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Motion Picture Production Code
The Motion Picture Production Code was the set of industry moral guidelines that was applied to most United States motion pictures released by major studios from 1930 to 1968. It is also popularly known as the Hays Code, after Will H. Hays, who was the president of the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America (MPPDA) from 1922-45. Under Hays' leadership, the MPPDA, later known as the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA), adopted the Production Code in 1930 and began strictly enforcing it in 1934. The Production Code spelled out what was acceptable and what was unacceptable content for motion pictures produced for a public audience in the United States.
From 1934 to 1954, the code was closely identified with Joseph Breen, the administrator appointed by Hays to enforce the code in Hollywood. The film industry followed the guidelines set by the code well into the late 1950s, but during this time the code began to weaken due to the combined impact of television, influence from foreign films, bold directors (such as Otto Preminger) pushing the envelope, and intervention from the courts, including the Supreme Court.[1][2] In 1968, after several years of minimal enforcement, the outdated Production Code was replaced by the MPAA film rating system.
- Background 1
- Don'ts and Be Carefuls 2
- Creation of the Code and its contents 3
Enforcement 4
- Pre-Code Hollywood 4.1
- Breen era 4.2
- Decline of the Production Code 4.3
- Production Code abandoned 4.4
- See also 5
- Notes 6
- Sources 7
- Further reading 8
- External links 9
In 1922, after several risqué films and a series of off-screen scandals involving Hollywood stars, the studios enlisted
- Censored Films and Television at University of Virginia online
- Motion Picture Association of America: History and Film Ratings
- Bibliography of books articles about movie censorship (via UC Berkeley)
- Complete list of the 36 'Don'ts and Be Carefuls' of 1927
- Complete text of the Motion Picture Production Code of 1930 (without the subsequent amendments)
- The Production Code of the Motion Picture Industry (includes examples, all amendments, the 1956 rewrite, and 1966 rewrite)
- More Sinned Against than Sinning: The Fabrications of "Pre-Code Cinema"
- Talking Pictures website: Article by Nigel Watson about film censorship issues accompanied by classroom activities for students
- Numbered list of Production Code certificates of approval
External links
- Gilbert, Nora, Better Left Unsaid: Victorian Novels, Hays Code Films, and the Benefits of Censorship; Stanford University Press, 2013; ISBN 978-0804784207
- Lugowski, David M., "Queering the (New) Deal: Lesbian and Gay Representation and the Depression-Era Cultural Politics of Hollywood's Production Code", Cinema Journal 38, 2, Winter 1999, pp. 3–35
- Miller, Frank, Censored Hollywood; Atlanta: Turner Publishing, 1994; ISBN 1-57036-116-9
Further reading
- Bernstein, Matthew. Controlling Hollywood: Censorship and Regulation in the Studio Era. Rutgers University Press 1999; ISBN 0-8135-2707-4.
- Black, Gregory D. Hollywood Censored: Morality Codes, Catholics, and the Movies. Cambridge University Press 1996; ISBN 0-521-56592-8.
- Butters Jr., Gerard R. Banned in Kansas: motion picture censorship, 1915-1966. University of Missouri Press 2007; ISBN 0-8262-1749-4.
- Doherty, Thomas Patrick. Pre-Code Hollywood: Sex, Immorality, and Insurrection in American Cinema 1930-1934. New York: Columbia University Press 1999; ISBN 0-231-11094-4.
- Gardner, Eric. The Czar of Hollywood. Indianapolis Monthly, Emmis Publishing LP February 2005; ISSN 0899-0328. (available online)
- Harris, Mark (2008). Pictures at a Revolution: Five Movies and the Birth of the New Hollywood. Penguin Group; ISBN 978-1-59420-152-3.
- Hirsch, Foster (2007). Otto Preminger, the man who would be king (1st ed. ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 9780307489210.
- Jacobs, Lea. The Wages of Sin: Censorship and the Fallen Woman Film, 1928-1942. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press 1997; ISBN 0-520-20790-4.
- LaSalle, Mick, Complicated Women: Sex and Power in Pre-Code Hollywood; New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000; ISBN 0-312-25207-2.
- Leff, Leonard L. & Simmons, Jerold L. The Dame in the Kimono: Hollywood, Censorship, and the Production Code. University Press of Kentucky 2001; ISBN 0-8131-9011-8.
- Lewis, Jon, Hollywood v. Hard Core: How the Struggle Over Censorship Saved the Modern Film Industry; New York University Press, 2000; ISBN 0-8147-5142-3.
- Prince, Stephen. Classical Film Violence: Designing and Regulating Brutality in Hollywood Cinema, 1930-1968. Rutgers University Press 2003; ISBN 0-8135-3281-7.
- Siegel, Scott & Barbara. The Encyclopedia of Hollywood (2nd edition), Checkmark Books 2004; ISBN 0-8160-4622-0.
- Smith, Sarah. Children, Cinema and Censorship: From Dracula to the Dead End Kids. Wiley-Blackwell 2005; ISBN 1-4051-2027-4.
- Staff. "Col. Jason S. Joy profile", Flinders Institute for Research in the Humanities; retrieved February 10, 2014.
- Vieira, Mark A. Sin in Soft Focus: Pre-Code Hollywood. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc. 1999; ISBN 0-8109-8228-5.
- "Will Hays: America's Morality Czar", Encyclopedia of World Biography Supplement, Vol. 21. Gale Group, 2001"; retrieved April 17, 2014.
- Wittern-Keller, Laura. Freedom of the Screen: Legal Challenges to State Film Censorship, 1915-1981. University Press of Kentucky 2008; ISBN 978-0-8131-2451-3.
- ^ a b McGilligan, Patrick (2004). Alfred Hitchcock: A Life in Darkness and Light. New York: Harper Perennial; ISBN 978-0-06-098827-2, p. 376
- ^ a b Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), Hollywood Be Thy Name, Prima Publishing; ISBN 1-55958-343-6, p. 325.
- ^ Will Hays profile, Encyclopedia of World Biography Supplement, (2001) Vol. 21.
- ^ a b c Doherty. pg. 6
- ^ a b c d e Yagoda, Ben. HOLLYWOOD CLEANS UP ITS ACT The curious career of the Hays Office, americanheritage.com, October 10, 2010; accessed March 19, 2014.
^ Gardner (2005). pg. 92 (available online)
- Leff & Simmons. pg. 3
- ^ Siegel & Siegel. pg. 190
- ^ Prince. pg. 20
- ^ Jowett, essay in Bernstein. pg. 16
- ^ Butters Jr. pg. 149
- ^ Butters Jr. pg. 148
- ^ LaSalle (1999), p. 62
- ^ Vieira. pgs. 7–8
- ^ a b Butters Jr. pg. 187
- ^ a b Vieira. pg. 8
- ^ Prince. pg. 31
- ^ LaSalle (2002). pg. 1
- ^ Butters Jr. pg. 189
- ^ Lewis, Jon (2000). Hollywood v. Hard Core: How the Struggle Over Censorship Created the Modern Film Industry.
- ^ a b Smith. pg. 38
- ^ Jacobs. pg. 108
- ^ Prince. pg. 21
- ^ Staff. "Col. Jason S. Joy profile". mppda.flinders.edu.au. Flinders Institute for Research in the Humanities. Retrieved February 10, 2014.
- ^ a b c d e LaSalle, Mick. "Pre-Code Hollywood", GreenCine.com, accessed October 4, 2010.
- ^ a b c d Doherty. pg. 8
- ^ Doherty. pg. 2
- ^ a b c d e Leff, Leonard L. & Simmons, Jerold L. The Dame in the Kimono: Hollywood, Censorship, and the Production Code. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1990 (reprinted University Press of Kentucky, 2001); ISBN 0-8131-9011-8, pp. 270-271, 286-287
- ^ a b Doherty. pg. 7
- ^ a b Doherty. pg. 11
- ^ Butters Jr. pg 188
- ^ Hollywood Censored, Gregory Black, 1994.
- ^ Black. pg. 43
- ^ Doherty. pg. 107
- ^ a b c d Black. pp. 44-45
- ^ a b c Black. pp 50-51
- ^ Jacobs. pg. 27
- ^ Vieira. pg. 117
- ^ Black. pg. 52
- ^ a b Thomas Doherty (May 20, 2006). "'"The Code Before 'Da Vinci. washingtonpost.com. The Washington Post Company. Retrieved February 10, 2014.
- ^ Scott, Henry E. Shocking True Story, The Rise and Fall of "Confidential", America's Most Scandalous Magazine, Pantheon, 2004, 2010; ISBN 0375421394.
- ^ Censored Films and Television at University of Virginia online
- ^ Harmetz, pp. 162–166 and Behlmer, pp. 207–208, 212–213
- ^ Vieira (1999). pg. 188.
- ^ Mondello, Bob. "Remembering Hollywood's Hays Code, 40 Years On", npr.org; August 8, 2008; accessed April 17, 2014.
- ^ As per The Brothers Warner (2008 documentary)
- ^ Mushnik, Phil. "Three Stooges first to blast Hitler". nypost.com, July 14, 2013; accessed April 17, 2014.
- ^ Schumach, Murray, The Face On The Cutting Room Floor: The Story Of Movie And Television Censorship; New York: William Morrow and Company, 1964; ISBN 978-0-3068-0009-2, pp. 163-164
- ^ Hirsch, Foster (2007). Otto Preminger the man who would be king (1st ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
- ^ Leff & Simmons (2001)
- ^ Leff, Leonard J. (1996). "Hollywood and the Holocaust: Remembering The Pawnbroker" (PDF). American Jewish History 84 (4): 353–376.
- ^ a b Harris, Mark (2008). Pictures at a Revolution: Five Movies and the Birth of the New Hollywood.
- ^ Doherty, Thomas Patrick (2007). Hollywood's Censor: Joseph I. Breen and the Production Code Administration.
- ^ "The MPAA Rating Systems". September 16, 1994.
- ^ David J. Fox (September 27, 1990). "X Film Rating Dropped and Replaced by NC-17 : Movies: Designation would bar children under 18. Move expected to clear the way for strong adult themes.". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 17, 2014.
- ^ Jeremy Arnold. "Jesse James". tcm.com. Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved December 4, 2014.
- Code of Practices for Television Broadcasters, which served the same purpose for television series
- Comics Code Authority, which functioned similarly for the comics industry
- Censorship in the United States
- Entertainment Software Rating Board, which offers ratings for video games in a similar grouping to motion pictures
- PMRC, a similar group, which sought to control musical content with the Parental Advisory sticker
- Pre-Code Hollywood
- The Celluloid Closet
- This Film Is Not Yet Rated
See also
Because the American Humane Association's Hollywood office depended on the Hays Office for the right to monitor sets, the closure of the Hays Office in 1966 corresponded with an increase in animal cruelty on movie sets. According to a writer for Turner Classic Movies, the association's access did not return to Hays-era standards until 1980.[55]
In 1969, the Swedish film I Am Curious (Yellow), directed by Vilgot Sjöman, was initially banned in the U.S. for its frank depiction of sexuality; however, this was overturned by the Supreme Court. In 1970, because of confusion over the meaning of "mature audiences", the M rating was changed to GP, and then in 1972 to the current PG, for "parental guidance suggested". In 1984, in response to public complaints regarding the severity of horror elements in PG-rated titles such as Gremlins and Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, the PG-13 rating was created as a middle tier between PG and R. In 1990, the X rating was replaced by NC-17 (under 17 not admitted), partly because of the stigma associated with the X rating, and partly because the X rating was not trademarked by the MPAA; pornographic bookstores and theaters were using their own X and XXX symbols to market products.[54]
