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Acta Theologica
On-line version ISSN 2309-9089
Print version ISSN 1015-8758
Acta theol. vol.34 suppl.19 Bloemfontein 2014
The reception of Galatians 2:20 in the Patristic period and in the Reformation1
A. van de Beek
Faculty of Theology, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa. E-mail address: firstname.lastname@example.com
This article explores the reception of Galatians 2:20 in the Patristic period, and in the Reformation by Luther and Calvin. As it turns out, the interpretation of the verse does not fit into popular notions of their theological traditions. Authors from traditions as different as the Alexandrians and the Antiochians, or Eastern and Western, do not interpret this verse as expected, when taking into account the theological framework in which later generations placed the communities wherein the former exegetes lived. This is especially striking when comparing Luther and Calvin. The result is an exhortation for further research in reception history. It might well fundamentally challenge frameworks of historical research.
Keywords: : Patristic period, Gal. 2:20, Reception History
Trefwoorde: Patristieke periode, Gal. 2:20, Wirkungsgeschichte
"I have been crucified with Christ; it is no longer I who live, but Christ lives in me; and the life which I now live in the flesh I live by faith in the Son of God who loved me and gave Himself for me." Galatians 2:20 is a typical Pauline verse in which the author expresses the absolute new identity of a Christian. Tracing the reception of such a verse in church history reveals the basic theological positions of later theologians. In this article, I will first investigate how the text is interpreted in the Patristic period, and subsequently compare this with the commentaries of Luther and Calvin.
It is remarkable that early Christian theologians do not refer very often to such a challenging text. There is thus a paucity of references - except, of course, commentaries on Galatians.
2.1 Origen
Origen, the first early Christian author who refers to the verse, gives the most comprehensive interpretation. There are two references to this text in his works: one in his Commentary on John and one in his On the principles. I begin with the commentary on John.
Origen discusses the difference between Christ who is with us and Christ who is in us. Christ promised to be with us until the consummation of the world. After the consummation, God will be all in all. Until the consummation, there is an outside presence; afterwards, there will be an internal indwelling of God. However, Paul states of himself that Christ, who is God's own presence, lives in him. That seems an anachronism: Paul still lives in this world and not in the world to come.
We might say more properly that the Savior was not in His disciples but with them, so long as they had not arrived in their minds at the consummation of the age (loannem X, 8).
This poses no problem for Origen: when we die to the world by becoming a Christian, this is the consummation of the world. We live as new beings, because we participate in the new creation through baptism. Thus, according to Origen, Paul's expression must be understood as realised eschatology. If Christ lives in us, we are within an eschatological reality. Christ was with us until his death on the cross. He is in us since Pentecost. Therefore, He lives in us (Gal. 2:20) and speaks in us (2 Cor. 13:3).
If Christ's presence in us is not visible in glory, it is because Christ is in us within the conditions of the world, and it is within that condition that Christ suffered and died. This is how the Christians show that Christ lives in them. The suffering church visibly expresses that Christ lives in them:
He who is with His disciples who are sent out to teach all the nations, until the consummation, may be He who emptied Himself and took the form of a servant, and yet afterwards may be another in point of state; afterwards He may be such as He was before He emptied Himself (loannem X, 8).
Origen is well aware that his solution is not a common Christian opinion. The majority of Christians view the consummation of the world as an event in the future. However, according to Origen, this is of no concern, because, in eschatology, time is not interesting. It is not about time, but about the quality of reality - and in Christ that is as perfect as eternal life can ever be. This is not visible in the present condition.
In saying this we are keeping for our part also to the ordinary interpretation which makes the time always the time down to the consummation of the age, and are not asking more than is attainable to human nature as it is here (loannem X, 8).
In the fourth book of On the principles, Origen elaborates on this qualitative interpretation of Christ in us. He raises the question: Where is Christ present? The answer is simple: in Paul, for Paul says: "Christ lives in me". How can Paul claim that he is the place where Christ should be located? No matter how important Paul may ever be, he is not the centre of Christian faith and of the new creation. Paul can only speak in this way by acknowledging that Christ is also in both Peter and John - and in all the saints; and, surely, even more so in the archangels.
Seeing, then, He was in Paul, who will doubt that He was in a similar manner in Peter and in John, and in each one of the saints; and not only in those who are upon the earth, but in those also who are in heaven? For it is absurd to say that Christ was in Peter and in Paul, but not in Michael the archangel, nor in Gabriel (De Principiis IV, 29).2
By adding the last phrase, Origen shifts from his strong paradox of realised eschatology in his Commentary on John to a more philosophical approach: God is everywhere.
From this it is distinctly shown that the divinity of the Son of God was not shut up in some place; otherwise it would have been in it only, and not in another. But since, in conformity with the majesty of its incorporeal nature, it is confined to no place; so, again, it cannot be understood to be wanting in any (De Principiis IV, 29).
In this passage, the focus differs from that of the Commentary on John. In the latter, the resurrected Christ, as the new being, dwells in his Church and its members; here, however, it is about his divinity that is omnipresent. It is no longer fully present in us as members of his identity, but the divine presence is in all that is. His presence is only different in extent: more in the archangels than in those who are still turned to the flesh.
Although He is in different individuals as we have said - as Peter, or Paul or Michael, or Gabriel - He is not in a similar way in all beings whatever. For He is more fully and clearly - and, so to speak, more openly - in archangels than in other holy men. And this is evident from the statement, that when all who are saints have arrived at the summit of perfection, they are said to be made like, or equal to, the angels, agreeably to the declaration in the Gospels. Whence it is clear that Christ is in each individual in as great a degree as the amount of his deserts allows (De Principiis IV, 29).
A friction in Origen's interpretations is fundamental for the later understanding of Galatians 2:20. On the one hand, he fully accepts the new being of Christians in their participation in the eschatological life of Christ. On the other, it is still open and partial, in the expectation of the fulfilment. Furthermore, there is a tension between Christ as head of his Church and his indwelling in the believers, on the one hand, and his divine omnipresence in the entire creation, on the other.3
Origen's interpretation displays the tensions that occur in later commentaries: the relation of already and not yet; what is the effect of Christ's indwelling; the relation of grace and works, and the place where Christ is to be located in the spatial metaphors.
2.2 Where is Christ in relation to the Christian?
We will first turn to the last topic: Where is the presence of Christ? Origen locates Christ both in me as a Christian (Commentary on John) and in the entire cosmos as far as it is divine (On the principles).
Augustine follows the track of Origen's Commentary on John: it is about Christ's indwelling in the believer. Augustine accepts Christ's presence in us unconditionally, without any hesitation. Christ is in me and, consequently, I must be judged according to his identity (Ad Galatas 17). If people will submit me to the law, they also submit Christ, who is Lord of the law, to the law.
Who dares to impose the law on Christ who lives in Paul? For nobody dares to say that Christ does not live rightly, so that a law on him should be imposed (Ad Galatas 17).
If one were to do so, it would be absurd. As a result of Christ's indwelling in me, I am free from the law. I am above the law.
There is a difference in cultural context between Augustine and Origen. While Origen speaks of Christ's indwelling from an ontological point of view, Augustine places the issue in a juridical framework. This is the difference between Greek philosophy and Roman law. But abstracted from this context, the basic agreement is clear: the Christian's identity is fully defined by Christ.
When Augustine claims that Christians are above the law, he does not mean that Christians should not live in righteousness. On the contrary, because Christ lives in them, their works are his works, the works of love. They are dead to sin.
He calls the dead, and on this account all the more the living: for your life, says he, is hid with Christ in God. Of such dead the speech is: But I live, now not I, but there lives in me Christ (On continence 13, 29).
Is it so to be believed, that they, who were already dead, and their life hidden with Christ in God, were still committing fornication, were still living in unclean habits and works, were still slaves to passions of evil lust and covetousness? (On continence 13, 29).
John Chrysostom also follows this track. He stresses "Christ's presence in me" in a moving section of his sermon on Galatians 2:20. He reverses Origen's argument of On the principles. Origen moves from the one to all, Chrysostom moves from the universe to the singular Christian. How can Paul say that Christ is in me? Is not Christ in the entire cosmos and in all the saints? Does not the plural always have priority over the singular in the church? Certainly it has. The grace of Christ is comprehensive. This grace, however, is so concrete that it is focused on the individual person. Christ, with his total grace, is really in me:
[Paul] shows that each of us ought to render as much thanks to Christ as though Christ had come for him alone. For God would not withhold this gift even from one person. He has the same love for every individual as for the whole world (Edwards 1999:33).
At the other extreme of the spectrum, we find Theodoret of Cyrus who stresses the transfer from our own life to a new life for Christ. "I put off the previous life and passed into another life; I live for Him whose life I put on" (MPG 82:476). Wherever transfer language is dominant, Christ and the believer are thought of in different positions. The basic notion is two persons between whom a transfer occurs. In Augustine's interpretation, in particular, there is a full identity of Christ and the Christian. The most profound unity is expressed in "Christ lives in me". If, however, the focus is on a transfer of grace, merits, and virtues and not on a transfer of identity, this lacuna indicates a way of thinking that differs from Paul's argument. Chrysostom argues (MPG 61:648), "He did not say: 'I live for Christ,' but, which was far greater, he said: 'Christ lives in me'". Theodoret of Cyrus also mentions "living for Christ". Our own identity keeps intact, but its focus has changed. It no longer lives for itself, but for Christ. This fits into the moral approach of Christian faith, as is the case in much of the Antiochian theology. It approaches the second interpretation of Origen in On the principles. Nevertheless, it is not the same. Origen speaks about a graduation of Christ's living in us: more in the saint than in the people of the world. However, it is God's indwelling, while for Theodoret it is a human activity of a Christian.
