text:
Quixey necesitaba un nuevo diseño de página web y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 348 diseños de 79 diseñadores freelance.
Quixey is an all-platform app directory and functional search engine. Quixey's search finds the best app that does the function you want.
Quixey works by building millions of "function pages" for all the things people want to do with apps. Some examples of "functions" are:
"take notes"
"broadcast live streaming video"
"make free phone calls"
"make a photo black and white"
"red eye correction"
"remote control for watching hulu"
Each of these functions gets its own function page, which lists the most useful apps for that function.
Imagine you want to find the best app for editing photos on your laptop or iPhone. So you simply go to the Quixey home page and search for "edit photos". Quixey's search algorithms know that if an app is ranked highly on function pages like "make a photo black and white" and "red eye correction", then it's a good match for what you're trying to do.
Quixey is a powerful new way to navigate the growing universe of apps. Whether your platform is web, desktop, mobile, Twitter, Facebook, Wordpress, or one of thousands of others, it will find an app that does what you want.
Everyone has wants that can be satisfied by finding the right app. Quixey is for everyone.
We have built the Quixey functionality, and now we need a clean and simple UI design.
Quixey must look like a modern interactive AJAX web application -- clean, simple, and easy to navigate.
A user will often have to skim multiple pages of text and data to decide which app to get. The Quixey UI needs to make it very easy to navigate around and skim things.
As long as you understand these requirements, you have the freedom to make big design choices about the site as a whole.
The pages we need are:
1. Home Page
2. App Page
3. Function Page
4. App-Function Guides Page
5. Search Result Page
Please see the attached Word document or PDF for the full design specification.
People love the feeling of empowerment that comes with busting out a simple, powerful tool. That's what we're aiming for with Quixey: We want the user to feel empowered because of the ease of the app-finding experience.
We think the Most Important Guideline (MIG) for a good UI is...
The user should understand 90% of what they're looking at.
So, there might be a few little links they haven't understood yet, but in general the user should know exactly what all the page elements are there for.
We think these sites look good and follow the MIG very well:
+ http://twitter.com
+ http://meebo.com
+ http://aviary.com
+ http://tungle.me
+ http://tumblr.com
+ http://apple.com
+ http://formspring.me
In contrast, here are some sites that suffer because they don't follow the MIG, even though they are still well-designed in other ways:
- http://appolicious.com
- http://brizzly.com
- http://microsoft.com


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Textiles & Garments
|Men and Women's Clothing (click to view the exhibitor list of this section)
·For Women: Blouses, Skirts, Trousers, Waistcoats, Suits, Jackets, Coats, Sweaters
·Infant and Maternity Wear
|Underwear (click to view the exhibitor list of this section)
|·Underwear and Sets, Pajamas, Bathrobes, Loungewear, Swimwear
|Sports and Casual Wear (click to view the exhibitor list of this section)
|·Sportswear, Casual Wear, Hoodies, T-Shirts, Jeans Wear, Performance Costume, Dancewear, Cosplay Clothing, Other Sports and Casual Wear
|Furs, Leather, Downs & Related Products (click to view the exhibitor list of this section)
|·Fur & Fur Products: Fur Materials, Fur Products (Clothes/Hats/Gloves/Backrest Cushions/Bed Pads)
·Leather & Leather Products: Leather Materials, Leather Clothes, and etc
·Down & Down Products: Down Materials (Goose Down, Duck Down, Chicken Feather), Feather Products (Feather Duster, Feather Flower, Feather Decorations, and etc), Down Products (Down Clothes, Down Bed Sets, Down Sleeping Bags)
·Cashmere & Cashmere Products
|Fashion Accessories and Fittings (click to view the exhibitor list of this section)
|·Fashion Accessories: Hats, Gloves, Scarves, Handkerchiefs, shawls, Socks, Ties
·Garment Fittings: Shoulder Pads, Labels, Zippers
|Home Textiles (click to view the exhibitor list of this section)
|·Bed Linens: Blankets, Bedding, Bed Sheets, Bed Covers, Mattresses, Towel Quilts, Pillows, Pillow Cases, Cushions, Mosquito Nets
·Upholstery Textiles: Decoration Cloth, Wall Cloth, Curtain Cloth, Sun Protective Cloth, Furniture Cloth, Sofa Covers
·Bathroom Textiles: Shower Curtains, Towels, Facial Towels, Bath Towels, Beach Towels, Closestool Lid Covers
·Table and Kitchen Textiles: Tablecloths, Table Mats, Napkins, Aprons, Rags, Microwave Oven Gloves, Other Kitchen Textiles
·Others: Mats, Cleaning Textiles, Flags, Macrame
|Textile Raw Materials & Fabrics (click to view the exhibitor list of this section)
|·Fabric: Cotton/Blends, Polyester/Blends, Linen/Blends, Silk/Nitrocellulose Silk, Wool/ Fleece, Special Woven Fabrics, Non-Woven Fabrics, Industrial Cloth
·Fiber and Yarns:
Fiber: Vegetable Fiber, Animal Fiber, Man Made Fiber, Synthetic Fiber, Inorganic/Mineral Fiber, Chemical Fiber
Yarns: Cotton /Blends, Linen /Blends, Wool/ Blends, Polyester/Blends
·Others: Garments Accessories
|Carpets & Tapestries (click to view the exhibitor list of this section)
|·Machine-made Carpets
·Handmade Carpets: Silk Carpets, Hand-knotted Woolen Carpets, Hand-tufted Carpets, Other Hand-made Carpets
·Other Flooring Materials: Bamboo and Straw Carpets
|Shoes (click to view the exhibitor list of this section)
|· Fashion Shoes: Men's Shoes, Women's Shoe
· Sports Shoes: Various Sneakers, Running Shoes, Hiking Shoes, Gym Shoes, Training Shoes, and Others
· Kids' Shoes · Sandals, Slippers
· Shoes & Boots for Other Special Use and Semi-finished Products
|Office Supplies (click to view the exhibitor list of this section)
|· Pens: Pencils, Ball Pens, Rolling Ball Pens, High-lighters, Fountain Pens, Pens, Oil Pens, Painting Pens, Refills, Ink
· File Storage: Hardback File Folders, Paper File Folders, Transparent File Covers, Conference File Covers, Computer-printed File Folders, Hanging File Folders, Ring Binders, Board Clips, Pages' Folders, File Plates, File Holders, Name Card Holders, Report Folders, Identification Card Folders.
· Office Supplies: Staplers, Staples, Binders, Staple Removers, Punches, Scissors, Paper Knives, Pen Containers, Paper Clip Containers, Adhesive Tape Holders, Rulers, Tape Lines, Pencil Sharpeners, Correction Fluid, Erasers, Glue, Transparent Adhesive Tapes, Double-Sided Adhesive Tapes, Buckles, Seals & Stamps, Calculators, Table Pads, Name Card Holders, Newspaper Holders
· Paper Products: Notebooks, Memo Pads, Fax Paper, Computer Paper, Color Ink-jet Printing Paper, Copy Paper, Photo Paper, Writing Paper, Financial Paper, Paper for Financial usage
· Label: Hand-written Labels, Badges, Laminating Pouch Films, Mark Labels
· Desk Decorations
· Office Automation Products & Equipment, Consumable Office Supplies
|Cases and Bags (click to view the exhibitor list of this section)
|· Cases of Daily Use: Leather Cases, PVC Leather Cases, Plastic Woven Cases
· Briefcases: Leather Briefcases, Plastic Woven Briefcases, PVC Leather Briefcases
· Bags: Leather Bags, PVC Leather Bags, Cotton Bags, Plastic Woven Bags
· Other Cases, Bags and Accessories
|Sports, Travel and Recreation Products (click to view the exhibitor list of this section)
|· Sports Products
Indoor & Outdoor Sports Products: Balls and Accessories, Boxing Equipment, Skateboards, Roller Skates, Skates, Fitness Equipment, Household Training Equipment, Sports Nets, Trampoline, Archery, Bicycle and its Accessories, Billiards, Shooting, Hunting, Climbing, Ropes, Track & Field Equipment, Equestrian Equipment, Beach Sports Equipment, Sports Glasses, Sports Cases and Bags Water Sports & Diving Equipment: Goggles, Diving Masks, Diving Suits, Flappers, Snorkels, Diving Accessories, Paddleboard and its Accessories, Swimming Equipment and its Accessories, Water-Skiing Equipment Sports Souvenirs: Trophy Cups, Certificates of Rewards, Medals, Flags, Emblems· Travel and Recreation Products
Fishing Tools: Fishhooks, Fish Twines, Fishing Nets, Fishing Rods, Fish Bag, Fishing Bobbins, Fishing Tools and its Accessories Barbeque Tools: Electric Barbeque, Gas Barbeque, Carbon Brick Barbeque, Grills, Ignition Instrument, Barbeque Accessories Outdoor Casual Products: Swings, Hammocks, Sun Umbrellas Musical Instruments Chesses and Pokers Outdoor Tour Articles: Backpacks, Protected Coverings, Air Cushions, Sleeping Bags, Blankets, Tents and Accessories, Camping Articles and Accessories.
|Medicines ,Health Products and Medical Devices(click to view the exhibitor list of this section)
· Traditional Chinese Medicine:Chinese Herbs, Plant Extracts
|· Diagnostic and Therapeutic Equipment
Various Surgical Instruments, Medical Electronic Instruments, Clinical Laboratory Instruments: In Vitro Diagnostic Reagents and Instruments, Medical Optical Instruments, Medical Laser Instruments, Physiotherapeutic Instruments, Lesions-minimally Invasive Diagnoses System, Biochip and Related Devices, Integrative Devices of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Heart Monitoring Facilities, Medical Image Facilities, Biochemical Detection Facilities, Blood Pressure Monitor、Blood Glucose Meter、Thermometer, Endoscope Systems, Low-temperature Freezing Facilities, Dialysis Therapy Facilities, Medical X-ray and MRI Equipment, Ultrasonic Medical Diagnostic Devices, Linear Accelerator, ENT & Eye & Dental and Oral Diagnosis and Treatment Facilities, Dental Clinical Equipment: Dental Diagnosis Medical Equipment, Dental Surgery Equipment, Dental Laboratory Equipment, and Dental Materials· Hospital Auxiliary Devices
Disinfection and Sterilization Products, Oxygen Making and Supply Equipment, Blood Bank Facilities, Water Treatment Equipment, Low-temperature Freezing Facilities, Disabled Only Equipment, Telemedicine System, Hospital Information System, Hospital Office Automation System, Protection Devices and Protection Devices on Nuclear Radiation, Hospital General Devices: Aseptic Wards, Ward Monitoring System, Various Hospital Beds, Hospital Ambulances, Stretchers, and other First Aid Articles, Hospital Application Software: Hospital Data and Image Processing System, Various Operating tables and Specialized Equipment , Medicine Monitoring and Analysis Devices, Laboratory Biological Instruments, Medical Furniture
|Food (click to view the exhibitor list of this section)
|· Food: Cereals and Oils, Meat and Meat Products, Eggs and Dairy Products, Aquatic Products, Fruit and Fruit Products, Vegetables and Vegetable Products, Condiment, Candies and Confectionery Products, Cakes and Biscuits, Food Additives, Bee Products, and others
· Drinks:
Alcoholic Drinks: Beer, Spirits, Wines
Fruit Juice
Drinking Water
· Tea: Black Tea and Semi-fermented Tea, Green Tea, Oolong Tea, Scented Tea, Pu'er Tea, Other Tea and Related Products (Health Tea, Teabag Filter Paper/Fragrant Flowers, and etc)
· Food Packaging and Other Related Products

