text:
Fitness3 Trainer Adult Mini Rabbit-Potatoes-Oil Корм с кроликом и картофелем для собак мелких пород.
Fitness3 Trainer Adult Mini Rabbit-Potatoes-Oil Корм с кроликом и картофелем для собак мелких пород.
Long time beats by dr dre ago, the day is air max blue, the true religion water is babyliss pro clear, the longchamp air is handbags outlet filled with ray ban flowers, he ray ban lives nike Air Max Plaza in kobe bryant jerseys such a quiet hollisterco and peaceful village, at bcbg max that michael kors outlet online time, life is the north face like a ralph lauren fairy ray bans tale, pandora schmuck that time, life lunette ray ban is fairy air max 90 tale. denver nuggets jersey He lived coach outlet online in falcons nfl jersey the coach handbags outlet shicy barbour jackets thatched cottage, nike mercurial he did not packers nfl jersey know ray ban sonnenbrillen how much timberland shoes the oakley vault outside world, he did golden state warriors jerseys not michael kors handbags know how happiness is defined, he the north face outlet only know that to new balance stay around juicy couture Mom air max and Dad, ralph lauren polo is the greatest polo ralph lauren outlet happiness. In this new orleans pelicans way, longchamp he likes burberry outlet online to michael kors bags lie in the puma online grass to see the hollister co blue celine bags sky and tommy hilfiger white coach outlet online clouds, chi hair like brooklyn nets jersey playing rams nfl jersey in the longchamp handbags creek play, lacoste outlet online he bears nfl jersey is like a free north face life. longchamp outlet At that nike air max time aktienkurse adidas he was ray ban naive, he believed coach purses factory that the seven new balance outlet colors ray ban sunglasses outlet have magical nike outlet power, new balance he coach factory outlet believed toms shoes that marc jacobs the giants nfl jersey little pandora girl who went to jimmy choo shoes the nba jerseys match ray ban sunglasses outlet really went to jaguars nfl jersey heaven occhiali oakley when wizards jersey he was louboutin outlet very trail blazers jersey kind, phoenix suns he likes 49ers nfl jersey the chi flat iron swallows under the cheap glasses eaves, ralph lauren never armani shoes outlet let other small partners michael kors close to them north face Cute little louboutin uk mud, he hogan will try every means to coach store come vans to cheap jerseys a small partner jazz jersey to air max 2015 catch the nike birds, tommy hilfiger and then raise north face backpacks them to ralph lauren outlet send them levi\'s jeans to fly. The chargers nfl jersey first valentino time nike free run he ipad mini cases raised the dog coach outlet canada sick to omega death, tommy hilfiger the omega watches parents ray ban black friday secretly throw it away, he went to nike free run 5.0 pick up michael kors every horloges day holding it discount shoes sun, under armour curry and later it dallas mavericks jerseys was burberry sale miraculously jordan survived, softball bats then he first believed bottega veneta that michael kors the heart longchamp outlet is He kept burberry sale the kitten coach store online for several ralph lauren online shop weeks, he was waiting nike for every day, do not know why swarovski jewelry he is burberry convinced tommy hilfiger that philadelphia 76ers jerseys it will north face jackets go hilfiger outlet home, raptors jersey then, miracles p90x really happened, oakley sunglasses cheap he took bcbg max azria away from someone else fled the kitten even cheap jerseys Burst of hollister tears, then, for ray ban outlet the ralph lauren first browns nfl jersey time cheap jordans he nike air huarache knew the colts nfl jersey joy replica rolex of recovering; kids hoodies his young beats by dr dre bird air max 90 in timberland boots addition to nike his nike shoes feed to eat it giuseppe shoes do not nike air max 2014 eat, cowboys nfl jersey his beats audio little cousin abuse dying, that winter longchamp black friday night, cheap jerseys he was roshe runs holding mbt mens shoes the beloved The bird sat next nike to the burberry outlet store fire in the air max middle of nike air yeezy the fossil uhren night, and later, or to kings jersey no avail, kate spade outlet online when he converse first knew asics what was cheap oakley called lost. He said toms.com he cartier montres saw the saints nfl jersey birds converse closed northface the eyes of the tory burch handbags last moment titans nfl jersey shed woolrich mens jackets tears, but pandora who rolex replica do not believe, perhaps, that is his own roshe run tears, how can ferragamo shoes the birds have feelings hilfiger outlet that michael kors purses time, nike canada he is converse sneakers indeed knockoff handbags a very ralph lauren black friday special person. The eagles nfl jersey children of the red bottoms village like to play with swarovski jewelry him, he tory burch shoes took burberry handbags a hollister group patriots nfl jersey of little boys and girls cheap oakley sunglasses together to nike air max enjoy the salomon freedom of the toms shoes outlet blue baseball bats sky. cheap clothes Later he jordans knew hilfiger online shop that toms shoes outlet men and women michael kors taschen are ray bans different, lions nfl jersey grant adidas outlet not pro, nike outlet then, he still adidas has red bottom shoes a lot prada shoes of bucks jersey girls friends, keep in a nike free suitable adidas distance, philipp plein clothing warm coach outlet and cheap true religion ignorant, pro and christian louboutin shoes not longchamp close. In this way, barbour jackets he grew new balance canada up hugo boss clothes day cheap michael kors by cavaliers jerseys day, but toms shoes more nike roche run and more do jets nfl jersey not believe in vikings nfl jersey fairy cheap oakley sunglasses tale. wedding dresses Finally, one new balance shoes day prada sunglasses he adidas online knew that louboutin there coach outlet sale was hermes a true religion outlet lot of the coach bags outside adidas canada world, and grizzlies jersey he north face knew replica rolex that ecco outlet online there instyler was mont blanc no michael kors black friday seven-color flower in the giuseppe zanotti sneakers world, michael kors canada and toms outlet he chaussure timberland knew that the fendi bags little girl nba jersey who sold toms shoes the timberland outlet match soccer shoes was ralph lauren polos dead, and that Andersen was chiefs nfl jersey cheating burberry on timberwolves jersey him rockets jersey for huarache the first time coach factory Blue michael kors sky nike air max promise to oakley his future to go far and michael kors handbags far away, in barbour jackets the end how far, kevin durant jersey then, he only air force know broncos nfl jersey that nfl jerseys the mcm handbags ends san antonio spurs jersey of jimmy choo outlet the earth hermes bags is the farthest place. Later, oakley sunglasses that piece jerseys from china of toms shoes white clouds with mcm bags his dwyane wade jersey dream adidas drifting michael kors away to the five finger shoes way cheap true religion so that his life ralph lauren outlet step by step, air max one primary ray ban outlet school, junior nike shoes outlet high school ray ban sunglasses together polo ralph lauren to swarovski play big nike air max children are coach store outlet gone, they iphone 5 cases go veneta out kate spade bags to nike tracksuits make money, thomas sabo come steelers nfl jersey back charlotte hornets jerseys to that cottage mcm handbags outlet into ralph lauren outlet online a cottage, nike roshe Buildings, nba jersey and michael kors handbags some jordans come back with a clippers jersey pretty girl. He ralph lauren online still like tory burch handbags his north face outlet house thatched chrome hearts store cottage, but also large but tory burch outlet also spacious, ray ban outlet and oakley sunglasses sometimes, will calvin klein underwear be nike outlet store cool in winter prada outlet and cool. He grew up, grew knicks jersey up, grew burberry handbags up, one day, he actually ray-ban sunglasses hated his cheap nike shoes house thatched cottages, coach handbags that coach black friday is michael kors outlet the azcardinals nfl jersey first time oakley he air jordan retro knows what is inferiority. oakley canada Finally he michael kors purses knew pandora jewelry that michael kors outlet online the parents barbour outlet online planted wheat to asics gel the raiders nfl jersey siblings oakley four michael kors bags pull up, cheap nhl jerseys in that pandora charms era, swarovski canada it is handbags outlet not cheap michael kors easy. panthers nfl jersey Little age, indoor soccer shoes he louboutin outlet began dsquared2 jeans to pacers jersey become kate spade outlet online sensible, long champ no buccaneers nfl jersey longer clamor to the new michael kors outlet house. ralph lauren factory store In this nike way, swarovski online he air max went to true religion jeans women high burberry handbags outlet school, because he heard that knowledge can cheap mlb jerseys achieve the dream. supra shoes Ignorant north face he knows what ferragamo is ralph lauren uk love, and ultimately dolphins nfl jersey Lang true religion jeans men has no chance to prada lose polo ralph lauren outlet online a oakley sunglasses outlet friend almost lost. Later, he air jordan shoes understood, love is in swarovski crystal the ralph lauren distance, when he had nothing to adidas outlet his reebok low self-esteem even the ray ban courage to pursue omega watches the chase. prada handbags And later oakley sunglasses outlet heard that oakley sunglasses outlet she salvatore ferragamo had ravens nfl jersey the other half nike.com of nike huaraches love, and then michael kors handbags later, ed hardy he did not think coach factory outlet online anything, mizuno running life is ray ban wayfarer still dsquared2 outlet step by oakley black friday step nike mercurial that year, katespade in the designer handbags high cheap mlb jerseys school cheap barbour jackets decadent years mcm bags he was miraculously roshe admitted ralph lauren outlet online to texans nfl jersey the boston celtics university, cheap nhl jerseys though, hermes birkin bag not that marc jacobs little The hollister dream, hogan outlet he learned coach handbags to lunette oakley compromise, because pandora uk he knew nike air force that his fake rolex time, faster atlanta hawks jersey than others, he did christian louboutin not have so jordan jerseys much burberry handbags outlet time to chase childhood vans shoes dreams, because the years michael kors have basketball shoes been michael kors purses in puma sneakers the burberry outlet parents face the vicissitudes of converse shoes life. That year, he ray ban outlet online smiled and said mcm handbags to cheap ray ban his mother, mother, I michael kors outlet online sale later to polo ralph buy you nike air max 2014 a ralph lauren outlet online big house, bills nfl jersey to seahawks nfl jersey find oakley sunglasses you a virtuous redskins nfl jersey daughter. Mother smile, on our michael kors family, some polo ralph lauren people are michael kors willing eyeglasses stores to bengals nfl jersey be with you? thomas sabo Children, cheap oakley sunglasses good orlando magic jersey study, do burberry not even rolex watches married watches canada wife celine black friday can burberry sale not michael kors outlet online marry. He continued plein outlet to smile, occhiali ray ban Mom, givenchy handbags this tn pas cher is what age, and you do oakley vault not versace clothes worry about burberry sale the blind, coach factory online and free run you juicy couture outlet wait for the future air jordans to nike roshe enjoy it hollister kids Mother vans listened hollisterco and laugheddre beats
2017111 yuanyuan


