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In the previous post, we talked about what theorycrafting means and worked through a basic example of beginner theorycrafting. In this post, I want to go into a little more detail about the laboratory-based part of theorycrafting – in other words, designing and carrying out in-game "experiments" to test how mechanics work.
WoW Experiments
Luckily, "experiments" in WoW are pretty simple in a relative sense. While the entire system may be complicated, we generally have a good idea about how things work and what's causally related (and not).
For example, I know when I press the key for Crusader Strike, my character will cast Crusade Strike on my target, if possible. I know that the damage it deals depends on a few factors: my weapon damage, my own stats and temporary buffs, any damage-increasing debuffs on the target, the target's armor mitigation (which depends on its armor and both of our levels), and so on. Even if we don't know exactly how those relationships work – that's what we're testing after all – we know that they exist or might exist.
Likewise, we can also quickly rule out a lot of variables. We don't expect our Crusader Strike damage to depend on the time of day or the damage that another player is doing to a different target. This sounds silly, but it's actually a pretty big deal. In real experiments (i.e. in a research laboratory), there are loads of external factors that can affect results, and we have to take great care to identify and eliminate (or at least minimize) those factors. WoW experiments are incredibly easy because we don't have to do much of that at all.
To illustrate that thought, let me give you a real-life example. As an undergraduate, I spent one summer doing nuclear physics research at the University of Washington. One of the research groups there was making precise force measurements to test General Relativity. Their setup involved a very specially-designed arrangement masses and a smaller (but still hefty) hanging mass oscillator driven by a small motor.
When they made their measurements, they found a deviation from what they expected. After hours and hours of brainstorming, adjustments, repeating the experiment, and what not, it was still there. They looked at every external factor they could think of that might affect the result, and nothing seemed to be the culprit. After a few months of this, the grad students were beginning to think that maybe they had made a breakthrough discovery.
Their advisor, however, wasn't as convinced. He made them continue searching for the error. I think he even made them build a second copy of the experiment from scratch to cross-check the results. In any event, eventually they narrowed down the culprit to the motor. As it turned out, the one they had been sent did not meet the manufacturer's specifications (which had been pored over and chosen very carefully for exactly this reason!), and was malfunctioning in a very subtle way that caused the anomaly they observed.
In WoW experiments, we rarely, if ever, need to worry about being influenced by factors that aren't immediately obvious. Generally, we have a very limited set of variables to work with, so identifying and isolating problems is pretty easy.
Basic Experimental Design
Before performing any experiment, you should first make sure you can answer (or have at least tried to answer) all of these questions:
- What am I trying to test (i.e. what question am I trying to answer)?
- What am I going to vary (and how)?
- What am I going to hold constant?
- What am I going to measure (and how)?
- How much data do I need to take?
The first is pretty obvious – it's hard to perform an experiment if you don't have a clue what it is you're trying to determine. Using our example from the previous post, if my question is "How does Judgment's damage vary with attack power," then the obvious answer to (1) is that we're going to test whether Judgment's damage changes when we change our character's attack power. So far so good.
Our question also gives us the answers to questions (2) and (3). We're going to vary attack power, and we want to (ideally) keep everything else constant. Implicit in this is a central tenet of experimental design that you should try to adhere to as often as possible: only vary one thing. That one thing is called the independent variable, in this case our attack power. In an ideal world, we only ever have one independent variable, so that we know for sure that whatever change we see in the measurement is due to that variable.
For a concrete example of that, let's say we have an ability that depends on both weapon damage and spell power. If we make our measurements in such a way that we're changing both our weapon and our spell power, we have a giant mess. We'd have to untangle it to determine how much of the change in damage was due to the weapon and how much was due to the change in spell power. That task may not be impossible, but it usually significantly complicates our data analysis.
In some cases, that complication is unavoidable. For example, if you look back at the most recent diminishing returns post, you'll see that I was performing surface fits to three-dimensional sets of data with two independent variables. I had to do that to properly and accurately fit the two constants of the diminishing returns equation simultaneously, and only worked as well as it did because we already had a good idea what the formula looked like and what those constants were from prior experience and single-independent-variable experiments. In general, I wouldn't recommend this technique to a beginner theorycrafter.
So, in our case our independent variable is attack power, and we're going to keep all of the other potential variables constant. These constants are often called controls, though I prefer to call them "fixed variables" or "variables held constant" because they are variables, just ones you don't want to vary. So our list of fixed variables includes crit, mastery, multistrike, versatility, etc.
This poses a potential problem for us, though. We haven't yet answered the question, "how are we going to vary our attack power?" Normally, we would do this by putting on or taking off gear to change our strength. That seems pretty straightforward, but since gear has secondary stats, we're also changing our crit, mastery, etc. at the same time!
Sometimes you can get around this by using certain temporary effects. For example, if we have several trinkets with varying amounts of attack power on them (and nothing else), we could swap them around to isolate attack power as a dependent variable. But we aren't always that lucky, so generally we're going to need to make some compromises here.
We might know that some of these are irrelevant – crit, for example, won't change our results as long as we're filtering out or adjusting for crits. Likewise, we probably don't care what our multistrike chance is as long as we're ignoring multistrike results. In cases where we're sure, we can be more lenient about letting those factors vary. Since we know that crit and multistrike are independent events, we can safely ignore them as long as we're careful during our data collection (see below).
But sometimes we're not sure about it – for example, we may not know whether mastery does or doesn't affect the damage of Judgment. And for another example, Chaos Bolt damage does increase with crit. Since we don't always know, it's safer to try and keep everything else constant when possible.
As an experiment designer, your goal is to juggle these constraints. You'll be searching for ways to isolate a particular variable (say, attack power) while keeping certain other variables constant. But you'll also have to decide when it's acceptable for another variable to change value during an experiment, sometimes by confirming that the variable is irrelevant to the test at hand. Often this means thinking critically about how you'll design your experiment. For example, if you were testing ability damage, you could safely ignore hit rating, but only if you made sure you ignored misses when you tallied up your results.
When testing ability damage in previous expansions, we generally just took off gear to change attack power. This wasn't a problem because hit, miss, crit, haste, dodge, and parry were all independent from the raw (non-crit) damage done by abilities when attacking a target dummy. Multistrike doesn't appreciably complicate matters, but as you might guess, versatility is a big problem. Which means we have at least one serious constraint on our experiment: we want to use gear that doesn't have any versatility. Again, if we didn't have any other choice, we could use advanced techniques to get around this constraint, but it's far simpler if we just adhere to the constraint.
This brings up another major constraint on most in-game experiments: we don't want any procs that change our stats temporarily. Otherwise, we'll have periods where our experimental conditions have changed, which will make the data difficult or impossible to analyze properly. So generally, we want to take off any trinkets or special gear that has stat-changing or damage-increasing procs, and we want to avoid using weapon enchants like Dancing Steel that give temporary buffs.
Which finally brings us to question (4). We're going to measure Judgment's damage, obviously. The thing we're measuring is called the dependent variable, because its value may depend on the independent variable. But we don't just need to know what we're measuring, we also need to make sure we know how we're going to perform that measurement and what we're going to do with the result.
For example, am I going to cast Judgment and write down the value listed in the combat log on a piece of paper? That might be fine if I only need one or two casts, but could quickly become cumbersome if I plan on collecting hundreds of casts worth of data.
More commonly, we'd turn on combat logging (via the /combatlog slash command) so we have a text record of everything. From there, we could upload that result to a parsing site like Warcraft Logs, import the log into MATLAB, write a quick script to scrape the log and convert to a CSV file we can open in Excel, or any number of other analysis methods.
Similarly, within those steps, are we just going to count normal Judgment hits and ignore crits and multistrikes entirely? Or are we going to try to use that extra data, say, by dividing each crit by two and each multistrike by 0.3 and using the adjusted values? The latter gets us more data faster, which could reduce the amount of time it takes. But it relies on two very specific assumptions: that crits do 2x as much damage and multistrikes do 1.3x. If either of those are wrong, for example because we have a crit meta gem on, or our spec's multistrikes have a different modifier, then our data is polluted.
Furthermore, we know we're going to cast Judgment, but we haven't specified how we're going to cast it. Are we going to cast it on cooldown? Usually that's the case, but sometimes we might have to wait longer to avoid another unwanted effect (think a single-target version of the Double Jeopardy glyph). Are we going to cast it on a single dummy, or tab-target around between different ones (for example, to test Double Jeopardy). If so, must those dummies all be the same level? Multi-target considerations are obviously even more important when testing AoE abilities.
Are we only going to cast Judgment, or are we going to cast other things while we're at it? Maybe we'll do a single data collection run that combines multiple tests – say, simultaneously Judgement, Crusader Strike, and Avenger's Shield damage. If we're casting multiple things, are we sure they don't interact at all?
All of these are questions you'll need to consider when deciding on your experimental method or procedure. No matter what we decide to do with the data or how we decide to collect it, we should know the entire plan ahead of time to make sure we're collecting the right thing. It can be incredibly frustrating to take several hours worth of data, and later during analysis find out that your measurements depend on another factor that you forgot to record.
This means that every time we swap gear, we might want to write down everything – the value of all potential variables (strength, agility, intellect, attack power, spell power, mastery, crit, multistrike, haste, versatility) – before we start taking data. That way, if we start analyzing our data and find an anomaly, we have some information we can use to determine what the problem was.
For example, maybe we accidentally removed a piece with versatility on it that we intended to keep on for the entire test. If we've been recording versatility before every new set of data, we might be able to catch that after-the-fact and be able to salvage that data set, or at least know why we need to exclude it. Without that knowledge, we might have to re-take the data.
Again, if you're very certain that a particular stat doesn't matter (haste, for example, in our case), you can skip recording it. In practice, I rarely record everything. By now, I'm familiar enough with what factors matter that I generally write down only the handful of things I care about. That sort of intuition will come with time, practice, and familiarity with the mechanics. But even I make mistakes, and end up re-taking data (versatility is especially bad in that regard, because I'm still not used to it), so for a beginner I'd recommend erring on the side of caution.
Data Collection
The next question we need to answer is how much data we need to collect. This will vary somewhat from experiment to experiment. For example, if we just want to know whether Judgment procs Seal of Truth, we might only need a single cast. But more often, we'll need to invoke some statistics. In this section, we'll give a brief overview of two common ways to use statistics to determine just how much data we need.
Unknown Proc Rate
