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Systems of Religious and Spiritual
The word agnosticism was first publicly
coined in 1869 at a meeting of the Metaphysical Society in London by T.H.
Huxley, a British biologist and champion of the Darwinian theory of evolution.
He coined it as a suitable label for his own position. "It came into my
head as suggestively antithetical to the 'Gnostic' of Church history who
professed to know so much about the very things of which I was ignorant."
Huxley's statement brings out both the
fact that agnosticism has something to do with not knowing, and that this not
knowing refers particularly to the sphere of religious doctrine. Etymology,
however, and now common usage, do permit less limited uses of the term. The
Soviet leader Lenin, for instance, in his Materialism
and Empirio-Criticism (1908), distinguished the extremes of true Materialism
on the one hand and the bold Idealism of George Berkeley, an 18th-century
Idealist, on the other. He recognized as attempted halfway houses between them
the "agnosticisms" of the Scottish Skeptic David Hume and the great
German critical philosopher Immanuel Kant--agnosticisms that here consisted in
their contentions about the unknowability of the nature, or even the existence,
of "things-in-themselves" (realities beyond appearances).
The essence of Huxley's agnosticism--and
his statement, as the inventor of the term, must be peculiarly
authoritative--was not a profession of total ignorance, nor even of total
ignorance within one special but very large sphere; rather, he insisted, it was
"not a creed but a method, the essence of which lies in the rigorous
application of a single principle," viz., to follow reason "as far as
it can take you"; but then, when you have established as much as you can,
frankly and honestly to recognize the limits of your knowledge. It is the same
principle as that later proclaimed in an essay on "The Ethics of
Belief" (1876) by the British mathematician and philosopher of science W.K.
Clifford: "It is wrong always, everywhere and for everyone to believe
anything upon insufficient evidence." Applied by Huxley to fundamental
Christian claims, this principle yields characteristically skeptical
conclusions: speaking, for example, of the Apocrypha (ancient scriptural
writings excluded from the biblical canon), he wrote: "One may suspect that
a little more critical discrimination would have enlarged the Apocrypha not
inconsiderably." In the same spirit, Sir Leslie Stephen, 19th-century
literary critic and historian of thought, in An Agnostic's Apology, and Other Essays (1893), reproached those who
pretended to delineate "the nature of God Almighty with an accuracy from
which modest naturalists would shrink in describing the genesis of a black
Agnosticism in its primary reference is
commonly contrasted with atheism thus: "The Atheist asserts that there is
no God, whereas the Agnostic maintains only that he does not know." This
distinction, however, is in two respects misleading: first, Huxley himself
certainly rejected as outright false--rather than as not known to be true or
false--many widely popular views about God, his providence, and man's posthumous
destiny; and second, if this were the crucial distinction, agnosticism would for
almost all practical purposes be the same as atheism. It was indeed on this
misunderstanding that Huxley and his associates were attacked both by
enthusiastic Christian polemicists and by Friedrich Engels, the co-worker of
Karl Marx, as "shame-faced atheists," a description that is perfectly
applicable to many of those who nowadays adopt the more comfortable label.
Agnosticism, moreover, is not the same
as Skepticism, which, in the comprehensive and classical form epitomized by the
ancient Greek Skeptic Sextus Empiricus (2nd and 3rd centuries AD), confidently
challenges not merely religious or metaphysical knowledge but all knowledge
claims that venture beyond immediate experience. Agnosticism is, as Skepticism
surely could not be, compatible with the approach of Positivism, which
emphasizes the achievements and possibilities of natural and social
science--though most agnostics, including Huxley, have nonetheless harboured
reserves about the more authoritarian and eccentric features of the system of
Auguste Comte, the 19th-century founder of Positivism.
It is also possible to speak of a
religious agnosticism. But if this expression is not to be contradictory, it has
to be taken to refer to an acceptance of the agnostic principle, combined either
with a conviction that at least some minimum of affirmative doctrine can be
established on adequate grounds, or else with the sort of religion or
religiousness that makes no very substantial or disputatious doctrinal demands.
If these two varieties of agnosticism be admitted, then Huxley's original
agnosticism may be marked off from the latter as (not religious but) secular and
from the former as (not religious but) atheist--construing "atheist"
here as a word as wholly negative and neutral as "atypical" or
"asymmetrical." These, without pejorative insinuations, mean merely
"not typical" or "not symmetrical" (the atheist is thus one
who is simply without a belief in God).
Huxley himself allowed for the
possibility of an agnosticism that was in these senses religious--even
Christian--as opposed to atheist. Thus, in another 1889 essay "Agnosticism
and Christianity," he contrasted "scientific theology," with
which "agnosticism has no quarrel," with "Ecclesiasticism, or, as
our neighbours across the Channel call it, Clericalism"; and his complaint
against the latter's proponents was not that they reach substantive conclusions
different from his own but that they maintain "that it is morally wrong not
to believe certain propositions, whatever the results of strict scientific
investigation of the evidence of these propositions." The second
possibility, that of an agnosticism that is religious as opposed to secular, was
realized perhaps most strikingly in the Buddha (Gautama). Typically and
traditionally, the ecclesiastical Christian has insisted that absolute certainty
about some minimum approved list of propositions concerning God and the general
divine scheme of things was wholly necessary to salvation. Equally typically,
according to the tradition, the Buddha sidestepped all such speculative
questions. At best they could only distract attention from the urgent business
of salvation--salvation, of course, in his own very different interpretation.
It is convenient to distinguish the
antecedents of secular agnosticism from those of religious agnosticism.
The ancestry of modern secular and
atheist agnosticism may be traced back to the Sophists and to Socrates in the
5th century BC; not, of course, the "Socrates" of Plato's Republic--the
would-be founding father of an ideal totalitarian state--but the shadowy
historical Socrates supposedly hailed by the oracle of Apollo's Delphi as the
wisest of men--who knew what, and how much, he did not know. But the most
important and immediate source of such agnostic ideas was surely Hume, while
Hume's successor Kant may well be seen as the prime philosophical inspirer of
religious reactions against them.
Huxley, as noted above, demanded that a
thinker recognize and accept the limits of his knowledge. In taking it that
these limits do not include either the findings of a general positive natural
theology or the contents of a particular special divine revelation, Huxley was
accepting a Humean critique. (It is significant that Huxley's study of Hume was
the most sympathetic appraisal to be published in the 19th century.) Hume's
critique is found in his Enquiry
Concerning Human Understanding (first published in 1748 under another
title), which attempts, in the manner of Locke and later Kant, to determine the
limits of man's possible knowledge, and in his posthumous Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion (1779).
Two sections of the Enquiry refer directly to these limits: "Of a Particular
Providence and of a Future State" and "Of Miracles." In the
first, Hume starts from his basic Empiricist claims: that, generally,
"matters of fact and real existence" cannot be known a priori (prior
to and apart from experience); and that, particularly, one cannot know a priori
that any thing or kind of thing either must be or cannot be the cause of any
other thing or kind of thing. These considerations dispose of all the classical
arguments for the existence of God other than the argument to design--that the
structure and order of the universe and its constituents implies a design and a
designer. But here, Hume urges, argument from experience can find no purchase
because both the supposed effect, the universe as a whole, and the putative
cause, God, are essentially unique and incomparable. Later, in his Dialogues,
he develops the suggestion--which he acknowledges as stemming from the
3rd-century-BC philosopher Strato of Lampsacus, next but one after Aristotle as
head of his Lyceum--that whatever order man discerns should be attributed to the
universe itself and not to any postulated outside cause.
In the section "Of Miracles,"
Hume takes his stand on the agnostic principle: "A wise man . . .
proportions his belief to the evidence." He then argues that no attempt to
appeal to the alleged occurrence of miracles--conceived as authoritative
endorsements by a power beyond and greater than nature--can succeed in
establishing the truth of a claim to constitute special divine revelation.
Hume's distinctive contribution here is methodological: the contention that the
principles and presuppositions upon which the critical historian must rely, in
first interpreting the remains of the past as historical evidence and in then
building up from this evidence his account of what actually happened, are such
as to make it impossible for him "to prove a miracle and make it a just
foundation for any such system of religion."
In this two-phase attack, Hume
challenged what was in his day, and long remained, the standard framework for
systematic Christian apologetics. Indeed, the contrary contentions--of the
possibilities, both of developing a positive natural theology and of
establishing the authenticity of a supposed revelation by discovering endorsing
miracles--were defined as essential and constitutive dogmas of Roman Catholicism
by decrees of the first Vatican Council of 1869-70.
In view of the future history of Western
thought, it must be emphasized that Hume's position, like Kant's, was
(officially) that knowledge in this area is practically impossible. This thesis
is stronger than that of those who simply confess that they just do not know:
The God-men say when die go sky
Through pearly gates where river flow,
The God-men say when die we fly
Just like eagle, hawk and crow--
Might be, might be; I don't know.