By the late 1960s, enforcement had become impossible and the Production Code was abandoned entirely. The MPAA began working on a rating system, under which film restrictions would lessen. The MPAA film rating system went into effect on November 1, 1968, with four ratings: G for general audiences, M for mature content, R for restricted (under 17 not admitted without an adult), and X for sexually explicit content. By the end of 1968, Geoffrey Shurlock stepped down from his post.[27][52][53]
Production Code abandoned
That same year, the British-produced, American-financed film Blowup was denied Production Code approval. MGM released it anyway, the first instance of an MPAA member company distributing a film that did not have an approval certificate. That same year, the original and lengthy code was replaced by a list of eleven points. The points outlined that the boundaries of the new code would be current community standards and good taste. Any film containing content deemed suitable for older audiences would feature the label SMA in its advertising. With the creation of this new label, the MPAA unofficially began classifying films.[27]
In 1966, Warner Bros. released Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, the first film to feature the "Suggested for Mature Audiences" (SMA) label. When Jack Valenti became President of the MPAA in 1966, he was faced with censoring the film's explicit language. Valenti negotiated a compromise: the word "screw" was removed, but other language remained, including the phrase "hump the hostess". The film received Production Code approval despite the previously prohibited language.[27]
The Pawnbroker was the first film featuring bare breasts to receive Production Code approval. The exception to the code was granted as a "special and unique case" and was described by The New York Times at the time as "an unprecedented move that will not, however, set a precedent".[51] However, in Pictures at a Revolution, Mark Harris' 2008 study of films during that era, Harris wrote that the MPAA approval was "the first of a series of injuries to the Production Code that would prove fatal within three years."[51]
In 1964, the Holocaust film The Pawnbroker, directed by Sidney Lumet and starring Rod Steiger, was initially rejected because of two scenes in which the actresses Linda Geiser and Thelma Oliver fully expose their breasts, as well as due to a sex scene between Oliver and Jaime Sánchez described as "unacceptably sex suggestive and lustful". Despite the rejection, the film's producers arranged for Allied Artists to release the film without the Production Code seal, with the New York censors licensing the film without the cuts demanded by Code administrators. The producers appealed the rejection to the Motion Picture Association of America. On a 6–3 vote, the MPAA granted the film an exception conditional on "reduction in the length of the scenes which the Production Code Administration found unapprovable". The requested reductions of nudity were minimal; the outcome was viewed in the media as a victory for the film's producers.[50]
By the late 1950s, increasingly explicit films began to appear, such as Anatomy of a Murder (1959), Suddenly Last Summer (1959), and The Dark at the Top of the Stairs (1961). The MPAA reluctantly granted the seal of approval for these films, although not until certain cuts were made. Due to its themes, Billy Wilder's Some Like It Hot (1959) was not granted a certificate of approval, but it still became a box office smash, and, as a result, it further weakened the authority of the Code. At the forefront of contesting the Code was director Otto Preminger, whose films violated the Code repeatedly in the 1950s. His 1953 film The Moon Is Blue — about a young woman who tries to play two suitors off against each other by claiming that she plans to keep her virginity until marriage — was released without a certificate of approval. He later made The Man with the Golden Arm (1955), which portrayed the prohibited subject of drug abuse, and Anatomy of a Murder (1959), which dealt with murder and rape. Like Some Like It Hot, Preminger's films were direct assaults on the authority of the Production Code, and their success hastened its abandonment.[48] In the early 1960s, films began to deal with adult subjects and sexual matters that had not been seen in Hollywood films since the early 1930s. The MPAA reluctantly granted the seal of approval for these films, although again not until certain cuts were made.[49]
In 1952, in the case of Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson, the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously overruled its 1915 decision (Mutual Film Corporation v. Industrial Commission of Ohio) and held that motion pictures were entitled to First Amendment protection, so that the New York State Board of Regents could not ban The Miracle, a short film that was one half of L'Amore (1948), an anthology film directed by Roberto Rossellini. Film distributor Joseph Burstyn released the film in the U.S. in 1950, and the case became known as the "Miracle Decision" due to its connection to Rossellini's film. That reduced the threat of government regulation, which had formerly been cited as justification for the Production Code, and the PCA's powers over the Hollywood industry were greatly reduced.[2] By the 1950s, American culture also began to change. A boycott by the National Legion of Decency no longer guaranteed a film's commercial failure, and several aspects of the code had slowly lost their taboo. In 1956, areas of the code were rewritten to accept subjects such as miscegenation, adultery, and prostitution. For example, the remake of a pre-Code film dealing with prostitution, Anna Christie, was cancelled by MGM twice, in 1940 and in 1946, as the character of Anna was not allowed to be portrayed as a prostitute. By 1962, such subject matter was acceptable and the original film was given a seal of approval.[47]
Some British films — Victim (1961), A Taste of Honey (1961), and The Leather Boys (1963) — challenged traditional gender roles and openly confronted the prejudices against homosexuals, all in clear violation of the Hollywood Production Code. In keeping with the changes in society, sexual content that would have previously been banned by the Code was being retained. The anti-trust rulings also helped pave the way for independent art houses that would show films created by people such as Andy Warhol who worked outside the studio system.
Vertical integration in the movie industry had been found to violate anti-trust laws, and studios had been forced to give up ownership of theaters by the Supreme Court in United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc. (1948). The studios had no way to keep foreign films out, and foreign films were not bound by the Production Code. (For De Sica's film, there was a censorship controversy when the MPAA demanded a scene where the lead characters talk to the prostitutes of a brothel be removed, regardless of the fact that there was no sexual or provocative activity.)
Hollywood continued to work within the confines of the Production Code throughout the 1950s, but during this time the movie industry was faced with very serious competitive threats. The first threat came from a new technology, television, which did not require Americans to leave their house to watch moving pictures. Hollywood needed to offer the public something it could not get on television, which itself was under an even more restrictive censorship code. In addition to the threat of television, there was also increasing competition from foreign films, such as Vittorio De Sica's Bicycle Thieves (1948), the Swedish film One Summer of Happiness (1951), and Ingmar Bergman's Summer with Monika (1953).
Decline of the Production Code
Some films produced outside the mainstream studio system flouted the code. One example is Child Bride (1938), which featured a nude scene involving a twelve-year-old child actress (Shirley Mills). The Code began to weaken in the late 1940s, when the formerly taboo subjects of rape and miscegenation were allowed in Johnny Belinda (1948) and Pinky (1949), respectively. In 1951, the MPAA revised the code to make it more rigid; the 1951 revisions spelled out more words and subjects that were prohibited. In 1954, Breen retired, largely due to ill health, and Geoffrey Shurlock was appointed as his successor. Variety noted "a decided tendency towards a broader, more casual approach" in the enforcement of the Code.
The PCA also engaged in political censorship. When Warner Bros. wanted to make a film about concentration camps in Nazi Germany, the production office forbade it—citing the above-mentioned prohibition on depicting "in an unfavorable light" another country's "institutions [and] prominent people"—with threats to take the matter to the federal government if the studio went ahead. This policy prevented a number of anti-Nazi films being produced. In 1938, the FBI unearthed and prosecuted a Nazi spy ring, subsequently allowing Warner to produce Confessions of a Nazi Spy,[45] with the Three Stooges' short subject You Nazty Spy! (January 1940) being the first Hollywood film of any sort to openly spoof the Third Reich's leadership.[46]
The first major instance of censorship under the Production Code involved the 1934 film Tarzan and His Mate, in which brief nude scenes involving a body double for actress Maureen O'Sullivan were edited out of the master negative of the film.[43] Another famous case of enforcement involved the 1943 western The Outlaw, produced by Howard Hughes. The Outlaw was denied a certificate of approval and kept out of theaters for years, because the film's advertising focused particular attention on Jane Russell's breasts. Hughes eventually persuaded Breen that the breasts did not violate the code and the film could be shown.[44]
In 1934, Joseph Breen–a prominent Roman Catholic layman who had worked in public relations–was appointed head of the new Production Code Administration (PCA). Under Breen's leadership of the PCA, which lasted until his retirement in 1954, enforcement of the Production Code became rigid and notorious. (Even cartoon sex symbol Betty Boop had to change from being a flapper and began to wear an old-fashioned housewife's skirt.) Breen's power to change scripts and scenes angered many writers, directors, and Hollywood moguls. Breen influenced the production of Casablanca, objecting to any explicit reference to Rick and Ilsa having slept together in Paris and to the film mentioning that Captain Renault extorted sexual favors from his supplicants; however, both remained strongly implied in the finished version.[41] Adherence to the Code also ruled out any possibility of the film ending with Rick and Ilsa consummating their adulterous love, making inevitable the ending with Rick's noble renunciation, one of Casablanca 's most famous scenes.[42]