His co-Antiochian, Theodore of Mopsuestia, takes on an intermediate position. On the one hand, he approaches Augustine's position by stressing the identity of a Christian with Christ, although he reverses the positions of Christ and the Christian. For Augustine, it is Christ in me, as it is in Paul's text, while Theodore speaks about our being in Christ. That is also Pauline language, but not in Galatians 2:20, which Theodore interprets. Consequently, Theodore misses the point of the text: it is not about Christ who is our life, but about a gradual growing into Christ in conformity with Him, beginning in baptism and perfected in the consummation. This is also Pauline theology, but at the moment Theodore does not grasp its ultimate apex, his "Christ lives in me"; it is part of a different framework. Theodore cannot consider the identity in Christ, but in terms of "quasi", that is: "as if I hold that I already live in that life" ("quasi iam in illam vitam me aestimo vivere" [Swete 1880:34]; notice the accusative: even the direction is "quasi").
It is interesting to note that, in the dynamics of Christian faith, classic distinctions - such as between East and West, Antiochians and Alexandrians - fade. The Eastern John Chrysostom comes to a personal presence of Christ such as is hardly found in any Western theology, and he shares his interpretation of the verse in this respect with the Western Augustine and the Alexandrian Origen in contrast with his co-Antiochian Theodoret, while the Antiochian Theodore takes his own track with other Pauline texts in mind.
2.3 Already - not yet
Origen opts for a realised eschatology in his Commentary on John, but simultaneously relativises it with his qualitative interpretation in On the principles. This tension is evident in other authors. Ambrose stresses the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist. In the Eucharist, it is
not I who was once grass, as all flesh is grass, but Christ who lives in me. That is, there lives that living bread which comes from heaven, there lives wisdom, there lives righteousness, there lives the resurrection (De Paradiso 76).
Ambrosiaster argues along the same line (Commentarius in Epistolam ad Galatas, MPL 17:218).
However, Theodore focuses on the future life that we shall receive in the consummation of this world, "when the common resurrection of all in the consummation of the world will finish current time" (Swete 1880:34), although we live this in anticipation through faith and hope. The perspective is on the future life, however. It is not my present life, it is after death about which the apostle speaks as if it has already happened (Swete 1880:34). Or, as Theodorete (MPG 82:475) states: "I portray beforehand immortal life in this mortal life, and I see it through faith". Consequently, Theodore mentions that "[a]s for the future things that will be, we have a strong hope" (Swete 1880:35). It is only in faith that we can express that in this new life Christ is in us.
2.4 The effect of Christ living in me
As for the consequences of Christ living in me, there are two opinions. On the one hand, some authors focus on eternal life that we receive from Christ. His life of resurrection is in me and so I have eternal life indeed, as Ambrosiaster states: "By his protection the person is snatched from death" (MPL 17:218; Edwards 1999:33). On the other hand, other authors stress moral renewal. This can even become a condition for Christ's presence in us. Jerome (MPL 26:415) writes:
Christ, wisdom, courage, insight, peace, joy and other virtues live in him. Who does not have a firm hold on these cannot say: Christ lives in me ... being in the flesh is not the same as living in the flesh (MPL 26:415).
The two approaches do not exclude each other. New life in peace and love and the hope of eternal life can go hand in hand. Nevertheless, the different interpretations show different interests.
2.5 Works and grace
As soon as it is about moral renewal (and, even more so, about the conditional presence of Christ), we enter the domain where Paul himself positions the text: the relation of law and Christ. Eusebius of Emesa puts it simply: in Christ, we are above the law and live shining and clear (Buytaert 1949:147). I have already mentioned Augustine who states that Christ is not submitted to the law, and neither are we, because Christ is in us. The law has no jurisdiction over us.
Some authors only stress the freedom of grace wherein we live by Christ. Others pay more attention to the new life that is also implied in Christ's indwelling. We receive not only his formal identity, but also the dynamics of his life: freedom, service, righteousness.
This life is, according to Augustine, contested life. It is the struggle of our spirit which cleaves to the Spirit of God, who dwells in us, with the flesh. It is a struggle of our spirit concerning its own inclinations, which are the inclinations of Christ who lives in us, and the debility of the flesh. If we contest these impulses of the flesh, we may trust in Christ.
Thus when any reprobate impulse arises according to my old human nature, to which I who serve the law of God with my mind do not consent, I may now say this: 'Now I am not the one doing that'. By way of consequence Augustine can say: "For where I am not I, I am more happily I" (On Continence 13, 29; Edwards 1999:32).
Opposing the old and the new can result in a division of real life in a part that is in Christ and new, and a part that is still the old life. With Origen, this is softened by his dialectics of fullness and realisation. Other authors are less subtle. Jerome, though borrowing a great deal from Origen (see Schatkin 1970), loosens the moral renewal from the latter's realised eschatology with his emphasis on the condition of exposing virtues by confessing Christ's indwelling in us. In this instance, moral renewal becomes the test for being a Christian and thus for the answer to the question: Is Christ in you? Though this question is always on the horizon of Christian life, it is different when it is getting to its core. Then a new law is on the horizon and soon it will shine over the whole Christian life. Paul's remark should be applied in this instance once again: "Then Christ died for nothing" or in the words of John of Damascus (MPG 95:792): "If I turn back to the law I insult grace (υβρίζω τήν χάριν), as if grace would not be able to make me alive." Or Ambrosiaster (MPL 17:218): "He who persists in his faith is not ungrateful to Christ, because he knows he has no benefit unless his."
It is interesting to note that none of the later Church Fathers pick up Origen's idea from On the principles concerning a divine indwelling in all beings. In fact, the text does not fully cover such a notion. Paul focuses on the new being based in Christ and not on being in general. Even so, this does not mean that it is not about ontology. Origen's own interpretation, in his Commentary on John as well as Augustine's interpretations are ontological. However, they are not about the ontology of the present world, but about the ontology of Christ and the new being in Him. While Origen bears this clearly in mind in his interpretation of the Gospels, he sometimes loses sight of it in his systematic work On the principles - a loss that even Rufin could not repair in his translation, probably because he himself tried to combine Christian faith and world view.
2.6 Conclusion
In Galatians, Paul focuses on the freedom that is given in Christ. I am of the opinion that this is best expressed by those authors who stress the real presence of Christ, located in the believer as a member of the community of Christians, receiving a life of freedom, not merely in hope, but here and now. We find this in various degrees in works by Chrysostomos, Augustine, Eusebius of Emesa, Ambrose, and Origen. The hard line Antiochians such as Theodorus and Theodoretus cannot cope with this high understanding of the text. They keep to simple visible reality: we live in hope; we are transferred by baptism to Christ, but we will only receive its fruits post mortem; until then, the "quasi" predominates. This approaches Jerome's notion that virtues are the condition of being a Christian. Ignace (Ad Philadelphenses 6, 1; MPG 5:830) would label this a "Judaizing interpretation" - and Paul might agree with him. It may be that the focus on ethics in large parts of the early church is the main cause that the verse did not get a strong reception in non-exegetical writings, and it is remarkable that the references outside the commentaries are all of theologians who stress the real presence. It is also remarkable that the Antiochian crown witness of the literal interpretation in this case opts for a metaphorical reading. This indicates that they do not cling to a literal reading of the texts, but instead to a visible reality of Christ as the Lord who is glorious in heaven and crucified on earth - as Origen expressed it in his Commentary on John.
After our investigations in early Christian theology, it is interesting to explore the reception of the verse by the Reformers. We should expect Galatians 2:20 to be in the centre of their attention, as they stress the " solo Christo". There is hardly any verse in the Bible that expresses this more clearly. While they also keep to "ad fontes", we must compare their interpretation with that of the Church Fathers. This can shed light on the way in which reception works and how reception history develops.
3.1 Luther
We should expect that the phrase "Christ lives in me" would make Luther lyrical. It fits neatly in his theology of sola gratia and solo Christo. We should expect an interpretation in line with Chrysostom, Eusebius of Emesa and Augustine.
It is, however, totally different. In his commentary on Galatians (1519), Luther stresses the new life of a Christian in terms of his moral activities. Christ in us makes our lives free from the old sins. The key for Luther's interpretation is Galatians 5:24, as seen through the lens of 1 Peter 4:2. Christ is more like a cleaning service that enters our home rather than one who fully takes over our identity. It is because of Christ's indwelling that a Christian attacks and crucifies lust. Though we are in the flesh, we do not live in the flesh - according to Luther, echoing Jerome - for we live in the faith. Although we do not do the works of the law, we do works of faith.
Luther is more in line with Jerome than with Augustine and Chrysostom. In his references to the Church Fathers, Jerome is by far his favourite, even remarkably more than Augustine, and usually in a positive sense. The moral interpretation rather than the liberating freedom in Christ prevails. It is noteworthy that, in this early work, Luther obviously focuses more on the evil that he encounters in the church than on the burden of sin that presses him. It is about renewal and purity rather than about works and grace. It might be interesting to interpret the beginnings of the Reformation from this commentary (1519) instead of from On the freedom of a Christian, published one year later - or rather - to use the Galatians commentary (and the 95 statements) - as an eye opener for understanding On the freedom and not interpreting the earlier work from the perspective of a sola gratia understanding of On the freedom.
Luther's version of 1535 clearly changes the picture. Jerome is quoted less and usually in a negative sense. The verse has evidently become more important for Luther: the two pages in the 1519-edition are extended to fifteen pages in the 1535-edition. Luther (1535:166) now stresses Christ's presence in us.