text:
Up and down: Plankton check out the surface
DRAWING BY DEBORAH DERR McCLINTOCK
Q. It was World War II, and the sonar-operating submarine searchers detected a "false bottom" of the sea that rose toward the surface every evening, then sank back down again the next morning. What was the enemy up to? –E. Zumwalt
A. Not the enemy but rather myriad plankton, tiny crustaceans and other creatures that rose to feed near the surface by night, then returned to the depths as daylight came on, says Richard Dawkins in The Ancestor's Tale.
Why do this? The best guess is that during daylight hours these sea creatures are visible and vulnerable to hunting predators, such as fish and squids, so the dark depths offer safety. But the sunny surface is where the food is, that unbroken green prairie of microscopic single-celled algae in the role of waving grass.
"Here's where the grazers, and those that feed on the grazers, and those that feed on them, must be," Dawkins says. So a diurnal migration is exactly what the grazers and their small predators must undertake. As one observer put it, "It's a little like a human walking 25 miles daily just to get breakfast."
Q. Right now, can you say what time it is without checking? If you needed to awaken at a certain predetermined time without an alarm clock, could you do it? –S. Thomas
A. You could if you have an uncanny "time sense" like British physician Winslow Hall, who out of 100 sleep trials (1927) was able to awaken himself within 15 minutes of the target time more than half the time, and exactly right (within a minute) 18 times, says Jay Ingram in The Velocity of Honey. Many claim to be able to do this, and sleep labs have backed them up. Probably it's done by somehow keeping track of dream (REM) periods through the night.
But Hall took this a step further, tracking the time asleep or awake. When he and three friends tested each other by randomly asking, "What time is it now?," 45 percent of their guesses were correct within three minutes, 10 percent were just about dead on.
One of Hall's devices was to picture the face of his watch while still in his pocket, and to simply read off the time from the imagined clock face!
For one of his successful awakenings (July 10, 1917, 4:30am), he saw in a dream a hand-lettered sign that read "Truth." It woke him up at the target time. Most of us are absolutely hopeless at this, missing by hours, though some can do it at least some of the time. People with a good time sense generally know it, with their self-awakenings about as accurate as their daytime estimates of time passage. "That does suggest there is some kind of internal timekeeper that is consistent 24/7," says the researcher.
Q. You're asleep and now you're dreaming. How might you signal to someone at bedside that the show is on? –S. Freud
A. This was part of a sleep lab demo by Stanford researcher Stephen LaBerge to show that lucid dreams– where the dreamer realizes it's only a dream and may "steer" the action– occur in full sleep like other dreams and not during a brief awakening. Late that night, LaBerge had his first lucid dream. Suddenly he remembered where he was, and saw himself reading a book in bed in a room just like the lab. As prearranged with the staff, he now pictured holding up a finger, then moved it up and down while following it with his eyes. Up and down, up and down went his dream finger and dream eyes.
Breakthrough! The bedside polygraph recording showed two large scanning eye movements near the end of LaBerge's 13-minute dream period– premeditated movements clearly distinct from the ordinary "rapid eye movements" of dreams. Communication had crossed in historic fashion the boundary of silence between a sleeper and the world around him.
Q. How many moons are bright enough to be seen in our sky with the naked eye? –T. Brahe
A. Wonderful trivia question! The answer is five: our own moon plus Jupiter's restless quartet, says astronomer Bob Berman in Secrets of the Night Sky. Four centuries ago, using a rudimentary telescope, Galileo spotted them first, sometimes all four on one side, or three and one, etc., or maybe one hidden. They're named Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto, and in the days when Britain ruled the seas, mariners with spyglasses would check out the positions of these Galilean satellites, consult secret tables by England's Royal Astronomer, and know the time, and thus the ship's longitude.
"For over a century people found their way around our planet by watching the moons of another," says Berman. Takes someone sharp-eyed to see these moons unaided, and a child's eyes will often do. Many a parent has passed along the scope to the 7-year-old, directing her to look at the "little dots to the right of Jupiter," but she's already spotted them, "No, they're on the left." (Telescopes flip the image.)
Send Strangequestions to brothers Bill and Rich at email@example.com.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Romney has an ad out saying Obama and Democrats will and already have raised taxes on the middle class.
Fact check: President Obama did raise some taxes in his first term, cut them by more, and imposes new taxes that will take effect by 2014 to help pay for his health-care bill. Obama has raised taxes on cigarettes (to pay for the children's health care program) and tanning (used in part to pay for the president's health-care plan). The president also cut taxes by even more. But he DID NOT raise income taxes; in fact, he extended the Bush tax cuts (which reduced revenues by about $800 billion), temporarily cut the payroll tax, and the stimulus, which was comprised of 40 percent tax cuts, cut taxes for 90 percent of the country.
On balance, as one fact checker wrote: "just about every one of the more than 100 million taxpayers, no matter how little they made, has ended up with at least $1,000 in tax cuts under Obama in the past three years." The only people who have seen an effective tax increase were unemployed smokers and unemployed tanners. By next year and 2014, however, some other tax increases will go into effect to pay for the health-care plan, including higher Medicare taxes, a surcharge on investment income of the wealthy, and taxes on medical devices. All of that could raise as much as $400 billion. And, of course, the Supreme Court determined that the mandate, requiring all those without health insurance buy it or pay a fine, a tax.
The charge is also one that runs counter to what Romney said last week: "I admit this, [President Obama] has one thing he did not do in his first four years — he's said he's going to do in the next four years, which is to raise taxes."
Romney's campaign later walked that back in a statement: "President Obama has raised taxes on millions of middle-class Americans during his first term in office," spokeswoman Amanda Henneberg said in a statement. "Governor Romney was clearly communicating about an additional tax increase President Obama is proposing on American small businesses that will jeopardize over 700,000 jobs. Mitt Romney and Paul Ryan will stop the President's tax increases, create 12 million new jobs, and turn our economy around."
"Young illegal immigrants who receive temporary work permits to stay in the United States under an executive order issued by President Barack Obama would not be deported under a Mitt Romney administration, the GOP presidential hopeful told The Denver Post Monday."
Romney said, ""The people who have received the special visa that the president has put in place, which is a two-year visa, should expect that the visa would continue to be valid. I'm not going to take something that they've purchased," Romney said. "Before those visas have expired we will have the full immigration reform plan that I've proposed."
He also promised to work on immigration reform in his first year: "I actually will propose a piece of legislation which will reform our immigration system to improve legal immigration so people don't have to hire lawyers to figure out how to get here legally," Romney said. "The president promised in his first year, his highest priority, that he would reform immigration and he didn't. And I will."
Romney also signaled he may be aggressive in the debate with Obama: "I think what's going to happen in this debate is each of us will get the opportunity to describe our pathway forward for America. And for the last several weeks and months, the president has dramatically distorted my own views. I look forward to the debate so people will understand what I actually believe."
The shift in tone on immigration comes the same day as a Latino Decisions poll showing Romney down by 52 points with Hispanics. From the Latino Decision poll post: "The now infamous video of Romney speaking at a fundraiser, appearing dismissive of poor and many working-class people, may have helped solidify Obama's support and alienated a handful of voters who might otherwise have considered voting for Romney. His joke, captured on the same recording, that he would have "a better shot at winning" the election if he were of Mexican heritage surely rubbed many Mexican-Americans and other Hispanics the wrong way, as did his dire warning of disaster for the nation should Latino voters increasingly support Democratic candidates. Taken together, Romney's "Let Them Eat Cake" moment (complete with sounds of silverware clinking on china at the $50,000-a-plate event) and his specific references to Latinos, may have reinforced the perception that he is out of touch with the vast majority of Latino voters."
In addition to immigration, Romney was also pushing card check, something that hasn't been heard since the GOP primary season. Here's what he said yesterday, per NBC's Garrett Haake: "If the president succeeds in something he's pushing very hard, which is something known as card check, and for those of you not familiar with it, it's this: it says we're going to take away from the American worker the right to vote by secret ballot as to whether or not they want to have a union. And on that basis-- on that basis, a guy or a gal could be in their backyard barbequing with their kids and some people could come up and say, here sign this statement. We want you to vote where we can watch you vote. In a setting like that you're going to see coercion and you're going see small businesses overtaken by unions, and I'll tell you this, entrepreneurs aren't going want to start a business, if that's the case. If card check goes in place, it will kill America's entrepreneurial economy. What the president is doing is bowing to the demands of Big Labor, to his big contributors. It's wrong. It would kill our economy. I'll stop that in its track. We must have people have the right to vote by secret ballot."


text: In 2008, Baker emerged and grabbed the title of staff ace, leading the rotation with the lowest batting line against of .247/.294/.381. Coming into the season, Scott Baker also had the best record of opponents batting among the three starters in 2007 and I noted that Baker had the stuff to pitch his way into Brandon Inge territory, who in 2007 had a depressed .236/.312/.376 batting line. Going sheerly off of OPS, Baker actually did slightly better than turning batters into Inge (675 OPS versus 678 OPS), but unfortunately for Twins fans, his closest comparable in 2008 was none other than Carlos Gomez (who had an OPS of 656). Baseball-Reference.com has Boof Bonser listed as the closest comparable at age 25 for Baker. Now that he is entering his 27-year-old season in 2009, the similarities between him and Bonser will deviate significantly. Baker will assume his rightful position as a number one or number two starter in the 2009 rotation, giving the Twins an excellent right-left combo with Francisco Liriano, and, if he can remain healthy, should accumulate 200 innings for the first time in his career.