Father Daniel A. Lord wrote: "Silent smut had been bad. Vocal smut cried to the censors for vengeance." Thomas Doherty, Professor of American studies at Brandeis University, has defined the code as "… no mere list of Thou-Shalt-Nots but a homily that sought to yoke Catholic doctrine to Hollywood formula. The guilty are punished, the virtuous rewarded, the authority of church and state is legitimate, and the bonds of matrimony are sacred."[39] What resulted has been described as "a Jewish owned business selling Roman Catholic theology to Protestant America".[40]
On June 13, 1934, an amendment to the Code was adopted which established the Production Code Administration (PCA) and required all films released on or after July 1, 1934, to obtain a certificate of approval before being released. The PCA had two offices—one in Hollywood and the other in New York City. The first film to receive an MPPDA seal of approval was The World Moves On (1934). For more than thirty years, virtually all motion pictures produced in the United States adhered to the code.[39] The Production Code was not created or enforced by federal, state, or city government; the Hollywood studios adopted the code in large part in the hopes of avoiding government censorship, preferring self-regulation to government regulation. The enforcement of the Production Code led to the dissolution of many local censorship boards.
Breen era
One factor in ignoring the code was the fact that some found such censorship prudish, due to the libertine social attitudes of the 1920s and early 1930s. This was a period in which the Victorian era was sometimes ridiculed as being naïve and backward.[24] When the Code was announced, the liberal periodical The Nation attacked it.[34] The publication stated that if crime were never to be presented in a sympathetic light, then taken literally that would mean that "law" and "justice" would become one and the same. Therefore, events such as the Boston Tea Party could not be portrayed. If clergy must always be presented in a positive way, then hypocrisy could not be dealt with either.[34]The Outlook agreed, and, unlike Variety, The Outlook predicted from the beginning that the Code would be difficult to enforce.[34] The Great Depression of the 1930s led many studios to seek income by any way possible. Since films containing racy and violent content resulted in high ticket sales, it seemed reasonable to continue producing such films.[24] Soon, the flouting of the code became an open secret. In 1931, the Hollywood Reporter mocked the code and quoted an anonymous screenwriter saying that "the Hays moral code is not even a joke any more; it's just a memory"; two years later Variety followed suit.[25]
On February 19, 1930, Variety published the entire content of the Code and predicted that state film censorship boards would soon become obsolete.[34] However, the men obliged to enforce the code — Jason Joy (who was the head of the Committee until 1932) and his successor, Dr. James Wingate — were generally unenthusiastic and/or ineffective.[25][35] The first film the office reviewed, The Blue Angel, which was passed by Joy with no revisions, was considered indecent by a California censor.[35] Although there were several instances where Joy negotiated cuts from films and there were indeed definite — albeit loose — constraints, a significant amount of lurid material made it to the screen.[36] Joy had to review 500 films a year with a small staff and little power.[35] He was more willing to work with the studios, and his creative writing skills led to his hiring at Fox. On the other hand, Wingate struggled to keep up with the flood of scripts coming in, to the point where Warner Bros.' head of production Darryl Zanuck wrote him a letter imploring him to pick up the pace.[37] In 1930, the Hays office did not have the authority to order studios to remove material from a film, and instead worked by reasoning and sometimes pleading with them.[38] Complicating matters, the appeals process ultimately put the responsibility for making the final decision in the hands of the studios.[25]
Pre-Code Hollywood
The entire document was written with Catholic undertones and stated that art must be handled carefully because it could be "morally evil in its effects" and because its "deep moral significance" was unquestionable.[28] It was initially decided to keep the Catholic influence on the Code secret.[32] A recurring theme was "that throughout, the audience feels sure that evil is wrong and good is right".[5] The Code also contained an addendum commonly referred to as the Advertising Code which regulated advertising copy and imagery.[33]
The production code sought not only to determine what could be portrayed on screen but also to promote traditional values.[30] Sexual relations outside of marriage—which were forbidden from being portrayed as attractive or beautiful—were to be presented in a way that would not arouse passion or make them seem permissible.[24] All criminal action had to be punished, and neither the crime nor the criminal could elicit sympathy from the audience,[5] or the audience must at least be aware that such behavior is wrong, usually through "compensating moral value".[27][31] Authority figures had to be treated with respect, and the clergy could not be portrayed as comic characters or villains. Under some circumstances, politicians, police officers, and judges could be villains, as long as it was clear that those individuals portrayed as villains were the exceptions to the rule.[24]
The code was divided into two parts. The first was a set of "general principles" which prohibited a picture from "lowering the moral standards of those who see it", called for depictions of the "correct standards of life", and lastly forbade a picture from showing any sort of ridicule towards a law or "creating sympathy for its violation".[27] The second part was a set of "particular applications" which was an exacting list of items which could not be depicted. Some restrictions, such as the ban on homosexuality or on the use of specific curse words, were never directly mentioned, but were assumed to be understood without clear demarcation. Depiction of miscegenation (i.e. marital or sexual relations between different races) was forbidden. It also stated that the notion of an "adults-only policy" would be a dubious, ineffective strategy which would be difficult to enforce.[28] However, it did allow that "maturer minds may easily understand and accept without harm subject matter in plots which does younger people positive harm."[29] If children were supervised and the events implied elliptically, the code allowed "the possibility of a cinematically inspired thought crime."[29]
In 1929, a Catholic layman, Martin Quigley (editor of the prominent trade paper Motion Picture Herald) and the Jesuit priest Father Daniel A. Lord created a code of standards[20] and submitted it to the studios.[4][21] Lord was particularly concerned with the effects of sound film on children, whom he considered especially susceptible to their allure.[20] In February 1930, several studio heads—including Irving Thalberg of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM)—met with Lord and Quigley. After some revisions, they agreed to the stipulations of the Code. One of the main motivating factors in adopting the Code was to avoid direct government intervention.[22] It was the responsibility of the SRC (headed by Colonel Jason S. Joy, a former American Red Cross Executive Secretary[15][23]) to supervise film production and advise the studios when changes or cuts were required.[24][25] On March 31, the MPPDA agreed it would abide by the Code.[26]
Creation of the Code and its contents
The Code enumerated a number of key points known as the "Don'ts" and "Be Carefuls":[19]
Don'ts and Be Carefuls
In 1927, Hays suggested to studio executives that they form a committee to discuss film censorship. Irving G. Thalberg of Metro Goldwyn Mayer, Sol Wurtzel of Fox, and E. H. Allen of Paramount responded by collaborating on a list they called the "Don'ts and Be Carefuls", which was based on items that were challenged by local censor boards. This list consisted of eleven subjects best avoided and twenty-six to be handled very carefully. The list was approved by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), and Hays created the Studio Relations Committee (SRC) to oversee its implementation.[15][16] However, there was still no way to enforce tenets.[5] The controversy surrounding film standards came to a head in 1929.[17][18]
New York became the first state to take advantage of the Supreme Court's decision by instituting a censorship board in 1921. Virginia followed suit the following year,[11] with eight individual states having a board by the advent of sound film,[12][13] But many of these were ineffectual. By the 1920s, the New York stage — a frequent source of subsequent screen material—had topless shows, performances filled with curse words, mature subject matters, and sexually suggestive dialogue.[14] Early in the sound system conversion process, it became apparent that what might be acceptable in New York would not be so in Kansas.[14]
The move mimicked the decision Major League Baseball had made in hiring judge Kenesaw Mountain Landis as League Commissioner the previous year to quell questions about the integrity of baseball in the wake of the 1919 World Series gambling scandal; The New York Times even called Hays the "screen Landis".[5] In 1924, Hays introduced a set of recommendations dubbed "The Formula", which the studios were advised to heed, and asked filmmakers to describe to his office the plots of pictures they were planning on making.[8] The Supreme Court had already decided unanimously in 1915 in Mutual Film Corporation v. Industrial Commission of Ohio that free speech did not extend to motion pictures,[9] and while there had been token attempts to clean up the movies before—such as when the studios formed the National Association of the Motion Picture Industry (NAMPI) in 1916—little had come of the efforts.[10]
[4], and negotiated treaties to cease hostilities."nostrums (MPPDA), where he "defended the industry from attacks, recited soothing Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America served for 25 years as president of the [7],Republican National Committee and former head of the Warren G. Harding under Postmaster General Hays, [6][5][4] Political pressure was increasing, with legislators in 37 states introducing almost one hundred movie censorship bills in 1921. Hays was paid the then-lavish sum of $100,000 a year.[3]


