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Slide your finger downwards starting from the top of the screen.
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text:
Shahida necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 118 diseños de 23 diseñadores freelance.
XL Coaching
I am in the process of establishing my practice as a "Life Coach". A coach is somebody who helps you achieve your personal and professional goals. A coach helps you enhance the quality of your life and supports you to take it to the next level. A coach partners with you, supports you, challenges you, listens to you and inspires solutions to help you maximize your potential. A coach helps you move forward when you are feeling stuck!!
My focus is "caregivers". It could be a new mom, someone taking care of a chronically ill family member or elderly. Basically anyone who defines themselves as a caregiver.
Name of Company: XL Coaching
Tag Line: Creating a Perfect Balance for Caregivers
Logo: Should have name of company, the tag line, and picture of a Diamond
The look and feel of the graphic should reflect radiance, energy, vitality, and brilliance similar to a SUNRISE!! "XL" comes from the word "Excel" which means to OUTSHINE. Most of all the logo should be FUN and EXCITING!! Being a caregiver is a tough job and we often forget how to have fun.
My inspiration has come from the following adjectives that define CAREGIVER:
C – Clarity
A – Achievement
R – Reward
E – Excitement
G – Generosity
I – Importance
V – Vitality
E – Energy
R – Radiance
Why do I want diamond as a logo? Below is a description that totally summarizes what coaching is all about!
Diamonds superior durability led people to believe that it would give them strength, courage, success, and love. Its perfect symmetry symbolizes mental, emotional, and spiritual balance. The clarity and colorlessness were related to peace of mind and purity of the heart. The fire and brilliance are equated with creative energy and enlightenment.
Descubre cómo funciona un concurso de diseño u obtén más información sobre nuestros servicios de diseño de logo.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
- Font:
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FRANKFURT, Germany, Nov. 28, 2003 — A DNA test has proven that U.S. aviator Charles Lindbergh fathered the three children of a German hatmaker, a spokesman for the siblings said Friday.
The children, Dyrk and David Hesshaimer and their sister, Astrid Bouteuil, have no plans to stake a claim as legal heirs but wanted to verify the relationship before going ahead with plans to publish a book on their mother's long-running secret relationship with the married pilot, said the sibling's spokesman, lawyer Anton Schwenk.
A TV documentary on the family is scheduled for release in Germany next year.
No one was immediately available for comment at the Lindbergh Foundation in Anoka, Minn., which was closed for the Thanksgiving holiday weekend.
Style of the Lindberghs
Schwenk said after receiving the results of the test from the Munich-based LMU Institute, the three Germans informed their half-siblings in the United States, some of whom they met last month. They agreed to issue only a statement, rather than hold a news conference, "because that is the style of the American Lindbergh family," he added.
Lindbergh's 1927 solo flight across the Atlantic made him a global celebrity. He married Anne Morrow in 1929, and they had six children. In 1932, their first-born baby son was kidnapped and murdered.
The marriage endured until Lindbergh's death in 1974, but during the last decades of his life he roamed the globe, rarely visiting his Connecticut home.
Anne Morrow Lindbergh died in 2001, as did Brigitte Hesshaimer.
© 2012 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


text:
Course Title: Context and Practice of Interpreting 2 (in both language directions) Mandarin
Part B: Course Detail
Teaching Period: Term2 2011
Course Code: LANG5448
Course Title: Context and Practice of Interpreting 2 (in both language directions) Mandarin
School: 365T Global Studies, Soc Sci & Plng
Campus: City Campus
Program: C6067 - Advanced Diploma of Translating and Interpreting
Course Contact : Brad Paez
Course Contact Phone: +61 3 9925 0362
Course Contact Email:email@example.com
Name and Contact Details of All Other Relevant Staff
Mr. Richard Yu firstname.lastname@example.com
Ms. Ling Li firstname.lastname@example.com
Nominal Hours: 80
Regardless of the mode of delivery, represent a guide to the relative teaching time and student effort required to successfully achieve a particular competency/module. This may include not only scheduled classes or workplace visits but also the amount of effort required to undertake, evaluate and complete all assessment requirements, including any non-classroom activities.
Pre-requisites and Co-requisites
Context and Practice of Interpreting 1 (in both language directions) Mandarin
Course Description
This course aims to further develop students' skills and knowledge in oral transfer, the primary competency of the Professional Interpreter, and to locate and apply the relevant theoretical frameworks contextual knowledge required of complex assignments.
National Codes, Titles, Elements and Performance Criteria
National Element Code & Title:
VBN926 Context and Practice of Interpreting 2 (in both language directions) Mandarin
Learning Outcomes
On completion of this module you will be expected to be able to:
- Carry out the interpretation of dialogues, short printed texts and short speeches that embody a reasonable level of linguistic and conceptual difficulty in the consecutive mode.
- Exhibit during the interpretation process appropriate use of transfer skills, achieving acceptable meaning-based renderings.
- Produce renderings that are appropriate to the text in lexis, idiom, register, collocation, style, stress, intonation, etc.
- Exhibit during the interpretation process appropriate use of note-taking techniques.
- Display appropriate body language during the interpretation process.
- Interpret relatively simple dialogues and short speeches at the professional level making sure they are complete, accurate and impartial.
- Research Australia's and the LOTE-speaking country's institutional and professional contexts that arise in a substantial interpreting text.
- Collaborate in developing acceptable equivalences (in English or the LOTE as applicable) for terminology relating to these contexts.
- Apply a variety of techniques for interpreting words and terms that are difficult to transfer due to cultural factors.
- Provide a comprehensive rationale for each equivalence.
Details of Learning Activities
In small groups you will develop the skills and knowledge to perform complex interpreting tasks. In particular, the instruction will aim to assist you to:
- Communicate the languages concerned with sufficient structural accuracy, vocabulary and fluency to participate effectively in exchanges on practical, social and professional subjects.
- Demonstrate knowledge of a number of particular interests and special fields of competence.
- Understand what speakers of both target and source languages say when speaking in the standard variety and the most common colloquial varieties.
- Comprehend speech at a normal rate of delivery.
- Understand what speakers of both target and source languages say when speaking in the standard variety and the most common colloquial varieties.
- Demonstrate a broad enough range of vocabulary to ensure that they rarely have to grope for a word in discussing subjects.
- Convey meaning accurately.
- Use relatively complex structures.
- Use the meaning-based approach to interpreting, as the most appropriate approach for practice.
- Carry out research to identify relevant contextual knowledge.
- Handle dialogue segments of up to sixty words in length in relatively specialised situations, and across a wide range of subjects.
- Carry out oral translation for printed texts (both directions) of 200 words or equivalent.
- Interpret short speeches and addresses of approximately 300 words.
- Interpret these dialogues and speeches in the consecutive mode.
- In both dialogue and speech interpreting and in both language directions, produce high-quality interpretations in terms of accuracy, standard of expression, style and register, using appropriate stress and intonation.
- Develop effective communication and public speaking skills, including proficiency in persuasive language and appropriate choice of cohesive and stylistic devices, register, collocation and idiom.
80 Nominal hours consists of:
4 hours x 16 weeks = 64 hours face-to-face class learning activities
8 hours to prepare and complete Learning Outcome 1
8 hours to prepare and complete Learning Outcome 2
Teaching Schedule
|Week Number / Week Statring
Context & Practice of Interpreting 2
|Week 1
|Exam Review
|Week 2
|Welfare/Social Issues/Education
|Week 3
|Welfare/Social Issues/Education
|Week 4
|Week 5
|Week 6
|Week 7
|Week 8
LO: Practice Exam: D.I.
|Week 9
|LO: Practice Exam: D.I.
Environment , Science & Technology
|Week 10
| LO: Practice Exam: C.I.
Australian Issues / Politics/Industrial Relations
|Week 11
|Australian Issues/Politics/Industrial Relations
|Week 12
|International Issues
|Week 13
|Practice Exam Review
|Week 14
|Week 15
|Week 16
Review & Consolidation
|Week 17
|Exam Period Commences
|Week 18
|Exam Period
Learning Resources
Prescribed Texts
Baker, M., In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation, Routledge, London, 1999
Gentile, A., Ozolins, U. & Vasilakakos, M., Liaison Interpreting: A Handbook, Melbourne University Press, 1996
Other Resources
Learning Resources
Learning materials will largely be generated by the teachers (including professional interpreting texts and other written and oral/aural materials from the press, Internet, media and government publications etc.) as the module is specifically targeted to practical skills that are necessary to the development of interpreting skills.
The Blackboard Learning Management System (LMS) is RMIT's core e-learning tool. It provides a variety of online learning resources and communication tools including:
- a centralised area to upload and manage course content and practice materials
- tools creating course content in the Blackboard environment
- tests (quizzes) and surveys
- discussion boards and chat rooms
- assignment submission tools
- group work spaces
Digital Recording Devices
Students are required to prepare their own digital recording device to be used in the interpreting class.
Overview of Assessment
Two Learning Outcome tasks.
Assessment Tasks
Learning Outcome 1 (0%, conducted in week 8 or otherwise advised by teacher)
- Dry-run of NAATI* Accreditation Exam:
2 bilingual dialogues and 2 sight translation passages (one from English into LOTE, one from LOTE into English), to be done in one sitting
2 speeches/addresses (one from English into LOTE, one from LOTE into English) to be interpreted consecutively, to be done in one sitting
- Dialogues = 50 marks
Sight Translations = 20 marks
Consecutive = 30 marks
This assessment task does not count towards the final NAATI accreditation exam. It is designed to familiarise yourself with the exam format and gauge your learning progress.
Learning Outcome 2 (100%, conducted during the University's formal examination period immediately following the end of semester)
- NAATI Accreditation Examination, conducted under NAATI exam conditions:
2 bilingual dialogues and 2 sight translation passages (one from English into LOTE, one from LOTE into English), to be done in one sitting
2 speeches/addresses (one from English into LOTE, one from LOTE into English) to be interpreted consecutively, to be done in one sitting
- Dialogues = 50 marks Sight Translations = 20 marks
Consecutive = 30 marks
* NAATI: National Accreditation Authority for Translators and Interpreters
Assessment Criteria
Your interpreting skills will be assessed by tests that reflect the conditions of NAATI accreditation testing; i.e. interpret for two dialogues between a LOTE speaker and an English speaker of approximately 400 words and with segments of up to 60 words in length, render oral translation for two printed texts of 200 words or equivalent, and interpret for two speeches / addresses of approximately 300 words in length. The three components will embody a level of linguistic and conceptual difficulty at the NAATI Professional level.
To be recommended to NAATI for accreditation as an interpreter at the Professional level, you must achieve the minimum standard in the accreditation examination as set out in the current NAATI and RMIT guidelines, i.e. achieve a mark of no less than 70% (RMIT Distinction grade) overall and not fall below 70% in any component of the test.
Key assessment areas and reasons for deduction of marks:
1. Accuracy
Significant omissions
Significant misinterpretations
Significant unjustified insertions
Excessive requests for repetition
Candidate abandoned test
2. Language Proficiency - LOTE > Eng
Inadequate comprehension of LOTE
Inappropriate word choices in English
Incorrect sentence structures in English
Grammatical errors in English
Unidiomatic usage in English
Unsatisfactory pronunciation in English
3. Language Proficiency - Eng > LOTE
Inadequate comprehension of Englsih
Inappropriate word choices in LOTE
Incorrect sentence structures in LOTE
Grammatical errors in LOTE
Unidiomatic usage in LOTE
Unsatisfactory pronunciation in LOTE
4. Technique
Excessive pauses / hesitations
Note-taking interfered with flow of interpreting
Inappropriate strategy when seeking clarification / repetition
Excessive number of clarifications/repetitions
5. Other
Inadequate comprehension of scenarios.
Assessment Matrix
Other Information
What do I do if I need help in this course?'
You are advised to contact your teacher as soon as any difficulties arise. The Program Coordinator is available for academic advice and support. Once the issue has been identified, the Program Coordinator, in consultation with your teacher and yourself, will put in place an individual study plan. This might include supplementary assessment, consultation during the conduct of assessment or granting an extension. Where these measures are inadequate, the Program Coordinator may refer you to University student support services such as student counselling or the Learning Skills Unit.
How can I have my relevant previous study or work/life experience assessed as a way of gaining credit in this course?
Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL) means recognition of competencies currently held, regardless of how, when or where the learning occurred. This includes any combination of formal or informal training and education, work experience or general life experience.
For RPL to be granted, the applicant must provide evidence that he/she:
• has attained the competencies described in the modules that are being claimed
• possess current competency in the modules that are being claimed, including underpinning skills and knowledge
• has applied the relevant modules in a context that is applicable to this qualification.
Contact the Program Coordinator for further advice about applying for RPL and suitable evidence requirements.
What are my responsibilities in undertaking this course?
All students are expected to attend classes regularly and complete all set learning and assessment tasks. You are encouraged to seek support in relation to any difficulties you may have at the program level via the Program Coordinator. Students are expected to act as professionals in the learning environment, a critical capability expected of graduates in their employment.
Special Consideration
You may apply for Special Consideration by using the RMIT Application Form for Special Consideration, which is available from RMIT website. The application, with relevant documentation, must be lodged with the Student Hub prior to or within 48 hours of the commencement of the assessment task in question. Applications for special consideration are considered by the expert panel convened by the Academic Registrar (or nominee).
You are reminded that cheating, whether by fabrication, falsification of data, or plagiarism, is an offence subject to University disciplinary procedures. Plagiarism in oral, written or visual presentations is the presentation of the work, idea, or creation of another person, without appropriate referencing as though it is one's own. Plagiarism is not acceptable. The use of another person's work or ideas must be acknowledged. Failure to do so may result in charges of academic misconduct, which carry a range of penalties including cancellation of result and exclusion from your course.
You are responsible for ensuring that your work is kept in a secure place. It is also a disciplinary offence for you to allow their work to be plagiarised by another student. You should be aware of their rights and responsibilities regarding the use of copyright material.
How can I let my teacher know about my experience of this course?
You may discuss this with your teacher at a mutually convenient time. The School distributes confidential course assessment forms at the end of each semester for students to complete. These are analysed and action is taken to remedy defects in teaching or course administration as required. The College also conducts student experience and satisfaction surveys during the semester.
Course Overview: Access Course Overview