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Daughter of Beebe Hospital Co-founder Participates in Beebe Medical Foundation 25th Anniversary Celebration Kick-off
Beebe Medical Foundation, the fundraising arm for Beebe Healthcare, kicked off a year of festivities Tuesday in celebration of its 25th anniversary.
Board members of the Foundation and of Beebe Healthcare joined Judy Aliquo, President and CEO of the Foundation, and Jeffrey M. Fried, President and CEO of Beebe Healthcare, and members of the Foundation's Board of Ambassadors to mark the official beginning of a milestone year.
"Beebe is fortunate to be a part of this generous and supportive community that has allowed it to grow and thrive so that now it is well positioned for the future," Mr. Fried said. "We are just two years away from celebrating our 100th anniversary. What is so special about Beebe is that it started as a family business and the culture of caring, compassion, and respect that existed then continues today. At the same time, our dedicated team members and doctors have brought the latest technologies and treatment modalities to our community which would make Drs. James and Richard Beebe very proud of what their original two-room hospital has become. "
Anna Beebe Moore, 94, daughter of Beebe co-founder Richard C. Beebe, MD, attended the event with her son Alex Moore and grandson Chase Moore. In 1916, her father Dr. Richard C. Beebe founded the first private community hospital in Sussex County with his brother James Beebe, MD. At the time, the hospital had two patient rooms and an operating room and was attached to the brothers' Lewes office. Today, Beebe Healthcare has a presence in six other Sussex County communities, as well as a hospital in Lewes, and the Foundation is located in a charming, traditional-style home Dr. Richard C. Beebe built near the original hospital.
"It is amazing to me what Beebe has become," said Mrs. Moore, who still lives locally. She recalled that her father and uncle talked about creating a hospital in Lewes based on the Mayo Clinic plan. Both doctors had earned their degrees at Jefferson University in Philadelphia and returned to Lewes, often bringing other physicians to treat patients at the hospital. They also had a house on Rehoboth Avenue where they treated patients all during the summer season.
"This anniversary year is a wonderful opportunity for us to highlight the great work of the Foundation and the philanthropic support of so many people over the past 25 years," Judy Aliquo said. "It also gives us the opportunity to invite people to visit the Foundation home, hear about the latest news about Beebe Healthcare, meet Mr. Fried, our President and CEO, and learn about ways they can share their time, talents and treasures to help us further Beebe's vision of making Sussex County one of the healthiest counties in the nation."
Beebe Healthcare, as a community-owned, not-for-profit hospital, continues to be dependent on the generous support of individuals, corporations, businesses and private foundations. A board of directors, comprised of local area leaders and physicians, sets the direction of the Beebe Healthcare system. All gifts are channeled through the Beebe Medical Foundation.
State Senator Ernie Lopez, while attending the event, presented Mrs. Aliquo with a Tribute to the Foundation from the state General Assembly. He noted that Senator Gary Simpson, an avid supporter of Beebe, helped obtain the Tribute.
At the end of the evening, invited guests had some extra fun with a raffle and received several door prizes. The top prize was an autographed copy of the illustrated biography and oral history entitled, Gene Bookhammer and His World: The Life and Times of Lewes' Elder Statesman. Written by Delaware historian Richard Carter, this nonfiction work describes the life of Delaware leader and entrepreneur the Honorable Eugene D. Bookhammer who was so integral to the growth of Beebe Healthcare. He spent years helping to raise money for Beebe, and served on the Beebe Board of Directors for almost 50 years. He died in 2013. He was a close friend of James Beebe, Jr., the son of co-founder Dr. James Beebe. Dr. James Beebe, Jr., died in 2012. One of Mr. Bookhammer's projects was the relocation of Dr. Richard C. Beebe's house to its new location on 902 Savannah Road where the Foundation is now.
"We are grateful to the community for its generosity over the years, and look forward to continuing to work together to provide excellent healthcare services." Mrs. Aliquo said.
Mr. Fried also introduced Paul H. Mylander, Chairman of the Foundation's Board of Directors, to those attending, and acknowledged his leadership in the raising of $12.5 million in the Vision 2005 Capital Campaign, a campaign record for Beebe.
Through the generosity of donors, the Foundation has been able to help fund several construction projects, such as expansions of the hospital and the construction of the two buildings at the Beebe Healthcare campus on Route 24 in Rehoboth Beach that includes the Robert W. & Eolyne K. Tunnell Cancer Center, the Eugene D. & Catherine Bookhammer Outpatient Center and the Norman B. & Helen Baylis Rehabilitation Center. Funds raised by the Foundation and its supporters have paid for needed medical equipment, such as a linear accelerator that delivers radiation to cancer patients, imaging technologies, and equipment to help newborn babies and orthopaedic patients recovering from surgery. Today, these funds are helping to pay for the expansion and new construction of the Margaret H. Rollins School of Nursing, expected to be completed in the beginning of 2015.
As part of this year's festivities, the Foundation will invite 25 people on or near the 25th of each month to thank them for their support. If you would like to be invited, please contact the Foundation at 302-644-2900.
"We want to celebrate our rich heritage, share with them the exciting growth and plans for our future and encourage them to actively participate in our events, appeals and countless giving opportunities, especially our Annual Appeal," said Tom Protack, who recently was named the Foundation's Director of Development. "We need a solid foundation of a strong annual giving appeal to address the countless needs that are a result of the wonderful growth of Beebe Healthcare. We want everyone to know they can support Beebe Healthcare with a contribution and channel it to whatever area they like to support: Women's Health, Tunnell Cancer Center, Nursing School, etc." Protack added.
1916 Club
As Beebe prepares to celebrate its 100th anniversary in 2016, the Foundation will encourage supporters to become members of the new "1916 Club," a name that highlights the year the hospital was founded. "1916 Club" members will be asked to contribute $1,916 annually to the Foundation. As part of their participation, they will breakfast with Beebe leadership, take a private tour of the hospital, be recognized on the Wall of Honor located at the Medical Center in Lewes, and receive 1916 promotional materials.
"This is an exciting time for the Foundation and for Beebe Healthcare, we anticipate an increase of participation in all our events, especially the Art Auction which will also celebrate its 25th Anniversary on June 14. Over the past 25 years, the Annual Best of the Beach Art Auction has raised close to $2 million dollars for Beebe Healthcare; this year we hope to raise over $100,000 for a state of the art simulation mannequin to advance the training and experience of our medical teams" Mr. Protack said.
"I am looking forward to the 100th anniversary celebration," Mrs. Moore said. "I want to be here, and I want all my family to come and celebrate."
Mrs. Moore, who goes out for coffee every morning at her favorite Rehoboth Beach café, recalled that her father built the house in which the Foundation now stands in 1941. It was the first new house that her mother Edna Thomson Beebe, who was 50 years old at the time, had, and she loved it. Mrs. Moore enjoyed her own wedding reception in the home.
"I have such wonderful friends and family here," Mrs. Moore said.
Caption: Pictured here: Seated is Anna Beebe Moore, 94, daughter of Beebe co-founder Richard C. Beebe, MD. Above her can be seen the framed photograph of her father that hangs at the Beebe Medical Foundation. Surrounding her, left to right, are: Tony Beto, Judy Aliquo, Chase Moore, Alex Moore, and Tom Protack. They were attending the kick-off celebration for the 25th anniversary of Beebe Medical Foundation.
Beebe Medical Foundation was established in 1989 with the sole mission to raise philanthropic support for Beebe Medical Center. The Foundation is located at 902 Savannah Road, Lewes, DE 19958. Visit us online at www.beebefoundation.org.
Beebe Healthcare is a not-for-profit community healthcare system with a charitable mission to encourage healthy living, prevent illness, and restore optimal health for the people residing, working, or visiting in the communities we serve. It offers services throughout Southern Delaware including a 210-licensed-bed hospital, a cancer center, and outpatient facilities at multiple sites providing walk-in care, lab, imaging, and physical rehab services. For more information, please visit us online at www.beebehealthcare.org


text:
Species search:
Quick finder:
Sign In:
When you become a registered user of this site you will be able to edit the information detailing the status and ecology of each species for which we have records.
You will also be able to upload images of these species to the website.
Copyright The Sussex Moth Group © 2020
Privacy and Copyright Statement
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The Google Maps app for Android gets a better design as well as new features. The updated app should be available to users over the next few weeks.
The new design is identical to the iPhone version, and features a Google Now-esque UI which Google showed off at its I/O event in May. New features include better navigation, and the ability to show live traffic updates, incident reports, and dynamic rerouting to users. The UI for tablets has also been reworked and looks very sleek.
Another new feature is called "Explore" which allows you to browse and discover popular local points of interest like restaurants, nightclubs, malls and hotels.
The app will be available to users on Android 4.0.3 and above over the next few weeks, although AndroidPolice has managed to get a few download links for the apk. Hit the link below to get the update.
Link: Android 4.2 devices Android 4.1+ devices
Via: AndroidPolice


