text:
[Page 145]
Remember the Holocaust of the Jewish people
Remember the loss and the insurgence,
May it be for you a sign and a lesson
To give over from generation to generation
Let this memory
Be always with you
When you lie down and wake up.
Let it be before your eyes
The memory of brothers that are no longer
May the memory be on your flesh, your blood, and your bones
Gnash your teeth and remember,
When you eat your bread remember,
When you drink your water remember,
When you hear a song remember,
When the sun shines remember
When night comes remember
On holidays and festivals remember!
Dr. Dvorzhetsky
[Page 148]
My hometown of Orheyev stands before my eyes, with many memories, joyous and sad, arising and floating through the heart.
You now pass over the wooden bridges. The water flowing below is used for washing and bathing, and also for Tashlich on Rosh Hashanah. This is the Reat River, which serves the people of the town for holy and mundane uses.
You continue on, and now you are in the city. At the top of the path, around, the large Christian Church, the Sobor, towers over. You now turn left, and a street is before you. You are at the edge of Torgovia Street, the street of the pure Jews.
You continue on your path and you arrive at Bessarabkaya, the center of economic life. It contains the marketplace with the stalls, selling all kinds of merchandise. There are stalls for vegetables, textiles, household utensils, and a general store. Next to it is the Bulvar Garden. At the edge of the street there is a large, glittery building surrounded by a garden this is the city hospital.
You continue along the alleys and reach the area of the water well and the bathhouse, having passed over some fields the Shes.
During the evenings and the Sabbaths, people walk along the Street of the Noblemen (Di Poritzishe Gasse), which is Alexandrovskaya. This is a beautiful, wide street, where there are Gymnasium buildings and government cultural institutions. From here, you go to the well-tended Civic Gardens, with a small river flowing through the center, and boats floating along. There are small tables at the edge of the river. Here, the Jews of the town taste of the fruit of the garden fine grapes this is the Gorodskvi Sad (Civic Garden).
You do not find the youth next to the tables. They ascend and climb above the vineyards, as they try to taste a cluster of grapes, stolen and sweet the joyous mischief that accompanies the thoughts of the youth. He goes up and ascends above the grapevines dreams are woven between its rocks.
Here is a tall mountain, the Ivanus, which is attractive in its charm. In its center is an ancient rock. The youth of all ages and strata wander around in its shade. Every native of Orheyev has memories of the Skala.
You can see afar from its peak large gardens with large and small white houses in their midst, scattered around by the dozens. These are the rest of the houses of the town.
I have taken you, oh dear Orheyev native, on a short tour of the town as it was through its roads and houses in which wondrous life was conducted each day. You will remember in this corner that vibrant Jewish life thrived in the town. It was peaceful.
This was my town of Orheyev, which is no longer
[Pages 149-150]
Groups of youth organized themselves into self-defense units in an instinctive manner, without having any idea of what the community would be facing over the next several days.
At midnight on Thursday night, June 27, the sounds of infantry, wagons and busses were heard. They were laden with military equipment and the property of the Romanian government. They were passing in a state of panic though Bessarabkaya and Torgovia streets, on their way to Kishinev. The light of a large bonfire lit up the darkness of the night. This was the fire of the gendarme building, which the Romanians set on fire along with the archives and office books as they were fleeing for their lives.
That night was a night of confusion for those Jews who lived in Christian neighborhoods. The latter were permeated with hatred of the Jews. The Jews set up barricades in those houses. The next morning, the community breathed a sigh of relief.
On Saturday morning, June 29, masses of Jews and Christians, dressed in festive clothing, in an exalted spirit, but also with fear of the unknown, went forth in a parade, singing the International song. They arranged themselves into rows in a spontaneous manner, the elderly, youth and children, as they followed behind the bearers of the red flags in the direction of the post office, where a delegation of the government was set to appear. The sound of Russian airplanes was heard at 11:00 a.m., and notes of greeting rained down upon the celebrating masses.
When the delegation reached the post office, they were taken to the prefectory building. From there, members of the delegation delivered enthusiastic speeches, promising effusively that the new guard would bring peace and relief to all strata of the population, without difference between religion and language.
Indeed, there was the desire to hope and believe that a new era, bringing with it national and social liberation, was before us. However, already at the beginning of the first week after the reception of the authorities by the delegates of the Communist Party and its supporters, citizens disappeared and were arrested. Some of them were wealthy people whose status did not please the new party, and others were activists, communal heads and Zionists. They were sent to remote Siberia.