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I have tried to alter a theme to suit my needs ...with mixed results.
In linux I have expanded the subsonic.war file... with
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jar -xvf subsonic.war
In this directory structure I altered some icons and I also changed the .properties file here
In the "WEB-INF\classes\net\sourceforge\subsonic\theme" I also added a couple lines in "themes.txt" to allow my theme to be listed in Subsonic.
This comes from http://forum.subsonic.org/forum/viewtop ... eme#p55048
Here is 7-zip to extract used but how to pack it in?
I then did a
Code: Select all
jar -cvf subsonic.war index.html WEB-INF
I then moved this file over the old one in /var/subsonic/standalone
Is this the right procedure?
How am I to do this In Windows 8 or 7 ?
Can somebody help me?
Kind Regards
Guy Forssman


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Photos from Friday's play at the 69th Senior PGA Championship at Oak Hill.
Friday's second round of the 69th Senior PGA Championship ended with Tom Purtzer alone atop the leaderboard at even par and Greece native Jeff Sluman three shots back after posting a 73.
Mark O'Meara scored the low round of the day with a 4-under-par 66. The weekend will be without notables Hale Irwin and Fuzzy Zoeller who missed the cut and Nick Price who withdrew due to injury.
Messenger Post


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Is there anything this man can't do? At this point, the answer is a resounding non. At yesterday's Scorpion Masters tournament, Loeb went on to beat professional motorcyclists at their own game. Among those competing were David Checa, Loris Baz, Antoine Meo, and my favorite enduro rider, David Knight.
After all the competitive events took place, including Trial, Enduro, Supermoto and Road racing, Mr.Loeb came away placing 13th out of 28th. On a bike. He was the only regular cager. Everyone else he competed against regularly race motorcycles in some form or another. This is a photo of the official results.
David Knight took the win in a decisive manner, natch, but once again, Loeb showed us just how extraordinary he is competing in any sort of motorsports, two wheels or four.
All images, Facebook.