(Aboriginal song from the Northern
Territory, Australia.)
Yet Hume's thesis was, on the other
hand, weaker than that of his 20th-century neo-Humean successors, the logical
positivists of the Vienna Circle, who held that any talk about a transcendent
God must be "without literal significance." This view was presented
brilliantly, and in an uncompromisingly drastic form, by A.J. Ayer in his Language,
Truth and Logic (2nd ed., 1946). Similar conclusions were reached less
high-handedly by several contributors to New
Essays in Philosophical Theology (ed. by A. Flew and A. MacIntyre, 1955).
Looking backward, it is possible now to
see what Hume himself did not know--that his attack on the possibility of a
positive natural theology had to a considerable extent been anticipated by
14th-century Christian Scholastics: generally, by William of Ockham; and, with
particular reference to the lack of a priori knowledge of causal relations, by
Nicholas of Autrecourt.
The claims of Hume and Kant--and,
indeed, those of the logical positivists and their successors--about the
practical, or theoretical, impossibility of such knowledge should also be
compared with the long traditions of "negative theology." Such a
theology maintains that the nature of God passes so far beyond the comprehension
of any creature that God must be characterized largely or entirely by
indirection--as Infinite, as Incomparable, and so on. Thus Thomas Aquinas, the
foremost Scholastic of the 13th century--who contrived on other occasions to
tell his readers as much as his most practical church could wish about the
deeds, plans, and demands of the Ineffable--nevertheless had his agnostic
moments as well. But he did elaborate a doctrine of so-called analogical
predication designed to show how it is possible for finite creatures to say and
to understand something positive about God by means of comparisons with known
entities or qualities. By contrast, the 12th-century philosopher Moses
Maimonides, often dubbed anachronistically "the Jewish Aquinas," had
been much more drastic than his successor, "the Christian Maimonides,"
in his insistence that everything that can be truly said about the Creator--not
excluding the proposition that he exists--has to be construed as purely
Although it is clearly possible to speak
of a religious agnosticism without self-contradiction, the foregoing
considerations suggest the difficulty of intermingling religious and agnostic
concerns. The easiest case is that in which the religion is altogether without
metaphysical content: thus, one of Huxley's biographers reports that the
19th-century Scottish sage Thomas Carlyle "taught him that a deep sense of
religion was compatible with an entire absence of theology." The next
simplest case is that in which worship is combined with a total noncommitment
about the attributes of the object of worship:
He is not a male: He is not a female:
He is not a neuter.
He is not to be seen: He neither is nor
is not.
When He is sought He will take the form
in which
He is sought.
It is indeed difficult to describe the
name of the Lord.
(Poem from the Telugu, inscribed on a
object in the Royal Ontario Museum.)
In its original setting this expression
of a Hindu piety has power and charm. Yet its intellectual inadequacy becomes
manifest when the doctrine of the Unknowable in the broad synthetic system of
Herbert Spencer, a late-19th-century evolutionary philosopher, is recalled. For
to affirm, as Spencer did, the existence of a being about whom absolutely
nothing else can be said is a rather comical hypostatization (taking of an
abstraction as real), which is surely indiscernible from affirming no being at
all. Nor, perhaps, is it any great improvement to aver that much else can indeed
be said about him, but only in words that here must bear an extraordinary
meaning--unless, of course, those meanings can be specified. It was the
suggestion that the goodness of God might thus be goodness in a quite unusual
sense--what would elsewhere be called badness--that provoked the ire of John
Stuart Mill, a mid-19th-century Empiricist, against certain developments from
Sir William Hamilton's "Philosophy of the Unconditioned." Mill wrote:
"I will call no being good, who is not what I mean when I apply that
epithet to my fellow creatures."
The third, and surely the most
promising, way in which the reconciliation may be attempted is by essaying some
distinction between the essence or the internal nature of God and his external
relations with the creation. It may then be suggested that, whereas man's
knowledge of the former must be at least exiguous and at worst simply lacking,
he can nevertheless know as much as he needs to know about the latter. As to the
rest, he should be reverently agnostic.
What cannot, however, by any means be
squared with agnosticism in Huxley's sense are attempts to transmute the very
limitations of human knowledge into grounds for accepting some wholly
unevidenced faith. Such transmutations have been made in the interests of many
mutually irreconcilable systems, and they apparently remain perennially
attractive to thinkers with a different understanding of the ethics of belief.
St. Augustine of Hippo, near the end of
the 5th century, felt the challenge of classical Skepticism in Cicero's Academica
and De natura deorum ("On the Nature of the Gods") and gave
his response in Contra academicos ("Against
the Academics"). Skepticism, he thought, can be overcome only by
revelation. The orthodox Muslim philosopher and mystic al-Ghazali
(late 11th century) deployed Skeptical arguments similarly, as a propaedeutic,
or study preparatory to the acceptance of his rival revelation. With the
rediscovery in the 16th century of the works of Sextus Empiricus, a course of
Skepticism became commonly a preliminary to fideist commitment. Fideism is the
thesis that truth in religion is accessible only to faith. The course persuaded
the inquirer that reason cannot attain truth; yet certainty in true religious
belief was still thought absolutely necessary for salvation. Martin Luther was
speaking for his times (first half of the 16th century) when he thundered
against the extremely cautious and restricted agnosticism of Desiderius Erasmus,
foremost figure of the northern Renaissance: "Spiritus sanctus non est
Skepticus" ("The Holy Spirit is not a Skeptic").
The only resort was, it seemed, faith:
whether the easygoing Roman Catholic faith of the 16th-century Skeptic Michel de
Montaigne; the polemical Counter-Reformation fervour of his contemporary Gentian
Hervet, veteran of the Council of Trent and Latin translator of the Adversus
mathematicos (1569; "Against the Pundits") of Sextus Empiricus;
or, one century later, the vestigial Huguenot loyalty of Pierre Bayle--stocker
of a great arsenal of secular argument, the Dictionnaire
historique et critique (1695-97).
The decisive objection to any and every
such rationally unfounded flight into faith was posed by John Locke, the
17th-century British Empiricist, who set a tone of coolly unfervent Anglicanism
for the following century:
We may as well doubt of our being, as
we can whether any revelation from God be true. So that faith is a settled and
sure principle of assent and assurance, and leaves no room for doubt or
hesitation. Only we must be sure that it be a divine revelation, and that we
understand it right: else we shall expose ourselves to all the extravagancy of
enthusiasm, and all the error of wrong principles . . . (An Essay Concerning Human
Understanding, Book IV, ch. xvi, 14).
Many thinkers have agreed that it is all
very well to depreciate the potentialities of unaided natural reason and to
insist that if man is to have any knowledge of God this must depend largely or
wholly upon whatever special steps God may have taken to reveal himself; and
they have also agreed that, if man's commitment of faith is not to be arbitrary
and frivolous, then he clearly must have some good reason for believing, first,
that there is a God who has so revealed himself, and, second, that his preferred
candidate--and not one of its innumerable rivals--truly is that revelation.
These points are crucial--both for the
appreciation of the history of ideas and for a reasonable contemporary
understanding. Clearly, they were upheld by Aquinas, who in the Summa
contra gentiles--before proceeding to present his own reasons for accepting
Christianity, rather than Islam, as the authentic revelation--applied
that same word frivolous to any such unsupportable commitment. Again, Judah
ha-Levi, an early 12th-century Jewish poet and philosopher, has been
authoritatively described as "concerned to bring men to a mystical and
non-rational appreciation of religious truths" by his Skeptical attacks on
the established Aristotelian natural theology. Yet ha-Levi's main work, entitled
Kuzari: The Book of Proof and Argument in
Defence of the Despised Faith, does in fact offer rational evidences of the
truth of Judaism.
Skeptical propaedeutics to faith are now
out of fashion. But the same challenge applies to all of the various responses
to Kant's famous invitation: "I have found it necessary to deny knowledge
in order to make room for faith" (Preface to the Critique of
Pure Reason). Natural theology may, indeed, for Hume's reasons as reinforced
by Kant, be impossible. The way of religious discovery may indeed be mystical
experience, personal encounter with the divine Thou, or whatever else. But there
is, and can be, no substitute for a man's having some sound grounds for
identifying his experience not only as really mystical but also as experience of
the real God; for holding his faith in some putative revelation not only to be
real religious faith but also to be faith in a genuine revelation of the Real;
and so on.
Anyone who insists on the foregoing
touchstones may still be agnostic as well as religious. What cannot consist with
agnosticism is a calculated commitment to faith seen as altogether without
evidential warrant. The classic example of such commitment was provided in the
17th century by the Wager Argument of the French mathematician Blaise Pascal,
who assumed, for the sake of the argument, that "reason can decide nothing
here" and then urged that the only sane bet is Roman Catholicism; for we
have nothing but this one short life to lose, and all eternity to win.