text:
Eign Eigindir
- Tilvísanir16180-P0415
- Verð250.000,00 EUR
- StaðsetningSpain, Xàbia
- Heimilisfang
- Póstnúmer0
- StaðaSelja
- GerðLand
- Land stærð1350.0
- Floor stærð0.0
- Herbergi0
- svefnherbergi0
- Baðherbergi0
- Total hæð0
- Floor0
For Sale: One of the few remaining plots in this green and lush area. With open sea views and a south orientation. Close to the award winning beach of Granadella and not far from restaurants and shops.
Property features
Southeast Orientation
Sea views
About the Area:
Javea is the jewel of the Costa Blanca, and buying property in Javea ensures a peaceful hideaway with beautiful weather and plenty of authentic charm. With its beautiful beaches, winding streets, fabulous marina and range of restaurants, all set against the backdrop of the majestic Montgo Mountain there really is something for everyone to enjoy in this traditional region of the Costa Blanca. If that wasn't enough, Javea also enjoys more hours of sun than any other place in Spain. In fact, according to the World Health Organization it has one of the healthiest year round climates in the world - villas, apartments and property in the area all benefiting from this unique climate and laid back atmosphere.
Interestingly, there are different parts to Javea, First there is The 'old town', considered the original Javea, with its narrow streets and ancient houses. Then there is the port area with luxury yachts alongside fishing boats and delightful street cafes and restaurants. The third section is the ever popular Arenal beach. This beautiful sandy bay is fringed by palm trees and a promenade with a wonderful choice of bars and restaurants that offer national and international cuisine. There are also a wealth of interesting shops and boutiques to enjoy either on holiday or amenities to use whilst staying in Javea for a longer period of time. Javea, on the Costa Blanca, is mainland Spain's most easterly point and for this reason is often referred to as "Amanecer de Espana" or "the dawn of Spain", being where the sun first rises.
On a clear day, the Balearic island of Ibiza can be seen quite clearly. It is also equidistant from Alicante and Valencia airports, both being just 1 hour drive away. The modern Yacht Club at the sports marina has nearly 300 berths and facilities for all types of water sports, sailing, fishing, scuba diving, water skiing, windsurfing etc. Just outside of Javea town, surrounded by pines and orange groves is the beautiful Javea Golf Club., There are several other golf courses within easy access of Javea including La Sella and Oliva Nova Club de Golf. There are also a number of sports clubs and associations in the area promote tennis including the David Ferrer tennis academy as well as horse riding and clay pigeon shooting nearby.
Very few people can resist the charms of Javea so if it sounds like the perfect place to you to live then why not view our expansive portfolio of hand selected properties for sale in Javea including villas for sale, apartments for sale and building plots for sale in Javea. Or simply email or call us to discuss your requirements, our team, full of local knowledge and with an in-depth knowledge of the property available for sale in the area will be happy to help.
About Villas Plots:
Villas-Plots are an established estate agency on the Costa Blanca with a reputation for honesty, energy and service that is envied by our competitors and endorsed by our loyal client base. Based in Javea we are part of the esteemed Emalia Costa Blanca Group. This enables us to combine unrivalled local knowledge of this popular area of Spain, with the most comprehensive range of services, extensive range of property for sale in a variety of towns and villages around the Costa Blanca region, and after-sales care.
Our hand-picked portfolio, years of experience, trusted partner network and extensive local contacts ensure that whatever your budget or requirements, we will always be able to present you with a special and unique property for sale - fitting your budget and your lifestyle. Whether it is a small apartment, a large villa, a modernist jewel or a traditional finca, we are sure we can assist you finding your perfect property for sale on the Costa Blanca. It is also worth considering that we work alongside the finest builders and architects on the Costa Blanca so we are able to help you find the plot and build the property of your dreams if that is your preference.
We offer a secure and reliable service to allow you to find your perfect villa plot for sale, right through to moving into your purpose built home.


text:
This poster features the major river systems which feed Lake Superior. There are some great river names on this map — see PDF below. I shrank the lake relative to the rivers, to focus on the latter. That's the fun part about cartograms.
Click the image below to view/download a free PDF, which you may use according to the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. If you wish, you can pay me what you think my work is worth, via PayPal.


text:
For information on property A10665076 contact us right away, properties are often times removed because they are no longer available, but this is not always the case.
To get the latest information about MLS ID: A10665076, inquire below for the full status update or for listings very similar to it.
Ralph E. De Martino -- Aura Cecilia Rengifo ,
Ocean International Realty
5151 Collins Ave., Suite 227
Miami Beach, FL 33140
Phone 305.695.1105
Fax 305.328.4690


text:
Scamadviser is a service provided by the Ecommerce Foundation. Our mission is to foster global digital trade and help you sell more online.
You can add our Scamadviser logo for free to your website, add company information and report fake reviews.
Optionally you can go for our premium model and start collecting reviews with our consumer review system and turn negative reviews into positive ones! If necessary, we mediate disputes between you and consumers to prevent legal costs and social media outrage.