text:
- "Telescopes can be used for studying the night skies and identifying different stars and planets."
- —Description[src]
A telescope is a device used for seeing faraway objects.[1] Those used in the wizarding world are presumably magical to some extent, as they can be used to see objects that would be impossible to see with a Muggle telescope.
They are essential in Astronomy, and thus all Hogwarts students up to their fifth year (and their sixth and seventh should they choose Astronomy as an elective) are required to own one.[2] Wiseacre's Wizarding Equipment sells brass telescopes for five Galleons.[3]
Weasleys' Wizard Wheezes sells a joke version of this product: the boxing telescope.[4]
- Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (Mentioned only)
- Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (First appearance)
- Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
- Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (film)
- LEGO Harry Potter: Building the Magical World
- Pottermore
- The Wizarding World of Harry Potter
- LEGO Harry Potter
Notes and references
- ↑ Telescope on Wikipedia
- ↑ Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, Chapter 5 (Diagon Alley)
- ↑ Pottermore
- ↑ Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
|Professors: Aurora Sinistra
|Astronomy at Hogwarts: Astronomy department · Astronomy Tower · Astronomy Room · Astronomy Stairs · Astronomy Corridor · Astronomy reading room ·
Astronomy classroom
|Astronomers: Aurora Sinistra · Copernicus · George von Rheticus · Perpetua Fancourt · Hesper Starkey
|Objects: Globe of the Moon · Lunascope · Moon chart · Orrery · Star chart · Telescope
|Planets: Jupiter · Mars · Mercury · Neptune · Pluto · Saturn · Uranus · Venus
|Satellites: Callisto · Europa · Ganymede · Io · Moon
|Constellations: Bartholomeus · Orion
*Disclosure: Some of the links above are affiliate links, meaning, at no additional cost to you, Fandom will earn a commission if you click through and make a purchase. Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.


text:
April 17 through May 15, 2004
Organized by Heather Lustfeldt, assistant curator
An exhibition of thesis work by more than 100 artists graduating from the Kansas City Art Institute majoring in art history, ceramics, creative writing, fiber, graphic design, illustration, new media, painting, photography, printmaking and sculpture.
Feb. 7 through April 3, 2004
Organized by Jaimie Warren and the Artspace
This interactive biennial exhibition featured two-dimensional and time-based artwork by Kansas City artists. Viewers were able to browse through artist portfolios within a flatfile cabinet or select video works to screen. The exhibition presented the opportunity to see a wide range of work by many of Kansas City's talented visual artists.
Nov. 15 through Dec. 19, 2003
Curated by Heather Lustfeldt, assistant curator
An exhibition of work by the 2003 Charlotte Street Foundation Award recipients, which included Leo Esquivel, Jennifer Field, Gear, Art Miller, Dean Mitchell, Donald Ross "Scribe" and Jim Leedy, who was honored with a Lifetime Achievement Award.
Sept. 20 through Oct. 29, 2003
Curated by Mary Kay Lombino
Organized by Independent Curators International
"UnNaturally" featured work by 15 international artists who employed artificial materials to create simulations of nature. By exploring ways in which boundaries between nature and culture are often blurred, the artists raised provocative questions about our mediated environment. Sometimes through irony, the work in the exhibition suggested that the natural world can be reproduced with man-made materials like any other mass-produced commercial product. Viewers were invited to consider the relationship between the artificial and the natural in our lives through an array of art, including photographs, sculpture and sound.
Artists featured in the show included Chris Astley, Gregory Crewdson, Jacci denHartog, Allan deSouza, Keith Edmier, Inigo Manglano-Ovalle, Jason Middlebrook, Micoletta Munroe, Roxy Paine, Michael Pierzynski, Marc Quinn, Michelle Segre, Alyson Shotz, Frances Whitehead, and Clara Williams.
The Kansas City Art Institute's viewbook provides an overview of KCAI's academic programs, students, faculty, alumni and campus. Download the viewbook here (PDF)


text:
Zax. Your room, your style, our leathers and fabrics. We bring luxury to a whole new level. Dress your space to impress with our luxury leathers and fabrics that have rich patterns and a plethora of colors. The texture of our textiles will enhance any room or project making the space inviting with the extraordinary diversity of the Zax collection. Whether it's a buttery leather or a supple tweed, your project will come alive with our expertise as we work with you to turn your vision into a reality. Wrap yourself in style and enjoy the comforts of working with family.
Providing the interior design industry with unique fabrics for over 40 years.
ZAX, Inc. © 2020 All rights reserved.
Phone: 303-792-7363 Toll Free: 800-237-2050 Fax: 303-799-9727