Pascal's Wager Argument is unsound
because, on its own stated assumption of total and inescapable ignorance, the
gambler is not entitled to limit the betting options to two--and to one
particular two, at that. A similarly parochial inattention to the variety of
candidacies for belief has characterized most fideists. Thus Søren Kierkegaard,
an influential mid-19th-century Danish lay theologian, happily glorified the
essential irrationality of religious faith, while taking it always that faith
will, of course, be Protestant. Elsewhere, Pascal himself did notice, and tried
to meet, some of the competition; his neglect here is the more remarkable
because his wager was originally imported into Christendom from Islam
(see Miguel Palacios, Los precedentes de
Pari de Pascal). What makes it a landmark is that it constituted a direct,
reasoned rejection of the agnostic principle--a rejection in which the reason
proposed for believing was explicitly a motive for self-persuasion rather than
some evidence of truth. Thus, when William James, a pre-World War I American
psychologist and philosopher, in The Will
to Believe, developed the best known systematic attack on that principle it
was, rightly, Pascal whom he hailed as his first inspiration. James
distinguished those hypotheses that, for any individual, represent
psychologically "live options" from those that do not, and he urged
that, when evidential grounds are lacking, the choice may properly be determined
by one's passional nature. For men often have to act on some unproved
hypothesis, and sometimes such firm commitments may help to make the belief come
true. Consider, for example, some belief that a man is trustworthy. The
objections are that belief in the existence of God is clearly not of this case,
and generally that to act decisively on some hypothesis does not require the
agent to believe it as a known truth. (A.G.N.F.)
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Welcome to the CRG Discussion Forum!Forum registration problems: Make sure you enter your email correctly and you check your spam box first. *Then* email KurtS2@gmail for help.Classified ads are not allowed on the forum.
16" x 4" are the midyear Corvette dimensions, but that's not a Corvette steering wheel; I doubt if its a GM wheel at all with the sharp/abrupt bend where the spokes join the rim.
Is this the same wheel? http://www.ebay.com/itm/Chevrolet-Camaro-Copo-Tribute-/161220697580?forcerrptr=true&hash=item2589809dec&item=161220697580&pt=US_Cars_Trucks

subset: commoncrawl


text:
When it comes to moving, most folks have any number of conflicting opinions on the topic. My college roommate was methodical about the process, packing boxes for what seemed like weeks in advance of any move, all while meticulously sorting her sweaters into color-coded heaps. An old boyfriend, on the other hand, was a firm believer in the efficiency of last-minute preparations; more than once he pulled all-nighters before moving, frantically throwing his belongings, willy-nilly, into any box within reach.
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If what you did yesterday
Still seems great today,
Then your goals for tomorrow
Are not big enough
Welcome to our world!
We typeset academic journals and documents with heavy mathematics.
We depend on a time tested markup based typesetting system called, TEX to process textual content and generate various outputs like PDF, XML and related deliverables. TEX is the de facto standard for typesetting math content. Owing to its math awareness, we use TEX to generate MathML from document sources seamlessly.
A lot of free and open source software have been used in production. For example, Linux as the operating system for both desktops and servers, version control system, project management, bug tracker, MediaWiki for documentation, production tracking and management, quality checking system, performance evaluation system, mail clients, text editors, etc., are widely in use, all belonging to the genre of free and open source software. Even for graphics, GIMP and Inkscape are being increasingly used to replace Adobe software in a phased manner.


text:
Sorority Mini Travel Flatiron (AKA)
(Patent Product)
Professional mini travel hair straightener that plugs into the any vehicle plus matching mirror. Convenient for traveling, bad weather days, running late and before/after events.
Hair Straightener Features:
•heats up to 350 degrees
•tourmaline plates
•1.8m professional cord (length of cord)
•12voltage power plug
•heat resistant sleeve holder included


text:
National Geographic isn't selling one. One of the best sources of free maps is the CIA, but their Africa map has not been updated either. Maps.com isn't selling an updated map. Even Google and Bing are not showing the new nation (although I expect them to soon. Let me know when you see it). The British Guardian put out an updated map, but I must say that the coloring is annoying, and it's not easily downloaded. One might expect this lack of maps if South Sudan had been created by some overnight coup. But that's not the case, this country was the result of a treaty signed 6 years ago.... plenty of time to get up to speed. The oddest example is the CIA... the guys who are supposed to be ahead of the curve in world affairs. I'm sure they're not stumbling around today, "What, a new nation?! We better get on this!" So, to reassure the American public that they are on top of things... please, update your maps, CIA.
[My map is only regional, but you can see it here.]


text:
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text:
Energy's Water Demand: Trends, Vulnerabilities, and Management
Description: The nation's energy choices embody many tradeoffs. Water use is one of those tradeoffs. The energy choices before Congress represent vastly different demands on domestic freshwater. The energy sector's water consumption is projected to rise 50% from 2005 to 2030. This rising water demand derives from both an increase in the amount of energy demanded and shifts to more water-intense energy sources and technologies. This report discusses this issue as well as related issues that may arise for the 112th Congress.
Date: November 24, 2010
Creator: Carter, Nicole T.
Item Type: Refine your search to only Report
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department


text:
Cooking up a traditional dish can be made easy when you've got the right cookware working for you on the back line. An excellent way, if not an essential one, to sizzle up some scrumptious Asian cuisine is to use commercial woks in the kitchen. Commercial woks are ideal for stir frying and pan frying, but the range of cooking techniques that can be incorporated when using a wok is pretty impressive. From braising, boiling, and searing to poaching, smoking, and even soup making, commercial woks – in capable hands – can be your go-to piece of cookware both in the at-home and commercial kitchen.
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Opinion Columns & Blogs
Clive Crook: Swap debt ceiling for a rule that makes sense
As the United States heads toward its second phony fiscal crisis in as many months, President Obama is persisting with his tough new line: The debt ceiling must be raised without preconditions, he says, and he isn't willing to discuss it.
In one way, he's right. The debt ceiling is an instrument of economic self-harm. It's ridiculous and should be scrapped. But Obama should be open to replacing it with something more intelligent.
Attacks on the debt ceiling, stupid as the rule may be, ought to be more discriminating. It's a bad fiscal rule not because it obliges Congress to second-guess its own previous decisions (the standard critique), but because the particular kind of second-guessing it requires is so dumb and unproductive.
Most critics of the debt ceiling argue that it's an affront to simple logic. Congress votes each year on spending and taxes. (Actually it doesn't vote annually on most entitlement spending: That just happens automatically. Never mind.)
Future borrowing and debt levels follow directly from those decisions. So the debt ceiling in effect obliges the government to disobey its own instructions. That's self-contradictory, critics say.
This is a lazy argument. In any system of checks and balances, there will be second-guessing. And a lot can be said for a fiscal rule that forces Congress to examine its tax and spending decisions more carefully – or forces it to undo previous choices if the outlook for deficits and debt looks unexpectedly bad.
This basic principle shouldn't be unfamiliar. Individual states are obliged to balance their current budgets. That might be good or bad policy, but it isn't self-contradictory.
In the rest of the world, many countries have adopted some form of fiscal rule to discipline their tax and spending choices – including caps on budget deficits (with or without adjustment for the business cycle) or on debt.
What's absurd is the particular form of America's debt-ceiling rule. The ceiling is set at a fixed dollar value, so it's certain to be breached at some point either because of inflation or economic growth. Bear in mind, in a growing economy, a small budget deficit probably implies stable or falling debt as a ratio of gross domestic product. Fiscal policy as cautious and conservative as that will nonetheless breach a nominal-dollar debt ceiling.
No plausible rationale exists for the U.S. approach. Moreover, the threat of imminent default – the only sanction envisaged by the rule – is so extreme it's barely credible.
Everybody expects the debt ceiling to be raised in the end, as it always has been, so it imposes zero discipline when fiscal decisions are first being made. Taxes and spending are set as though the rule simply didn't exist.
Yet once relations between the parties in Washington sink to a certain point, the rule can be used, like now, as a tool for reckless fiscal brinkmanship. It's the worst possible combination. The rule has no effect when it counts – and when a more sensibly designed restraint might be useful. Later, it becomes a doomsday machine.
Some of its defenders argue that, messy and dangerous as the process may be, the occasional threat of crisis does at least apply some downward pressure to borrowing. At the very least, they say, it's a chance to lodge a complaint. As a senator, Obama voted against raising the debt ceiling in protest at George W. Bush's budgets.
These justifications aren't persuasive. Up to now, the rule simply hasn't worked as its defenders claim. True, the debt-ceiling impasse of 2011 gave rise to the fiscal cliff and its commitment to (unduly severe) fiscal contraction – but see what just happened. Congress reversed the commitment.