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PennDOT worker struck at Liberty Tunnels by hit-and-run driver
A tunnel worker was struck by a vehicle in the Liberty Tunnels during the Thursday morning rush hour. Police say that driver sped away from the scene, leaving the injured PennDOT worker behind.
It all started with an accident involving a single vehicle. The worker was about to direct traffic and was hit by a second vehicle.
Traffic was backed up for several miles. The left outbound lane of the tunnel was blocked during the emergency response. At one point, there were Pittsburgh police cars, a fire truck, an ambulance and a tow truck parked outside the south end of the tunnel, near Route 51 and West Liberty Avenue.
Police say the worker was taken to Mercy Hospital in stable condition with an injury to his left leg.
Police are looking for a red 2010 4-door passenger Dodge. The license plate read GGC-9182 out of Export. Call police if you have information.


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More books for the Interzone reviewers. I'm mentioning them here because we won't have enough room to review all of them. Hope I haven't missed anyone out.
Redshirts by John Scalzi
The Folly of the World by Jesse Bullington
London Falling by Paul Cornell
Splintered by A.G. Howard
Outlaw Bodies edited by Lori Selke & Djibril al-Ayad
Malice by John Gwynne
Clockwork Angels by Kevin J Anderson & Neil Peart
The Immortals of Meluha by Amish
The Holders by Julianna Scott
The Mad Scientist's Daughter by Cassandra Rose Clarke
World's End by Will Elliott
Bells of the Kingdom by Leona Wisoker
Fires of the Desert by Leona Wisoker
Advent by James Treadwell
The Doctor and the Rough Rider by Mike Resnick
The Alchemy Press Book of Ancient Wonders edited by Jan Edwards & Jenny Barber
The Alchemy Press Book of Pulp Heroes edited by Mike Chinn


text:
This shows how each player performed each week last season and their overall variance throughout the season.
AVG represents that player's weekly average last season.
SD represents that player's week-to-week standard deviation over the course of last season. The lower this number, the more consistent that player performed. The higher this number, the more boom-or-bust/risky that player was.
Green highlights performances that were historically of fantasy starter caliber in a standard fantasy league.
Red highlights performances that were historically at least one standard deviation below fantasy starter caliber in a standard fantasy league.
If you're not a Premium subscriber, it takes just a few seconds to sign up. You'll get access to all of our insider information, game projections, handicapping advice, DFS tools, advanced statistics, and more.
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You'll get the best projections in the business!By registering, you indicate that you agree to the Terms Of Service. Already have an account? Click here to log in!


text:
Posts Tagged 'Italy'
Abruzzo after the earthquake: the line between resignation and reconstruction
What usually happens after a catastrophe – no matter how big it is – is that when the news become old – and this happens really quickly – and the media stop talking about it, the perception of the people is like that everything almost never happened or just the problem doesn't exist anymore. Like what happened in the Gulf of Mexico, on the 20th of April 2010, with the explosion of the "Deepwater Horizon" oil platform, or what happened to Japan, on the 11th of March 2011, struck three times by an 8.9-magnitude earthquake (the seventh biggest of all time), a tsunami and at the end by a nuclear disaster after an explosion at a power plant.
Two years have passed since a terrible earthquake (5,8 Richter scale) occurred in Abruzzo. What I found, going there, is destruction. In the earthquake, 308 people died, 1,500 were injured and around 65,000 became homeless. At 3:32 am the earth trembled, destroying the cultural and historical heritage of the region, damaging between 3,000 and 11,000 buildings in the medieval city of L'Aquila, along with the buildings of the surrounding villages, such as Onna, Villa Sant'Angelo and San Pio delle Camere.
The 6th of April was the 2nd anniversary and everything remained the same. Actually, nobody even knows how long things will remains like this, probably forever. The government doesn't have the money to demolish the damaged houses and probably is more busy, dealing with other issue. What comes out talking to the locals is not only the problem of the physical destruction of the houses. The fracture, created by the quake (which lasted 38 seconds), was created within the same community that inhabits this lands. The slow process of depopulation of these small urban realities, started before the catastrophe, has undergone on a rapid growth and this region is witnessing the departure, over the months, of the inhabitants of these houses. There are no more young people, only elderly, that obviously were born and raised here and they still wanna live here.
However, totally in contrast with this attitude of passive acceptance and resignation to the fate, I found an example of strength and determination. In this context born the village called EVA (Self build eco-village). It refers to a small cluster of houses, made by private individuals by donations and in a complete ecological way. As you read on the website dedicated to the project: "Instead of waiting, we decided to continue to live in our land and our country, and rebuild together for a common future. With the awareness that inhabit a place do not only coincide with being satisfied of any kind of house". (http://www.pescomaggiore.org/progetto-eva/storia).
The idea, in addition to this need, is also an attempt to repopulate the town of Pescomaggiore, almost totally uninhabited, and to enable more families to remains living in their own lands. There are several questions that this enterprise is bringing to light, far more profound than it may seem on the surface. By the need to think how to rebuilt and return to repopulate the abandoned spaces, the meaning and the issues of living together in a community emerge.
The people who designed the village were forced to learn how to do things that probably they had never thought of doing before. None of them has ever experienced how to build a house, but when for reasons unforeseen – and what is more unpredictable than an earthquake – you get to lose everything (this includes the house, the objects accumulated over a lifetime and unfortunately relatives and people close to you) there are not many choices: you can resign yourself to your destiny, waiting to be helped and accepting any kind of offer, or you can start a new process of reconstruction. Thinking how and where you want to live the rest of life and creating your own future by yourself.
Paola Sarappa


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FishBuster necesitaba un nuevo diseño de camiseta y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
3 ganadores han sido elegidos entre 38 diseños de 9 diseñadores freelance.
FishBuster, Inc.
FishBuster, Inc. is a new company focusing on outdoors-related internet and mobile applications. We have a celebrity endorser in Charlie Moore of ESPN's top rated outdoors-related show "Beat Charlie Moore." We have been featured on ESPN, Fox affiliate morning shows, multiple radio shows, and a number of the top outdoors and tech websites.
Visit http://www.fishbuster.net for more details.
We sponsored a car in the Richmond, VA Nationwide NASCAR event to benefit a disabled veterans charity earlier this year. We are proud supporters of the American Legion sponsored group, Vets on a Roll.
We skew to a largely male demographic ranging in age from 25-45 that are highly affluent business types. These shirts will be used to commemorate our involvement with the Kerr Lake Veterans recreation park opening as well as be sold online with all proceeds being donated to charity.
The goal is to get a shirt design that reflects our branding yet focuses on the NASCAR sponsorship and a patriotic theme to honor these veterans:
- would like to stay at 4-5 colors or less
- looking for an "illustrated" look to the car (see http://www.tshirtsunlimited.com/designs.html for example of style wanted)
- only design elements of the car that are important to us are the FishBuster logo (feel free to spruce up or add patriotic themes to it), the URL to the American Legion above the rear wheel, and the number 26. All of the other sponsor decals, etc.. can be color-filled boxes or whatever. They aren't important to the overall design.
- I have a VERY rough idea concept:
Some sort of red/white/blue treatment to the FishBuster logo with an illustrated shot of the car and a call out to the "Vets on a Roll" organization.
- I was thinking black shirts, but if you have a better idea post it. Black shirt is not a requirement for this.
- If it fits and doesn't look too tacky, please work in our URL: http://www.fishbuster.com
Side note:
The outdoors can be referenced in the design, but I prefer to stay away from "rustic" or overly outdoorsy imagery. When in doubt, think ESPN logos and graphics.
I have attached logos, ad creatives, and some shots from the NASCAR event. Feel free to modify them in any way to fit your design concepts. Thanks and have fun!


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I can't compile the program. What should I do?
Post a copy of the compiler output. Use a command like:
make > output.txt 2>&1
And send us output.txt.
of the following information, otherwise your request for help will either be delayed or unanswered:
- Version of Citadel you are attempting to compile
- Name, version, and (if applicable) distribution of the operating system you are using
- Type and version of your compiler, C library, and pthreads library
- A copy of the error output from the build


text:
MARK NANCE/Sun-Gazette
Williamsport second baseman #10 fields a ground ball just ahead of 7 of Brooklyn before throwing to first base for an out on 10 of Brooklyn in the first inning.
MARK NANCE/ Sun-Gazette
Zack Green heads to third base.
MARK NANCE/Sun-Gazette
10 of Williamsport heads for third base for a triple in the third inning.


text: Minimalism meets multifunctional appeal in the women's Nike Air Max Thea. The visible Air Max unit combines with the sleek, modern style and offers comfort and protection no matter the activity. Lightweight cushioning in the Phylon™ sole and rubber in the toe and heel give comfort and durability to keep you going.