text:
Services on Demand
- Cited by SciELO
Related links
- Similars in SciELO
On-line version ISSN 1851-8044
Ameghiniana vol.47 no.3 Buenos Aires Sept. 2010
Taphonomy of Bouchardia rosea (Rhynchonelliformea, Brachiopoda) shells from Ubatuba Bay, Brazil: implications for the use of taphonomic signatures in (paleo)environmental analysis
Sabrina Coelho Rodrigues1 and Marcello Guimarães Simões2
1Faculdade de Ciências Integradas do Pontal, Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Avenida José João Dib, 2545, Progresso, 38302-000, Ituiutaba, MG, Brasil firstname.lastname@example.com.
2Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Distrito de Rubião Junior, CP. 510, 18.610-000, Botucatu, SP, Brasil. firstname.lastname@example.com
Abstract. This study analyzes taphonomic alteration of brachiopod shells, i.e., Bouchardia rosea (Mawe) from Ubatuba Bay, northern coast of São Paulo State, Brazil. The average age of the studied shell deposits is 674 years BP. The underlying hypothesis is that taphonomic signatures are not uniformly distributed along a bathymetric gradient. Assemblages were sampled using a Van Veen grab sampler (31 x 40cm) along transect of fourteen stations from zero (beach) to 35 m water depth. Four sedimentary environments were recognized: (a) beach, (b) protected bay with clay bottom, (c) protected bay with sandy bottom, and (d) inner shelf with sandy bottom. All brachiopod shells (i.e., total fraction including fragments) from each of the five stations with appreciable accumulations (up to 1607 shells) were investigated following a protocol of ten taphonomic signatures. Six of these ten taphonomic signatures (articulation, fragmentation, edge alteration, color alteration, bioerosion, and encrustation) were homogeneously distributed among studied environments, indicating that these general types of taphonomic signatures per se are not sensitive to environmental conditions in this case. On the other hand, shell surface texture varied along the bathymetric gradient, thus showing a high potential to be used in taphofacies analyses. Several examples of taphonomic generalizations available in the literature are neither applicable nor comparable to our results, which further confirm that overgeneralizations should be avoided in taphonomic studies.
Resumen. Tafonomía de los depósitos de Bouchardia rosea (Rhynchonelliformea, Brachiopoda) de la Bahía de Ubatuba, Basil: implicancias para el uso de índices tafonómicos en análisis (paleo)ambientales. En este estudio se analizó la alteración tafonómica del braquiópodo Bouchardia rosea (Mawe), en la bahía de Ubatuba, litoral norte de São Paulo, Brasil. Los depósitos de conchillas de estos braquiópodos registran una edad media de 674 años AP. La hipótesis subyacente al análisis fue que los índices tafonómicos no están uniformemente distribuidos a lo largo del gradiente batimétrico evaluado. Las conchillas se muestrearon mediante una draga puntal tipo Van Veen (31 x 40 cm) a lo largo de un gradiente batimétrico de 0 (playa) a 35 m de profundidad, incluyendo 14 estaciones de muestreo. Se reconocieron cuatro ambientes sedimentarios: (a) playa, (b) bahía protegida de fondo arcilloso, (c) bahía protegida de fondo arenoso, y (d) plataforma interna de fondo arenoso. Los braquiópodos de cada una de las estaciones (incluida la fracción total de fragmentos) fueron investigados siguiendo un protocolo que contiene 10 índices tafonómicos. Seis de estos índices (fragmentación, alteración de borde, alteración del color, bioerosión e incrustación) se distribuyen homogéneamente entre los depósitos de los ambientes estudiados, indicando que estos índices tafonómicos no son sensibles a las condiciones ambientales en este caso. Por otro lado, la textura de la conchilla mostró un alto potencial para la interpretación ambiental, pareciendo útiles como una herramienta de análisis de tafofacies. Varios ejemplos de generalizaciones tafonómicas disponibles en la literatura no son comparables ni aplicables a nuestros resultados, confirmando además que las generalizaciones de las normas y modelos aplicables a todos los casos sin restricción deben evitarse en los estudios tafonómicos.
Keywords. Bouchardia rosea; Brachiopods; Taphonomic signatures; Shell texture; Ubatuba Bay; Holocene.
Palabras clave. Bouchardia rosea; Braquiópodos; Firmas tafonómicas; Textura de la conchilla; Bahía Ubatuba; Holoceno.
Benchmark studies in taphonomy (Davies et al., 1989; Staff and Powell, 1990; Kowalewski et al., 1994; Kidwell et al., 2001) during the last two decades have demonstrated that taphofacies and time-averaging are fundamental parameters for paleoenvironmental analyses (Walker and Bambach, 1971; Brett and Baird, 1986; Speyer and Brett, 1986, 1988; Kidwell and Bosence, 1991; Kidwell et al., 2001; Flessa and Kowalewski, 1994; Kowalewski et al., 1998; Behrensmeyer et al., 2005). Taphonomic signatures (sensu Fürsich and Oschmann, 1993) such as bioclast fragmentation (= skeletal remains) may vary in a predictable fashion along environmental gradients (e.g., shallow to deep water). Thus, taphonomic data (e.g., taphofacies) are powerful tools in stratigraphic studies (see Holz and Simões, 2004, for a review), providing independent information, especially when geochemical and sedimentological data are lacking or dubious. However, recent taphonomic studies in modern marine settings have shown that some taphonomic signatures can be generated by several distinct mechanisms (e.g., Best and Kidwell, 2000a, b; Kidwell et al., 2001; Callender et al., 2002; Staff et al., 2002; Nielsen, 2004), and so the end products may be hard to distinguish (Fürsich and Oschmann, 1993). Indeed, as shown in detail by various authors (see Tomašových and Zuschin, 2009, and references therein), variation in skeletal preservation of brachiopods are not linked only to environmental variables (extrinsic factor), but also to shell-specific (intrinsic), methodological (analytical), and temporal (time-averaging) factors.
In addition to the issues mentioned above, other factors may account for loss of accuracy of taphofacies analysis and extrapolation of present-day data to the fossil record. For instance, taphonomic knowledge is still limited to certain environments (i.e., continental shelves), taxa (mostly mollusks) and climatic zones (subtropical). These issues have been recognized by a number of authors (Kidwell, 1998; Kowalewski et al., 2003) that eloquently emphasized the need for additional studies on death assemblages formed from biologic remains other than mollusks. Indeed, studies dealing with the taphonomy of Holocene rhynchonellid and terebratulid brachiopods became available only very recently (Tomašových and Zuschin, 2009). These authors, however, centered the data in brachiopod death assemblages found in shallow water carbonate environments of tropical/subtropical settings in the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden. Contrarily, in this paper we investigated the taphonomy of shells (surface death assemblages) of the terebratellidine brachiopod Bouchardia rosea (Mawe) in low-latitude, siliciclatic-dominated, shallow settings of the inner portion of the Brazilian shelf (western South Atlantic Ocean). Hence, this study focused on a taxonomic group (living terebratellidine brachiopods) from a geographic region that has received little attention from taphonomists.
Bouchardia rosea (Mawe), the most abundant living rhynchonelliform brachiopod in the southern sector of the Brazilian shelf, was reported to occur in coarse bioclastic-rich substrates in shallow marine water (= photic zone) (Tommasi 1970; Kowalewski et al., 2002; Simões et al., 2004). Shells of B. rosea are calcitic, endopunctate (organic-rich) with a thin prismatic primary layer, a thick fibrous-fabric secondary layer, and no tertiary layer. The prismatic layer is twice as thick as the fibrous one in the ventral valve, and the fibrous layer is ten times thicker than the prismatic one in the case of the dorsal valve. Shells of B. rosea have tightly interlocked hinges, with the animal lying on the sediment/water interface resting on the dorsal valve (Simões et al., 2007a). Juvenile specimens are found attached to granules and other sedimentary particles (Simões et al., 2004), but adults are free-lying (Simões et al., 2007a, p. 143, figure 1). Hence, B. rosea shells are prone to be transported and sorted by waves, currents and storm flows (see Simões et al., 2007b) and/or bored, encrusted, or corroded by taphonomic agents present in the taphonomic active zone (TAZ, Davies et al., 1989).
Species belonging to this genus were also found in Paleogene and Neogene assemblages from South America and Antarctica (see Manceñido and Griffin, 1988; Rodrigues et al., 2008); therefore, taphonomic study of B. rosea shells can help paleontologists better understand the sedimentological and paleoecological data locked in such fossil concentrations (see also Simões et al., 2005).
Study Area
The study area is located in Ubatuba Bay, on the northern coast of São Paulo State (23º - 24ºS and 44º -46ºW, figure 1). This region is within a transition zone between humid subtropical and tropical climates. It is influenced by tropical and equatorial water masses, but suffers incursions of polar water masses too. Ubatuba Bay has eight small beaches bordered by promontories of igneous and metamorphic rocks. The bay mouth is oriented eastwards. The area covered by the bay is approximately 8 km2 and its width is 4.5 km, tapering landwards.
Figure 1. Location map of stations sampled in Ubatuba region, northern coast of São Paulo State, Brazil / mapa de ubicación de las estaciones de muestreo en la región de Ubatuba, costa norte del estado de São Paulo, Brasil.
Siliciclastic sediments (fine to very fine sands) predominate (table 1) along the northern coast of São Paulo State. Coarse, well-sorted sediments are present in the outer portions of the bay. These coarser sediments are probably related to the reworking of relict deposits during storm events (Rodrigues et al., 2002). However, in some areas, especially near islands and rocky shores, bioclast-rich sediments mostly made-up of shells of B. rosea are common.
Table 1. Data from the stations sampled in Ubatuba Bay, northern coast of São Paulo State, Brazil / información de las estaciones de muestreo en la Bahía de Ubatuba, costa norte del estado de São Paulo, Brasil.
In the study area, four distinct sedimentary environments were recognized on the basis of substrate type, depth, and hydrodynamic conditions: (a) beach, particularly Itamambuca Beach (12 km north of the city of Ubatuba) (figure 1), characterized by two distinct sedimentary regimes (dissipative to the south and reflexive to the north). Beach sediments are composed of coarse (33.3%), medium (55.6%) and fine (11.1%) sands, which are well (22.2%) to moderately well (77.8%) sorted (Souza, 1997); (b) inner shelf, muddy, organic-rich bottoms (5 to 10 m deep); (c) inner shelf, sandy bottoms (10 to 20 m deep); and (d) outer shelf, sandy bottoms, over 20 m deep (figure 1).
Material and methods
Sampling procedures
A total of 14 collecting stations were sampled at five meter intervals (5—35 m water depth). The geographic position and depth of each station was determined using GPS and an ecobathymeter (figure 1, table 1). Sea floor was sampled (at least eight liters of sediment) using both a 300x400 mm dredge and a 310x400 mm Van Veen grab sampler (=0.12m2).
Brachiopod shells from Itamambuca beach were sampled in the foreshore zone too, using randomly distributed quadrants of nearly one square meter. A shovel was used to collect the surface layers of beach sediments (up to 30 mm). Bioclasts present in the quadrants were carefully picked, independently of their taphonomic state.
After sampling, sediments from each station were sieved through eight, six and two milllimeter meshes, and dried. Five sample localities (UBA 1, UBA 4, UBA 5, UBA 9, UBA 14) had sufficient material of B. rosea to conduct taphonomic analyses. For taphonomic analyses, subsamples of 150 shells per sieve fraction were obtained via sample splitting (see Kidwell et al., 2001) and all sieve fractions were analyzed.
Out of the 14 sampling stations along the bathymetric gradient, only five stations (UBA 1, UBA 4, UBA5, UBA 9 and UBA 14) yielded a sufficient number of brachiopod shells for taphonomic analysis.
Taphonomic protocol
The taphonomic protocol employed in this study is based on Davies et al. (1989), Best and Kidwell (2000a), Kidwell et al. (2001), Callender et al. (2002), Staff et al. (2002), Rothfus (2004), and Rodrigues et al. (2009). In order to avoid the so-called observer error (see Rothfus, 2004), taphonomic observations were carried out by one person, using a stereomicroscope at 10x magnification. Taphonomic signatures were determined for each bioclast (including fragments), and SEM analyses were also used for some specimens. Chi-Square analysis was applied to all taphonomic signatures (p=0.05).
Our protocol examined ten taphonomic signatures (sensu Fürsich and Oschmann, 1993) as presented in table 2, including: (1) articulation, (2) valve type, (3) fragmentation, (4) abrasion, (5) dissolution, (6) edge chipping, (7) color alteration, (8) bioerosion, (9) encrustation, and (10) superficial shell texture.
Table 2. Taphonomic signatures and their states (condition), investigated for brachiopod shells / índices tafonómicos de las valvas de braquiópodos y sus estados (condiciones) analizados.
States of each taphonomic signature (table 2) were determined. Articulation distinguished disarticulated valves from articulated specimens (table 2, figures 2.1-3). For disarticulated shells, valve type (dorsal or ventral, table 2, figures 2.2-3) was identified when possible. Fragmentation was established by tallying breaks independent of their origin (physical, chemical and/or biological). Fragmented valves denote shells with less than 90% of its original shell material preserved.
Figure 2. Bouchardia rosea (Mawe) shells showing different taphonomic signatures / valvas mostrando los diferentes índices tafonómicos. 1, articulated shell / valva articulada; 2, dorsal disarticulated valve / valva dorsal desarticulada; 3, ventral disarticulated valve / valva ventral desarticulada; 4-5, abrasion / abrasión; 6, dissolution / disolución; 7, valve with irregular edge / valva con borde irregular; 8-9, shell color alteration / valva con alteración de color; 8, bleaching / blanqueadas; 9, gray / gris; 10-12, bioerosion by polychaetes / bioerosión por poliquetos; 11-12, sponge attacks / ataque de esponjas; 13-15, encrustation by bivalve mollusks, barnacles and serpuliids / incrustaciones por moluscos bivalvos, cirripedios y poliquetos. Scale bar / escala gráfica = 1cm.
Degree of abrasion (table 2, figures 2.4-5) was divided into three states: natural or without abrasion (state 0); eroded shells with polished morphological features (state 1), and intensely eroded with shell features (teeth, umbones, ornamentation) completely abraded (state 2). Some shells yielding state 2 abrasion may have erosional holes on the most convex part of the valves. Degree of dissolution (table 2, figure 2.6) also was tallied using three states: natural or with no dissolution (state 0); partially dissolved shells with isolated dissolution foci present only on the outermost shell layers (state 1); highly dissolved with prominent shell structures (ornament) lost and dissolution holes present (state 2). Although abrasion and dissolution have distinct origins, they produce similar taphonomic alterations. In other words, both abrasion (physical agents) and dissolution (chemical/biological process) can create holes and rounding of edges and other surface relief (see figures 2.4-6). Distinguishing between abrasion and dissolution signatures can be difficult. However, shell color alteration and the superficial shell textures were useful in recognizing abraded vs. dissolved shells (see below) in many doubtful cases.
Shell edge alteration (table 2, figure 2.7) was tallied as unaltered, chipped or rounded (see Davies et al., 1989; Kowalewski et al., 1994; Best and Kidwell, 2000a; Callender et al., 2002 e Staff et al., 2002). Color alteration patterns of brachiopod shells (table 2, figures 2.8-9) are the same as those described in the literature for mollusk shells (e.g., Cutler, 1995; Callender et al., 2002; Staff et al., 2002), including white, gray, brown and black colors.
In the case of bioerosion (figures 2.10-12) and encrustation (figures 2.13-15), the organisms causing alteration (bioerosion or encrusting agents) and the proportion of shell area affected by those processes (<10% shell, between 10% and 50%, and >50%, table 2) were both tallied. These signatures were investigated by considering the interior and exterior of each shell.
Shell surface textures (see Cutler, 1987, 1995; Nielsen, 2004) were grouped into five categories based on taphonomic process as follows: (a) natural texture, (b) biogenic textures, (c) physical textures, (d) chemical textures, and (e) palimpsest textures (table 2, figure 3). An unaltered valve surface is tallied as a natural texture (figures 3.1-2). Among biogenic textures, four distinct types were recognized: (a) gallery texture (figures 3.3-4), when shells have Caulostrepsis-like tubes; (b) cratered texture (figures 3.5-6), in shells with numerous, large, vertical holes (>2mm); (c) perforated texture (figures 3.7-8), for specimens with small (>2mm), vertical holes; (d) etched texture (figures 3.9-10), in shells with several sinuous, ramified etched areas, usually showing a radial distribution—generally produced by filaments of algae and fungi (fixation sites on the shell, see Cutler, 1995 for similar examples in bivalve mollusk shells). Perforated and cratered textures were produced by attacks or infestation by sponges (Cliona, see Cutler, 1995 for similar examples in bivalve mollusks), whereas polychaetes were responsible for gallery textures (Polydora, see Rodrigues et al., 2008).
Figure 3. Superficial texture of Bouchardia rosea shells / textura superficial de las valvas. 1, natural texture / textura natural; 2, detail of natural texture / detalle de la textura natural; 3, gallery texture / textura en galería; 4, detail of gallery texture / detalle de la textura en galería; 5, cratered texture / textura poceada; 6, detail of cratered texture / detalle de la textura poceada; 7, perforated texture / textura perforada; 8, detail of perforated texture / detalle de la textura perforada; 9, etching texture / textura en "etching"; 10, detail of etching texture / detalle de la textura en "etching"; 11, granular texture / textura granular; 12, detail of granular texture / detalle de la textura granular; 13, exfoliated texture / textura exfoliada; 14, detail of exfoliated texture / detalle de la textura exfoliada; 15, palimpsest texture showing the overprinting of granular and exfoliated textures in the same shell / textura palimpsesto mostrando la superposición de las texturas granular y exfoliada en la misma valva; 16, detail of palimpsest texture / detalle de la textura palimpsesto. Scale bar / escala gráfica = 1 mm.
Chemical texture renders a granular texture (figures 3.11-12) characterized by a chalky appearance. It results from loss of the primary shell layer and separation of radial-fibrous mineral crystals in the secondary shell layer. Physical texture is represented by exfoliation (figures 3.13-14) and includes shells with abraded surfaces that expose the secondary shell layer in the most convex portions of valves (umbones and beaks). Finally, palimpsest textures denote over-printing of all above mentioned textures on a single shell (figures 3.15-16).
Beach environment (UBA 14)
All shells (n = 406) are disarticulated, and 94.8% are ventral valves. Fragmentation was observed in 15.6% of bioclasts and abrasion is high with 76.4% of abraded shells. Dissolution was also observed in 48.3% of valves. Most shells (76.1%) show edge modification, and color alteration is present in 45.1% of them. Shells are commonly bioeroded (62.8%) and encrusted (83%). The predominant superficial texture is exfoliated (occurring on 47.2% of shells), followed by granular (24.5%), biogenic (17.6%) and natural (10.7%) textures.
Inner shelf, sandy bottoms (UBA 9 and UBA 5)
Almost all shells (n = 637) were disarticulated (99% at UBA 9; 100% at UBA 5). Dorsal valves predominate (61%) at UBA 9 station, whereas ventral valves prevailed (74.8%) at UBA 5 station. Fragmentation is moderate (34%), as is abrasion (21.3% at UBA 9; 30.9% at UBA 5). Dissolution is intense, and observed in 56% (UBA 9) to 89% (UBA 5) of the examined specimens. Most bioclasts bear shelledge modification (86.3% at UBA 9; 96.8% at UBA 5) and color alteration (71.2% at UBA 9; 91% at UBA 5). Bioerosion is high (53.7%) at UBA 9, but low (7.7%) at UBA 5. Encrustation is present on most shells at both stations (50.3% at UBA 9; 89% at UBA 5). Granular (31% at UBA 9; 60% at UBA 5) and biogenic (18% at UBA 9; 0.6% at UBA 5) shell textures predominate.
Outer shelf, sandy bottoms (UBA 4 and UBA 1)