text:
Services on Demand
Related links
- Cited by Google
- Similars in Google
Journal of the South African Institution of Civil Engineering
On-line version ISSN 2309-8775
Print version ISSN 1021-2019
J. S. Afr. Inst. Civ. Eng. vol.57 n.2 Midrand Apr./Jun. 2015
Untreated aeolian sand base course for low-volume road proven by 50-year old road experiment
F Netterberg; D Elsmere
The Hoopstad long-term pavement performance experiments constructed in 1962 between Hoopstad and Bultfontein in the Free State Province of South Africa included a 90 m section of a finegrained, nonplastic, A-2-4(0), aeolian, Kalahari-type sand as unstabilised base course. After 50 years and approximately 1.0M E80 all the experimental sections are still carrying traffic, none has been rehabilitated and none appears to have ever failed. The results of a pavement evaluation carried out in 2013 indicate that similar sand can be used unstabilised as base course for a Category C or D low-volume road designed to carry up to at least 0.1M E80/lane over 20 years, provided it is compacted to refusal or at least 100% MAASHO on a good support, is well drained, well sealed with at least the equivalent of a double seal, and that the shoulders also offer good lateral support and drainage. The seal must also be sufficiently wide to accommodate the traffic expected. Such a design offers tremendous potential for the construction of relatively inexpensive, all-weather, low-volume roads in the vast area of arid and semi-arid southern Africa in which similar sands and a scarcity of gravels occur.
Keywords: low volume roads, base, sand
Road construction materials other than fine aeolian sands are scarce in the northwestern Free State Province of South Africa, as well as in the vast area of southern Africa covered by Kalahari and similar sands. In their natural state such sands are usually regarded as suitable for use only in the lower pavement layers (e.g. SANRAL 2013). Long-term pavement performance (LTPP) experimental sections were therefore constructed on the Hoopstad-Bultfontein road in the Free State in 1962 to evaluate the use of such sands as base course when stabilised with cement, bitumen and road tar, using sections of unstabilised sand and crusher-run graded crushed stone as control sections (Gregg 1963).
In this paper only the performance of the unstabilised (neat) sand section is reported in comparison with the adjacent 3% and 5% ordinary Portland cement (OPC) stabilised sections, and no attempt is made to review the use of sands in general, for which see Botswana Roads Department (BRD 2010) and Paige-Green et al (2011).
Unless stated otherwise, the methods and abbreviations used are shown in the list of references and/or the Appendix.
Location and layout
The location, layout and as-built test results of the neat sand base Section A and the adjacent cement-stabilised Sections B and C compiled by the authors from Gregg (1963) are shown in Tables 1 and 2. The available test results for the crusher-run section (K), which was not investigated by the authors, are also shown for comparison.
All sections had a similar sand sub-base treated with 3% PBFC on a similar neat sand selected layer, fill, and roadbed. All layers were 150 mm in thickness.
The test methods used were those of the Department of Transport (DOT 1958) for compaction characteristics, and those later published by the National Institute for Road Research (NIRR 1968) for the indicator tests.
In February 1963, eight months after construction, in-situ CBR and Benkelman beam deflection tests were carried out and cores taken for the determination of the cement contents, unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and indirect tensile strength (ITS).
The CBR tests were not dynamic cone penetrometer (DCP) tests, but the traditional in-situ tests as described for example by the Road Research Laboratory (RRL 1952).
Material properties
No laboratory CBR was reported for the neat sand and it was simply stated to be a non-plastic (NP), red, silty, fine sand containing less than 1% organic matter (Table 2).
The compaction characteristics were as follows:
■ Maximum dry density (MDD) (kg/m3): 1 896 (MAASHO); 1 856 (Proctor)
■ Optimum water (moisture) content (OWC) (%) : 9.6 (MAASHO); 11.0 (Proctor) The untreated (i.e. neat) sand had an unconfined compressive strength (UCS) at Proctor compaction of 140 kPa after seven days of curing in a humid room and 1 200 kPa after seven days of "open curing" (static compaction in 102 x 51 mm moulds).
The sections were compacted using a 50 ton pneumatic roller followed by a steel-wheel roller, and completed in June 1962.
The relative compaction of the neat sand section was not reported, and that of the 3% and 5% OPC sections was only 92% and 90% MAASHO, respectively.
At least until about November 1963 all the sections had performed satisfactorily and no failures had occurred, and it was concluded that the unstabilised sand would have sufficient strength to comply with the usual minimum CBR requirement of 80, provided that it was maintained in a dry condition (Gregg 1963).
Level measurements apparently taken up to June 1963 showed the maximum settlement on any section to be 13 mm. These measurements, as well as visual observations, were apparently continued up to about 1974, but the records could not be found.
According to the surveyor (A Bam 2012, personal communication) no distress had occurred up to that time.
Although the neat sand base was nonplastic, the borderline A-2-4(0) classification, the high mean in-situ CBR of 81, and the presence of a significant UCS, especially after drying, indicated that this sand was not the usual cohesionless A3 sand, but did have sufficient strength for base course. At the same time the low mean, soaked, in-situ CBR of 29 indicated the critical necessity of avoiding saturation.
If the lower axle load used to measure the deflection and radius of curvature (ROC) is allowed for, the corrected deflections and radii of curvature of the deflection bowls of about 0.3 mm and 90 m for Section A respectively, were all within the sound range of 0.6 mm and > 80 m for a modern, untreated base on a treated sub-base for a modern Category C road, according to the criteria in TRH 12 (COLTO 1997), by which criteria Section A would be expected to have a structural capacity in excess of 5M E80.
Preliminary investigation in January 2013
Preliminary work confirmed the presence of the neat sand section in a fair condition, a still substantial life, and adequate laboratory soaked and unsoaked CBRs (Table 3 and Figure 1).
The visually identical sand in the road reserve (Photo 1) was also sampled and tested (Tables 4 and 5).
This work was judged sufficiently encouraging to proceed with a full pavement investigation.
During October/November 2013 a more detailed pavement evaluation was carried out comprising visual evaluation according to TMH 9 (CSRA 1992), measurement of degree and extent of cracking, patching, edge-breaking and rut depths; DCP tests to 800 mm or refusal; profiling; phenolphthalein and acid tests; and sampling of the base at four sites in the outer wheel paths on Section A and two each on the other sections. General views of Sections A, B and C towards Bultfontein are shown in Photos 2, 3 and 4.
Visual assessment
In all cases the 30 mm thick seal was found to consist only of the original triple seal plus one reseal.
On all sections the binder of the reseal was still good, i.e. Degree 1 / Extent 5 (D1/ E5), and there was little bleeding (D2/E5), but severe and extensive map to hexagonal to block (D5/E5) cracking at an average spacing of about 1 m over the full width, and crocodile (D4-5/E 3-5) cracking occurred in all wheel paths and extended across the centre line.
The cracking was confined to the seal, was usually only 10-15 mm deep, and did not penetrate into the base course at any of the sites excavated or at the additional cracks tested. Although often spalling to a width of 10 mm, the actual width of the cracks was only 1 mm or less.
Longitudinal cracking and pumping were absent, rutting was minimal (D2-3/ E5), there were no undulations, and patching was almost entirely confined to the edge-breaking and edge-cracking, which was severe (D 3-5) and extensive (E 4-5) on all three sections.
Some secondary cracking was evident on Sections B and C only, especially in the left lane, but was less extensive on Section C.
There was no evidence of shear failures (the patches appeared to be all due to large edge breaks) or even excessive rutting (except on the sand shoulders), and the main problem was edge-breaking due to the seal being now too narrow for the large trucks currently using it (Photos 5 and 6). This was worst on Section A, where the value of the geotextile and emulsion holding the seal in the left lane was evident.
The riding quality was assessed as only fair because of the edge breaks and patching.
The surface drainage was assessed as adequate and the grassed sand shoulders as safe. The road had been built with a camber and the edges of the seal were about 80-130 mm below the centre line, giving an effective total crossfall of about 3-4%.
The centre line of the road was about 500 mm and 300 mm above the side drains on the left- and right-hand sides, respectively. The fall of the natural ground level in the 30 m wide road reserve was about 0.5 m from right to left.
The alignment was straight and practically level, with a fall of only about 0.2% from the end of Section C to the start of Section A.
Further details of the cracking and patching and the rut depths are shown in Table 6.
As the road had been built with a camber the rut depths were measured in two ways. The end of the straight edge was first placed in the normal way on the edge of the seal or on the centre line, and the deviations under the ends recorded as 'edge' and CLL or CLR, respectively, while the maximum deviation in the wheel paths was recorded as the rut depth (OWP or IWP respectively). Then the straight edge was held down on the edge or the centre line and the deviations in the wheel paths re-measured and recorded as OWPH or IWPH. The latter procedure usually yielded the smaller deviations and may be a closer representation of the true traffic-induced rut depths.
The general pavement condition was assessed as poor on Section A and fair on Sections B and C, with C slightly better than B.
The inspection panel recommended that the edge-breaking should be patched at an A priority and the shoulders gravelled (or at least bladed), the seal softened and rolled in hot weather to seal the cracks, and the road resealed at a B priority. However, damage to the edges must be expected to continue, as the road is simply too narrow for the large trucks currently using it.
DCP survey
The results of the rut depth and DCP surveys in the outer wheel paths are summarised in Table 7. As the DCP results for both wheel paths were similar, they have been combined to total six points on Section A and B, and five on Section C (one was invalid).
The analysis was carried out by means of the EasyDCP program (J Lea 2013, personal communication) using the Kleyn granular base model (De Beer et al 1989) for Category C and D roads (i.e. 80/20 and 50 percentile (%-ile) basis respectively) and - conservatively assuming an optimum moisture condition - considering that the survey was carried out at the end of the dry season when the field water content (FWC) was about 50% of the MAASHO optimum (OWC).
An example of the output of this program for a 20 %-ile DN of 7.0, an 80 %-ile DSN800 of 185 and a predicted 20 %-ile structural capacity of 2.6M E80 for Section A (in the 10 m right outer wheel path) is shown in Figure 2. For comparison, the required DCP profile for a Class II rural road pavement designed for 0.10-0.30 M MISA (i.e. actual 80 kN standard axles) of the former Transvaal Roads Department (1994) is also shown.
For simplicity and ease of comparison the granular base model has been used on all three pavements. Although it tends to over-predict the structural capacity of cemented pavements (De Beer et al 1989) it can be used on them (Kleyn & Savage 1982; COLTO 1997).
As a check on the published relationships between DN and CBR, DCP tests were carried out on most of the specimens after determination of the CBR. Plotting of these results led to a very rough but very different relationship from that of Kleyn (1984) for materials in general (and used in the program) and closer to those of Sampson and
Netterberg (1990) for nonplastic materials, although none of them were sands (Figure 3). The relationship for the Hoopstad sand was:
■ CBR - 3 000 DN-1.46for DN > 10 (1) in comparison with that of Kleyn (1984):
■ CBR = 410 DN-1.27for DN > 2 (2) and Sampson and Netterberg (1990):
■ CBR = 354 DN-0.69for DN > 3 (3) The analysis showed that the 80 %-ile DN of the base of the neat sand section was about 7.0 mm/blow, indicating that 80% of the assumed 150 mm - and the redefined 175 mm - base had an in-situ DCP CBR
of more than about 34% according to the Kleyn model, or over 100 according to the Hoopstad model (Figure 3 in this paper). With similar 80 %-ile DNs of about 5.5 and 20 %-ile CBRs of about 45 (or over 100), the two cemented bases were not greatly stronger than the uncemented base, both in the assumed 150 mm and in the redefined cases.
This suggests that the in-situ CBR of the neat sand base was far higher than that indicated by the Kleyn model, and thereby offers a plausible explanation for its unexpectedly good performance.
The 20 and 50 %-ile redefined thicknesses of similar strength to the base of 171 mm and 275 mm respectively indicate that most of the originally cemented sub-base on Section A had reverted to a granular state and was by then operating at the same strength as the base. Experience with respect to the usual rates of carbonation (Netterberg 1991) suggests that, regardless of traffic, this would actually have been the case from about year five to ten.
The upper 150 mm of the shoulders on Section A had a 50 %-ile (in this case a mean) DN of 19, indicating an in-situ DCP CBR of about 11 according to the Kleyn model, and 48 according to the Hoopstad model. The redefined case indicates that the whole 522 mm had a mean DN of 14, indicating a CBR of about 16 (or 60) and therefore good lateral support both to the base and lower layers. This conclusion is also supported by the minimal rutting of the sand shoulder shown in Photo 6, which is far less than would be expected from a nonplastic sand.
The 80 and 20 %-ile pavement balance numbers A of about 2 500 and 2 100, and B of -1 and -5 for Sections A and B respectively, indicate that both pavements were averagely balanced and marginal to inverted deep pavements, and that the Kleyn model requirements of a good (or apparently at least an average balance) have been at least marginally met. With respective A and B balance numbers of 2 600 and 5 Section C was an averagely balanced deep pavement.
The predictions of the remaining structural capacities of the pavements depend somewhat on whether the zero point of the DCP is taken at the top of the seal according to TMH 6 (NITRR 1984) or at the top of the base, which is where it was taken during the testing from which the Kleyn model was developed (E G Kleyn 2010, personal communication).
For example, the 20 %-ile predictions are:
As the 80 %-ile rut depths of all three sections were also only in the 6-10 mm range they were all sound according to TRH 12 (COLTO 1997). Sections A and B have a similar residual capacity of about 2M and C about 1M E80 to an additional rut depth of 20 mm. Assuming proportionality, this indicates that the remaining capacities to a total rut depth of 20 mm of the three sections are about 1.0 for Sections A and B and about 0.5M E80 for Section C.
If all of the 13 available DCP results are considered, the lowest predicted 20 %-ile capacity of all 10 of the DCPs carried out in October of 1.7M E80, and the three single points in January 2013 of 0.9M E80, indicate a residual capacity for Section A of at least about 0.5M E80.
As the Kleyn model is an average prediction the most conservative view would be to halve this again. On this basis it can be concluded with a high degree of certainty that the residual structural capacity of Section A to a total rut depth of 20 mm (i.e. an additional 10 mm) at an in-situ water content of OWC is at least about 0.3M E80. If it were to become saturated this would be halved to about 0.1-0.2M E80.
The capacities of the cemented base sections must be regarded as more approximate, as they have not been checked by the De Beer model (De Beer et al 1989) for cemented pavements.
The low degree and extent of rutting, the absence of shear failures (at least at the time of the two site visits), the absence of base course patching found in any of the six holes and 13 DCP points, the reasonable DN (and apparently very good in-situ operating CBR of over 100) and the predicted residual structural capacity of at least about 0.3M E80 all indicate that the further use of such a sand as untreated base course for a low-volume road is viable under similar conditions.
