through assuming consistently tiny selection coefficients (approaching 0+). If the selection coefficient varies (as in frequency- or density-dependent selection), then the total cost of substitution cannot possibly go lower than Haldane's equations, but will surely go higher – making the problem worse than before. This point is basic, yet still widely confused today, which is further evidence of evolutionist negligence.
- Recently, evolutionists are promoting another version of soft selection. In reality, it is not a type of selection, but an illegitimate accounting trick, similar to the double-booking used in financial scams. It operates like this. In effect, the various other costs of evolution (such as the cost of continuity, the cost of mutation, the cost of segregation, the cost of random loss, and a several other costs) are collectively -- and misleadingly -- called "background mortality". Then this is claimed as an additional source to pay the cost of substitution. That is, the accounting that should go toward paying the "background mortality" is diverted to paying the cost of substitution. That leaves the other costs of evolution unpaid, which is not a plausible scenario. In effect, evolutionists are robbing Peter to pay Paul. This approach does not reduce the cost of substitution one iota, instead it attempts to increase the payment by means of misplaced accounting practices. [Note: This version of soft selection is promoted only when evolutionists are trying to solve cost-related problems, otherwise it plays no role in their evolutionary presentations. This is further evidence it is not a legitimate natural mechanism or type of selection.]
- Soft selection is sometimes defined as "rank-order selection," which is effectively just another version of truncation selection – and is not realistic, (see below). To give that an air of realism, soft selection is typically equivocated to mean "frequency-dependent or density-dependent selection." Such equivocation (or bait-and-switch) should be rejected.
- The prevalence and sufficiency of soft selection are disputed (e.g., by evolutionary geneticist, G. C. Williams).
Truncation selection
- Evolutionary geneticists seldom advocate truncation selection as a wide-ranging mechanism – unless someone brings up Haldane's Dilemma or some cost-related problem. Then, from out-of-the-woodwork, truncation selection is brought forth as a "solution." When the discussion is over (and the problem seems "solved"), then truncation selection is silently abandoned – until the next time someone brings up these problems. Such equivocation should be condemned. Since truncation selection is not embraced as a key ingredient of the evolutionary model, evolutionists cannot claim it "solves" Haldane's Dilemma.
- For example, evolutionary geneticist, John Maynard-Smith saw Haldane's Dilemma as a legitimate problem, and proposed truncation selection (also called threshold selection) as a solution (1968). Yet it is absent from his later textbook, Evolutionary Genetics. Likewise, Sved's version of truncation selection (1968) is often cited as a "solution," yet evolutionary geneticists do not otherwise embrace it.
- That is because truncation selection is not realistic. In effect, it ranks individuals, say, by their number of beneficial mutations, and then eliminates individuals below a certain threshold. This process does not depend on any specific interactions between the substituting mutations. Instead, it assumes any random collection of beneficial mutations interacts (and truncates) as effectively as any other – which is not plausible.
- That is quite different from the epistasis seen in nature, where highly specific genes (and their mutations) interact in highly specific combinations to produce a complex trait, such as a brain, heart, joint, blood clotting, vision, motility, hair, replication, or metabolism. Not just any random collection of genes (or mutations) will produce such spectacular advantages. This real-life epistasis makes evolutionary problems worse, which explains why evolutionary textbooks tend to de-emphasize it, or silently assume it away.
Computer simulations
- Evolutionary geneticist Leonard Nunney reported on his computer simulation that evolves dramatically faster than the Haldane limit. Walter ReMine contacted Nunney and requested a copy of Nunney's software for detailed study of its results and methods. Nunney declined, saying he would not share his software with "people who do not publish in peer-reviewed journals" -- which is evolutionist-code for 'anti-evolutionists'. Given evolutionist reluctance to have their results verified, Nunney's simulation must be viewed dimly, especially since it contradicts other simulations.
Internet tactics
- Internet evolutionists often misrepresent their opponents. For example, see here and here. That behavior is most common on anonymous discussion groups, and especially talk.origins.
- The name "Haldane's Dilemma" was coined by evolutionary geneticists, and is the literature's recognized name for this problem. However, Internet evolutionists sometimes change the name (to "ReMine's Dilemma"): (1) which attempts to bury the problem, disconnected from evolutionary authorities and literature searches, and (2) as a sophomoric attempt to smear their opponents.
- Evolutionary websites often misdefine Haldane's Dilemma, and introduce confusions, irrelevant diversions, and needlessly tedious mathematical derivations – that wears down readers and obscures the problem from view. For example, see the Wikipedia article.
Featured Article
Recognized for exceptional quality and value. See also other
featured articles.
- Haldane, J. B. S., 1957 The Cost of Natural Selection. J. Genet. 55:511-524. Note: Haldane's paper is not clear or easy to understand, and has been a source for much confusion that remains to this day.
