text:
In 2009, Annie Moss (Environmental Policy and Sustainability Management '12) began working with a group of women who were transforming a neglected, overgrown plot of land in the South Bronx into a community garden. Moss saw the three-acre plot as a place where she could apply ideas she had been exploring in her job as a community health organizer in a school-based health center at a Bronx elementary school. Moss helped secure the support needed to convert the soil, which was contaminated by heavy metals and other toxins, into cultivated land. The group turned their grassroots effort into a nonprofit organization called La Finca del Sur (Farm of the South) that helps educate the public about the interconnections between food, social justice, and healthy living.
Since then, the volunteer-run garden has thrived, attracting volunteer gardeners from the community, who learn about horticulture and food systems. As La Finca del Sur developed, Moss realized that she needed additional skills to cope with the daily challenges of running a nonprofit. She enrolled in the Master of Science in Environmental Policy and Sustainability Management at the Milano School of Policy, Management, and Environment "because of its focus on social justice, its strong political character, and its community-based approach to work." Moss used the fieldwork component of the program as an opportunity to develop her research and policy analysis skills.
"Managing a farm requires a lot of information, and the program gave me the tools to gather data and interpret it from a human perspective," Moss says. "What is the impact of a single basket of fresh city-grown produce on a family's budget? On a community's health? These are questions that my instructors in Environmental Policy and Sustainability helped me ask—and use to advocate for just policies."Today the gardens burst with vegetables, herbs, and flowers, some of which are sold in the local farmer's market and some of which volunteers bring home to their families. School groups learn best practices for using polluted land safely and restoring its health. Moss says, "I wanted to improve my skills so that I could strengthen the infrastructure and productivity of La Finca del Sur. In the process, I discovered I could make a difference in other areas of public policy related to the environment, food, and social justice."


text: Home- Alumni- Stay Involved- Volunteer- Ways to Get Involved Get Involved with Your Alma Mater Colgate people spend four years as students and the rest of their lives as alumni family members. The University proudly offers you countless opportunities for lifelong involvement – with your classmates, your friends, and your alma mater. Choose from the many options below that best suit your Colgate spirit! Menu Menu Connect with Colgate - Update your Alumni Profile - Bookmark the Colgate website – follow what is happening in Hamilton. Connect With Your Classmates Online or in Person Download the new Alumni Mobile Directory app on your Apple or Google devices to connect professionally and socially with other alumni Read the Colgate Scene and Maroon News to learn about campus and alumni updates Share news on you, your family and friends with your Colgate Scene class editor Join the discussions on social media by following Colgate University on Twitter @colgateuniv, Facebook and LinkedIn Plan or participate in an Alumni Event – either a Signature Program sponsored by the alumni office, or DIY and host your own Colgate-themed event with Events Your Way Connect with Classmates Affinity Groups Share a connection beyond your class year or location and join an Affinity Group. Alumni of Color (AOC) Alumnae Leadership Council Colgate 13 Alums LGBTQ Women @ Colgate Affinity Groups District or Regional Clubs Join your local Colgate district club – or start one if your hometown region does not have one – and meet up with alumni and parents in your region Subscribe to the club newsletter, attend local events and meet fellow alums Participate in your club's planning committee and bring new ideas and events to your town or city Attend a local sports event or tailgate when Colgate teams are in your area District and Regional Clubs The Alumni Admissions Program Sign up for your local Alumni Admissions Committee – connect with fellow AAP representatives and learn about developments on Colgate's campus Advocate for and promote Colgate with local high schools in your area Represent Colgate at local college fairs Meet with prospective students in informational interviews Host or attend an accepted student reception or a summer send-off party Alumni Admissions Program Give to the Colgate Fund Donate to Colgate each year – even $13 makes a difference – participation matters! Volunteer for Phonathons or serve as a class agent on your class gift committee to solicit your peers Join the Presidents' Club along with other leadership donors to the university Include Colgate in your long term financial and estate planning and be part of the Willow Society Donate to the Athletic Council to support student-athletes Colgate Fund Career Services – for Alumni and Current Students To recruit Colgate students, or to post a job or internship contact Teresa Olsen, Assistant Vice President of Institutional Advancement and Director of Career Services. Attend Real World: Seniors in the City and other regional receptions for students to network and learn about career industries. Be a sponsor for A Day in the Life, Colgate's job shadowing program for students on their January break. Join a Colgate Professional Network and attend their events. Serve as an "industry professional" to provide informational interviews for our advisors on trends within your industry. Connect with the Official Colgate University LinkedIn group. Career Services Visit Campus – Homecoming, Reunion, or Anytime Tour the campus – Case Library and Geyer Information Center, Ho Science Center, Trudy Fitness Center – are some of the buildings that will make you feel proud of your alma mater Visit the new and improved Hamilton, NY – or reminisce at your old favorite places Take a virtual tour or download the Colgate Tour app on your Apple device Attend Homecoming – reconnect with your favorite professors and staff Attend Reunion – not just when it is "your year" – attend engaging lectures, panels and discussions led by faculty, staff and alumni, or join fellow alumni in recognizing leaders and grads who are the recipients of Alumni Awards for their extraordinary service to Colgate Serve on the planning or reunion class gift committee or be a program chair Get a group of friends together and make your own Colgate reunion Play golf at Seven Oaks Join with the Alumni Council on campus at their open session meetings or connect with Alumni Council members to talk about what's going on at Colgate Travel and Extras Use your status as a member of the alumni community to access a series of travel programs and special offers Explore the world through travel programs offered through the alumni office Become a member of the Seven Oaks Golf Course at a special rate to alumni living outside of a 50-mile radius of Colgate Join the NYC Affiliate Clubs through membership at the Cornell Club in New York City Travel and Extras Campus Life Engage with Colgate athletic teams as a mentor (Maroon Council) Download Go Gate, the Colgate athletics app Support Greek Life at Colgate by volunteering for your organization's alumni corporation board, chapter advisory board or foundation Support student groups holding events on campus or who look for alumni resources Continuing Education Join Colgate professors and students in the Living Writers course and other virtual courses through the ColgateX platform such as the Advent of the Atomic Bomb Participate in the Thought Into Action Colgate Entrepreneurs and the TIA Student Incubator, with opportunities for alumni mentorship of students' entrepreneurial activities Alumni Alumni Directory Reunion Professional Networks Mosaic Stay Involved Colgate Day Affinity and Identity Groups Intellectual Engagement Clubs Volunteer Volunteer Application Ways to Get Involved Fundraising Volunteers Presidents' Club Volunteers Admissions Career Services Class News Alumni Benefits Connect With Career Services Giving to Colgate Colgate Magazine Return to Colgate Alumni Council Staff Directory RELATED LINKS Alumni Directory 051716 ALUMNI DIRECTORY - Log in - Update and View Your Profile - Mobile Directory FAQs - E-mail for Life Talk to Us New 051716 TALK TO US - Send a Message - Staff Directory Make a Gift 051716 MAKE A GIFT - Types of Gifts - Giving Opportunities - Leadership and Recognition Stay Involved 051716 STAY INVOLVED - Event Listings - Colgate Magazine - Alumni Council - Event Gateway - 13 Ways to Get Involved - Volunteer - Tailgates Career Services 083016 CAREER SERVICES - Connect with Students - Services for Alumni

subset: commoncrawl


text:
I just can't mourn the death of a crack addict
By Unknown on Tuesday, February 14, 2012
Filed Under:
This should probably be filed under "maybe this make's me an ass but..."
Yesterday morning on the way to work I heard a medley of Whitney Houston songs... It's not my style of music but I can objectively say she has an amazing voice. The thing about the songs is I had heard them all pre-1997... Because since she started doing crack she hasn't really produced any notable music... I realize she might not have been on crack but she was a fan of the drugs...