That is, 'not in my own person or substance'. Here Paul clearly shows that he is alive; and he states what Christian righteousness is, namely that righteousness by which Christ lives in us, and not the righteousness that is in our own person. Therefore when it is necessary to discuss Christian righteousness, the person must be completely rejected.
In this instance, Luther (1535:167-168) becomes lyrical:
I must be so closely attached that He lives in me and I in Him. What a marvellous way of speaking! Because He lives in me, whatever grace, righteousness, life, peace, and salvation there is in me is all Christ's; nevertheless, it is mine as well, by the cementing and attachment through faith, by which we become as one body in the Spirit.
Luther sketches the unity of Christ in abundant metaphors. When Christ enters the house of our life, he cleans it up and throws away anything that is not according to his grace and righteousness. As a wall is white by the white colour, so our lives are white by Him.
Christ is my 'form', which adorns my faith as color or light adorns a wall. (This fact has to be expounded in this crude way, for there is no spiritual way for us to grasp the idea that Christ clings and dwells in us as closely and intimately as light or whiteness clings to a wall.) 'Christ,' he says, 'is fixed and cemented to me and abides in me. The life that I now live, He lives in me. Indeed, Christ Himself is the life that I now live. In this way, therefore, Christ and I are one (Luther 1535:167).
We live in the flesh, indeed, but it is my flesh wherein He dwells. It is my own tongue which speaks, but I speak his word. It is my ears, but they hear his word. It is my eyes but they see the world not according to the flesh but in the compassion of the Saviour.
Luther's speaking about Christ as our true identity is not a U-turn from his former discourse on sanctification, but rather its basis. He provides his ideas on the new life of a Christian with a solid foundation. However, the conclusion is Christian life, as in the 1519-edition. Finally, Luther's interpretation of 1535 ends in the works that Christians do. They are not works of the law, but works done through faith.
Having been made righteous, we must do them; but it is not the other way around: that when we are righteous, we become righteous by doing them. The tree produces fruit; the fruit does not produce the tree (1535:169).
The basis is justification, but the aim is sanctification: it is about the fruits. And these fruits are visible in our lives. First, he attests that it is not his own work: for anything we do from ourselves is according to the law and makes us guilty. But, gradually, the discourse turns increasingly to our own activities.
Nevertheless, there is the greatest possible difference. I do indeed live in the flesh, but I do not live on the basis of my own self. The life I now live in the flesh I live by faith in the Son of God. What you now hear me speak proceeds from another source than what you heard me speak before. Before his conversion Paul spoke with the same voice and tongue. But his voice and his tongue were blasphemous then; therefore he could not speak anything but blasphemies and abominations against God. After his conversion his flesh, tongue, and voice were the same as they had been before, nothing at all was changed. But now the voice and tongue did not speak blasphemies. Now it spoke spiritual words of thanksgiving and praise for God, which come from faith and from the Holy Spirit (Luther 1535:171).
The words have a different source, but they remain Paul's and Luther's own words. His works are his own works. "We must do them" (italics added). The focus is on the renewed human being, who enacts the acts of Christ.
There is a continuous ambiguity in Luther's discourse. On the one hand, Christ is the basis of everything. On the other, Luther focuses on the identity of the Christian. He thinks in duality: Christ and I, both. I do the works of Christ, but I do them by faith. It is the work of the spiritual man. This is shown by the word he uses: Christ is the "form" of our acting (Luther 1535:167); He is cemented and attached to us (Luther 1535:167). Theodore of Mopsuestia speaks of "as if", Luther uses "quasi": "by which we become as one body" (1535:168, italics added; fidem per quam efficimur quasi unum corpus in spiritu [WA 40,1:284, 25-6]).
We must read Luther's text carefully. He applies the Pauline phrase to both justification and sanctification. If it is about justification, Christ is our full identity: "When it is necessary to discuss Christian righteousness, the person must be completely rejected" (1535:166). In sanctification, however, he tends to consider the activity of Christians, who are inspired by Christ, adorned with his form and colour.
3.2 Calvin
Luther's position is even more remarkable if we compare him to Calvin. According to Calvin, we can interpret the presence of Christ either as regeneration or as justification. He mentions that he will not reject the legitimacy of others (a phrase he often uses when he disagrees with Luther), who opt for both interpretations. "If it is thought better to apply it to both, I will cheerfully adopt that view" (p. 57). Calvin himself prefers the latter interpretation, i.e., justification (p. 57). An exclusive interpretation as sanctification is not an option for him. The basis for the understanding of the text is justification - and, of course, Calvin would agree with Augustine - this is always accompanied by sanctification, but that is not what this text is all about.
Christ living in us means that we are righteous before God and thus receive eternal life. Eternal life in Christ is important for human beings who are afraid of death and, therefore, also are concerned about dying in Christ's crucifixion. To man, the word "Death" is always unpleasant. Having said that, he adds that we are "crucified with Christ" and "that this makes us alive" (p. 56).
Our death unto ourselves - I do not live unto myself - is aimed for participation in Christ. We notice Calvin's own reluctance in his obviously subconscious shift from "Christ living in us" to "we live in Christ".
It is a remarkable sentiment, that believers live out of themselves, that is, they live in Christ; which can only be accomplished by holding real and actual communication with Him (p. 57).
He is suddenly confronted with the empty place of his own identity and that concerns him. As it was for Augustine, the answer is the unconditional and powerful acceptance of the total identity of Christ and the believer. However, as unpleasant as the word "Death" is for Calvin, as it is for any human being, the outcome is eternal life. In this instance, he shares the opinions of Ambrose and Ambrosiaster: Christ's life is eternal life and it is this that we receive by Christ's indwelling in us.
The life, therefore, which we attain by faith is not visible to the bodily eye, but is inwardly perceived in the conscience by the power of the Spirit; so that the bodily life does not prevent us from enjoying, by faith, a heavenly life (p. 57).
Like Origen, he conceives this in the paradox of dying in the world under the cross and living our real life in heaven in Christ. Calvin refers to Ephesians 1:20, 2:19 and Philippians 3:20 (p. 57). He continues:
Paul's writings are full of similar assertions, that, while we live in the world, we at the same time live in heaven; not only because our Head is there, but because, in virtue of union, we enjoy a life in common with him (John 14:23; p. 57).
Calvin's references to other texts in the New Testament remarkably differ from those of Luther in his 1519-lectures. By quoting the above verses, Calvin stresses the unity with the heavenly Christ. Luther focuses on regeneration, citing Galatians 5:24 and 1 Peter 4:2 as the core of his argument.
Unlike Luther, Calvin does not explicitly mention Church Fathers, but it is clear that he moves in line with John Chrysostom and Ambrose, and even more so with Augustine. He often used and likely read these authors' works; he might even have had them on his mind even though he does not quote them. This will hardly be the case with Origen, Theodore and Theodoret, although he might have read Jerome's commentary, since Jerome was an authority not only during the Middle Ages, but also for the Reformers. It is certain that Calvin opts for justification and an Augustinian interpretation because of his thorough exegesis of Scripture: the context of Galatians 2:20 urges him to understand Paul as the herald of grace over against the works of the law.
It is evident that fixed prejudices on theological points of view are challenged by the reception of the text. Whereas Luther stresses regeneration, Calvin opts for justification by Christ alone. According to common opinion, it should be the other way around. This does not differ from the interpretations in the Patristic period which do not fit into would-be frameworks and assigned traditions. The dynamics and reality of history are different from the patterns that used by later generations in order to create a manageable order. It is surprising that an investigation of the sources turns out not to be as it "should" be. In my opinion, research in the reception history of Scripture will challenge many prejudices. The Bible itself challenges theological thought and its reception will portray a more dynamic history of theology than the stated oppositions of traditional conflicts.
Ambrose. De Paradiso. MPL 14:145-182. [ Links ]
Ambrosiaster. Commentarius in Epistolam ad Galatas. MPL 17:209-230. [ Links ]
Augustine. Expositio Epistolae Ad Galatas. MPL 35:2105-2148. [ Links ]
Augustine. De continentia. MPL 40:349-372. [ Links ]
Buytaert, E.M. 1949. L'héritage littéraire d'Eusèbe d'Émèse: Étude critique et historique, textes. Louvain: Bureaux du Muséon. [ Links ]
Calvin, J. Commentaries on Galatians and Ephesians. Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Grand Rapids, MI.: Calvin College. [ Links ] [Online.] Available at: http://www.ccel.org/ccel/calvin/calcom41.pdf [2012, 14 August].
Edwards, M.J. 1999. Ancient Christian commentary on Scripture 8: Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians. Downers Grove, IL.: InterVarsity Press. [ Links ]
Ignace. Ad Philadelphenses. MPG 5:697-708. [ Links ]
Jerome. Commentaria in Epistolam ad Galatas, MPL 26:367-536. [ Links ]
Joannes Chrysostomos. Homiliae in Galatas. MPG 61:611-682. [ Links ]
Joannes Damascenus. Commentarii in epistolas Pauli. MPG 95:441-1033. [ Links ]
Luther, M. 1519. Lectures on Galatians 1519. Luther's Works 27. Ed. J. Pelikan & W.A. Hansen, 1964. Saint Louis: Concordia Publishing House. [ Links ]
Luther, M. 1535. Lectures on Galatians 1535, Chapters 1-4. Luther's Works 26. Ed. J. Pelikan & W.A. Hansen, 1963. Saint Louis: Concordia Publishing House. [ Links ]
Origenes. De principiis. MPG 11:111-414. [ Links ]
Origenes. Commentarius in Evangelium secundum Ioannem. MPG 14:21-832. [ Links ]
Schatkin, M.A. 1970. The influence of Origen upon St. Jerome's Commentary on Galatians' Vigiliae Christianae 24:49-58. [ Links ]
Swete, H.B. 1880. Theodori Episcopi Mopsuesteni. Epistolas B. Pauli Commentarii 1. Introduction Galatians-Colossians. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [ Links ]
Theodore of Mopsuestia. Commentarius in Epistolam ad Galatas. See Swete 1880. [ Links ]
Theodorete of Cyrus. Commentarius in Epistolam ad Galatas. MPG 82:459-504. [ Links ]
1 I thank Prof. Dr. R.B. ter Haar Romeny for his help in finding literature.
2 Although this section only appears in the translation of Rufin, it is unlikely that the thought it contains is not from Origen, because Rufin would rather adapt it to common opinion in the church than vice versa.
3 The Heidelberg Catechism, answ. 48, overlooks these tensions by simply answering the question about Christ's presence that He promised with a reference to his divinity. It overlooks both the difference between church and the entire creation and the difference of "in us" and "with us".