For example, let's say we're trying to accurately determine the proc rate of Seal of Insight. We expect we'll need to record a lot of auto-attacks and count the number that generate a proc. We can use statistics to figure out how many swings we need to make, at minimum, to feel confident in our result. That amount could be a few hundred swings or even several thousand depending on how accurately we want to know the proc rate.
Proc-based effects are usually modeled by a binomial distribution because they're discrete events with two potential outcomes (proc or no proc), every proc chance is independent (usually), and the proc rate is constant (again, usually). Most of the time, we can use something called the Normal Approximation Interval to estimate the possible error of our measurements, which we can reverse-engineer to figure out the number of swings we need.
In short, thanks to the Central Limit Theorem we can approximate the error in our measurement of a proc chance $p$ with the following formula:
$$ p \pm z\sqrt{\frac{p(1-p)}{N}}$$
where $N$ is the number of trials (in our case, swings) and $z$ is a constant that depends on how confident we want to be on the result. If you want to know how to calculate $z,$ read up on Standard normal distribution, but most of us just use one of several precalculated values. The most common one is to use $z =1.96$, which corresponds to a 95% confidence interval. Other common values are $z=2.58$ for a 99% confidence interval and $z=3.29$ for a 99.9% confidence interval. If you're lazy (like me) or don't feel like memorizing or looking up those numbers, you can use $z=2$ and $z=3$ as rough approximations of the 95% and 99+% confidence intervals.
The way this is normally used, you'd first run an experiment to collect data. So maybe we perform 100 swings and get a proc on 25 of them. We would then have $p=25/100=0.25$ and $N=100$, and our 95% confidence interval is $0.25 \pm 0.0849$, in other words from 16.51% to 33.49% – a pretty wide range. We'd get a narrower range if we performed $N=1000$ swings and got 250 procs; $p$ is still 0.25, but the 95% confidence interval shrinks to $\pm 0.0268$, or from 22.32% to 27.68%. Since we're dividing by $\sqrt{N}$ in the formula, to increase the precision by another decimal place (factor of 10) we need to use 100 times as many trials.
And of course, we can also use this formula to figure out how many iterations we need to reach a certain precision. Let's say we want to know the value to precision $P=\pm 0.001$. We can set $P$ equal to term that describes the interval:
$$ P = z \sqrt{\frac{p(1-p)}{N} }$$
and solve for $N$:
$$ N = \frac{z^2 p(1-p)}{P^2}$$
So for example, let's say we suspect the proc rate is $0.25$ (this would be our hypothesis). If we want to know the proc rate to a precision of $\pm 0.001$ with 95% confidence, we need $N=720300$ melee swings.
There are two caveats here. First, this formula is only an approximation, which means it's got a range of validity. In particular, it becomes poor if $p$ is very close to zero or one and breaks down entirely if it's exactly zero or one (though in those cases, the behavior is usually clear enough that we don't need this method anyway). The rule of thumb is that it gives good results as long as $pN>5$ and $(1-p)N>5$. Since this rule includes $N$, you can still use this approximation when $p$ is very small by increasing the number of trials $N$ to keep the product over 5.
The second caveat is very subtle. Technically speaking, if we find the 95% confidence interval to be $0.25 \pm 0.05$, or 20% to 30%, that does not mean that the true value of the proc rate (let's call it $\mu$) has a 95% chance to be between 20% and 30%. Instead, it means that if we repeat the experiment 100 times, and calculate confidence intervals for each of them, 95 of those confidence intervals will contain the true value $\mu$.
The wikipedia article for confidence interval makes this distinction as clear as mud (though to be fair, it's better than any other treatment of it I've read; $1-\alpha$ is their representation of confidence, so for a 95% confidence interval $\alpha=0.05$):
This does not mean there is 0.95 probability that the value of parameter μ is in the interval obtained by using the currently computed value of the sample mean.
Instead, every time the measurements are repeated, there will be another value for the mean X of the sample. In 95% of the cases μ will be between the endpoints calculated from this mean, but in 5% of the cases it will not be.
The calculated interval has fixed endpoints, where μ might be in between (or not). Thus this event has probability either 0 or 1. One cannot say: "with probability (1 − α) the parameter μ lies in the confidence interval." One only knows that by repetition in 100(1 − α) % of the cases, μ will be in the calculated interval. In 100α% of the cases however it does not. And unfortunately one does not know in which of the cases this happens. That is (instead of using the term "probability") why one can say: "with confidence level 100(1 − α) %, μ lies in the confidence interval."
Got all that?
In practice, the distinction isn't that important for us – it's mostly a matter of semantics. If we were submitting our work to a scientific journal, we'd care, but for theorycrafting we can be a little loose and fast with our statistics. Just don't tell the real statisticians. The key is to remember that you can run an experiment and get a confidence interval that doesn't contain the value you're looking for.
In fact, it's almost certain that you will see that happen if you're using 95% confidence intervals, just because a 5% chance is pretty high. That's one in every 20 experiments. When that happens, you may need to take further measures. That may mean repeating the experiment, or it may mean using a tighter confidence interval. Sometimes it means that you reject your hypothesis, because the value really isn't inside the confidence interval. This is where the critical thinking aspect comes in – you have to interpret the data and determine what it's really telling you.
Remember that you can always increase $z$ to calculate a more inclusive confidence interval, which doesn't require taking extra data. Sometimes that will answer the question for you ("The result is outside the 99.9% confidence interval, the hypothesis is probably wrong, Seal of Insight's proc rate is not 25%"). And on the other extreme, you can increase $N$ to reduce the size of the confidence interval if you're trying to increase the precision of an estimate. Though that obviously means taking more data!
Unknown Proc Trigger
Sometimes, we just want to know if an effect can occur. For example, on beta I was doing some testing to see exactly how Sacred Shield benefits from multistrike. To test that, I just kept re-applying Sacred Shield until I saw it generate bubbles that didn't match the baseline or crit values. A single multistrike should generate a shield that is 30% larger than the baseline one, so I just kept going until I observed one. Likewise, I wanted to know if a double-multistrike proc would generate a shield that was 60% larger, so I kept casting until I observed one of those as well.
This type of test, where a single positive result proves the hypothesis, can be very easy to perform if the chance is high. If I get a positive result very quickly, the test won't take very long at all. But if the chance is low, you could be at it all day. And if the chance is actually zero (because your hypothesis is wrong), you could go forever without seeing the event you're looking for. Again, statistics help us make the determination as to how many times we need to repeat the test before we can say with reasonable certainty that the event can't happen.
Generally in this type of test, you already know the proc rate. For example, if I have 10% crit and I want to know if a particular ability can crit, I know that it should have either a 0% chance (if it can't crit) or a 10% chance (if it can crit) to do so. So my $p$ here is 10%, or $p=0.10$. According to binomial statistics, if I perform the test $N$ times, the probability of getting exactly $k$ successes is calculated by:
$$Pr(k; N, p) = {N \choose k} p^k (1-p)^{ N-k},$$
$$ {N \choose k} = \frac{N!}{k!(N-k)!}.$$
This is relatively easy to evaluate in a calculator or computer for known values of $p$, $N$, and $k$. Many calculators have a "binopdf" function that will do the entire calculation; in others you may need to calculate the whole thing by hand.
So let's say we perform the experiment. We cast the spell 100 times and don't observe a single crit. The probability of that, according to our formula, is:
$$Pr(0; N, p) = {N \choose 0} p^0 (1-p)^N = (1-p)^N$$
Plugging in $N=100$ and $p=0.1$ we find that the probability is around $2.6\times 10^{-5}$, or around 0.00266%. Pretty unlikely, so we can probably safely assume that the ability can't crit. Though again, there's a 0.00266% we could be wrong!
A related problem is if we want to know the probability of getting up to a certain number of procs or crits. For example, if we have 10% crit, what's is the probability of getting five or fewer crits in 100 casts. To do that, we'd have to calculate the separate probabilities of getting exactly 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 crits and sum them all up. Mathematically, that would be:
$$ P(k\leq 5; N, p) = \sum_{k=0}^{5}P(k;N,p) = \sum_{k=0}^5 {N \choose k }p^k (1-p)^{N-k},$$
and at this point we'd probably want to employ a calculator or computer to do the heavy lifting for us. For our example, MATLAB gives us:
>> sum(binopdf(0:5,100,0.1)) ans = 0.0576
So we'd have a 5.76% chance of getting five or fewer crits in 100 casts with a 10% crit chance.
Ability Damage Tests
Since we started this post discussing a test related to the damage formula of Judgment, I want to make one final note about testing ability damage formulas. Normally, you can get this information from tooltips or datamining. But tooltips can lie, especially during a beta, and sometimes even on live servers. Word of Glory's tooltip was wrong for almost the first half of Mists of Pandaria, for example. So it can be useful to perform tests to double check them. One of my first tasks every beta is to take data on every spell in our arsenal and attempt to fit the results to confirm whether the tooltips are correct.
Your first instinct when performing this type of experiment may be cast the spell a few hundred times and record the average damage, and then repeat at various different attack power (or spell power) values. However, while that works, it's not always the most accurate (or efficient) way. Hamlet wrote an excellent article about this topic earlier this week, and you should really go read it if you want to understand why an alternative method (which I'll briefly outline below, since I already had it written) is advantageous.
Spells in WoW traditionally have had a base damage range (either by default, or based on weapon damage) and then some constant scaling with attack power and/or spell power. The base damage range was fixed and obeyed a uniform distribution, and accounted for all damage variation in the spell. So it was often more accurate to record the maximum and minimum, and average for each set of casts, and then attempt to fit the maximum and the minimum values separately.
This was especially useful for abilities that did some percentage of weapon damage, because one could equip a weapon with a very small damage range (i.e. certain low-level common-quality weapons), at which point it might only take a handful of casts to cover the entire range.
I've used the past tense here, because they've changed how abilities work in Warlords. They no longer have any base damage values, which means that they've had to change the method they use to make spell damage vary from cast to cast. I don't know what they've chosen to do about that, because I haven't had time to test it thoroughly. In my limited time on beta, I've noted that some spells don't appear to vary at all anymore, while others do. For example, Judgment and Exorcism both do the same damage every time they connect, while the healing done by Flash of Light and Word of Glory still varies from cast to cast. Abilities based on weapon damage, like Crusader Strike and Templar's Verdit, vary according to their weapon damage range.
The ones that vary could just use a flat multiplicative effect, such that the spell always does $X \pm \alpha X$ for some value of $\alpha$. In other words, maybe it always does $\pm 10%$ of the base damage. But it could also be some other method. I'm sure we'll figure this out as beta goes on (if nobody else has yet), but just keep in mind that this slightly changes the procedure above. You'd still be matching the min and max values, of course, but you'd potentially be looking for scale factors that are, say, 10% larger or smaller than the expected mean value.
Coming Soon
That wraps up our primer on performing in-game experiments. We could talk in a lot more detail about any of these examples and identify other nuances, tips, and tricks. But this post, while dense, covers the basics one would need to set up and perform an in-game experiment. Most of what we would gain by going into more depth is improvements in accuracy and efficiency.
Obviously both of those are good things, but they're not necessary for your first few attempts at in-game experimentation. In the future, I might write a few shorter articles that are more focused on the nuances involved in a particular kind of measurement, provided there's interest in the topic. If you have something in particular you'd like me to write about in depth, please mention it in the comments.
In the next post, I want to look at how we can use the results of in-game experiments to check Simulationcraft results. Which also means designing and executing "experiments" in Simulationcraft that we can use for comparison. Many of the same basic ideas will apply, of course; for example, eliminating as many variables as possible and making sure you've collected enough data. But in this case, we'll be applying those principles to designing action priority lists and interpreting reports.