And she probably smoked some crack.
Perhaps I'm callous but I'll always see her as a crack addict... Michael Jackson will always be a child molester... But I don't listen to either of their music so it's easy to separate it.
Although Andrew Wood, lead singer of Mother Love Bone who died days before the scheduled release of his first album from a heroin overdose, will always be a fool and I think of it every time I listen to their album... While for some reason I always see Kurt Cobain's death as just sad.
Why we posthumously hold people like Whitney and Michael up on pedestals blows my mind...
It's weird to compare deaths of folks but I think that's what we do as humans... And one recent death that hit me this year was Sarah Burke, the freestyle skier. Her name was a mainstay on the X-games winner pedestal... She progressed the sport in a huge way... She died too young doing what she loved and that to me is sad. She wasn't destroying herself.
Her death did get some press. The X-games had a great memorial for her.
I realize action sports get less press than music... That she probably "touched" fewer lives. But as a father people like Sarah are the ones I'd rather mourn. Because who, and how, we mourn will show our kids who to look up too...
And action sports aside I want MF to look up to folks that aren't crack smokers, child molesters or heroin addicts.
7 comments:
- NotCrackMarthaFebruary 14, 2012 at 9:39 AM
Yeah. There's often an over emphasis on celebrity death even if their lives were clouded with abuse. Or even celebrity in general. Chris Brown at the grammy's is another example how we misplace our actions in society.ReplyDeleteReplies
Chris brown at the grammy's and the stupid kid's tweets also shows how incredibly dumb people areDelete
- AnonymousFebruary 14, 2012 at 1:33 PM
I wanted to blog something about her death..and blah blah...but..I realized there was nothing really to say..for the last years,and I would have had to write something that would have attracted lots of haters maybe. So,I said nothing. I mean,yes it's sad, yes she was what she was, but...yes..she is the only one to blame for what she have done with her life. She had EVERYTHING..and did not care...ReplyDelete
I agree with you. If it makes you feel any better, Sarah Burke's death got a lot of media time here in Canada.ReplyDelete
Finally! Thank you.ReplyDelete
I totally agree. RIP Sarah Burke.ReplyDelete


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Content Count2,869
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Mondeo Mk3 Sleeper 194 flb.p.t.
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1979Damian reacted to a post in a topic: Chip Fat
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FOCA started following St 180 Induction Kit., Bad Fuel In Mk3 Mondeo 2.0 Tddi, Tdci Exhaust Upgrade and and 5 others
Bad Fuel In Mk3 Mondeo 2.0 Tddi
FOCA replied to Cobraone3's topic in Ford Mondeo / Vignale Clubthe reason you did not get a spark is there was no potential difference between the two batteries when they are both fully charged - one would have to be flat(ter) than the other to get a spark If you change the fuel filter it can be difficult to restart the engine after that - filling the filter up with diesel halps, it can take some cranking to bleed the system, the battery can go flat by the time the engine is ready to start, short bursts of cranking are not effective in bleeding and very lomg bursts can burn out the starter- assuming it has additional electrical power as well as the cars battery (there is a knack to it) replacing "service" items is ok (filters etc) but you really need to find out what is wrong, it can be a mistake to jump to conclusions a code OBD reader can help find faults and van pay for itself quickly - you will need an OBD1 one for a TDDI TDDIs are Euro 3 so you can fit a solid EGR blanking plate with no problem (eliminating one source of potential problems)
Tdci Exhaust Upgrade
FOCA replied to Damon Cook's topic in Ford Modification DiscussionsOn a diesel engine they only do a smoke (particulate) test, so you can decat ok and still pass this test (petrol engined cars are a different matter) But there is also a visual inspection, on some cars you cannot see the cat/ decat (due to undertrays/ engine covers etc) so a decat pipe can be fitted ok, on others, where the cat is more visible, it may be nessesary to remove the inside of the original cat, to decat the cat as carbon can sit in/on the surfaces of the cat, it can actually increase smoke, so removing it can reduce smoke (along with things like a solid EGR plate) As well as a dacat/ cat innard removal you may need to remove/ upgrade the exhaust back box, as this can be restrictive (it can restrict flow more than the cat) - so no point in just doing the cat without upgrading the back-box too
FOCA reacted to a post in a topic: Got My Focus Remapped Today
It looks like the turbo actuator - could be the VNT vanes sticking, as abave (causing a "knock on" effect) A 2006 car TCDI should have an electronic actuator these can be expensive to fix (again, the VNT vanes should be cleaned/ working correctly before replacing the actuator) the boost hoses may be leaking but also check all your fluids as it may be coming from elsewhere but looks like its from the hoses where exactly is the leak?
Its the DPF you need to heat up - not the inside of the car! Any performance increase may be due to the DPF unblocking rather than a the remap Remaps can be done specifically to increase bottom end power, on some diesels the bottom end power/ torque is restricted to help put less strain on the DMF (dual mass flywheel) mant remappers simply increase the fuelling so the remap "follows" the original map and the "low down restriction" is still in place - a better/ more expensive remap is more sophisticated and can increase bottom end but you may need to strengthen the transmission to cope with the extrabottom end torque A tuning box often increases bottom end power/ torque more than a remap A DPF delete can reduce turbo lag by allowing the turbine to spool up quicker - along with back box delete and decat can make a big difference , (as well as a free- flowing exhaust, as lenny has suggested)
That is complete and utter garbage - EGR valves reduce power/ cause flat spots you dont get better boost from them, but worse boost, the EGR valve reduces the energy going to the turbine (part of the turbo system) so fitting a solid EGR plate helps increase the energy going to the turbine, thus reducing lag/ turbo spoolup time and improving throttle response - as may forum members can confirm from actual practical experience In general, total peak boost stays the same (with/ without EGR/ plate) as this is controlled by the actuator etc Sounds like a complete sharlitan who has taking your money but does not know what he is talking about If you have an underlying fault (like a blocked DPF) it can stop the engines power increasing with the remap, though
Trouble Insuring My Fiesta Due To Unknown Model
FOCA replied to Sooz's topic in Ford Fiesta ClubFiesta/ trim models and insuranceare not my area of expertese but - In any given engine size (eg 1.3L) there are different trim levels, the car itself is basically identical (eg, same shell etc) but there is more stuff stuck on the ghia trim for example some trim levels are in the factory (eg,Popular, Popular Plus, L, LX, Ghia, 1.6S, XR2i, RS Turbo, RS1800, Fiesta, Louisiana, LA, DL, SX, Azura, Si, Classic, Classic Quartz, Classic Cabaret, Saphire) Some were "specials" that were done in the dealers, usually to boost flagging sales (typically a couple of "extras" thrown in and a badge stuck on the tailgate) Apart from dealers sticking extra kit on, owners may have retrofitted kit as well The "base" model is usually the lowest or most basic available, perhaps the person that made out the log book put "base" (for base model) instead of "L" "LX" "popular" etc What does it say on the bootlid? Of course, when it comes to insurance, you must be careful
My Mondeo
FOCA replied to FOCA's topic in Ford Project and Build ThreadsHi thanks for that! The breather still expells hot gasses / some oily spray even without the inlet sucking it in - the main difference is the engine does not re ingest it As the engine geats up there is some expansion of gasses (mainly air) in the crankcase, as well as some piston blow- by (depending on the age/ amount of wear on the engine + the amount of boost) as the pistons move up and down there is some to-and-throw-ing in the breather, and it can make a "chuffing" noise as this happens The main purpose of the breather is to de-pressurize or stop the pressure from building up in the crankase, so it does not matter if the inlet does not suck the gunge out Ive still got the car, its MOTd and taxed and i use it a fair bit, its "restricted" a bit to get a bit less bottom end power but more mid/ top end and its even lighter than it was, ive got a load of parts ive not fitted yet and i have a few other ideas life is a distraction/ gets in the way, though ive so little time and i cant really justify spending money on it (apart from essentials like tyres/ MOT stuff etc)- might wait untill spring now
New Car For Next! What You Guys Thing?