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|Prospective Student-Athletes
|Current Student-Athletes
|Parents Information
|Contact a Coach
Sacred Heart University maintains intercollegiate athletics as an integral part of the educational program. For each student-athlete, athletics is used as an opportunity to expand the personal commitment toward a lifetime of excellence. A significant component of developing this excellence is to instill the highest degree of academic and athletic integrity.
As a volunteer member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and the Northeast Conference, Sacred Heart University is committed to abiding by all rules and regulations of these bodies. The NCAA governs the actions of our coaches and student-athletes, and has explicit guidelines that regulate the actions of our program. Hopefully this compliance site will further assist prospective student-athletes, current student-athletes, athletic representatives/boosters, and anyone else interested in intercollegiate athletics and Sacred Heart University.
Mission of the Department of Athletics
The broad mission of the Department of Athletics is to provide an opportunity for students to enrich their college experience through a comprehensive, challenging, and professionally managed intercollegiate athletic program. Through associated athletic events, student-athletes are encouraged to achieve levels of excellence in competition and individual development. Additionally, the Department of Athletics is dedicated to enhancing the University's reputation for integrity and excellence, as demonstrated by the performance of student-athletes, coaches, and all departmental staff members both on and off the field.
Mission of Compliance
The Department of Athletics adheres, in principle and fact, to the rules and regulations of the Northeast Conference (NEC), the Atlantic Hockey Association (AHA), and its affiliate competing leagues in which the University competes and the NCAA. It is the mission of the office of athletic compliance to provide student-athletes, coaches, staff, and boosters with the knowledge needed to be successful within the guidelines provided by NCAA legislation. The duty of the athletic compliance office is to maintain the institution's integrity in the area of athletic compliance and to assist the athletic department in maintaining intercollegiate athletics as an integral part of the educational program and the athlete as an integral part of the student body. Sacred Heart promotes excellence in athletics and academics. High standards in both programs insure that students will be given the best possible foundation for their future lives and careers. Academic achievement is the primary measure of a successful student-athlete, and integrity is the hallmark of a successful program.
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Compliance is everyone's responsibility and we need help in ensuring the growth and success of SHU Athletics. Should you have any questions or concerns, please do not hesitate to contact the Compliance Office.


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Kitchen Goodies
Viewer Comments
I just love this webisode! The cards and recipe books are so adorable!
Thank you.
I'm glad to see these sets. My son is a chef and now I have things that relate to his work and it will be great to send him cards that are special to him.
I happened to be in a store that has scrapbooking papers when a lady and I started talking.
I asked her if she goes on web to see Paper Wishes...she never heard of it. So, I gave her all the great things the company has and the Firday view of products and how to use them..she got so excited could not wait to get to your site. I hope I have another person loving your site like I do!
This is so perfect, just in time for Mother's Day cards and scrapbooking, I can't wait to get it!
I noted the little recipe book you are showing and I was wondering if you have any suggestions for a little book that holds DVDs. I am copying my old photos for my children and putting them on a disk and to have a little booklet just to hold them would make it a nice gift. I always look forward to watching your Webisodes. Thank you for presenting them.
Reply from Paper Wishes Customer Service:
The same binder will hold CDs and DVDs. Like all the products, you can find them at PaperWishes.com. Thanks for watching.
Love this bundle and ideas.
Love the Kitchen Goodies and the ideas you give using them!! Thanks again for the great webisodes.
loved it
I love the stamps! My sweetheart does all the cooking at our house. So I have lots of pix of him slaving over the hot stove!I guess they'll have to go onto my wish list! Thanks for sharing!
Looks like a lot of fun, can't wait!!!
Hey guys, love this stuff. I have several sets of "old" photos that fit this perfectly. thanks for the great ideas. And don't forget the coffee/tea dazzles that match pretty well.
Paper Wishes Weekly Webisodes feature free scrapbooking video classes and card making video classes! Every week Paulette and LeNae bring you new online scrapbooking or card making classes demonstrating the very latest paper craft and scrapbooking techniques. Each of our free card making and scrapbooking classes also gives you unique project ideas and tips from Paper Wishes' Design Team. Come back often so you don't miss any of the fun in our card making and scrapbooking classes! You are sure to be inspired! Also watch for our "Week of Webisodes" events where we feature new scrapbooking video classes daily!


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Forza is one of the few first-party franchises Microsoft bothers maintaining these days, at least for more serious gamers, so you can bet they were showing off a Forza Horizon trailer during the company's E3 presentation.
Here it is.
Congratulations if you got past twenty seconds, because as soon as I hear someone say "throw it down", I usually reach for the stop button.


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'Worth A Thousand Words' Exhibit at the Maritime Garage Gallery
The winter exhibit at the City of Norwalk Parking Authority's Maritime Garage Gallery entitled, "Worth a Thousand Words" features artists' renderings that convey storytelling. The exhibit runs through May 11, 2018. The Gallery is located in the Maritime Parking Garage exhibit space, 11 North Water Street in Norwalk, CT.
"Worth A Thousand Words", curated by Nadia Martinez, features works of art that communicate complex ideas in images. The 32 pieces in the exhibit show artists' stories, emotions, concerns, memories, and ideas about life, nature, hope, world events, humanity, etc. Exhibiting artists include local artists Day Moore from Milford, Bobbie Bernstein of Westport, Gregory Ziebell of Norwalk and Carol M. Battin from Stamford.
The Maritime Garage Gallery is part of the Parking Authority's "Art in Parking Places" placemaking initiative, an effort to support art in parking spaces. The gallery is free and open to the public from 9:00am -5:00pm, Monday through Friday.
Thursday, 01 March, 2018
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If it's been a few months since you first started exercising and you're not seeing the same kind of results that you did at the beginning, you may have hit a plateau in your exercise program. This happens to many exercisers at some point. In fact, unless you continually update your program to reflect the changes your body has already experienced, you are almost guaranteed to plateau.
Here are ACE's top 10 ways to continue progressing down the road to better health and fitness while avoiding dreaded plateaus.
- Consult a trainer
A personal trainer can help improve your form and make appropriate changes to your workout that can make a huge difference. If your workout needs an overhaul, a personal trainer can evaluate your progress and set you on the right track.
- Find a workout partner
Some of us just need another person there to inspire, encourage and motivate us to keep improving.
- Vary your mode of resistance
Try changing the type of resistance you use; for example, switch from machines to free weights or from bands to bodyweight exercises.
- Change the number of repetitions
If you always do 10 to 12 repetitions with the same amount of weight, increase the number of repetitions or, if it suits your goals, increase the weight and decrease your repetitions.
- Change the speed of movement
Lift weights more slowly while concentrating on moving through the full range of motion. Research has shown that this type of high-intensity training can be very effective.
- Incorporate advanced techniques
Alternative weight-training techniques, such as supersets, pyramids or breakdown training, can add variety to your routine and offer new challenges to your mind and body.
- Bump up the intensity for short periods of time
Add short, intense bursts of activity to speed up your heart rate. As your endurance improves, increase the length of your intervals.
- Try cross training
Instead of heading straight to the treadmill every day, take a spin on an exercise bike or spend some time on an elliptical machine.
- Change the scenery and terrain
If weather permits, take your workout outdoors — swim, go for a hike or simply explore your neighborhood on bike or foot.
- Take a break
If you're feeling fatigued, it's possible that your body actually needs some down time for repair and replenishment. If you suspect you may be overtraining, your best bet may be a few days of rest and relaxation.


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A comprehensive buyer's guide to all of the Fender and Squier series. Whether you have a strict budget or money is absolutley no object, we have the Fender to fit any of your requirements. The Storeroom guys meticulously explain each range of Fender Strat to help you choose which guitar is best for you. So sit back and relax and enjoy this short…when I say short I mean very long…video.
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Five Things Your Kids Won't Tell You
Fewer people are having kids in the U.S., and those who do are paying a higher price, studies show. MarketWatch's Thomas Bemis takes a look at what the next generation is doing to their parents. (Photo: Getty Images)
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
I ... sure having kids Strassel costly but they are in chaos especially for Health and long term well being right ... maybe ... I'm Tom Bemis for MarketWatch and here's a look at what the next generation is doing to their parents ... first off that new bundle of joy doesn't come cheap ... in fact brings it can now cost more than the average American home according to a new federal study ... two hundred and forty one thousand dollars purse ... of course there are some economies of scale ... families with three kids and twenty two percent less for kids ... once you have your new child home get ready to get depressed ... researchers say that because even if you can do with the financial pressures ... can still spend years worrying about it it's a fine job of competing demands of family with ... leaders and relations ... as more and more families rely on two incomes the amount spent on a tear surging ... in fact ... a full year of full-time day care costs is much is the year public college and many ... it's ... about half of American children get a regular time ... in about a third of them spend it all ... come back for more ... equity for T Rowe price ... and only one percent of its actually save money ... from their allowance ... tempting though it may be to hand over your latest Personal Technology gadget ... nor the bike time ... with ... him ... don't be surprised if your I pad or I phone comes back ... row ... more than fifty percent of American consumers say their kids have damaged the laptop ... cell phone or tablet ...