As most of the sub-base was operating at about the same strength as the base it should not be necessary to treat it with cement, provided that it is compacted to a similar strength and that this support is sufficient to achieve the necessary high degree of compaction of the base.
Comparison with the Transvaal Roads Department (1994) design (the dashed red strenth line shown in Figure 2) shows that the 20 %-ile example on Section A met all the requirements of all layers for both the 150 mm layer and the redefined cases, except that of the base for which a DN of 2.8 was required, whereas only 7.0 was found.
Soil engineering testing
The pavement profile was confirmed to be approximately as reported (Photo 7) and was sampled and tested (Table 8, Figure 4 and Table 9).
The laboratory test results confirmed and extended those of the January work, the following being of particular importance:
■ Much higher apparent in-situ CBRs (of over 100) than the 34-58 indicated by the Kleyn model.
■ High relative compactions in the wheel paths of about 99-100%.
■ No plasticity on the P425, but SP-6 on theP075 using the Casagrande cup method.
■ Good laboratory soaked CBRs of about50-60 at 100% MAASHO and 70-90 athigher compactions.
■ Very good laboratory unsoaked 100% MAASHO CBRs of over 80% at water contents of OWC and less - the apparent in-situ condition.
■ AASHTO and Unified classifications of A-2-4(0) and SM, respectively, but only COLTO G7 (because of the fine grading).
A substantial depth of prime penetration of some 10-20 mm was noted, suggesting that a higher than normal rate of application may have been used.
The sub-base and lower layers were subjected to minimal testing as (except for the cement treatment of the sub-base) they were visually similar to the untreated sand base (Table 10). The main differences were that the sub-base had been rendered nonplastic even on the P075 fraction and that its SE was much higher than the other layers (as well as the base).
Check testing
Check testing of the most important soil properties of the four samples of base course taken in October 2013 was carried out by the CSIR in Pretoria on material that had already been used at least once for compaction-related tests and subsequently air-dried (Tables 11 and 12, and Figure 5).
Here the liquid limits were determined by the more accurate TMH 1 flow curve method in the case of the Casagrande cup method, and the BS 1377 penetration curve method in the case of the cone method.
As no cup liquid limit could be obtained on the P425 fraction, the LS was determined from the FME instead.
The soaked CBR was determined in duplicate on two samples.
As an additional measure of the compacted strength of the material, the shear strength was determined by theTMH 6 (NITRR 1984) vane method after determination of the CBR, with the top of the vane at least 50 mm below the top of the specimen.
Both the soaked and unsoaked vane shear strengths show a reasonable correlation with their respective CBRs, although they lie on different curves (not shown), suggesting that this is a viable alternative test for fine sands. Strengths of 94-224 kPa were achieved at 97-101% compaction after soaking, but only 71-189 kPa at 98-101% at OWC, apparently due to disturbance on inserting the vane.
For comparison, the recommended minimum vane shear strength of sand-asphalt at 40 °C is 200 kPa at 100% MAASHO density (NITRR 1985). However, minimum in-situ strengths of only 100 kPa at 40 °C at only 90% proved adequate for up to 0.1M E80, 120 kPa for up to 0.2M E80, and 200 kPa at 93% for up to an extrapolated 0.5M E80 on a seven-year-old Kalahari sand-asphalt road experiment in Botswana (Netterberg 1989).
The results of the check tests by the CSIR on the gradings and CBRs show that, although somewhat coarser and lower respectively, they agree reasonably with those by Geostrada, the samples remainedNP on the P425 and SP on the P075, andtheir AASHTO and Unified classifications were unaltered.
It was therefore concluded that the reuse of this particular material resulted in no significant change in its properties, and that the results of the Geostrada and CSIR tests on reused material were valid.
Particle shape
It has been known for many years that the shear strength of a non-cohesive sand consists of two parts, the internal frictional resistance between grains (a combination of rolling and sliding friction) and interlocking, which is particularly important in densesands (Taylor 1948).
A photograph of the particles of a composite sample of the neat sand base as seen under a stereo microscope (Photo 8) showed that they were angular in shape.
In an attempt to quantify this the ASTM C 1253-93 particle angularity test used in the concrete and asphalt industries was carriedout (Table 13).
The results on the whole grading and the plus 075 urn fraction are not significantly different. In terms of the criteria used by the South African asphalt industry (TCAM van Rijckevorsel 2013, personal communication) 35% would be regarded as round, 45% as average and 65% as very angular - the results of 47-50% found would only be regarded as slightly more angular than average, but adequate for a sand for use in normal asphalt mixes.
Chemical and mineralogical composition
Physicochemical properties
In order to ascertain whether the outstanding performance of the pure sand base was due to some unusual composition it was also characterised by chemical and mineralogical analysis. The results of tests for organic carbon, pH, paste resistance and sulphate content (not shown) did not indicate any unusual properties.
The P002s of 5-6% found on the base using the more accurate pipette method were much lower than the 13-14% reported by Geostrada on the same samples (Table 9), but were comparable with those of the January samples also tested by them (Tables 3 and 4).
The results (not shown) showed that the neat sand was composed mostly of about 90% SiO2 occurring as quartz (SiO2), 4% total Al2O3as kaolinite clay and felspars, with about 1.5% total Fe2O3 as goethite, FeO(OH), and that all of these minerals (and some muscovite mica), except quartz, were more concentrated in the P075 fraction. Little or no CaCO3 was present.
The citrate-bicarbonate-dithionite (CBD)-extractable Al, Fe and Mn (i.e. present as free oxides/hydroxides) in one composite sample of neat sand base were 0.09%, 0.51% and 0.12% calculated as Al2O3, Fe2O3 and MnO respectively.
It seems that these small amounts of kaolinite and goethite were sufficient to account for the cohesion and to contribute towards the high strengths of the sand, particularly when unsaturated, and the good performance of the neat sand base, as well as the neat sand shoulders.
An estimate of the traffic history of that part of the road, including the experimental sections, is shown in Table 14.
Only eight counts were available for the total of 50 years, and none at all for the first 20 years between 1963 and 1995. A heavy vehicle growth rate of 6% per annum from an initial 10% of the AADT (i.e. 15 hv/d) as recommended by the former Transvaal Roads Department (1994) for this class of road was therefore assumed, which also agreed well with the count of 120 hv/d in 1995.
Although the calculations are accurate, they nevertheless must be regarded as only giving an approximate indication of the cumulative number of standard axles (E80) carried since construction.
As practically no information is available on the early buildup of traffic, or on the traffic split, it is safest to assume that the sections had carried about 0.1M E80/lane in the first 20 years, about 0.2 in 30 years, about 0.5 in 40 years, and about 1.0 M in 50 years.
During both site visits a significant number of six- and seven-axle multi-trailer vehicles travelling in both directions were noticed. A two-day count of these alone in June 2014 averaged 35/day travelling towards Bultfontein and 30 towards Hoopstad, all approximately 75% loaded (J Nkabinde 2014, personal communication). There is no overloading control on this road and no other split counts were carried out. The use of such vehicles apparently commenced in about 1996 and runs throughout the year, with the greatest number during the months of July to December, and with the degree of loading approximately equal in both directions.
Assuming an average load equivalency factor (LEF) of 6.0 per vehicle for these trucks obtained from an HSWIM count in 2007 on a similar road in a similar farming area, it was estimated that these vehicles alone contributed about 180 E80/lane/day or about 50 000 E80/lane/year, and at least one half of the total cumulative E80 carried up to 2013.
The original surfacing was a triple seal. As far as can be ascertained the road was only resealed once with a single reseal in 1986, and received one rejuvenation spray at an unknown date.
The presence of only the triple seal and a single 13 mm reseal was confirmed in all the many trial holes, DCP points and edge breaks examined on all three sections.
All of the sections, especially the neat sand section, had also been extensively patched (Photos 2-5), although this had largely been confined to the outer 0.5-1.0 m in both lanes due to the severe and extensive edge-breaking. No evidence of base course patching was found.
The edge-breaking had apparently been worse on the Bultfontein-bound lane of the neat sand section where a 40 m length of the outer 1.0 m had been repaired with a geotextile and a bituminous emulsion in about 2007 (Photos 2 and 5). This was holding up well and appeared to be a viable repair option.
According to the map of macroclimatic regions of southern Africa (Figure 4 in TRH 4 - COLTO 1996) and in the South African pavement engineering manual (SANRAL 2013), the experiment lies within the "dry" macroclimatic region for pavement design purposes. However it lies close - about 50 km - to the boundary between the dry and moderate macroclimatic regions.
The climatic indices and classifications are as follows:
■ Weinert's (1980) N-value: 5.5.
■ Thornthwaite: Dry semiarid warm, moisture deficient in all seasons (Schulze 1947), with a moisture index (Im) of minus 21-22 (Schulze 1958, confirmed from Emery 1992, and Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR 2009)).
■ Koppen: BSk, (semiarid steppe), with the dry, cold season in winter (Schulze & McGee 1978) and calculated from Table 16; borderline BSh (semiarid hot).
Hail and fog are rare and snow almost unknown.
Further details of the climate of the area and the rainfall received during almost the full 50 years of the experiment are shown in Tables 15 and 16.
Because the site lies at approximately the wet limit in terms of rainfall, Im and N-value of the occurrence of most Kalaharitype sands, the results of the experiment should be conservative as far as the climatic factor is concerned. They should therefore be conservatively applicable to Kalaharitype sands almost everywhere in southern Africa.
The topography of the area is flat and at an altitude of about 1 280 m. No rock outcrops are shown on the 1:250 000 geological maps (Council for Geoscience 1993, 1994), and the surface material is shown simply as quaternary aeolian sand of unspecified depth, and the underlying geology as shale and subordinate sandstone of the Ecca Group of the Karoo Supergroup, intruded in places by Jurassic dolerite.
The soil maps of the area (Land Type Survey Staff 1986, 2012) show the soils of the area to be red-yellow in colour, apedal, freely drained, with a high base status, and with a "clay" (i.e. passing 2 μm) content of usually less than 15%. These soils are deep, sandy, aeolian soils of the Hutton soil form in the Kalahari vegetation unit and mostly of the Avalon soil form in the Grassland unit, which latter was confirmed by the three pits dug in the road reserve between km 19.7 and 19.8 (Photo 1), together with the laboratory test results on samples from both these pits (Table 4). Such soils are characterised by their yellow-brown colour, well-drained, fine sandy nature with a low clay content (< 6%), but with seasonal wetness.
Local information indicates that the permanent water table lies at a depth of about 30 m, but that a perched water table can develop at a depth of about 2 m due to an underlying layer of clay - presumably the residual shale.
Based only upon the results of this investigation, the following is suggested as a specification for a sand base course material for sealed, low-volume roads designed to carry up to about 0.1M E80 over 20 years:
■ Colour: yellowish-brown or reddish-brown (not white or grey)
■ AASHTO classification: A-2-4(0)
■ Unified classification: SM
■ TMH 1 PI on P425 fraction: NP-SP
■ TMH 1 PI on P075 fraction: SP-6
■ Minimum soaked 2.54 mm CBR at 100% MAASHO: 50
■ Minimum unsoaked 2.54 mm CBR at OWC at 100% MAASHO: 60
■ Maximum MAASHO CBR swell: 0.1%
■ Minimum CBD-extractable Fe: 0.3% or, less reliably, minimum Fe2O3 content by XRF analysis: 1.2% Fe2O3.
Probably desirable:
■ Sand equivalent: 13-40
■ Particle angularity:
■ Minimum uncompacted voids (ASTM C1252) on the plus 075 μm fraction: 45%, or
■ Mostly angular particles visible under stereo microscope
■ Dominant clay mineral: kaolinite.
■ Relatively flat
■ Drainage: good
■ Permanent or perched water table: at least 1.0 m below top of roadbed
■ Cross-section: surface camber or adequate (≥ 3% ?) crossfall
■ Seal: at least a double seal
■ Prime: required
■ Compaction:
■ Base to refusal, or at least 100% MAASHO, whichever is the lesser.
■ Shoulders, sub-base (if not cemented), selected subgrade and fill of similar sand to at least 100% MAASHO
■ Roadbed to at least 95% MAASHO, preferably with deep compaction by impact, vibrating or heavy pneumatic roller if collapsing
Seal maintenance:
■ Good
As there were no failures, the material specifications simply attempt to circumscribe the apparently desirable properties of the material tested, and it is uncertain which can be safely omitted - or which perhaps still need to be added.
The purpose of specifying colour is to ensure that there are some suitable iron oxide/hydroxide minerals present and to act as a field proxy for chemical analysis, which is difficult to get done by the more desirable CBD method, and which cannot be done on site.
The most essential requirements would appear to be to have at least about 10% P075 with just sufficient plasticity to provide some cohesion to allow good compaction, stability during construction, and an adequate CBR, both soaked and unsoaked, as well as a sufficiently stiff platform for compaction.
The use of a more sophisticated grading specification, such as that of the Botswana Roads Department (BRD 2010), involving phi grading units does not appear to be necessary.
The limitation of the design traffic to about 0.1M E80 at this stage of our knowledge is deliberately conservative in view of the absence of traffic counts over the first 20 years, the well-known beneficial effects of slow remoulding by traffic (Van Niekerk 1953; Kleyn & Savage 1982; De Beer et al 1989), and the uncertainty both regarding the correct load equivalency exponent, and the degree to which the original triple seal and the later reseal - currently a total of 30 mm - may have acted as a structural layer.
Sand bases with a capillary-soaked triaxial class of 3.3 at intermediate compaction have been used in Zimbabwe for roads designed to carry up to 0.1 M E80 in both directions over10 years (Mitchell et al 1975; Mitchell 1982).However, although the Hoopstad samples tested would meet the equivalent soaked CBR requirement of about 35-55, their gradings are too fine.
A novel approach to the selection of sands in West Australia using sedimentological phi (Φ) units instead of mm for particle size characterisation in terms of the mean and standard deviation, is that of Metcalf and Wylde (1984). Plots of the Hoopstad samples (not shown) showed them to all fall outside of their Zone B (which included most successful sealed bases) due to insufficient fines.
A preliminary specification for Kalahari sands for base course in Botswana (BRD2010) is as follows :
■ Soaked British Standard vibrating hammer (BSVH) CBR: ≥ 60°%
■ Total Al2O3 + Fe2O3 content: > 8%
■ Field compaction (BSVH): ≥ 100%
Although the Hoopstad sand might have met the CBR requirement, it would have failed this specification on account of its unsatisfactory LS/Φ ratios of less than 5 (LSs all too low) and an AL2O3+ Fe2O3content of less than 8%.
This investigation has shown that, as predicted by Gregg (1963), provided that it does not become saturated, a fine, A-2-4(0) aeolian sand with sufficient fines of low plasticity and a good CBR can be used as untreated base course for a low-volume road with an expected life of more than 20 years.
This finding should go some way towards the provision of low-volume sealed roads in the vast area of arid and semiarid southern Africa covered with similar sands and devoid of conventional gravels.
This investigation was funded by UKaid from the United Kingdom Department of International Development, through the Africa Community Access Programme (AFCAP), which promotes safe and sustainable access to markets, healthcare, education, employment and social and political networks for rural communities in Africa, endorsed by the Association of Southern African National Roads Authorities (ASANRA), and managed by the Crown Agents (Project Technical Manager: Mr R Geddes). It formed part of a southern Africa-wide project on the increased use of sands in low-volume roads under the auspices of ASANRA (www.asanra.int.mw). A more comprehensive report is available (www.afcap.org).