FOCA replied to vito787's topic in Ford Fiesta ClubBut - its not a Ford! I always think VWs are as over-rated as much as Fords are under-estimated
FOCA reacted to a post in a topic: Ecu Remap And Intercooler Map
Ecu Remap And Intercooler Map
FOCA replied to tedis's topic in Ford Modification DiscussionsWhen we are talking about decats we have to be careful not to get mixed up with petrol and diesel engines - Most diesel engines have a small, passive cat, there is no sensor, (no wires, no EML) the cat can be completely removed and the car can still easily pass the emmisions MOT test, as only particulates are measured on a diesel, diesel Ford owners have run decats for years, and passed several MOTs, no problem, recently the rules have tighened up, now there is to be a visual inspection, so it must look like there is a cat present, on many cars you cannot see if there is one or not, as there is an engine cover at the top, and an undertray on the bottom (the tester cannot remove covers) in this case as long as the (diesel) car can pass the particulates (smoke) test its ok - as carbon can build up on the surface of the cat, often a decat reduces smoke On cars where the cat is visible it can be cut open and the innards removed - many Ford owners have done this and passed the MOT no problem (as above, it may even help reduce smoke, especially in conjunction with a solid EGR plate ) in tests, it was found the back- box was more restictive than the cat (diesel mk3 mondeo 2.0 &2.2, other turbo-diesels are similar) On a petrol engined car its a different matter the presence of a cat may be detected by the emissions - and it may be diffucult to get the car running right and the emissions low enough to pass an MOT - in this case a high flow sports cat is probably the best way to go for a modern, petrol-engined road car
FOCA reacted to a post in a topic: Differences Between 100Hp And 125Hp
All the parts look expensive - http://shop.grahamgoode.com/fiesta-st180-ecoboost-air-induction-silicone-hose-ggf5001-72102-p.asp
Usa Transit Looking For Some Assistance
FOCA replied to tdidog's topic in Ford Transit ClubIt may be possible to connect the inverter directly to the battery - theoretically it only needs 2 wires + and - (i would use heavy duty cable) , it could run through the firewall (scuttle?) this has the advantage if being seperate from the vans' existing wiring - you could add a suitable inline fuse close to the battery
Differences Between 100Hp And 125Hp
FOCA replied to joaoremedios's topic in Ford Fiesta ClubThe engines are phisically the same and the difference is in the factory engine map it is possible to buy a 100PS version and have it remapped to about 135 - 140HP the 100PS is good anyway
Fit a panel filter (K&N, pipercross or green cotton) and smooth out the inside of your existing airbox do you want to make more noise, increase power or both? is your car an NA st150PS or the later turbo st180?
jeebowhite has done a guide with links to sellers - http://www.fordownersclub.com/forums/tutorials/article/116-got-an-error-on-your-car/


text:
Story highlights
- Court says alerts from trained dogs can trigger probable cause for search of car
- This case and another could have far-reaching impact on search questions
- Citizen privacy has been a key issue since 2001 terror attacks on the United States
Aldo the German shepherd and his human companions in law enforcement won an important Supreme Court appeal on Tuesday over vehicle searches for drugs and contraband.
The justices found that a positive "hit" from the sniff of a well trained police dog could establish probable cause for the search of a vehicle.
"The question-- similar to every inquiry intro probable cause-- is whether all the facts surrounding a dog's alert, viewed through the lens of common sense, would make a reasonably prudent person think that a search would reveal contraband or evidence of a crime," said Justice Elena Kagan. "And here, Aldo's did."
This case and a separate and still pending appeal over police intrusions into homes and cars could have a far-reaching impact on when a person's private contents can be subjected to a search without clear probable cause or a valid warrant.
The Constitution's Fourth Amendment grants the "right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures."
The issue of citizen privacy has been particularly acute since the 2001 al Qaeda attacks on the United States. Federal and state governments have stepped up surveillance of suspected terrorists and their allies and high-risk targets, like government buildings and shopping malls.
The case decided by the Supreme Court on Tuesday involved Clayton Harris, who was stopped by a sheriff's deputy in Liberty County outside Tallahassee in 2006 for an expired license tag.
The officer brought in a German shepherd police dog, Aldo, who focused on the truck's door handle. A subsequent search produced pills in the vehicle that are used to make methamphetamine.
Harris was charged and later pleaded no contest, but the state high court later reversed the conviction.
Those justices found the dog unreliable. A few weeks after the initial search, Harris was stopped and the dog again alerted the door handle for the presence of drugs. This time, none were found.
The Florida high court concluded that the state's general assertion a dog was sufficiently "trained" and "certified" was not enough alone to establish probable cause justifying vehicle searches.
But the U.S. Supreme Court disagreed, saying Aldo's training records established that he was reliable in detecting drugs and that Harris "failed to undermine that showing."
The Supreme Court has in recent years generally given law enforcement some latitude to conduct its in a heightened security environment, but not without some checks.
The current cases also come as recent studies have raised questions about the accuracy of canine drug alerts.
Florida state officials applauded the opinion.
"This victory is paramount to preserving our law enforcement officers' ability to use police dog alerts to locate illegal drugs and arrest those who possess them," said Florida Attorney General Pam Bondi.
"The Supreme Court correctly held that a police dog's reliability is determined through a common-sense evaluation of the relevant circumstances, rather than through a rigid set of judge-created requirements," Bondi said.
The case is: Florida v. Harris (11-817).


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Historic American Buildings Survey,
Engineering Record, Landscapes Survey
View photos from this survey. (Some may not be online).
Camp H.M. Smith and Navy Public Works Center Manana Title VII (Capehart) Housing, U-Shaped Two-Bedroom Duplex Type 1, Acacia Road, Birch Circle, and Cedar Drive, Pearl City, Honolulu County, HI
- Title: Camp H.M. Smith and Navy Public Works Center Manana Title VII (Capehart) Housing, U-Shaped Two-Bedroom Duplex Type 1, Acacia Road, Birch Circle, and Cedar Drive, Pearl City, Honolulu County, HI
- Other Title: Camp H.M. Smith and Navy Public Works Center Manana Housing, Facility Nos. 501, 504, 524, 533, 543, 550, 614 & 628
- Creator(s): Historic American Buildings Survey, creator
- Date Created/Published: Documentation compiled after 1933
- Medium:
Photo(s): 20
Data Page(s): 12
Photo Caption Page(s): 3
- Reproduction Number: ---
- Rights Advisory:
No known restrictions on images made by the U.S. Government; images copied from other sources may be restricted. (http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/res/114_habs.html)
- Call Number: HABS HI-524-A
- Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print
- Notes:
- Significance: The housing area was constructed as a Capehart project in 1959 for Marine Corps and Navy personnel. It was one of many similar projects built in Hawaii and throughout the nation under the Capehart Act, which was designed to alleviate a severe housing shortage faced my military personnel in post war period. The Type 1 units were designed for enlisted personnel. The building are of a standard plan used throughout the neighborhood, and are suited to the Hawaii environment.
- Survey number: HABS HI-524-A
- Building/structure dates: 1959 Initial Construction
- Subjects:
- Place:
- Collections:
- Part of: Historic American Buildings Survey (Library of Congress)
- Bookmark This Record:
The Library of Congress generally does not own rights to material in its collections and, therefore, cannot grant or deny permission to publish or otherwise distribute the material. For further rights information, see "Rights Information" below and the Rights and Restrictions Information page ( http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/res/rights.html ).