- ReMine, W. J., 2005, Cost Theory and the Cost of Substitution — a clarification. TJ 19(1), 2005, pp. 113-125, (later renamed the Journal of Creation). See also summary by Don Batten in the same issue, pp. 20-21 Haldane's dilemma has not been solved.
- ReMine, W. J., 2006. More Precise Calculations of the Cost of Substitution. Creation Research Society Quarterly, Vol 43, pp. 111-120. Like ReMine's 2005 paper, this paper was submitted to the main-stream (i.e., evolutionary) journal Theoretical Population Biology, where all peer-reviewers (three in this case) found no errors. They also recognized it as new material (that does not exist in the prior literature). Nonetheless, they rejected it from publication on the grounds that it is not a "sufficient advance," and "there is little interest in this subject today among population biologists; it is one of those subjects which has sunk almost beyond trace".
- The Biotic Message, by Walter ReMine, 1993, Saint Paul Science, publishers, 538 pages (pages 170-253, and 495-507) This book brought Haldane's Dilemma to general readership.
- Haldane's Dilemma, web updates by Walter ReMine
External links
- Haldane's dilemma has not been solved by Don Batten. Journal of Creation 19(1):20–21. April 2005
- ↑ http://news.stanford.edu/news/2014/july/sixth-mass-extinction-072414.html
- ↑ http://www.smartplanet.com/blog/smart-takes/high-rates-of-human-infertility-may-have-evolutionary-cause/
- ↑ http://www.cnn.com/2014/02/04/health/who-world-cancer-report/
- ↑ http://www.cbsnews.com/news/global-cancer-rates-expected-to-hit-22-million-per-year-in-by-2025-who/


text:
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text:
I have a confession to make. I've never done reverse-cowgirl. I guess I just never really wanted to try it...um, that's not really true. OK, I'll be honest. The real reason has something to do with me being self-conscious about my ass. Which is crazy, because D. is always telling me how much he loves my butt. And I read on Cosmopolitan.com recently that one of the reasons guys love bad girls is because when they receive a compliment about a certain body part, they don't cover it up. So I'm trying to channel my inner bad girl and show off my body more.
So when D. opened The Cosmo Kama Sutra to The Backup Boogie, I agreed to it. Partly because it's getting embarrassing to have to fall silent when my girlfriends start talking about reverse-cowgirl and listen to them say, "Still?! S. come on! We're going to have to stage an intervention!"
I think D. sensed that it was sort of a big deal for me and we took it slow. Like, super slow. We could have watched an entire episode of American Idol during the foreplay.
I got on top of D. facing him and I half-hoped he'd sort of forget our original plan to ride backwards. (My internal dialogue went something like this: Be a bad girl, be a bad girl, be a bad girl.) But he didn¹t forget. "Why don¹t you swing around?" he asked. I must have looked a little panicked because he laughed and said, "Relax. You can get up and reposition yourself."
I pulled away and sort of half crouched over him and waddled around so I was facing his feet. (I'm pretty sure bad girls don't waddle, but whatever.)
He re-entered me and holy s***! Amazing! The Cosmo Kama Sutra claims that this will "become your first choice for doggie-style" and it's true. I was won over within the first millisecond. The angle is perfect for G-spot stimulation. And even better, this position leaves the guy's hands free to reach around. He-llo, blended orgasm.
After we finished, we lay in bed while I raved about the position. D. was staying pretty silent so I turned to face him and asked what he thought of it. "Yeah, good." he responded. The way he said it made me think of that quote about how for guys, sex is like pizza; it can be so-so sex, but it's still sex so therefore it's good. Maybe it was because I like the position so much, but I really wanted him to have loved it, and not in a "so-so sex is good sex" way. "Good? Huh." I said, hoping he would pick up on my passive-aggressive bait. But no dice. Oh well. At least I enjoyed it.


text:
Lemon8-XML Roadmap
From PKP Wiki
Revision as of 18:02, 7 September 2010 by Jerico.dev (Talk | contribs) (Adapted L8X roadmap to reflect re-priorization of OMP development.)
- 1 Development Roadmap
- 1.5 Not yet scheduled
- 2 Additional Requirements
Development Roadmap
This is an initial release of the 1.x line, to be shortly deprecated into maintenance mode; we will still be tracking and addressing major / security-related bugs, and you are encouraged to browse our Bugzilla database fully.
As of Q3 2009, development on L8X as a stand-alone application has been halted in favor of a refactoring of the L8X functionality into the PKP Web Application Library. The rationale for this approach is to provide direct integration with OJS and OCS, as well as functionality for the initial relase of OMP. Users can expect a major change to bring the UI in line with the rest of the PKP suite, while keeping much of the dynamic interface in 1.x.