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Well, it's that time again. I've rounded up a bunch of photos representing some of my best memories of 2011.
JP and I rang in 2011 with some of our best friends who were visiting from Austrailia. It was also the month before my wedding so there was a lot of celebrating with friends and family including a wedding shower and bachelorette party.
JP and I got married!!!! Such an amazing month! We were lucky enough to celebrate with a small group of our closest friends and family for an unforgettable week in Los Cabos, Mexico!
JP and I took a quick trip to San Francisco in March. It was my fourth time visiting California, and mine and JP's second trip to San Francisco together. We had so much fun walking everywhere to explore the city. March is also the month that I attended my first PARK event, PARKshow. PARKshow 2011 was great, but I am really looking forward to PARKshow 2012!!
In April my friend Chelsey and I attended Fabricated. This was such a fun night of meeting and getting to know some of the amazing people involved in Calgary's fashion community.
May was Alberta Fashion Week, a whirlwind week full off millions of photos, crazy blogging, nightly fashion shows, and meeting many new friends. My favourite part was getting invited by the Smashbox/Bourjois makeup artists to get my makeup done each night! So fun.
June was my one year blogaversary! I celebrated by wearing my custom dress made my good friend Sheri of notsoseemless and ate cupcakes with JP. June was also the month that some of my best friends had their University Convocation. I took a mini road trip to Lethbridge to join in the celebrations. I seriously have the best friends in the world!
PITW XI - JP's annual birthday camping trip was in July. The weather was perfect! In July some of my best friends and I also took a day trip out to Bragg Creek and Elbow falls for coffee and sun bathing over looking the waterfalls.
JP and I took our mini road trip to Southern Alberta in August. We travelled to Milk River to see Writing-On-Stone park and to Waterton. My favourite part was definitely exploring the hoodoos in Writing-On-Stone. August was also PARKluxe, which was definitely my favourite fashion event of the year!
Some of my favourite memories of 2011 are from my New York trip, and these photos are from my favourite moment in New York. It was rainy for the first few days of my trip, so at the first sign of a sun one morning, Mikhaila and I headed up to the roof of her sisters place in Brooklyn to relax with our morning coffees and take in the view. September was also my birthday, mine and JP's eight year anniversary and I bought a new car! I was sad to say goodbye to my little red car after 9 years together, but it's so nice to have a new car with AC and a radio!
In October I joined PARK as a Fashion Intern and helped out with my first event, The Art of Fashion. It was so much fun to be behinds the scene of a fashion show and I'm looking forward to being a part of PARK in 2012!
In November I had the opportunity to guest blog for the whole month over at the Bellissima blog. I had no idea that guest blogging would lead to contributing to the Bellissima blog each month! I'm so excited that I'll continue to be blogging over at the Bellissima blog into 2012!!
My little sister stayed overnight at my place in December while my parents went out to a Christmas party.
My sister loves painting, and so do I so I stocked up on canvas's, and glitter to decorate our paintings. She painted the full moon and I painted a bottle of Chanel No. 5.
And that's the 2011 round up, click here if you want to check out my 2010 recap! I can't wait to see what 2012 has in store!
And the winner of the Shabby Apple Giveaway is.... #12 Alex!!!!


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Common - Let's Move
"From the vaults of the underground comes a never before heard tale from Chicago's Greatest Street Poet, Common. Common's graphic story comes to life with the assist from visual artist and producer dsteele."
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"Cost effective and met our objectives."
London Council
"This was great for our clients. All parties were happy. Our clients got what they wanted and they were able to get the council to see things they have not been able to get across since the dispute blew up."
Solicitor in adult social care case
"The company was delighted. They have what they set out to achieve and they also have a new contract. Everyone seems to be happy with the result."
Contract supplier to council
"This is a fantastic result. The problem is sorted out. We have secured the relationship and a result that works for us. We will be singing your praises."
Council officer
"This problem has been hanging over me for years. You have restored my peace of mind and I can move on with my life again."
Claimant, property contract dispute
"I thoroughly recommend the process. I wish we had used it earlier."
Local Authority Solicitor
"We would encourage anybody to consider Centre for Justice as the first option for resolving a dispute. Cost, ease of use and overall experience were excellent."
"We found the Centre for Justice service quick, efficient and inexpensive. It makes the traditional legal process look overpriced and cumbersome.
We particularly like the way the process considers all aspects of a dispute, not just the legal technicalities."
City Financial Consultants
"We wish we had known about you a year ago when faced with a dispute with our landlords."
Tenants Association
"Thank you for all your help, time and support."
Party to an employment dispute
"Excellent on all fronts. We would be happy to use you again and to recommend you to others."
"I would happily pay more to settle claims to avoid the legal costs but yours is a very cost effective service."
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"Risk management is key to our business - The Centre's service allows us to manage risk very much more effectively."
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"I felt like I had no where else to turn - thank you so much for your help."
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"How can I thank you adequately for your brilliant work."
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"This ticks all the boxes."
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"This is exactly what we need. We will definitely be using the service."
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"Why weren't you around a year ago when we had our property dispute."
High Court defendant
"This is an absolutely brilliant concept."
BBC Breakfast TV
"Worked very well: quick; efficient; a very useful service."
London Borough Legal Department


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LG has released this brand new candy bar phone and offers up a product that can't be argued with. It has all the necessary features to make it a standout product including the use of stereo speakers which creates the effect of 3D sound. The basic functionality and decent camera capabilities make it a very well-rounded camera. Weighing in a 84 grams allows the lightweight body to be carried anywhere. The GPRS features and Bluetooth allow it to connect to connect to a variety of peripherals.
A long-lasting battery and a 3.15 Megapixel Camera make it useful for a variety of situations. The LED flash is perfect for taking pictures in the middle of the night and the FM radio will keep tunes pumping long into the night. The Tri-Band connectivity is necessary to keep connected to the signal you need.
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- Fm radio
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- Long-lasting battery
This and other unlocked phones are available from Cellhut at www.cellhut.com, where you choose your phone, not your service.


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Story highlights
- Security official: 11 Palestinians are arrested in Egypt's Sinai area
- One of the Palestinians is suspected of weapons smuggling, official says
- The arrests come a day after Egyptian President Mohamed Morsy visited the area
- Militants and Egyptian security forces have repeatedly clashed in recent days
Eleven Palestinians have been arrested in the past two days in Egypt's Sinai area, where clashes have erupted in recent days between militants and security forces, a senior Egyptian security official said Saturday.
The detentions in North Sinai come a day after Egyptian security forces arrested nine "terrorists" in the Sinai, according to state-run Nile TV.
Those nine suspects were Egyptian, rather than Palestinian.
The 11 Palestinians had "entered Sinai illegally through the tunnels and could not return due to our operation and shutting down of tunnels," said the senior security official, who is not authorized to speak about the investigation.
One of those arrested is allegedly involved in weapons dealing, he said, adding that the investigation is ongoing.
"We also located the car that was used by attackers who had fired at Al Reissa checkpoint days back. They had abandoned it during a shoot-out with security forces," he said.
A convoy of Egyptian military jeeps mounted with rocket launchers entered the North Sinai port town of El Arish, about 30 miles from the Gaza border, on Saturday afternoon, heading to support the recent military build-up.
Tensions have soared in the wake of a string of violent acts near the Gaza border.
Last Sunday, 16 Egyptian soldiers were killed and seven others were wounded in an attack near the Rafah border crossing, when assailants with semiautomatic weapons and hand grenades stole two armored vehicles from Egyptian forces and tried to enter Israel.
Militants and Egyptian security forces also clashed at a checkpoint at Al Reissa in North Sinai on Wednesday.
Egyptian President Mohamed Morsy on Friday visited the border with Gaza and vowed to bring justice to those affected.
"The blood that was lost, right here in this area, for the sake of our country, was at the hands of treacherous criminals," he said. "We will never, ever rest until we take revenge and bring back justice to those killed."
Morsy said he would restore stability and security to the area.
Morsy visited the military post in Rafah and celebrated the Iftar dinner with troops. He was accompanied by Field Marshal Mohamed Hussein Tantawi, Chief of Staff General Sami Annan and newly appointed Minister of Interior Ahmed Gamal Al Din.
Al Reissa was one of six places that masked gunmen targeted in a coordinated series of attacks in North Sinai that wounded five security officers and a civilian, said Gen. Ahmed Bakr, head of North Sinai security.
Egyptian army Apache helicopters fired rockets Wednesday, causing numerous casualties, Bakr said. Nile TV reported that the strikes killed at least 20 in El Arish.
CNN has not been able to confirm the deaths.
In another attack, masked gunmen on motorbikes fired early Friday at a police station in North Sinai, a police official who is not authorized to speak to the media told CNN. No one was hurt.
That attack came within hours of a meeting between scores of Bedouin leaders and Al Din over stopping the violence.
The interior minister blamed the chaos on the tunnels between Egypt and Gaza, citing them as smuggling routes for terrorists and weapons.
"All tribal chiefs of Sinai agreed to the destruction of all tunnels," tribal leader Mohamed Tarabeeni told CNN. "The minister requested the assistance of the Bedouins in securing the region and protecting the borders the same way they did during the 1967 and 1973 wars with Israel."
The Palestinian Authority spokesman in Gaza, Tahir Al-nono, said Hamas Prime Minister Ismail Haniya, his interior minister and security leaders decided Sunday to close the tunnels from Egypt.
On the Egyptian side of the border, bulldozers and cranes were sent to block the tunnels into Gaza.
The Rafah crossing was opened Friday, but only to allow Palestinians to cross from Egypt to Gaza. It was due to be opened again Saturday.
Hamas, which controls Gaza, condemned Sunday's attack near the crossing as an "ugly crime."
Egypt's military leadership, the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces, has said 35 assailants -- terrorist factions from Gaza -- were involved in Sunday's attack near the Rafah border crossing.
An Egyptian general who works in intelligence in North Sinai told CNN, "There is a high probability that those who committed the Sunday massacre ... are members of Palestinian Islamic Jaljala Army, which is a group considered an offshoot of Hamas but with more radical beliefs."
Sinai has long had its own identity, with many inhabitants -- particularly Bedouins -- not considering themselves Egyptians. They complain of a heavy-handed Egyptian state intruding on their terrain, providing large tracts of land to Cairo-based businessmen and investors, and failing to involve them in developing the region's prosperity.