- Rights Advisory: No known restrictions on images made by the U.S. Government; images copied from other sources may be restricted. http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/res/114_habs.html
- Reproduction Number: ---
- Call Number: HABS HI-524-A
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Data Page(s): 12
Photo Caption Page(s): 3
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- Call Number: HABS HI-524-A
- Medium:
Photo(s): 20
Data Page(s): 12
Photo Caption Page(s): 3
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Journal of the South African Institution of Civil Engineering
On-line version ISSN 2309-8775
Print version ISSN 1021-2019
J. S. Afr. Inst. Civ. Eng. vol.56 n.1 Midrand Jan. 2014
Factors predicting the intention to accept treated wastewater reuse for non-potable uses amongst domestic and non-domestic respondents
J R Adewumi; A A Ilemobade; J E van Zyl
Water reuse projects can fail if the factors (social, technical, financial, etc) governing their implementation are not adequately addressed prior to implementation. This paper presents the findings of the analysis of questionnaires administered to potential domestic and non-domestic consumers in Capricorn and Vhembe (Limpopo Province) where wastewater reuse was being considered. The analysis examined the factors considered to predict the intention to accept wastewater reuse prior to implementation. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was employed to test several hypotheses addressing respondents' intention to accept wastewater reuse for non-potable end uses. In other words, SEM tested whether certain factors (e.g. trust, attitudes and control) measured intention. Intention was measured as a second order factor. For non-domestic respondents, the factors that predicted intention to accept wastewater reuse in order of significance were their attitude towards wastewater reuse, the degree of control over the source of water and its application, the respondents' knowledge of the advantages of reuse and the respondents' trust in the service provider. For domestic respondents, the factors were their knowledge of the advantages of reuse, the degree of control over the source of water and its application, attitude towards wastewater reuse, trust in the service provider, and the subjective norms of the respondents. Physical quality satisfaction (for both respondent categories) and subjective norms (for non-domestic respondents only) could not be assessed because a reliable scale was not formed. The above findings have implications for future wastewater reuse in South Africa, i.e. that decision-makers contemplating reuse for non-potable uses would profit from addressing the various factors predicting intention to accept reuse prior to implementation.
The increasing demand for water in South Africa is driven by growing populations, the connection of previously un-served households to municipal water supply, growing industrial development, urban in-migration and a host of other factors. Consequently, water resources planners are continually looking for additional sources of water to supplement the limited resources available (Adewumi et al 2010). It was predicted that unless the water consumption patterns in South Africa change significantly, the country would not be able to meet the growing demand for water, and the problem could be extremely severe within 20-25 years (DWAF 2007). As shortages increase, allocation of water to irrigated agriculture, for example, may result in downstream urban areas facing water shortages, leading to water use restrictions and increased general discontent. It is thus within the context of freshwater constraints that the South African government is faced with the challenge of imple-menting sustainable alternatives, including wastewater reuse, for potable and/or non-potable requirements.
Wastewater reuse has become an attrac- tive option for conserving and extending available water supplies. Other benefits of reuse include the decrease in the diversion of freshwater from sensitive ecosystems, replenishment of soil nutrients in agriculture due to irrigation, enhancement of groundwater recharge and delay in the future expansion of water supply infrastructure (Angelakis & Bontoux 2001; Joksimovic 2006).
Despite the benefits mentioned above, reuse should not be contemplated where there is non-compliance in treated wastewater effluent quality, crops to be irrigated have not been proven to be tolerant to the salts in the effluent, and there is no risk of salts from the effluent resulting in the deterioration of ground/surface water quality. Another major challenge affecting the implementation of reuse projects is public opinion. Opinion influences intention to accept, and intention influences behaviour. It is for this reason that community opinion towards wastewater reuse has been identified as a key component of reuse project success (Okun 2002; Po et al 2004). The majority of opinion surveys on water reuse that have been published in the literature have emanated from the USA, Australia, Western Europe and the Middle East. For the purpose of forming appropriate policy and strategy, and due to the large variations in culture, climate, water availability, economy, etc, opinion studies need to be developed or adapted for national and sometimes sub-national contexts (Friedler et al 2006). In view therefore of the significant impact public opinion has on water reuse, it is important that opinion be investigated prior to the implementation of wastewater reuse.
Several studies (including Nancarrow et al 2008; Nancarrow et al 2009; Nancarrow et al 2010; and Po et al 2005) suggest that public acceptance of reuse is a product of attitude, emotion, control over source of water, subjective norms (influence of people around you), knowledge of the scheme, associated risks, trust in the implementing authority, physical quality satisfaction, choice, specific use, source(s) of recycled water, cost, water scarcity and socio-demographic factors. Individually, or in combination, these factors have been investigated in various places where water reuse schemes have been implemented or are planned. For example, Wilson and Pfaff (2008) carried out research in Durban, South Africa, (and compared their findings with international experiences) to determine if there were groups with specific religious or philosophical objections to potable reuse of wastewater. They concluded that fundamental religious objections to potable wastewater reuse do not exist internationally and locally, but that people are generally not comfortable with the idea of potable reuse. Non-potable reuse of wastewater, on the other hand, is expected to be less uncomfortable, especially if this reuse involves minimum human contact (e.g. toilet flushing and irrigation). There is, however, currently no empirical research in South Africa confirming or debunking this supposition.
The research presented herein thus seeks to investigate the underlying factors that predict domestic and non-domestic respondents' intention to accept wastewater reuse for non-potable purposes. Domestic and non-domestic respondents are distinct water users, and are therefore investigated as separate respondents in this study. The investigation is achieved by employing the Structural Equation Model (SEM) to analyse the factors that are considered to predict intention to accept wastewater reuse for non-potable water requirements in two arid South African communities in Limpopo (Seshego, Sisulu and Ext 44 within the Capricorn District Municipality and the Vhembe District Municipality respectively) where wastewater reuse is being considered.
This paper investigates the empirical relationships between trust in the reuse implementing authority, knowledge of the advantages of reuse, physical quality satisfaction, perceived behavioural control, subjective norms and attitude, as proposed by Ajzen (1985) and Po et al (2005), and the intention to accept wastewater reuse amongst potential non-domestic and domestic respondents in South Africa.
According to the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) proposed by Ajzen (1985), an individual's behaviour is determined by the person's intention to engage in the behaviour. Intentions are in turn predicated on three factors (also known as constructs, belief based measures or latent/unobserved variables), i.e. attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control. Definitions for these constructs are provided below:
■ Attitude is a complex mental state involving feelings, values and disposition to act in certain ways. It measures overall positive or negative predisposition to behave in a certain way.
■ Subjective norms are the beliefs about the normative expectations of others, and to comply with these expectations (also called normative beliefs). It measures the perception of how important people in the life of respondents would approve or disapprove of their performing a particular behaviour (i.e. social pressure).
■ Perceived behavioural control is the belief about the presence of other factors that may facilitate or impede performance of the behaviour, and the perceived power of these factors (control beliefs). It measures the extent to which an individual has the capacity to perform the behaviour.
Based on the research conducted by Eiser et al (2002) which suggested the inclusion of the following constructs to Ajzen's (1985) TPB, i.e. (i) perceived risks and benefits, (ii) knowledge of the advantages of reuse, and (iii) trust in implementing authorities, experts and technology, Po et al (2005) proposed a hypothesised model comprising various constructs that influence the acceptance or rejection of recycled water for various uses. A derivative of this hypothesised model is presented in Figure 1. The six constructs shown in Figure 1 are hypothetical and therefore cannot be directly observed, but must instead be inferred from respondents' responses to questions/statements that statistically correlate with the constructs.