The debt-ceiling rule is a formula for getting nothing done at inordinate cost. It would be a bad way to make fiscal policy even if the recurring threat of default succeeded in getting spending and borrowing under control. So far, it hasn't.
At the moment, Republicans are more committed to the politics of protest and dysfunction than to cautious fiscal policy. But if that should ever change, they might think about proposing a different fiscal rule – maybe even one that many Democrats could embrace.
Several variants are possible. One would cap growth in federal spending at the trend rate of growth of the economy. This would let spending rise during recessions and curb its expansion during booms, thus allowing scope for Keynesian countercyclical policy. However, this approach requires agreement on the normal level of spending, and that won't be easy to achieve.
A more elastic rule is the so-called debt brake, as used in Switzerland. This would tie growth in spending to growth in business-cycle-adjusted tax revenues. Using this approach, structural spending (i.e., spending at full employment) can grow faster than the economy, but only if taxes are raised at the same time.
A debt brake wouldn't directly limit the size of government, but it would restrain deficits and public debt. It would also force Washington to be more honest about the tax implications of higher spending and the spending implications of lower taxes.
Budget forecasting is an imprecise business, so second-guessing once the facts are in would still be needed, and policy would have to be adjusted on the fly. However, the first requirement of any fiscal rule is that it guides budget deliberations from the start. The second requirement is that its correction mechanism, discretionary or automatic, is moderate enough to be credible. Defaulting on public debt doesn't qualify.
Done right, the debt-brake approach passes these tests. The debt-ceiling rule by its very design fails both, and that's why it should be scrapped.


text:
This information has been filed in civil division of Marion County District Court.
Robert Buhrle vs. Aryn Cheney; order for drug testing of petitioner issued March 13.
Jerome Creed vs. Pamela K. Newlin; parties agreed March 4 to custody evaluation; teleconference set for April 24.
Kansas Department for Children & Families vs. Ashley Page Crump; default judgment made Feb. 27; ordered to pay $337 child support per month and health insurance and $1,548 back child support.
Tamera Yutzy vs. Robert L. Yutzy; divorce decree issued March 4; property and debts divided by agreement.
Delmer Fink vs. Robert Enrique-Alexander Zampieri, 319 S. Cedar St., Marion, et al.; hearing held Feb. 27; hearing set for March 13.
Newton Healthcare Corporation vs. Joseph P. Base, 1330 N. Alamo, Canton, et al.; dismissed March 14.
Newton Healthcare Corporation vs. Sheridan W. Brown, 511 Elm St., Peabody; judgment of $402.30 made March 14 in favor of plaintiff.
Newton Healthcare Corporation vs. Stuart W. Funk, 815 N. Main St., Florence, et al.; judgment of $639.90 made March 14 in favor of plaintiff.
Newton Healthcare Corporation vs. Denise Jantz, 582 Norwood, Peabody; judgment of $227 made March 14 in favor of plaintiff.
Newton Healthcare Corporation vs. Courtney R. Schmill, 102 W. 2nd St., Peabody, et al.; dismissed March 14.
Newton Healthcare Corporation vs. Robert L. Yutzy, 301 S. Buller St., Goessel, et al.; dismissed March 14.
Tyler Dale Burst; guardianship terminated March 12.
Estate of Nuna Lee Friesen Patzel; final settlement made March 12; cash on hand of $524,576.81; heirs are husband Edward Parks Sr. of Norwich, granddaughters Megan Hein of Hillsboro and Melissa Enns of Lehigh, and grandson Ryan Schierling of Lehigh; Hein, Enns, and Schierling each awarded a 1/3 share of estate; Hein paid $13,256 fees and expenses as executor; Daniel L. Baldwin paid $17,675 as attorney.


text:
Once again, "60 Minutes" has shone a harsh spotlight on Central Florida's ugly secret: that Orlando isn't the place where every child's dream comes true.
It's hard to dream, after all, when you're sleeping in your car.
Or in a shelter.
Or in a cheap motel room that your parents might not be able to afford another night.
Yes, in the shadows of Cinderella Castle lurks the ugly reality of an economy built on low-paying jobs and now-stalled growth: widespread poverty.
The world may gasp at the growing number of homeless children in America's playground. But this is not new.
This newspaper and this column have highlighted these issues for years.
I have taken you to the Coalition for the Homeless, where the number of little girls staying at the shelter is so large, a Girl Scout troop is actually based there.
We have been to food pantries where working parents who can't make ends meet are so ashamed they avoid eye contact with others.
And we have visited a faith-based charity in Casselberry that provided food to a family whose grocery money was diverted to pay for mommy's cancer treatment.
The stories are everywhere. They always have been.
This is Orlando's reality. And it's far more complicated — and widespread — than the downtown panhandlers who get the most attention.
On Sunday night — when "60 Minutes" aired its second segment on the plight of homeless children in our own backyard — 295 children slept at the coalition's shelter.
The average age was 8.
The number of kids is nearly 20 percent higher than the year before.
It is what the coalition's director, Brent Trotter, defines as Central Florida's "new normal."
"It's like a tsunami," Trotter said of the lengthy recession. "It just keeps coming."
The good news is that this community is full of passionate people.
They toil in low-paid jobs in the nonprofit sector. They gather in church circles and prayer groups to adopt families. Many are volunteers who donate the precious commodity of time.
We have seen grand gestures, such as First Baptist Church of Orlando responding to the first "60 Minutes" segment by pledging millions to help those in need.
And I have met individual readers in the lobby of the Sentinel who were so moved by a story that they wanted to donate everything they could: $20 and a bag full of gently used clothes.
The problem is that, as a community, Central Florida is better at reacting compassionately than planning proactively.
This is particularly true for our leaders.
They are quick to pass new laws meant to punish the beggar or imprison the Samaritan who hands out too many meals in a public park. But they have been slow to embrace the kind of big-picture thinking that might address these problems in the first place.
Leaders in other communities have done better, developing comprehensive solutions that involve job training, mental-health counseling, child welfare and a dedicated stream of money to make it all happen.
Central Florida, however, has struggled.
Poverty simply hasn't been as much of a priority as new NBA arenas and rail systems.
So for now, I'll continue to put more faith in the individuals and grass-roots groups already making a difference.
Make no mistake: It won't be enough.
It hasn't been so far. And children will remain hungry and homeless in our midst … until the next time a national news crew steps in and spurs a call to action.
But at least it comes from the heart.
If you're looking for more ways to help, check out my blog at OrlandoSentinel.com/takingnames.
firstname.lastname@example.com or 407-420-6141


text:
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text: Home Laptops capsule review IBM ThinkPad T30 Email a friend To Use commas to separate multiple email addresses From Privacy Policy Thank you Your message has been sent. Sorry There was an error emailing this page. By Carla Thornton PCWorld | PT At a Glance IBM ThinkPad T30 To comment on this article and other PCWorld content, visit our Facebook page or our Twitter feed. At a Glance IBM ThinkPad T30 Related: Laptops Smartphones IBM Shop Tech Products at Amazon


text:
Cold sores are a strain of herpes, meaning they are extremely contagious and can recur, says Susan Grant, M.D., an OB-GYN in New York City. They can appear at any time, especially when your body is under stress or going through hormone fluctuations, making pregnancy a prime time for outbreaks.
RELATED: 17 Tips for a Healthy Pregnancy
You may feel (but not see) a bump or notice a tingling on your lip, indicating that an outbreak is about to occur. But because it is a localized infection, there is nothing to worry about and no way for the herpes virus to pass through the protective placenta to your growing fetus, Grant says.
RELATED: Why a Newborn Could Die from a Kiss on the Lips
However, if you do have an outbreak after giving birth, do not kiss your baby, and don't touch the sore without immediately washing your hands afterward with antibacterial soap, Grant warns. You're most contagious during the weeping stage, when the blister opens and reveals a reddish area.
You can reduce the duration of an outbreak with an over-the-counter cold sore remedy such as docosanol (Abreva) and prescription anti-viral medications, such as acyclovir (Zovirax), both of which are considered pregnancy-safe.


text:
Wood Auger 1 1/4" 32mm x 18" 457mm Long
Shank Diameter 1/2" 12.7mm
Twist Length : 15" 381mm
Overall Length : 18" 457mm
Star M Wood Augers - Made in Japan for Australian Timber.
For use in hardwood applications such as fencing timber bridges telephone poles pest control applications etc.
Hardened to 57-58 Rockwell C to increase bit life augers however can still be sharpened with a needle or diamond file or mounted point.
Auger features an extra cutting edge which turns backwards from the leading edge to clear and size the hole.