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More than 300 middle and high school students will descend on Penn State York for the FTC (FIRST Tech Challenge) South Central PA Regional Qualifier, "Ring It Up," a robotics competition, to be held from 7 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. on Saturday, Jan. 19, in the Joe and Rosie Ruhl Student Community Center at the campus. Opening ceremonies are at 10 a.m. followed by competitions throughout the day. Prior to the ceremony, teams will have an opportunity to get organized, register their robots, and prepare for competition. This is the third time the campus has hosted this event. The competition is open to the public to watch and it is free.
Thirty-five teams with up to 10 members each from as far away as New York, New Jersey, and Delaware and as near as Sonoma Academy in York and SciTech High School in Harrisburg are registered for the event. The "Ring It Up!" competition features a task-oriented robotics event where teams are asked to perform a variety of maneuvers with their robots and this particular game is a variation of tic-tac-toe.
Those interested are encouraged to view a video of the game at http://www.usfirst.org/roboticsprograms/ftc/game to get a better idea of what the contest involves. Due to the great demand for participation in this event, the registration cap has been expanded twice, from 24 to 30, and now 36 teams.
Marshall F. Coyle, associate professor of engineering at Penn State York, is the volunteer coordinator for the event, and has worked to fill the many positions necessary to make the competition possible. It was his idea to bring the competition to campus three years ago.
"It is truly amazing to see the creativity these high school student exhibit in the creation of their robots," said Coyle. "These kids have a bright future in science, engineering and math fields solving world problems," he said. "I am really excited about the FTC event!"
Penn State York is one of the several regional sites. The qualifiers from the regionals compete in the State Championship being held Saturday, March 2 at Millersville University. Teams that qualify from the states will then proceed into the National Championship to be held in St Louis.
Funding for the 2013 event on campus is thanks to a grant from ArcelorMittal, the world's leading integrated steel and mining company, with a presence in more than 60 countries, and a Pullo Family Grant funded through the Pullo Family Fund. The fund was established by Donna and Robert Pullo to support projects in innovative, technology-based, learner-centered teaching that are collaborations between Penn State York faculty and York area secondary school teachers.
The acronym FIRST means For Inspiration and Recognition of Science and Technology and the organization was founded in1989 by Dean Kamen, an accomplished inventor, who wanted to inspire young people to appreciate science and technology.
According to Thomas Zawislak, FIRST FTC affiliate partner, team members are part of an alliance trying to perform tasks on the field with their robots. The event emphasizes gracious professionalism; winning is nice but the design process and participant attitude are the important goals. Teams help each other and members develop friendships and camaraderie throughout the competition.
Penn State York students, faculty, staff , and business members from the York community work as volunteers during the competition filling a variety of roles from judges to field tech advisors, scorekeepers, software inspectors, and more. In addition, students from Logos Academy in York, who qualified for states in the First Lego League will be working at the competition.
Throughout the competition teams are judged on their sportsmanship, performance of their robots, completion of tasks, ability to follow rules, and a variety of other criteria. Students in grades seven to 12 take part in the competition.
Teams registered for the Penn State York FTC including their team name school or organization, and city and state are: ZONE, Oxford Area High School, Oxford, Pa.; Steel Hornets, Emmaus High School, Emmaus, Pa.; Ampere, Upper Dublin High School, Fort Washington, Pa; Hawks, Moorestown Friends School, Moorestown, N.J.; MOE Miracle Workerz, Wilmington, Del.; RoboWorks, Phoenixville Area High School, Phoenixville, Pa; Craftsmen, Boy Scout Troop 793, Ellicott City, Md.;SciBots, SciTech High School, Harrisburg, Pa.; Jag-Wired, Garnet Valley High School, Glen Mills, Pa.; MASH, Friends of 401, West Vincent, Pa; CHS Cougars, Columbia High School, Maplewood, N.J.; Wrench in the Works, Chesco Robotics, Downingtown, Pa.; Silver Soldiers, Lockheed Martin/OJR Education Foundation, North Coventry, Pa.; Landroids, Livingston Robotics Club, Livingston, N.J.; Watt The Hex?, Say Watt Robotics, Edison, N.J.; NanoGurus, NanoGurus Robotics, Morris Plains, N.J.; Autobots, TCHS-Brandywine, Downingtown, Pa.; Smokin' Motors, Conrad Weiser High School, Robesonia, Pa.; RoboFoxes, Sidwell Friends School,Washington, DC; RoboWarriors, Mifflin County School District, Lewistown, Pa.; Minnie MASH, Friends of 401, West Vincent Township, Pa.; Robo Scouts, Boy Scout Troop 793, Ellicott City, Md.; LANLords, Lancaster FTC, Millersville, Pa.; Imagine It, Imagine It, Palmyra, Pa.; Team Daedalus, Sidwell Friends School, Washington, DC; Domini Machinae, Sidwell Friends School, Washington, DC; Pro Corning Inc., Corning, N.Y.; Robodragons, Freire Charter School, Philadelphia, Pa.;Robodragons Freire Charter School,Philadelphia, Pa; Fightin' Irish Academy of Notre Dame, Villanova, Pa; Live Wire,Chesco Robotics, Downingtown, Pa; foobar, Oxford Area High School, Oxford, Pa.; Ratzo Robotics, Sonoma Academy, York, Pa.; Robo Dawgs, Wilson High School, West Lawn, Pa.; and Radioactive Raiders, North Brunswick Township High School, North Brunswick, N.J.
For more information on FIRST, visit their website at http://www.usfirst.org/.
Schedule for the Day
7 a.m. Volunteers Arrive
8 a.m. Team Arrive – Registration
Hardware and Software Inspection Begins
8:15 a.m. Welcome to Teams – Review Logistics for the Day
8:30 a.m. Judge Interviews Begin
8:45 a.m. Drivers Meeting On Competition Field
Reset Crew Meeting
9 a.m. Practice Matches on Practice Field
Software Inspection on Competition Field
10 a.m. Opening Ceremonies
10:30 a.m. Qualification Matches Begin
12:30 p.m. Lunch Break
1 p.m. Qualification Matches Resume
2 p.m. Alliance Selection (top four teams)
2:15 p.m. Start Semi-finals
3:15 p.m. Start Finals
4 p.m. Awards and Closing Ceremonies
4:30 p.m. Event Complete