The site work was carried out by a team from the Free State Department of Police, Roads and Transport under the authors' supervision.
This paper is published with the permission of the above authorities, but the views expressed do not necessarily reflect those of the above, or their official policies.
The experimental sections were constructed as a joint project between the Department and the CSIR.
Most of the laboratory engineering testing was carried out by Geostrada Engineering International (Pty) Ltd, with some check testing at the CSIR Division of Built Environment, and the Institute for Soil, Climate and Water, all in Pretoria.
The particle angularity tests were kindly carried out at no charge by Much Asphalt (Pty) Ltd in Benoni (Mr H Marais).
The project also benefited from the assistance of Dr P Paige-Green and Mr MI Pinard.
AASHTO (American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials) 1998a. AASHTO T93-86 (1936): Standard specification for determining the field moisture equivalent of soils. Standard Specifications for Transportation Materials and Methods of Sampling and Testing, 19th ed, Part 1. Washington DC: AASHTO, p 283. (Since discontinued). [ Links ]
AASHTO (American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials) 1998b. AASHTO M 145-91 (1995): Recommended practice for classification of soils and soil-aggregate mixtures for highway construction purposes. Standard Specifications for Transportation Materials and Methods of Sampling and Testing, 19th ed, Part 1. Washington DC: AASHTO, pp 158-162. (Reapproved unchanged as at 2011. [ Links ])
ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) 1995. ASTM C 1252 - 93: Standard test methods for uncompacted void content of fine aggregate (as influenced by particle shape, surface texture, and grading). Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02, Philadelphia: ASTM, pp 647-651. [ Links ]
ASTM International 2013. ASTM D2487-11: Standard practice for classification of soils for engineering purposes (Unified Classification). Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08, West Conshohocken: ASTM, pp 259-270. [ Links ]
BRD (Botswana Roads Department) 2010. The use of Kgalagadi sands in road construction. Guideline No 11, Gaborone: Roads Department. [ Links ]
BSI (British Standards Institution) 1990. BS 1377: Part 2: 1990. British Standard Methods of Test for Soils for Civil Engineering Purposes. Part 2. Classification Tests, Part 4. Compaction-related tests. London: BSI. [ Links ]
COLTO (Committee of Land Transport Officials) 1996. Structural Design of Flexible Pavements for Interurban and Rural Roads. Technical Recommendations for Highways, Draft TRH 4, Pretoria: COLTO, Department of Transport. [ Links ]
COLTO (Committee of Land Transport Officials) 1997. Flexible Pavement Rehabilitation and Design. Technical Recommendations for Highways, Draft TRH 12, Pretoria: COLTO, Department of Transport. [ Links ]
COLTO (Committee of Land Transport Officials) 1998. Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Works for State Road Authorities. Yeoville: South African Institution of Civil Engineers. [ Links ]
Council for Geoscience 1993. Geological Map 2824 Kimberley. Pretoria: Council for Geoscience. [ Links ]
Council for Geoscience 1994. Geological Map 2724 Christiana. Pretoria: Council for Geoscience. [ Links ]
CSIR (Council for Scientific and Industrial Research) 2009. Moisture Index Map (RSA, including Lesotho and Swaziland). Pretoria: CSIR Built Environment. [ Links ]
CSRA (Committee of State Road Authorities) 1991. Traffic Loading for Pavement and Rehabilitation Design, Technical Recommendations for Highways, Draft TRH 16, Pretoria: CSRA, Department of Transport. [ Links ]
CSRA (Committee of State Road Authorities) 1992. Pavement Management Systems: Standard Visual Assessment Manual for Flexible Pavements. Technical Methods for Highways, TMH 9: 1992, Pretoria: CSRA, Department of Transport. [ Links ]
De Beer, M, Kleyn E G & Savage, P F 1989. Advances in pavement evaluation and overlay design with the aid of the Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP). Proceedings, 2nd International Symposium on Pavement Evaluation and Cverlay Design, Rio de Janeiro, Reprint, 44 pp. [ Links ]
Dehlen, G L 1962. A simple instrument for measuring the curvature induced in a road surfacing by a wheel load. The Civil Engineer in South Africa, 4(9): 189-194. [ Links ]
DCT (Department of Transport) 1958. Standard Methods of Testing Materials and Specifications. Pretoria: DCT, Division of Civil Engineering. [ Links ]
DCT (Department of Transport) 1970. Standard Methods of Testing Materials. Pretoria: DCT, Division of National Roads. [ Links ]
Emery, S J 1992. The prediction of moisture content in untreated pavement layers and an application to design in southern Africa. Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Report 644, Pretoria: CSIR. [ Links ]
Gregg, J S 1963. First report on a soil stabilization experiment in the Orange Free State. National Institute for Road Research, Report RS/12/63, Pretoria: CSIR. [ Links ]
Kleyn, E G 1984. Aspekte van plaveiselevaluering en -ontwerp soos bepaal met behulp van die Dinamiese Kegelpenetrometer. MEng dissertation, Pretoria: University of Pretoria (Transvaal Roads Department Report L6/84). [ Links ]
Kleyn, E G & Savage, P F 1982. The application of the pavement DCP to determine the bearing properties and performance of road pavements. Proceedings, International Symposium on Bearing Capacity of Roads and Airfields, Trondheim, Norway, Reprint, 9 pp. [ Links ]
Kleyn, S A 1955. Possible developments in pavement foundation design. Transactions, South African Institution of Civil Engineers, 5(9): 286-292. [ Links ]
Land Type Survey Staff 1986. Land Types of the Maps SE 27/20 Witdraai, 2720 Noenieput, 2722 Kuruman, 2724 Christiana, 2820 Upington, 2822 Postmasburg. Memoir: Agricultural and Natural Resources of South Africa No 3, Pretoria: Institute for Soil, Climate & Water. [ Links ]
Land Type Survey Staff 2012. Land Types of the Maps 284 Kimberley, 2826 Winburg, 2924 Koffiefontein, 2629 Bloemfontein (Electronic format). Memoir: Agricultural and Natural Resources of South Africa No 14, Pretoria: Institute for Soil, Climate & Water. [ Links ]
Mainwaring, P 1968. The reconstruction of the Bulawayo to Victoria Falls road. The Rhodesian Engineer, 12(3): 646-656. [ Links ]
Metcalf, J B & Wylde, L J 1984. A re-examination of specification parameters for sandy soil roadbase materials. Bulletin of the International Association of Engineering Geology, 30: 435-437. [ Links ]
Mitchell, R L 1982. Flexible pavement design in Zimbabwe. Proceedings, Institution of Civil Engineers, Part 1, 72: 333-354. [ Links ]
Mitchell, R L, Van der Merwe, C P & Geel, H K 1975. Standardised flexible pavement design for rural roads with light to medium traffic. Special Report No 1, Salisbury, Rhodesia: Ministry of Roads and Road Traffic. [ Links ]
Netterberg, F 1984. Rapid field test for carbonation of lime or cement treated materials. National Institute for Transport and Road Research, Report RS/2/84, Pretoria: CSIR. [ Links ]
Netterberg, F 1989. The Jwaneng sand-asphalt experiment: Performance up to June 1986 after 7 years under traffic. Unpublished report to the Botswana Roads Department, Gaborone DPVT-C54.1, Pretoria: CSIR. [ Links ]
Netterberg, F 1991. Durability of lime and cement stabilization. In: Concrete in Pavement Engineering, Halfway House: Portland Cement Institute, 27 pp. [ Links ]
NIRR (National Institute for Road Research) 1968. Manual of laboratory tests in soil mechanics. Technical Manual K3, Pretoria: NIRR, CSIR. [ Links ]
NITRR (National Institute for Transport and Road Research) 1979. Standard Methods of Testing Road Construction Materials. Technical Methods for Highways, TMH 1, Pretoria: NITRR, CSIR [ Links ]
NITRR (National Institute for Transport and Road Research) 1984. Special Methods for Testing Roads. Technical Methods for Highways, Draft TMH 6, Pretoria: NITRR, CSIR. [ Links ]
NITRR (National Institute for Transport and Road Research) 1985. Guidelines for Road Construction Materials. Technical Recommendations for Highways, TRH 14, Pretoria: NITRR, CSIR. [ Links ]
NITRR (National Institute for Transport and Road Research) 1986. Standard Methods of Testing Road Construction Materials. Technical Methods for Highways, TMH 1, Pretoria: NITRR, CSIR. [ Links ]
Paige-Green, P, Pinard, M I & Mgangira, M 2011. The use of aeolian sands in the provision of low volume roads. Transportation Research Record, 2205, Part 3: 67-72. [ Links ]
RRL (Road Research Laboratory) 1952. Soil Mechanics for Road Engineers. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. [ Links ]
SABS (South African Bureau of Standards) 2008. South African National Standard, SANS 3001- GR1: 2008. Civil Engineering Test Methods. Part GR1: Wet Preparation and Particle Size Analysis. Pretoria: SABS. [ Links ]
SABS (South African Bureau of Standards) 2010. South African National Standard, SANS 3001-PR5: 2009. Civil Engineering Test Methods. Part PR5: Computation of Soil-Mortar Percentages, Coarse Sand Ratio, Grading Modulus and Fineness Modulus. Pretoria: SABS. [ Links ]
SABS (South African Bureau of Standards) 2013. South African National Standard. SANS 3001-AG5: 2013. Civil Engineering Test Methods. Part AG5: Sand Equivalent Value of Fine Aggregates. Pretoria: SABS. [ Links ]
Sampson, L R & Netterberg, F 1990. Effect of material quality on the relationship between DCP DN-value and CBR. Proceedings, Annual Transportation Convention, Pretoria, Session 5B, Paper 3. [ Links ]
SANRAL (South African National Roads Agency Limited) 2013. South African Pavement Engineering Manual. Pretoria: SANRAL. [ Links ]
Schulze, B R 1947. The climates of South Africa according to the classifications of Koppen and Thornthwaite. South African Geographical Journal, 29: 32-42. [ Links ]
Schulze, B R 1958. The climate of South Africa according to Thornthwaite's rational classification. South African Geographical Journal, 40: 31-52. [ Links ]
Schulze, B R & McGee, O S 1978. Climatic indices and classifications in relation to the biogeography of southern Africa. In: Werger, M J A (Ed), Biogeography and Ecology of Southern Africa, The Hague: Junk, pp 19-52. [ Links ]
Taylor, D W 1948. Fundamentals of Soil Mechanics. New York: Wiley. [ Links ]
The Non-Affiliated Soil Analysis Work Committee 1990. Handbook of Standard Soil Testing Methods for Advisory Purposes. Pretoria: Soil Science Society of South Africa. [ Links ]
Transvaal Roads Department 1994. Materials Investigation and Pavement Design Manual. Pretoria: Transvaal Provincial Administration, Roads Branch, Directorate Materials. [ Links ]
Van Niekerk, A 1953. Soil survey and design of road foundations. Transactions of the South African Institution of Civil Engineers, 3: 229-334. [ Links ]
Weather Bureau 1980. Climate of South Africa: Part 8, General survey. Report WB28, Pretoria: Weather Bureau. [ Links ]
Weather Bureau 1986. Climate of South Africa: Climate statistics up to 1984. Report WB 40, Pretoria: Weather Bureau. [ Links ]
Weinert, H H 1980. The natural Road Construction Materials of Southern Africa. Cape Town: Academica. [ Links ]
Dr Frank Netterberg
79 Charles Jackson Street
Weavlnd Park
Pretoria 0184
South Africa
E: firstname.lastname@example.com
Deirdre Elsmere
Road Construction, Material Design and Quality Control Sub-Directorate
Department of Police, Roads and Transport
PO Box 27163
Ehrlich Park
Bloemfontein 9300
South Africa
E: email@example.com
DR FRANK NETTERBERG Is an Independent researcher and specialist consultant on pavement materials and geotechnics. He graduated with a BSc in Geology in 1960 from the University of Cape Town, a BSc Hons in 1963 and a PhD in 1970, both in Engineering Geology from the University of the Witwatersrand, and is a Chartered Engineer and Geologist, a registered Professional Scientist, a Fellow of ICE and SAIEG, and a Member of SAICE and AEG . He has been employed by mining companies, consulting engineers, the CSIR and the University of the Witwatersrand. His research and consulting interests include marginal and unusual materials, pedocretes, soluble salt damage, stabilisation, and active clay roadbeds on which he has published many papers and for which he has received a number of awards.
DEIRDRE ELSMERE is a Control Engineering Technician with the Department of Police, Roads and Transport in the Road Construction, Material Design and Quality Control Sub-Directorate, which includes a Soils Laboratory. She graduated with a BSc in Geology in 1984, an Hons BSc in 1985 and an MSc In Geology from the University ofthe Free State (UFS). She was employed by the Department of Geology at the UFS as a Junior Researcher from 1984 until 1993. She currently coordinates and disseminates design specifications and policies for road building materials and geotechnical works, manages consultants and in-house staff, and evaluates reports, strategies, solutions and specifications prepared by them.
Soil engineering tests
■ Bar Linear Shrinkage (LS): TMH 1: 1979 (National Institute for Transport andRoad Research) (NITRR 1979).
■ British Standard Vibrating Hammer (BSVH): BS 1377: 1990: Part 4 (BritishStandards Institution) (BSI 1990).
■ California Bearing Ratio (CBR): TMH 1: 1986 - in accordance with normal South African practice, unless otherwise stated, at a specified percentage of compaction relative to the MAASHO MDD, at a penetration depth of 2.54 mm after soakingfor at least four days (NITRR 1986).
■ Carbonation and presence/absence of cement using 0.5% phenolphthaleinsolution and diluted hydrochloric acid(HCl) (Netterberg 1984), except that 1.2N HCl was used instead of the previously recommended 5 N, as it has subsequently been found to be more sensitive.
■ Compactive effort: TMH 1: 1986: Modified American Association ofState Highway Officials (MAASHO),i.e. 2 413 kJ/m3 (which is less than the current heavy American Association of State Highway and TransportationOfficials (AASHTO) T180 effort of2 695 kJ/m3); National Road Board (NRB, i.e. Intermediate), i.e. 1 096 kJ/m3; and Proctor, i.e. 531 kJ/m3 (Department ofTransport) (DOT 1970).
■ Cone Liquid Limit: BS 1377: 1990: Part 2.
■ DCP tests on CBR specimens: Average DN through specimen after CBR test, with annular weight in place as usedby EG Kleyn (1984), (2013, personalcommunication), and Sampson and Netterberg (1990), with the cone zero at the bottom of the CBR indentation and with heave measurements during test (which were usually zero, rarely up to 4 mm).
■ Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP): TMH 6: 1984 (NITRR 1984), with the cone zero at the top of the seal.
■ Field Moisture Equivalent (FME): AASHTO T93-86 (1936), (AASHTO 1998a).
■ Fineness Index (FI075, FI075): P075 x PI075 (Mainwaring 1968). (Note: WhenPI075 = NP or 0, then FI075 = P075).
■ Fineness Modulus (FM): [600 - (P5000 + P2000 + P1000 + P600 + P300 + P150)]/ 100: South African National Standard(SANS) 3001-PR5: 2009 South AfricanBureau of Standards (SABS 2010).
■ Grading modulus (GM): (R2000 + R425 +R075) / 100 (Kleyn 1955); or ■ [300 - (P2000 + P425 + P075)] / 100(SANS 3001-PR5: 2009) (SABS 2010).
■ Laboratory test methods in general:TMH 1: 1986 (NITRR 1986).
■ Particle angularity: ASTM C 1252 - 93(ASTM 1995).
■ Particle size distribution ("grading"):
■ Sieve analysis: TMH 1: 1986 MethodA-1(a).
■ Hydrometer analysis: GeostradaPretoria Method MT 1.
■ P425, P075, etc: Cumulative percentage passing 425, 075 μm, sieves, etc.
■ R425, R075, etc: Cumulative percentage retained on 425, 075 μm, sieves, etc.
■ Sand equivalent (SE) (on whole grading):SANS 3001-AG5: 2013 (SABS 2013).
■ Soil classification:
■ AASHTO M 145-91 (1995) (AASHTO1998b).
■ COLTO: 1998: Section 3400 (Committee of Land TransportationOfficials 1998) (COLTO 1998).
■ Unified: ASTM D2487-11 (ASTM International 2013).
■ Soil preparation:
■ Passing 0.425 mm fraction (P425) forsoil constants: TMH 1: 1986 MethodA-1(a).
■ Passing 0.075 mm fraction (P075) forsoil constants: SANS 3001 - GR1: 2008 (SABS 2008).
■ Unsoaked CBR: At optimum watercontent (OWC) for MAASHO effort afterfour days equilibration in sealed plastic bags; at less than OWC after drying in the sun or oven at ≤ 60 °C to the approximate percentage OWC specified and then sealing in plastic bags for at least four days.
■ Visual assessment of the road: TMH 9: 1992 (Committee of State RoadAuthorities) (CSRA 1992).
Soil science tests
■ pH, paste resistance, dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate (CBD) - extractable free iron (Fe), aluminium (Al) and manganese (Mn) oxides/hydroxides; organic carbon (by Walkley-Black dichromate oxidation), and particle size distribution (washed sieve plus pipette method): The Non-AffiliatedSoil Analysis Work Committee (1990).
■ Soil colour: Standard Munsell colours (Soil Colour Chart compiled by Soils Research Institute, Pretoria, undated; Munsell Color Co, Inc, Baltimore.