text:
Volume XLI—No. 9 Bethel College and Seminary, St. Paul, Minn. Wednesday, November 24, 1965
New snow decorates Fieldhouse scene on the eve of Festival of Christmas 1964.
First Of SPIRE Deadlines Is Met
For '65-'66 Assembling, Printing
New snow is impatiently awaited by Chuck Hendrickson as he
initiates the traying season.
Festiva Beholds God's Glory
"And we beheld his glory . ." is the theme of the ninth annual
Festival of Christmas at Bethel, scheduled for performances December
3, 4, and 5. The program combines music, art, and speech in a presenta-tion
of the glory of the Nativity.
Two factors give added dimension to this year's Festival. The
number of participants has grown to include thirty per cent of the
Bethel student body, with 200 voices in the choirs, a 20-member string
ensemble, a 15-member brass ensemble, and at least 20 more students
handling technical facets of the event.
This year an additional performance is also being planned. Because
of overflow crowds at all of last year's performances, Festival planners
have decided to include a 9 p.m. performance on Sunday, December 5,
in addition to the 3 p.m. Sunday performance and 8 p.m. showings
on December 3 and 4.
Bethel's three choral groups—the College Choir, Women's Choir,
and Male Chorus—will each sing individual selections at various points
in the pageant.
Numbers by the massed Festival Choir, made up of all three groups,
will be interspersed among these. Narration will be given by Mr. C.
David Mortenson, speech instructor.
After the prelude by the string ensemble, the choirs will herald
Christ's coming in the traditional Swedish hymn, "All Hail to Thee, 0
Blessed Morn," sung first in Swedish and echoed in English.
This prologue will lead into the first section, which reflects upon
the Old Testament Messianic promise in its theme "Glorious in Prophecy."
Vocal numbers included in this
portion range from the medieval
chants "0 Come, 0 Come, Emman-uel"
and "Let All Mortal Flesh
Keep Silence" to the modern ar-rangement
by Robert Shaw and
Alice Parker, "How Unto Bethle-hem."
The next section of the pro-gram,
titled "Glorious in Birth,"
begins with two familiar carols,
"0 Come All Ye Faithful" and
"Silent Night."
Besides being vigorous exer- Then the College Choir and en-cise,
this traying also provides tire Festival Choir will alternately
great opportunity for social inter- present a Renaissance piece, "Ho-action.
canna to the Son of David," the
modern composition "Lullaby on
Christmas Eve," a German folk
tune, "Still, Still, Still," and Sir
John Stainer's famous anthem,
"God So Loved the World."
Following the offering, the theme
will turn to "Glorious in Rejoic-ing."
Featured numbers include
"All Ye Good People," "Unto Us is
Born," and "Echo Carol."
The Festival Choir will repeat
a favorite anthem from last year,
"Glory to God" by Ron Nelson,
as the finale. Then the choirs
will recess to the strains of "Joy
to the World."
Giving grandeur to the Festival
will be four paintings representing
the Nativity, which will serve as
cont'd on page three
Thirty Per Cent Student
Participation In Program
by Linda Carol Olson
After wally weeks of con-SPIRE-ing
and perhaps, per-SPIRE-ing
over copy, budgets, and layouts,
the 1965-66 SPIRE co-editors, Kay
Moir and Dave Snyder have arrived
at their first plateau.
On November 22, deadline day,
the first 64 pages of copy and the
cover for this year's book reached
Taylor Yearbook Company in Texas
where the printing and assembling
will be done. This is the first year
a national yearbook company has
been used to assemble the SPIRE.
Preparation for this dispatch
was begun last summer. Kay, who
The Ballad of Baby Doe, an ori-ginal
American opera, will be pre-sented
Dec. 2, 4, 5, and 7 as a
special production of the St. Paul
Civic Opera association in con-junction
with the Schubert club
and the St. Paul Philharmonic so-ciety.
Performances will be at 8:30
p.m. each day in the Arts and
Science Center theater.
It will be the first cooperative
venture of the three musical
groups, all members of the St.
Paul Council of Arts and Scien-ces.
Baby Doe, Horace and Augusta
Tabor, and their fellow citizens
of Leadville and Denver, are re-created
from the pages of Colo-rado's
fabulous era at the turn
of the century. William Jennings
Bryan and President Chester A.
The first meeting of the Pre-
Seminary Club will be Tues-day,
November 30, 7:00 P.M.
in the Seminary chapel. Speak-ers
will be Pastor James Coun-ihan
and James Spickelmier.
Everyone is welcome.
resides in the Twin Cities, was
available for courses on editing
techniques at the University of
Minnesota's Yearbook Confer-ence.
Dave, a distant Pennsylvanian,
shortened his summer by a few
weeks in order to orient himself
with the SPIRE office and mater-ials
on campus.
Both co-editors have yearbook
experience behind them. Dave con-tributed
sports copy to last year's
edition. Kay acted as section editor
on the '63 book.
According to Dave, who is a
junior majoring in math, this
Arthur, who touch on the story
at certain points, reflect the larger
American scene, as the struggle
concerning free gold and silver
coinage nearly split the nation
The story begins in 1880 at the
peak of Tabor's success. After
20 years of poverty, he and his
wife, now in their 50's have at-tained
wealth and power.
What begins as a flirtation
of Mrs. Doe with Tabor ends
as a deep and abiding love
for the man thirty years h e r
senior. But the price of this love
is ruin for Tabor. Baby Doe re-mained
true to his memory, how-ever.
In 1935, she froze to death
at the Matchless Mine, ending the
long vigil she had kept there since
Tabor's demise in 1899.
The production will be under
the supervision of Glenn Jordan,
general director of the Civic
Opera, with musical direction by
Leopold Sipe of the Philharmonic
Society, and sets by Dahl Delu,
Ticket requests may be mailed
to The Ballad of Baby Doe, Arts
and Science Center, 30 E. Tenth
St., St. Paul, Minnesota.
year is an experimental one.
Among unique features is the
fact that this year for the first
time the seniors will be pictured
in retouched portrait-style photo-graphs.
The chief burden of the work is
divided among eight persons. Kay,
a senior art major, is responsible
for the cover and the layouts.
Assisting Kay and Dave are the
section heads: Carol Staples, Clas-ses;
Paul 0. Johnson, Student Life;
Bob Monroe, Academics; Paul
Erickson, Sports; Ellen Franzen,
Organizations; Dave Frenchak, Sem-inary;
and Eva Swanson, Business
The total cost of this year's
book will be close to $8,000. Stu-dent
matriculation fees assume
a majority of the expense with
the remainder paid by advertise-ments.
Dave sees one disadvantage to
yearbook work. "It's not like the
CLARION which has deadlines to
meet each week. In our work there
can be lulls when nothing is press-ing;
therefore, it's far easier to
Student Senate
Holds Tray Sale
After Thanksgiving, Student Sen-ate
will hold a tray sale in the
coffee shop. Then, as the first
substantial snow falls, Bethel stu-dents
will head for the hill in
Como Park for sledding on trays.
The Senate decided to sponsor
the tray sale as a result of the
"mystery" of the disappearing
cafeteria trays last year. It seems
the cafeteria had a financial
problem as it cost money (to
the tune of about $2.50 a tray)
to replace missing or battered
If students m i s u s e cafeteria
facilities, all students find them-selves
paying for the raised budget
of the Bethel cafeteria.
The tray sales this year will be
held from Tuesday through Thurs-day
in the coffee shop from 10:30
to 3:30. The cost of these trays will
be 35 cents.
The first students to buy trays
will get first choice of the 200
used trays recently purchased
from St. Catherine's College and
the 150 used trays purchased
from the Bethel cafeteria.
Any profit will be returned to
the student body in the form of
facilities for social activities.
Wheaton Prof Is
Chapel Speaker
On Thursday, December second,
Wheaton College will make an-other
presentation in the College
chapel. Mr. James 0. Yerkes, a
member of the Bible-Philosophy
Department will be speaking.
Mr. Yerkes' topic will concern
opportunities of Christian service
as a vocation.
Yerkes began his education at
Moody Bible Institute and has his
BA and his MA in Theology from
Wheaton. He pastored a Confer-ence
church while doing graduate
work at Harvard.
Continuing his education at
Northwestern University, he has
been on the Wheaton faculty for
2 years.
Seminary Dean Gordon Johnson
made the arrangements for bring-ing
Yerkes to Bethel. Dean John-son
regards him as a "creative
young speaker."
Yerkes will be speaking in the
Seminary Chapel on Friday, De-cember
St. Paul Civic Opera Association
Presents The Ballad Of Baby Doe
'''W*CMP:e :0 0.4.,kv,S11 ...,!.:7747.11).1
Page 2
"It is a good thing to give thanks unto the Lord."