subset: commoncrawl


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Quote:The straight blast is "ok". I would personally rather use the modified "boxing blast", but I'm not going to completely throw out the straight blast altogether. The problem with that is again, that there is nothing on it, unless you can run into it full-bore. If you're using it to obtain the clinch, I think it's ok. My only opinion here is that the boxing blast is safer. You have to have more timing when using that because it's slower. But timing is an important attribute anyway and it's worth developing. Thats another reason why training delivery systems is important rather than just learning moves.
Quote:Whats the difference between a boxing blast and a straight blast John?
Quote:When I've seen the straight blast demonstrated it always looks like the person doing it is firing off the back leg, much like in Wing Chun chain punching...and they always look to me like they only ever go in straight lines.
Quote:I've not played with any JKD people but the WC people I messed around with just seem to punch their way straight into my clinch with any extremely high center of gravity.
Quote:When you talk about a boxing blast are you talking working behind a good stiff jab? I tend to launch my jabs off a slight lateral step and work on jarring them out of the feet. I find the lateral step with an angled jab lines you up perfectly for the follow up cross.
Quote:The boxing blast is thrown like you would throw a jab/cross combo that becomes a series of crosses because of changing footwork that puts each hand thrown as the rear hand.
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Home > News & Events > Wayland Press Release Archives > 2002 News Releases > March 2002 > Scholarship locater helps make college more affordable for students
Scholarship locater helps make college more affordable for students
In many respects, Perri McDonald is a matchmaker. But instead of hooking up couples for love, her matches involve hooking up folks with money.
As scholarship coordinator at Wayland Baptist University in Plainview, McDonald is responsible for helping students apply for funding that helps them finance their education. This happens in several ways.
For one, McDonald holds the keys to many of the university's endowed scholarships, which are awarded annually based on interest from invested funds. Some of those awards come with strict criteria, such as field of study or intended career goals, while others just carry minimum standards for grade point averages and full-time status.
Also, McDonald is the recipient of numerous random scholarship applications that come in from various organizations, companies or other entities. In those instances, criteria may be fairly specific - one scholarship is just for women over 50 going back to school; one is for students from a particular county in Texas - and that's when McDonald's matchmaking powers come into play.
"I usually check with other Financial Aid staff or the admissions office in case they are aware of students that fit the bill for these scholarships and need funds," she said, adding that she has been successful at finding students to fit the profile and many have received the scholarships in question.
As a member of the Texas Independent College Fund, Wayland receives many notices of private scholarship funds available nearly for the asking. McDonald has been personally involved in seeing several students receive funding through TICF, many of which are substantial, annually renewable awards.
The biggest key, she said, is just making your needs known to those who might be able to help.
"I usually don't have to hunt them down; if they have need, they'll come see me. I have a lot of students who just come in and ask if I have any scholarships available," she said. "Most of them I can help. There's obviously no guarantee, but at least they can apply and have a better chance."
With education costs rising nationwide, parents and prospective students may feel as if private education is out of their reach. But McDonald points out that for those who are persistent and take a proactive approach at finding funds, success usually follows.
She touted services like Wiredscholar.com and FastWeb.com as online resources to help track down scholarships based on a student's personal qualifications. She also recommends general web searches for companies or organizations that might offer scholarships or checking with local or hometown civic clubs that give scholarships.
For prospective and current students, McDonald encourages checking with the academic divisions in your chosen major field since many of them have departmental scholarship funds that could be awarded. Many schools, like Wayland, may also offer hefty scholarships for incoming students based on standardized test scores and those can make a great dent in the college bill.
"It's really important for these high school students to take their ACT or SAT seriously and do well. If they don't do well the first time, they need to take it again," she said, adding that scholarships for incoming freshmen often are based on those test scores. "You don't want to sink your boat before you get it in the water."
McDonald also urges students and parents not to get discouraged based on the findings of the federal financial aid applications. Though a family might fall into the category of low financial need, she said there are still plenty of scholarships that are not based on need at all but on other criteria.
"It's not all about the numbers," she said. "I get to know the students, too, and their circumstances and am often able to help those who make their situations known."
Cindy Rogers, a senior from Azle, is a strong advocate of keeping in touch with the university's financial aid office. Struggling with mounting student loans and received no federal aid, Rogers said she began seeking out financial help. Admissions director Shawn Thomas mentioned a scholarship coming open through Coca-Cola for first generation college students. Rogers applied through the financial aid office and received a $2,500 per semester award that is renewable until she graduates. She estimates the total scholarship will amount to about $20,000, meaning a substantial reduction in the amount of loans she and her parents will have to pay.
"My family is able to take less student and parent loans," she said of the scholarship. "It also helps me maintain a good GPA in order to keep it."
Cost and funding for college is probably one of the main concerns for parents and prospective students, but recent data from the National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities reflects that private schools are seeing aid awards rise as well. For the 1999-2000 school year, 84 percent of full-time undergraduates received some sort of aid, including federal, state and institutional grants, loans and scholarships, with the average amount of aid received totaling $13,700.
The figures at Wayland are similar, with 85 percent of full-time undergrads receiving aid of some sort, with average aid amount totaling $9,484. And with Wayland's annual costs being substantially lower than many private Christian schools nationwide - one year of tuition and fees, room and board and books (estimate) is about $10,000 - students don't have to win the lottery or discover gold to make higher education a reality.
Determining costs up front and seeking out funding from various sources before classes begin are two ways new students can avoid the stress of having to worry about paying for college while trying to pay attention to studies. And all that takes is a little effort beforehand, McDonald said. Keeping in touch with your school's financial aid office also can be beneficial.
"It's so neat when we are able to award students scholarship money and they are so appreciative," she said. "They have the ability and talent, just not the finances. This way, we take some of that burden away."


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Amanda Bynes Remorseful About Past Behavior, 'Mortified' Over Drake Comment
After a troubled year that included bizarre Twitter rants, erratic behavior and multiple DUIs, Amanda Bynes seems to be doing well since her December 2013 release from a four-month stay at a psychiatric ward.
The former Nickelodeon actress, who just yesterday accepted a plea deal in a DUI case, is feeling remorseful about her past behavior, TMZ reports. Sources tell the site that the star feels particularly embarrassed over a graphic tweet she wrote about Drake, which you can read below:
Bynes, who hasn't tweeted since July 2013, is also reportedly moving on in her life. According to TMZ, she is no longer smoking pot (Bynes was involved in a bong-throwing incident in 2013, but the case was dismissed) and is in the process of removing a number of "inappropriate" tattoos. But most importantly, the 27-year-old star is continuing her education, taking classes at the Fashion Institute of Design Merchandising in Orange County, Calif.
We couldn't be happier for the 'Easy A' actress, who has reportedly been diagnosed with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. She seems to be getting her life under control and appears to be acting like her old self. We wish her the best in her recovery.


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Internal Gamestop Video Teaches How To Sell To Women
The conceit in this internal Gamestop training video is that you're watching a sort of nature video with a British anthropologist investigating a strange and mysterious species: woman— and how to sell to them. Offensive – or just a low-budget industrial video team trying to get its audience to pay attention? Take our poll inside and you be the judge, but either way, you can be pretty sure Gamestop never intended any customer to see this video.
[via Kotaku]
Want more consumer news? Visit our parent organization, Consumer Reports, for the latest on scams, recalls, and other consumer issues.


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The Glare of the Spotlight Keeps Apple From Dazzling Us
Sep 6, 2012 5:00 AM PT
Apple's invitation to media professionals made the date official, but September 12 has been the likely date for the company's iPhone 5 rollout event for more than a month. Did that date come from supposition or an outright leak? Doesn't matter. Industry consensus knows that Apple traditionally has an iPod and iTunes sort of announcement in September -- have to get ready for the holiday selling season -- and the iPhone 5 had better show up, too, or the post-Steve Jobs Apple might suddenly shift from a scary rival to simply a mortal company.
Tradition and market forces dominated by the holiday selling season is one thing, but Apple has clearly morphed into a new company altogether. In just a few short years, it seems, Apple has gone from the general technology underdog with a few hit products to a supergiant gadget seller (iPhone), industry transformer (music, movies, TV, PCs a la the iPad), and revenue engine (stockholders, iOS developers).
Apple has become so big and influential that I'm starting to fear that the company can't possibly surprise us anymore.
Follow the Money, Follow the Hearts
There are two issues with Apple's new identity -- and both issues conspire against secrecy and surprise. The first is the sheer scope of money Apple pushes around. There are investors who want answers; iOS developers getting into bed with Apple and hoping to strike it rich and supply chain players who must produce parts for Apple's insanely popular products.
All of these sorts of people are walking leaks. Investors get access to Apple where Apple says things or implies things or accidentally lets body language do the talking. Case in point? After meeting with Apple executives last month, Pacific Crest analyst Andy Hargreaves reportedly sent a note to his investors saying that an Apple television would likely not show up any time soon.
Leak, accident, or savvy people reading skills from Hargreaves? Doesn't matter. Even a note to paying customers from an analyst somehow makes its way to the web and becomes big news.
So no surprises are likely in store for us when it comes to a big shiny new HDTV Apple TV.
As for developers, these pros get early access to Apple operating system code, and sometimes that operating system code seems to imply new products or features. Case in point? An error message displayed in iOS 6 beta code for Apple TV suggests now suggests that the Apple TV will support an iBooks app. Mildly interesting, but either way, the surprise is gone.
As for following the heart, Apple now has hundreds of millions of fans -- staggering numbers of people who use Apple products every day. Many of them are ardent fans, lusting after upgrades, skipping generations of iPhones and patiently waiting for the next release. As for me, I'm ready to ditch my iPhone 4 for the iPhone 5. Of course I gobble up every rumor. Of course I try to puzzle out what features I'll get. Of course I'll come up with 10 new features and get most of them wrong. But the ones I get right ... like a larger screen, which Apple can't possibly not deliver, won't be particularly surprising. Or delightful.
This insatiable demand from Apple enthusiasts for news, rumors, and illicit photos has driven a whole industry around Apple minutiae. One rumor I recently read says the front-facing camera on the iPhone 5 will be centered above the speaker for your ear. Nice. Small detail. I like symmetry. But now even that won't be surprising. Other rumors point out a metal case back and a similar form factor to today's iPhone 4S. Makes sense. The design is solid. No need to get wild. It fits in your pant pocket and you can text with one hand. It will sell well and give Apple design maestro Jonathan Ive time to (maybe) surprise us with the next generation of iPhone.
So many people are now following -- or are at least aware of -- Apple's product cycles that the iPhone 4S has plummeted in sales pending the anticipated new release that Apple hasn't even confirmed.
Not Just the iPhone
This insane focus on Apple spills into other products as well. How can you know when a new generation of iMac might appear? Step one, puzzle out the processor roadmap. If Intel has new desktop-class processors, the iMac will get a refresh somewhere near that availability. Still, how to narrow it down? Check retail outlet supply. If sellers of iMacs seem to be getting fewer and fewer units to sell, that signals a drawdown of inventory so new inventory can fill its place.
Instead of some random, idle checks when someone wasn't busy, bloggers and analysts are checking this stuff all the time. Crazy.
The difference now, though, is that it's really hard to avoid the crush of Apple information. Major not so techie news outlets are covering Apple rumors, too.
How about the rumored 7-inch class mini iPad? Apple doesn't have a chance to surprise us here because Apple watchers have been anticipating this form factor for months and months. There's so much heat around this new (rumored) device that -- even though Apple has been wickedly quiet about it -- there's pretty much nothing that Apple can reveal next week that will surprise. Perhaps the biggest surprise will come if Apple waits until October to reveal it ahead of the holiday sales season. That's hardly a surprise at all, really.
Could the late Steve Jobs, who was notoriously secretive and valued the big reveal above all, manage to keep a lid on all this surprise-busting digging and supposition today?
Hard to say.
In the next few days, we'll be blasted with Web stories and blog posts listing the likely expectations of Wednesday's event. Some will be wrong, but all the bases will be covered. And when the possible options are all covered, surprise, really Apple-loving surprise ... is hard to come by.
But I'm still hoping. I hope the "One More Thing" surprise is still thriving at Apple.


