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|Aerial view of Coconut Island in Kane'ohe Bay
showing the location of the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology
and some of the surrounding reefs (photo: B. Daniel).
Soon after his arrival in 1908, University of Hawai'i's first president John W. Gilmore noted that "our teaching should be in accordance with the environments." He proposed the creation of a marine biological laboratory. A laboratory was established in 1912 in a wooden structure on the shores of Waikiki with funds from the Charles M. Cooke Estate. This lab functioned in association with the Waikiki Aquarium. In 1919, both facilities were turned over to the University of Hawai'i. In 1947, the late Edwin W. Pauley provided an opportunity to establish a marine laboratory on Coconut Island, and the marine sciences entered into a new era in Hawai'i. In 1993, the Pauley family again, in an act of far-reaching vision and generosity, provided funds to purchase the private portion of Coconut Island and construct a new world-class marine laboratory on the island.
Before 1930
Originally, Moku O Lo'e was used as a base for shepherds and local fishermen. During this time the island was owned by the Bishop Estate. Christian Holmes, owner of Hawaiian Tuna Packers (now Coral Tuna) and heir to the Fleischmann yeast fortune, then purchased the island for his tuna-packing factory.
The island, as it was originally purchased, was 12 acres in size and had several coconut trees, which is how it got its popular name. Holmes, unhappy with the small size of Coconut Island, had it expanded to 28 acres. Much of the material for this project came from the main sandbar in Kane'ohe Bay (near Kapapa Island). In addition to enlarging the island, he also created many fish ponds, which would later be of great use to the Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology.
Holmes had a desire to transform Coconut Island into his own private paradise. He imported hundreds of exotic plants and trees to the island, and constructed a large saltwater swimming pool equipped with a slide and a diving board.
Holmes bought a 4-masted schooner in Samoa, the Seth Parker, and had it sailed north to Hawai'i. It leaked so much on the trip that it was declared unseaworthy. He permanently moved the Seth Parker to Coconut Island and a bar and movie theater. This boat was also used in the movie "Wake of the Red Witch", starring John Wayne.
Christian Holmes built outdoor bars at various points around the island. He had a bowling alley built, and reconstructed a shooting gallery on the island that he had bought at an amusement park in San Francisco.
That's not all. Coconut Island even housed a small zoo for a short time. Animal residents included: donkeys, a giraffe, monkeys and a baby elephant. Upon Holmes's death, these animals became the basis for the Honolulu Zoo (along with the Honolulu Bird Park at the Kapi'olani Park site). The baby elephant was known as "Empress" at the zoo and died of old age in 1986. Zookeepers believe her to be the longest living captive elephant.
1944: Christian Holmes passes away in New York.
1944–1947: The KMCA's used the island as an R&R post for its officers. They built the barracks that eventually became the Hawai'i Marine Lab.
1947: A group of five wealthy oil men bought the island. Eventually one of these men, Edwin Pauley, bought out the interests of the other four and became the sole owner of the island. Here his family spent their summers. (Note: Edwin Pauley also donated the Pauley Pavilion to UCLA. It was home to the gymnastics portion of the 1984 Olympic games.) Many famous people spent time on Coconut Island as a guest of Edwin Pauley. Some of these include: Harry Truman, Lyndon B. Johnson, Red Skelton, Richard Nixon, and Ronald Reagan.
1951: Edwin Pauley helped establish the Hawai'i Marine Lab on Coconut Island and leased the necessary land to the State "rent free."
1961: The original main laboratory building burned down. Mr. Pauley donated $300,000 towards the reconstruction of the present building, which was completed in 1965.
1965: The name of the Hawai'i Marine Lab was changed to the Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology. Around this time, a tax assessor for the State noted that the land taxes being paid on the island were only for a deed covering 12 acres, yet survey maps showed the island to be 28 acres in area. This fact was pointed out to the Attorney General, who took the Pauley estate to court. Based on the argument that 16 extra acres of the island had been built using materials from sub-tidal State land, the State managed to confiscate the non-deeded land.
1981: Following the death of Edwin Pauley, Coconut Island was put up for sale. After 17 months with no action, a proposal was made for the State to purchase the land.
1987: A representative for the Pauley family came to negotiate sale to the State. Legislators assured HIMB Director Phil Helfreich they would provide support and funding. However, while they were thinking about it a Japanese real estate developer, Katsuhiro Kawaguchi, made a surprise offer of $8.5 million in cash and purchased the island.
1992: Mr. Kawaguchi and HIMB enjoyed a good working relationship for seven years. He gave HIMB a $50,000 grant. Dr. Steven Pauley (son of Edwin Pauley) visited the island where he spent his summers as a child. Meanwhile, plans for a new marine laboratory at HIMB were discussed. The Pauley Foundation and Trustees approved a grant of $7.615 million to build a marine laboratory to be named the Pauley-Pagen Laboratory.
1995: The Pauley family provided the UH Foundation with the $2 million necessary to buy the private portion of the island from Mr. Kawaguchi.
2000 and Beyond
The new marine laboratory focuses on two aspects of tropical marine biology: biodiversity and biotechnology. With the completion of the Pauley-Pagen laboratory, the future looks bright for HIMB and Coconut Island. This new addition gives the University of Hawai'i a world-class facility for marine biology.
You can find this info on our web page also at: http://www.hawaii.edu/himb/history.html
Soon to come will be the addition to the guide books of Coconut Island's historical highlights categorized by year.


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Plastic surgery is a surgical specialty involving the restoration, reconstruction, or alteration of the human body.
Plastic Surgery
Cheek Augmentation
upon request
A specialist in plastic, reconstructive, aesthetic and microsurgeries, offering a range of surgical and non-surgical procedures for the face and body.
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
This information is intended for general information only and should not be considered as medical advice on the part of Health-Tourism.com. Any decision on medical treatments, after-care or recovery should be done solely upon proper consultation and advice of a qualified physician.
What is Cheek Augmentation?
Cheek augmentation, also known as cheek implants, is a facial implant surgery designed to fill out the cheeks and enhance the shape of the face. Many people choose cheek augmentation to improve the look of their face after aging or weight loss or to give balance to their features.
To fill out a hollow or sunken cheek, cheek augmentation is carried out on the lower or mid-cheek region (submalar). High cheekbones are created with implants in the upper cheek (malar). Many people opt for a combination of the two.
The surgeon inserts implants into the cheek through incisions along the lower lash line, upper gum line or the inside of the mouth. Cheek augmentation is sometimes carried out alongside jaw augmentation, chin augmentation and face lift.
What are the types of Cheek Implants?
Cheek implants are constructed from a variety of materials. The most common cheek implant types are:
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Northwest Florida
Gulf Coast vacation rentals mean white sand, warm gulf waters and top tennis resorts. ResortQuest by Wyndham Vacation Rentals offers the largest selection of rentals on the Emerald Coast and has won multiple awards for Best Rental Service Firm on the Gulf Coast.
We offer thousands of vacation rentals in Northwest Florida, including gulf-front condos and full-service resorts. Our luxurious private homes can accommodate family reunions and groups of just about any size.
Our Vacation Specialists are ready to help you plan your Florida Panhandle beach vacation.
With their soft sands, emerald-green waters and an array of attractions, Pensacola Beach, Panama City Beach and Navarre Beach were rated among the Top 25 Beaches in America in the 2014 TripAdvisor Travelers' Choice awards. The tennis pros at TOPS'L® Beach & Racquet Resort in Destin give personal instruction, and the Beaches of South Walton offer a quiet retreat on Scenic 30A. Book a Florida Panhandle vacation rental online today.
NWFL – Own Where Your Heart Lives! Explore Northwest Florida properties for sale.Read More
Beach Homes
Large private home rentals in Northwest Florida give you the spaciousness and privacy you want for your beach vacation on the Emerald Coast. Among our portfolio of Northwest Florida vacation homes, you'll find Gulf-view and Gulf-front homes, vacation homes with private pools and bbq grills, game tables and video game consoles, gourmet kitchens and screened-in porches, and so much more. The search for your perfect home rental starts here.
The Pointe
The Pointe is a boutique hotel-style resort offering bold aesthetics, exceptional amenities, and a picturesque location in Inlet Beach. The property is ideally situated within walking distance to Rosemary Beach and Alys Beach, directly across the street from shops and restaurants at 30Avenue, and a short bike or tram ride to the beach.
Waterscape Condominiums
Waterscape Condominiums on Okaloosa Island in Fort Walton Beach is one of the area's most luxurious beachfront condominium properties. The beach-side condos are angled to offer the best gulf views possible, and a handicapped-accessible boardwalk leads to 490 feet of gorgeous Gulf Coast beach.
Sanctuary by the Sea
A premiere resort on 30A, Sanctuary by the Sea has 3 pools, 2 hot tubs, grilling areas and fire pits. This property is nestled in the heart of The Beaches of South Walton and has a very peaceful serene feel but is only minutes away from shopping and restaurants.
Sunrise Beach Condominiums
Sunrise Beach Condominiums offers gulf-view accommodations in Panama City Beach, including 1- and 2-bedrooms with extra bunk space, as well as 3-bedroom end units. Every Sunrise Beach condo has a gulf view from the living room and master bedroom.
Beach House Condominiums
With 650 feet of white-sand beachfront just off Scenic Highway 98, Beach House Condominiums offers 1- to 3-bedroom gulf-front condo accommodations in Destin's Miramar Beach. In addition to the gulf views and direct beach access, amenities at Beach House Condominiums include a seasonally heated outdoor pool and a kiddie pool, perfect for families with children.