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Scarlett Johansson Covers Glamour in Red Metallic Jumpsuit, Talks Paris Life
Scarlett Johansson covers the May 2014 issue of Glamour in a crimson, metallic jumpsuit that matches her name. In her feature, the newly-engaged sexpot talks life in Paris.
But first, about that jumpsuit. It's loose-fitting and by Lanvin. The actress is largely covered up, her most famous assets tucked away and hidden from view. This is Scar Jo Version 3.0, one that isn't relying on her voluptuousness.
In her feature, Johansson spoke about her view on romantic relationships. After divorcing husband Ryan Reynolds, she is wiser and more aware of what she needs and wants, and how to get that across and relay it to her partner.
"I think I know myself better," the star mused. "I feel I know now more of what I need in a relationship, what I want in a relationship. And I know I have more tools to communicate, not just with my partner, but with myself. That's not necessarily any reflection of who I was married to or what was happening in my marriage, but really where I was in my life."
Let's be clear. She's not dissing Reynolds, who is now married to Blake Lively. Got it?
Okay, good.
Johansson continued, "When I was first married, I was much younger. And I have had the opportunity now to work more on getting to know myself. I think that makes you a better partner and somebody who is able to work with somebody and stay in a relationship in the not-romantic moments. I have more patience with myself. I have more patience with my partner. I think that just comes with age, probably."
She's so zen!
But Johansson is not super focused on her wedding plans, as she is now engaged to Romain Dauriac.
"We're just going with the flow," she said. "I've never been one to do a full-on themed wedding. I don't care about that stuff."
Johansson, who lives in Paris for the most part, spoke about how she and her fiance spend their lazy days in the City of Light.
"Well, he loves art, so we might visit some of the galleries or go to a museum," she said. "That's his true passion. I like to experience that with him. I guess part of the wonderful thing about living in Paris is how people take their time with things. And I like to feel no pressure on the weekends in Paris. Sunday, most things are closed in Paris, and there's something wonderful about that. So I'm much more comfortable just spending the weekend in my bed."
Since Paris is the world's fashion capital, Johansson has had to forego function for form!
"Because I have more competition," she said about it has changed her personal style. "The nice thing about being in Paris is that you know everybody's looking at what you're wearing: You have an audience, you know? New York is about street style that's functional. A Paris look is not functional! It doesn't matter if your shoes are comfortable. Here [in New York], you can still wear your Nikes. In Paris, you suck it up. You hobble around."
Fashion must suffer.