The vast majority of the shells (n = 564) are disarticulated (98%, UBA 4; 100%, UBA 1), and dorsal valves predominate (54% at UBA 4; 79.6% in UBA 1). Shell fragmentation is moderately frequent (23.7%, UBA 4 to 43.4%, UBA 1), whereas abrasion is low to moderate (17.5%, UBA 4 to 39.8%, UBA 1). Dissolution is intense, affecting over 80% of shells. Almost all bioclasts showed edge modification (94.7%, UBA 4 to 98%, UBA 1) and color alteration (90.0%, UBA 4 to 93.8%, UBA 1). Bioerosion varies from 22% (UBA1) to 44.2% (UBA 4), and encrustation is low to moderate (16%, UBA 4 to 33.6%, UBA 1). Granular texture predominates (40%, UBA 4 to 70.6%, UBA 1), followed by natural (24.7%, UBA 4 to 36.7%, UBA 1), biogenic (2.4%, UBA 4 to 16.6%, UBA 1) and exfoliated textures (2.3%, UBA 4 to 6.7%, UBA 1).
Origin and (paleo)environmental implications of the studied taphonomic signatures
Signatures such as articulation, fragmentation, bioerosion, encrustation, abrasion, dissolution, color alteration, and edge modification, are typically employed in taphonomic studies to recognize biotic and abiotic conditions of the environment where bioclasts are deposited (e.g., Brett and Baird, 1986; Davies et al., 1989; Fürsich and Oschmann, 1986, 1993; Best and Kidwell, 2000a; Callender et al., 2002; Staff et al., 2002; Parsons-Hubbard, 2005; Best, 2008; Tomašových and Zuschin, 2009). However, as shown in figure 4, most of these taphonomic signatures have a nearly homogenous distribution along the bathymetric trend investigated in this case.
Figure 4. Frequency of taphonomic signatures at each sampled station / frecuencia de los índices tafonómicos en cada estación de muestreo. 1, disarticulation / desarticulación; 2, fragmentation / fragmentación; 3, shell color alteration / alteración de color; 4, shell edge alteration / alteración del borde de la valva; 5, bioerosion / bioerosión; 6, encrustation / encrustación; 7, abrasion / abrasión; 8, dissolution / disolución.
Valve disarticulation is, for instance, commonly used in taphonomic studies. Bouchardia rosea has a tightly interlocked hinge (see Brunton, 1996; Brunton et al., 1996) preventing wide opening and rotation of ventral and dorsal valves (Brunton, 1996, p. 234), even during life. Thus, under natural post-mortem conditions, articulation is favored in shells of this species. At first glance, an articulated condition seems to agree with that of Brett and Baird (1986): "...certain brachiopods (e.g., atrypids and rynchonellids) possessed interlocking hinge dentitions which enhanced articulation and increased the period of time during which they remained intact after death. Their disarticulation implies rough water conditions...". However, our results indicate that post-mortem disarticulation is extremely common in the study area even though Ubatuba Bay is protected from the action of the main S-SW wave sets of the region, due to the eastern orientation of the bay mouth. As a result, reworking of bottom sediments occurs only sporadically (Mahiques et al., 1998). Among our sampling sites, the beach environment (UBA 14) is the most energetic, with lower energy conditions to the south (Souza, 1997), where brachiopod assemblages are being reworked (Simões et al., 2007b). In other words, based on the intrinsic and extrinsic factors affecting the shells of Bouchardia rosea, high disarticulation indexes were expected only for the beach environment. Contrary to such expectation, valve disarticulation indexes are not significantly distinct among our sampled sites (Χ2 = 7.022; k = 3; p = 0.071). Indeed, valve disarticulation is not limited to beach facies. Stochastic variation in some variables such as shell transportation, physical and biological sediment reworking, and rates of sedimentation and shell residence time at the TAZ may account for the pattern recorded. Indeed, radiocarbon dates from more than 100 brachiopod shells (Bouchardia rosea) as well as cooccurring bivalve mollusk shells (Semele casali Doello-Jurado, Glycymeris sp.) from death assemblages at the same sites indicate that temporal mixing of hundreds to thousands years is a common phenomenon (Carroll et al., 2003; Krause et al., 2004; Simões et al., 2004; Barbour Wood et al., 2006; Krause et al., 2010). The average age of the studied shells is in the order of 674 YBP (Krause et al., 2010). Probably, prolonged residence time in the TAZ, associated with intermittent action of waves and currents (see Simões et al., 2007b) and intrastratal biological activity and predation (Simões et al., 2007a; Rodrigues et al., 2008) favors the disarticulation of Bouchardia rosea shells.
Fragmentation rates are also high at almost all stations (figure 4.2). In other words, fragmentation is not restricted to a particular subenvironment, and is not significantly different between UBA 4, UBA 5 and UBA 9 stations (Χ2 = 3.261; k = 2; p = 0.196) (see also Best and Kidwell, 2000a for a similar observation, with accumulations of bivalve mollusks from the Caribbean Coast of Panama). Fragmentation can be generated by several physical, chemical and/or biological processes (Zuschin et al., 2003). For example, fragmentation of shells found in the beach environment (UBA 14 station) is caused by onshore transport and reworking of shells during high energy events (storms, see Simões et al., 2007b). In the quiet waters of the inner shelf (UBA 9 station), fragmentation is mainly caused by the attack of durophagous predators, especially brachyuran crabs. In fact, Pires-Vanin et al. (1995) noted that intense predation events may occur as a result of activity of those crabs in Ubatuba Bay. These observations and the presence of wedge marks on the margins of shells, which are signs of brachyuran crab attacks (see Simões et al., 2001), indicate a biological origin for most fragmentation observed in shells of Bouchardia rosea recovered from this part of the bay. In contrast, fragmentation of shells is caused by intense dissolution in the outer shelf (UBA 1 station). These data agree with Fürsich and Oschmann (1993) and Zuschin et al. (2003) on the multiple origins of fragmentation and on the need of identifying the origin of this taphonomic feature. Hence, in our case study fragmentation per se has little or no interpretative value.
Encrustation and bioerosion rates are significantly different among studied sites (Χ2 = 661.31; k = 4; p < 0.001; Χ2 = 248.728; k = 4; p < 0.001, respectively), and commonly found in shells from sites where there seems to be a high primary productivity (UBA 9). Such is the case near some islands, probably because of either "the island mass effect" (Doty and Oguri, 1956) or else the high concentration of nutrients in those areas (Simões et al., 2009). Thus, our data agree with observations recently made by Tomašových and Zuschin (2009) on brachiopod shells of death assemblages in Red Sea and Gulf of Aden carbonatic settings. According to these authors, levels of shell encrustation and bioerosion in terebratulid brachiopods decrease with depth because of a drop in abundance of light-dependent borers, and heterotrophic borers and encrusters.
Superficial shell textures as a tool for (paleo)environmental analysis
Among the taphonomic signatures examined for this study, superficial shell textures seem to provide powerful proxies for (paleo)environmental interpretation. Shell textures are useful because some of them have a restricted environmental distribution and others can be overprinted on individual shells, offering valuable information about the taphonomic pathways or history for each bioclast. For example, bioclasts bearing exfoliated shell texture are commonly found at the beach site (UBA 14) and are rare in the other environments (figure 5.2). The exfoliated texture is a result of intense mechanical abrasion of the shells, and is noted in material exposed to intense reworking (UBA 14).
Figure 5. Frequency of shell superficial texture at each sampled station / frecuencia de las texturas superficiales de las valvas en cada estación de muestreo. 1, natural / natural; 2, exfoliated / exfoliada; 3, granular / granular; 4, biogenic / biogénica.
Although observed in shells from all environments, the granular texture is frequently recorded (more than 50%) in inner shelf sandy bottoms (figure 5.3). Granular textures are a result of chemical dissolution. Shells with granular texture have a chalky appearance with loss of original color and luster. Observations in modern marine environments and laboratory experiments with shells of Bouchardia rosea suggest that granular texture is a result of dissolution by interstitial water (Rodrigues et al., 2006; Simões et al., 2007b). As noted by Burone (2002) in the study area, inner-shelf sediments below 10 cm depth are organic-rich and anoxic, favoring shell dissolution.
Shells yielding biogenic shell textures are found in high proportions (more than 50%, figure 5.4) on the inner-shelf sandy bottoms of Ubatuba Bay (UBA 9 and UBA 4 stations, respectively). These textures are produced by several biological agents, including the attack or infestation by sponges, polychaetes and algae. Based on observations in shallow and deep marine environments, and also on laboratory results, some authors have suggested that infestations may occur in very short periods (up to 15 days, see Cutler, 1995). However, experimental observations by Asgaard and Bromley (1991) in the Mediterranean indicate that a bioclast must remain in the TAZ with no significant reworking for several years, in order to be infested. For shells of Bouchardia rosea, gallery textures result from infestation by polychaetes when the brachiopod is still alive. Hence, this signature is not a faithful indicator of prolonged exposure of the shells to environmental conditions in the TAZ (see Rodrigues et al., 2008).
Determining the taphonomic pathway of a single shell
Palimpsest shell texture is a noteworthy taphonomic signature exhibited by shells of B. rosea. Palimpsest textures are a result of the overprinting of new shell textures over the old ones (see Cutler, 1995, for a similar phenomenon in Recent bivalve shells from the Gulf of California). Although many taphonomic processes may occur concomitantly in the shells of a given environment, some may occur preferentially only under certain environmental conditions (mechanical abrasion, dissolution). High durability and long residence time in the TAZ favor the imprinting of some of these environment-specific signatures on certain shells. Indeed, shells of B. rosea in the studied bioclastic concentrations are time-averaged in orders of magnitude of 102 to 104 years (Carroll et al., 2003; Barbour Wood et al., 2006; Krause et al., 2010), thus contributing to the development of palimpsest shell textures.
Palimpsest shell texture can provide robust evidence of the taphonomic pathway followed by individual shells; a shell specimen (DZP 17538, see figure 3.8) will be used here as an example of this. The specimen was sampled in the inner-shelf sandy bottom, at 20 m depth (UBA 5), and shows a palimpsest shell texture characterized by overprinting of exfoliated (physical) and granular (chemical) textures. As previously discussed, exfoliation is common on shells collected on the beach, and is a result of intense mechanical abrasion (see Simões et al., 2007b). Thus, exfoliation indicates that this specimen was in a beach environment for some time during its post-mortem history. However, the presence of granular texture exposing the prismatic outer shell layer and the fibrous inner layer indicates shell dissolution, which is commonly observed in those shells lying in sandy organic-rich substrates, a condition observed in inner-shelf areas such as station UBA 5. This indicates that during its taphonomic history this shell was transported onshore and laid on the beach where the exfoliated shell texture was acquired. Subsequently, this shell was transported offshore into organic-rich substrates, where the granular texture was acquired (see Simões et al., 2007b, for the onshore/offshore shell transportation in the study area).
Final remarks
As shown above, taphonomic signatures such as articulation, fragmentation, dissolution, bioerosion, and encrustation found in the studied brachiopod shells may have multiple origins. The usage of these signatures without previous investigations on their origin may blur taphofacies analysis. In our case study, superficial shell textures seem to carry the best potential for precise environmental interpretations. However, as well noted by Tomašových and Zuschin (2009), brachiopod shell preservation is not a product of steady state alteration processes over the course of their taphonomic history. Stochastic variation in some intrinsic (productivity, see Simões et al., 2009) and extrinsic (background and episodic sedimentation) factors in the course of temporal mixing—plus the fact that the studied brachiopod shells are durable and are present in a very particular siliciclastic environment—may better explain the taphonomic behavior of the studied shells. In other words, taphonomic patterns found in the brachiopod-rich accumulations of Ubatuba Bay are a product of particular (extrinsic and intrinsic) conditions and can not be extrapolated to all brachiopod fossil assemblages of the Phanerozic geological record. However, since bouchardiid shells are ubiquitous in various Paleogene and Neogene fossil concentrations of South America and Antarctica their use in paleoenvironmental analyses should be viewed under the light of the taphonomic data discussed in this contribution.
The authors are grateful to A. Fransozo (Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu Campus, São Paulo State, Brazil) for the help during field studies and to Sr. Isaac Sayeg (Laboratory of Scanning Electron Microscopy, Institute of Geosciences, University of São Paulo -USP, São Paulo State, Brazil) for the help with SEM images. Thanks to Dr. Katia Facuri (Federal University of Uberlandia, Ituiutaba Campus, Brazil) for statistic analysis. This contribution was supported by the State of São Paulo Research Foundation - FAPESP (Processes 00/12659-7, 02/13552-7, 06/00169-1 and 06/59416-8) and National Council for Scientific and Technological Development - CNPq (Processes 300448/03-01, 306601/2006-0 and 154937/2006-1). The final version of this contribution was substantially improved, thanks to careful and constructive comments of D.G. Lazo and an anonymous reviewer.
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26. Kowalewski, M., Simões, M.G., Carroll, M. and Rodland, D.L. 2002. Abundant brachiopods on a tropical, upwelling-influenced shelf (Southeast Brazilian Bight, South Atlantic). Palaios 17: 274-283. [ Links ]
27. Kowalewski, M., Carroll, M., Casazza, L., Gupta, N.S., Hannisdal, B., Hendy, A., Krause, R.A., Labarbera, M., Lazo, D.G., Messina, C., Puchalski, S., Rothfus, T.A., Sälgeback, J., Stempien, J., Terry, R.C. and Tomaových, A. 2003. Quantitative fidelity of brachiopod-mollusk assemblages from modern subtidal environments of San Juan Islands, USA. Journal of Taphonomy 1: 43-65. [ Links ]
28. Krause, R.A., Barbour Wood, S.L., Wehmiller, J.F., Kowalewski, M. and Simões, M.G. 2004. A comparative analysis of time averaging for bivalves and brachiopods from a modern Tropical Shelf. Annual Meeting Geological Society of America (Denver), Abstracts with Programs 36:383. [ Links ]
29. Krause, R.A., Barbour Wood, S.L., Kowalewski, M., Kaufman, D.A., Romanek, C.S., Simões, M.G. and Wehmiller, J.F. 2010. Comparative time-averaging: age mixing among sympatric bivalves and brachiopods from modern tropical shelf. Paleobiology 36: 428-452. [ Links ]
30. Mahiques, M.M., Tessler, M.G. and Furtado, V.V. 1998. Characterization of energy gradient in enclosed bays of Ubatuba region, southeastern Brazil. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 47: 431-446. [ Links ]
31. Manceñido, M.O. and Griffin, M. 1988. Distribution and palaeoenvironmental significance of the genus Bouchardia (Brachiopoda, Terebratellidina): its bearing on the Cenozoic evolution of the South Atlantic. Revista Brasileira de Geociências 18: 201-211. [ Links ]
32. Nielsen, J.K. 2004. Taphonomy in the light of intrinsic shell properties and life habits: marine bivalves from the Eemian of northern Russia. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 78: 53-72. [ Links ]
33. Parsons-Hubbard, K. 2005. Molluscan taphofacies in recent carbonate reef/lagoon systems and their application to sub-fossil samples from reef cores. Palaios 20: 175-191. [ Links ]
34. Pires-Vanin, AM.S., Jorge, J.P.S. and Sartor, S. 1995. Variação diária e sazonal da fauna bêntica de plataforma continental no litoral Norte do Estado de São Paulo. Publicação Especial do Instituto Oceanográfico 11: 107-114. [ Links ]
35. Rodrigues, M., Mahiques, M.M. and Tessler, M. 2002. Sedimentação atual nas enseadas de Ubatumirim e Picinguaba, região norte de Ubatuba, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Oceanografia 50: 27-45. [ Links ]
36. Rodrigues, S.C., Neves, J.P.; Simões, M.G. and Kowalewski, M. 2006. Dissolution of Bouchardia rosea shells: implications for taphonomic bias in rhynchonelliform brachiopod assemblages. 9° Congreso Argentino de Paleontología y Bioestratigrafía (Córdoba), Resúmenes: 266. [ Links ]
37. Rodrigues, S.C., Simões, M.G.; Kowalewski, M.; Petti, M.A.V., Nonato, E.F., Martinez, S. and Del Rio, C.J. 2008. Biotic interaction between spionid polychaetes and bouchardiid brachiopods: paleoecological, taphonomic and evolutionary implications. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 53: 657-668. [ Links ]
38. Rodrigues, S.C., Simões, M.G. and Pires-Domingues, R.A. 2009. Viés analítico em estudos tafonômicos com macroin-vertebrados: implicações (paleo)ambientais e (paleo)ecológicas. Geologia USP, Série Científica 9: 101-114. [ Links ]
39. Rothfus, T.A. 2004. Clams and Brachiopods: Chips that pass out of sight. Palaios 19: 507-513. [ Links ]
40. Simões, M.G., Marques, F.P.L., Fransozo, A. and Mello, L.H.C. 2001. Brachyuran (Xanthidae) crab predation on Bouchardia rosea (Brachiopoda, Terebratulida) and its paleobiological and taphonomic importance. Paleo-2001, Reunião Anual da SBP (Rio Claro), Boletim de Resumos: 14. [ Links ]
41. Simões, M.G., Kowalewski, M., Mello, L.H.C., Rodland, D. and Carroll, M. 2004. Recent brachiopods from the Southern Brazilian shelf: palaeontological and biogeographical implications. Palaeontology 47: 515-533. [ Links ]
42. Simões, M.G.; Rodrigues, S.C.; Leme, J.M. and Bissaro Jr., M.C. 2005. The settling pattern of brachiopod shells: stratigraphic and taphonomic implications to shell bed formation and paleoecology. Revista Brasileira de Geociências 35: 383-391. [ Links ]
43. Simões, M.G., Rodrigues, S.C. and Kowalewski, M. 2007a. Comparative analysis of drilling frequencies in Recent Brachiopod-Mollusk associations from the Southern Brazilian Shelf. Palaios 22: 143-154. [ Links ]
44. Simões, M.G., Rodrigues, S.C., Leme, J.M. and Pires-Domingues, R.A. 2007b. Brachiopod shells on the beach: taphonomic overprinting in a fair-weather shell accumulation and their paleoecological implications. Journal of Taphonomy 5: 205-225. [ Links ]
45. Simões, M.G., Rodrigues, S.C. and Kowalewski, M. 2009. Bouchardia rosea, a vanishing brachiopod species of the Brazilian platform: taphonomy, historical ecology and conservation paleobiology. Historical Biology 21: 123-137 [ Links ]
46. Souza, C.R.G. 1997. [As células de deriva litorânea e a erosão no Estado de São Paulo. Tese de Doutoramento, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade São Paulo, São Paulo, 358 pp. Inédito. [ Links ]].
47. Speyer, S.E. and Brett, C.E. 1986. Trilobite taphonomy and Middle Devonian taphofacies. Palaios 3: 312-327. [ Links ]
48. Speyer, S.E. and Brett, C.E. 1988. Taphofacies models for epeiric sea environments: middle paleozoic examples. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 63: 225-262. [ Links ]
49. Staff, G.M. and Powell, E.N. 1990. Onshore-offshore trends in community structural attributes: death assemblages from the shallow continental shelf of Texas. Continental Shelf Research 19: 717-756. [ Links ]
50. Staff, G.M., Callender, W.R., Powell, E.N., Parsons-Hubbard, K.M., Brett; C.E., Walker, S.E., Carlson, D.D., White, S., Raymond, A. and Heise, E.A. 2002. Taphonomic trends along a forereef slope: Lee Stocking Island, Bahamas. II. Time. Palaios 17: 66-83. [ Links ]
51. Tommasi, L.R. 1970. Sobre o braquiópode Bouchardia rosea (Mawe, 1823). Boletim do Instituto Oceanográfico 19: 33-42. [ Links ]
52. Tomaových, A. and Zuschin, M. 2009. Variation in brachiopod preservation along a carbonate shelf-basin transect (Red Sea and Gulf of Aden): environmental sensitivity of taphofacies. Palaios 24: 697-716. [ Links ]
53. Walker, K.R. and Bambach, R.K. 1971. The significance of fossil assemblages from fine-grained sediments: Time-averaged communities. Annual Meeting Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 3: 783-784. [ Links ]
54. Zuchin, M., Stachowitsch, M. and Stanton, R.J.Jr. 2003. Patterns and processes of shell fragmentation in modern and ancient marine environments. Earth-Science Reviews 63: 33-82. [ Links ]
Recibido: 27 de Julio de 2009.
Aceptado: 2 de Febrero de 2010.