The owners of many homes were evicted, and police officials took their place. During the year of Russian rule in our city, dozens of people were exiled to Siberia, leaving their families without protection, susceptible to hunger and cold. Most of the Jewish population was left without a livelihood, since the business was transferred to the hands of the authorities. Bitter suffering was their lot during the time of the rule of the new guard. However, nobody felt this, for across the border of Bessarabia, a great conflagration was running rampant and consuming all of the choicest parts of Europe. The fire was spreading and approaching this remote corner, and would eventually bring with it destruction, ruin and murder. The disaster was approaching like a thief, like a destructive earthquake
At the end of the month of June 1941, at the conclusion of one year since the Soviet conquest of Bessarabia, the German armies invaded Russia and advanced through Bessarabia to the wide expanses of Russia with almost no resistance. Immediately, an army draft was declared for anyone up to the age of 50, and they were sent to the interior of Russia. The rest of the Jewish population that remained after the purifications conducted by the Russian authorities was left without a shepherd and without a leader, and found itself without resources. Before any plan of action could be devised, the German airplanes arrived and dropped a number of bombs that damaged the flour mill that was next to the cemetery. Perplexed and in panic, they waited for the development of the disaster without grasping the full extent of what was to be their bitter fate. A few days later, at the beginning of July, the city was once again attacked from the air, and the news spread that the enemy was stalking near our city without impediment. Caravans of refugees began to arrive in the city from the north, toward the direction of the Dniester. Many people of our city joined these caravans, however many did not make peace with the idea that they had to leave their home of many generations and become helpless wanderers. The situation worsened from hour to hour. The Red Army urged them, encouraged them and helped them flee.
On July 7, at 8:00 p.m., almost all of the Jewish residents of Orheyev, including the women and children, reached Kriulyany on the Dniester. A bridge was immediately erected over the river. The men were directed to cross the bridge first, followed by the families. The men had just succeeded in reaching the other side when German airplanes arrived and bombarded those who remained next to the bank. Many people of our city fell. A significant number remained in Kriulyany completely destitute. Suddenly, news spread that the Germans left the city, and it was possible to return home. A significant number returned to the city, but they found that most of it had been burnt by the Red Army. They returned again to Kriulyany, and from there continued their panicked flight, without knowing where they were going.
As has been stated, the men crossed the Dniester themselves and the families waited by the river. In the interim, contact was lost between them and their husbands. The families wandered throughout the expanses of southern Russia for many months under unbearable conditions, in wagons and trains with indescribable crowding, naked and barefoot in the cold and the rain, under the buzzing of enemy airplanes, in one long nightmare without a shred of hope, as they attempted to reach points of settlement outside the battlefield. Epidemics spread, and countless victims fell. Fathers fell victim in front of their children, and babies in front of their mothers. Those who remained alive were nauseated from the filth and stench in which they found themselves. It was bitter to see the death of the father, mother, baby or child, but it was sevenfold heartrending to see the suffering of loved ones as they withered away from hunger and as their wounds were infested by lice and insects, without any ability to help, due to the lack of a drop of clean water. However, man is stronger than iron! Many, many fell along the way, and their graves are not known. However, many persevered and finally arrived in Stalingrad and its environs, which was far from the front. The government dispersed the refugees in kolkhozes (collective farms), and they were finally able to rest from the tribulations of the long journey.
However, this respite did not last long. The enemy armies advanced forward and reached the gates of Stalingrad after some time. The refugees once again had to pick up the wandering staff and wander thousands of kilometers to unknown places. The refugees were divided into two directions by order of the Red Army. Some went in the direction of the Ural Mountains and others went to Central Asia and Uzbekistan. A large concentration of refugees, including some from our city, was in Tashkent and its environs. Many were absorbed into kolkhozes, and many earned their meager livelihoods as hired day workers and peddlers. Many of the women worked at cotton picking and at other agricultural work, primarily on the kolkhozes. The wages were very meager about 300 grams of barley for a day's work. Throughout five years, many people from our city lived their lives filled with hunger, diseases, and despair without a shred of hope, without any content or purpose, cut off from any cultural or recreational activities. They were immersed day and night in agony and fear of the shadow of death that stalked them at every step.
1945 came. Hitler and his armies fell. News of peace arrived. Hope sprung that the day was near when it would be possible to return to the native town and rebuild a nest for the survivors.