More than three centuries ago, the Pilgrims, after a year
of hardship and peril, humbly and reverently set aside a spe-cial
day upon which to give thanks to God for their preseva-tion
and for the good harvest from the virgin soil upon which
they had labored. Grave and unknown dangers remained.
Yet by their faith and by their toil they had survived the
rigors of the rash New England winter. Hence they paused
in their labors to give thanks for the blessings that had been
bestowed upon them by Divine Providence.
This year, as the harvest draws near its close and the
year approaches its end, awesome perils again remain to be
faced. Yet we have, as in the past, ample reason to be thank-ful
for the abundance of our blessings. We are grateful for
the blessings of faith and health and strength and for the
imperishable spiritual gifts of love and hope.
We give thanks, too, for our freedom as a nation; for
the strength of our arms and the faith of our friends, for
the beliefs and confidence we share; for our determination
to stand firmly for what we believe to be right and to resist
mightily what we believe to be base; and for the heritage
of liberty bequeathed by our ancestors which we are privi-leged
to preserve for our children and our children's children.
I urge all citizens to make this Thanksgiving not merely
a holiday from their labors, but rather a day of contempla-tion.
I ask the head of each family to recount to his children
the story of the first New England Thanksgiving, thus to
impress upon future generations the heritage of this nation
born in toil, in danger, in purpose, and in the conviction that
right and justice and freedom can through man's efforts
persevere and come to fruition with the blessing of God.
Let us observe this day with reverence and with prayer
that will rekindle in us the will and show us the way not
only to preserve our ,blessings, but also to extend them to
the four corners of the earth. Let us by our example, as
well as by our material aid, assist all peoples of all nations
who are striving to achieve a better life in freedom.
John F. Kennedy
Kennedy's Words Recall
Intercollegiate Representatives Meet
To Discuss Communications Problems
gs of Heritag e
the CLARION Wednesday, November 24, 1965
The keynote address by Dean McKuen from Ham-line
College described "The College as a Social Insti-tution."
He presented what he called the three
ultimate questions of higher education.
"How are decisions made in higher education?"
It involves a cooperative, not competitive, effort
among faculty, students and administration. All
the "vector forces" must be considered as well as
the isolated problem.
He emphasized that often a decision made by
the administration is made not only in accordance
with the administrators' conscience, but in full
awareness of the people and institutions they rep-resent.
Bill Madsen, Kathie Harvie, Dennis Wall, Jonelle
Olsen, John Larson, Warren Withrow, and Anita
Palm met with leadership representatives from nine
other colleges over the weekend of November 12,
13, and 14 at an Intercollegiate Coordinating Com-mittee
To measure the "goodness" of a decision, the
second question, we must establish definite goals
for the students and the school. Then constant evalu-ation
should be made to check decisions against these
In answer to the question, "How can student
leaders influence decisions?" he emphasized the
importance of students understanding the power
by Anita Palm structure of the school. The most advantageous
position of the students is as negotiators.
Communication between students and faculty is
essential for all parties to see all points of view. A
suggestion was made to have students sit in faculty
committees. They would serve solely as communica-tors
for the student view and transmitors of correct
information from the administrative offices.
The second lecture on "Communication Theory"
was given by Dr. Paul Cashman of the University of
Minnesota. He discussed the problem of perspective
in relation to student-administration relations. Both
the students and administrators have a responsibility
to understand the other group's viewpoint.
He also pointed out the way status can erect a
barrier between groups and inhibit communication.
To solve this problem, he suggested students and
administrators meet in a more informal atmosphere
where they can feel more at ease.
Finally there is the "good news" problem which
causes communications breakdown. Information passed
through official channels both from the administra-tion
to the students and students to administration
is usually the most optimistic points. To obtain a
true picture of attitudes and policy it is often good
to feel out unofficial channels.
Dr. Ernest Borman from the University gave
a lecture-demonstration in group processes. The
thrust of his lecture was the importance of honest
communication. Too often people won't admit they
aren't informed and therefore contribute much to
the group.
Letters to the Editor:
To the Editor:
I agree with Rich Korol that
among other things a poem is a
"medium of genuine poetic in-sight."
My criticism was chiefly
in that respect.
All the readers I talked with
were unable to pinpoint any spe-cific
insights that Mr. Korol's poem
communicated. Readers admired
his way with words but would not
hazard a guess as to what the words
It may indeed have been a
genuine attempt at communica-tion
and a "breath of concerned,
real humanity," but few readers
seemed to feel they had been
communicated with or under-stood
what the poet was concern-ed
Nobody is denying that poetry
can be merely the expression of
self—but if that is the aim, tack
the piece on your bedroom wall.
If you publish—with the intent of
saying something to others—why
say it so obscurely that the best a
reader can come to is a vague
This is not to rule out subtlety.
To strive for functional purity need
not make a poem purely functional,
devoid of color, nuance or innu-endo.
If it did one might as well
stick to prose.
Neither is anyone saying a
poem must rhyme, or have meter
Nik Dag Bays
To the Editor:
According to reliable sources
certain "thinking man's" Bethel
women took advantage of Nik Dag
to ask one man for Friday and
another for Saturday.
Let's hear it for the ladies!
You've got the idea.
We guys ought to try that every
once in awhile.
Jim. Keim
by Jeff Loomis
Action in the Ia Drang Valley
Last week resulted in heavy losses
for North Vietnamese troops. About
500 were killed in two separate
clashes with U.S. and S. Viet for-ces
Thursday and Saturday. Heavy
it is neither fish nor fowl, it was
meant to bear no eggs, rotten or
Nancy Appelquist
Schultz Lauds
To the Editor:
I wish to commend the Student
Senate for its innovation of this
year's excellent roster. It is another
step forward in publications at
To all of those who put in hours
of work on the roster—especially
to the Senate secretaries who work-ed
hard during the summer
Dick Schultz
buildups of Communist troops are
expected during the dry months
soon upcoming.
United Nations
A 10-0 vote in the Security
Council Friday, with France the
lone abstainer, called for Britain
to quell the Rhodesian rebellion
of Ian Smith's "racist settler min-ority."
The Council asked all na-tions
to refrain from recognition
of Rhodesia as an independent
nation and from sending them
The Communist Party in the
United States was fined $230,000
Friday for failure to register as
an agent of the Soviet Union.
Officials of the party planned to
launch an all-out attack to prove
the law requiring such registra-tion
(the McCarran Act) uncon-stitutional
as a violation of the
5th Amendment.
Bogor, Indonesia
In a meeting attended by many
of the Army leaders who want
to dissolve the Indonesian Com-munist
Party (PKI), President Su-karno
said he will maintain close
ties with the anti-imperialist axis
composed of Red China, North
Vietnam, North Korea, and Cambo-dia.
Negro "elder statesman" A. Phi-lip
Randolph, leader of the 1963
march on Washington, recommend-ed
a $100 billion "freedom budget"
of federal funds to wipe out Negro
ghettos in U.S. cities, at a White
House conference on the racial
situation. At the same meeting,
President Johnson proposed a fed-eral
law to combat unfair jury
treatment for Negroes in Southern
Vatican City
Pope Paul proclaimed two de-crees
recently voted upon by
the Ecumenical Council in effect.
One calls the Scriptures "divine
revelation" and the other is re-lated
to lay responsibility in the
Catholic Church.
Copper producers rescinded their
early-month price increases Fri-day
after the government announc-ed
it would release 200"000 tons of
stock-pilled copper into the open
market. Federal officials still in-tend
to release the metal, however,
because of great need for it in
both defense and other industries.
In the final feedback discussion,
Dr. Shapiro from the University
presented some suggestions for
handling friction between admin-istration
and students.
Students must realize before they
take any action that their place
is in influencing decisions. Every
effort for dialogue should be made;
rational approaches are more read-ily
accepted by the administration.
He stressed, too, that the initia-tive
to establish an atmosphere
conducive to discussion, say a cof-fee
hour, should be the students'
On the whole, the conference
was beneficial in establishing
rapport between t h e schools.
Plans are now in the offing to
pool resources to bring interna-tional
figures and big name en-tertainers
to our campuses.
Also, several exchange programs
are being worked out so that all
schools can benefit from the best
of the other schools.
Campus SNEA
Meets Monday Student National Education Asso-ciation,
or SNEA, is a club on
campus for education majors and
those interested in the teaching
The next meeting will be Nov-ember
30 at 6 p.m. in the Presi-dent's
Dining Room. Mr. P a t
Churchill, Student Minnesota Edu-cation
Association (SMEA) Field
Representative will discuss the le-gal
and ethical considerations of
teacher salary schedules and con-tracts.
If one has any questions con-cerning
these topics, Mr. Church-ill's
discussion should be most in-formative.
the CLARION
Published weekly during the academic year,
except during vacation and examination
periods, by the students of Bethel college
and seminary, St. Paul 1, Minn. Subscrip-tion
rate $3 per year.