- Port all L8X's citation parsing/lookup/editing functionality to OJS
- citation lookup filters
- citation parsers
- specify and develop supporting infra-structure
- meta-data framework
- filter framework
- Specify and implement citation assistant user interface
- Implement citation output use-cases
- addition of citation data in XML export (NLM/PubMed, Synergies)
- Allow readers to view citations in citation output formats (APA, MLA, Vancouver)
- Initial release of the citation markup assistant in OJS
Not yet scheduled
Originally Scheduled for 2010 (Pushed back in favor of OMP development)
- Additional citation output use cases:
- addition of citation data in XML export (e.g. for PubMed, Synergies, and CrossRef)
- generation of COinS (Context Object in Span) from citations, including Zotero integration
- Allow readers to view citations in all existing citation output formats (EndNote?, RefWorks? integration)
- Add document parsing/editing capability to OJS
- automatic citation data extraction from ODT in submission process
- add section parser / editor to editorial process (generate and edit full semantic XML structure) in OJS
- Implement XML-to-PDF and XML-to-HTML rendering
- Add document conversion capability to OJS
- automatic document conversion during submission process (*.*)->(*.odt) to allow automatic extraction for more formats
- Add L8X's meta-data extraction to OJS
- automatic metadata extraction from ODT in submission process
- Market migrated parsing/lookup code as a standalone library
Additional Use Cases
- Copyediting: Author match between the name used in body of the text and name used in the citations, as per spelling and reference link between text and bibliography (author with no reference; reference with no link to body of the text);
- Copyediting: Quotation checking, where a quote in the body of the text is checked against the web for accuracy, with candidates proposed for comparison and correction, as well as reference checking;
- Plagiarism: Random check of not-quoted bits of text for matches and possible plagiarism.
- Let users "lock" citations once they are in their final state. Locked citations won't be overwritten by parser or lookup results.
- Introduce a "batch processing mode" for citation parsing/lookup
- keep the application responsive while citation parsing is going on in the background
- do citation parsing/lookup during off-hours (e.g. every night)
Document Parsing
- Let users configure "content types" (document types) to improve parsing and reduce manual work for batches of similar documents
- extract styles from sample document
- extract sections from sample document
- let user attribute semantic information to styles and sections (e.g. first section = always contains author information)
- parse document (metadata, citations, structure) batch based on these specific user definitions
- Additional file conversion based on plugins: XSLT, ICE, GD, ImageMagick, etc.
- Integrate OpenCalais service for metadata identification and extraction.
- using OpenCalais on the full-text of an article is less accurate, though it does a pretty good job of finding entities
- use L8X to detect the front, body, and back matter of a document, then:
- send the front matter to Calais to be broken into metadata (more accurately than we do now)
- send the back matter to the L8X citation handling and associated parse/lookup services
- send the body to eg. Lucene for full-text indexing and/or Calais for automatic keyword assignment (this works well, eg. with medical terms in MeSH, etc.)
Citation Parsing
- Use machine-learning approaches (e.g. data mining/classifiers) to improve parser results
Citation Lookup
- Integrate more citation lookup services: OAIster, CiteSeer, Amazon, LibraryThing, OpenLibrary, SRU/SRW, Z39.50
- generic OAI-DC: maybe with a local Harvester as meta-data cache and as a search interface?
- Port source adapters from Umlaut project, see http://umlaut.rubyforge.org/.
Citation Output
- Implement citation output plug-ins for Chicago Manual of Style, American Medical Association, American Sociological Association and Council of Science Editors (see mails to pkp-support from Mark and John, 20/10/2009)
- Auto-COinS plugin (WAL): generate COinS in HTML/abstract view for marked references in textarea
- Apply reading tools to references within articles (provide additional information about cited works in RT sidebar)
Document Export
- Additional XML schemas for export
Backporting to other Applications
- Extend L8X functionality to OCS and OMP
- Add citation support to Harvester
- If a metadata element in Harvester looks like a citation, parse the citation and render it in HTML with COinS
- use Harvester to retrieve additional citation meta-data that will be attached to the meta-data we already retrieve (i.e. every single harvester record may contain or point to additional citation records)
Additional Requirements
- No new initial installation requirements
- Maintain PHP4 compatibility for initial installation, new installation requirements (additional software, PHP>4) only for optional plug-ins - a notable example being the citation editor/parser/lookup which requires at least PHP5.0
- Thorough documentation of additional installation / runtime environment requirements
- Make sure that L8X functionality will be easily portable to other PKP products (OMP, OCS, Harvester)
- Closely integrate with OMP to make sure that the GUI components will work in OMP without adaptation
- All contributions should be fully unit-test covered
- All workflows should be fully web-test covered


text:
The sneaking suspicion that you've left an appliance on at home, and that your house is now a towering inferno.