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|1790 U.S. Federal Census
To continue on with last week's post, I created an "inputable" 1790 census form. Why 1790 after last week's 1900 form? Well, honestly it's the end of the school year so everything with my boys is coming to a head at once and the earlier censuses are a bit less complex. I figured that I'd start from the beginning and continue on.
A bit of a disclaimer...none of my ancestors were in the United States for the first 3 or 4 censuses. We are all relatively new (no D.A.R. applications here!). My father's side came over during the very late 19th century and my mom's came during the Potato Famine or just after. So I suppose my point is, I haven't used the earliest censuses much. I created the form to be as close to the original census as possible, but with the earlier censuses they were not on pre-printed forms.
In the 1790 census (and others I would expect, although I won't find out until I create and/or use the forms!) the census takers were "assistants to the Marshal" and wrote their headings/instructions out at the top of the forms themselves. In fact in some of the forms you will come across there are no instructions so you may be unable to complete the top portion of the form apart from the page number (partly due to the fact that not all of the 1790 censuses are still in existence).
I checked out several different locales in the 1790 census and some were enumerated in different years so at the top portion you will see that the sheet is "subscribed by me this _____ day of_____ Domini 1790/91/92" to cover the years that your census may have been enumerated. Just delete the numbers that don't apply!
If you see any improvements that could be made on the form, or if you've come across another 1790 form that has something this one does not, please send me the link and I will do my best to adjust the spreadsheet! Again, the cells are locked with the exception of the ones you would be looking to input data into so the form doesn't get erased, so type away and save to your heart's content!
Let me know if there are any problems viewing and/or downloading the file so I can repair it for others to use (the download works from my computers at home and I'm still feeling my way around Google Docs). If you prefer I can also email the from to you. As with the last form when you view it in Google Docs it has more pages than it will when you download it. This one looks like a three page form with the first page being essentially blank, but when you download it, it will be a one page form. Go figure!


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-Whenever the hacker hacks a computer, he gets THREE hacks instead of the usual one-If this turns out to be too strong, make it two hacks instead
-It makes thematic sense that the hacker should produce more/better hacks from computers. The first time I played Hacker, I thought 'sweet, a computer, I wonder what awesome stuff he can do with one of these!' Then he did...exactly what everyone else does at a computer, but a little faster. Whenever I play Hacker, I never think 'sweet, a computer, now we're in business!' Letting him produce more than one hack at a computer would definitely do this.
-Make maps less luck-based for speedrunners
Page created in 0.295 seconds with 19 queries.


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A Labor Day Salute
For many Americans, Labor Day marks the end of summer and a day to grill hot dogs or enjoy the pool one last time before it closes for the season. Labor Day's history is often overlooked. It was started to salute the social and economic achievement of American workers, and to pay tribute to the contributions workers have made to the strength and prosperity of the country.


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Young Mystic- Satellite [Unsigned Hype]
Official Music Video for Young Mystic's "Satellite" Follow Young Mystic on www.twitter.com/YoungMystic Join the movement at www.myspace.com/mysticmusic2
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Posted by Editoress on 02/9/12
Former Tour de France winner Jan Ullrich has received a retroactive ban of two years for the final two seasons of his career in 2005 to 2007, announced the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) today. Ullrich loses his third place in the 2005 Tour de France.
The CAS determined that "given the volume, consistency and probative value of the evidence presented by the UCI, and the failure of Jan Ullrich to raise any doubt about the veracity of reliability of such evidence, this Panel came to the conclusion that Jan Ullrich engaged at least in blood doping in violation of Article 15.2 of the UCI Anti-Doping rules".
The German rider was suspected of being a part of the blood doping program overseen by Spanish doctor Eufemiano Fuentes which was uncovered in Operacion Puerto. Subsequent DNA tests showed that his blood was among the samples seized by Spanish authorities.
However, when Ullrich retired early in 2007, the Swiss authorities (Ullrich was living in Switzerland and riding under a Swiss licence) concluded that they had no jurisdiction over him, and closed their investigation. The UCI appealed, and the CAS has now backed them up.
The ban imposed runs from May 2005 to his retirement in February of 2007, and thus nullifies his Tour podium placing, as well as other results during that time period, including wins in stage 20 of the 2006 Giro and his overall 2006 Tour de Suisse title.
The UCI issued a brief statement:
The International Cycling Union (UCI) acknowledges the decision of the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) to impose a suspension of 2 years on the rider Jan Ullrich starting retroactively on August 2011, following the UCI's appeal. All results achieved by the athlete on or after 1 May 2005 until his retirement, on February 26, 2007, are annulled.
The UCI will now examine in detail the reasoning of the CAS award. In the meantime the UCI will not issue any further comments on the matter.
Courtesy UCI
|Return to Canadian Cyclist homepage | Back to Top


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High and dry: Local weather, water guys MIA
And so the days of drought dragged on, growing ever drier. Fear grew in the hearts of every man, woman, and child, until, like twin beacons in the night, two men among us stepped forth to lead.
Now, both pillars of strength have vanished like puddles on a hot summer day, leaving Charlottesville struggling with the question: Where on earth did Larry Tropea and Robert Van Winkle go?
When Tropea took over the top post at the Rivanna Water and Sewer Authority in October 2001, he brought years of water management experience with him. And yet, after just 18 months as chief, including weathering a severe drought, Tropea suddenly resigned last June without much explanation.
Even more mysterious: Six months after his sudden departure from the public spotlight (his lawyer cited lack of support by the board), none of his former colleagues seem to have any idea about his whereabouts or current employment plans at least none they're willing to discuss.
His one-time home phone number rings endlessly until a mechanical voice announces "The machine is off." His cell is busy, and there's no information offered either online or from directory assistance.
He's been spotted at a recent UVA football game, and some people say they believe he's still in town. But the mystery remains. The only thing certain is that Tropea is missed.
John Martin, a Free Union resident who's been involved in local water issues for the last several years, says Tropea's arrival as executive director improved tense relations between citizen groups and the RWSA.
"He turned us right around," Martin recalls. "It was the most hopeful period."
Meanwhile, Robert Van Winkle is no needle in a haystack. A quick Google turned him up at NBC 29's Florida-based sister station, NBC 2.
"It's certainly sunny and warm down here," says Van Winkle in true weatherman style when we reach him at his new gig in Naples.
While Van Winkle gave only one weathercast each night here in Charlottesville, down south he has three: at 5, 6, and 11pm.
The larger market proved too good an opportunity to turn down, Van Winkle explains.
"Some days, you just wake up and say, 'I've got to get moving in my career," he says.
And while he says weather in Naples was calm this fall during hurricane season (while, ironically, Virginia was getting hammered by Isabel), Van Winkle will be ready if there's a cold snap.
"I stole a red Storm Team vest," he laughs. "I guess I'm going to have to give it back."
Larry Tropea
Robert Van Winkle still has a red jacket