text: johnsyn Friday, 12/07/12 10:37:49 AM Re: None Post # of 131 Enbridge Energy Partners to Invest $3.4 Billion in Light Oil Market Access Program Thu December 6, 2012 4:41 PM | about: EEP NEWS PROVIDED BY: Marketwire HOUSTON, TEXAS -- (Marketwire) -- 12/06/12 -- Enbridge Energy Partners, L.P. (EEP) ("Enbridge Partners" or "the Partnership") announced today its plans to invest in a Light Oil Market Access Program (the "Program") to expand access to markets for growing volumes of North Dakota and western Canada light oil production. The overall Program includes a number of individual projects, some of which will be jointly funded by the Partnership and Enbridge Inc. (Enbridge) (NYSE: ENB) (TSX: ENB), and certain projects that will be funded entirely by the Partnership. Enbridge Partners' investment in the Program is expected to be approximately $3.4 billion. The joint funding arrangements between the Partnership and Enbridge provide Enbridge Partners with options to increase or decrease its investment in certain projects to match its funding capability. The Partnership's investments will be undertaken on a fixed return cost-of-service basis under which it will not be exposed to throughput risk or capital cost risk. Broad shipper support has been demonstrated for the Program and the associated rate principles. The projects that comprise the Program are subject to respective customary regulatory approvals. The Light Oil Market Access Program responds to significant recent developments with respect to supply of light oil from U.S. north central formations and western Canada, as well as refinery demand for light oil in the U.S. Midwest and eastern Canada. On the supply side, production from the Bakken formation centered in North Dakota has grown from 200,000 barrels per day (bpd) to 700,000 bpd in the last five years with potential to expand to 1,200,000 bpd or more in the next five years, if transportation access to refinery markets is available. Additional growth in light crude production of 100,000 bpd or more is anticipated from application of latest recovery technologies to the Cardium and Viking formations in Alberta, Canada. Supply from these areas has become increasingly attractive to refineries in the U.S. Midwest and eastern Canada compared to much more costly alternative sources. The individual projects to be undertaken by the Partnership pursuant to the Light Oil Market Access Program are summarized as follows: Light Oil Market Access Projects ------------------------------------------ In Service Project Estimated Cost Target Funding 1. Sandpiper Project $2.5 billion early 2016 EEP 2. Eastern Access Upsize Line 6B expansion Joint $0.4 billion early 2016 (ENB/EEP) 3. U.S. Mainline System Chicago Area Connectivity (Line Joint 62 Twin Flanagan to Griffith) $0.5 billion mid-2015 (ENB/EEP) Superior to Flanagan (Line 61 Joint capacity expansion) $1.3 billion mid-2015 (ENB/EEP) North Dakota System Expansion/Extension (Sandpiper Project) The Program includes the Sandpiper Project which will expand and extend the Partnership's North Dakota feeder system. The Bakken takeaway capacity of the Partnership's North Dakota System will be expanded by 225,000 bpd to a total of 580,000 bpd, with a target in service date of early 2016. The expansion will involve construction of an approximately 600-mile 24-inch diameter line from Beaver Lodge, North Dakota, to the Superior, Wisconsin, mainline system terminal. The new line will twin the 210,000 bpd North Dakota System mainline, which now terminates at Clearbrook Terminal in Minnesota, adding 225,000 bpd of capacity on the twin line between Beaver Lodge and Clearbrook, and 375,000 bpd of capacity between Clearbrook and Superior. The estimated capital cost of this project is approximately $2.5 billion. The capital cost will be rolled into the existing North Dakota System rate base, with the associated cost of service to be recovered in tolls. The Sandpiper Project commercial terms remain subject to approval by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), as filed in the Petition for Declaratory Order filed with FERC on November 2, 2012. The commercial terms filed with FERC have support from numerous shippers and stakeholders on the North Dakota System. EEP will fully fund the Sandpiper Project. The Program also includes several distinct expansions of the Lakehead mainline system held within the Partnership. Eastern Access Upsize A further upsizing of the Line 6B component of the Eastern Access Program will increase capacity on the pipeline to 570,000 bpd from the previously announced 500,000 bpd and is required to permit additional deliveries of light oil to eastern Canada, at an expected cost of $0.4 billion. This additional capital will bring the estimated total cost of the Eastern Access Program supporting mainline expansions to $2.6 billion. This entire amount is included in the Eastern Access Joint Funding Arrangement pursuant to which Enbridge will fund 60 percent of the cost and the Partnership will fund 40 percent, with options to pare down by up to 15 percent or to increase its economic interest by up to 15 percent. U.S. Mainline System To accommodate additional light crude demand by Chicago-area refineries as well as additional Ontario and Quebec demand, the capacity of the Lakehead System between Flanagan, Illinois, and Griffith, Indiana, will be expanded by constructing a 76-mile 36-inch diameter twin of Line 62 with an initial capacity of 570,000 bpd, at an estimated cost of $0.5 billion. Further, the capacity of the 42-inch diameter Line 61 will be expanded to its full 1,200,000 bpd potential at an estimated cost of approximately $1.3 billion, with a target in-service date of mid-2015. Enbridge shippers have approved the inclusion of the aggregate of $1.8 billion of capital for these projects in the Lakehead System's local toll cost-of-service surcharge mechanism. The U.S. mainline expansion projects, as announced earlier this year, were previously to have been funded by Enbridge Energy Partners. These previously announced projects, in addition to the Chicago Area Connectivity and Line 61 upsizing capital requirements will now be jointly funded by Enbridge and the Partnership, under a Mainline Expansion Joint Funding Arrangement which parallels the Eastern Access Joint Funding Arrangement. The Partnership's investment in the Light Oil Market Access Program will be approximately $3.4 billion, subject to adjustment upward or downward through the options that the Partnership retains under the joint funding arrangement for Eastern Access and the Mainline Expansion projects. To provide financing flexibility for the Partnership, the exercise period that will allow Enbridge Partners to decrease its economic interest and associated funding of these projects by up to 15 percentage points was extended to June 30, 2013 from December 31, 2012. Additionally, within one year of the last in-service date for the Eastern Access and the Mainline Expansion projects, respectively, the Partnership will also have the option to increase its economic interest held at that time by up to 15 percentage points. Enbridge Partners will also benefit from additional cost-of-service earnings on $0.3 billion of capital which was invested by the Partnership in the original development of the 42-inch Line 61 but which, under the terms of the agreement with shippers, is not eligible for recovery in rates until the full capacity of the line is required. This feature enhances the financial attractiveness of the overall Light Oil Market Access Program to the Partnership since it provides incremental earnings and cash flow with no associated incremental capital. "The additional cash flow from the Partnership's investment in this program will be a major contributor to our plans to deliver cash distribution growth at the higher end of our 2 percent to 5 percent target," said Mark Maki, President of Enbridge Partners. "The cost-of-service rate principles ensure that the Partnership will achieve a reasonable return on its investment without exposure to throughput or capital cost risks. The low risk commercial underpinnings of these growth projects will progressively transform the Partnership to a lower risk business model. The joint funding arrangements applicable to both the Eastern Access and Mainline Expansion projects ensure that we have the opportunity to expand our investment in these attractive opportunities while providing us with substantial flexibility to manage our funding requirements." MANAGEMENT PRESENTATION OF LIQUIDS EXPANSION PROJECTS Enbridge Partners will present and review the liquids expansion projects in an Internet presentation, commencing at 9:30 a.m. Eastern Time on December 7, 2012. Interested parties may watch the live webcast at the link provided below. A replay will be available shortly afterward. Presentation slides will also be available at the link below. EEP Events and Presentations: www.enbridgepartners.com/ Alternative Webcast link: http://www.media-server.com/m/p/7ms82h74 The audio portion of the presentation will be accessible by telephone at (866) 700-6067 (Passcode: 27371741) and can be replayed until March 8, 2012 by calling (888) 286-8010 (Passcode: 25912644). An audio replay will also be available from either of the website addresses above. About Enbridge Energy Partners, L.P. Enbridge Energy Partners, L.P. (www.enbridgepartners.com) owns and operates a diversified portfolio of crude oil and natural gas transportation systems in the United States. Its principal crude oil system is the largest transporter of growing oil production from western Canada. The system's deliveries to refining centers and connected carriers in the United States account for approximately 13 percent of total U.S. oil imports; while deliveries to Ontario, Canada satisfy approximately 70 percent of refinery demand in that region. The Partnership's natural gas gathering, treating, processing and transmission assets, which are principally located onshore in the active U.S. Mid-Continent and Gulf Coast area, deliver approximately 2.5 billion cubic feet of natural gas daily. Enbridge Energy Management, L.L.C. (www.enbridgemanagement.com) manages the business and affairs of the Partnership and its sole asset is an approximate 13 percent interest in the Partnership. Enbridge Energy Company, Inc., an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Enbridge Inc. of Calgary, Alberta, (NYSE: ENB) (TSX: ENB) (www.enbridge.com) is the general partner and holds an approximate 22 percent interest in the Partnership. LEGAL NOTICE This news release includes forward-looking statements and projections, which are statements that do not relate strictly to historical or current facts. These statements frequently use the following words, variations thereon or comparable terminology: "anticipate," "believe," "continue," "could," "estimate," "expect," "forecast," "intend," "may," "plan," "position," "projection," "should," "strategy," "will" and similar words. Although we believe that such forward looking statements are reasonable based on currently available information, such statements involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions and are not guarantees of performance. Future actions, conditions or events and future results of operations may differ materially from those expressed in these forward-looking statements. Many of the factors that will determine these results are beyond Enbridge Partners' ability to control or predict. Specific factors that could cause actual results to differ from those in the forward-looking statements include: (1) changes in the demand for or the supply of, forecast data for, and price trends related to crude oil, liquid petroleum, natural gas and NGLs, including the rate of development of the Alberta Oil Sands; (2) Enbridge Partners' ability to successfully complete and finance expansion projects; (3) the effects of competition, in particular, by other pipeline systems; (4) shut-downs or cutbacks at facilities of Enbridge Partners or refineries, petrochemical plants, utilities or other businesses for which Enbridge Partners transports products or to whom Enbridge Partners sells products; (5) hazards and operating risks that may not be covered fully by insurance; (6) changes in or challenges to Enbridge Partners' tariff rates; and (7) changes in laws or regulations to which Enbridge Partners is subject, including compliance with environmental and operational safety regulations that may increase costs of system integrity testing and maintenance. Reference should also be made to Enbridge Partners' filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, including its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the most recently completed fiscal year and its subsequently filed Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, for additional factors that may affect results. These filings are available to the public over the Internet at the SEC's web site (www.sec.gov) and at the Partnership's web site. Contacts: Enbridge Energy Partners, L.P. Investor Relations Contact: Sanjay Lad Toll-free: (866) EEP INFO or (866) 337-4636 email@example.com www.enbridgepartners.com Enbridge Energy Partners, L.P. Media Contact: Larry Springer (713) 713-821-2253 or Toll-free: (877) 496-8142 email@example.com Source: Enbridge Energy Partners, L.P.