I was halfway to the shops before I experienced a stab of pyronoia; had I turned the iron off? I thought I had, or had I only imagined that?
by Barry Earsman March 02, 2008
buy the domain for your recipe blog


text:
2009: Returning starting quarterback ... leading returning passer in the ACC after averaging 197.4 yards per game in 2008 ... preseason third team All-ACC choice by Athlon Sports and Phil Steele's College Football Preview ... voted the strongest arm in the ACC by Lindy's preseason magazine ... charted as the No. 31 quarterback in the nation by Phil Steele's College Football Preview ... three-year starter at quarterback ... owns a strong throwing arm and good feel for the game ... has evolved into a true dual-threat signal-caller ... has increased completion percentage while cutting interception totals every season at Duke ... could challenge several school career passing records by the end of the season ... entering the season, ranks fourth all-time at Duke in passing yards (6,735), pass attempts (1,061), pass completions (603), passing touchdowns (47) and total offense (6,609) ... stands 2,879 passing yards, 314 attempts, 227 completions and eight touchdowns away from Duke's career records held by Ben Bennett ... begins the year ranked 20th in ACC history with 6,735 passing yards ... leads all active ACC players in career passing yards and touchdown passes ... holds school records for most consecutive pass attempts without an interception (206) and most pass attempts in a game without an interception (52 vs. N.C. State, 11/8/08) ... one of only three quarterbacks in school history to throw 10 or more touchdown passes in three straight seasons ... owns the seventh-highest single-game passing yardage total in Duke history with a 428-yard outing at Navy in 2007 ... in the annual Spring Game, completed 17-of-23 passes for 257 yards while rushing for two touchdowns.
2008: Second team All-ACC selection ... played and started 11 of the 12 games on the year, missing the Virginia Tech contest with an ankle injury ... completed a career-high 224-of-361 (.620) pass attempts for 2,171 yards with 15 touchdowns and six interceptions ... carried the ball 69 times for 96 yards and two touchdowns ... passing totals were among the top 10 on Duke's single-season lists for completions (7th), attempts (9th) and touchdowns (T8th) ... ranked among the ACC leaders in passing yards per game (2nd; 197.4), touchdown passes (2nd; 15), fewest interceptions (2nd; 6), total offense (2nd; 206.1) completion percentage (3rd; 62.0) and passing efficiency (4th; 123.0) ... did not throw an interception in the first three games and seven games total ... threw 105 passes without a pick to start the year to establish a new school record with 206 consecutive passes without an interception ... tossed a school single-game record 52 passes without an interception against N.C. State, completing 37-of-52 (.714) passes for 317 yards and two touchdowns against the Wolfpack ... the 37 completions marked the second-highest single-game total in Duke history ... also matched a season-high with 41 rushing yards on six carries against the Wolfpack to amass 358 yards of total offense ... threw for 317 yards and rushed for 41 yards against Navy, completing 25-of-35 (.714) passes with three touchdowns to earn ACC Offensive Back of the Week (9/15) ... completed 34-of-49 (.694) for 278 yards and one touchdown against North Carolina ... the 34 completions tied the fourth-best single-game total in school history ... threw a touchdown pass in eight-of-11 games with two touchdown tosses against James Madison, Virginia, Miami, Wake Forest and N.C. State ... scored rushing touchdowns against Northwestern and Miami ... threw for over 200 yard in six games with two 300-yard performances ... took a total of 677 snaps under center ... received the Outstanding Offensive Back award at the annual team banquet.
2007: Started all 12 games at quarterback ... completed 199-of-360 (.553) passes for 2,430 yards and 21 touchdowns ... ranked third in the ACC in touchdown passes (21), fourth in passing yards per game (202.5) and sixth in both total offense (190.2 ypg) and pass efficiency (125.7 rating) ... threw 10 more touchdown passes than his freshman season and six fewer interceptions while raising his completion percentage to .553 from .529 ... became the first quarterback in school history to throw 10 or more touchdowns in both his freshman and sophomore seasons ... recorded the 10th 400-yard passing performance in school history by hitting on 23-of-36 passes for 428 yards and four touchdowns at Navy ... the 428 yards ranks as the seventh-most in a single game at Duke while the four touchdown passes match the second-highest single-game performance in school history ... also rushed for a touchdown against the Midshipmen for a career-high five total touchdowns in the game ... threw four touchdown passes against Wake Forest and ended the game with 291 yards on 21-of-47 passing ... completed 15 consecutive pass attempts at Northwestern to equal the second-longest streak in school history ... threw for 246 yards and three touchdowns on 19-of-23 (.826) passing against the Wildcats ... completed 18-of-27 passes for 241 yards and two touchdowns at Miami ... threw for 219 yards and two touchdowns on 18-of-27 passing at North Carolina ... registered two touchdowns against Virginia Tech with one through the air and one on the ground ... threw a touchdown pass in 11 of the 12 games ... completed 33 passes of 20 or more yards on the year ... did not throw an interception in the final three outings of the season ... took 737 total snaps on offense ... had 60 or more plays in six outings with a season-high 81 against Wake Forest ... chosen as a game captain for the Navy and Miami contests ... ACC All-Academic team selection.