text:
We are STILL accepting applications for the
competition, vendor spaces and exhibition performances. Please click on our application tab to
download or print an application.
Please note our contact telephone number has changed to; 808-281-4992 or 808-463-4340.
Please don't hesitate to contact us if you have any additional questions or concerns via email at; email@example.com or by calling Lolita at the phone numbers provided above.


text:
Indiana Personal Injury Lawyers
Stewart & Stewart: About Our Firm
Our firm of Indiana accident attorneys represent families and individuals during difficult financial and physical tragedies. Our knowledgeable staff of Indiana personal injury lawyers is dedicated, hard-working, and all about eagerly assisting you. We take every claim seriously and prepare each case as if it will be tried in a court of law.
The preparation and detailed planning that goes into each lawsuit allows Stewart & Stewart's personal injury lawyers to get the best possible result for our clients.
If you have been injured, you need a reliable Indiana attorney willing to stand up for your legal rights. The goal of our personal injury lawyers is to provide you the thorough service you deserve, while working quickly to resolve your case and get the maximum compensation you are owed.
The Stewart & Stewart Guarantee
- We will thoroughly investigate your claim!
- We will not charge an attorney's fee unless we recover money for you!
- We will work hard to get the maximum recovery on your case!
Professional Medical Experts
View Med is a company that employs doctors and registered nurses to review, analyze, and give professional opinions on clients' medical records. These expert opinions enable our attorneys to thoroughly investigate all aspects of your claim, whether you're suffering from medical malpractice, pharmaceutical injuries, or other personal injuries.
In-depth, reliable information about your injuries helps us to know the full story so we can fully protect your rights. View Med doctors and nurses provide medical chronologies, review your charts, consult on X-rays and films, and discuss these items with your attorney.