Editor-in-Chief Bill Swenson
Assistant Editor John Halvorsen
Senate Columnist Bernard Johnson
Cultural Columnist Stan Olsen
Sports Columnist Jim Brand
Layout Staff Anita Palm,
Connie Jo Doud, Dave Fredine, Jeff
Loomis, Jackie Sherman, Sandy
Miller, Esther Pearson
Copyreader Judy Glewwe
Typist Nancy Ballantyne
Circulation Linda Burgess
Photography Hans Waldenstrom
Advertising Manager Vic Vann Campen
Business Manager Gene Peterson
Adviser Wallace Nelson
Opinions expressed in the CLARION do not
necessarily reflect the position of the college
or seminary.
Mir 71,euet-Readell Amr
you could set your watch by.
The free verse battle was fought
and won long ago.
The form of Mr. Korol's poem
however, contains enough syntac-tical
inequities and unclear meta-phors
to distract a reader perman-ently
from the poem as a whole.
It is as the form contributes to
non-clarity that it is objectionable
—not because the poem wasn't
born a respectable English sonnet.
My pseudo-poetic parody wasn't
meant to be a piece of yellow jour-nalism.
It is admittedly superficial
and as was suggested, neither true
poetry nor true criticism. But since
Critic Clarifies Plea For Meaning
Wednesday, November 24, 1965
the CLARION
Page 3
Albertus Heep, "our venerable, intelligent, most holy, and most
of all FAT pontiff," in some western civilization bafoonry, anoints the
noble servant of mankind, Dr. Roy Dalton, before his flock of future
of God in the traditional sense?
Aren't we all called to serve at
the point of salvation? How much
is a call based on the individual's
God-given ability to make deci-sions?
Hallelujah! These are issues
for thought and discussion.
What happened? The discus-sion
was then led off by a series
of leading questions. The panel
then plodded on through the
slough of Non-thought. Neither
initial speaker nor the initial
thought were referred to again.
Why? Why? With such possi-bilities
as the group offered for
practical discussion, why were we
who were searching for just such
suggestions, why were we depriv-ed?
Michael A. Rynkiewich
For Christmas
Share Expenses ($120
round trip) One Place
Left — Contact Paul
P.O. 261 — Immediately
Senate Cynic:
Revelation, Not Current Trends,
Is Christian Mores Evaluation
by Bernard Johnson
Senate activities of late have
been of a rather routine nature
and indeed merit no real critical
In view of this I am taking the
liberty to voice a criticism that is
far more deeply rooted than my
senate cynicism but which is never-theless
related ultimately to senate
and current student body feelings.
That criticism concerns what seems
to be a prevailing attitude around
The very Christian emphases at
Bethel have a tendency to break
down at all levels largely be-cause
of this attitude and its
many ramifications. Let us ex-amine
three levels: Christian en-deavor,
educational endeavor,
and social endeavor.
The latter two seem to be in
endless conflict with the first
which all would agree is the foun-dation
of our institution.
Many contemporary educational
trends and academic liberties pose
sticky problems for the Christian
(i.e. Could Bethel entertain a zea-lously
atheistic lecturer?).
Likewise certain social activities
conflict with the Bethel standard
(i.e. ought a Christian to dance,
if so, ought Bethel to sponsor a
There are many shades of grey
that emerge within these conflicts
and the intricacies of the problems
contribute to the aforementioned
tendency for Bethel values to break
down on these and subsidiary lev-els.
It seems, however, that the at-titude
most detrimental to positive
implementation of the Christian
ethic in a modern educational and
social community such as Bethel
is that which prompts students to
act in terms of what they can do
or get away with and STILL CLAIM
In reality, true response to
complete surrender to Christ is
a preoccupation with the positive
aspects of Christian life or the
measure of Christian living as
revealed in scripture.
Those who would commit the
"fallacy of the beard" in arriving
at new mores for the twentieth
century Christian should be re-minded
that revelation is the avow-ed
basis for the establishment of
Christian mores.
The idea that one step more or
less into the ways of the world
"will not make a significant dif-ference
to the testimony of a
Christian" is fallacious since in
time this attitude would leave one
miles away from the original stan-dard.
I'm not advocating a return to
"Puritanism" nor am I insinua-ting
that the mores of yester-year
and the "old time religion"
are unerringly true for time and
What I am saying is that while
the lines of Christian conduct
drawn by our predecessors may
well deserve reexamination, that
reexamination must be in TERMS
of REVELATION and not in terms
of current cultural and social
These trends might well pose the
problems that prompt reexamina-tion
but in no way are they to
serve as the yardstick by which
new mores are measured and es-tablished.
Thus the "what real difference
does it make" attitude inevita-bly
leads to a breakdown on
the student level of that positive
Christian ethic to which Bethel
Only time will tell whether or
not the "Bethel idea" (which we'd
like to think is more sophisticated
than some of our ultra-fundamental
withdraw into the past Bible
schools) will fall victim to worldly
demands as have so many church
founded colleges, or emerge aca-demically
excellent and positively
To the Editor:
I was greatly disappointed by the
presentation given during Chapel
time on Thursday, November 18th.
Glancing over Tozer's tract given
out at the door I read that "except
for those things that are specifi-cally
commanded or forbidden, it
is God's will that we be free to
exercise our own intelligent
Then we were informed that this
panel would discuss the "call" of
God. This topic interests most stu-cont'd
from page one
backdrop for the musical numbers.
Mr. Bill Senter of the Art Depart-ment
has designed the scenes and
will join with twenty students in
transferring them to the large
He also plans to combine slides
of great religious art with the
paintings in portraying the Christ-mas
A large number of Bethel fac-ulty
members are involved in ar-rangements
for the Festival. Mr.
Julius Whitinger, chairman of
the Music Department, is general
Mr. C. Howard Smith, Mr. Oliver
Mogck, and Dr. Robert Berglund
will direct their individual choral
groups as well as the Festival
Choir. Dr. Gordon Howell is in
Snelling Avenue
at Highway 36
Party room for groups
Fri.- Sat. til 3 a.m.
ear Zthbep • • •
"The first burst, close to the ground, caught the point man in both
legs; then, veering upward, it ripped into the man behind—opening his
stomach and chest and tearing off the top of his head . . . Only four of
the 3rd squads twelve men survived unscathed." (Time: November 19)
In brutal descriptions such as this and the grim figure of 86
American dead in one week, the news from Viet Nam insistently refuses
to allow us to forget that our nation is engaged in war. But it seems so
far away from our lives and studies, and even our Christian commit-ment,
that we push it away from us.
Yet perhaps it should not be so irrelevant to our thinking. Some
in our nation have been trying to force Americans to consider whether
we should be in Viet Nam or not. They have been denounced as Com-munists
and no doubt some of them are Communists.
Others are definitely not Communists. They feel that our govern-ment
has gone beyond the bound of its legitimate powers in pursuing
war in Viet Nam. They feel they have a personal responsibility to op-pose
such an action. Their example forces us to consider our responsi-bility
to exercise judgment over the actions our government takes.
Herbert Butterfield in his book Christianity and History formulates
the principle, "Hold to Christ, and for the rest be totally uncommitted."
It sounds attractive but in many situations merely would deceive us into
not making the moral decisions that are required of us. Is not a Christian
required to judge between good and evil in the world around him?
Dietrich Bonhoeffer says, "The responsible man seeks to make
his whole life a response to the question and call of God." Our re-sponse
to the Viet Nam war has been largely an acceptance of the
government's actions as the necessary result of our patriotism, or
a dismissal of both the war and the demonstrators as issues of in-significance
compared to our Mustang, Saturday night's date, or even
our grade-point average.
Who on the campus has stopped to consider the war in Viet Nam
from the standpoint of his Christian commitment? Maybe we have never
considered that our Christian commitment might lead us at some time
to take a strong stand against the action of our government, or against
the action of another government.
Neither possibility should be dismissed by the Christian. The sub-mission
of German Christians to the Nazi regime is a modern example
of misplaced loyalties. In blind loyalty to the State, few of them ever
exercised their responsibility of resistance to evil.
Bonhoeffer says of the German: "He forgot that submissiveness
and self-sacrifice could be exploited for evil ends." "He could not see
that in certain circumstances free and responsible action might have
to take precedence over duty and calling."
We are fortunate to live in a land whose government has usually
been sensitive to the matters of justice and individual freedom. Yet the
possibility that some day we might be led by Christian conviction to
stand against governmental action should not be dismissed from our
Bonhoeffer feels that every event presents us with this necessity
for moral choice. "It is only by refusing to allow any event to deprive
us of our responsibility for history, because we know that it is a respon-sibility
laid upon us by God, that we shall achieve a relation to the events
of history far more fruitful than criticism or opportunism."
dents since we have been impress-ed
all our lives with seeking and
recognizing a "call" from God.