Hypotheses used in this study
In this study, the model predicting intention to accept or reject wastewater reuse was tied to a series of hypotheses discussed below:
Knowledge of the advantages of reuse: The knowledge of the advantages of reuse has not been tested in the context of wastewater reuse for non-potable water requirements. This hypothesis postulates that if respondents have good knowledge of the advantages of wastewater reuse, this knowledge would enhance their intention to accept wastewater reuse for non-potable uses. Hence, the following hypothesis:
Hl: Respondents' knowledge of the advantages of wastewater reuse has a positive effect on intention to accept wastewater reuse for non-potable water requirements.
Trust in the implementing authority: Prior research in Australia (Po et al 2005; Fielding et al 2009) identified trust in the Water Authority as a major determinant of the acceptance of recycled water. Also, a study conducted by Lin and Wang (2006) showed that trust had a positive effect on customers' loyalty and consumers' satisfaction. Eiser et al (2002), however, found that trust had a weak influence on consumers' food satisfaction. The following hypothesis was therefore developed for this study:
H2: Respondents' trust in the treated wastewater service provider has a positive effect on intention to accept wastewater reuse for non-potable water requirements.
Attitude: Attitude towards performing a particular behaviour is the degree to which an individual has a favourable or unfavourable assessment of the behaviour. TPB predicts that the more favourable an individual evaluates a particular behaviour, the more likely s/he will intend to perform that behaviour (Ajzen 1985). Attitude has been shown to be significant in predicting the intention to accept recycled water (Po et al 2005) and an organisation's intention to share knowledge (Bock & Kim 2002; Lin & Lee 2004). In this study attitude refers to the respondents' positive or negative disposition that will influence intention to accept wastewater reuse for non-potable water requirements. Thus, the following hypothesis was formulated:
H3: Respondents' positive attitude towards wastewater reuse will increase the intention to accept wastewater reuse for non-potable water requirements.
Perceived behavioural control: Perceived behavioural control refers to the presence or absence of requisite resources and opportunities to carry out certain behaviour. Chang (1998) reported that the perception of volitional control or perceived difficulty towards completion of an act will affect an individual's intent as well as the successful performance of that behaviour. His findings also showed that perceived behavioural control significantly influenced intention. Control over a source of water and its potential application(s) has not been tested within the context of perceptions towards wastewater reuse for non-potable water requirements in South Africa. Thus, the following hypothesis was formulated:
H4: Respondents' perceived control over the source of water and its application has a positive effect on intention to accept wastewater reuse for non-potable water requirements.
Subjective norms: The term subjective norms is closely related to social pressure. It measures the perception of how important people in the life of respondents would approve or disapprove of their performing a particular behaviour. Subjective norms have been found to affect knowledge sharing intentions among groups (Ruy et al 2003) and among senior managers (Lin & Lee 2004). Fielding et al (2009) and Po et al (2005) also reported that subjective norms significantly affected intention to accept recycled water. In this study, subjective norms about recycled water refers to how social pressure affects the intention of respondents to accept recycled water for non-potable water requirements. Hence, the following hypothesis:
H5: Higher subjective norms associated with wastewater reuse for non-potable water requirements have a positive effect on respondents' intention to accept wastewater reuse.
Aesthetic appearance: Hurlimann and McKay (2007) found out that the colour of recycled water was the most important attribute for consumers to accept recycled water for washing clothes. The following hypothesis was therefore formulated:
H6: The aesthetically pleasing appearance of recycled wastewater will have a positive effect on respondents' intention to accept wastewater reuse for non-potable water requirements.
Table 1 summarises the hypotheses explained above.
Questionnaire structure
Two questionnaires were developed and administered to a random sample of potential non-domestic (i.e. agricultural, commercial, educational and parks) and domestic non-potable water consumers. Non-domestic respondents were individuals representing their various institutions, while domestic respondents were representatives of various households. The questionnaire was subdivided into three parts: introduction, perceptions and respondents' personal data (domestic respondents only). The introductory part of the questionnaire clearly stated the aims of the project, which was to determine perceptions on the use of treated wastewater for non-potable purposes and the willingness to use dual water distribution systems. A concise definition of non-potable water was provided. The second section comprised statements (developed to test hypotheses H1-H6) aimed at measuring respondents' positive or negative perceptions towards wastewater reuse. Justifications for the statements used in this section are provided below. The last section of the domestic questionnaire consisted of questions requiring demographic information such as gender, age, racial group, marital status, and academic qualification. Type of house and approximate monthly income data were requested from only domestic respondents.
Justification for the statements used to measure each construct
Advantages of reuse (ADV): The sentences below attempt to determine respondents' knowledge of the advantages of wastewater reuse and how this knowledge influences intention to accept reuse for non-potable water requirements:
i. ADV1 - "The use of non-drinking water will reduce the amount of wastewater discharged to the environment": Treated wastewater is typically discharged into the environment (especially surface waters). By reusing treated wastewater therefore, the total volume of wastewater discharged into the environment is reduced.
ii. ADV2 - "Non-drinking water use will reduce the depletion of groundwater and surface water resources": With increased wastewater reuse for non-potable water requirements, less fresh water is likely to be extracted from surface and ground waters. A reduction in the extraction of ground waters will reduce saline water intrusion in coastal areas, while a reduction in the extraction of surface waters will assist to maintain minimum environmental flows and mitigate negative and often irreversible ecosystem changes.
iii. ADV3 - "The use of non-drinking water can save many South African communities from drought": The supply of treated wastewater for non-potable water requirements will mitigate the negative effects of a drought.
iv. ADV4 - "There can be considerable savings of fertiliser on farms irrigated with recycled wastewater": Nutrients in waste-water, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, nourish irrigated soil and consequently provide nourishment for plants, and therefore can readily replace organic fertilisers. Reuse should not be contemplated where plants or crops to be irrigated have not been proven to be tolerant to the salts in the effluent, and there is no risk of salts from the effluent resulting in the deterioration of ground/surface water quality.
Trust in implementing authorities (TRU): A respondent's trust in the provider of reclaimed water is measured by their responses to the statements below. The higher the level of trust, the more likely they will accept wastewater reuse. These statements assess trust in relation to the quality of the product or service rendered by the provider as perceived by the respondent. The statements include:
i. an overall statement TRU1 - "This institution (I) will use non-drinking water if the quality can be proven to be satisfactory"; and the following specific statements related to:
ii. disgust due to odour, colour, and suspended solids, TRU2 - "This institution (I) will use non-drinking water if it is not disgusting or irritating";
iii. cloth-staining potential for domestic respondents, TRU3 - "This institution (I) will use non-drinking water if it does not stain washing" ; and iv. public health and safety, TRU4 - "This institution (I) trusts the municipality to provide non-drinking water that is safe and does not constitute a health risk."
If reuse is implemented, reuse regulation and/or certification (such as the Green Drop Certification (DWAF 2009)) will likely improve respondents' trust in a service provider.
Attitude (ATT): The statements below attempt to assess a respondent's attitude towards wastewater reuse in the following ways:
i. The respondent's social obligation towards water which is a renewable, albeit finite and often abused resource, ATT1 - "This institution is (I feel personally) obligated to do whatever I can to save water," and ATT2 - "Water is a valuable resource that should be recycled."
ii. The respondent's choice/preference with regard to wastewater reuse, ATT3 - "This institution/I would prefer not to use non-drinking water," ATT4 - "This institution/I would not use non-drinking water even in times of water shortages," and ATT5 (for non-domestic respondents) - "This institution would only be prepared to use non-drinking water in times of water shortages."
iii. The respondent's willingness to be part of the solution and not easily apportion blame to government, ATT5 (for domestic respondents and ATT6 for non-domestic respondents) - "The government is responsible for water shortages."