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Just as I finished what felt like even more than 319 errands, I remembered there was nothing at home for the kids to bring in their lunches, and there were still two more school days left that week.
Lucky for me, right there across from the train station at 33rd and Eighth was the answer to my school lunch woes:
Duane Reade.
I had just read the day before the new DuaneReader online (basically a drug store circular, only irreverent and funny)
so I knew Duane Reade had a bunch of treats my kids would like, and that I wouldn't find too terrible for them to eat.
Inside the store I quickly found Cheddar Penguins:
Duane Reader price I had spotted online the day before:
Duane Reader online before going to the store, there are plenty of "old-fashioned" paper ones at the store:
I also got the kids a bunch of dried fruit, since word at my house is when I pack fresh stuff it is "mushy" and "brown" by lunchtime.
Shopping complete, I left with even a few minutes to spare before I needed to catch my train home to Jersey. Walking across the street to Penn Station I realized in all my lunch food buying, I'd forgotten to bring home some products to help my daughter who had all of a sudden developed super-chapped lips.
Going down the elevator, and feeling like the worst mom ever that I was going to come home without the Chapstick, I stepped off the elevator, looked-up and there it was: a Duane Reade in the train station.
made a dash for my train, and settled into my seat with a few minutes to spare.
Duane Reade, I totally owe you one.
For more photos from my trip to Duane Reade, visit my Google+ story, A visit to Duane Reade with a little help from the Duane Reader.
Visit the Duane Reader online for a good read and to find great deals.
You can also like Duane Reade on Facebook, follow them on Twitter @DuaneReade as well as at the hashtags #DReade and #DreadeVIP.
Disclosure: This shop has been compensated as part of a social shopper insights study for Collective Bias. #CBias. All opinions are my own.
I am also part of the Duane Reade VIP blogger team (follow along at #DreadeVIP).


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CenturyLink Cheap Broadband Internet in Triangle Virginia is the Best Way to Save Money
Have you heard about CenturyLink Internet yet? A new high speed DSL provider, CenturyLink Internet's cheap wireless broadband service in Triangle, offers business and home owners in VA with the dependability and quality they are yearning for in a high speed internet provider. If you too are looking for high speed Internet at a reasonably low price, CenturyLink Internet in Triangle, VA is a good, cheap option to consider. Offering one of the fastest broadband internet connections in all of Triangle, CenturyLink Internet in VA is one of the best alternatives to cable internet, providing you with good deals and cheap bundles in a variety of locations nationwide.
1-866-812-0698 to order. ×
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Orange County Retro Nights
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Best Bars And Nightclubs With Retro Nights In Orange CountyEverything old is new again, and nobody knows this better than nightclubs and bars with their themed nights and retro music. There really isn't a better way to get people to drink than by reminding them of their past with everything fun from their youth. Party it up in Orange County at the best retro nights the area has to offer.