Seychelles Beach Resort
By virtue of its 22-story height and prime beachfront location, Seychelles Beach Resort in Panama City Beach offers stunning gulf views from its beach-side condos and end units with wraparound balconies. The elevated pool deck features a seasonally heated outdoor pool, sun deck and hot tub.Read More
With plentiful sunshine and a relaxed atmosphere, business and pleasure easily intersect along the beautiful Emerald Coast of Northwest Florida. The dedicated Group Sales team at ResortQuest by Wyndham Vacation Rentals has years of experience helping groups of all sizes and interests find the perfect accommodations for everything from business meetings and destination weddings to family reunions and more.
ResortQuest can offer great rates on group lodging with every possible amenity, so guests can go from the meeting room to meeting with friends and family on the area's sugar-white beaches with ease. We also can arrange services such as catering, audio/visual equipment and access to outdoor pools and open, grassy areas to enhance your meeting experience.
Group Types
• Meetings & Retreats
• Destination Weddings
• Sports Groups & Teams
• Family Reunions & Social Retreats
Group Sales
Director of Group Sales
ResortQuest Northwest Florida
Additional ResourcesRead More
If you've dreamed of a barefoot wedding on the beach, digging your toes into the sugar-soft sands of Northwest Florida will be the beginning of your marital bliss. White sands and emerald waters perfectly complement the beauty of any bride-to-be.
ResortQuest has rental properties in Northwest Florida that are capable of hosting everything from small weddings to large receptions. Their locations along the scenic Gulf of Mexico also make them great for an extended stay to incorporate a romantic honeymoon or a vacation for the entire wedding party.Read More
Read More
- Key to the Beach
- ResortQuest by Wyndham Vacation Rentals guests receive exclusive discounts and offers on Northwest Florida attractions, activities, dining, shopping and services. Just show your Key to the Beach card to any participating merchant during your stay.
Wyndham Vacation Rentals' Key to the Beach is your passport to even more fun and excitement in Northwest Florida. Through our Key to the Beach program, we are pleased to offer our guests benefits at a number of shows, restaurants and attractions. Simply show the Hospitality by Glad to Have You app to the following establishments to receive exclusive discounts and offers.Read More
February 2020
PCB Mardi Gras & Music Festival
February 21-22, 2020
Noon - 8:00 pm
Pier Park, Panama City Beach
Pensacola Grand Mardi Gras Parade
February 22, 2020
Palafox Place, Downtown Pensacola
2020 Seaside School Half Marathon
February 28 – March 1, 2020
Seaside, FL
Save Now on Marathon Lodging! >
Recurring Events
Live Music at 45 Central Wine & Sushi Bar
Thursdays, 7:00-9:00 pm
45 Central Wine & Sushi Bar, Santa Rosa Beach
Seaside Farmer's Market
Saturdays, 9:00 am - Noon
Seaside Amphitheatre
Farmers Market
Saturdays, 9:00 am - 1:00 pm
Grand Boulevard at Sandestin
Family Challenge Saturdays at Topsail Hill Preserve State Park
Saturdays, 9am-2pm
Topsail Hill Preserve State Park
Sunday Funday Ranger Program at Topsail Hill Preserve State Park
Sundays, 9:00 am
Topsail Hill Preserve State Park
30A Farmer's Market
Sundays, 10:00 am
South Barrett Square in Rosemary Beach
Sunday Brunch at Pescado
Sundays, 10:30 am - 3:00 pm
Pescado, Rosemary BeachRead More
A Perfect Partnership
We've all heard the saying, "You get what you pay for," but with ResortQuest by Wyndham Vacation Rentals, you get more. Much more.
Wyndham Vacation Rentals is the world's largest professionally managed vacation rentals business. As part of the Wyndham Destinations family of brands, more property owners trust Wyndham Vacation Rentals to market, manage, and maintain their rental properties in the U.S. than any other professional vacation rental management company. Our commitment is to help our homeowners maximize their property's income potential and provide an overall relaxing experience for you and future rental guests.
ResortQuest by Wyndham Vacation Rentals in Northwest Florida continually strives to make your homeowner experience one of individual attention and professionalism and to help your property realize its full investment potential. We pride ourselves on having a local team with global support, making us the best of both worlds and the perfect partner to manage your vacation rental. The high standards to which we hold our people and our properties form the basis of our Vacation Rental Bill of Rights® — a list of six key commitments that every traveler can expect when booking a vacation rental stay with us. Additionally, we offer the Truly Comfortable & Clean program, eliminating comforters and guaranteeing the entire bedding is washed and fresh before each arrival. This alternative to bedspreads will set your vacation rental apart from the competition and ensure the comfort of your guests.
Our goal is to drive your revenue further by creating a strategic marketing plan. Through this plan we will enhance your bookings and generate the results you expect by optimizing distribution channels. In other words, our marketing doesn't start and stop here. We proudly and successfully partner with several other distribution channels and maintain your property there as well—putting more money in your pocket.
- VRBO.com
- Homeaway.com
- Flipkey.com
- Airbnb.com
- Expedia
- Booking.com
- Travelocity
- Hotels.com
- ...and More!
Our success as a property management company begins with the trust our owners place with us. We work hard to help our owners get the most value possible from their rentals. Our fantastic team of detail-driven staff takes personal pride in inspecting, managing, and maintaining each property.
If you've got a property in Northwest Florida and you're looking for personal service, powerful marketing, and exceptional property management, we welcome the opportunity to speak with you.
Contact our local Business Development team to join our program or for any additional information or questions that you may have.
Rental Destinations
NW Florida Business Development
- Destin
- Fort Walton Beach
- Navarre
- Panama City Beach
- Pensacola Beach
- Perdido Key
- South Walton
- TOPS'L Resort
(855) 496-7258
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Destin is a gem along the Emerald Coast of Northwest Florida. The award-winning beaches, championship golf, thrilling water sports and gulf-front Destin condos make this a can't-miss destination for a family vacation. With award-winning beaches, one of the top U.S. tennis resorts, and a reputation as the "World's Luckiest Fishing Village," Destin is a jewel on Northwest Florida's Emerald Coast. ResortQuest by Wyndham Vacation Rentals offers the largest selection of Destin Florida vacation rentals, including condos, private homes & resorts. Our Destin beach rentals offer gulf-front accommodations and resort amenities. Sandestin Beach Resort and Seascape Resort in Destin boast golf courses on site. The 52-acre TOPS'L Beach & Racquet Resort encompasses six properties bordered by the Gulf and a nature preserve and claims one of the top tennis programs in the U.S. Amenities include pools, hot tubs, a nature trail and seasonal beachside grill. The annual Destin Seafood Festival features live entertainment, family-friendly activities and succulent seafood. The Destin Fishing Rodeo is a month-long saltwater fishing competition...but shoppers fish for deals at the nation's largest designer outlet center. Book a Destin condo or home rental online today. Destin - Own Where Your Heart Lives! Explore Destin properties for sale.more info
Fort Walton Beach
Fort Walton Beach is a playground that combines resort living with city conveniences. From spending the day on the greens of a championship golf course to deep-sea fishing on the emerald waters of the Gulf, it's all available here. With pristine sand dunes and aqua-blue waters as the backdrop, area attractions such as dolphin shows at the Gulfarium and the Billy Bowlegs Pirate Festival make Fort Walton Beach rentals a popular option for family vacations on Northwest Florida's Emerald Coast. Waterfront restaurants, live music and an active nightlife attract visitors to The Boardwalk—a shopping, dining and entertainment complex on Okaloosa Island. ResortQuest by Wyndham Vacation Rentals offers a choice of luxury vacation condominiums and townhomes on Okaloosa Island, all directly on the beach featuring spectacular views of the Gulf of Mexico. Our Okaloosa Island rentals are also conveniently located within minutes of additional attractions such as championship golf, a science center and amusement parks in the cities of Fort Walton Beach and Destin. Sports fans will love visiting in the spring, when the Emerald Coast Volleyball Week attracts thousands of players and spectators for heated competitions and cool after-parties at the four-player beach volleyball tournament. Browse our Fort Walton Beach condo & house rentals today! Fort Walton Beach - Own Where Your Heart Lives! Explore Fort Walton Beach properties for sale.more info
Our Navarre Beach rentals feature uncrowded, laid-back beaches. Navarre Beach vacation condo & house rentals are ideal for vacationers seeking a peaceful getaway with the convenience of town attractions nearby. Surrounded by the Gulf Island National Seashore nature preserve, this serene location is like an oasis nestled between the neighboring cities of Pensacola and Fort Walton Beach, which have all the dining, shopping and entertainment you might crave. Though Navarre Beach is the quintessential beach retreat, it is located only a short drive from an array of Emerald Coast attractions including golf and tennis, theme parks, historic districts and state parks. With the inviting warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico, the sugar-white sand and miles of nature trails, Navarre Beach was rated among the Top 25 Beaches in America in the 2014 TripAdvisor Travelers' Choice awards. ResortQuest by Wyndham Vacation Rentals offers townhomes, villas and gulf-front condominiums in Navarre Beach. Book your Navarre Beach condo or house online today! Fort Walton Beach - Own Where Your Heart Lives! Explore Fort Walton Beach properties for sale.more info
Panama City Beach
Panama City Beach, Florida is a popular family vacation destination, offering 27 miles of gorgeous beaches. Known for its endless supply of year-round activities, Panama City Beach fuses natural beauty with high-energy entertainment and retail districts. Panama City Beach, Florida, is rated among the Top 25 Beaches in America in the 2014 TripAdvisor Travelers' Choice awards. Panama City Beach condo and house rentals put you within close proximity to a range of attractions, from go-karts to championship golf. The Pier Park open-air entertainment complex boasts more than one million square feet of fashion and specialty retailers, unique dining options and a 16-screen movie theater. For a more serene scene, Shell Island is a small undeveloped island known for its shell-strewn beach. Snorkeling reveals tropical fish, sea urchins and sting rays. Dolphin tours on St. Andrews Bay allow a unique opportunity to encounter the bay's beautiful inhabitants. ResortQuest by Wyndham Vacation Rentals offers Panama City Beach rentals at popular condominium resorts such as Tidewater, Palazzo, Sunrise Beach and Celadon. Each offers one- to three-bedroom units with desirable resort amenities including a gulf-front location, on-site fitness facility, swimming pool and hot tub. Panama City Beach - Own Where Your Heart Lives! Explore Panama City Beach properties for sale.more info