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Lately, some on the Volusia County Council want to think about cutting beachfront businesses like the Ocean Deck a break.
DAYTONA BEACH — On Saturday night, the beach in front of the Ocean Deck was a party. There will be lots more of those throughout 2013 — but it comes with a price: The bar has to pay Volusia County to use the public beach.
Lately, though, some on the Volusia County Council want to think about cutting businesses like the Ocean Deck a break.
The beachfront bar, which routinely comes to the council for approval of its yearly event calendar, heard from some council members recently who think the various fees charged for beach events are crippling private enterprise.
"We could regulate this thing to the point that we have nobody in here applying for permits," District 3 Councilwoman Deb Denys said last week. "... I personally don't want to ever get to that place."
The Ocean Deck has lots of beach parties planned for the year — using public land for private business. The one Saturday was a Brew Ha Ha winter beer fest, with a snow machine and bonfire. There are more parties scheduled during the Daytona 500, Bike Week, Spring Break, throughout the summer and during the winter solstice.
For each one, the bar has to pay Volusia a fee or several fees. Part of it is based on the linear footage of beach used; usually $2.50 per foot. A few other small fees apply for filming ($50), sporting events ($25 to $35 per day), and some costs that vary depending on the season.
The Ocean Deck also has to pay for a Beach Patrol officer to provide security and make sure no one breaks any beach rules — like the ones under the habitat conservation plan that protects sea turtles and other coastal wildlife.
The Beach Patrol officer costs $35 an hour. And County Chair Jason Davis said the costs add up.
"He could sell as much alcohol on that beach, as many beers as he wants to," Davis said. "But by the end of the day, he turns around after 10 hours, at 35 bucks an hour, that's $350 he's got to make. Plus you add the sales tax in that he's got to pay back, plus the other fees, plus, plus plus. ... The poor man's gotta make $1,500 to $2,000 a day just to bring home 50 bucks, it seems like."
District 2 Councilman Josh Wagner agreed; he said the Ocean Deck already pays a large share of property taxes in addition to the recurring costs of throwing parties throughout the year. And he argued the bar's created events to attract people to an often-deserted part of the beach that doesn't allow driving.
County Manager Jim Dinneen said he'd review the fees and rates the county charges, but he said those figures have to cover "all the costs — that includes all of our pension costs, overtime costs and equipment costs" that come with allowing private use of public property.
The county requires Beach Patrol officers, he said, because they're trained on what's required under the habitat conservation plan. A private security officer might not be, and Dinneen said that could lead to a violation and a complaint: "People take their camera out, take pictures," he said, "and then we get into a lawsuit."
But it doesn't necessarily have to be a county employee. "I have to make sure whoever's on is trained," Dinneen said. "As long as they meet those requirements, I don't think the charter requires that they use our people."
District 4 Councilman Doug Daniels supported a review of the rates, and suggested they should drop.
"There are very few places where you can sit out on the beach and have a drink," Daniels said. "In other places throughout the world, that is commonplace. This is the only place we've got. It is an amenity, I think, and something we should try to keep. And we need to be a little bit careful about what we charge for that kind of thing, because the beach is not the gold mine a lot of people think it is."
The council voted 6-1 to approve the Ocean Deck's 2013 party schedule and review the charges. Opposed was District 5 Councilwoman Pat Northey, who pointed out that the vendors on the beach pay for permits, too, along with the property taxes for their homes.
"I've been down to the beach, and the car-free beach is pretty busy as well," Northey said of the area in front of the Ocean Deck. "And we have vendors there."
Wagner, who'd just described how slow the beach is without the Ocean Deck's parties, shot back: "If council member Northey believes I'm incorrect, she can take some pictures. But I can tell you, there are not many people down there. Go down and see it for yourself."


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Telemann´s Sonata F Minor 1st Movement
|The Classic-UpToDate Orchestra
|Telemann´s Sonata F Minor 1st Movement
|Release Date
|Saturday, January 10, 2015
|Pop > Pop
|© Glen Focus
Promotion Text
The Classic-UpToDate Orchestra. Classical music with a modern edge.
"Classic-UpToDate" is an idea with a very special musical character.In contrast to the usual "crossover" experiments in the border area between pop and classical music, which are often approached from a more symphonic angle, the creators Glen Focus and Ric van der Star of "Classic-UpToDate" have decided to take a less conventional route.The result is an extensive portfolio of the most famous, beautiful and best quality classical music melodies, divided into the three categories "for Experts", "Hits & Pop" and "Relax Music" and presented as a highly varied and always appropriate selection of pop tunes.Why "Classic-UpToDate"?In addition to wanting to present their beloved classical music in new, modern way, the artists were also interested in making the kind of music that they love, know and appreciate, and which they have been involved with all their lives, more accessible to listeners who have developed a rather more distant relationship with classical music, or who just haven't developed a relationship with it at all.This mix of classical and pop music will surely go a long way towards achieving that aim!


text: SemanticMerge-expand-other-conflict.png August 8, 2014 by Alice Waddicor About the author Alice is a 3rd year apprentice at endjin, providing engineering services using the Microsoft Cloud. She comes from a writing background, and re-trained because of an interest in technology, particularly data processing, information extraction, and automation. This entry was posted in and tagged


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This is another photo that my cousin inherited. Obviously we know which one is Lillian. With the input of Random Acts of Genealogical Kindness - RAOGK USA and one of my aunts I think I can say that the women in front of her is my grandmother Grace Ellen Poulsen Smedley.
If you compare this photo to one of her and grandpa, you can see the resemblance. And my aunt agrees with me that there is no other relative that looks like my grandma (well except for my dad and me).
As for the identity of the other women in the photo, I have no idea. I am not sure if they are relatives or not. So once again I am calling on Bear Lake county, Idaho researchers for a possibility of identifying them.
Leslie Ann


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"Somehow we have developed this large contingent of know-it-all baseball fans who bay like wounded coyotes at any mention of wins, losses, RBI or batting average. I never know whether I should blame myself for this or not.." (Bill James)
Saturday, July 31, 2010
Done Deal
Snyder, 29, is batting .231 with 10 home runs and 32 RBI. He's best known for his glove, with a lifetime 30% throw-out rate and a .998 fielding percentage. In 4,425 innings behind the plate, he's given up just 40 passed balls and 24 wild pitches. The big if is how he's recovered from a back injury that cost him the last three months of 2009.
Ciriaco, 25, hit .256 for Class AAA Reno, with six home runs, 51 RBI and 14 steals. He is considered a top notch glove man, too, and is thought to have more upside than Argenis Diaz. The Dominican Republic native will be added to the 40-man roster and is expected to be assigned to Indy, giving the team some depth at a position they were thin at in the farm system's upper levels.
The Pirates also called up Jeff Clement and Argenis Diaz from Indy. Diaz becomes the backup shortstop, and he has a rep as a good glove, bad bat (.248 at Indy) player. We're not exactly sure where Clement fits into the scheme.
He regained his stroke in AAA, hitting .305 with eight home runs and 33 RBI in 40 games since he was sent down. But with Garrett Jones at first and Steve Pearce due back in August, there's quite a logjam forming at the gateway corner.
Maybe Jones or Doumit will replace Church as the LH fourth outfielder, and we'll see some platooning for Lastings Milledge. All of LM's splits are much stronger against lefties, so it would make some sense.
Brandon Moss would have made more sense, but the Bucs seem down on him, even as he tears up the International League. Suits; try and figure. They live in their own little world of whirring computers, grainy vids, scribbled evaluations and ouija boards.
This will cause some more shuffling. We're expecting Jason Jaramillo to get sent back down and Steve Jackson or an Indy arm to take DJ's place in the pen. Next week will probably be Erik Kratz's turn, as Dewey comes off the DL on August 6th and is said to be good to go.
Then again, Dejan Kovacevic of the Post Gazette heard a little birdie say that Synder might get flipped in another deal, which could save Kratz's spot. And it's possible that the Pirates could still make some further moves on the market; they love the deadline action.
So the Bucs have improved, at least defensively, with Snyder and Diaz, and have their caddy for Tony Sanchez. The cost was a couple of weakly performing rental bench players, both who were given ample platoon time in June to prove their worth, and a handy but not crucial pen arm. And we think the poker game isn't quite done.
So stay tuned; it's all in flux right now, with four hours to go.
2 comments:
- WilliamJPellas said...
I really like this deal, though I'm at a loss as to why Arizona would make such a trade. Snyder is at least a useful big leaguer, and the Triple-A shortstop would figure to be a major league backup but has occasional pop and speed. Nor are the D-Backs contenders; why would they be interested in veteran spare parts like Crosby and Church? Even Carrasco is more of a reach for them at this point in time. I don't get it.
Meanwhile, I have to believe that either Kratz or Jaramillo's days are numbered, unless---as Dejan suggests---another trade is in the works. I honestly hope not, at least I hope that Snyder is not on his way out. I've had more than enough of Doumit to last me a long time, and if they trade anybody, I'd much rather it be Doumit.
- July 31, 2010 at 2:12 PM
- Ron Ieraci said...
Yah, Will, for once they dealt to fill a hole instead of shedding contracts.
And that's why Arizona made the deal; they were stuck with Snyder's contract, struck as a starter, and badly wanted to dump his salary.
The Bucs had a couple of bucks to play with and some leverage, and used it to their advantage to fill a need and dump some deadwood.
If Dewey wasn't on the DL, I'm pretty sure he'd be in a different uniform now. Guess we'll have to wait til the winter now; maybe he'll rebuild a little value.
- July 31, 2010 at 2:32 PM