2006: Played in all 12 games, starting the final 11 weeks of the season ... honorable mention Freshman All-America choice by The Sporting News ... co-recipient of Duke's Most Improved Offensive Player award ... completed 180-of-340 (.529) pass attempts for 2,134 yards with 11 touchdowns and 16 interceptions ... ranked fifth in the ACC and 69th nationally in total offense with a per game average of 171.7 yards ... ranked 10th in the ACC in passing efficiency (106.9) ... set Duke freshman record for passing yards in a season ... passing yardage total ranked first in the ACC and fifth nationally among rookies while ranking fourth on the league's all-time chart for freshmen ... in the ACC annuals for rookie quarterbacks, the 2,134 passing yardage total trails only Florida State's Drew Weatherford (3,208 in 2005), N.C. State's Philip Rivers (3,054 in 2000) and Florida State's Chris Rix (2,734 in 2001) ... season mark of 2,060 yards of total offense places sixth all-time among freshman signal-callers in ACC history behind Weatherford (3,180 in 2005), Rix (3,123 in 2001), Rivers (2,969 in 2000), Georgia Tech's Reggie Ball (2,380 in 2003) and Georgia Tech's Shawn Jones (2,078 in 1989) ... matched the top single-season total for touchdown passes by a true freshman in school history previously set by Ben Bennett in 1980 ... became just the fourth true freshman in Duke gridiron history to lead the team in passing yards, joining Asack (966 in 2005), Steve Slayden (1,229 in 1984) and Bennett (2,050 in 1980) ... in the ACC, ranked tied for second with five games of 200 or more yards of total offense ... in first collegiate start, threw for a season-high 305 yards at Wake Forest to post the 10th-highest single-game total in the ACC for the year ... the 305-yard effort marked the most passing yards by a Duke quarterback in a starting debut since Dave Brown threw for 444 yards against Wake Forest in 1989 ... threw for over 200 yards in five games ... had four touchdown passes in the season finale versus North Carolina, matching the second-highest single-game total in Blue Devil history ... lone rushing touchdown of the year came at Alabama ... over the last four games of the season, completed 74-of-129 (.574) passes for 834 yards and seven touchdowns.
Prior to Duke: Played at Hialeah Miami Lakes High School under coach Jerry Hughes ... all-region selection by PrepStar magazine ... charted as the 10th-best dual threat quarterback in the nation and the 60th-top overall prospect in Florida by Rivals.com ... listed as the 65th-top overall quarterback in the country by Scout.com ... as a senior, passed for 1,237 yards and 12 touchdowns against just three interceptions as team went 6-3 and advanced to the state playoffs.
Personal: Son of Renee Holmes ... born November 19, 1987.


text:
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Dealing With The Credit
What are the legal time frames
the bureaus must adhere to after you submit a dispute, and how do you benefit
if they run out of time before resolving your dispute?
What is the most
effective way to submit disputes with the credit bureaus?
How to take advantage of the BEST
TIMING! Discover the best time of year to contact credit bureaus about your
Exactly WHAT should you dispute
on your credit report?
How do you dispute multiple items
on your credit report, so the credit bureaus do not consider your request as
being "frivolous" or "unlawful"?
Why you DON'T want to send in any
kind of proof of an item you're disputing....
You Get Your Report Back...
I'm also going to teach you tips and tricks on how to deal with legitimate
derogatory items that REMAIN on your credit report, in an effort to get
them removed or resolved...
WAIT! That's Not All...
Because of the current state of the economy, I
want to do more than just show you how to repair your credit.
I want to empower you with information on credit that you've probably never
even heard of.
So, in
I've attached 38 MORE
Yes, you read that right...38
more chapters! You're going to know just about every single fact on how your credit scores are derived, what you
need to watch out for, what habits you need to implement, and much, much more.....
Here's some highlights of other Popular
What are my options in lieu of
How does Bankruptcy affect my
Will I qualify under the
"Bankruptcy Means Test" to eliminate all my debts?
What debts CAN'T I eliminate
if I file Bankruptcy?
How do I re-establish credit
after Bankruptcy?
Help me minimize the negative
effects after filing Bankruptcy...
Show me how the Credit Bureaus
are supposed to report any accounts that are included in my
Now, Let's Take This Even
also find out things you've never known about credit, which will keep your credit score
at heights you've never seen before!