Pensacola Beach
Tucked away off the beaten path yet just a short drive from the excitement of the city, Pensacola Beach offers vacationers the opportunity to enjoy the sand and surf by day and eclectic culture and entertainment by night. Rated as one of America's Top 25 Beaches in the 2014 TripAdvisor Travelers' Choice awards, the intimate beach community of Pensacola Beach feels far removed from the bustling 30A strip. But, it's just a short drive to the eclectic shopping and dining options in Navarre, Gulf Breeze and Pensacola proper just across the bay. Nature trails through the neighboring Gulf Island National Seashore offer a glimpse of unspoiled beauty and native wildlife. The nearby Blackwater River State Forest, known as the "Canoe Capital of Florida," is a popular site for canoeing and kayaking. The National Naval Aviation Museum, one of the largest aviation museums in the world, has approximately 150 aircraft on display aboard Naval Air Station Pensacola. NAS Pensacola is also the home of the U.S. Navy's flight demonstration squadron, and visitors are welcome to watch the team's aerial acrobatics at practice air shows on select dates March through November. Pensacola Beach - Own Where Your Heart Lives! Explore Pensacola Beach properties for sale.more info
Perdido Key
Small and secluded, Perdido Key is a strip of crystal-white beach nestled on a barrier island just west of Pensacola. State and federal preserves protect nearly half of the Key, leaving much of its unspoiled beach accessible only by foot. State and federal preserves protect nearly half of Perdido Key, and much of this small, secluded island is accessible only by foot. The privacy and unspoiled beauty of this hidden gem make Perdido Key rentals a haven for creative types seeking inspiration. An annual songwriters' festival held on Perdido Key attracts talent from around the country. The festival is approaching its 30th year and has been named one of the top 20 events in the Southeast. ResortQuest by Wyndham Vacation Rentals offers Perdido Key resort condo rentals, townhomes and private vacation homes. Located directly on the Gulf of Mexico, Palacio features a hot tub, gazebo with beach walkover, fitness center and tennis courts. Indigo boasts an oversized tropical pool deck with lush vegetation, a children's water-play area, and spectacular floor-to-ceiling views in each unit. Windemere offers an elevated swimming pool, hot tub overlooking the Gulf, and professionally decorated units with up to four bedrooms. Book a Perdido Key condo & house rental online today. Perdido Key - Own Where Your Heart Lives! Explore Perdido Key properties for sale.more info
South Walton
Quiet beach towns dot the 26-mile stretch of powder-white sands in South Walton. This quaint setting boasts eclectic shops, artists' colonies, Gulf-to-table cuisine and spectacular sunsets over the Gulf of Mexico. The quiet communities make our Santa Rosa & South Walton Beach rentals a truly peaceful vacation experience. While you won't find trendy nightclubs here, you will find unique restaurants and galleries, hot blues and jazz acts, and even a dueling piano bar within proximity of our Beaches of South Walton rentals. For more shopping, dining and entertainment options, a quick drive down Scenic Highway 30A will take you straight to the action in Panama City Beach, Destin and Fort Walton Beach. From condominiums to townhomes to private vacation homes, ResortQuest by Wyndham Vacation Rentals offers more than 300 vacation rentals in the Beaches of South Walton. ResortQuest also offers the largest selection of winter monthly rentals on the Gulf Coast for "Snowbirds" flying south to the Northwest Florida shore. It's no wonder that ResortQuest and its properties received four awards from Visit South Walton, including "Best Rental Management Company — Platinum." The Scenic Highway 30A area in serene South Walton includes the beach communities of Blue Mountain Beach, Dune Allen Beach, Grayton Beach, Seaside, Seagrove Beach, Seacrest Beach, Rosemary Beach, WaterSound Beach and Inlet Beach. South Walton — Own Where Your Heart Lives! Explore South Walton properties for sale.more info


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Jan. 4, 2007
Lipscomb baseball head coach, Jeff Forehand, has announced the signing of left-handed pitcher Ty Ethington.
Ethington, a 5'8" Sophomore from Bardstown, KY graduated from Nelson County High School in 2005.
Ethington, who will transfer from Lincoln Trail Junior College where he played under head coach Mitch Hannahs, is an accounting major who hopes to become a CPA or Financial Analyst after college.
"I chose Lipscomb because after playing down there this summer, I just loved the area," Ethington said. "Lantz Wheeler was also a big part because I have known Lantz for a while. Then after meeting the rest of coaches, I knew it was the right fit for me."
Ty is the son of Don and Cindy Ethington and has a sister named Callie (15).


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500-series Wind Deflectors
500-Series Wind Deflectors - Supplied with a shorter
mounting arm, these Tour Wind Deflectors have a beautifully streamlined fitment on your GL1500.
These contoured panels are designed to fit tightly against the fairing to minimize air leakage
behind the panels. Easy installation, no drilling required, shipped in pairs.
Rain Deflectors
Rain Deflectors - These acrylic rain deflectors have
a smoke tint and are attached to the lower case guard with the supplied acrylic clamping system.


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If these three pictures don't get you excited about the 24 hours of Nürburgring, we think you may be at the wrong website. The guys from Drivecult captured a few of the very drool worthy cars that will be racing at today's 24 Hours of Nürburgring during qualifying runs yesterday.
Although we've seen our share of the Lexus LFA, BMW M3 and Audi TT-RS before, seeing these performance cars navigating the Nürburgring at high speed in full race spec should have no problem taking your breath away. From the look of these pictures it certainly appears the P 4/5 Competizione will be in good company for its highly anticipated 'Ring race debut today.
Photos Courtesy of Drivecult


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Iannetta hopes walk-off win could be defining moment
DETROIT -- Angels catcher Chris Iannetta was on the 2007 Rockies team that won 14 of its last 15 games and steamrolled through the first two rounds of the playoffs, winning seven in a row until the Red Sox swept them in the World Series. And to this day, Iannetta can recall the defining moment -- the second of a doubleheader against the Dodgers on Sept. 18, when Todd Helton turned a one-run deficit into a walk-off win with a two-out, ninth-inning two-run homer.
After that, the Rockies never felt like they were out of a game. The win had galvanized them, and that never-say-die mentality, Iannetta believes, played a big part in making up 4 1/2 games in the National League Wild Card race with 12 to play.
"It's huge," Iannetta said, "but there's a lot of things that go into that. It's team chemistry, it's how much will you have to win. It's all those things that you don't see in a stat line, it's all those things that you don't see on the field. It's stuff that players see in the clubhouse and amongst themselves that carry over into their work. It carries over into the way that they eat in the food room together, the way that they're in the training room and weight room, and then carries over into BP and then in the game it shows up. But you'll never see that in a stat line."
Iannetta's hope is that Wednesday's 12-inning win over the A's, which ended on his own walk-off homer, could have a similar impact.
"It's not just going to be one win, but it's a group of wins that defines a team from an identity standpoint," Iannetta said. "It helps with your chemistry in the clubhouse. Those things are very important. If you have good chemistry and you're a very united group, really good things can happen."


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Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research
On-line version ISSN 2219-0635
Print version ISSN 0030-2465
Onderstepoort j. vet. res. vol.79 n.2 Pretoria Jan. 2012
Bovine tuberculosis at the human-livestock-wildlife interface: Is it a public health problem in Tanzania? A review
Bugwesa Z. KataleI, II; Erasto V. MbugiI; Sharon KendalIII; Robert D. FyumagwaII; Gibson S. KibikiIV; Peter Godfrey-FaussettV; Julius D. KeyyuII; Paul van HeldenVI; Mecky I. MateeI
IDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Tanzania
IITanzania Wildlife Research Institute, Njiro, Arusha, Tanzania
IIICentre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic disease, Royal Veterinary College, United Kingdom
IVKilimanjaro Christian Medical College, Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania
VDepartment of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
VIDST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research/MRC Centre of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa
Despite the apparent public health concern about Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) in Tanzania, little has been done regarding the zoonotic importance of the disease and raising awareness of the community to prevent the disease. Bovine tuberculosis is a potential zoonotic disease that can infect a variety of hosts, including humans. The presence of multiple hosts including wild animals, inefficient diagnostic techniques, absence of defined national controls and eradication programs could impede the control of bovine TB. In Tanzania, the diagnosis of Mycobacterium bovis in animals is mostly carried out by tuberculin skin testing, meat inspection in abattoirs and only rarely using bacteriological techniques. The estimated prevalence of BTB in animals in Tanzania varies and ranges across regions from 0.2% to 13.3%, which is likely to be an underestimate if not confirmed by bacteriology or molecular techniques. Mycobacterium bovis has been detected and isolated from different animal species and has been recovered in 10% of apparently healthy wildebeest that did not show lesions at post-mortem. The transmission of the disease from animals to humans can occur directly through the aerosol route and indirectly by consumption of raw milk. This poses an emerging disease threat in the current era of HIV confection in Tanzania and elsewhere. Mycobacterium bovis is one of the causative agents of human extra pulmonary tuberculosis. In Tanzania there was a significant increase (116.6%) of extrapulmonary cases reported between 1995 and 2009, suggesting the possibility of widespread M. bovis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection due to general rise of Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This paper aims to review the potential health and economic impact of bovine tuberculosis and challenges to its control in order to safeguard human and animal population in Tanzania.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium bovis BCG, Mycobacterium canettii, Mycobacterium africanum, Mycobacterium pinnipedii, Mycobacterium microti, Mycobacterium caprae, the dassie and the oryx bacillus, and the recently discovered Mycobacterium mungi are closely related species that form the M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC). Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. bovis are the most important species in the complex which commonly cause human and animal tuberculosis (TB), with concomitant negative consequences for human and animal health and economic costs.