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itsolinc necesitaba un nuevo diseño de página web y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 220 diseños de 32 diseñadores freelance.
2insure4less.com is a free referral service for people in the United States. 2insure4less.com connects people with local insurance experts.
One of the referral services we provide is for long term care insurance.
Long term care provides personal care and some medical care to someone who is unable to carry out the activities of daily living. Long term care is provided either in a person's home or in a long term care health facility. Long term care includes a wide range of health and personal care – from simple assisted living arrangements to intensive nursing home care – for elderly or disabled person(s).
People in the United States ages 45 to 65. Our visitors are mainly female.
People who will visit this page are not ready to enter their contact information to request a referral. These people want to read about long term care and find answers to their questions. Because of this page page should have space for text and 6 links menu.
6 menu links:
How Our Website Works
How to Pay for Care
Frequently Asked Questions
Long Term Care 101
Advice on Life Transitions
What You Need to Know
We want to see colors and layout different from the original page.
Designs that are not related but look professional. We want our website to look professional.
These examples have a nice menu and good image and modern feel.
Design a new page.
On the page ask the visitor for:
Date of Birth:
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Have you used any form of tobacco in the last 12 months?
Have you ever been treated for any of the following?
Cancer, High Blood Pressure, Diabetes, Asthma, Immune System Disorders, Depression/Anxiety, Heart Disease, Drug/Alcohol Abuse, Epilepsy, or similar
See the following link for how these fields look. https://www.2insure4less.com/quotes…fault.aspx Do not re-design this page or use its colors or layout.
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First Name, Last Name, Street Address, Zip Code, Day Phone, Cell Phone, Email
Find image of elder people. Sample http://www.selectquote.com/home10/l…s/hero.png
Our logo is attached.
It is better for you to submit multiple unique design concepts for the page than different versions of any one design.
If you don't get a great review on a particular design, please try again.
We will review the designs as quickly as possible. We will let you know what we like and don't like.
Don't be offended by a low score, it is only one person's opinion. Come back with something different. It is the high level innovative design concepts that we are looking for.


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While some car design is a bit of an acquired taste, it doesn't take more than a glance at the classic lines of an early Porsche 356 to understand why they are such a popular collectible vehicle. One of 1212 356 coupes built in 1955, this bent window Porsche 356 is currently for sale on Ebay.
Luckily for those of us who don't have the $89,995 required to "buy-it-now" it costs nothing to stare at this beautiful and rare vintage sports car. Bent Windows—named for their distinctive windshield design—were offered for 1954 and 1955 only. Previous models employed a two piece windshield design while the 356A introduced in 1956 adopted a more conventional windshield style.
Any 356 is relatively rare, but examples of this stage of the 356's design progression are particularly sought after for their unique early design quirks. This example in particular stands out to us because from the white on red leather color combination to the original floor pans underneath it seems to display every attribute we would seek out in a 356 coupe.
Bidding on this Continental—a designation which indicates a car destined for the US when new—is currently at $62,100 with less than a day left on the auction. Words are woefully inadequate to describe our level of desire to own this beautiful old Porsche.
[Ebay via Bring a Trailer]


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Prologue (Allies of the King)
This article is in the early stages of construction and should not be viewed as complete, or even close to being finished.
|Prologue (Allies of the King) is a concept which has only appeared in an adaptation of the works of J.R.R. Tolkien.
The Prologue is the first quest arc of Allies of the King.
|Allies of the King books
Prologue: Messages from Lórien


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All the buzz: Is West Nile here yet?
Sixteen deaths and 371 cases nationwide, including a man in nearby Richmond. Two dead infected crows here in Albemarle. Should you worry about the West Nile virus?
"Panic doesn't help anyone," says Thomas Jefferson Health District director Dr. Susan McLeod.
Here's the bad news. Mosquitoes carrying the West Nile virus have arrived in Central Virginia, and the germ can cause encephalitis (an inflammation of the brain) or meningitis (an inflammation of the lining of the brain and spinal cord).
More bad news: approximately one in 100 mosquitos are carrying the Virus. And there's no vaccine.
And now for a little good news. The odds of contracting the virus are tremendously slim. For instance, only one in 200 people bitten by an infected mosquito will get seriously ill. Of those, only 10-15 percent of those die, according to the Virginia Department of Health website.
Some symptoms: fever, headache, body aches, and a stiff neck. Young children and oldsters face a higher risk of becoming sick after being infected with the virus because their immune systems are often not strong enough to fight it.
What can you do? For starters, get rid of all standing water in the neighborhood, such as in buckets, gutters, and trash cans to reduce the places where mosquitoes can breed.
If you need to work or play outside, wear long, loose, light-colored clothing, and applying insect repellent to exposed skin. (McCleod does caution parents that insect repellent for kids should have less than 10 percent DEET.)
The first reported illness from the West Nile virus case in Virginia occurred last week after a 33-year-old outdoor enthusiast was treated for the virus but not hospitalized, according to the Richmond Times-Dispatch.
Nearly 100 years after mosquitoes carrying malaria and yellow fever threatened to stop the Panama Canal, a mosquito-borne vexation has arrived in North America.
Named for a region of Uganda where it was first isolated in 1937, the West Nile virus first appeared in the United States on Long Island in the summer of 1999 and killed seven people. Many New Yorkers stayed inside that summer and panicked if an outside door was left open. And the menacing sound of helicopters spraying mosquitoes gave the area a war-zone feel.
This summer, panic about the West Nile virus has revived the specter of those days as news reports of deaths escalate. So is it necessary to run off to the doctor after every bite?
The Virginia Department of Health says no. In fact, diagnosing the virus requires a blood test or spinal fluid test, and results can take several weeks to come back.
But before you let your imagination get the best of you next time a little blood-sucker strikes, remember McCleod's admonition that panic doesn't help, and the slim odds of encountering– let alone getting sick from– an infected mosquito.
McCleod applauds local government for being responsive, but she points out the absence of "local ordinances, laws, and enforcement mosquito control commissions in place" that used to be more prominent in Virginia.
So although the mosquito has revived itself as a small force to be reckoned with, a little protection and precaution will go a long way.
And this summer's top scent will be Eau de DEET.


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Marielle Thompson and Kelsey Serwa got great air even with their ski boots on, kicking back their heels and flailing their arms so wide, they almost dropped the flowers.
Marielle Thompson and Kelsey Serwa got great air even with their ski boots on, kicking back their heels and flailing their arms so wide, they almost dropped the flowers.
That, Canada, is what you call owning the podium.
The Canadian women won gold and silver in skicross Friday, giving their country bookend 1-2 performances in the freestyle skiing events at the Sochi Olympics.
Freestyle opened Feb. 8 with sisters Justine and Chloe Dufour-Lapointe of Montreal finishing first and second in moguls.
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"Being on the podium at the Olympics in itself is pretty cool," Serwa said, still all smiles long after a jubilant celebration during the flower ceremony. "To be standing beside your teammate is the best feeling in the world."
In all, the Canadians have sent two people to the freestyle podium four times during these games: men's and women's moguls, women's slopestyle and women's skicross. They also had the men's silver medalist on the halfpipe.
In all, that's nine freestyle medals for the country that pumped upward of $110 million into their "Own The Podium" program in advance of the Vancouver Games, hoping to boost the medal count and seed some potential in the raft of action sports added to the Olympics.
"It's been a huge force all the way through," Serwa said. "Heading out there and being able to train around the world all year-round — without that, we wouldn't be here today."
The Canadians dedicated this final freestyle victory to Nik Zoricic, the skicross racer from Toronto who died in a race in Switzerland in 2012.
Zoricic wore blue jeans to training in the early days because he didn't have the right kind of snow pants. The Canadian team, normally awash in red and white, went with blue bottoms to honor their fallen friend.
"I'm sure Nik is up there smiling and cracking open a couple of beers and we miss him," Canadian coach Eric Archer said.
Zoricic died only two months after Canada's most famous freestyle star, Sarah Burke, lost her life from injuries suffered in a training accident on the halfpipe.
If anyone needed reminding about the dangers of these extreme sports, women's skicross was Exhibit A.
The final on a foggy, drizzly day at Rosa Khutor served up its share of ugly accidents that could ignite discussion about whether the Olympic course is built too big for the women.
In back-to-back quarterfinals, Anna Woerner of Germany and Stephanie Joffroy of Chile were taken off the course on stretchers after wrecking despite not being bunched in a tight racing pack. Woerner broke her right shin and tore a knee ligament. No updates on Joffroy's condition were immediately provided.
The dangers of this sport were amplified last weekend when Russian skicross racer Maria Komissarova fractured her spine in training. She had emergency surgery at a hospital in the mountains and was later taken to Munich, Germany, for another operation.
"It's always sad when people get injured and, of course, I hope they get well fast," said Anna Holmlund of Sweden, who won the bronze medal. "But in one way, it's the Olympics and it's supposed to be tough. I think it's a good course."
Regardless, skicross is not for the faint of heart.
The injury section of Serwa's official Olympic bio reads like a human anatomy exam: back, thumb and rib injuries in 2011; ruptured knee ligament after getting caught up in another skier's pole in 2012; re-tore the knee ligament last March. And that's just the bad stuff.
Serwa advanced to the medal race after rallying from fourth to second over the last 100 meters or so of her semifinal. She picked through some danger and outraced Switzerland's Fanny Smith to the line.
"As much a mental as a physical battle," Serwa called skicross, with all its injuries and momentum changes.
Thompson, meanwhile, essentially breezed through her day.
She was ahead through almost the entirety of every race she ran. Now, Whistler, British Columbia has brought home back-to-back golds in this event. Thompson's goes alongside the one Ashleigh McIvor won in 2010. McIvor retired in 2012.
"I got to watch Ashleigh win while I was on my couch," Thompson said. "I saw her win and I was like, 'Wow, I can do this, too.'"
This marked Thompson's third and biggest victory of the season, and the gold medal will look good next to the crystal globe she won in 2012 as the World Cup champion.
The 21-year-old followed the path of so many skicross racers. She was an Alpine skier who first tried the more rough-and-tumble version of her sport when she was 16 and "had a blast."
"I started doing skicross because I loved it," she said. "It's the most fun you can have on skis."
And as she showed on the podium, sometimes the real fun starts after the skis come off.