And We Don't Stop There...
You're also going to
get Sample Letters that you can use to:
Plus.... A script
that you can use to Negotiate Lower Payments with your
Everything a Credit Repair Company Does
You Can Do It Now Too...
Wouldn't it be great to walk into any
bank, car dealership or store and apply for credit with all the confidence of knowing you'll be
This stuff really works! If you want to increase your credit
scores, it doesn't get any easier than this. Just read, follow directions and sit back and watch it happen. It's
not rocket science or brain surgery and anyone who can read, can do this.
"Surviving Your Credit Meltdown" is way more than a simple credit
course. It's a comprehensive, step-by-step, easy to follow, complete credit course which covers everything
you've ever wanted to know about credit reports, bill collectors, credit bureaus, loans, banks....and
Most Importantly, you'll learn Step-By-Step how to increase
your credit score fast! These secrets can save you literally thousands of dollars, as well as get those pesky
creditors off your back.
Check out some testimonials from others who have bought
this book...
No matter how you slice it, divorce is difficult. For me, dealing with credit issues
throughout my divorce process was an underlying source of stress and strain. I was in an enormous
amount of denial when it came to accepting the fact that my credit may get destroyed if I didn't inform
myself wisely. I searched online and came up with a lot of what I call "bogus" websites on how to
prevent my credit from going down the toilet. My 30 year good credit history was in jeopardy and I knew
I needed to act fast! I found Taylor McKenzie's "Surviving Your Credit Meltdown" online and I found the
book to be highly informative and very useful for my needs with the divorce. I learned what to do and
most importantly what NOT to do. The book empowered me to save what I had worked so hard for my entire
adult life.
The tips helped me survive the divorce in more ways than one. I didn't want to lose my dignity over
this life change and the book's 8 Step System was very user friendly and useful for me. Also, with
time of the essence I was able to easily navigate the program with ease and expedition. I am happy
to say that I have come through the divorce process free from any credit blips. I took control and
used "Surviving Your Credit Meltdown" excellent wealth of information to come through clean! Today
my score is actually better than it was when I was married, that says a whole lot for the program
and what it has done for me financially and emotionally! I highly recommend "Surviving Your Credit
Meltdown"...it worked for me!
Buying Taylor McKenzie's Credit Trauma Book was one of the best things I have done
recently to help me a great deal when negotiating with my lender regarding my short sale of my home.
Her book helped me to understand what the lender was looking for, and what to do so it would only
affect my credit score as minimally as possible under the circumstance.
How Do You Know If This Program Is For
You Need This eBook If...
So, if
you order TODAY,
I'm going to throw in 2
1st BONUS
- Value
In this first BONUS, you're going to get 3 videos walking you Step-by-Step through
AnnualCreditReport.com's on-line dispute system.
Because you only get ONE SHOT each year to dispute any errors and inaccuracies through each bureau
on-line, these videos will be an invaluable source of information to make sure you get it done
RIGHT THE FIRST TIME! Once you get out, you cannot get back in for another year!
You'll be guided though all the screens so you become familiar with what each looks like and get an
idea of what can be accomplished through each bureau.
Make sure you watch these videos before you try it yourself, so you are armed with the knowledge,
tips and tricks you'll need in order to optimize your credit as fully as possible.
Below, I've pasted some excerpts from the transcript
so you can see some of the invaluable information you're going to get...
These excerpts above are just a tiny
fraction of the entire interview. As you can see from the information that I've included above,
there is a wealth of information that you can gain from listening to this interview which will help
you understand things you can do to optimize your own credit.
NOW It's Time To TAKE BACK CONTROL OF YOUR
"Surviving Your Credit
Meltdown"100% RISK
You can try my "Surviving Your Credit Meltdown" e-course absolutely
RISK FREE for 30 days!
I'm so confident you will be thrilled with the results you see from using my course that I
am offering you a 100% money back guarantee.
If for any reason you feel that
"Surviving Your Credit
Meltdown" is not for you, just send me an email and I
will refund 100% of your purchase price, no questions asked.
You have absolutely nothing to lose
and there is zero risk. Click the order link
below and you will be transferred to the secure payment page.
Here's what you'll
e- Book
- "Surviving Your Credit Meltdown"
Video Tutorial –
Step-by-Step Guide walking you through AnnualCreditReport.com
Credit Expert
Interview & e-Transcript
Get ALL THIS....an $87.98 Value!
Normally sells for
But if you order RIGHT NOW,
you'll pay only $37.97
(This is a limited time offer so don't wait - order now!)