The probability of M. bovis transmission is more likely to occur between animals, particularly those in close contact such as herd animals (Grange & Collins 1987). Humans can also be infected by M. bovis from contact with infected animals or animal products and the likelihood of infection and disease, as with human forms of TB are exacerbated by crowding and stress (Figueroa-Munoz & Ramon-Pardo 2008). The transmission of M. bovis between humans or from humans to animals is very rare. Although the occurrence of M. bovis in humans is relatively minor compared to the burden from M. tuberculosis as far as we know, there is concern that the HIV and AIDS pandemic may have magnified this risk.
Transmission of M. bovis at the livestock-wildlife or human-animal interface occurs essentially because of overlap in their territories (Aranaz et al. 2004). Encroachment of wildlife sanctuaries by humans in Tanzania has increased the likelihood of this interaction and infection. Specifically, boundary regions areas in protected areas are used increasingly for grazing of livestock and agriculture and this corresponds with areas where the remaining population of wildlife has been concentrated by this land-use pressure (Etter et al. 2006). Factors as source of infection and transmissions of M. bovis include persistence of M. bovis in infected animals after death and survival of M. bovis in the environment (Aranaz et al. 2004).
It is not only domestic animals that can experience pathology from M. bovis, but a wide range of wild animal species in Africa, including lion (Panthera leo), buffalo (Syncerus caffer), wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus), kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros), bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus), topi (Damaliscus lunatus) and a number of others (Cleveland et al. 2005). These animals can be a source of infection for livestock and humans (Aranaz et al. 2004) and in Tanzania, a classic example is the illegal hunting of resident and migratory herbivores in protected areas (Loibooki et al. 2002; Magige et al. 2008; Sinclair & Arcese 1995). The transmission of bovine tuberculosis from wildlife to humans in such cases is by direct contact between infected animals and hunters, either via aerosol contamination when the carcass is opened, through entry of organisms via cuts in the skin or through the alimentary system (Fanning & Edwards 1991; Georghiou et al. 1989; Robinson et al. 1988).
Tuberculosis in man is generally characterised by loss of weight, weakness, poor appetite, fever, a productive cough, and night sweats. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the most common cause of human TB, however an unknown proportion of cases occur due to M. bovis (Acha & Szyfres 1987) at least partly because it is impossible to distinguish tuberculosis infection caused by M. bovis from M. tuberculosis from clinical signs alone. Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) is often subclinical; when present, clinical signs are not specifically distinctive and are characterised by weakness, anorexia, emaciation, dyspnoea, enlargement of lymph nodes, and cough, particularly with advanced tuberculosis (OIE 2009). Pathologically, BTB is characterised by the formation of granulomas (tubercles) that are usually yellowish and either caseous, caseo-calcareous or calcified and are sometimes encapsulated (De Lesle et al. 2002). However, in disseminated cases, multiple small granulomas may be found in numerous organs such as female genitalia (http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu). Mycobacterium bovis may present as extra pulmonary tuberculosis often as cervical lymphadenitis (Kleeberg et al. 198'4; Mfinanga et al. 2004). Based on this premise, M. bovis may present either as pulmonary TB (47%) or extrapulmonary cases (53%), whereas M. tuberculosis presents as 82% pulmonary and 18% extrapulmonary cases (Owendidactic. org, n.d.). Currently, M. bovis accounts for only 1% of all human TB in developed countries as compared to 10% in the developing world (Etchechoury et al. 2010). According to a WHO report (2010), there was a significant increase (116.6%) of extrapulmonary cases of TB reported in Tanzania between 1995 and 2009, which is suggestive of an emerging M. bovis epidemic, however, information on the contributions of M. bovis infection to extra pulmonary cases is very limited and it is possible that these extra cases may also be HIV-related (Amanfu 2006). The survey conducted by National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Program, Tanzania (NTLP) in 2009 reported that 20.994 (37.2%) out of 64.417 TB patients in Tanzania were co-infected with HIV. According to the World Bank (2010) report on development indicators, the prevalence of HIV (% of population aged 15-49) in Tanzania is 5.6%.
Tanzania has the third largest domestic stock population in Africa (after Ethiopia and Sudan). According to the Ministry of Livestock Development and Fisheries (MLDF) national census conducted in 2007/2008, the total numbers were 18.5 million cattle, 13.1 million goats, 3.6 million sheep and 53 million poultry. The livestock production system is a pastoral and agro-pastoral system, where movement of animals searching for pasture and water is unrestricted. The presence of large numbers of livestock in traditional settings and where animals are kept in close contact with little veterinary service contributes to spread of disease. Previous studies conducted in pastoral communities in the Arusha region found that a history of TB in the family, drinking raw milk, eating raw animal products, poor ventilation and having poor knowledge concerning transmission of tuberculosis were risk factors for M. bovis infection and disease (Mfinanga et al. 2004).
The diagnosis of TB in cattle in Tanzania is done by tuberculin skin testing (TST), meat inspection in abattoirs and rarely by bacteriological or molecular techniques The commonly used diagnostic test for human TB in primary health centres and hospitals is microscopic examination and culture, and speciation are not done routinely (Mfinanga et al. 2004). Although meat is recommended to be abbatoir-inspected before entering markets, proper meat inspection is not effectively carried out due to the inadequacy of the veterinary service sector as a result of the withdrawal of public veterinary services. In addition, the recommended test and slaughter policy, a disease control program based on slaughter of positive reactors animals, is not properly implemented (see Figure 1) despite our knowledge that this policy has successfully reduced the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis (Michel et al. 2009). It is only Algeria, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Morocco, Namibia and South Africa out of 48 countries in Africa that apply a test-and slaughter policy as a control measure and consider bovine tuberculosis as a notifiable disease (Cosivi 1998). The lack of public finances are obstacles in the control of bovine tuberculosis in many countries. In Tanzania, lack of clear policies on how bovine tuberculosis can be controlled and the failure of health authorities to recognise M. bovis as cause of tuberculosis hinder the control of the disease (Kazwala et al. 2006).
Few studies have confirmed M. bovis in humans in Tanzania (Kazwala et al. 2001; Mfinanga et al. 2004), however, there is a body of evidence for M. bovis infection in man and a description of the relationships between M. bovis isolates found in humans and cattle. In their study, Kazwala et al. (2001) found that M. bovis isolates from man had a 70% -80% genetic relatedness to those found in cattle, arguably suggesting an infection and evolutionary relationship between them. Mycobacterium bovis infection in man has also been reported in other countries in Africa including Nigeria, Zaire and Egypt (Cosivi 1998; Idrisu et al. 1977; Idigbe et al. 1986; Nafeh et al. 1992).
This paper aims to review the current situation of M. bovis infection in animals and discuss the zoonotic importance of M. bovis in Tanzania. The paper also highlights the burden of tuberculosis, risk factors for infection, communities' knowledge on prevention of the disease and challenges to its control in order to safeguard the human and animal population in Tanzania.
Distribution of bovine tuberculosis in animals in Tanzania
Mycobacterium bovis was demonstrated in Tanzania for the first time in 1952 (Markham 1952). Thereafter, it has been isolated from livestock, wildlife and humans. The prevalence of M. bovis in cattle varies between districts, with more infection in older cattle than yearlings and calves (Kazwala et al. 2001). Variation in M. bovis infection in different geographical areas of the country suggests that there are M. bovis infection foci (or hotspots). Shirima et al. (2003) suggested that many factors could contribute to M. bovis foci, including the presence of mycobacteria in the environment, management practices where animals are extensively grazed and overcrowded at watering points and auction markets. According to Cleveland et al. (2007), flooding has also been suggested as a propagating factor of M. bovis in the environment.