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Crickets in two places fall silent to survive – "To hide themselves from deadly flies, crickets on two Hawaiian islands have evolved an inability to sing. Ten years ago, two years apart, males appeared on Kauai and Oahu with altered wings, which they would normally rub together to chirp and attract females. New findings published in the journal Current Biology show that the wing changes are physically different and arose from separate mutations. This makes the silent crickets a brand new example of 'convergent evolution'." – and some really rapid evolution!
Microbes May Drive Evolution of New Animal Species – "[S]ymbiosis — a long-term, stable and often beneficial interaction between organisms — could drive two populations apart, the first step in the development of new species. Although the idea has been floating around for nearly a century, it has only recently begun to gain traction in biology. This idea contrasts sharply with the traditional picture of evolution, in which new species emerge either from geological isolation or from a relentless struggle for food and mates. According to this new hypothesis, a host organism's microbes might trigger changes in mating and reproduction that begin to define two different populations." – h/t charles!
you gotta read this!: Coincidental Killers – "We assume that microbes evolved to attack humans when actually we are just civilian casualties in a much older war…. Many of the pathogens we fear most are mere tourists on the human body. Their real homes are oceans, caves, or soils. To understand them, we need to understand them within their natural ecology. Soil, for example, is an extreme habitat for a microbe: harsh and constantly changing. It can quickly oscillate from flood to drought, from scalding heat to freezing cold, and total darkness to intense solar radiation. It's rife with other competing microbes, and crawling with hungry predators. We fear lions and tigers and bears; bacteria have to contend with phage viruses, nematode worms, and predatory amoebas. All of these conditions can lead to adaptations that make microbes accidentally suited for life in a human host. We are, after all, just another environment. A thick capsule that shields a microbe from dehydration could also shield it from our immune system. A spore that is adapted for travelling through the air can be easily inhaled into a respiratory tract."
Genetically identical ants help unlock the secrets of larval fate – "A young animal's genes are not the only genes that determine its fate. The genetic identity of its caretakers matters too…. [A] team led by Serafino Teseo of the University of Paris 13 used the unique aspects of the [clonal] ants' biology to test the indirect role genes play in shaping the future identity of larvae and whole colonies by looking at the interaction between larvae and adults. They did so by observing the success of two ant clones, A and B, in pure colonies or mixed together into chimeric colonies. They also swapped broods, so A adults raised B larvae and vice versa. It turned out that A and B larvae developed differently depending on whether A or B nurses raised them. Left alone, pure A colonies produced the most young after six generations, making them more successful than B. However, in mixed colonies, B did better because its larvae more frequently turned into large adults that specialize in egg-laying rather than smaller, foraging-focused individuals…." – h/t rolf muertter!
Mitochondrial DNA of first Near Eastern farmers is sequenced for the first time – "According to conclusions, genetic affinities have been observed between the mitochondrial DNA of first Neolithic populations and the DNA of first Catalan and German farmers. This suggests that probably Neolithic expansion took place through pioneer migrations of small groups of population. Moreover, the two main migration routes — Mediterranean and European — might have been genetically linked. 'The most significant conclusion — highlights Eva Fernández — is that the degree of genetic similarity between the populations of the Fertile Crescent and the ones of Cyprus an Crete supports the hypothesis that Neolithic spread in Europe took place through pioneer seafaring colonization, not through a land-mediated expansion through Anatolia, as it was thought until now….' Other scientific studies had already provided signs of an alternative scenario of Neolithic spread in Europe different from the one through Anatolia. According to Turbón, 'recent archaeological finds have proved that the Neolithic arrived to Cyprus around 10,600 years ago, some years after the first documentation of agricultural practices in the Near East.' Architecture and burial models found in Cyprus' sites are similar to the ones found in the Middle Euphrates basin, 'that indicates a direct colonisation of these territories,' highlights the author. 'Besides, spatial interpolation of radiocarbon dates from different Neolithic sites in the Near East and Europe also suggests a first seafaring expansion through Cyprus,' he concludes." – orginal research article.
The Giant Rat of Sumatra and Sardinia and No True Sardinian – from greg cochran.
A twist in Austronesian origins – "The Taiwanese origin of Austronesians is widely accepted. A new preprint confirms this theory, but adds a new twist to the story of Austronesian dispersals, as it seems that in their western expansion, Austronesians picked up some Austroasiatic ancestry. This means either that Austroasiatic speakers preceded them in islands where Austronesian languages are now spoken, or that the Austronesians picked up this kind of ancestry in the mainland before settling in the islands." – from dienekes.
A new allele for blond hair – "There is a widespread belief that whatever made Europeans fair-skinned also gave them their unique palette of hair and eye colors. In reality, fair skin has only a weak genetic linkage with either non-black hair or non-brown eyes." – from peter frost. see also: A molecular basis for classic blond hair color in Europeans.
A Genetic Map of Fireworks in Time – "French Canadians and Slavs are both cases of populations which were once relatively modest and began in a narrow delimited region, but now are quite expansive and numerous. In the case of the East Slavs the demographic expansion also entailed the absorption of numerous Uralic tribes, as well as later Turks. And this illustrates one of the major details which I think has characterized the genetic turnover of human populations: phase shifts from a relatively static one defined by isolation by distance gene flow across clinal gradiants, to a rapid expansion of a small subset, and the overlay of this component as a palimpsest over the underlying variation. In some cases the replacement is nearly total, as in the modern United States. In other cases, as among Great Russians, the Slavic affinities of this population, and its association with Poles and other groups are clear, but there was a non-trivial uptake of exogenous segments which might allow for a reconstruction of the prior genetic landscape. These changes occur over short periods, and are bright fireworks against the comparatively static firmament." – from razib.
Male faces 'buttressed against punches' by evolution – "A new theory suggests that our male ancestors evolved beefy facial features as a defence against fist fights. The bones most commonly broken in human punch-ups also gained the most strength in early "hominin" evolution. They are also the bones that show most divergence between males and females." – h/t darwin evolution! – original research article.
Faster eye responses in Chinese people not down to culture – "New research from University of Liverpool scientists has cast doubt on the theory that neurological behaviour is a product of culture in people of Chinese origin. Scientists tested three groups – students from mainland China, British people with Chinese parents and white British people – to see how quickly their eyes reacted to dots appearing in the periphery of their vision…. The findings, published in the journal PLoS One, revealed that similar numbers of the British Chinese and mainland Chinese participants made high numbers express saccades, with the white British participants made far fewer. Culturally the British Chinese participants were similar to their white British counterparts and different to the mainland Chinese students."
Cultural differences in human brain activity: A quantitative meta-analysis – "East Asians show enhanced activity underlying mentalizing and emotion regulation. Westerners show enhanced activity underlying self-reflection and emotional responses."
Race could be a factor in head, neck cancer survival rates – "The national survival rates for African-Americans diagnosed with head and neck cancer have not improved in the last 40 years despite advances in the treatment and management of the disease, researchers have found. The researchers suggest that inherent genetic factors in African-Americans may make some tumors resistant to treatments."
Severe intellectual disability diagnosed by analysis of entire genome – "[A]lmost all mental impairments are caused by new mutations that have not yet occurred in father or mother." – h/t mr. robert ford!
New genes involved in food preferences will revolutionize diets and improve health – "The researchers undertook genome wide association studies (GWAS) to try to unravel the genetic basis for certain food preferences. 2311 Italian subjects participated in the discovery step, while 1755 from other European countries and from Central Asia were used in order to further verify the findings. They uncovered 17 independent genes related to liking for certain foods, including artichokes, bacon, coffee, chicory, dark chocolate, blue cheese, ice cream, liver, oil or butter on bread, orange juice, plain yoghurt, white wine and mushrooms. Surprisingly, none of the genes thus identified belonged to the category of taste or smell receptors…. In a second study, the researchers amassed the response of around 900 healthy adults from North Eastern Italy to salt, and related this to a DNA sequence variation found on the KCNA5 gene, known to be related to taste pathways in mammals."
First direct evidence for human sex pheromones – "'By using dynamic point-light displays that portray the gaits of walkers whose gender is digitally morphed from male to female, we show that smelling androstadienone systematically biases heterosexual females, but not males, toward perceiving the walkers as more masculine. By contrast, smelling estratetraenol systematically biases heterosexual males, but not females, toward perceiving the walkers as more feminine. Homosexual males exhibit a response pattern akin to that of heterosexual females, whereas bisexual or homosexual females fall in between heterosexual males and females. These effects are obtained despite that the olfactory stimuli are not explicitly discriminable. The results provide the first direct evidence that the two human steroids communicate opposite gender information that is differentially effective to the two sex groups based on their sexual orientation.'" – @deric bownds' mindblog.
Genetic relatedness predicts contact frequencies with siblings, nieces and nephews: Results from the Generational Transmissions in Finland surveys – "Individuals have more contacts with full than with half siblings. Individuals have more contacts with nieces/nephews via full than via half siblings. Individuals have more contacts with nieces/nephews via sisters than via brothers." – h/t jayman!
Beware Armchair Psychoanalysis – "'Behavioral genetic studies have proved beyond a shadow of a doubt that heredity is responsible for a sizable portion of the variations in people's personalities. Some people are more hot-tempered or outgoing or meticulous than others, and these variations are a function of the genes they were born with as well as the experiences they had after they were born. The exact proportion— how much is due to the genes, how much to the experiences—is not important; the point is that heredity cannot be ignored.'" – from jayman (quoting judith rich harris there).
SD-IE and other differentiation effects in Italy and Spain [pdf] – "SD–IE [strategic differentiation–integration effort] is a strategic differentiation effect present amongst indices of life history (LH), such that persons and populations of slow LH are more differentiated compared to those of fast LH. We found that this phenomenon is present amongst provinces in Italy and Spain, similarly to demonstrations among US states and Japanese prefectures. The average effect size of SD–IE was found to be bigger in Spain and Italy….. In the present study, we test SD–IE using regional-level data for counties in Spain and Italy."
Is the smart fraction as valuable as previously thought? – "'Consistent with the intellectual class theory advocated by Rindermann and Thompson (2011) and Rindermann et al. (2009), our research findings showed strong evidence that those people that have high IQ are the most relevant influence on economic development. Although our results suggested that all three examined IQ categories promote higher economic growth, the intellectual class has the highest impact followed by the mean ability and non-intellectual classifications. Similarly, the intellectual class also has a highly significant effect on generating technological progress, whereas the influence of the other two groups is immaterial.'" – @dr. james thompson's blog.
HVGIQ: Burma and HVGIQ: U.S. Virgin Islands – from jason malloy.
Life unworthy of life – post about, as jayman put it, who supports eugenics. – from the awesome epigone.
The Biology of Risk – "The state of your body predicts your appetite for financial risk just as it predicts an athlete's performance. If we understand how a person's body influences risk taking, we can learn how to better manage risk takers. We can also recognize that mistakes governments have made have contributed to excessive risk taking."
We can't ignore the evidence: genes affect social mobility – "Why do so many people fail to accept the overwhelming evidence that genes contribute to academic achievement and thereby social status?" – h/t hbd bibliography!
Old chaps? 3,300-year-old trousers found in China may be world's oldest – "Animal-fur menswear found on the bodies of two mummies in Xinjiang province 'almost the same shape as today's trousers'"
Grave find may be Western Europe's earliest false tooth – "Archaeologists have identified what could be remains of the earliest false tooth found in Western Europe. The dental implant comes from the richly-furnished timber burial chamber of an Iron Age woman that was excavated in Le Chene, northern France."
Cat People Are Smarter Than Dog People, New Study Shows – (~_^) – ftr, i like both. i'm not a speciesist!
bonus: Blind cavefish are able to 'count' – "Blind cave-dwelling fish are able to discriminate between different quantities, scientists say…. Researchers say it is the first time non-visual numerical abilities have been shown in fish." – h/t mo costandi!
bonus bonus: Bees build mental maps to get home – "Study suggests the insects do not rely solely on the Sun as a compass…. 'The surprise comes for many people that such a tiny little brain is able to form such a rich memory described as a cognitive map,' says co-author Randolf Menzel, a neurobiologist at the Free University of Berlin."
bonus bonus bonus: Nemo's Dad Should Have Become His Mom, And Other Lies Children's Movies Told You – h/t steve stewart williams!
(note: comments do not require an email. "i wandered lonely as a cloud….")


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Place the wild rice in the boiling water, cover, reduce the heat to medium-low and simmer about 25 to 30 minutes until tender and fluffy. Remove and set aside. Heat the oil in a skillet and sauté the garlic and onion for 2 to 3 minutes. Add the remaining ingredients and sauté about 5 minutes, and serve.
NOTE: This stir fry can also be used as a stuffing for winter squash, peppers, etc..
Per serving - 178 calories, 7 g fat (36% calories from fat), 5 g protein, 25 g carbohydrate, 4 g fiber, 0 mg cholesterol, 135 mg sodium


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