text:
Jameson Decew Skater Profile
Sponsors: Monkey Business, DC Shoes Co. (flow), Ezekiel (flow), Venture, Identity Board Shop
Hometown: , Stance: ?, Age: , Status: Am
Last Update: Thursday, May 12, 2005 Submit an Update
In Stock Now With Immediate Shipping
Couldn't find any Jameson Decew products, but check out some random products from our Shop. Yeah, Jameson Decew probably shops here...
adidas Adidas Skateboarding x Metropolitan Metro Jacket Black/ Real Magenta/ Yellow Tint $170.00
Primitive Skateboarding Primitive x Moebius x Marvel Tiago Lemos The Thing Deck N/A $59.95
Jameson Decew Comments
Other Skater Links
- Full Skater Database - 6000+ skater profiles.
- Skateboarders on Instagram - browse your favorite pros and ams on Instagram.
- Skate News and Videos - daily skate news and videos from around the web.
- Media Coverage - we log all major magazine coverage by skater and photographer.
- Skate Photographers - we log all major magazine coverage by skater and photographer.
- Contest Results - over a decade's worth of contest history.


text:
GIMME SHELTER- Wood you? How to install a wood stove
Bryan Parlee
VP Acme Stove Company
Q: I don't have a fireplace, but I'd like to save on my heating bill by installing a wood stove. How difficult would it be to install one? Any tips on what kind I should get?
A: Believe it or not, installing a wood stove system in your house is fairly simple. In fact, you don't even have to have a brick masonry chimney to have a wood stove– it can be placed almost anywhere.
If you do have an existing fireplace, there are free standing stoves that can be easily connected to your flu, as well as fireplace/stove hybrids that fit right into the fireplace opening. Depending on the size you choose, wood stoves can heat anywhere between 600 square feet and 3,000 square feet of space. While some people might want a larger stove to heat the entire house, others might want a smaller stove to keep a few rooms warm and keep their heat pump from kicking on.
In choosing a stove, there are several things to consider. Heat quality depends on the quality of the stove. Cast iron and soapstone stoves are the best, but you can also choose a cast iron/soap stone combination. Cast iron stove/fireplace hybrids, which fit right into your existing fireplace, are also an option. Cast iron holds heat better than steel, and can withstand higher temperatures. Soapstone takes longer to heat up than cast iron, but will stay hot longer. Soapstone also produces a "soft heat," which means you can get a a bigger stove without worrying about over-heating the room. With a cast iron stove, if you get one that's too big, it can make the room too hot.
There are also a number of "designer" stoves now available, in combinations of cast-iron, soapstone, and steel, that not only heat your home or offset your heating bills, but add to the aesthetic beauty of your rooms.
All new stoves have what are called "re-burning systems" that are now required by the EPA. These are a set of tubes inside the stove that "reburn" the gases and creosote produced by burning. These stoves are noticeably more efficient, reducing the wood to a fine ash, producing more heat for longer periods, and minimizing the smoke that comes out the chimney. In addition, the glass on the stove won't get black with creosote.
After you choose a stove and decide where you want to put it, you can choose the best chimney system. The simplest way is to set the stove against an outside wall, run a stainless steel, double-insulated pipe outside and up the side of the house, and build a wooden chase around it. However, you can also place the stove in the center of the room and run a pipe straight through the ceiling to the roof, or put the stove in the basement, or even in an upstairs room with a steep roof pitch.
Ideally, you want the chimney pipe to be as straight as possible to get a good draw. To avoid back-draw, the pipe should also extend at least two feet past the highest point where it passes through the roof, and at least two feet higher than any part of the house within 10 feet.
If you have an existing fireplace, you can simply install a direct-connect kit, which comes with an oval pipe that fits through the flu, and metal paneling that seals off the area around the pipe. If you go this route, make sure you measure the fireplace opening before you choose a stove so you have the correct clearance, as stoves vent at different heights.
Bryan Parlee
1 comment
I just recieved a vermont castings wood stove from a friend(used) it is in great condition - I want to remove my propane stove and put in the wood burning stove --can i simply remove my propane stove and put in the wood stove using the existing metal chimmney?


text:
Squarespace helps people build websites. Similar to WordPress, Tumblr, or Drupal, it provides individuals and businesses with a platform for building their website. But Squarespace offers more elaborate and comprehensive design services to its clients.
In its almost 10-year history, the company has grown from a one man shop, started and operated by founder Anthony Casalena, to a full two floors in a sleek office in downtown Manhattan.
We stopped by to see how and what they are doing ... and discovered a cosmopolitan crew from around the world doing amazing work.


text:
E-sign PPT for HR Secure
E-sign for HR PPT Secure
Nowadays, most people tend to process documentation digitally. That is why, many companies, as well as individuals, are looking for E-sign for HR PPT Secure solutions. Luckily, the SignNow platform provides its users with a wide variety of digital tools. It features a powerful toolkit that includes various functions for accelerating and automating document editing in the simplest ways. These tools have been designed to cover the needs of most businesses at the lowest possible price. Every user has the ability to:
- Store and collaborate on templates with colleagues without leaving the platform.
- Generate forms, edit templates and collect signed documents.
- Add multiple signers to a sample and specify their roles.
- Create groups and manage workspaces as a team leader with administration permissions. Easily share files inside a group, control every sample version sent and track it.
- Integrate built-in functionality with any service being used.
All the features mentioned above are designed to save your time and customize your business processes.


text:
You probably already know about our Summer Concert Series. Since this weekend is Summer's kick-off, we're running a special ticket give-away for GMG readers (FOBs). Text GMG to 72727 and you'll be entered to Win 2 FREE Tickets to the concert of your choice. The winner will be contacted on Tuesday.
And it gets better. If you reply to the text with your email address or sign up for the gimmeLIVE Concert Club (click here, it's free) you'll also be entered to win 2 FREE VIP UPGRADES to the concert of your choice. (You will have to buy or win 2 regular tickets in order to use the upgrade.)
VIP packages offer exclusive access to VIP Pre-Parties, 3 Course Dinner at Backstage Bistro, Meet & Greet, Gifts & more (see VIP details here).
You know it's the Summer season on Cape Ann by the weather (trust me, it will be very nice tomorrow) and by the fact that tonight you have a dozen choices for live music. See full music lineup here. And it gets even better going into the long holiday weekend.
Whether or not you supported the wars, let's honor those who "gave the last full measure of devotion" to preserve our freedom by supporting those who express that freedom through their music.


text:
It looks great with that furniture on it.
This past Independence Day weekend my friend James and I tried out my Arsenal SGL 20 Russian Izhmash AKM. This is one nice rifle. Nice finish, build and accurate out of the box. I put some Ironwood blond furniture on it. It came with some nice plum furniture, but I really dig the blond look. No failures of any kind with this rifle. If I had the funds, I'd buy another.
+ YouTube Video
It looks great with that furniture on it.
Yeah that's nice, thanks for the pics
"Government is not the solution to our problem, government is the problem" Ronald Reagan
dude that is some seriously nice looking wood!
the video show's she shoots good but what about the accuracy?
is it decent?
That's a really nice looking rifle, glad it shoots well too. I don't think you can go wrong with wood as far as visual appeal is concerned. Someone on another board made a wood sidefolder in the Russian style and that is something that I'm gonna try one of these days.
Gunco member #11
it is dangerous to be right in matters about which the established authorities are wrong Voltaire
Nice gun. I really want to get one of arsenal's 410s. They do great work.


text:
The American Soybean Association (ASA) applauds Chairman Frank Lucas, Ranking Member Collin Peterson and the members of the House ag committee for passing the Federal Agriculture Reform and Risk Management Act Wednesday, May 15.
The bill, which passed the Committee on a 36 to 10 vote, will now head to the House floor for consideration. ASA President Danny Murphy, a soybean farmer from Canton, Miss., commended the Committee and called on the full House to pass the bill as quickly as possible.
"ASA is very pleased that the farm bill is moving forward, and we applaud Chairman Lucas and Ranking Member Peterson, as well as the entire Committee, for their work on the bill," said Murphy.
"The House bill contains several key ASA priorities including provisions to strengthen crop insurance and continue our overseas marketing programs. We remain concerned with the bill's inclusion of a price-based program under which payments are tied to current plantings, and the potential planting distortions this program could cause if market prices fall. That said, we believe these differences can be ironed out, either on the House floor or in conference with the Senate."
Murphy noted that ASA was particularly pleased that Rep. Bob Gibbs (R-Ohio) offered and spoke to an amendment that would have decoupled payments under the Price Loss Coverage (PLC) program from current-year plantings in order to avoid production distortions.
Rep. Gibbs made clear in his remarks that the PLC program, as included in the draft Committee bill, could distort plantings during periods of low prices, and he argued that all crops should be supported at a consistent level, based on market prices. In withdrawing his amendment, Rep. Gibbs made clear his intention to raise these issues again when the bill moves to the House floor.
"We appreciate Rep. Gibbs' efforts to highlight the potential distortions that could result from a program based on target prices that are coupled to current-year plantings. The avoidance of such distortions has been a core ASA priority from the beginning, and we commend the Congressman for bringing up this concern during Committee markup."
Rep. Gibbs was successful in including a second amendment that would require the Secretary of Agriculture to report annually on the impact of the PLC and Revenue Loss Coverage (RLC) programs on the planting, production, price, and export of commodities, as well as on the cost of these programs.
ASA supported this provision as a means for monitoring Title 1 programs, particularly if payments based on high support levels are tied to current-year production, which could distort planting decisions.
Comments from the National Corn Growers Association
Corn growers
Meanwhile, national Corn Growers Association President Pam Johnson released the following statement in response to the House Committee on Agriculture's farm bill passage late Wednesday night:
"We greatly appreciate the work by House Committee on Agriculture's Chairman Frank Lucas, Ranking Member Collin Peterson and the Committee to move forward in the process to develop a five-year farm bill. NCGA is assessing similarities and differences between the legislation and our grower-developed policy.
"While we are pleased the process is moving forward, NCGA remains extremely concerned with the Committee's decision to adopt a fixed-target-price program that moves U.S. farm policy away from the market-oriented reforms that have made possible a robust rural economy. It is also disappointing the Committee failed to use this opportunity to ensure a Revenue Loss Coverage program that is a genuine risk management option for producers.
"We understand this is only the second step in a long process, and we do applaud the House Ag Committee for holding a markup.
"Now, we call upon Speaker John Boehner to quickly take up the bill in the full House. We look forward to our continued work with members and staff on this important piece of legislation and urge Congress to pass a farm bill this year."
Farm Bureau
Bob Stallman, president of the American Farm Bureau Federation released the following statement.
"The House Agriculture Committee today approved its version of the 2013 farm bill. That bill joins the version approved on Tuesday by the Senate Agriculture Committee.
"This provides a great reason for optimism we will have a new long-term farm bill this year. That belief is further supported by the fact that the bills are more striking in their similarities than in their differences. Both bills provide a solid start for a farm bill that serves America's farm and ranch families. The emphasis on crop insurance as a risk management tool, combined with flexibility that the measures offer through other safety net choices, will go a long way in ensuring a stable agricultural economy over the next few years.
"These bipartisan-supported bills offer a basic-but-broad risk management platform supported by all types of farmers and ranchers in all regions. Among the balanced risk management strategy are options based both on crop prices and revenue levels.
"Both committees also proved thoughtful in their efforts to reform our nation's farm law, from significant changes in how commodity programs are structured to streamlining in other aspects, such as conservation programs. The savings from those efforts will help pay for new risk management programs and make contributions to reduce our nation's deficit.
"Many aspects of both bills reflect the essence of Farm Bureau's farm bill proposal. We continue to analyze both bills and will weigh their ability to provide effective risk management tools to meet the needs of America's farmers, ranchers and growers.
"This and other issues will be hashed out when the full House and Senate take up their bills and then again when the chambers come together to negotiate a single bill. We remain optimistic that the congressional leadership will carry on in the bipartisan spirit exemplified by the House and Senate Agriculture committees, and that they will remain true to their commitment to pass a farm bill."
National Sorghum Producers
"NSP is very pleased with the hard work and leadership provided by Chairman Lucas and Ranking Member Peterson to pass a very good farm bill out of committee," said J.B. Stewart, NSP Legislative Committee chairman. "There was a strong, bipartisan vote, and while we face more obstacles on the [House] floor, we look forward to helping the committee push a bill through that will give sorghum farmers a plan for the next five years."
While close to 100 amendments were considered by the committee, crop insurance was strengthened, and the commodity title was left relatively intact, including reference prices and producer choice—all priorities of the National Sorghum Producers. The bill achieves substantial budget savings but maintains balanced and solid protection for America's farmers and ranchers.
You might also like
South Carolina peanut crop beginning to benefit from warmer weather
Corn planing pace quickens, but still lags five-year average by 37 points
Conservation Reserve Program sign-up runs from May 20-June 14
Some Texas wheat may be baled for hay