With these beginnings I an-ticipated
a fresh, lively discus-sion
with some new insights on
the concept of the "call" of God.
The initial statement of the panel
discussion was beautiful. The
speaker opened up, posed several
problems, admitted he did not
know the solutions, and asked the
panel to respond. Is there a "call"
charge of staging and Miss Clara
Seecamp heads up publicity plans.
In order to avoid the possibility
of being turned away, parents of
many Bethelites may wish to re-serve
tickets for the Festival. This
may be done by contacting the Pub-lic
Relations Office of Bethel Col-lege
by phone or mail, addressing
all inquiries to the Festival of
Ticket reservations will be held
until one-half hour before each per-formance.
1703 N. Snelling Avenue
Why wait for a haircut? Call Mi 6 - 2323
lgac tikt ki,dei4,4a,frnil
4111 Olson Hwy. on Hwy. 55
9:45 a.m.—Bible Classes for all ages
11:00 a.m.—Worship Service
7:00 p.m.—Fellowship and Social Hour
7:30 p.m.—Midweek Service—Wed.
Wm. Adam, Pastor — FR 4 -1902
Vededem Saft,teat aped
720 13th Avenue South — Minneapolis
Morning Worship 10:50
Sunday School 9:45
Evening Service 7:00
John Wilcox, Pastor Gary Smalley, Youth Director
Charlotte Ransom, Education Secretary
Pastor's phone: UN 6-6249
Transportation from Bodien at 9:15 a.m. and 5 p.m..
Letter to the Editor:
Missionary Panel Disappointing
Senter Paints Backdrops
by Lantz Leonard
Lantz Leonard, featured this week with a guest sports editorial,
is a senior at Bethel and sports writer on the CLARION staff.
The Bethel cross country season is over and there are probably five
mighty happy fellows because of it. These five are the ones that
"stayed with it" in the face of a losing season, little support, cold
weather, and the loss of one runner, Steve Roe, due to injury.
A word of congratulation should be expressed to Leon Anderson, Dick
Olson, Norm Kern, Bob Chryst, and Jim Erickson for their stick-to
it-iveness (that immeasurable quality for ultimate success) all season
Coach Glader says they were the "most co-operative, hardest work-ing,
and sincere group" he has ever had the privilege to coach. Glader
also pointed out that four of the group have indicated plans for some
part in full time ministry.
Elected co-captains by their teammates were Dick Olson and Leon
Anderson; and most valuable selections went to Norm Kern and
In spite of their losing seasonal record of only one win in eight
meets, they continued their daily workouts with the spirit usually found
only on winning teams.
Just as an example of their workout schedule: Monday—run 9-10
miles; Tuesday—run 5-6 miles plus intervals of 440s and 660s; Wednes-day—
run 12-20 440s; Thursday—various distance running according
to the need and ambition; Friday—loosen up; Saturday—the meet.
The guys themselves feel the greatest benefit they received from
the year was the discipline they learned by putting their body and mind
"under subjection."
Well next year is another year with new hopes, higher aspirations,
and hopefully new faces. With a year's experience under their belts,
these guys should show fine improvement and develop into one of
Bethel's finer teams.
But, meanwhile, the true dedication that is paramount to success
will continue to grow as they persevere throughout the winter months
by running and keeping those muscles in shape and those reflexes
honed to their razor edge for the upcoming track season . . . won't they,
Rev. Ellis Eklof, Jr., Pastor Roberta Yaxley, Dir. of Music
0' peiviaKal
A94 aI1 9 ,r4 i/teecI4
South St. Paul
Member FDIC Phone 451 - 6822
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Sunday School 9:30 Morning Service 10:45
College CYF 8:30 p.m. Evening Service 7:00
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Bethel Harriers, with Coach Gene Glader, dauntless and courageous,
with much experience and few victories can still smile after a rugged
cross country season.
Intramural Football Over;
Squires, Seminary In Tie
You'll be surprised
when you claim the re-
. ward . . . a pleasant
meal at the Arden Inn.
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Second place was held by the
Dukes with a 5-2 record, and third
place was shared by the Peasants
and Jesters with 5-3 records.
Evaluation Committee Projects
Student Summer Mission Goals
Project Evaluation Committee.
by Fred Lund
In a matter of days the Stu-dent
Missionary Project Evalu-ation
Committee will finish its
task of weighing the mechanics,
field experience, and personal gain
of the participants.
The goals of the Student Mis-sionary
Project have never been
concisely stated in a written form,
causing confusion and misunder-standing
about the work.
From oral tradition, actual
practice, and missionary sugges-tions,
the following aims are
being proposed. A final wording
of these general goals will be
submitted to the Religious Com-
Intramuaral Football came to a The final standings show that
close last Saturday with not only the race for the Championship was
a close game but a deciding game. a close one. First place was shared
The weatherman cooperated well by the Squires and Seminary with
with a windless day and tempera- identical 7-1 records.
tures not too far below the freez-ing
The Squires, fighting for a first
place tie, won a close one from
the Peasants 6-0. The Peasants be-gan
strong and it seemed that the
Squires might be outplayed, but
they settled down and halted a
Bethel will send no representa- strong drive.
tive to the National NAIA meet The Peasant defense held the
at Omaha Saturday, November 27. Squires very well and it took a
Winona State and St. Cloud have diving catch by Terry Muck in the
indicated they will be going to end zone to put the Squires out Senior Fred Lund is the chair-represent
District 13. in front. man of the Student Missionary
Page 4 the CLARION
Bethel finished out its cross
country season Saturday as it
lost to the four team field in the
District 13 NAIA meet held at
Como golf course. This was the
first time this meet has been held.
Individual winner, sophomore
Van Nelson of St. Cloud, holds the
American record at 30,000 meters.
His time over the four mile Como
course was a relatively slow 23:20,
however. Co-captain Dick Olson of
Bethel took thirteenth in twenty-six
minutes flat to be the first
Bethel finisher.
When the results were tallied,
the team standings showed Wino-na
State in first place with 27,
second was St. Cloud State with
35, Augsburg in third with 81,
and Bethel a close fourth with
Thus ended the rather dismal
cross country season for Bethel
season - record wise. The record
shows one win and seven losses,
but it does not show the immeasur-able
sense of satisfaction these
fellows have for doing their best
with what they had.
Without a doubt, the experience
and conditioning they acquired
this season will be a great asset
to them for next year.
Before the meet, it was decided
their goal would be to beat one
team, Augsburg. This they came
very near to accomplishing as
they lost to them by only 8
With the coming of winter and
the close of football season, intra-murals
moves indoors to play bas-ketball.
This year promises to be
a great year for Intramural basket-ball
as two or three teams show
much talent.
Last year's champions, the Pages,
show strength led by the Carmean
brothers but the whole team will
have to play good ball to retain
their title.
The competition will come
from every team in the league
and at this time the champion-ship
is very unpredictable.
To encourage more participation
in basketball the Intramural Asso-ciation
plans to run two leagues.
The managers will name certain
players who can play in one league
and the other league is open to
Wednesday, November 24, 1965
Substitutes for the first league
are taken from the second league
and so we hope to see quite a few
basketball players on the court.
The first games of the season
will be played the week after
Thanksgiving vacation so all
those interesed in playing should
contact managers of their re-spective
Intramural managers to contact
are: Barons — Bruce Armstrong;
Counts —Dave Bjorklund; Pages
— John Carmean; Squires — Mike
Rynkiewich; Peasants—Dan Gross;
Knights — Mel Fahs: Dukes —
Terry Kuntz; Jesters — Tim Wil-liams.
the answer. As the program ma-tures,
these aims will be redefined
within the context of new know-ledge
and new opportunities.
Although not a primary goal of
the Student Missionary Project,
interesting secondary effects have
resulted. The project affords the
missionary an opportunity for per-sonal
expression in the training of
mission-minded young people.
Also it gives him an additional
channel of communication for shar-ing
the burdens of his work. Often,
too, the student acts as a catalyst,
causing the missionary to examine
the appropriateness of the methods
being used.
Hamline and Hoyt Mi 6 -9272
Brake and Mechanical Work
Towing Service
mittee before Christmas for of-ficial
1. The role of the student on the
field is to assist the missionary
for the expressed pupose of releas-ing
his time for more direct work
with the nationals.
2. The experience affords the
student with the opportunity to
see the problems of encountering,
learning, and interacting with a
different culture and language, and
to make the needed emotional ad-j
3. To relate to the campus com-munity
in a personal way the
insights each student has gained
from his experience.
How do eight relate missions
in a vital, personal way to one
thousand? We honestly do not have
Long Cross Country Season Finished
As Harriers Place Fourth In District
Intramural Cagers Commence;
Champion Pages Strong Threat
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