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And where is Snips? Pole dancing for the Oppress brothers?
2) Wow, just 19 total Clone Wars figures for 2012? You showed 14 figures in the NYCC slides, does that really mean there are just 5 more figures being added into the mix in Fall 2012? Can you re-check those numbers and be sure you didn't mean 19 new figures PLUS an additional amount of repacked figures? Did the new sculpts in the Movie Heroes cannibalize tooling dollars from Clone Wars or something? Or has the Clone Wars market slowed down that dramaitcally that the line is being cut by around 50%?* There are a total of 19 single carded Clone Wars Figures planned for 2012. With the release of Episode I in 3D our primary focus is shifting back to the movies. Of course we will continue to support The Clone Wars, but more of our tooling dollars, resources, etc. are being put against new movie figures rather than continuing Saga Legends repacks as we did in 2011.
Have we seen most of them, then?
- 5 Left to be Announced/Revealed
I still want Sugi and Rumi Paramita to finish off the Bounty Hunter team
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Kriterion: Revista de Filosofia
versão impressa ISSN 0100-512X
Kriterion v.3 n.se Belo Horizonte 2007
The argument of the knowledge creator in Nietzsche
O argumento do criador do conhecimento em Nietzsche
Evaldo Sampaio
Graduate Philosophy student at Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. firstname.lastname@example.com
Translated by Paulo Pimenta Marques
Translation from Kriterion, Belo Horizonte, v.47, n.115, p. 89-106, 2007.
This essay proposes to identify the argument of the knowledge creator in Nietzsche's philosophy. Based on this, it is neither intended to reduce the argument to Nietzsche`s, nor the latter to the former. Identifying them in this study means to lead them to converge into elements which make them almost undistinguished, claiming that such similarity already predicts their differences. It is planned with such procedure to intensify the creative aspect of Nietzsche's philosophy, as well as to suggest a new scope for our intellectual capacity by taking a connection between knowing and creating as a matter of human condition itself.
Keywords: Knowledge; Maker's Argument; Friedrich Nietzsche
Este texto propõe-se identificar o argumento do criador do conhecimento em Nietzsche. Com isso, não se objetiva reduzir o argumento a Nietzsche nem tampouco este àquele. Identificá-los significa aqui fazê-los convergir em pontos nos quais se tornam quase que indiscerníveis, postulando-se que tal semelhança já pressupõe suas diferenças. Pretende-se com tal procedimento intensificar o aspecto criador do pensamento de Nietzsche, bem como sugerir novo alcance para a nossa capacidade intelectual ao se tomar o vínculo entre conhecer e criar enquanto uma questão sobre a própria condição humana.
Palavras-chave: Conhecimento; Argumento do Criador; Friedrich Nietzsche
To Ivan Domingues, friend and knowledge creator.
In this article I intend to discuss the argument of the knowledge creator in Nietzsche. First of all, I present the argument, then, I identify it - direct or indirectly - in a selection of passages scattered throughout Nietzsche's work. I am well aware that such passages belong to specific contexts that cannot be reduced to one another; nevertheless, I propose to unify them methodologically, interpreting them from the standpoint of the relation between language and representation. Such choice is due to the conjecture according to which the relation between language and representation is a privileged way to clarify what Nietzsche has to say about knowledge, as well as to justify why knowledge is and must be creative.
The argument of the knowledge creator consists in the thesis that the only thing we can effectively know about reality is what we create ourselves. To Vico, who supposedly was the first one to formulate this argument explicitly, this meant the superiority of human sciences over natural sciences. Once nature is not our creation, only an approximate and hypothetical knowledge can be attributed to natural sciences. The same could not be said of human sciences, whose object is a product of conventions and institutional agreements and could be fully known.1
This evaluation presupposes (a) difference and lack of symmetry between objects themselves and as they present themselves to us, and (b) difference and internal asymmetry among objects as they present themselves to us. We cover reality with our representations and only know it that way, whatever cannot be represented being, therefore, unknowable. Among those that become objects of knowledge, some are projected into reality from our representations, while others are apprehended by them. The objects that are apprehended by representations, because they are distinct from them, do not become used up in the representable; those that share the same nature with representations - that is, those that are also conceptual creations - can be fully known. Hence the fact that the knowledge of natural phenomena, only apprehendable by our representations, is approximate and hypothetical, while the knowledge of social phenomena, which share the same status with our representations, can be complete.
There are variants of the argument that differ essentially from Vico's original formulation because they adopt other meanings for terms such as "knowledge" and "reality", besides diverging as to the criteria used to determine the truth value of propositions, as well as to what types of representations can only be known insofar as we create them.2 For some of these variants there is also certain instability concerning the term "creation" as we come across questions such as "who creates?", "how do they create?" and "where do they create from?".
I warn that we should not underestimate the deep changes that the argument, in its countless variations, brings to the theory of knowledge. When we take "knowing" and "creating" as co-extensive, a whole set of issues, considered fundamental so far, become irrelevant or even pseudo-problems.
Note, for example, the so called "Münchhausen Trilemma". According to it, any pretension to founding a theory philosophically, that is, to determining a starting point in the proof chain of a given proposition, fails because it implies either (a) a regression to infinite, (b) an arbitrary choice, or (c) a petitio principii.3 The trilemma is an attempt at responding to the project of establishing an inexorable and legitimate foundation to knowledge, or showing the impossibility of doing it. It is as if knowledge were a building that is kept together at its base; once this base is discovered, what supports the whole is discovered likewise, that is, what gives it security and stability. Therefore, this base cannot be unstable - assuming it is so, one falls back on to moderate skepticism and, if one considers that the base does not exist, one seems to adopt radical skepticism.
What increases the difficulties described by the trilemma is the belief that the determination of a starting point in the chain of proof of a given proposition must have an epistemological character distinct from the proposition itself. The epistemic distinction would reflect an ontological difference - the starting point would be the representation of a datum, while the other formulations of the chain of proof would be like its effects, therefore, different from its cause. In other words, the starting point would not be a representation projected into reality, but rather a representation apprehended instantly from reality. Such assumption is incompatible with a model that is implicit in the creator's argument, for, if one takes knowledge as "creation", a supposed datum would already be a representation, that is, the delimitation of what can be known in something that eludes full apprehension. Since one only knows what is created and one creates all that is known, no instance beyond creation belongs to what we know. Assuming the subject is the demiurge of his own knowledge, one admits as well that the referred ontological difference, even if it is the case, is irrelevant to what is known. The problem which leads us to the trilemma, in strict sense, does not even present itself to the knowledge creator. Taking into account that such question is spread out in our culture and has dominated a significant part of modern epistemology,4 one can imagine the extent of the philosophical displacement immanent to the creator's argument.5
Even metaphysical notions seem to acquire another dimension when they are presented next to the argument. Take, for example, the idea of self cause. Causa sui was a current expression among scholastic theologists and philosophers.6 One says that something is the cause of itself if it came into existence and keeps itself in existence by itself alone, that is, if it is its only and fundamental cause of existence. Especially from the 19th century on, the term "existence" acquired an ambiguity that has taken it beyond the limits of traditional ontology, indicating, from another perspective, an investigation about human condition itself.7 The question about the existence of x could also be interpreted as a question on the meaning of the existence of x. On this other level, saying that something is the cause of itself would consist in stating that one is the only factor directly responsible for one's existential condition, that is, for the meaning of one's life. Transferred to this scope, the knowledge creator's argument would say, then, that man gives himself his own existence, that is, he creates the meaning of his own existence.
This seems to me to be the first shift internal to the creator's argument that Nietzsche's philosophy suggests. In the self-critical preface he had published in the second edition of The Birth of Tragedy, his first masterpiece, it is stated that "this audacious book dared to tackle for the first time: to look at science in the perspective of an artist, but at art in that of life".8 This is the moment when the discovery of what was then designated as "the problem of science itself" is revealed, namely: what is the value of knowledge for Life? This problem, it is reported, cannot be recognized in the field of science itself, hence the reason to submit it to another instance, in this case, art, and this, in its turn, to an even more elementary level. In a temporary and schematic way, one can state that Nietzsche's strategy consists in taking both science and art as symptoms of a way of life. In other words: science and art are forms that manifest the vital relations of a community; science and art, that is, knowing and creating are signs that allow us to interpret and evaluate what kind of existence persists in them. But what does it mean to state that science and art are symptoms of a vital condition?
In a section of Human, All too Human entitled "Language as a putative science", Nietzsche notes that
The significance of language for the evolution of culture lies in this, that mankind set up in language a separate world beside the other world, a place it took to be so firmly set that, standing upon it, it could lift the rest of the world off its hinges and make itself master of it. To the extent that man has for long ages believed in the concepts and names of things as in aeternae veritates he has appropriated to himself that pride by which he raised himself above the animal: he really thought that in language he possessed knowledge of the world [my italics]. The sculptor of language was not so modest as to believe that he was only giving things designations, he conceived rather that with words he was expressing supreme knowledge of things; language is, in fact, the first stage of the occupation with science. Very much subsequently - only now - it dawns on men that in their belief in language they have propagated a tremendous error. Happily [my italics], it is too late for the evolution of reason, which depends on this belief, to be again put back. 9
It is said that through language man has established a world of his own beside another world, creating representations of reality that have enabled him to give meaning to things. Because they are human creations, these representations have given us the necessary semantic stability for us to consider ourselves masters of things. Becoming master of things means: to control their meaning. Transferring his concepts and names to things, man believes, by a move of conjuring, that these are also properties of things themselves. The "pride" he takes in his creations, representations that have allowed him to submit things to his purposes and evaluation, has led man to see in language a reflection of the world.
One can say that this series of arbitrary transpositions constitutes the first stage of the effort towards science. The relation between words and things becomes the initial moment of understanding reality. The primacy of this movement is not historical, but "genealogical". We are dealing with a heuristic fiction that is proposed as a hypothetical starting point for knowledge, whose mediate interest is to corroborate the thesis that we create what we know, the ulterior confusion between what is "created" and what is "given" lying at the origin of scientific thought. But what led us to create science? Apparently, it was an impulse that "could lift the rest of the world off its hinges and make itself master of it". From the supposed fact that the linguistic-epistemological conjectures that have led us to move towards science are mistaken does not follow that science itself is not a privilege for us. Nietzsche, ironically, tries to show that the "mistake" of the consubstantiation of the world with language was what enabled the development of reason and the importance that it has to life. "Mistake" here means something that has no correspondence with reality.
Undoubtedly, the relevance of a heuristic fiction like that can be questioned. After all, such assumptions seem, at first, to be merely arbitrary. However, if one keeps in mind a peculiarity that, it seems to me, the so called genealogical investigation incorporates from philology a subject that Nietzsche taught and that, at times, repeated its importance for philosophical activity when accurately understood one realizes if not the need, at least the plausibility of this procedure. A philological study on the development of a language demands dealing with documents from different times which attest of the changes in level or levels one wishes to apprehend. The corpus, at times, reveals itself insufficient for an accurate description, due either to lack of data or to expressive time gaps between records. To face such difficulty, what philology can do, grosso modo, based on a hypothesis concerning the changes of a word or structure, is to methodologically rebuild intermediate stages that supposedly would be the case, so as that to assume the existence of a certain linguistic form, if not in fact, at least by right. A similar procedure seems to lie in the matrix of genealogical investigation and supports, secondarily, the heuristic fiction mentioned above. Such expedient is then used in the semantic-pragmatic field, rebuilding and evaluating an assumed structural as well as moral logic, at the moment language is established according to the way it proliferated.
Therefore, this suggests that rational categories are derived from a mirage, and so, against that which reason usually preaches, one must hold such mirages in high esteem: "mistakes" are perhaps the main factors in the development of knowledge. Although science originates from an unfounded hypothesis, it, in fact, enabled man to develop that which was his impulse: to feel as master of things. It is irrelevant whether this domination corresponds to reality or not, for its purposes have been assured: to create a firm, stable, controllable, comprehensive, known "world". But, how was it possible, without a correspondence with reality, to create a world which we could control?