subset: commoncrawl


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NBC's Delayed Telecasts Show A Company Living In The Last Century
from the wow deptThis is just bizarre. As NBC continues its screwed up process of broadcasting the Olympics by delaying the actual telecast of important events until prime time, apparently a bunch of folks are pissed off that real news sources are reporting on what's actually happened. They're targeting the wrong thing, of course. If they're upset that the news is being reported before it's being shown on TV, the real problem is NBC's decision not to show stuff live on TV or to webcast it for those who would prefer to see it live. But people are taking out their anger on newspapers who are giving live reports of what's actually happening:
Thankfully, the NY Times "has no intention of changing its approach," recognizing that it's a news organization, rather than a business to prop up NBC's ridiculous broadcast scheduling choices.
"Could you please ask the editor of the front Web page to not name the winners within the headlines/sub-headlines?" asked Ken Waters of Phoenix. Matt Gooch of Harrisonburg, Va. said he was disappointed when The Times reported the results of the men's downhill before NBC showed the event. "This is not Taliban news, nor TARP news, or even Paula Jones type news," Gooch said. "There is no meaning to this except the anticipation and suspense that sports viewers feel watching the event live. Please help me understand why your organization needs to spoil the experience."
Other news organizations are hearing similar complaints. Liz Spayd, managing editor of The Washington Post, told a reader who asked for a spoiler alert yesterday that, "It's an issue we're trying to evaluate right now." She said that it's a tricky question "for a news site whose greatest value is to break news. We don't want to be the game spoilers, but when big news happens -- an unexpected gold for the U.S., for example, we want it prominently visible on the site."
This does highlight a larger issue that I've been noticing lately. In our more "real-time" society, especially with things like Facebook and Twitter, the idea that you can hide from "spoilers" is increasingly arcane. Now, for most broadcasters (other than NBC, apparently) this should represent good news: as it will drive more people to watch content live, rather than trying to save it for later, since they'll want to avoid spoilers ahead of time. In this case, though, NBC has apparently decided that it knows better than to enable such things.
Of course, plenty of people are smart enough to realize just how badly NBC is managing this, falsely believing that people will just sit and wait until NBC decides to show what it wants, rather than letting people actuallyfollow what's happening. News reports are popping up highlighting how many people are pissed off at NBC for the ridiculous decision to hide live events in a real-time world. With the end result being that NBC's brand is being dragged through the mud for not understanding how to broadcast a sporting event in a real-time world:
"In the age of DVRs, Hulu, and mobile phone scoreboards, the pointlessness of NBC's broadcast strategy -- Olympics and otherwise -- has never been more obvious. People don't eat dinner during Nightly News then settle in for three hours of prime-time network programming anymore. They want things when they want them, not when NBC wants them."NBC's bizarre reasoning for this is that it wants to put all the "highlight" moments during prime time when it can sell the most advertising. But, apparently no one there thought that perhaps they could show the actual events live and then use prime time for a nice summary of what happened that day at the Olympics. In that way, they might actually get more viewers. If you ever wanted the epitome of a company still living in the last century, it appears to be NBC Universal.
Filed Under: coverage, delays, olympics, real-time
Companies: nbc universal


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LITTLE ROCK � A circuit judge in southern Arkansas has been suspended for 30 days without pay for fighting with his estranged wife's boyfriend in a Walmart store.
LITTLE ROCK � A circuit judge in southern Arkansas has been suspended for 30 days without pay for fighting with his estranged wife�s boyfriend in a Walmart store.
The state Supreme Court on Thursday accepted the state Judicial Discipline and Disability Commission�s recommendation that Sam Pope, circuit judge of the 10th Judicial District, receive the suspension. The court said the suspension would begin immediately.
On April 5, Pope confronted his estranged wife and her boyfriend, Bill Murray, in the Crossett Walmart and a scuffle followed. Store security, other employees, Pope�s estranged wife and their daughter broke up the fight, which was caught on the store�s security camera.
Pope and Murray, who suffered cuts on both sides of his face, were taken into custody by Crossett police. After questioning they were released and agreed not to file charges against each other.
The Judicial Discipline and Disability Commission determined that Pope violated two rules of judicial conduct, failing to comply with the law and failing to promote confidence in the judiciary.
Pope agreed with the commission�s findings and accepted its recommendation. He also agreed to receive anger-management counseling and write a letter of apology to the commission.