Control over source of water (CON): The sentences below assess how acceptance of reuse is influenced by a respondent's perceived control over how water/wastewater is used/ reused and how wastewater irrigated products are presented. The higher the perceived control, the more likely reuse will be accepted.
i. CON1 (for non-domestic respondents only) - "Every household should be free to choose its source of water supply (e.g. groundwater, surface water and recycled wastewater)."
ii. CON1 (for domestic respondents) - "I have the right to know if fruits or vegetables are irrigated with recycled wastewater."
iii. CON2 - "Fruits and vegetables irrigated with non-drinking water (e.g. recycled wastewater) should be labelled in the supermarket."
iv. CON3 (for domestic respondents) - "I have the right to adequate drinking water supply."
Subjective norms (SNO): The influence of others on a respondent's acceptance of wastewater reuse is measured by the following statements:
i. SNO1 - "This institution (I) will use non-drinking water if other institutions (others) are using it."
ii. SNO2 - "Most institutions (people) who are close to our institution (me) will support the use of non-drinking water."
iii. SNO3 (for domestic respondents only) - "Non-drinking water use is an option for the poor or the rich?" measures if respondents perceive that reuse is for a certain class of people.
Physical quality satisfaction: Satisfaction with the physical quality of the reclaimed wastewater is most often the first determinant of a respondent's willingness to accept reuse. These statements address this construct:
i. PQS1 - "This institution (I) will use non-drinking water if it is absolutely clear," and
ii. PQS2 - "This institution (I) will use non-drinking water if it is colourless."
Identification of potential non-domestic and domestic respondents
Two arid inland municipalities (Capricorn and Vhembe in the Province of Limpopo) were identified as suitable locations in South Africa to generate the data needed for the study. Limpopo is a water scarce province of South Africa while Capricorn and Vhembe contribute to South Africa's agricultural production in the areas of field crops (e.g. cereals and oil seeds) and horticultural crops (e.g. potatoes, vegetables, citrus and deciduous). Wastewater reuse has therefore been proposed to many of the agricultural holdings within these two municipalities, as it shows promise of reducing the current dependence on fresh water for most activities, and reducing the total bill paid monthly on drinking water. Of the total water requirement within the area, agriculture was estimated to use about 85%. In terms of households, there were 1 243 167 people living in 285 565 households in Capricorn in 2007, while Vhembe houses 1 240 035 people in 287 190 households (Statistics South Africa 2008). Use of recycled wastewater for some household non-potable water requirements such as toilet flushing, is also promising when considering the arid climate within the municipalities.
Sampling and data collection
Potential non-domestic respondents within agricultural holdings, commerce, education and public parks were randomly approached to participate in this exercise, and several (especially within agricultural holdings) declined to participate. This may have been due to the fear that if the public knew they were willing or remotely considering waste-water reuse, the sale of their products may suffer. In contrast, however, the questionnaire response rate from a random sample of potential domestic consumers was higher (83% in comparison to 72% for non-domestic respondents). Table 2 summarises the questionnaires administered and returned.
The questionnaires were physically administered to respondents, i.e. participants were individually approached and encouraged to participate in the survey. Participation was voluntary. The demographics for potential domestic respondents were 52 males and 71 females aged 18 to 65 years, with a mean age of 25.2 years (SD = 7.2). The majority of respondents were black (99%). In terms of marital status, 60.1% were single, 12.2% were married, 25.2 % were married with children and the remaining 1.6% were divorced or widowed. Most of the participants (69.5%) lived in Reconstruction and Development Programme houses, 19.8% in other houses, 4.9% in apartments, 4.1% in traditional houses and 1.7% in informal settlements. Household numbers varied from 2 to 10, with an average of 6 (SD = 5.2).
Measurement validation and analysis
As depicted in Figure 1, this study measured six constructs: attitudes, subjective norms, perceived control over the source of water and its application, physical quality satisfaction, knowledge of the advantages of reuse and trust in the service provider. The respondents were requested to rate how much they agreed or disagreed with each statement on a 5-point Likert scale from 1 (strongly agree) to 5 (strongly disagree).
Since the constructs were measured using multiple statements, it was necessary that the different statements used to assess the same construct should correlate with one another and exhibit high internal consistencies. This was achieved by determining the Cronbach's alpha (a) value (which varies from 0 to 1.0) amongst multiple statements measuring a construct. It is generally accepted that a Cronbach's alpha value above 0.70 is an indication of good internal consistency between items (Vicente & Reis 2008).
The analysis of the correlation between statements and their respective constructs was performed using SEM software called AMOSTM 6.0. The basis for the SEM approach is that the existence of a causal relationship between two variables does not imply the existence of a correlation between them (Iriondo et al 2003). Hence, AMOSTM 6.0 allows multiple relationships to be analysed simultaneously while maintaining statistical efficiency. AMOSTM 6.0 uses the maximum likelihood (ML) method to estimate parameters. SEM in its general form consists of a measurement model and a structural equation model. The measurement model specifies the relationship between statements and constructs, while the structural equation model specifies the relationships between constructs, describes their effects (either negative or positive) and assigns the explained and unexplained variance. The SEM therefore simultaneously estimates and tests a series of hypothesised inter-related relationships between a set of constructs, each measured by one or more statements. Intention to accept wastewater reuse for non-potable water requirements was measured as a second order construct, and thus predicted using the six constructs (e.g. trust, attitudes and control) in the hypothesised model shown in Figure 1.
SEM has been used in diverse subject areas to confirm or disprove hypothesised models, e.g. to determine the properties of the latent factors underlying adolescent quality of life (Meuleners et al 2003); to test the prediction that overeating has a positive correlation with Body Mass Index (Davis et al 2006); to study the factors that condition reproductive success, seed emergence and plantlet survival in several plant species (Iriondo et al 2003); to identify travellers' attitudes, travel behaviour, and the causal relationships between a traveller's socioeconomic profile and his/her attitude towards travel (Shiftan et al 2008); to validate a data envelopment analysis (DEA) in the management of restaurants' menus (Reynolds & Taylor 2011); to identify factors affecting willingness to participate in electronic waste recycling (Nnorom et al 2009); to explore the relationship between road traffic noise and health (Fyhri & Klaeboe 2009); and to assess satisfaction with recycled water (Hurlimann et al 2008).
As shown in Table 2, 123 and 72 questionnaires were returned from various domestic and non-domestic respondents respectively. Although the use of SEM typically requires a sample size of between 200 and 400, smaller sample sizes have been analysed, e.g. Kahlor et al (2011 - 43 participants), Vissman et al (2011 - 25 participants), Bayer et al (2010 - 81 participants), Chan et al (2010 - 124 participants) and Sutherland (2010 - 23 participants). Thus, SEM was employed in the analysis of the returned questionnaires.
A two-step approach recommended by Anderson and Gerbing (1992) was adopted to evaluate whether the hypothesised model fitted the data. The first step involved a confirmatory factor analysis to estimate the measurement component of the constructs (Figure 1) in order to identify items of the same construct with high internal consistency. If the psychometric properties of the structure were deemed acceptable, the analysis proceeded to the second step, which involved the combination of the theoretical and measurement model (Huchting et al 2008).
For potential non-domestic respondents, 20 statements in the questionnaire measuring the six constructs were subjected to item-to-total correlation and exploratory factor analysis. The item-to-total correlation is a correlation between a statement score and the sum of the remaining statements that form the scale. The test is performed to check whether any statement is inconsistent with the remaining statements. Once the number of correlated statements is determined, exploratory factor analysis is performed to determine their factor loadings. Factor loadings are the correlation coefficients between the statements and the constructs. Factor loadings greater than 0.71 are typically regarded as excellent while less than 0.34 are regarded as very poor (Yongminga et al 2006). Four of the 20 statements with factor loadings of less than 0.34 (statements used to measure the subjective norms and physical quality satisfaction constructs) were excluded from subsequent analysis. Details of factor loadings for each statement are shown in Appendix 1. The retained 16 statements, which are grouped according to their respective constructs (Appendix 1), explained 81.32% of the variance of the intention to accept wastewater reuse (Table 4) and were therefore reliable for further analysis.