Reports from several studies that have been conducted in various districts have reported M. bovis infection in livestock as well as wildlife. The prevalence of presumed M. bovis infection determined by using a single intradermal comparative tuberculin test (SICTT) was 1.7% (n = 181) and 0.4% (n = 259) in Kibaha and Morogoro respectively (Mdegela et al. 2004) (Table 1). Durnez et al. (2009) reported a prevalence of 2.4% (n = 728) M. bovis infection in cattle from 49 herds belonging to extensive and intensive management systems. The prevalence of M. bovis infection reported by this study was in same range as demonstrated previously in the same region by Shirima et al. (2003). According to Kazwala et al. (1996), the highest prevalence of 13.3% M. bovis infection was reported in the Southern Highlands and larger herds of cattle had a higher rate of bovine tuberculosis. The prevalence of M. bovis infection in cattle in other parts of the country are as follows: Shinyanga, Mwanza, Bukoba: 0.2% in intensively managed farms (Jiwa et al. 1997), Rift valley districts (Babati, Hanang, Mbulu and Karatu) 0.93% (Kazwala et al. 2001), Manyara region 0.9% (Cleveland et al. 2007).
The prevalence of M. bovis in cattle has been reported to be higher in intensive systems than in pastoral production systems (Shirima et al. 2003). However, in contrast, Durnez et al. (2009) reported a higher prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in the extensive than in an intensive system. Husbandry practices in the country could contribute to the difference in prevalence of M. bovis infection in extensive and intensive systems. Free movement of animals, overcrowding in communal grazing areas and watering points might contribute to its spread.
A study by Kazwala and colleagues (2006) reported the similarity of M. bovis isolates from different geographical locations, which was attributed to migration of cattle as well as sale to local communities. Uncontrolled movement of cattle together with a decline in service of public sector in the provision of veterinary services impeded disease control programs in Tanzania. The withdrawal of a public veterinary service forced livestock keepers to take the responsibility of treating their own livestock in order to fill this vacuum (ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao).
In Tanzania, M. bovis infections have been confirmed in a number of wildlife species including buffalo (Syncerus caffer), African civet (Civettictis civetta, n = 1), lion (Panthera leo), wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus), topi (Damaliscus lunatus) and lesser kudu (Tragelaphus imberbis) (Table 2). Of particular note, M. bovis has been recovered from apparently healthy wildebeest that did not show lesions at post-mortem (Cleveland et al. 2005). These reports are not comprehensive surveys and little information is available on the disease status in wildlife. Analysis of serum samples by using Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA) detected M. bovis antibodies in 4% of Serengeti lions, 6% (n = 17) buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in Tarangire and 2% (n = 41) wildebeest in the Serengeti (Cleveland et al. 2005). It is important to note that the WHO recently issued a statement on the unreliability of serology to diagnose TB and these results are thus at best likely to be a significant underestimate and quantitatively inaccurate.
Countrywide survey of Mycobacterium bovis infection in humans
Tuberculosis accounts for approximately 6% of all deaths and 8% of all diseases in humans (NTLP 2007). However, the contribution of M. bovis to human tuberculosis in Tanzania is unknown, owing to the absence of efforts in most laboratories in hospitals and health centres to differentiate between the species of the M. tuberculosis complex. Despite the lack of data, according to Kazwala et al. (2001), M. bovis infection is considered as a pathogen of concern to people living in rural areas. In many developed countries, human TB caused by M. bovis accounts for around 1% of all TB cases, and sporadic cases occur either in elderly people by reactivation of ancient infections or in immigrants from countries where bovine TB has not been eradicated (De la Rua-Domenech 2006; Etchechoury et al. 2010). In the developing world the contribution of M. bovis to human tuberculosis is higher and account for an estimated 10% of all TB cases (Cousins et al. 1999; Etchochoury et al. 2010). Shitaye et al. (2007) reported that M. bovis infection in man depends on the prevalence of the disease in cattle, socioeconomic conditions, consumer habits, food hygiene practices and medical prophylaxis measures.
Human tuberculosis due to M. bovis is mostly the result of transmission from cattle to man and in many cases results into extrapulmonary manifestation (Cosivi 1998; Daborn et al., 1997; Kazwala et al. 2001; Mfinanga et al. 2004; Amanfu et al. 2006; Munyeme & Munang'andu 2011). It has been suggested that M. bovis infection in man increases proportionately to the total number of TB cases and that HIV is a major factor for development of active TB disease (Cosivi 1998). In developing countries M. bovis infection in humans is also increasing due to the lack of control and diagnostic measures, and pasteurisation of milk (Etter et al. 2006). Thus there is every reason to be seriously concerned that the HIV pandemic will result in an increase of human tuberculosis due to M. bovis, and a greater degree of transmission of infection to other humans and to animals could well occur. Information on cross transmission of M. bovis infection between livestock, wildlife and man in Tanzania is limited. This situation is similar to that of other developing countries where M. bovis infection in man is almost certainly underreported (Cosivi et al. 1998; Munyeme & Munang'andu 2011) due to the lack of diagnostic facilities to distinguish tuberculosis caused by M. bovis and M. tuberculosis.
In Africa, consumption of raw fresh milk and improperly cooked or raw meat, and the attitude of some communities which regard bushmeat (poached or hunted wildlife) as a cheap source of protein, represents one of the major risk factors for humans with respect to infection with M. bovis (Aranaz et al. 2004; Etter et al. 2006). Kazwala et al (1998) found that out of 805 milk samples that were collected, 31 (3.9%) were positive for mycobacteria. In this study, atypical mycobacteria represented with 87% of the positive samples, however, 6.5% contained M. bovis. Whilst these samples represent a minority of the positives, the results show that raw milk is a threat to public health. Moreover, Durnez et al. (2009) reported a high prevalence of M. bovis and recovered atypical mycobacteria isolates from milk samples in and around Morogoro, Tanzania, and concluded that the populace, especially cattle owners in an extensive system, should be educated concerning bovine tuberculosis. The high level presence of atypical mycobacteria in milk also poses a danger to immunocompromised individuals, especially HIV and AIDS patients.
Mfinanga et al. (2004), in their study in the Arusha region, northern Tanzania, investigated 457 biopsy specimens, of which 65 (14.2%) were positive on culture for mycobacteria. In this study, the proportion of atypical mycobacteria was 31 (47.7%) compared to 7 (10.8%) M. bovis, and 27 (41.5%) M. tuberculosis. They concluded that atypical mycobacteria were more common than M. tuberculosis and therefore HIV and raw milk are major risk factors identified for M. bovis and non-tuberculous mycobacterial adenitis.
The finding that atypical mycobacteria are common was confirmed in a study by Durnez et al. (2011), in Morogoro, Tanzania, where 7.3% of 645 terrestrial small mammals sampled in cattle farms were positive for atypical mycobacteria. A high proportion of the atypical mycobacteria were recovered in insectivores as opposed to rodents. Insectivores feed on insects that spend most of their time in the ground. The recovery of atypical mycobacterium from this source is not surprising perhaps, since mycobacteria are well known environmental and soil dwelling microbes. What is important in this work is that Durnez et al. (2011) established a direct correlation between the proportion of atypical mycobacterium in reacting and non-reacting tuberculin farms, complicating the interpretation of tuberculin skin testing (TST) results.
Mycobacterium bovis is one of the well-known causative agents of human extra-pulmonary tuberculosis. This situation prevails in Tanzania, where an early study (Daborn et al. 1997), showed that seven out of nineteen lymph node biopsies from suspected extra-pulmonary tuberculosis patients were infected with M. tuberculosis and four with M. bovis. In most developing countries, the extent of human tuberculosis due to M. bovis and the frequency of M. bovis extra-pulmonary tuberculosis is not known (Chen et al. 2009; Cosivi 1998). However, between 1995 and 2009, the number of reported extra-pulmonary TB cases increased from 6195 to 13 417 in Tanzania (WHO 2010, see Table 3), which is in all likelihood an underestimate (Kazwala et al. 2001). The available literature shows that M. bovis infections are correlated with people who keep large numbers of cattle (Kazwala 1996) and most cases of extra-pulmonary TB were found in regions with a high proportion of cattle to humans (Kazwala et al. 1993). A WHO (2006) zoonotic survey reported the following extr-apulmonary cases in several regions with a high population of cattle in Tanzania; Arusha (30%), Mbeya (28.1%), Iringa (27.3%), Shinyanga (19.8%), Mara (19.7%), Dodoma (19.4%) and Mwanza region (10.8%). A study conducted by Mfinanga et al. (2004) found that a disproportionately high number of mycobacterial adenitis was found in subsistence farmers and livestock keepers in Arusha and Mbeya region which is suggestive of cross transmission of M. bovis.
A high proportion of cattle are kept in traditional settings in rural areas where knowledge regarding M. bovis infection is generally minimal (Mfinanga et al. 2004). According to Pusic et al. (2008), the persistence of bovine tuberculosis is mostly linked to the traditional extensive breeding system and free-ranging cattle.
Mycobacterium bovis is resistant to pyrazinamide, one of the four first line TB antibiotics and prognosis is often poor (WHO 2010). Given this scenario, it is not surprising that multidrug-resistant strains (MDR) of M. bovis have been detected in the USA (Bouvet et al. 1993) and Spain (Guerrero et al. 1997; Rivero et al. 2001).
A study conducted in Tanzania reported genetic relatedness of M. bovis isolates in man to those found in cattle (Kazwala et al. 2006). These authors found one strain of M. bovis from a human patient in Arusha region that had the same genotype as M. bovis from cattle within the same geographical area.
Risk factors for Mycobacterium bovis infection and disease in humans
The risk factors for bovine tuberculosis are similar in different geographical areas. According to a study conducted in pastoral communities in the northern part of Tanzania, the risk factors for bovine tuberculosis in man were found to be traditional practices such as sleeping in the same house as animals, lack of knowledge regarding the disease and its risks, HIV and AIDS, raw milk consumption and poor ventilation of houses (Mfinanga et al. 2004). In sub-Saharan Africa, active competition between large-scale commercial food enterprises and smaller, less regulated farmers who frequently ignore safety standards for hygiene and product quality, increases the risk of zoonotic tuberculosis (Etter et al. 2006).