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Pajama Party Storytime: Under the Sea
This event occurred in the past.
For All Ages. Wear your pajamas, bring your favorite stuffed animal, and listen to stories before bed. This storytime, open to all ages, introduces stories through books, songs, and activities. Children 3 and under must be accompanied by an adult caregiver.


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|Guy Wicks
Guy Wicks will be remembered as a figure of Idaho athletics. A Moscow native, Wicks grew up watching the Vandals, then went on to become a Vandal. He was a three-year letterwinner for the Idaho baseball team from 1921-24, a time during which he helped lead the team to a .500 win percentage. After graduation, he didn't stray too far from home. In 1941, he returned to Moscow as the head basketball coach. When World War II came around and forced many young men to put their coaching and playing days on hiatus, Wicks filled in anywhere and everywhere he could. He acted as head basketball coach twice in 1942 and 1947, coached Idaho baseball in 1943, 1947 and 1948 and also coached the freshman football team for a number of years. As a result of his leadership in Vandal athletics, the Idaho soccer field and intramural fields on the West end of campus bear his name.


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Remember when local news channels across the country discovered that HOLY SHIT WOMEN PLAY VIDEO GAMES??? Today they've had another revelation: HIGH-INTENSITY EXER-GAMING!!!
Brought to you by the same trite, recycled local news press release copy that brought you this fantastic report about the world of girl gamers, check out our supercut of local news reporters saying things like "HIGH-INTENSITY EXER-GAMING!!!" Video above.


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EVENT: MRC's 2013 Walk for Recovery
Minnesota Recovery Connection's third annual Walk for Recovery is a way to celebrate recovery, show your support, generate hope, reduce stigma, and offer living proof that recovery is real! All proceeds will help us to continue our mission of strengthening and supporting the recovery community through peer-based recovery support programs, advocacy, and recovery-related public education.
To visit the official Walk for Recovery website, CLICK HERE
The first 500 people to register online will receive a FREE GOODIE BAG!
Anyone who raises $50 by August 30, 2013 will receive a FREE T-SHIRT!
To take part in this year's Walk, please click on the REGISTRATION button above.
Event Details
Where: Lake of the Isles in Minneapolis
When: Saturday, September 21, 2013
Schedule of Events
9:00 am - 10:15 am Check-In and On-site Registration
10:30 am - 11:30 am Walk for Recovery
11:30 am - 1:00 pm Post Walk Celebration with Music, Food and Fellowship!
Sponsorship: If you would like to be one of our valued Recovery Month sponsors, please contact Julia Parnell at (651) 233-2080 or email@example.com
Learn more at: www.minnesotarecovery.org/walk or call (651) 233-2080.
The Team: $0 TOTAL RAISED SO FARJOIN THE TEAM
Want to help Fundraise or Volunteer for this amazing Fundraiser? Join the Team


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The House of Innovation—which opened Sept. 8, in Alamo, Calif.—is a collaboration between magazine and its Time Inc. cousin . —the venerable lifestyle magazine devoted to the western U.S.—launched its Idea House program in 1998 and has built 14 since then, each focused on a different theme or idea: historic renovations, sustainability, universal design, and zero-energy, among others.
"The point is to give people ideas about everything from home decorating to new building materials," says Sharon Thompson, the home programs director for . "We want people to walk away saying, 'I'd never thought of building a kitchen outdoors.'"
This year's house focuses on technology, featuring both the most cutting-edge products and systems available today, and the "Tech Loft" prototypes that might be everyday gadgets and appliances five to 20 years from now.
Push-button home
"This was an opportunity to showcase many of the technologies that we are most excited about and write about regularly," says senior editor Eric Adams, who led the effort for . "You could see them all working together, and actually use them."
The 6,500 sq. ft., five-bedroom house includes some products already well known: the GE Monogram collection of cooking appliances, for instance, and the Slingbox, that media wonder that plugs into your cable box and redirects the signal to just about any device on which you want to watch television.
A Crestron Adagio system controlled via touch panel lets you gain access to music stored on a hard-drive music server and deliver it to any of the six zones of the house. The system also includes AM/FM radio, XM satellite radio, and a CD player.
Mowing robot
"The music server is like an iPod on steroids," says Kevin Vawter, a sales engineer at Pro Home Systems, which installed the $250,000 audio-video, lighting, and home automation systems.
With its roughly $60,000 worth of wiring, it would be easy to see the House of Innovation as a gadget freak's dream. But there is more to the place than a robotic lawn mower and floor washer and phase-changing windows with remote-controlled blinds. Like some previous Idea Houses, this one has an element of prefab. The hardwood floors are composed of factory-cut, pre-finished planks that snap together on site—no nails, glue, or staples required.
Because the Armstrong floors don't use solid timbers, they are more sustainable, another theme of Sunset Idea Houses. But this one is more tech-driven than previous Sunset showcases. For instance, a home generator produces electricity from natural gas at a 95 percent efficiency rate. Rooftop solar panels generate most or all of the home's electricity.
Nice climate
The home also comes with a FuelMaker Phill Home Refueling Station for refueling a natural gas-burning car. Its presence is a blatant plug to buy the Honda Civic GX, but the home pump deserves all of the press that it gets if it lives up to its promise: to bring fuel costs down to roughly the equivalent of $1.20 per gallon. Its natural gas is a domestic product, so no dependence on foreign oil. And natural gas-powered vehicles are the cleanest-burning internal combustion engines in the world with virtually no emissions. "This car makes the Prius look like a diesel semi," says Adams.
The design also reflects an interest in flexibility. Day to day, or even hour to hour, the inside blurs with the outside in rooms that open to the outdoors—and a full kitchen built outside. But there's also a deeper flexibility built in.
On the market
The tech loft could be transformed into a home office or teenager's room. The guest room has a separate entrance that could allow it to work as a waiting room for a home office or the front room of an in-law unit. "We looked at the sociology of the home, the fact that kids are moving home after college. And older parents are moving in with adult children," says Thompson.
The House of Innovation is open for tours until Nov. 12. After that, the only way to see the inside is to buy it. The house will be put on the market for $5.5 million with all of the built-in technologies included.
Copyright © 2012 Bloomberg L.P. All rights reserved.


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We offer affordable self service dog wash services, We Wash dog bathing services, professional grooming, and more! Find a location near you.
Puppy Cut Information
Puppy Cuts now available for only $20! Bark 'N Bubbles is proud to announce we offer puppies up to 6 months in age a puppy cut. This service includes:
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Bark 'N Bubbles Dog Wash gives you all the self washing tools you need to make your dog look and smell great!
You Wash Includes:
Choice of shampoo, creme rinse, combs, brushes, towels, use of warm air dryer, and finish with an all natural spritzer. Click For More Information!