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Hazoor delivered today's sermon on the Divine attribute of Al Aziz, The Mighty. Explaining the word Aziz Hazoor said that it was applicable to that Being which overcomes all but none can overcome it, a Being that is also honourable and beneficent, Hazoor said that in the Holy Quran the attribute of Al Aziz is mainly applied in conjunction with the attribute of Al Hakeem (The Wise). In other instances the Holy Quran mentions it with other Divine attributes.
Hazoor explained that the Holy Prophet (peace and blessings be on him) informed us that Allah the Exalted has created mankind as fallible creation that moves towards spiritual excellence through trial and error and that the satanic forces do lead man astray and Allah the Exalted keeps on forgiving as long as man is sincere in repentance.
Elucidating the Islamic viewpoint on the care of orphans Hazoor said that indeed the best Muslim household is that in which an orphan is given excellent treatment and that the wealth of this world is a luxuriant and sweet item and is a good 'companion' to that Muslim who shares it with the orphans and the needy. With reference to the Quranic injunctions regarding women and related matters Hazoor expounded that some Muslims misconstrue the Quranic verses about physical chastisement and mete out disgraceful treatment to their wives. Hazoor said if a man were to honour his wife's rights and treat her well, it would be impossible that the situation ever got to the chastisement stage and that nowhere in the blessed life of the Holy Prophet (peace and blessing be on him) do we come across an illustration of physical chastisement.
Hazoor further presented the concept of Al Aziz via the writings of the Promised Messiah (on whom be peace) and said that such is Allah's superiority that all things naturally incline towards Him. Aziz is a name of Allah and He does not give from His honour but to those who are absorbed in His love, just as He bestows them with His light and His knowledge and that is the essence of devotion and worship in the postures of the salat, or the rosary beads or is it truly executed when the love of God draws forth a person in a manner that their own self is, as if erased. Man should strive in obedience to God in a way that there is no scope for insufficiency.
Next Hazoor said that his health is improving and his injury is also much better, Alhamdolillah.
The Jumu'ah (Friday) prayer is one form of congregational worship in Islam. It takes place every Friday. Regular attendance at the Jumu'ah prayer is enjoined on the believer. According to a Saying of Muhammad(sa) this congregational prayer is twenty-five times more blessed than worship performed alone. (Bukhari)
"O ye who believe! When the call is made for Prayer on Friday, hasten to the remembrance of Allah, and leave off all business. That is best for you, if you only knew." more
"… (He who) offers the Prayers and listens quitely when the Imam stands up for sermon, will have his sins forgiven between that Friday and the next" (Bukhari)