First of all, one must keep in mind that the demand that we can only understand the world if we have representations that correspond directly to it is, in itself, a consequence of the alleged mistake pointed out by Nietzsche. Thus, it would be a paralogism to consider as a problem the fact that, if a representation is not some faithful reproduction of a state of things in the world, it keeps us from attaining knowledge. Nietzsche goes on to indicate that disciplines like logic are not based on assumptions that have any correspondence to reality. Taking into account notions such as equality between things and the identity of the same object at different points in time, one realizes that these are mere abstractions, copies, semblances of reality for one thing cannot be equal to another or equal to itself at different points in time. The same reasoning applies to mathematics, which cannot find in nature an exact straight line or any absolute measure of magnitude.10 The choice of logic and mathematics as examples is not unjustified. As Kant tells us in his first Critique, it is accepted that these subjects have long been tracking the safe way of science.11 Therefore, to show that both logic and mathematics take their principles from conceptions that have no correspondence to reality is, undoubtedly, one of the strongest blows one can strike against the idea of science as representation of reality.
From the point of view of a current antagonism in contemporary philosophy of language, namely, that between realism and anti-realism, one can say that Nietzsche would suggest that both are derived from the same view on the relation between language and world: for there to be knowledge, representations (or names) must correspond to reality. Those who judge that there is such correspondence are realists, they consider that there is "true" knowledge; those who do not, are anti-realists, they consider that there is no "true" knowledge.12
Nietzsche's position, compatible with the creator's argument, consists in stating that it is not accurate representation that determines the meaning of something or, by extension, the knowledge of it. Thus, he denies the assumption that seems to make the linguistic opposition between realism/anti-realism possible. In an essay from his youth, On Truth and Lie in an Extra-Moral Sense, we find the followig questioning: "[...] what about these conventions of language? Are they really the products of knowledge, of the sense of truth? Do designations and things coincide? Is language the adequate expression of all realities?"13 In this context, "truth", in opposition to "mistake", means correspondence to reality. It is said, in the sequence, that "only through forgetfulness can man ever achieve the illusion of possessing a "truth" in the sense just designated". To justify such statements, Nietzsche offers an analysis of the functioning of language.
What is a word? The image of a nerve stimulus in sounds. But to infer from the nerve stimulus, a cause outside us, that is already the result of a false and unjustified application of the principle of reason. If truth alone had been the deciding factor in the genesis of language, and if the standpoint of certainty had been decisive for designations, then how could we still dare to say "the stone is hard," as if "hard" were something otherwise familiar to us, and not merely a totally subjective stimulation! [...] What arbitrary differentiations! What one-sided preferences, first for this, then for that property of a thing! The different languages, set side by side, show that what matters with words is never the truth, never an adequate expression; else there would not be so many languages. The "thing in itself" (for that is what pure truth, without consequences, would be) is quite incomprehensible to the creators of language and not at all worth aiming for. One designates only the relations of things to man, and to express them one calls on the boldest metaphors.14
The author starts, among other premises, from an alleged distinction between world and representation. Initially, defining "word" as the image in sounds of a nerve stimulus, he questions the legitimacy of attributing to the stimulus that originates a word a cause that is external to the speaker. That is, he does not say that the nerve stimulus does not have a cause that is external to the speaker, but that one cannot make such inference, only from the nerve stimuli. By extension, if one accepts language as the sound image of a nerve stimulus, it does not follow that this is the expression of something external to the stimulus itself, something outside the speaker. If only truth truth as correspondence and the certainty of designations were decisive for the genesis of language, then all the judgments we uttered would be meaningless, for a word being derived from nerve stimuli, empirically subjective, how could these account for something that is empirically objective? The nuance of the argument lies in showing that certain conditions that are considered necessary for the establishing of designations their truth, their certainty are not so. Thus, truth and certainty are not at stake at the genesis of language and, therefore, of representations.
If in the origin of languages "adequate expression" and "truth" were essential conditions, there could not have be countless languages, but, at most, only one, that which would correspond to the world. Even if hypothetically there were such language that would correspond to reality, the fact that there are other languages suggests that, for nature and for the functioning of a linguistic system, correspondence to reality is, at best, superfluous.
Thus, even not corresponding to reality, a language can be originated and develop, satisfying its speakers' demands, that is, giving them control over the meaning of things or "knowledge". Correspondence, even if it is the case, is rather what is inessential.15 But isn't it absurd to imagine a language that does not correspond to reality, that does not symbolize what it wishes to symbolize? Wouldn't it be absurd to say "This is a chair" if what we have in front of us is a table?
The author indicates that designations are arbitrary delimitations, unilateral preferences that only establish men's relations with things. A word is not the reproduction of a stimulus, but its transposition to another scope. "Transposition" means to interpret, re-dimension. Getting back to the passage of Human, All too Human mentioned above, transposition is the symptom of an impulse to become master of things, controlling their meanings. The meaning of an object is not the object itself, but the way in which we can represent it, assimilate it, turn it into knowledge. If transposition consists in the displacement of something from one level to another, what is at stake is the convergence of images, not their isomorphism. One can say that a word "simplifies" reality insofar as it makes representations of states of things stable, more or less constant, states of things which, without this resource, would be neither static nor dynamic. A word anthropomorphises the world. This means that a word limits the world arbitrarily, circumscribes it to unilateral preferences driven by pragmatic and functional interests, which, in a more refined sense, denote vital impulses. Hence the reason why
Every concept originates through our equating what is unequal. No leaf ever wholly equals another, and the concept "leaf" is formed through an arbitrary abstraction from these individual differences, through forgetting the distinctions; and now it gives rise to the idea that in nature there might be something besides the leaves which would be "leaf"some kind of original form after which all leaves have been woven, marked, copied, colored, curled, and painted, but by unskilled hands, so that no copy turned out to be a correct, reliable, and faithful image of the original form.16
Through the criticism of a model of representation construction through abstraction, Nietzsche wants to show that concepts, as generalizations, arise from the arbitrary abandoning of individual differences. Everything happens as if, from an amorphous bundle of stimuli, differences were limited and stabilized when grouped into words. If we take into account the previously mentioned confusion between what is "created" and what is "given", we can understand why Nietzsche points towards the transference of this characteristic of language to the world, what makes speakers consider that, in reality, there would also be something like an abstract entity behind singular objects ironically designated as "primordial leaf". Thus, in a first sense, "simplifying" means abstracting. Therefore, to say that a word or a representation does not correspond to reality means, in this case, that it is the abstraction of certain aspects of a continuum in a process that could be described as metonymic: representation is the limitation of a whole, a part that is, later, unduly mistaken for the whole itself.
Another application of the idea of language as simplification, restriction or delimitation of stimuli is given to us by descriptive linguistics and seems compatible with Nietzsche's remarks. Taking as an example the way different languages represent colors, one can see that there is not a direct correspondence between them, and that one term for color x in language y may correspond to two or more terms in language z, and, at times, such correspondence is only approximate, for the semantic extension of the term for color x in y covers some aspects of its correlates in z, though not all them, some of them being symmetric to other words in different ways.17 In other words, languages have distinct ways of classifying the color spectrum. Therefore, such examples corroborate the idea of language as a delimitation of reality in terms of relations between speakers and things, showing that correspondence with reality is not a necessary and satisfactory condition for meaning.
It is obviously absurd not to consider it problematic at different situations that by pronouncing the sentence "this is a chair" what one wishes to indicate is a table. However, this is not what is at stake, concerning the debate on the (non) correspondence of something to reality. Stating x, when what I have in front of me is y, is a grammatical problem. To inquire if "x" is a representation of x, that is, if "x" corresponds in a true and correct way to x is a "philosophical" issue. What is being investigated is not if we use a sentence correctly or incorrectly, but if this sentence becomes correct or incorrect through its correspondence to a state of things. "Correspondence", in this specific sense, means "authentic, faithful representation". However, for a representation to be functional, for it to have an interaction with the environment, it does not need to have or even discards "authenticity", as we have already seen. The terms adjust themselves in different ways to their referents referents which, in a finer level of analysis, are also conceptual according to the human needs they fulfill. When one uses a term to refer to the object chair, what is at stake to assure the success of communication is not accurate representation, but the functionality of the term concerning designation, that is, whether it leads the listener to what the speaker intends to utter although this leading may be done in different ways. Therefore, while in Portuguese, if I want do point out a chair, I refer to it by "cadeira", in English I say "chair" and in German, "Tisch". Grammatically, one makes a mistake if one does not designate a chair, in these languages, by their respective terms. "Philosophically", however, Nietzsche says that the connection between these sound images and objects is not made through correspondence to reality, but through a transfiguration of reality. Words - and language itself are qualitative leaps from one sphere to another, semantic transpositions, "metaphors".
Considering the structural composition of Nietzsche's thought, one can see that his conception of language is a corollary of the investigations he carries out on sublimation (sublimiere). As Walter Kaufmann18 points out, the term goes back to medieval German and was used in its classic sense by Goethe, Novalis and Schopenhauer. Nietzsche uses it few times in this original meaning, but starts using it in its contemporary connotation in the second volume of Human, All too Human, anticipating the psychoanalytic use. He then extends this use to several contexts, while referring to the overman (Übermensch), in discussions concerning platonic Eros and Christian love, and even while referring to the action of art over impulses. Thus, an important leitmotiv of his philosophy becomes the comprehension of what happens when impulses are sublimated. Sexual impulse, for example, can be transfigured into a creative spiritual activity and, likewise, barbarian desire for torture and violence can be sublimated by disputes in Olympic games. For Kaufmann, although this is not a doctrine based on "reason", neither is it some kind of irrationalism, for, in its composition, reason takes up a privileged place. Rationality, however, is not admired because it enables us to elaborate concepts, but because it organizes volitive chaos, integrating impulses into a harmonious whole. Language, therefore, thought of as part of this broad process of impulse sublimation, is one of the ways through which we reach control over things and ourselves.
That is why, in The Gay Science, Nietzsche advances the hypothesis that subtlety and strength of consciousness are always related to the capacity for communication of a person or animal; and that this capacity for communication refers to the need for communication.20 If one refers back to the heuristic fiction mentioned above, one can understand why man, being a threatened and unprotected animal, in need of his equals, found himself obliged to acquire progressively more sophisticated means of mutual interaction and understanding, through which he would express needs and wishes, assuring a cooperation that would strengthen us when facing natural predators. However, in order to make ourselves understood, we had to know, with growing accuracy, what we lacked, what worried or stimulated us. In other words, we had to be able to make distinctions about ourselves and to express them linguistically, with growing accuracy. That is why Nietzsche argues that the need for communication has reigned, so that we developed a greater capacity for communication, whose most refined and, perhaps, excessive - part may be consciousness. Consciousness thus functions in a double way, both in the linguistic representation of states of things that surround us, and in those that constitute our own "interior", which, thus, is a consequence of shared linguistic relations. Ironically, Nietzsche says that the "know thyself" maxim is, actually, a "do not know thyself" maxim,21 since it only presents a simulated interior, based on the gregarious mode of symbolic constitution of the world. Therefore, sublimation, rationality, science, language, representation and consciousness are expressions of a process that, is above all, creative, whose raw material is the disorder of impulses, and whose end result is their ordering, aiming mainly at the preservation of self and the control of reality. Hence the fact that Nietzsche recognizes in the origin of our concept of knowing the desire to transform something strange to us into something safe and familiar.22 This "familiarity" consists in the structures and categories that shown themselves or so we judge them to be as adequate to our preservation or strengthening.
Let us now focus on a question that remains unanswered: "what does it mean to say that science and art are symptoms of a vital condition?" It means that man, by responding to demands and tendencies such as the need to make the world stable, known and measurable, creates a separate reality to himself, which enables him to become master of the meaning of things. He becomes master of the meaning of things because he is the one who gives the meaning that limits them and conditions his needs. Hence,
If I make up the definition of a mammal, and then, after inspecting a camel, declare "look, a mammal" I have indeed brought a truth to light in this way, but it is a truth of limited value. That is to say, it is a thoroughly anthropomorphic truth which contains not a single point which would be "true in itself" or really and universally valid apart from man. At bottom, what the investigator of such truths is seeking is only the metamorphosis of the world into man. He strives to understand the world as something analogous to man, and at best he achieves by his struggles the feeling of assimilation.23