Here and there, individuals obtain permission to return to their native city. Fragments of families, broken and mourning over the lost ones, returned to Orheyev. The ground was burnt, and most of its central streets were turned into heaps of rubble. Here and there, an abandoned house stood out, that was also half destroyed. The few that returned, orphaned and bereaved, pining for a warm corner, found a cold strangeness, a frightening desolation. Of the thirteen synagogues, only the Kapestarov Synagogue remained. Of the communal heads, only the chairman Dr. Nirenberg and the shochet and communal council member Reb Moshe Yonovitz survived. Most of the survivors left Orheyev in agony and moved to Kishinev, where they found a larger concentration of Jews despite it being emptied of Jewish content and a warm national atmosphere.
Fate laughed. The cemetery in Orheyev was not damaged in the least.
Written by D. S.
[Pages 150 - 151]
With the invasion of the Germans and Romanians to the city, a delegation appeared before the new authorities and greeted them with bread and salt. Reb Moshe Boks and Reb Moshe Rishtant, both honorable elders, headed the delegation. Apparently, they thought that no harm would befall them. However the evil hand did not pass over them, and they were murdered along with the rest of the Jews.
One day, news spread that the Germans retreated, and whoever wished could return to Orheyev. However, it was verified that this was a false rumor, and many who were caught in the trap met their deaths on their way home.
The action of the deportation from the city to Kishinev was carried out with cruelty, and there were a number of victims. When they reached the lime kilns of Sloboda, they were shot by soldiers that accompanied them. At that time, the soldiers ordered Reb Shmuel Roitman (who was the undertaker of the Chevra Kadisha burial society) to dig a grave for the victims. When he finished the task, they threw him in alive.
In the town of Isacova, the Jews of that village and nearby villages were gathered into the house of Kolichman. A few days later, they were murdered by machine gun. The survivors were sent to labor camps in Balta and Zherinka.
The judge from Orheyev, Reb Avraham Yosef Elkin, met his death in the Rybnitsa Ghetto. As he was walking to the synagogue, he veered from the route by mistake and was shot. The fate of those who remained alive in Orheyev was bitter. The Romanian government libeled them and oppressed them. For example, they ordered the dentist Dr. Averbukh to clean the latrines, and they forced 75 year old Reb Avraham Goldenberg to work at backbreaking work. When he was brazen enough to ask that he be treated as a Romanian citizen and a senior citizen, he was beaten with deathblows. Many of those who succeeded in fleeing were lost on the remote ways to the interior of Russia. Many were separated from their families and did not meet again. Only a portion of them succeeded in persevering the tribulation of their wanderings and returned to Orheyev in the fall of 1944, at the end of the war, and after the Russians once again took over Bessarabia. However, they found the city destroyed and desolate. A few remained in Orheyev. Most of the returnees went to Kishinev and somehow organized themselves there
[Pages 151-152]
Already during the first days of the Second World War, the residents of Kishinev and Orheyev were shrouded in fear because of the German air raids. The Jewish residents remained in fear even after the bombardments passed. They knew that death and annihilation awaited them if the Germans or Romanians would take control, Heaven forbid. This fact urged them to flee for their lives and to leave their property and belongings to the hands of thieves. The train cars were too narrow to contain the masses of Jews and Christians. They went by foot to Kriulyany on the Dniester. Only the children and the sick rode on wagons.
When the German and Romanian pilots recognized the refugees going along the way, they lowered their airplanes, fired at them, and thereby killed hundreds and thousands of people. The refugees of Orheyev went to the villages of Lalova, Stodolna, Zhura and Molovata. They were treated nicely, as guests, in these places. Thus did they wander from village to village until they reached their objective the train station. After days of walking on foot, signs of hunger could already be seen in their faces. Their energy dwindled, and they became afflicted with serious illnesses.
The wandering and tribulations of the journey took their toll, and after two or three weeks, many of the refugees disappeared. The members of their families did not know to where they disappeared. Some members of the Shaiovitz family fled from Orheyev and others fled from Kishinev. After several months, they met each other at Rostov-on-Don. They passed through Odessa along their journey. Their eleven year old Siuma got separated from her parents and went to bathe in the sea. When the father realized that the son had disappeared, he jumped off the train and ran to the train station. To his good fortune, he found his son at the seashore. He grabbed the boy in his arms and returned to the wagon.