For potential domestic respondents, 20 statements measuring the six constructs were subjected to item-to-total correlation and exploratory factor analysis. Two statements measuring the physical quality satisfaction construct generated a factor loading of less than 0.34 and were excluded from subsequent analysis. The retained 18 statements, which are grouped according to their respective constructs (Appendix 2), explained 87.02% of the variance of the intention to accept wastewater reuse (Table 5) and were therefore reliable for further analysis. For these respondents, the details of factor loadings for each statement are shown in Appendix 2.
Following the exclusion of statements with factor loadings less than 0.34, good fits were obtained for both domestic and non-domestic respondents (Table 3).
Table 4 shows the composite reliabilities (i.e. Cronbach's alpha, a) and average variances extracted for the statements administered to potential non-domestic respondents. As earlier indicated, the composite reliabilities for PQS and SNO were below the threshold value of 0.70, and therefore only ADV, TRU, ATT and CON were employed in further analysis.
Table 5 shows the a and average variances extracted for the statements administered to potential domestic respondents. The composite reliability and variance for PQS was below the threshold value of 0.70 and therefore excluded in the further analysis.
Figure 2 shows a simplified schematic of standardised path coefficients, β, of the hypothesised model for potential non-domestic respondents comprising four constructs. As reported by Fielding et al (2009) and Po et al (2005), a strong contribution is represented by p values greater than 0.40, moderate contribution ranges from 0.20 to 0.40, and a weak contribution represents values below 0.20. All the paths specified were statistically significant with p-values less than 0.01. Advantages of reuse (β = 0.39) and trust in service provider (β = 0.21) were found to have a moderate contribution to respondents' intention to accept wastewater reuse. These constructs therefore moderately support hypotheses H1 and H2 respectively. Attitude (β = 0.60) and control (β = 0.59) have a strong contribution to respondents' intention to accept wastewater reuse, and therefore strongly supported hypotheses H3 and H4. Hypothesis H6 could not be tested because a reliable measure of physical quality satisfaction was not obtained. The same applied to Hypothesis H5 for subjective norms.
Figure 3 shows the schematic of the hypothesised model for potential domestic respondents comprising five constructs. All the paths specified were statistically significant with p-values less than 0.01. Advantages of reuse (β = 0.62), trust in authority (β = 0.44), attitude (β = 0.44) and control (β = 0.55) had strong contributions to respondents' intention to accept wastewater reuse. These constructs therefore strongly support hypotheses H1, H2, H3 and H4. Subjective norms (β = 0.33) had a moderate contribution to respondents' intention to accept wastewater reuse and therefore moderately support hypothesis H5.
Hypothesis H6 could not be tested because a reliable measure of physical quality satisfaction was not obtained.
Implication of the results on planned wastewater reuse and future research
i. In order of significance, the constructs that influenced the intention to accept wastewater reuse amongst the surveyed non-domestic consumers were their attitude towards wastewater reuse, the degree of control over the source of water and its application within their institution, the knowledge of the advantages of reuse and trust in the service provider. The influence of physical quality satisfaction could not be assessed because a reliable scale was not formed. The same applied to subjective norms. For subjective norms, this may be due to the fact that different institutions use water for different end uses, and hence the use of wastewater for a specific purpose in one institution would likely have a limited effect, if any, on another institution choosing to or not to reuse wastewater for a different end use. From the results of the item-to-total correlation and exploratory factor analysis, the two statements which measured physical quality satisfaction were either inconsistent with each other, uncorrelated to the construct they were to measure, or both. In future research in this regard, the use of more than two statements to measure each construct may result in a more reliable scale.
ii. For the domestic respondents surveyed, the constructs (in order of significance) that influenced intention to accept waste-water reuse were their knowledge of the advantages of reuse, the degree of control over the source of water and its application, attitude towards wastewater reuse, trust in the service provider and the subjective norms of the respondents. Similar to the results obtained for non-domestic respondents, the influence of physical quality satisfaction could not be assessed, because a reliable scale measuring this construct did not emerge. Future research with effective measurement of this construct is required, because households are typically concerned about the physical appearance of the reclaimed wastewater. Hence, similar to the argument above for non-domestic respondents, the two statements which measured physical quality satisfaction were likely either inconsistent with each other, uncorrelated to the construct they were to measure, or both.
iii. A limitation of this study was the small size of surveyed agricultural sector respondents - a very important potential user of treated wastewater. This limitation impacts negatively on the application of the results obtained above to agricultural holdings in the surveyed area, and hence future research which surveys a larger number of agricultural respondents is recommended.
iv. For a holistic assessment of respondents' intention to accept reuse in locations contemplating wastewater reuse, it would be valuable to also survey and understand the religious and cultural perspectives of respondents (similar to the Wilson and Pfaff study (2008) conducted in Durban, South Africa.)
This paper presented a hypothesised model (adapted from Po et al 2005) which was used to predict intention to accept wastewater reuse for non-potable purposes amongst potential domestic and non-domestic consumers in two South African communities in the Limpopo Province. For the potential non-domestic consumers surveyed, intention to accept wastewater reuse was influenced by attitude towards wastewater reuse, the degree of control over the source of water and its application, the knowledge of the advantages of reuse and trust in the service provider. In order of significance for potential domestic consumers surveyed, knowledge of the advantages of reuse, the degree of control over the source of water and its application, attitude towards wastewater reuse, trust in the service provider and the subjective norms of the respondents emerged as influences on the intention to accept wastewater reuse. Addressing these constructs would be valuable in determining whether wastewater reuse planning/implementation should proceed. Research to further interrogate this subject and the results presented herein was recommended in the previous section.
Dr Kelly Fielding is acknowledged for her invaluable contribution to this research. Funding from the Water Research Commission (project K5/1701) is gratefully acknowledged.
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Friedler, E, Lahav, E, Jizhaki, H & Lahav, T 2006. Study of urban population attitudes towards various wastewater reuse options: Israel as a case study. Journal of Environmental Management, 81: 360-370. [ Links ]
Fyhri, A & Klaeboe, R 2009. Road traffic noise, sensitivity, annoyance and self-reported health - a structural equation model exercise. Environment International, 35: 91-97. [ Links ]
Huchting, K, Lac, A & Labrie, J W 2008. An application of the theory of planned behaviour to sorority alcohol consumption. Addictive Behaviours, 33: 538-351. [ Links ]
Hurlimann, A, Hemphill, E, McKay, J & Geursen, G 2008. Establishing components of community satisfaction with recycled water use through a structural equation model. Journal of Environmental Management, 88: 1221-1232. [ Links ]
Hurlimann, A & McKay, J 2007. Urban Australia using recycled water for domestic non-potable use - An evaluation of the attributes price, saltiness, colour and odour using conjoint analysis. Journal of Environmental Management, 83: 93-104. [ Links ]
Iriondo, J M, Albert, M J & Escudero, A 2003. Structural equation modelling: An alternative for assessing causal relationships in threatened plant populations. Biological Conservation, 113: 367-377. [ Links ]
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Contact details:
James Adewumi
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of the Witwatersrand
Private Bag 3
South Africa
(Currently at Federal University of Technology Akure)
E: email@example.com
Contact details:
Adesola Ilemobade
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of the Witwatersrand
Private Bag 3, WITS 2050
South Africa
E: firstname.lastname@example.com
Contact details:
Jakobus Van Zyl
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Cape Town
South Africa
E: firstname.lastname@example.com
DR JAMES ADEWUMI (COREN Regd) is currently a lecturer in the Department of Civil Engineering at the Federal University of Technology Akure in Nigeria, where he teaches water engineering subjects at undergraduate level. His PhD research, titled A decision support system for assessing the feasibility of implementing wastewater reuse in South Africa, incorporated the work presented in this article. He has published several journal and conference papers, and has received two awards for portions of his PhD research.