Click on the button above to
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Once your
order has been processed, you'll get instant
access to a private website containing the
"Surviving Your Credit
Meltdown" e-course. You will be able to start using my e-course within minutes of
In as little as one evening, you'll gain the confidence to tackle your credit
problems head on - and have the know-how to dramatically improve your credit score, in less than 90
Take Action Now To Improve
Your Credit and Change Your
So, you have everything to gain, and nothing to lose by ordering today. I can help
you get your life back and take the Trauma out of your credit issues.
Click on the "Order Now" button below and follow the simple
instructions and you will be able to download the e-course "Surviving Your Credit Meltdown" immediately any time of
the day or night.
Points to keep in mind...
If you have bad credit, most credit cards are entirely out of reach. The few credit cards that are
available to you typically require exorbitant setup fees and high interest rates or recurring monthly fees, offer
very low credit lines, and often require cash deposits.
An auto loan can cost thousands more in interest if you finance the automobile with bad credit.
A typical home loan can cost hundreds of thousands more in interest if you are purchasing
the home with bad credit.
Take The First Step NOW to Alleviate Your Credit Trauma!
I'll be looking forward to hearing about your success!
Warmest Regards,Taylor McKenzie
P.S. It should only take you about 1 hour from start to
finish if you follow my step-by-step instructions.
P.S.S. Learn "The
Secret" Credit Repair Companies do not want you to know.
This "secret" is all you need to know to ERASE NEGATIVE MARKS
FROM YOUR CREDIT and it doesn't cost you a freaking thing!
P.S.S.S. Remember,
I am so confident that "Surviving Your Credit Meltdown" is exactly what you neeed and it will help you more than
anything out there at any price, that I have a Full 30 Day Money
Back Guarantee.
If it is not everything that I say it is, then I will give you your money back - No
Questions Asked. So, you have everything to gain, and nothing to lose by ordering today.
I can help you get your life back and take the Trauma out of your credit


text:
"Virtually" always at home with Canary Flex on the job.
Keeping an eye on things around the home so that you can be somewhere else. And being able to watch, listen and talk back is being more important now to our "virtually There" lifestyles. A very nice and versatile device to keep an eye on your home, inside and out, regardless of the conditions. Unfazed by tough weather, Canary Flex is designed to withstand rain, snow, heat, or cold.
Canary Flex keeps a record or let's you Watch Live what's happening inside and outside of your home, whether it's catching a burglar approaching your front door, seeing special moments of your children, or witnessing your pet getting into mischief. Alerts, real time video, and two way conversation with whoever is at your door, or anywhere around the house, inside or out. Easy to deploy and connect.
Also an optional casing for use away from home with long battery life and connectivity via cellular. Great for keeping an eye on your boat, vacation home, etc.
Reported by: Juan Picazo, EANA Marketing


text:
Product Description
Our Infusion ASC Hot Pink Pleated Blinds are perfect for any room, offering a window shade that is elegant and beautiful. Our extensive selection of fabrics gives you a complete range to choose from, from blackout energy saving blinds to designer patterns and translucent blinds. Pleated blinds give a real shade of colour throughout the blind and a gorgeous ambience is achieved by the soft diffusion of light. We only use 20mm highest quality fabrics and our own exclusive slimline system to offer you the most minimalistic blind available on the market today. Our pleated blinds come with a self locking cord lock to give you hassle free operation within the most tight recesses.
Please note that images are for illustration purposes only and may not exactly represent the actual fabric, it is always advisable to order a sample before purchasing.
COMPOSITION:100% Polyester
ANTI GLARE:Yes, with advanced light reflecting properties
WIPE CLEAN:Yes.
ASC® (ADVANCED SOLAR CONTROL): Fabrics allows in natural light whilst reducing solar gain and increasing energy efficiency.
SUPER SLIM LINE RAILS: Exclusive100% slotted aluminium slimline rails powder coated and anodised.
CHILD SAFETY: All our free hanging (cord operated) pleated blinds have a tie back supplied as standard. We are able to offer a tensioned version on request.


text:
Search Careers
at Harman
View all current career opportunities or search by keyword to find jobs that match your interests.
Featured Jobs
Job Opportunities
View our positions in your area of interest by click on the links below.
HARMAN designs and engineers connected products and solutions for consumers, automakers, and enterprises worldwide, including audio, visual and infotainment systems; enterprise automation solutions; and software services. With leading brands including AKG®, Harman Kardon®, Infinity®, JBL®, Lexicon® , Mark Levinson ® and Revel®, HARMAN is admired by audiophiles, musicians and the entertainment venues where they perform around the world.
HARMAN has a workforce of approximately 25,000 people across the Americas, Europe, and Asia. We're a technology and integration services leader for the Automotive, Mobile, Telecommunications and Enterprise markets. More than 25 million automobiles on the road today are equipped with HARMAN audio and infotainment systems. The Company's software solutions power billions of mobile devices and systems that are connected, integrated, personalized, adaptive and secure across all platforms, from the work and home to car and mobile.