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Kraus brauchte ein neues Logo Design und hat einen Wettbewerb auf 99designs gestartet.
Aus 155 Designs von 26 Designern wurde eine Gewinner gewählt.
Thermal Solutions of Texas - http://www.thermalsolutionsoftexas.com
Thermal Solutions of Texas is primarily a distributor of electric heaters, temperature controlls and sensors. We are specialists in heating, sensing and controlling thermal processes in industrial and manufacturing applications such as plastics, oil & gas, research and development, industrial processes, automotive, aerospace, laboratory, field service, power generation, universities, medical and general manufacturing. We offer custom solutions for various heating and control applications including turn-key solutions.
Our target audience consists of everyone from very small mom and pop businesses to leading Fortune 500 companies. Our customers are responsible for everything from manufacturing everyday useful products to the most cutting-edge research and technologies.
We are looking for a logo that is professional, creative and unique. Since we provide electric heaters and NOT gas heaters, we do not want any fire or flames in the logo as it might mislead our customers.
Our company colors (as you can see on our website) are red, blue white and black. Please see what you can do with any combination of these colors.
We will need a logo that can be used on our website, business cards, letterhead, etc.
Finden Sie heraus, wie ein Designwettbewerb funktioniert, oder lernen Sie mehr über unsere Logo-Design-Angebote.