PROF ADESOLA ILEMOBADE (AMSAICE, MWISA, MAP [WBS]) is associate professor at the School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, where he teaches infrastructure planning and water engineering subjects at undergraduate and postgraduate levels. His research interests lie in the fields of wastewater reuse, water conservation and water supply. He has published several peer-reviewed papers and has received several awards for research conducted and supervised.
PROF JAKOBUS VAN ZYL Pr Eng, MSAICE, FWISA, is professor of hydraulic engineering at the Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town (UCT). Immediately prior to joining UCT, he was associate professor, chairman and Rand Water Chair at the Department of Civil Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg (UJ), and priorto that he was at GFJ Consulting Engineers. He obtained his PhD at the famous Centre for Water Systems at the University of Exeter in the United Kingdom, and is a recognised international expert on water distribution systems. Prof van Zyl is widely published and has several awards to his credit.


text:
Here you will find the
From their travels to many places around the world, the Thomas family has made personal contacts for their marine specialties. Sea shells, mostly by-products of the fishing industry, and related items are imported from over 22 countries. Over the years, this shop has become the place for regular Morro Bay visitors to meet their friends and is always a pleasant place to browse. You too are invited to come in and experience the many wonders of the sea.
Open daily except Thanksgiving and Christmas
Copyright © 1995-2001 Ernest & Allen, Inc.


text:
Doctors have more than one set of guidelines they can follow for treatment of high blood pressure.
The guidelines are based on research evidence and expert opinion, and their recommendations differ in slight ways. But the goal of treatment is the same: to lower your risk of health problems that are caused by, or made worse by, high blood pressure.
If you have high blood pressure, you'll work with your doctor to lower it. Your doctor uses a guideline to help make a treatment plan that is right for you. No matter which guideline your doctor uses, your treatment plan can help you lower blood pressure and stay healthy.
An ideal blood pressure for adults is less than 120/80. High blood pressure is 140/90 or higher.footnote 1
Your doctor will give you a blood pressure goal. You'll want to try to keep your blood pressure below your goal. Your goal is based on your age and health. Treatment guidelines differ slightly about blood pressure goals for certain groups of people. No matter which guideline your doctor uses, he or she will recommend a goal that is right for you.
If you have a health problem such as diabetes, heart disease, or kidney disease, your goal might be less than 140/90.
If you don't have another health problem, your goal might be based on your age. For example, if you are over 60, your goal might be less than 150/90.
Treatment options that lower blood pressure include lifestyle changes and medicine.
Your options depend on how high
your blood pressure is, whether you have other health problems such as
diabetes, and whether any organs have already been damaged. Your doctor may also consider how likely you are to develop other diseases, especially heart
Blood pressure
Prehypertension (120-139 over 80-89)
Lifestyle changes
High blood pressure (140-159 over 90-99)
Lifestyle changes, possibly
Very high blood pressure (160 over 100 or
Medicine plus lifestyle
Everyone needs to have a healthy lifestyle, no matter what his or her blood pressure goal is. Lifestyle changes are as important as medicine in lowering blood pressure and lowering the risk for heart attack and stroke. Lifestyle changes include losing weight, eating healthy, being active, limiting sodium and alcohol, and not smoking.
If healthy habits aren't enough to bring your blood pressure down to your goal, you may need to take medicine too. Work with your doctor to decide what is right for you.
Health Tools help you make wise health decisions or take action to improve your health.
CitationsWeber MA, et al. (2013). Clinical practice guidelines for the management of hypertension in the community. Journal of Clinical Hypertension. DOI: 10.1111/jch.12237. Accessed December 19, 2013.Other Works ConsultedAmerican Diabetes Association (2016). Standards of medical care in diabetes-2016. Diabetes Care, 39(Suppl 1): S1-S112.Aronow WS, et al. (2011). ACCF/AHA 2011 Expert consensus document on hypertension in the elderly: A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents. Circulation, 123(21): 2434-2506.Eckel RH, et al. (2013). 2013 AHA/ACC guideline on lifestyle management to reduce cardiovascular risk: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/early/2013/11/11/01.cir.0000437740.48606.d1.citation. Accessed December 5, 2013.Expert Panel on Integrated Guidelines for Cardiovascular Health and Risk Reduction in Children and Adolescents (2011). Expert panel on integrated guidelines for cardiovascular health and risk reduction in children and adolescents: Summary report. Pediatrics, 128(Suppl 5): S213-S256.Fleg JL, et al. (2013). Secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in older adults: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation, published online October 28, 2013. DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000436752.99896.22. Accessed November 22, 2013.Go AS, et al. (2013). An effective approach to high blood pressure control: A scientific advisory from the American Heart Association, the American College of Cardiology, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hypertension. DOI: 10.1161/HYP.0000000000000003. Accessed December 30, 2013.James PA, et al. (2013). 2014 Evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: Report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8). Journal of the American Medical Association. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2013.284427. Accessed December 18, 2013.Rosendorff C, et al. (2015). Treatment of hypertension in patients with coronary artery disease: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association, American College of Cardiology, and American Society of Hypertension. Circulation, 131(19): e435-e470. DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000207. Accessed March 31, 2015.Smith SC, et al. (2011). AHA/ACCF secondary prevention and risk reduction therapy for patients with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular disease: 2011 update: A guideline from the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology Foundation. Circulation, 124(22): 2458-2473. Also available online: http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/124/22/2458.full.Weber MA, et al. (2013). Clinical practice guidelines for the management of hypertension in the community. Journal of Clinical Hypertension. DOI: 10.1111/jch.12237. Accessed December 19, 2013.
ByHealthwise StaffPrimary Medical ReviewerE. Gregory Thompson, MD - Internal MedicineKathleen Romito, MD - Family MedicineMartin J. Gabica, MD - Family MedicineSpecialist Medical ReviewerAdam Husney, MD - Family Medicine
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Pope Benedict XVI names Milwaukee Archbishop Timothy Dolan archbishop of New York. The Vatican said Dolan would succeed Cardinal Edward Egan, 76, who is retiring as archbishop after nearly nine years. The post is the most prominent in the American Catholic Church. Pope John Paul II called the job "archbishop of the capital of the world."
(Photo by Jonathan Young / February 23, 2009)


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General Infographic Set 4
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text: Washington - US President Barack Obama spoke by phone with Netherlands Prime Minister Mark Rutte on Thursday and the White House said both agreed on the need to impose more sanctions on Russia for continuing to arm pro-Russian separatists in Ukraine.According to a White House statement, the two leaders said Russia still had not taken steps to de-escalate the situation in eastern Ukraine a week after a Malaysian passenger jet was shot down by what US officials believe were pro-Russian separatists using Russian weapons. All 298 people on board were killed."Instead of de-escalating the situation, they agreed that all evidence indicates Russia is still arming and supplying separatists who continue to engage in deadly acts of aggression against Ukrainian armed forces," the White House said.As a result, Obama and Rutte believe Russia must not be permitted "to destabilize the situation in Ukraine without incurring costs and that, accordingly, the international community will need to enact additional sanctions".Obama also spoke with Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott. The White House said they agreed on the need for immediate access to the crash site by international investigators.


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It has been a while since i have written a blog entry but i have a few things to talk about.
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Portage Heritage: A History of Portage County, Ohio; Its Towns and Townships and the Men and Women who Have Developed Them; Its Life, Institutions and Biographies, Facts and Lore
Commercial Press Incorporated, 1957 - Portage County (Ohio) - 824 pages
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