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I can say having a Real Estate license, that nearly every home I have sold in the last few years have or are heading in default status. They know for a fact that the equity they have lost will take too long to recover and they will not see a glimmer of hope in their lifetime. With all the shadow foreclosures out there not listed (believe me there is too many to count) and the current 7.4 Million in default… Does it make any sense to continue? With the reports that it is stabilizing…I disagree 125%. Do they mention…who these so called "EXPERTS" work for? Exactly who are buying these homes?? It's not you or me as individuals but corporations and banks buying them in pools, lots or "TAPES". Once again do not believe that it is heading back….it will take many years! If it was that easy then I will suspect fraud is involved. Think about it, It took a home from the 50's 60's 70's & 80's to see a 50%-100% increase in the 2000's. So now you are telling me that it will take 2 years for these homes that lost value in the neighborhood of 50-75%??? to come back this quick?? I DON'T THINK SO! This is my opinion.
The American Dream Has Quickly turned into an American Nightmare!
Published: Friday, 7 May 2010 | 9:32 AM ET
By: Joseph Pisani
CNBC News Associate
Heated pools, ocean views and media rooms are not what most people would expect to find in a foreclosed property, but more high-end homes—priced over a million dollars—have been falling into the hands of banks this year.
Photo credit: Stephen Scott
This foreclosed home in Fort Mill, S.C. is currently listed at $1.148 million.
Foreclosures of homes worth over $1 million began increasing at the end of 2009, according to exclusive data provided by foreclosure tracking website RealtyTrac. Foreclosures reached a high in February 2010, the last month data is available, when 4,169 homes were somewhere in the foreclosure process; either having received a foreclosure notice, had an auction scheduled or the lender took ownership of the property. That's a 121 percent increase from a year ago.
The deterioration comes just as housing experts say that foreclosures in the low- and mid- ends of the housing market are showing signs of stabilization.
"They were able to stave off foreclosure longer," says independent real estate analyst Jack McCabe, CEO of McCabe Research and Consulting in South Florida. "Lower-end homeowners were the first ones to see the escalating foreclosures because they generally do not have the cash reserves or credit available that the luxury homeowners do. They had the ability to take their credit cards and pull out thousands of dollars while the lower end buyers were already tapped out."
McCabe expects to see foreclosures in the high-end market to increase into 2011.
Though the RealtyTrac data is not available on a regional or metropolitan basis, anecdotal evidence indicates the problem is cropping up across the country. Of course, the high-end and luxury categories vary widely from market to market. In some suburban areas of the Northeast and California, for instance, million-dollar homes are fairly common, but nationwide, they represent only 1.1 percent of the overall housing stock.
"We have seen an increase, in the million-plus range, of the number of foreclosures and short sales in the greater Chicago area," says Jim Kinney, vice president of luxury home sales at Baird and Warner.
He says that of the 295 million-dollar, single-family properties sold in the January-April period this year, 37 were either a foreclosure or short sale (when a bank and homeowner agree to sell the home for less than the loan is worth). During the same period a year ago only 10 of 231 fell into those categories.
In the Fort Myers, Fla. area, a second-home market for the wealthy, Mike McMurray of McMurray and Nette and the VIP Realty Group, says he has seen a few foreclosed homes on the market compared to none last year. He's currently showing a 4,800 square-foot, $3. 65 million home on Captiva Island, where foreclosures are usually very rare. The bank-owned home has five-bedrooms and access to 150-feet of Gulf coast beachfront.
"There are more we see coming down the pipeline," McMurray says.
Data shows that that may be the case around the county. The 90-day delinquency rate on home loans worth over a million dollars hit a high in February at 13.3 percent, higher than the overall rate of 8.6 percent, according to real estate data firm First American CoreLogic. Foreclosure proceedings generally begin to start after a homeowner has been at least 90 days late on a mortgage payment, experts say.
One difference in the high-end market is that lenders are willing to do more to head off a foreclosure by either renegotiating the loan or accepting a short-sale transaction, which is essentially a last-ditch effort.
Photo credit: McMurray and Nette of VIP Realty Group
This five-bedroom, beachfront home in Captiva, Fla. is now bank owned and on the market for $3.65 million.
"Lenders are far more likely to go the short sale route," says Andrew LePage, an analyst at real estate research firm DataQuick. "There's a lot more money at stake, and maintenance can be high if a foreclosure just sits there."
A $1.15 -million condominium in Chicago in the landmark Palmolive Building started was initially offered as a short sale but , after a buyer did not materialize, is now owned by the bank , says Janice Corley, founder of Sudler Sotheby's International Realty who's currently listing it. The condo has lake views and a long list of luxury-building amenities including a steam room, doorman and gym.
The rise in foreclosures has one Las Vegas real estate agent flying prospective buyers into the city via private jet for free. Luxury Homes of Las Vegas and JetSuite Air teamed up to offer the complimentary trip for buyers flying from Los Angeles to view three foreclosed homes priced between $4.9 and $6.1 million.
Agent Ken Lowman said he gave three tours over a one-week period and hopes to expand the offer to buyers from other West Coast cities.
There's just too much competition, says Lowman. "It takes an innovative approach like this to get results."
Filed under: foreclosure, million dollar listing, real estate | Tagged: california, dataquick, dinsfla, din_sfla, First American CoreLogic Inc, florida, jack mccabe, mccabe rearch & consulting, million dollar listings, Real Estate, realtytrac | Leave a comment »


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Case reports 6 patients, aged from 33 to 77 years old, presented with a variable 4 to 40 year history of severe treatment-resistant HHD. All 6 patients were then treated successfully with doxycycline 100 mg per day for at least 3 months.
Discussion An improvement was observed in all 6 patients from 1 week to 3 months after the beginning of treatment. Relapses were observed after various periods. Maintenance half-dose therapy seemed to be beneficial in patients experiencing recurrence. Only one patient developed gastro-intestinal intolerance. No other side effects were reported. Currently, 2 patients have improved and present a decreased number of exacerbations, 2 others are in complete remission after more than 5 years of follow-up. Treatment efficiency is difficult to evaluate in HHD as it is a rare condition. No controlled studies have been published. Local treatments may improve inflammation but do not treat the underlying cause, targeted systemic therapies exist but there is little evidence supporting their use, physical treatments are cumbersome. Besides their antibiotic potential, tetracycline antibiotics also have anti-inflammatory properties and anticollagenase activity via inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases.
Conclusions Doxycycline appears to be an interesting therapeutic option in Hailey-Hailey disease.
Full article available at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jdv.12016/abstract;jsessionid=8314ECF44FF542D304546752C44E6B24.d02t03


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This is a 1968 Gulf/Mirage Ford GT40. Owned by McQueen. Sold for $11,000,000. Would you take it to the airport to pick up somebody you know?
Welcome to Morning Would, where we present you with some of the most desirable, controversial cars ever built and ask what you would do to drive one.
Photographer Blair Bunting shot it at Pebble Beach's RM Auctions where it went for $11 million. Undeniably, it is a thing of beauty.
So yes, it's one of the most desirable American cars ever made. It's certainly the most expensive, but it's lacking a few things. There's a passenger seat, but there's not a lot of room for bags. Either grandma is carrying her flower-print luggage on her lap, or it's staying on the carousel. And it gets a little warm in the cockpit with a five liter V8 a few inches behind the firewall, so we hope she didn't put on too many sweaters.
So are you sure you'd take this racing legend to pick somebody up at the airport?
Photo Credit: Blair Bunting


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It may be small, but it's no bargain.
New York architect Luke Clark Tyler rents a 78-square foot studio apartment for $800 a month in Manhattan's Hell's Kitchen, where studios usually average $1,900 per month. But in a neighborhood where the average rental price per square foot in a studio is $72, Tyler is paying almost twice as much at $123.07 per square foot, according to Mark Menendez, the director of rentals at Prudential Douglas Elliman.
"I think it's too high," Menendez said. He added that, especially with New York real estate, the price per square foot can increase as the square footage decreases, and vice-versa.
"But again it's all relative. Where can you find something for $800 in Manhattan?," he said. "Location trumps value."
For 27-year-old Tyler, who has lived in New York City on and off since 2002, avoiding long commutes is worth the tiny living space in Midtown.
"I was spending my life in a skyscraper and going underground, to work and then back again," he said. "I was missing out on anything New York had to offer. If I had to choose spending time in a train or living in a small space, I'd choose a small space."
He said he saw some studio apartments in Hell's Kitchen, a neighborhood that stretches from 34th Street to 59 Street on the West Side, that were beautiful, but were priced around $1,600.
"I just rather use that extra $800 to do something else, like take classes or enjoy the city," he said.
Although Tyler doesn't have to deal with a work commute any more (he works from home now), he likes his Midtown location because of its proximity to dance studios, another passion that New York has allowed him to pursue.
So after seeing only a couple of apartments, he settled on his shoebox apartment, smaller than his last 96-square-foot apartment in the same neighborhood. He spent up to $200 on building custom furniture, which includes a couch that folds down into a bed and extra storage space built into a closet.
He said that of his building's three floors, the top floor has four units similar to his, but have been occupied by short-term renters or occasional New York visitors. He has been living in the apartment since May 2010.
If he could add something small to his apartment, he'd choose a sink, because then at least he could "jerry rig" himself a little kitchen.
"A sink is really great," he said. "My last apartment had a sink, it was just awesome."
Tyler shares a bathroom with three other similarly-sized apartments. He said he'd prefer a kitchen over a bathroom, though.
© 2013 msnbc.com. Reprints