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Kickboxing classes are rising in popularity, and for good reason. It's a killer workout, it burns crazy calories, and it's fun. But we find that people are uncertain of what kickboxing really IS. Is it just a good workout? Is it easy enough that anyone can try it? Does it vary enough so I won't get bored?
The answer is YES. YES. YES. YES!
Gym memberships are great. But they can be tricky. Staying motivated to do your own training is hard work. Classes induce turf wars during peak holiday seasons, and you have to show up insanely early just to claim your space. Before you know it, the gym becomes hassle to avoid rather than a haven to go train.
So yes, you can find kickboxing classes at your gym. But ours are better. Why?
Because we truly believe we offer something unique that offers advantages not many other types of fitness houses can offer.
We'll work with you so that you'll grow to feel confident not just about kickboxing and martial arts, but about yourself. By day ten you'll start feeling stronger. In as little as a month, you're already starting to kick and punch like a pro.
In addition to teaching the basic strikes found in kickboxing, we also borrow from other martial arts: Taekwondo, Muay Thai, and Krav Maga (self defense). We teach and train these different arts for several purposes beyond just fitness.
Of course, on the fitness side, the sidekicks and round house kicks found in Taekwondo and karate work the obliques, creating a well-defined waistline, and the punches & elbows of Muay Thai shape the upper arms.
There is also utility to consider: There is a purpose behind each and every move that we teach. The defensive strikes from Krav Maga are not only for exercise, but can very well save your neck in a harrowing situation. Training in self defense increases confidence and awareness, and it changes how people carry themselves.