Man is the master of knowledge because he is the creator of knowledge itself. Art keeps and amplifies this creative impulse. However, this man of knowledge "forgets" it.24 He forgets it because science searches equality, identity, calculated restriction of the possibilities of interpretation, truth, incorrigibility. For these purposes, the "primordial leaf" seems to be more important than the singular leaf. In other words, what happens is that the movement of production of scientific knowledge itself dissimulates its own creative aspect. If every day I guide myself in my activities by using a watch, it is not surprising that such convention safe and automatic measuring of time by the watch is extended almost naturally to time itself, and, for many, time itself becomes divisible, measurable and controllable. What is not seen is that the watch is only an anthropomorphic mode of time, a way of making it supportive of our demands. In this sense, we create time, that is, we create that which we can know about time. And what do we "forget"? We forget that we are creators.
This condition describes, in a figurative way, a slow and gradual process that, as mentioned before, seems to have been started by underground vital needs. One passage from The Gay Science perfectly illustrates this point. It discusses the origin of logical reasoning,25 taking into account not its truth or falseness, but the conditions through which it developed. It is assumed that, originally, there should be beings that did not often know how to distinguish what as considered "equal" concerning their essential demands, such as feeding and safety; it is also assumed that, probably, these "illogical" beings' perception could even more "truthful". In order for there to be a perception, one necessarily needs the ability of distinction and segmentation: the individual must make a difference between himself and the environment, in order to know that it is he who perceives something, and also that parts of his body are responsible for certain specific perceptions, and also to know which states of things are perceived, etc. Thus, a "pure perception", that is, one that combines all the information that can be grasped at a given moment, would be something close to the complete absorption of individuality into whole; in other words, in pure perception, everything and, paradoxically, nothing is perceived! By accepting the plausibility of such analysis in conjunction with the previous idea that logical categories do not have correspondence with reality, one concludes that those beings that thought logically are those that acquired sophisticated mechanisms of segmentation and abstraction from reality "falsification" and "simplification" of states of things, such as, for example, language whereas "illogical" individuals, because they perceive things as a "flow", maybe with richer details and thus with an interpretation that better "corresponds" to reality, and because they were incapable of deliberating about their perceptions with greater skill and functionality, became extinct. It is, therefore, suggested, that logic and, by extension, reason and knowledge are "false", and exactly because of that, that they are essential to survival.26 To use a recurrent image in Nietzsche's first writings, I would say that it is as if truth needed to be covered by illusion, in order not to become fatal to those who learned it.27
So, the heuristic fiction that has been presented here shows that knowledge develops, in its different tendencies, in order to respond to demands of conservation and strengthening. Survival is not a difficulty restricted to feeding, safety and other strictly physiological issues, but is fundamentally concerned with meaning, with the value of existence. Science, as well as art, moral and religion, are ways through which we create meaning to our lives. That is why Nietzsche names calls the artist, the moralist and the ascetic "teachers of the purpose of existence".28 All these types have become experts in giving meaning, in creating meaning to our representations of reality.
Conceived in such perspective, the process of creation of knowledge is no more taken as a simple distortion of things, but can be seen as an intensification of reality. The new Prometheus, the contemporary demiurge,
[...] spurred by its powerful illusion, speeds irresistibly toward its limits where its optimism, concealed in the essence of logic, suffers shipwreck. For the periphery of the circle of science has an infinite number of points; and while there is no telling how this circle could ever be surveyed completely, noble and gifted men nevertheless reach, e"er half their time and inevitably, such boundary points on the periphery from which one gazes into what defies illumination. When they see to their horror how logic coils up at these boundaries and finally bites its own tail suddenly the new form of insight breaks through, tragic insight which, merely to be endured, needs art as a protection and remedy.29
Knowledge needs art so that it does not surrender to its own absurd. To need art means to recognize and intensify itself as creation, as work. The creative look of art, placed before the face of the man of knowledge,30 shows him his true function: to subdue nonsense, meaninglessness, circumscribing it to what is human, transfiguring it into a means of preservation and strengthening of life. It is not truth that lies within the impulse for knowledge, but Life.31 In order to rescue such forgotten precept with its creative power, one must submit science to art and art to Life.
Thus, in Twilight of the Idols, it is suggested that the traditional division between a "true world" and an "apparent world" is like a "moral-optical illusion"32, for it is constituted not only by an ontological separation between scopes of existence, but above all by its axiological difference recognizing the former's worth and despising the latter. Nietzsche adds that such distinction also operates within artistic activity, although in this area it does not establish an opposition between reality and appearance. Appearance is understood by the artist as an aspect of reality and, more appropriately, as a "selection, reinforcement and correction" of it. In the case of the "tragic artist', appearance becomes a mode of affirmation of Life, even where it seems to be most questionable and terrible, namely, suffering. It is this "tragic insight", which makes appearance and reality converge, that one must assume, so as not to be paralyzed by what Kant called "the scandal of reason". The issue, therefore, concerns the acquisition of another pathos.
The creator of knowledge type is also, in the structure of Nietzsche's thought, one of the constituent aspects of the creation of oneself, that is, of the process of "becoming what one is". The tragic insight consists then in the paradoxical and vital process of giving meaning to the unknowable, finding in the creative and self-referred character of art a "means of protection and remedy" against the limits of meaning. Such way of knowing is said to be "tragic" for being aware of the profound inability to understand that underlies in his refined strategies of comprehension. If such condition can be considered nihilist and weakening for an apostle of Truth, it is a stimulus for someone who creates what he knows.
One can finally understand how several of Nietzsche's remarks on the relation between language and representation enable us to interpret them as compatible with the argument of the creator of knowledge. The type who creates what he knows can be an answer to the self-referred crisis that undermines the rational foundation of what we know, by taking on, in an analogy with the (tragic) artist, the role of artisan of what can be known. Such willingness is part of the process of becoming master of oneself, understood as the superior stage of the creation of oneself. The creation of oneself means, in this specific sense, to become directly responsible for one's existential condition, that is, for the meaning of one's life. Although Nietzsche's philosophy even in his investigations on language and representation cannot be reduced to the argument of the creator of knowledge and vice-versa, the conjunction between them seems to give life to aspects that are equally relevant to both of them.
The so called "problem of science" the question concerning what impulse sets off the will of knowledge was the question initially indicated as a way of learning about the relations between knowing and creating; now we can understand how Nietzsche can be our partner in our attempt, as creators, to survive and overcome the beautiful and frightening knowledge of ourselves.
1 The formulation of the argument of the knowledge creator here presented follows Ivan Domingues in his Epistemologia das Ciências Humanas. Tomo I. São Paulo: Ed. Loyola, 2004, part I, chapter 1.
2 One of these variants is presented by Bernardo Oliveira (Francis Bacon e a Fundamentação da Ciência como Tecnologia. Belo Horizonte: Ed. UFMG, 2002, chap. 9) who, referring to Vico's suggestion as the first explicit presentation of the creator's argument, discusses its relevance, specially in Francis Bacon, focusing on the changes implied by its adoption to the traditional opposition between episteme and techne.
3 The authorship of the Münchhausen trilemma, as well as a study of some of its main consequences, was attributed to Hans Albert (Tratado da razão prática. Rio de Janeiro: Tempo Brasileiro, 1976). However, it is known that the mentioned trilemma restores three arguments from those which form the pentalemma originally developed by Agrippa, quoted explicitly by Diogenes Laertius (Vida e Obra dos Filósofos Ilustres - Lives and Opinions of eminent philosophers, IX, 88-89) and by Sextus Empiricus (Hipotiposes Pirrônicas - Outlines of Pyrrhonism, I, 164-170) as a part of the skeptical strategies to obtain judgment suspension.
4 For an interpretation of some projects related to the tradition concerning Münchhausen's trilemma, see Eduardo Luft, "Fundamentação última é viável?". In: Cirne Lima & Custódio Almeida (Orgs.). Nós e o Absoluto. São Paulo / Fortaleza: Loyola / UFC, 2001, p. 79-97.
5 Ivan Domingues (op. cit., p. 35) remarks that, according to Pérez-Ramos, "[the knowledge creator argument] constitutes one of the most powerful underground currents of Western thought, receiving, before and after Vico, a set of parallel formulations, more or less elliptical, by eminent authors like Bacon, Kant, Hobbes and Boyle".
6 Initially used in discussions on the idea of freedom as self-determination (a meaning that goes back to Aristotle, Plotinus and Arab neo-platonism), it seems that it is in modern onto-theological discussions that the idea of causa sui assumes, explicitly, the aspect of creation or self-creation that is immanent to it (Nicola Abbagnano, Dicionário de Filosofia. São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 1970). To be brief, it would not be wrong to suggest that this capacity of divine self-creation was, by analogy, attributed to man, in a post-Renaissance context. That is why Bacon said that "Man is God to man" and Vico that "God is the artisan of nature, man, the God of artifacts" (apud Bernardo Oliveira, op. cit., p. 141).
7 For Nietzsche, Schopenhauer would hold most responsibility for the introduction of the value of existence problem in modern philosophy. This problem would consist in the question of whether existence has any sense; this is a question that, one thinks, " [...] would require some centuries till it is simply heard in all its depth" (The Gay Science (GS) § 357). All the translations of Nietzsche's works used here unless otherwise indicated refer to the ones by Walter Kaufmann (The Portable Nietzsche. New York: Penguin Books, 1976; Basic Writings of Nietzsche. New York: Modern Library, 2000; The Gay Science. New York: Vintage Books, 1974). Quotations are abbreviated as indicated, followed by the chapter and/or corresponding section.
8 The Birth of Tragedy (BT), § 2.
9 Human, All too Human (HH), § 13. Translated by R. J. Hollingdale. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
11 Immanuel Kant. Critic of Pure Reason, B VIII-XII.
12 A presentation and commentary on the terms "realism" and "anti-realism" in contemporary philosophy of language, critically opposing its original formulation by Michael Dummet, is carried out by Richard Rorty (Objetivismo, Relativismo e Verdade. Rio de Janeiro: Relume-Dumará, p. 13-33).
13 On Truth and Lie in an Extra-Moral Sense (TL), § 1.
15 In my "Wittgenstein e o problema do significado" (In: Kleber Amora & Eduardo Chagas (Orgs.) Temas da Filosofia Contemporânea. Fortaleza: Edições UFC, 2004, p. 109-122), I argue that, in distinct ways, Wittgenstein, in Philosophical Investigations, dealing specifically with the problem of reference (bedeutung), arrives at a position that is analogous to the one that is here attributed to Nietzsche. If this is correct, it can be added to the arguments presented by Arthur Danto to justify that "Nietzsche, who is so naturally taken as a predecessor of the irrationalistic tendency in contemporary philosophy, in his own writings, exhibits attitudes toward the main problems of philosophy which are almost wholly in the spirit of Logical Positivism" (Cf. Nietzsche as Philosopher. New York: Columbia University Press, 1965, p.82-83). To be more polemical, I would add that Nietzsche not only precedes Logical Positivism and Analytical Philosophy, but also, and above all, surpasses them. As to the question of reference, I emphasize that this has been having a similar treatment by new tendencies in contemporary linguistics. As L. Mondada and D. Dubois tell us about reference: "Then, the problem is not any more to ask how information is transmitted or how the states of the world are represented accurately, but to ask how linguistic, cognitive, human activities are structured and give meaning to the world. In other words, we will talk about referentiation, treating it, as well as categorization, as derived from symbolic practices rather than from a given ontology. [...] referentiation does not concern 'a relation of representation of things or states of things, but a relation between text and the non-linguistic part of the practice in which it is produced and interpreted". (Cf. "Construção dos objetos do discurso e categorização: uma abordagem dos processos de referenciação". In: M. Cavalcante, B. Rodrigues & A. CIULLA (Orgs.). Referenciação. São Paulo: Contexto, 2003, p. 20).
17 An example of this phenomenon can be found in H. Gleason Jr. Introdução à linguística descritiva. 2.ed. Lisboa: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1985, p. 4-5, where, through a diagram, the linguist demonstrates that speakers of different languages classify the color spectrum in very different ways, considering the contrast between English, Shona (a Rhodesian language) and Bassa (from Liberia).
18 Nietzsche, Philosopher, Psychologist, Antichrist, 4. ed. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1974, chap. 7-8.
24 The category of "forgetfulness" in Nietzsche is complex; a more detailed study on it would go beyond the limits of this work. For a better understanding of the term, see GM I, § 2, § 3; II, § 1, § 3.
26 Passages like this one corroborate Richard Schacht's thesis that Nietzsche develops what could be called a "naturalistic epistemology" (Cf. Nietzsche. London / Boston: Routledge, 1983, p. 52-57). Although I agree that, taking the expression in a broad sense, one can designate Nietzsche's treatment of epistemology as "naturalistic" in Schacht's sense, it seems to me that this characterization, if extended to the whole of Nietzsche's considerations in this field, do not account for the different strategies he uses when he thinks about knowledge, as Schacht himself also recognizes in his argument. However, identifying a "naturalistic epistemology" in Nietzsche, even within a restricted scope, is an efficient and interesting way of updating his discourse by projecting it into contemporary epistemic debates.
27 As for the "problem of science", Roberto Machado evaluates that since "[Nietzsche], denies to science the possibility of elucidating its own problem by itself, denies to an internal criticism of knowledge the possibility of constituting itself as true criticism, the essential part of the démarche consists in connecting science with an exterior capable of revealing the real dimensions and purposes of the scientific project; it consists in explaining the moral foundations of science, indicating, at the same time, art as an alternative model for rationality. Hence the privilege of art and moral as instances that make the nietzschean discourse on science possible, indicating its two main directions". (Cf. Nietzsche e a Verdade. 2ª. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Graal, 2002, p. 8).
32 Twilight of the Idols, IV.