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Appointed the 16th Director of NIH by President Barack Obama and confirmed by the Senate. He was sworn in on August 17, 2009. On June 6, 2017. President Donald Trump announced his selection of Dr. Collins to continue to serve as the NIH Director.More about Dr. Collins
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You will face a number of difficulties in trying to improve street lighting; the more ambitious your project, the greater these difficulties will be. Trimming bushes so that lights are more efficient and replacing damaged or dysfunctional lamps will usually be straightforward, but upgrading the lighting for an entire neighborhood will entail much more difficulty. You will have to grapple with cost issues, technical issues relating to different kinds of lighting, municipal regulatory and zoning schemes, and various objections raised by residents.
Cost issues will depend upon who has the responsibility for installing, maintaining, and paying for lighting in the area. Many or most municipalities are responsible for street lighting, which is expected to meet citywide standards in different neighborhoods or districts. In these cases, you will be relieved of the need to understand most of the complex technical, financial, and logistical issues of upgrading the lighting. The same is likely to be true if your area is a public housing project, because physical conditions for U.S. Housing and Urban Development properties must comply with state and local codes.
Whatever the regulations governing street lighting, you will still need to work closely with city officials and engineers to persuade them of the need to upgrade the lighting in your neighborhood, or at least to accord priority to the neighborhood. You will need to advise the engineers of the particular places that need special lighting or lighting of a particular kind, although you will need to recognize thateven with the best will in the worldengineers will be limited by lighting standards and budgets in what they can do: they have a delicate balancing act to perform in providing adequate lighting at minimum financial and social cost. Financial decisions must weigh the costs of installation, maintenance, and electricity. The long-term costs of electricity are especially important at a time when some smaller towns are reportedly dimming sections of their streetlights in the face of rising costs and the pressure to be energy efficient.8 Social costs include the unwelcome effects of glare, light trespass, and light pollution, which vary with different kinds of lighting (see below).
A variety of state and federal programs exist that provide funds for qualifying street lighting projects within cities and municipalities, especially for projects that improve energy efficiency (see NYSERDA, 2002). Your help in identifying these sources might be needed.
You will also have to play a part in keeping the project on track. You should monitor progress closely during the approval and implementation stages, remembering that you can play an important role as liaison between the municipality and the utility company to ensure that unnecessary delays are avoided. However hard you work, you should be prepared for many months to elapse before the project is complete.
The problems might be different, but equally difficult, if your area is located in a suburban or predominantly rural area. In these areas, utility companies sometimes own and maintain the street lighting and under certain budgetary conditions might pay the initial cost of renewal or improvement of the street lighting. In some cases, they might be able to recover the cost from the municipality, but in others they might have to charge residents. This was the case in the Crime Light Partners project described earlier. As in that project, the main difficulty lies in obtaining the agreement of residents to pay for the improved lightinga difficulty that can be particularly acute in deprived and rundown neighborhoods where lighting has never been adequate or where it has severely deteriorated.
As a police officer, you cannot be expected to know what specific type of lighting improvements are needed, nor can you be expected to know all the various standards and requirements of street lighting. But you will be able to communicate better with utility companies and the local engineering department if you have some basic understanding of lighting types and their properties. These are described below.
For fuller information on lamp types, see NYSERDA (2002b).
Table 3: Common Street Lighting Lamp Types
|Lamp type
|Incandescent (bulbs)
|Very energy inefficient, short life
|Mercury Vapor (MV)
|Energy inefficient, longer life
|High Pressure Sodium (HPS)
|Energy efficient but virtually no color rendering (orange glow)
|Low Pressure Sodium (LPS)
|Very energy efficient, but only limited color rendering
|Metal Halide
|Energy efficient and good color rendering, especially pulse start or ceramic metal types
|Energy efficient and good color quality, but poor optical control
Source: Adapted from NYSERDA (2002a)
Improvements in street lighting are much less controversial than are some other crime prevention measures covered in the Response Guides series, such as street closures9 or the installation of video surveillance cameras or CCTV.10 However, a fact of human nature is that we resist change, and thus even improvements in street lightingwhich carry many benefitswill be resisted by some community members and public officials.
Residents in your neighborhood. You should expect some neighborhood residents to oppose proposed improvements to street lighting, especially if they are expected to contribute to the cost. But you can also expect a variety of other objections. Some residents might be concerned about glare, light trespass, and light pollution, particularly if a streetlight is to be installed close to their homes. Some might be concerned about the disruption, dirt, and inconvenience that will result from the installation. Others might complain that improvements in lighting are being used as an unsatisfactory alternative to increased police patrols. Yet others might see the improved lighting as a stigmatization of their neighborhood. Finally, some residents involved in street drug dealing might regard the lighting improvements as an effort by officials to disrupt their livelihood. For obvious reasons, this concern will not be voiced, but it might underlie opposition based on other grounds.
In some instances, new lights are shot out by drug dealers or vandals. Shields to guard lights from gunshots can be purchased.
Dealing with these and other resident concerns is an essential part of consensus building and an essential aspect of your community policing role. You can try to do this through town meetings, one-on-one discussions with residents, meetings with local elected officials, and interviews with the media. Even if the worries seem exaggerated, you must take them seriously and address them directly. You can be helped in this by the neighborhood residents association (if one exists), but expect the process to be time consuming. You might need to meet many times with the association leaders and other community leaders. These and other meetings should be open to all residents.
Without a residents' association, obtaining a general agreement can be even more difficult, as there is likely to be no one group or person who is empowered to make community decisions. You might find local elected politicians helpful, but beware of self-appointed community leaders who might simply be pursuing their own agendas.
It is essential that you are well prepared for meetings. You should present data showing the proportions of crimes of different types committed by day and by night and be prepared to discuss the limitations of alternative ways (such as increased patrols) of dealing with these problems. You will need large maps showing where new lights are needed and where lighting upgrades are required. You should bring along pictures of the types of lights you are planning to install. Finally, you will need to be familiar with the research studies on the effectiveness of improved street lighting and the findings on displacement and diffusion.
Each meeting should have a written agenda and should conclude with a review of the proceedings, including what actions have been agreed upon and who is responsible for implementing them. If possible, you should set the time and place for the next meeting while everyone is still present. Communicating a sense of urgency to all the participants is critical to keeping up project momentum.
You must be very open and clear in your approach. At all costs, avoid giving the impression that all the important decisions have already been made and that consultation is merely a formality. Be open to alternative ideas about the placement of new lights or the type of lights to be installed. Engage stakeholders who are reluctant to participate in the discussions and consider the needs of resident groups such as children and teenagers, who might not be adequately represented at the meetings. Finally, it is very important that you persuade your superiors to let you remain at your post until negotiations are concluded and an agreement has been reached. The success of such a process depends on the trust developed between you and the other stakeholders. Nothing is more fatal to a problem-oriented project than a change of police leadership at a crucial point.
Nearby neighborhoods: Complaints from residents of nearby neighborhoods are like to be of two main types. First, residents will wonder why the lighting in their neighborhoods is not being improved. Second, residents will express concern that crime and hooliganism will be displaced into their neighborhoods. These concerns might be publicized by the local media and echoed by local elected officials. Again, you should meet with residents and local elected officials to find ways of allaying these concerns. In dealing with the media, try to involve local elected officials, provided that they support your proposals. You can be sure that they will welcome the chance to appear on television or in the newspaper.
City Officials: Local officials will need to be satisfied that your proposals to improve street lighting are grounded in data showing that the neighborhood has unusually high rates of crime that can be reduced by improved lighting. Your task will be much more difficult if you do not have the support of local elected officials; thus, you will need to plan carefully to engage their interest and assistance.
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ST. LOUIS, Mo. -- The Brandeis women's basketball team had its lowest-scoring game in 15 years today as the Judges fell to No. 7-ranked Washington University, 60-28, in a University Athletic Association (UAA) contest today. With the loss, Brandeis falls to 7-9 overall and 1-4 in the UAA, while the Bears improve to 14-2, 4-1 UAA.
Brandeis's 26 points were their lowest since a 25-point showing against UAA foe NYU in 1998. Sophomore Hannah Cain (Gloucester, Mass./Gloucester) had seven points to lead the Judges, but it came on 2-of-11 overall, 1-of-3 from downtown. Rookie Niki Laskaris (Swampscott, Mass./Swampscott) had five points off the bench, hitting the Judges' only other 3-pointer. Cain also tied for game-high honors with seven rebounds and added three steals. Senior forward Erika Higginbottom (Millbury, Mass./Worcester Acad.) led Brandeis with three assists.
The Judges managed to hold WashU to their fourth-lowest scoring total of 2012-13 and below 40 percent shooting for just the eighth time (39.6%, 19-48) while forcing 23 Bear turnovers. Unfortunately, Brandeis committed 22 miscues of their own, and were only able to convert the hosts' errors into 11 points.
Washington's Melissa Gilkey was the only player in double figures for the game with 16 points, while Alyssa Johansen and Lucy Montgomery had nine each. Montgomery's scoring came off the bench and were all scored from downtown. Maddy Scheppers tied with Cain for game-high honors in rebounding and assists with seven and three, respectively. The Bears outrebounded Brandeis, 50-37, and held the Judges without a field goal for 10-minute stretches in each half.
Brandeis returns to the road in UAA action next weekend when they head to Emory on Friday night at 6 and Rochester Sunday afternoon at 2.


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Although loaning books may be what we're best known for, the William F. Laman Public Library System offers a vast array of services that you won't find at many libraries.
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Brigance wins George Halas Award
Senior adviser becomes 1st Raven to win Halas award
O.J. Brigance, the Baltimore Ravens' senior adviser for player development, has won the George Halas Award for overcoming adversity to succeed.
The award, given Monday by the Professional Football Writers of America, cites Brigance's battle with Lou Gehrig's disease (ALS) and how he has served as an inspiration while helping raise research funds to fight the disease through his Brigance Brigade foundation.
Brigance is the first member of the Ravens to receive the honor, named for Halas, a charter member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame.
In May 2007, Brigance was diagnosed with ALS. He then began his fundraising work while also continuing his duties with the Ravens.
Brigance played seven years with three NFL teams (Miami, Baltimore and St. Louis) and five years in the CFL. He won a Super Bowl and a Grey Cup.


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Assisted living residents are those who do not need 24-hour or complex medical supervision, but may need or want assistance with some aspects of daily life such as bathing and dressing, getting around, or medication reminders.
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