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|Dean Reidt's TrailTimer was the original electronic game monitor.
Dental-product engineer Dean Reidt began tinkering with the idea of recording deer movements in 1985 and soon launched a new industry. The idea started when Reidt, a bowhunter, was waiting along a deer trail wondering what deer hunters have wondered for generations: How many deer use this trail when I'm not here?
To find out, Reidt placed a digital clock inside a box that could be attached to a tree. He added a string to place across the deer trail and tied the string to a switch closer connected to the clock.
"What I did was turn a digital clock into a stop watch," Reidt said. "When a deer hit the string, the clock would stop. So then I knew what time the deer came through and from which direction."
Reidt called his invention the TrailTimer. It was the first device hunters could use to monitor game movements and the cornerstone of today's constantly evolving game-monitor industry.
Today's devices bear little resemblance to Reidt's TrailTimer. No longer are trip strings used to determine the time an animal passed. Hunters now employ sophisticated cameras that photograph the animal and record time, date and other information. Many types are available, from simple digital cameras to high-tech marvels with all sorts of bells and whistles. The technology is changing so fast it's hard to keep up with it. But if you're in the market for a game camera, this basic buyer's guide can get you started.
Why Use a Game Camera?
Game cameras allow users to scout their hunting areas 24/7 without actually being there. That's a great advantage. After the camera is set up, animals passing in front of its infrared heat-and-motion detector trigger the camera so it shoots a photograph and records pertinent information.
This provides a visual image of the animal so you know its ***, relative age, the time it was using the area and other information that can increase chances for hunting success. A game camera can help you determine if a quality buck is using a scrape; which waterhole is being visited by pronghorns; what time a bear is hitting a bait pile or other facts about your quarry.
A single camera provides lots of useful information, but several cameras placed strategically throughout the area you hunt can be even more helpful. If a big buck is spotted, for example, it can be tracked through the property using the different cameras, which provides an idea of the deer's range. This helps you pinpoint the best places to hunt. As photos are collected, they can be cataloged to provide a record of different animals and their movements so you'll be better prepared when hunting starts.
The biggest advantage of a game camera is it leaves the animals less disturbed. The camera serves as your surrogate "eyes in the woods" and does so much less obtrusively than if you were there. You don't contaminate the area by going in frequently to scout.
Trail Camera Features to Consider
|This photograph captured by a game camera not only provided the user a visual image of a nice buck using his hunting area, it also recorded the date and time the photo was taken, as well as the temperature and moon phase.
Some features make certain cameras more applicable for particular situations than others. The proper selection often depends upon the individual hunter, area and species pursued, but here are features to consider before making a purchase.
Date/Time Function
For most hunters, this function, which records the date and time a photo was taken, is imperative. Most, but not all, cameras have this feature, so check before buying. Having a photo of a monster buck is nice, but knowing the exact time he came by is what you really need. Some cameras record additional data as well, including moon phase, temperature, barometric pressure and, as a security measure, the user's name and other identification information. Some cameras also record a GPS geotag that pinpoints the precise location of the camera when a photo is taken.
The term "resolution" refers to the size of the digital images a camera produces and is usually expressed in terms of "megapixels." When comparing cameras, this is one major difference you'll see. For example, the Moultrie M-888 Mini Game Camera has a resolution of 14.0 megapixels, RECONYX HyperFire Semi-Covert IR digital scouting camera is a 3.1-megapixel camera. Some cameras, such as the Bushnell Trophy Cam HD Essential Game camera allow a variety of resolution choices-in this case, 3, 5 or 12 megapixels.
Here is a helpful trail camera buyers guide by Bushnell
A discussion of resolution can get very technical, but for the sake of discussion here, let's just say that the higher the megapixels, the larger each image will be. And as long as the optics and internal components of the cameras are the same quality, the larger the image, the higher its quality. If you don't plan to print a lot of photos, this is less important because photos viewed on a computer or TV screen can be smaller and still look good on the monitor. If you want clear, crisp prints to show your buddies, however, you'll be happier with a higher-resolution camera.
Here's another factor to consider, one that accounts for variable-resolution choices on some cameras. Larger digital images take up more space in your camera's memory. So if you opt for a 3-megapixel resolution on the Bushnell Trophy Cam HD Essential Game camera, for example, there will be room on the memory card for many more photos, allowing you to return to the camera site less often to download images. If you opt for a 5-megapixel resolution, the photos will be higher quality but the camera can't shoot as many before the memory card is full. Opt for 12-megapixel resolution, and the photos will be of the highest quality but even fewer in number. Nevertheless, even high-resolution cameras will hold enough photos for general use by hunters in most situations.
As you might expect, higher-resolution and variable-resolution cameras are more expensive than others. If you want decent photos you can print but want to use multiple cameras, you may want to go with a mid-range choice. If capturing high-quality photos of animals you can print and frame for the wall is your goal, then a more expensive high-resolution camera is best.
PIR Angle Width and Range
Many camera descriptions refer to PIR (passive infrared) width and/or range, which refers to the camera's sensing mechanism. The infrared beam on most cameras has a very narrow scope of coverage, usually about 10 degrees. This means an animal must be centered in the field of view for the camera to trigger. Cameras with a wider PIR angle can sense activity up to 180 degrees, which allows them to capture photos of animals that cross anywhere in front of the camera. Wide-view cameras also are better able to capture pictures of faster-moving animals.
|Having a trail camera that allows for lower resolutions, as well as high picture resolutions, will allow your SD card to hold more images.
It's also important to note the furthest distance at which a game camera can detect trigger-activating motion, which may range from 30 feet on the low end to 100 feet or more.
Trigger Time
The time that elapses from the moment the camera detects motion until an image is snapped is called trigger time. This can vary from a small fraction of a second on some cameras to as long as 6 seconds on others. While this may seem relatively unimportant, you'll capture many more good images of game animals using a camera with a quick trigger time.
Almost all game cameras now use removable SD memory cards for photo/information storage. Most cameras have a card included, but if one is not, you'll incur the additional expense of buying one and will need to know the maximum size memory card your camera will accommodate. Cameras that will accommodate larger-capacity cards — a 32 GB card as compared to an 8 GB card, for example — allow you to store more and higher-resolution images on the camera in the field. A handy accessory now available is a portable handheld viewer like Wildgame Innovations Cloak 8 IR Game Camera & SD Card Viewer Combo, which allows you to monitor game movements while in the field.
Game cameras use incandescent or infrared (IR) flashes to illuminate the subject in low light and at night. The picture quality of incandescent tends to be far superior to IR, but IR flashes use considerably less battery power, fire much quicker than incandescent flashes and, many hunters say, are less likely to spook animals because the animals can't see them. A few high-end cameras allow changing from IR to incandescent with the flip of a switch, offering the best of both worlds.
Also important to know is the effective range of the flash, which may vary from 10 to 50 feet or more. A flash with a low range may be OK for photographing animals coming to a wild game feeder or on a trail where the camera can be set at close range, but may produce nothing but the glow of red eyes when photographing animals at a distance in a food plot. Be sure the range will be effective for the area in which you'll be shooting.
Additional Game Camera Features
Among the many additional game camera features you may want to consider are these:
- External LCD: Some models have an LCD display that allows you to check how many pictures have been taken, as well as other stats, without having to open the enclosure or trigger the camera. Built-in viewers that allow previewing your photos also are available.
- TV Jack/Cables: With one of these, can connect directly to a TV to view your photos.
- Intergrated Solar Panel: Some units come with solar panels that charge a built-in rechargeable Lithium battery, So you don't have to worry about running out of power when the bucks are running hot. One example is the top rated SpyPoint Solar 12 Game Camera.
- Aiming Aids: Many units have a test mode or laser aiming device to help aim the camera properly so you won't miss a shot.
- Event Counter: Some units incorporate this feature, which will tell you an animal crossed the sensor beam, even between photos. That way you can get an accurate count of how many times there was activity on a certain trail or area and around what time the activity centered.
- Video: Many cameras now are capable of capturing video (with or without audio, depending on the camera) in addition to photographs. Some only offer fixed-length videos, while others offer programmable video length.
- Multiple Shot/Burst Mode: When this feature is used, the camera will shoot multiple images over a specified time range to capture action that might be missed with a single shot.
- Time-lapse Mode: This feature allows you to set the camera to take images at preset intervals over a period of time, in addition to photos triggered by game.
- Zoom Feature: Depending on the model of camera you have, this allows 2X, 4X or greater magnification for up-close shots of game.
- External Battery Jack: Game cameras usually are powered by standard or rechargeable 9-volt, AA, C or D batteries. If you can't make timely visits to your camera, however, you want to make sure you don't lose battery power between trips. Cameras with an external battery jack can be hooked up to 12-volt batteries for almost unlimited field life. Add a solar charger like the Moultrie Power Panel and they can run indefinitely.
- Security Features: Game cameras are subject to being stolen or damaged by animals like bears. For this reason, many security features now are incorporated into the designs (camo finish, padlock tabs, password protection, etc.) or are available as accessories (locking bars/brackets, cable locks, security boxes, etc.).
- Wireless Capability: If you don't mind paying the extra cost, you can purchase a wireless camera or an accessory that works with certain cameras that will transmit images to your personal computer or the Internet for off-site viewing. These eliminate the need to travel to or through your hunting area to retrieve camera images, creating less disturbance and saving time and money. Moultrie's Game Spy cameras, for example, are compatible with their Game Management System, which connects to a wireless cellular modem. Once you plug the modem into your game camera, the cellular network gives you the ability to wirelessly transmit images from your game camera to your private-access website. The GPS modem connection also allows you to change your game camera settings or check the battery status, even from your Internet-capable cell phone or PDA.
- Special Features: As game cameras evolve, more special features become available such as the built-in programmable game calls (deer, turkey, moose, elk and predators) that attract animals. Expect to see more exciting innovations in the future.
Once you use a game camera, you will never want to scout without one again. Imagine being able to keep tabs on a favorite rub, waterhole or hot bear bait day in and day out, even when you're working. Game cameras allow you to do all that and more, helping you know more about your quarry so you have a greater chance of success on all your hunts.