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Humanscale Authorized RetailerShop All Humanscale
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Browse through other customizations for the Freedom Chair by Humanscale
Best Sellers
Upholstery Color | Black Corde 4
Base and Frame Finish | Graphite Base & Frame
Seat | Standard Foam Seat
Arms | Duron Arms
Seat Height Adjustment | Standard 5 in. Adjustable
Casters or Glides | Soft Caster for Hard Floors +$12.80
Upholstery Color | Black Fortis
Base and Frame Finish | Graphite Base & Frame
Seat | Standard Foam Seat
Arms | Duron Arms
Seat Height Adjustment | Standard 5 in. Adjustable
Casters or Glides | Standard Hard Casters
Upholstery Color | Graphite Fourtis
Base and Frame Finish | Graphite Base & Frame
Seat | Standard Foam Seat
Arms | Duron Arms
Seat Height Adjustment | Standard 5 in. Adjustable
Casters or Glides | Standard Hard Casters
Upholstery Color | Black Corde 4
Base and Frame Finish | Graphite Base & Frame
Seat | Standard Foam Seat
Arms | Duron Arms
Seat Height Adjustment | Standard 5 in. Adjustable
Casters or Glides | Standard Hard Casters
Humanscale Freedom Task Chair
designed by Niels Diffrient
Designed to complement any space and integrate effortlessly into the modern office, the Freedom task chair offers comfort, style and complete ease of use. Created by Niels Diffrient and winner of more than 10 design awards, the Freedom task chair uses the laws of physics and the sitter's body weight to provide instant, custom support for every sitter. This perfect balance allows the user to effortlessly move, but be fully supported in each position. As a result, users change postures often, which leads to a more healthy and comfortable sitting experience.What's to Like:
The Freedom task chair revolutionizes the way people sit. With its weight-sensitive recline and synchronously adjustable armrests, it set new standards for task chair performance and functionality. With a sculpted foam backrest to match the contours of the human body and thick cushions for long lasting comfort, it provides a custom ergonomic fit for every user.
Bottom Line:
You can't argue with the comfort. This is a unique and very comfortable desk chair.
It may surprise you to hear that Humanscale doesn't really consider itself to be a furniture company. They make furniture, of course, but rather than calling themselves a furniture company, they call themselves an ergonomics company. There isn't an organization out there more committed, driven, and knowledgable about the field of ergonomics than Humanscale.
Humanscale stands for ergonomic furniture. The Freedom Chair is what you might call their Magnum Opus (thus far).
Designed by Niels Diffrient- a man responsible for major advances in the field of ergonomics in the last few decades- the Freedom Chair is held together by a single idea: that sitting down should be simple and comfortable at the same time. This guiding principle has served Humanscale well, as its ergonomic chairs have become standouts in the design world and the office chair market.
Goodbye Manual Adjustments
Niels Diffrient errors on the side of simplicity. The Freedom Chair has a self-adjusting Dual Pivot backrest that supports the lumbar area of your back no matter how much you're sitting forward or how much you're reclining. There's no back stop, no tension adjustment. There is a height adjustment on the back of the chair, and once you've set this to fit the lumbar area of your back, you can stop thinking about how to adjust your chair's controls to make it more comfortable.
Revolutionary Counterbalance Mechanism
The Freedom Chair was meant to be reclined in. Niels Diffrient once stated that the most ergonomic seating position is to be laying down. Since that's unfortunately not an option at home or in the office, the next best thing is to lean back in your Freedom Chair. Its groundbreaking counterbalance mechanism automatically supplies the optimal amount of recline tension for your body weight and size.
High-Performance Gel Seat
Humanscale is known for this standout feature. Although it is optional, the gel seat of the Freedom Chair is one of its most important features. Set atop a thin layer of polyurethane foam, the Technogel layer provides outstanding shock absorption and distributes pressure evenly across the seat- making those long hours of sitting much more comfortable.
Why gel seats are superior to foam seats
- Gel Seats distribute pressure better than foam seats. After 90 minutes of sitting, gel seats realize 60% less max pressure than foam seats. This is because gel behaves more like a liquid than a solid, so as pressure builds in one area, it disperses to low-pressure areas, thus distributing weight proactively.
- A longer lifespan means long-lasting comfort. Gel seats have a much longer lifespan than traditional foam cushion seats. Foam breaks down over time, forming a cavity that prevents movement on the part of the sitter. Gel on the other hand, is non-static, and encourages movement.
Customer Satisfaction Rating
Rank: #9 in Office Chairs
Customer Rating:
Recommend to a Friend? 100%
Return Rate: 4.3%
The ideal office chair makes work more efficient and comfortable. Let our Office Chair Buying Guide help you find the perfect one.
Customer Satisfaction Rating
Rank: #9 in Office Chairs
Customer Rating:
Recommend to a Friend? 100%
Return Rate: 4.3%
Read an independently conducted review of Humanscale's Freedom Chair.
About the Manufacturer
|Humanscale's focus since its inception in 1982 has been providing outstanding ergonomic seating and accessories for the home and the office. Their products, which range from task chairs to keyboard trays to CPU holders, are all geared towards making life simpler, easier, and healthier for anyone who works at a desk. Widely recognized for their line of office seating, Humanscale has done much to advance design in some newer product areas- namely in computer and office accessories such as monitor arms, foot machines, and the ergonomic computer mouse. Winner of numerous design awards, Humanscale continues to deliver groundbreaking office tools that combine simplicity, aesthetics, and ergonomics.
About the Designer
Designer of the Freedom Chair, the Liberty Chair, and the Diffrient Light, Niels Diffrient is internationally recognized as a premier designer in the field of ergonomics. Diffrient is a world-renowned and world-travelled designer who has worked with some of the greatest aesthetic and ergonomic designers of this or any century. Diffrient was trained at the Cranbrook Academy of Art where he was able to win the First Medal of Design 3 times during his tenure. After graduation he spent time traveling and working in Europe, thanks to a Fulbright Scholarship he had won. Aside from his obvious bonafides in the realm of furniture design, he also has a background in aeronautical engineering.
Diffrient has created many wonderful chairs in his long career. The Freedom Chair is among the most recent, but he was also responsible for the Diffrient Light Chair and the Liberty Chair. Diffrient co-authored the original three part book on modern ergonomic design, title "Humanscale." It was he who helped to lay out clearly and with great aesthetic and scientific insight the way forward for office chairs, and indeed all types of human-centric furniture design.
The Freedom Chair is one of his greatest accomplishments. It combines his love of design with his passion for ergonomics and humanistic art. It's a comfortable, ground-breaking chair built by one of the masters.
With a resume that includes collaboration with icons Eero Saarinen and Marco Zanuso, a background in aeronautical engineering, and numerous design awards, Niels Diffrient is undoubtedly one of the most influential designers of the past 50 years.
Born in 1928 in Star, Mississippi, Diffrient attended Wayne State University and eventually enrolled in the Cranbrook Academy of Art, where he won the First Medal of Design three times during his tenure there. After traveling and working in Europe thanks to a Fulbright Scholarship, Diffrient began work at the design firm Henry Dreyfuss Associates, where he would stay for 25 years. While there, he co-authored the three-volume publication Humanscale. This work summarized his design principles which were rooted in the belief that the human body should drive design for products that humans will interact with. In his own words: "A design should look good and be appealing, but without compromising human factors. Aesthetics should enhance the technical side, not deter from it."Read the story behind Niels Diffrient and the Freedom Chair
- Awards and Honors:
- 2002 Cooper Hewitt National Design Museum Product Design Award
- 1996 Chrysler Award for Innovation
- 2005 Legend Award from Contract Magazine
- Named the "Granddaddy of the ergonomic revolution by Forbes Magazine in 2007
- Honorary Royal Designer for Industry Member- awarded by the Royal Society of Arts and Industry
- 1996 I.D. Magazine Top 40 Design Innovators
Design Story
Of course, the Freedom Chair is not medicine. However, it has been shown throughout the life of the chair that the groundbreaking research that inspired it was right on - sitting and being supported in the way that this chair allows is a great way to keep your back and body healthy and pain-free. So how does it work specifically?
One important feature of the chair is the counterbalance mechanism. Most people lean back in their chairs, or they slump. In fact according to Niels Diffrient laying down is as comfortable and ergonomic as it gets. This chair makes reclining easy and comfortable by automatically responding to your body weight and position, and removing stress and tension from the equation. You feel more like you're floating than being suspended. Another important feature is the automatically adjusting headrest. When you lean back the headrest goes forward to properly support your head, neck and shoulders. Most chairs don't do this, and it's a big mistake - when it comes to backs, necks and spines, one size never fits all in terms of fixed positions. Another great ergonomic feature is the gel cushioned seat, which makes sitting as comfortable and impact free as possible. When you take out pressure, stress, tension and fixed settings, you get ergonomic relief.
At Smart Furniture, everything we do is informed by our motto - Design on Demand. We started this company to put the power of design into the hands of the customer - you know, the person who actually has to live and work in the furniture we sell. We believe that the buyer has just as much a right to make adjustments to the furniture they buy as the designer themselves. That's why we've developed a great tool to make it easy for you to put the finishing touches on anything you buy from us. For the Freedom Chair, you've got lots of great options in ten separate categories.
You can be final designers of nearly every aspect of this chair. Choose the color, choose the style of the arms (or have no arms at all!). Choose the finish of the base, the minute adjustments that you'll need to make, the frame and base color, and the even the look of the casters and gliders. All of this choice adds up to a personal and beautiful chair that's yours before it even arrives at your door.
When you have a big part to play in the design of your office chair, you're more likely to be satisfied with your purchase, more likely to set it up perfectly for your comfort and enjoyment, and more likely to feel a sense of pride in ownership and design. As you should - that's the customer experience at Smart Furniture.
Another way the Freedom Chair earns its name is by making non-traditional sitting styles comfortable and supported. For instance, when you slouch (as most office workers do) in a standard office chair (which most office workers have) you're really doing damage to your spine and everything that connects to it - your muscles, your posterior, your arms and shoulders and neck. If can even cause headaches. The Freedom Chair is perfectly designed to accommodate slouching in all its degrees, and gives users the freedom to choose how they want to sit at work.
This is the epitome of an ergonomic chair, built by one of the pioneers and greatest artists of the ergonomics movement, Niels Diffrient. Every part of this chair was built to make you more comfortable, more healthy, and more productive. Let's start with the back of the chair.
The Freedom Chair has an automatically adjustable backrest (Dual Pivot back support) that makes the process of comfortable recline easy and simple. You won't have to fuss over a plethora of levers and knobs, you'll simply be able to recline while all the time maintaining support throughout your back, neck and shoulders. Many modern chairs that try to be ergonomic can make this simple process messy and difficult to understand, leading to incorrect user-created setting that become permanent, and permanent problems as well. When you introduce too much uncertainty into the design, it can be difficult to create a consistently satisfying product. The Freedom Chair deftly avoids that pitfall.
The headrest of the chair is also adjustable, allowing the user to recline healthfully and set the chair to their proper height and weight. This does more than simply calibrate to your height, though - this adjustment will truly "protect your neck." When you lean back in the Freedom Chair, the headrest comes up to greet you, keeping your head a bit elevated even in recline. That keeps your spine correctly aligned, and it keeps you from building up discomfort in your neck, shoulders, and head.
The seat of the chair contains a revolutionary gel cushion that evenly distributes your weight, and considerably lowers the pressure on your back, spine and posterior in doing so. Compared to standard foam office chairs, the difference in pressure can be as much as 60. Because gel acts more like a liquid than a solid it's able to keep you supported and comfortable by displacing weight and pressure, and evenly distributing the same. Most foam chairs, or chairs with even a hard surface underneath, can't be adjusted to your particular body. So they become uncomfortable over time (or even immediately) because your body spends more and more time resting on top of pressure points. The Freedom Chair eliminates the problem, and keeps you comfortable for years and years.
This is one of the best ergonomic office chairs you can buy. From stem to stern it's been built for optimal ergonomic performance and the ultimate in personal comfort and healthy while sitting.
Materials & Measurements
The graphite and titanium bases are made of hard plastic to match the plastic frame of the chair. The base is also available in polished aluminum.
The seat comes in standard foam or a marvelous Technogel (even better than a bicycle seat) over a thin polyurethane foam.
Armpads are available with Duron covers over foam (Duron is a soft urethane plastic material)or gel. Both Duron and gel armpads are available with or without upholstery to match your seat.
A seat depth: 16.25" - 18.5"
B seat height: 16" - 21" (standard); 15.25" - 19.5" (low); 17" - 22.25" (tall)
C seat width: 21"
D backrest height: 18" - 21"
E chair width: 27.25"
F armrest height: 5" - 11"
G armrest length: 13" (standard); 14.25" (advanced)
H distance between armrests: 20" (standard); 11.5" - 21.5" (advanced)
I height (no headrest): 33.5" - 41.5"
L base diameter: 25"
O backrest width: 21"
The Freedom Chair is built with dozens of materials, all of which were chosen carefully to keep you comfortable, keep the chair light and easy to move, or to give you options for self-styling. One of the most important materials, which resides in the seat of the chair, is the special gel that makes this particular office chair so comfortable to sit in. This gel allows your body weight to be evenly supported over the whole area of the seat, and that keeps lumps, pressure and undue discomfort out of the equation.
After half an hour of sitting or more, studies have shown the gel seats like the one on the Freedom Chair result in a 60 reduction in max pressure. That's a stunning number in a short period of time (most people sit up to 7 or 8 hours a day at work). Because the gel is more of a liquid than a solid, pressure can be much more evenly and effectively relieved than with a foam or solid seat chair.
Gel is also long lasting, meaning you'll be happy in your chair for a long time. Foam can tear, wear down, and need to be replaced. With our gel seats you won't have that problem.
Environmental Information
For more information on the Freedom Chair's environmental impact and Humanscale's environmental polices, see our Freedom Chair Environmental Summary.
Shipping & Delivery
Free Shipping: Free
Chair without headrest: 35lb
Chair with headrest: 39lb
Questions & Answers
Fabric and cushions come with a 5 year warranty, all other pieces come with a 15 year warranty. To see what kind of value that kind of extensive warranty delivers, see our Freedom Chair Warranty summary.
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Zildjian K Custom Hybrid HiHat Cymbals combine the power of a 14-inch with the control of a 13-inch HiHat pair.
Reverse Mastersound Hybrid hammering on bottom cymbal. Increased surface area on contact points between cymbals result in a warmer chick.
Zildjian K Custom Cymbals are The Modern Jazz Voice.
This is where the Zildjian Sound Lab goes into innovation overdrive. K Customs arm you with a collection of modern K voices like no other. In this range you'll find sounds that set the standard for modern cymbal design. Whether it's the warm shimmering tones of a Ride cymbal, or the complex sizzle of a pair of HiHats, these cymbals all create a uniquely beautiful sound. K Customs enable drummers to vary their K sounds to meet the demands of contemporary music.
Zildjian K Custom Hybrid HiHat Cymbals Specifications
What started as a simple string and pedal sales catalog has grown exponentially over the past thirty years. The early days were a time where catalogs didn't have much of a presence in the industry, but what began as a college dorm room operation grew rapidly. In 1986 we moved to a full product offering and 64-page catalog, which over the years has grown to 162 pages. Join the AMS family and get your free catalog now!
Copyright © 1996-2020 American Musical Supply, Inc. All rights reserved. American Musical Supply reserves the right to correct pricing and/or product specifications in the event of typographical errors found in our print catalog or on our website. If a product is listed at an incorrect price due to such errors or because of inaccurate information received from a supplier, American Musical Supply shall have the right to refuse or cancel any orders placed, whether or not the order has been confirmed and your credit card charged. If your credit card has already been charged for the purchase and your order is canceled, American Musical Supply will issue a credit to your credit card account in the amount of the charge.


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This page is designed to assist small business operators with market research, profiling customers and planning a business case. Links are provided to relevant ABS data, training, consultancy services and other useful information.
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