Search Jobs by Location
Search for a career with HARMAN in one of our many locations around the world.Search by Location
Join our Talent Community
Stay connected by joining our network! Enter your email and tell us a bit about yourself, and we'll keep you informed about upcoming events and opportunities that match your interests.
Notice to Employment Agencies and Professional Recruiters: HARMAN will not accept unsolicited resumes from any source other than directly from a candidate. Any employment agency or professional recruiter ("Agency") that submits an unsolicited resume to HARMAN's career site or directly to any employee, does so with the understanding that the resume will become the property of HARMAN. HARMAN will have the right to hire that candidate at its discretion without any fee owed to the Agency.
Agencies that have fee agreements with HARMAN and have been engaged on a specific search shall follow the submission process outlined by the HARMAN recruiter with whom they are partnering with on the search.
All inquiries by Agencies to become a provider of recruiting services must be directed to and approved by HARMAN's Director of Global Talent Acquisition.
Notice to Candidates: We were recently notified that individuals posing as HARMAN recruiters are contacting potential candidates and making job offers as a way of obtaining personal information that may be used for fraudulent activities. While HARMAN recruiters and authorized Agencies partnering with HARMAN on specific searches will proactively reach out to potential candidates about employment opportunities, they will not ask for personal information over the phone, by email or text/SMS. Offers of employment are not extended until a formal, multi-phase interview and screening process has been completed and a candidate has submitted an application through our secure online employment portal. If you believe that you have been the victim of a fraudulent employment offer, please contact the Federal Trade Commission or your local police department.


text:
I've noticed that if I put my finger in 1 Particular Place on my igesture, the cursor wobbles up-and-down vertically. It's much worse if I only use one finger instead of two for normal pointing. Diagnostics come out OK. Any ideas what might be causing this?
Also I forgot to mention that every now and then the cursor seems to jump around several inches on my screen, or even halfway across it. It's probably related.


text:
We did it again! We've just added 815 million US Public Records of people living in the USA to MyHeritage SuperSearch. This massive compilation of records was assembled from telephone directories, property tax assessments, credit applications, voter registration lists and other records available to the public. It includes information about hundreds of millions of people from the USA spanning the last five decades, making it one of the most powerful collections on SuperSearch for finding information about living relatives.The key word here is LIVING relatives. All you out there who wring your hands and worry about your privacy are about to get a way to see exactly how much public information there is on the Internet about living people. Notice the types of records included and think about whether or not you have ever filled out one of those types of forms or had your name listed by a phonebook or a tax list.
That aside, this will be a major help to many of the people I know who are trying to get past the first generation of their genealogy. Even for those of us who are well past the 50 year mark in our research can benefit from this current availability of records. The announcement goes on to say:
Wherever the records include a full address, we've been able to deduce other possible relatives who were living at the same address. This can help you reconstruct entire households, determine if the records are relevant for the family you are seeking, and discover additional relatives you didn't previously know about. Other important information in these records includes birth dates, aliases, possible relatives (and their birth dates), as well as business associations and, where publicly available, contact information such as phone numbers.All of this type of information has been available to the governments, financial institutions, credit agencies and attorneys for a long time, but has not been generally available to genealogists without a lot of hassle and some substantial fees.
Searching these records is available from a link in the blog post. This certainly adds considerable value to a MyHeritage.com subscription. I did quick search on my name and found a lot of information, phone numbers I had long forgotten, addresses and business associations that I am no longer a part of and a whole lot more. If you would like an eye opener today, read this post and do the MyHeritage.com search. Please read the rest of the announcement from MyHeritage.com before you ask me any questions.


text:
0 Members and 1 Guest are viewing this topic.
We had lots of RSVP's so it should be a lively evening! See you there!! Kristie
Kristie, could you provide me with a list of those board members who voted against buying the generator?
Dammit, I haven't the heart to vote against anyone on that list. I had a picture in my mind of a bunch of old, fat, hairy men voting against that generator before lighting giant cigars and laughing diabolically. WTF...


text:
TAIPEI, Taiwan, Jan. 23 (UPI) -- A Taiwanese company has dubbed its latest product, a ramen noodles bowl with an iPhone dock, the "anti-loneliness bowl."
MisoSoupDesign partners Minnie Jan and Daisuke Nagatomo, who attended Columbia University together, said they were inspired to create the "anti-loneliness bowl" when they spotted a man eating alone while clutching his phone, the New York Daily News reported Wednesday.
"He just couldn't let the phone go!" Jan said. "We thought it would be a good idea to help him restore his manners."
"We did it for fun -- it's kind of sarcastic," she said of the bowl's creation. "We're not trying to promote everyone looking at their screens all the time."


text:
On the Loose - Racer X
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