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amfAR, The Foundation for AIDS Research
At amfAR's annual San Francisco Gala, the Foundation paid tribute to John and Marcia Goldman and Michael Tilson Thomas, distinguished members of the Bay Area community who have dedicated their time and resources to the fight against AIDS. The black tie benefit, held on November 12, 2010, was hosted by Carson Kressley, and featured performances by Broadway stars Betty Buckley and Cheyenne Jackson, and members of the San Francisco Symphony. Wells Fargo was the presenting sponsor.
DATEFriday, November 12, 2010
LOCATIONSan Francisco, CA
© 2020 amfAR All Rights Reserved || amfAR's mission is to end the global AIDS epidemic through innovative research


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On the eve of D-Day, a group of American paratroopers is dropped behind enemy lines to carry out a mission crucial to the invasions success. But as they approach their target, they begin to realize there is more going on in this Nazi-occupied village than a simple military operation.
CAST: Jovan Adepo, Wyatt Russell, Jacob Anderson, Dominic Applewhite, Pilou Asbaek
DIRECTOR: Julius Avery
RUN TIME: 109 min


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There are certain myths we cling to, even after being presented abundant evidence to the contrary.
There are certain myths we cling to, even after being presented abundant evidence to the contrary.
Some things are just too painful or frightening to accept.
For example, we know we will die someday, but we know this in a detached, intellectual manner. As in, of course we will die. Everyone dies. And then we whisper to ourselves, �But not me. Not now. Not anytime soon.�
Another myth is that we have control over when we take our last breath.
If we don�t smoke cigarettes, drink and drive, bake in the sun or hang out in bad neighborhoods after dark, we should be OK. If we wear our seat belts, have regular check-ups, look both ways before crossing the street and follow the rules of the road, we will live a long and happy life.
Then something happens to someone we don�t even know, and it rocks our world. Because of course, we will die. And we have a lot less control than we think we do over when it happens.
Thursday�s fatal wreck on U.S. Highway 98 was one of those moments for me. I drive on U.S. 98 regularly, as does virtually everyone who lives here or visits the Emerald Coast.
I like to think I drive defensively. I scan oncoming traffic, looking for a car that might turn in front of me. At lights, I leave enough distance between my car and the next one so that I will have room to edge forward if the car behind me doesn�t appear to be braking in time.
I drive in the right lane on interstates because I have written too many stories about cars crossing the median and striking a vehicle in heading in the opposite direction in the left lane.
But Thursday afternoon, six drivers were sitting at a red light when a large truck failed to slow down and caused a chain reaction wreck. Seven vehicles were damaged, six people were injured and two people died.
One of the cars was crushed beyond recognition. And moments earlier, a man and woman in their 60s had been sitting in that car, waiting for the light to change. Perhaps they were listening to the radio or having a conversation. Perhaps they were just waiting quietly.
And then they were gone.
We can be angry at the road, blame other drivers, curse the inattentiveness of people behind the wheel of lethal weapons.
But all of that will not change what scares us most about Thursday�s accident.
It happened.
Daily News Assignment Editor Wendy Victora can be reached at 315-4478 or firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Are you planning and preparing to enjoy a long, full life? While no one expects to live forever, you may live much longer than you think. According to the National Center for Health Statistics, a male born today can expect to live to age 76 and a female to age 81. 1
1) Source: National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 66, No. 6, 2017 (data as of 2015)
Considering that 65-year-old retirees could spend as much as one-third of their
lives in retirement, the need for sound lifetime financial management becomes evident.
Remember that these figures are based on averages — so you are just
as likely to live longer than the average expectancy as you are to die sooner than
expected. Are you financially prepared for a long, full life?
Did you know that the older you are, the longer you are likely to live? It seems
illogical, but it's true. The chart below shows the current life expectancy of males
and females at various ages.
This hypothetical example is used for illustrative purposes only. Actual results will vary.
This information is not intended as tax, legal, investment, or retirement advice or recommendations, and it may not be relied on for the purpose of avoiding any federal tax penalties. You are encouraged to seek advice from an independent tax or legal professional. The content is derived from sources believed to be accurate. Neither the information presented nor any opinion expressed constitutes a solicitation for the purchase or sale of any security.
From privacy policy to www.ceteraadvisornetworks.com/privacypolicy.pdf
From important information to www.ceteraadvisornetworks/investment-disclosures.com
This site is published for residents of the United States only. Registered Representatives of Cetera Advisor Networks LLC may only conduct business with residents of the states and/or jurisdictions in which they are properly registered. Not all of the products and services referenced on this site may be available in every state and through every advisor listed. For additional information please contact the advisor(s) listed on the site, visit the Cetera Advisor Networks LLC site at www.ceteraadvisornetworks.com
This material was written and prepared by Broadridge Advisor Solutions.
© 2020 Broadridge Investor Communication Solutions, Inc.


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This funny-sounding expression indicates that someone just told a joke or isn't being serious! Someone who says something "tongue-in-cheek" is usually kidding.
It's believed that this saying was created by an English humorist in the 1800s. Most people have difficulty saying anything with their tongue in their cheek. But some people actually do stick their tongue against the inside of their cheek after saying a joke to show that they're only kidding.


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In another attempt to bring you ideas on how to save money, this one may not be considered as strong as my last post. I mean, we are still talking about gourmet food here — you're going to drop at least $15 a person. But these plates will take you to some of the best restaurants in Columbus at heavily discounted prices. It was even featured on NPR WOSU, so you know it's cool. And if you make your reservations fast, you'll get to partake! They call it Restaurant Week and it begins today, Monday January 17th through the 22nd. Prices range $15-$35 a plate for a fixed multi-course menu. What's more? Restaurant Week benefits the Mid-Ohio Foodbank. I'm going to try the Melting Pot with my boyfriend, just $30. Or you can check out Hyde Park or Cameron's for the same price, and Mitchell's Steakhouse or the Refectory for just $5 more.
To peruse other participating restaurants and their menus, as well as phone numbers to make reservations, go to:


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Port Jefferson
(Port Jefferson, NY)
Welcome to Freedom Boat Club of Port Jefferson, NY. Just 50 miles east of New York City is one of the East Coast's most beautiful port towns. Steeped in American history and known for its rich maritime past, Port Jefferson is an oasis of quaint shops, comfortable inns and fine restaurants, under a blanket of classic architecture and stunning harbor views. Within its three-mile radius, Port Jefferson has managed to maintain its historic character, while becoming one of the most successful business centers in Suffolk County.
Incorporated in 1963, Port Jefferson continues to be one of the hottest destinations on Long Island with fine restaurants, a mix of quaint retails stores & popular chains, live music venues, pristine beaches, marinas and an array of activities for the entire family, which is underscored by a new Harborfront Park and village center.
To find out more about Freedom Boat Club of New York please visit our Facebook page at www.facebook.com/freedomboatclubNY where you can see member testimonials, view more photos, and see many smiles.
We have created a short video to tell you more about Freedom Boat Club of New York. Please click HERE to watch it.
For more information on how you can join Freedom Boat Club of New York and have unlimited access to all boats in all four Long Island locations (Freeport, Port Washington,Northport, and Port Jefferson) please call 516-699-8420 or click on the email link to the right in the contact section. We are the affordable and time-saving alternative to boat ownership.


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Kick's Smoke Cap
Code - -SMKCap
We Guarantee It
We want you, our customer, to be happy with your purchases. That is why we have a 30 day exchange/return policy on the products that we sell.
If for any reason you are not completely satisfied with your purchase, you can return or exchange the item under our exchange/return policy with the exception of exempt items* such as Card Shooter chokes or Clearance Closeout items.
If you exchange an item, we'll cover the shipping cost of getting the new item(s) to you (US orders only).
After 30 days, our shotgun chokes are covered by a lifetime warranty which covers defects in materials or workmanship. This warranty does not cover instances of abuse or a failure to properly use or maintain the product.


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We all love a good headphone that can deliver quality sound while incorporating current fashion trends without compromising quality. Urbanears is a brand of headphones that come in 12 different colors. Both classic and fun neon colors – which are perfect for summertime! Urbanears promotes a deeper connection to color, form and people while providing the freedom to transcend individuality and unify the sound experience.
The vision of Urbanears is to add a number of elements to the concept of performance. Beyond the obvious sound rendition they wanted to make headphones that felt more like clothes than chromed plastics and felt good to wear in a public space. The design of the headphone is made with such respect and are what they are expected to be, but with great attention to the details. Simply put an Urbanears headphone is always describable as a classic headphone in an array of colors.
Urbanears has made a loud statement and is definitely something new and different. These headphones have been in high demand and have a huge celebrity following! Some of our favorites such as: Michelle Wiliams, Emma Roberts, and Drew Barrymore are some of the celebrities that favor Urbanears!
For more information or to scoop up a pair of check out: www.Urbanears.com


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Ameritool 1165-20 Gas Spring
*End Fittings Not Included
SHAFT: Chrome Plated 316 Stainless Steel
CYLINDER: 316/316L Stainless Steel
Cross Reference: Compare to : 6626K78
Delivery: Average 2 Weeks (Maxum will email a tracking number when shipped). Each spring is custom made and charged in America.
Force Range: 75-500Lbs
*(enter force in box below in increments of 5 Lbs)
* Please read the Ameritool Bleed-Off Instructions located in the left side information box.
Guard Tube: Protects the rod from damage due to incidental impacts. This accessory adds .1 inches to the extended length of the gas spring.
Lock Tube: Mechanically locks the gas spring in the fully extended position.
** You can choose either the Guard Tube or the Lock Tube, but not both on the same gas spring.
Made in America - 1 year factory warranty
Weight: 5.00
Available Options:
Please be sure you have selected ALL the desired options below before putting the item in your cart. Price adjustments are listed for each option if appropriate.
Maxum email@example.com
P.O. Box 1495
Southampton, PA 18966
419-308-4990All credit card orders are to be placed online
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