Consumption of raw fresh milk is also a risk factor for bovine tuberculosis. Mdegella et al (2004) and colleagues in their study in Morogoro and Kibaha districts concluded that despite the low prevalence of tuberculosis in milk in the study herds, milk consumers are at high risk of being infected with the disease and insisted that farmers should be educated about the risk of bovine tuberculosis and associated health risks. Mfinanga et al. (2003) in their study on the role of livestock keeping in tuberculosis trends in pastoral communities in Babati, Hanang, Mbulu and Karatu districts in the Arusha region, found that all ethnic groups possessed habits and beliefs that increased the risk of being infected with both bovine and human tuberculosis.
In their study, Mdegella et al. (2004) found that 14% of milk samples (n = 109) were positive for atypical mycobacteria. In addition, Mfinanga et al. (2004) found that several activities, including handling animals and animal products, specifically milking, herding cattle and goats, hunting, slaughtering, handling skins and hides, moving cow dung and plastering walls with dung or mud, might increase risk of zoonotic tuberculosis.
Role of husbandry practice in transmission of bovine tuberculosis
Husbandry practices in Tanzania are divided into three categories, namely, extensive, intensive and semi-intensive systems. The extensive system is traditional and the most popular husbandry practice, and is the main source of milk and meat for Tanzania but receives very little attention from veterinary services. The extensive farming system is practised mostly in rural areas where animals share grazing land and watering points. Most of the cattle kept in Tanzania are Zebu (Bos indicus) which are relatively resistant to diseases (Frankel & Soule 1981; Wambura et al. 1998). The intensive systems are usually dairy and pig farms which are located in peri-urban areas and are intended for milk and pork production. In these systems, animals are frequently kept indoors and fed complete rations, but in some cases they are grazed outside to supplement feeding.
A single comparative intradermal tuberculin test (SCITT) survey conducted in different farming systems in the eastern zone of Tanzania found that bovine tuberculosis occurred both in intensive and pastoral farming systems, with significantly higher prevalence in the intensive system than in pastoral systems (Shirima et al. 2003). This could be attributed to husbandry practices in especially dairy cattle that are confined indoors, where close contact between animals and lack of ventilation increase chances of disease transmission. However, this is contrary to results presented by Durnez et al. (2009) in a more recent study, who showed that M. bovis infection in extensive farming systems was higher than intensive systems. The contradiction of infection rate in different farming systems could be explained by considering the management practices of each farming practice, or that systems have changed over time. In the extensive system, free movement of cattle which share grazing land and watering points facilitate disease transmission. Poor animal housing and drainage systems designs in intensive farm systems and water supply are key elements that could play a big role in diseases transmission (Pool 1945).
Challenges for control of bovine tuberculosis in cattle in Tanzania
In Tanzania, M. bovis is considered as a neglected disease and it has not been assigned as a notifiable disease (Kazwala et al. 2006). When it comes to disease control, most resources are directed to notifiable diseases such as contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, African swine fever, rinderpest, contagious caprine pleuropneumonia and Rift Valley fever.
Extensive husbandry practices are widespread and cattle move from one place to another searching for grazing and watering points. This situation is exacerbated during drought, when nomadic tribes move and establish temporary settlements in areas where grazing land and water are available. Bovine tuberculosis could be eradicated at the national level if attention is given at policy level. According to Collins (2006), the success of a national eradication programme, include a clear identification of the goals, of the policies that guide actions and of the sequences of actions that are required within the programme to accomplish these goals. Eradication is possible if movement of cattle is controlled, if there is compulsory testing of all cattle within specified intervals, if positive reactors are removed (slaughtered in a controlled manner), if compensation is provided to farmers for all positive reactors, if compulsory identification is done, and if there is establishment and maintenance of disease free areas, and sufficient funds and manpower to fulfil the task are provided (http://www.pathobiologics.org/ivphc/ref/MCCRINDLE_SHANGAI_2006.pdf). However, this has been impossible for most developing countries because of cost implications. In The Netherlands and Australia, eradication of bovine tuberculosis was successfully achieved due to the practical involvement of farmers as stakeholders (Collins 2006). However, the success of bovine tuberculosis eradication programmes in developed countries was achieved at a time when herds were smaller, and the intensity and demands of production were lower (Collins 2006).
The presence of maintenance hosts in wildlife populations also impede bovine tuberculosis eradication programs (Etter et al. 2006). White et al. (2008) reported that the presence of multiple hosts for bovine tuberculosis complicate control measures not only because of resistance variation between the different host species but also because of ecological and behavioural differences. The African buffalo is a known maintenance host of bovine tuberculosis. Aerosol transmission of M. bovis within buffalo herds is favoured by their social behaviour (Michel et al. 2006) and can be transferred to domestic cattle by intermingling. Globally, the presence of wildlife maintenance hosts threatens M. bovis eradication programs (Etter et al. 2006). In Tanzania, the National policy on control of wildlife diseases in protected areas is to leave nature to take its own course. There are very few circumstances where treatment or intervention occurs or is allowed. Wildlife immunisation is not allowed in National Parks, Game Reserves and Game Controlled Areas. In circumstances where bovine tuberculosis control in wildlife is not practised and communities around protected area conduct illegal bush hunting in wildlife areas, the risk for cross-transmission of diseases to livestock and humans remain very high.
According to Cross and Gertz (2006) vaccination could potentially control bovine tuberculosis, but combining vaccination and culling of infected animals is a more attractive management option. This is perhaps of little importance for TB control at this stage, since there is no evidence that vaccination against TB would be successful, even if attempted. Furthermore, vaccination of cattle against bovine tuberculosis or improvement in tuberculosis testing procedures will have no effect on wildlife tuberculosis prevalence (Kao et al. 1997). In Britain, culling of a maintenance host of bovine tuberculosis, the badgers (Meles meles), increased the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in the cattle population because of ecological and social disturbances of the badger populations (White et al. 2008). Thus, the reduction of transmission risk between species is not a simple matter.
However, a reduction of or minimising contact between wildlife and livestock could serve as a priority for future management of the disease in Tanzania. Collins and Grange (1983) reported that 'it is axiomatic that no control measures against transmissible diseases can be totally effective unless all reservoirs of the causative agent can be eliminated'. As in other parts of the world, the challenge facing the control of tuberculosis is the lack of an effective vaccine. The current TB vaccine, M. bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) provides little or no protection against pulmonary tuberculosis in cattle and man (Hogartha et al. 2005). Nevertheless, bovine tuberculosis could be controlled if there are sound control measures such as regular skin testing and removal of reactors, meat inspection in abattoirs, restriction of cattle movements (Pusic et al. 2008).
There is a remarkable paucity of information available on the zoonotic importance of bovine tuberculosis in humans, particularly in developing countries such as Tanzania. The lack of diagnostic facilities to distinguish between M. bovis and M. tuberculosis is a challenge. Moreover, high proportions of atypical mycobacteria in clinical specimens indicate a widespread environmental occurrence of these organisms, which further complicates accurate diagnosis. Lack of clear policies and implementation regarding control of bovine tuberculosis in cattle impedes control of the disease. Widespread evidence of M. bovis infection in animals and humans should be an alarm sign for medical and veterinary health professionals and government bodies. This illustrates the importance of the 'One Health Concept' that can bring together medical and veterinary practitioners as an important tool to fight diseases of public health and economic importance.
The authors would like to thank the Southern African Centre for Infectious Diseases Surveillance (SACIDS) funded by the Welcome Trust for support. Prof Mark Rweyemamu, The Director SACIDS is acknowledged for his ideas and encouragement in writing of the manuscript. The SACIDS Collaborative institutions in the United Kingdom (Royal Veterinary College and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) through London International Development Centre (LIDC) are also acknowledged for their support during a stay in the UK.
Competing interest
The authors declare that they have no financial or personal relationship(s) which may have inappropriately influenced them in writing this paper.
Authors' contributions
B.Z.K. (Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences) reviewed the literature, drafted and wrote the manuscript. E.V.M. (Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences) contributed to the drafting and critical review of the manuscript. S.K. (Royal Veterinary College) made conceptual contribution and critical review of the manuscript. R.D.F. (Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute) made conceptual contribution and significant review of the manuscript. G.S.K. (Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute) assisted in critical review of the manuscript and made contribution on preparation of the manuscript. P.G.F. (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) made conceptual contribution and critical review of the manuscript. J.D.K. (Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute) contributed to the drafting, conceptualization and critical review of the manuscript. P.v.H. (University of Stellenbosch) made conceptual contribution and critical review of the manuscript. M.I.M. (Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences) made conceptual contribution and critical review of the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
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Durnez, L., Sadiki, H., Katakweba, A., Machang'u, R.R., Kazwala, R.R., Leirs, H. et al., 2009, 'The prevalence of Mycobacterium bovis-infection and typical mycobacterioses in cattle in and around Morogoro, Tanzania', Tropical Animal Health and Production 41, 1653-1659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-009-9361-4 [ Links ]
Etchechoury, I., Echeverria Valencia, G., Morcillo, N., Sequeira, M.D., Imperiale, B., López, M. et al., 2010, 'Molecular typing of Mycobacterium bovis Isolates in Argentina: First description of a person-to-person transmission case', Zoonoses Public Health 57, 375-381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1863-2378.2009.01233.x [ Links ]
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Grange, J.M. & Collins, C.H., 1987, 'Bovine tubercle bacilli and disease in animals and man', Epidemiology and Infection 99, 221-234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0950268800067686 [ Links ]
Guerrero, A., Cobo, J., Fortún, J., Navas, E., Quereda, C., Assensio, A. et al., 1997, 'Nosocomial transmission of Mycobacterium bovis resistant to 11 drugs in people with advanced HIV-1 infection', Lancet 350, 1738-1742. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(97)07567-3 [ Links ]
Hogarth, P.J., Logan, K.E., Vordermeier, H.M., Singh, M., Hewinson, R.G. & Chambers, M.A., 2005, 'Protective immunity against Mycobacterium bovis induced by vaccination with Rv3109c-a member of the esat-6 gene family', Vaccine 23, 2557-2564. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.11.030 [ Links ]
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Jiwa, S.H.F., Kazwala, R.R., Aboud, A.A.O. & Kalaye, W.J., 1997, 'Bovine tuberculosis in the Lake Victoria zone of Tanzania and its possible consequences for human health in the HIV/AIDS era', Veterinary Research Communication 21, 533-539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005900929479 [ Links ]
Kao, R.R., Robberts, M.G. & Ryan, T.J., 1997, 'A model of bovine tuberculosis control in domesticated cattle herds', Proceedings. Biological Sciences/ The Royal Society 264, 1069-1076. [ Links ]
Kazwala, R.R, Daborn, C., Sharp, J.M., Kambarage, D.M., Jiwa, S.F. & Mbembeti, N.A., 2001, 'Isolation of Mycobacterium bovis from human cases of cervical adenitis in Tanzania, a cause for concern?', International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases 5, 87-91. [ Links ]
Kazwala, R.R., 1996, 'Molecular epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis in Tanzania', PhD thesis, Edinburgh, University of Edinuburgh. [ Links ]
Kazwala, R.R., Catley, A.P., Daborn, C.J. & Kambarage, D.M., 1993, 'The zoonotic implications of bovine tuberculosis in Tanzania', in P.M. Msolla & S.I.K. Kimera (eds.), Proceedings of the 10th Tanzania Veterinary Association scientific conference. Morogoro, Tanzania: Tanzania Veterinary Association 1993, 67-81. [ Links ]
Kazwala, R.R., Daborn, C.J., Kusiluka, L.J.M., Jiwa, S.F.H., Sharp, J.M. & Kambarage, D.M., 1998, 'Isolation of Mycobacterium species from raw milk of pastoral cattle of the Southern Highlands of Tanzania', Tropical Animal Health and Production 30, 233-239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005075112393 [ Links ]
Kazwala, R.R., Daborn, C.J., Kusiluka, L.J.M., Jiwa, S.F.H., Sharp, J.M. & Kambarage, D.M., 1998, 'Isolation of Mycobacterium species from raw milk of pastoral cattle of the Southern Highlands of Tanzania', Tropical Animal Health and Production 30, 233-239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005075112393 [ Links ]
Kazwala, R.R., Kambarage, D.M., Daborn, C.J, Nyange, J., Jiwa, S.F.H. & Sharp, J.M., 2001, 'Risk factors associated with the occurrence of bovine tuberculosis in cattle in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania', Veterinary Research Communications 25, 609-614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1012757011524 [ Links ]
Kazwala, R.R., Kusiluka, L.J.M., Sinclair, K., Sharp, J.M. & Daborn, C.J., 2006, 'The molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis infections in Tanzania', Veterinary Microbiology 112, 201-210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.11.026 [ Links ]
Kleeberg, H.H., 1984, 'Human tuberculosis of bovine origin in relation to public health', Revue Scientifique et Technique (OIE) 3, 11-32. [ Links ]
Loibooki, M., Hofer, H., Campbell, K.L.I. & East, M.L., 2002, 'Bushmeat hunting by communities adjacent to the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania, the importance of livestock ownership and alternative sources of protein and income', Environmental Conservation 29, 391-398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0376892902000279 [ Links ]
Magige, F.J., Holmern, T., Stokke, S., Mlingwa, C. & Roskaft, E., 2008, 'Does illegal hunting affect density and behaviour of African grassland birds? A case study on ostrich (Struthio camelus)', Biodiversity and Conservation 18 , 1361-1373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-008-9481-6 [ Links ]
Markham, A.E.G., 1952, 'Bovine tuberculosis in the Southern Highlands Province of Tanganyika', PhD thesis, University of London, UK. [ Links ]
Mdegela, R.H., Kusiluka, L.J., Kapaga, A.M., Karimuribo, E.D., Turuka, F.M., Bundala, A. et al., 2004, 'Prevalence and determinants of mastitis and milk-borne zoonoses in smallholder dairy farming sector in Kibaha and Morogoro districts in Eastern Tanzania', Journal of Veterinary Medicine B, Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health 51, 123-128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0450.2004.00735.x [ Links ]
Mfinanga, G.S., Morkve, O., Kazwala, R.R., Cleaveland, S., Sharp, J.M., Shirima, G.M. et al., 2003, 'Tribal differences in perception of tuberculosis, a possible role in tuberculosis control in Arusha, Tanzania', The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 7, 933-941. [ Links ]
Mfinanga, S.G.M., Morkve, O., Kazwala, R.R., Cleaveland, S., Sharp, M.J., Kunda, J. et al., 2004, 'Mycobacterial adenitis, role of Mycobacterium bovis, non tuberculous mycobacteria, HIV infection, and risk factors in Arusha, Tanzania', East African Medical Journal 81, 171-178. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/eamj.v81i4.9150 [ Links ]
Michel, A.L., Bengis, R.G., Keet, D.F., Hofmeyr, M., De Klerk, L-M., Cross, P.C. et al., 2006, 'Wildlife tuberculosis in South African conservation areas, implications and challenges', Veterinary Microbiology 112, 91-100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.11.035 [ Links ]
Michel, A.L., Coetzee, M.L., Keet, D.F., Maré, L., Warren, R., Cooper, D. et al., 2009, 'Molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis isolates from free ranging wildlife in South African game reserves', Veterinary Microbiology 133, 335-343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.07.023 [ Links ]
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Correspondence to:
Bugwesa Katale
PO Box 95001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Note: Proceedings of the Conference of the Southern African Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance 'One Health' held at the National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, July 2011.


text:
Okaloosa County commissioners on Tuesday approved shifting the collection of bed taxes from the clerk of court to the tax collector.
FORT WALTON BEACH �Okaloosa County commissioners on Tuesday approved shifting the collection of bed taxes from the clerk of court to the tax collector.
The board voted 4-1 to amend the county ordinance to authorize the tax collector�s office to collect the taxes levied on short-term condominium and hotel rentals beginning Oct. 1.
Commissioner Dave Parisot opposed the measure, saying he supported the clerk�s office and believed it was doing a good job collecting and enforcing the tax.
He added that the vote was more about politics than actual facts.
�This program is not broke. � I will not vote to support this ordinance change,� Parisot said.
Commission Chairman Don Amunds told the audience his vote was in no way �based on politics.�
No residents spoke out during the public hearing.
The transfer of duties marks a victory for Tax Collector Ben Anderson, who has pushed to take over bed tax collection in the wake of the Tourist Development Council fraud scandal.
He proposed the change in direct response to what he saw as the clerk of court�s role in the mismanagement of millions of dollars in bed tax money and BP oil spill grants. Anderson said lapses within Clerk of Court Don Howard�s office allowed former TDC head Mark Bellinger to commit fraud.
He publicly blamed Howard for not catching Bellinger�s thefts earlier.
Howard, in turn, defended his office throughout the process and accused Anderson of trying to poach another constitutional officer�s duties. He accused Anderson of targeting the bed tax collections to get the 3 percent commission his office would earn on the revenues it processes each year.
Anderson has predicted that his office can increase bed tax collections by 25 percent during the first year.
The commissioners� decision was expected before Tuesday�s meeting.
Howard has one employee overseeing the collection, enforcement and auditing of bed tax revenue. He said Monday he plans to redirect that employee �in the financial area in some fashion.�
�In regards to the TDC issue and the enhanced review we have implemented already, there�s plenty that we can do,� Howard said.
Anderson said Monday that his staff will immediately begin preparing for its new duties. He and three employees are leaving today to meet with tax collector offices in Orange, Manatee, Hillsborough and Pinellas counties.
�We are meeting with staff and department heads on how they collect, how they enforce and how they audit tourist development taxes,� Anderson said. �We expect to fully study and research ... the procedures and policies to conduct these three functions.�
Contact Daily News Staff Writer Kari C. Barlow at 850-315-4438 or firstname.lastname@example.com. Follow her on Twitter @KariBnwfdn.


text:
Rebecca Gayheart and Eric Dane
Caption: Rebecca Gayheart and Eric Dane
Actor, Soundtrack
Born: November 9, 1972
Star sign: Scorpio
Height: 6' 1" (1.85 m)
Known for: Grey's Anatomy (2005), Marley & Me (2008), Burlesque (2010), Iksmenai. Zutbutinis musis (2006)
Source: IMDB
Eric Dane is an American actor known as "Dr. Mark Sloan" on Grey's Anatomy (2005) and as a co-star in Marley & Me (2008) and Valentine's Day (2010). He was born on November 9, 1972, in San Francisco, California, the older of two brothers. His father is an architect and interior designer based in San Francisco. His mother, Leah (Cohn), was a ...


text:
I need a help wrt the below problem statement:
Each cell of an N x N grid is either a 0 or a 1. You are given two such N x N grids, the initial grid and the final grid. There is a button against each row and each column of the initial N x N grid. Pressing a row-button toggles the values of all the cells in that row, and pressing a column-button toggles the values of all the cells in that column. You are required to find the minimum number of button presses required to transform the grid from the initial configuration to the final configuration, and the buttons that must be pressed in order to make this transformation. Edit: When the initial and the final configurations are the same, print "0". Input
The first line contains t, the number of test cases (about 10). Then t test cases follow.
Each test case has the following form: * The first line contains n, the size of the board (1 ≤ n ≤ 1000). * n lines follow. The ith line contains n space separated integers representing the ith row of the initial grid. Each integer is either a 0 or a 1. * n lines follow, representing the final grid, in the same format as above. Output For each test case, output the number of row-button presses, followed by the row buttons that must be pressed. Print the number of column-button presses next, followed by 0-indexed indices of the column buttons that must be pressed. The total number of button presses must be minimized. Output "-1" if it is impossible to achieve the final configuration from the initial configuration. If there is more than one solution, print any one of them.
Input: 1 3 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
Output: 1 0 1 2
I have uploaded the code as an attachment named with this topic : toggle2.cpp
Though it works absolutely fine on my machine,it doesnt accept a solution at codechef and gives me a wrong answer.Can anyone guide me what to do pls pls pls??Am i going wrong somewhere with respect to the logic or its something else?
Code has been written in C++ and compiled using g++ compiler.
Any help would be deeply appreciated ppl Thanking in advance


text:
CMAC asked me about lowering the steering wheel/column.
I took some aluminum plate, cut out some squares, drilled holes in them, and dropped my steering about 1". There is enough " latitude in the steering column to allow that. See picture. as we put smaller wheels on, and LOWER the seat, we don't want to block the main gauge cluster, so lowering to top of the wheel helps that perspective.
Sometime when we build our cars, we overlook the very important set up of our driving space, the ergonomics if you will. I am a short person, 5"7" ( and shrinking). So, to keep my leverage good on the steering wheel I dropped it. I then set my seat height, and distance. distance is hopefully with your arms slightly bent at the elbows..NO STRAIGHT ARM...with your hands at the 9'ish and 3'ish...which is why most wheels have the spoke at 9 and 3, with the newer ones a bit of a thumb grove. You want a wheel that is not too thick for your hands grip, to avoid strain. Diameter is important with our old manual steering boxes, and possibly a LOT of castor. I run 5.5 degrees right now, and when I turn the steering at rest, that LIFTS one side of the car up. If you don't think that takes some leverage.....I went with as large a sport wheel as possible, to help with leverage at the slaloms/racing. You want your seat height to both give you the best leverage on the wheel, almost full mid-chest height, and, to get to the pedals ok. This becomes a bit of a balancing act. I also tilt my seat front UP, to hold the leg well under my knees. I fine tuned it with a custom piece of higher density foam on my seat. Be careful of seats with high side bolster's, as they can impeded the swing of your elbows under combat situations. I modified mine when I re-upholstered my seat. I have never had the low ride seat look, I like to have good depth of field over the hood, so I could see where the corner of the car was, for proper placement in slalom situations ( and not hit too many cones). When setting seat distance, make sure your brakes are set up, and clutch. You must have enough "stroke" in your leg, with the knee still bent, to apply maximum leverage to the brake, and NOT become straight legged. I put a 2" extension in my brake pedal arm, and moved it over slightly, so I can heel and toe very easily, and, have VERY good modulation on the brake pedal.
The shifter is another issue, we don't want a huge reach to go to 5th, nor, do we want to drag it down to second, that makes our arm start to work against what is comfortable. Really take the time to bend that ole' shifter to whatever works best, and, figure out what BEST layout works for you. If you only see 5th on the odd highway trip, make the best for the 2-3 or 3-4 shift, whatever works for you.
Shoes, this may sound silly, but, the thickness of your shoes will affect the feel of things, and the stroke. I have a pair of runners that I just wear with the 510, and, they are as thick as my race shoes, so when I drive either way, it always feels the same.
Part of being really fast in your 510, or any car for that matter, is the level of comfort, and I don't mean the comfy ride like Grama's Buick, but, the feel you have for the controls and feed back that is constant through the seat, wheel, and pedals.
I have the back of my seat at a slight angle, and, due to its design, I can rest my head against it very comfortably, yet still wear a helmet that does not push my head forward. A 500 mile day makes this a nice treat.
So, bottom line, take the time to set things up....
lowering steering
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- bertvorgon
- Supporter
- Posts: 11062
- Joined: 04 Aug 2003 20:45
- Location: White Rock, B.C. Canada
lowering steering
- Attachments
- You can see the pedal extension and kick over, to be close to the gas pedal, and, I can keep my heels truly on the floor.
- dash & shifter layout.JPG (147.02 KiB) Viewed 3133 times
- IMG_2745.JPG (132.55 KiB) Viewed 3133 times
"Racing makes heroin addiction look like a vague wish for something salty" - Peter Egan
Keith Law
1973 2Door Slalom/hill climb/road race / canyon carver /Giant Killer 510
1968 Vintage 3HP Mini Bike
1971 Vintage 13' BOLER trailer
Keith Law
1973 2Door Slalom/hill climb/road race / canyon carver /Giant Killer 510
1968 Vintage 3HP Mini Bike
1971 Vintage 13' BOLER trailer
Re: lowering steering
FWIW, the historical perspective:
Because when you spend a silly amount of money on a silly, trivial thing that will help you not one jot, you are demonstrating that you have a soul and a heart and that you are the sort of person who has no time for Which? magazine. – Jeremy Clarkson
- Dave Patten
- Supporter
- Posts: 836
- Joined: 20 Jun 2008 13:30
- Location: Dunbarton, NH
- Contact:
Re: lowering steering
I lowered the steering column in my first 510 racecar by using stacks of washers to space down the column. The trick in making the install easier is to temporarily put the washer stack on a bolt, nut the stack tight and wind electrical tape around the outside of the washers to hold them together, making it a one piece shim.
It was a bitch trying to put 8-10 washers on each bolt the first time I did it.
It was a bitch trying to put 8-10 washers on each bolt the first time I did it.
Dave Patten
Dunbarton, NH
Dunbarton, NH
Re: lowering steering
hmm good work.. but why you need to lower that steering.. because I am also using that on default position.. Anyhow share a picture after installation of wheel.. Then I can guess that how it looks. Thanks for sharing.
Rhino Rack Roof Racks
Rhino Rack Roof Racks
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text:
The Central Connecticut men's soccer team played Vermont to a 0-0 draw on Wednesday afternoon. The Blue Devils (0-4-1) and Catamounts (3-0-2) were delayed by lightning and the game, still tied at zero, was called after one overtime period due to darkness.
The Blue Devils earned four corner kicks in the first half, but were unable to convert on any of their set pieces. CCSU had three more corner attempts in the second half, but again the Blue Devils were unable to convert.
Vermont totaled six corner kicks, but had five attempts in the second half and the only corner chance during the overtime period.
Sophomore Zach Zurita led CCSU with six shots. Two of his shots were on the goal, but both were stopped by Vermont goalie Conor Leland.
Freshman Conor Qualter had CCSU's other shot on goal, but again Leland made the save.
Splitting time in goal for the Blue Devils were juniors Rafal Krauze and Josef Abele. Each player had a pair of saves in the match. Krauze entered the game at the start of the second half and finished out regulation and overtime. He improves his record to 0-2-1 on the season. Abele started the match and posted a shutout over the first 45 minutes of play.
Vermont finished the game with a 14-12 advantage in shots. The Catamounts also had five shots on goal compared to three for CCSU.
The Blue Devils' next game is scheduled for 7 p.m. on September 18, at the CCSU Soccer Field. The game will be the Blue Devils home opener and will be against new Division I institution UMass-Lowell.


text:
The London "Daily Mirror"
May 31st 1982
Milestones of the month
by Chatty Cathy
It did not go well for the Brits in the Falklands campaign at the start of this month ; after April's intitial success in overcoming the South Georgia garrison, our forces encountered disaster after disaster. Even our early sinking of the Argentinian cruiser "General Belgrano" caused controversy, since the attack by the nuclear submarine "HMS Conqueror" sank it with virtually all its 323 hands.
Then our lack of air cover enabled the Argentinians to strike back with their Exocet missiles, and (American- built) Douglas Skyhawks which sank
H.M.S. "Shaffield" , HMS "Ardent", "Coventry", and "Antelope", as well as the carrier of our own Skyhawk force, the SS "Atlantic Conveyor"
Fortunately, its vital cargo had already been delivered, and played a major part in the battle of Goose Green towards the end of the month, when the British contingent overwhelmed a much larger Argentinian force occupying the islands.
In contrast to all this mayhem, the world went upon its business as if nothing so significant was happening. A crowd of over 100,000 attended the first day of the 1982 World's Fair in Knoxville, Tennessee, which was opened with an address by President Reagan.
The Weather Channel broadcasted on cable television for the first time.
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) was established during May.
Pope John Paul II's visit to the United Kingdom] was the first ever by a reigning pope.
And Spain became the 16th member of NATO...the Spanish government must have heard that we were beating their fellow Latinos in South America, and were hedging their bets!