The train was shot at each night. It was necessary to leave behind the destroyed wagons, as the train continued along its way.
Hunger and disease afflicted the refugees in the train. Some of them got out at one of the stations to search for water or bread, and they did not succeed in returning. At times, the train moved along different tracks, and members of the family lost track of each other. The train continued along its way mainly at night, in the dark, thereby attempting to escape the eyes of the Nazi pilots who were pursuing it.
After a month of tribulation, some of the Shaiovitz family arrived in Morozovskaya in the region of Rostov-on-Don, and the rest to a kolkhoz near Rostov.
They found out each other's location by chance. Thus they were reunited once again and lived in Morozovskaya, a town near the Rostov-Stalingrad intersection. In the meantime, we heard of the approach of the Germans, and the family decided to continue wandering to central Asia.
It was impossible to obtain travel tickets. The family remained in the train station for seven days and seven nights, until they were able to go on a train to Rostov, and from Rostov to Liski. Their objective was central Asia.
The train ride with the entire family was under impossible conditions. The women and children were set up first in the train, which set out in the direction of Ponza. Food for the journey consisted of one sack of bread and five kilograms of sugar. However the bread was stolen on the first night of the journey. A portion of warm water and a bit of the remaining sugar saved the people from death.
The harsh winter greeted us when we arrived in Ponza. The people were forced to sleep outside. As a result of the cold and hunger, the child Siuma became ill with the serious illness of scurvy. It was impossible to obtain appropriate food for the sick person there. Therefore, the only choice was to continue on with the journey to central Asia.
Three months passed before we arrived in Tashkent. There was a small garden near the train station. There, the refugees found some rest to the light of electric lanterns that remained on all night. There, they were safe from the German airplanes that dropped bombs. The entire family found themselves a place between the trees. There, they set out their belongings. Someone always remained there to guard the belongings. The rest were able to go about their business. Despite the protection, acts of theft were very common. The thieves did not pay any attention to the guards, and were not afraid of them. They stole anything that they could. There was no point in complaining about acts of theft. Certainly, nobody would pay attention to such a complaint. The refugees lived in this garden until they found another place to live.
On occasion, government officials came, took the refugees out of the garden and transferred them to one of the kolkhozes or to another place. Only those who receive a special permit from the government were permitted to live in Tashkent.
It was difficult to obtain bread-cards. The allotment was only 300 grams per person. The children were always sick and the adults always hungry.
The ride in a transport train from Tashkent to Odessa lasted for a month. We arrived in Kishinev on Passover. At the time, of course, it was difficult to find a place to live. One of us went to Orheyev with the hope that we would find a place to live there, but after he saw the terrible destruction, he retraced his steps. Only two rooms remained of the house in which the family of Moshe Yonovitz lived. Later we moved to Chernovits and from there to Romania. We arrived in the Land at the end of 1950.
[Page 152]
The following is a summary of the words of that article about the task of the lawyer A. Shapira. (The lawyer A. Shapira was a native of Chinisheutsy in the region of Orheyev.)
You my brothers, please turn your attention for a moment from your private worries about your property that was pillaged, about your homes that were destroyed, about your money that was lost, about your status that has moved out of the world. Turn your ears to the following words:
One morning in November 1941, the well-known lawyer Avraham Shapira came to me, perplexed and emotional. He started telling the following gloomy story.
I have just arrived from Kishinev (I dressed up in captain's clothing to make it here, for civilians were forbidden to move along the roads), with the purpose of alerting Dr. Filderman about the dangerous situation in which the Jews of Bessarabia find themselves. Every day, the danger hovers about that they might be transported across the Dniester. The Jewish leaders in Bucharest are duty bound to take action immediately in order to avert this terrible decree. Some have already been expelled, and the rest await their fate within the coming days. To our ill fortune, the weather is also bad, with rain, cold and mud. What can we do? Gloomy despair consumes our essence. We await your answer.
Pale and emotional, he awaits our answer, and we have no words in our mouth. With us is also Dr. Shafran, the chief rabbi. With weak voices we utter half words. We have already tried to prevent them, but to no avail The authorities do not answer our requests.
We attempt to comfort him by stating that Dr. Filderman continues to deal with the matter, and perhaps he might succeed at the last moment in averting the harsh decree. Perhaps a miracle will take place! Let us wait another 2-3 days Shapira is shaken. G-d forbid, my masters! It will be late, too late for any good! He adds I intend to return to Kishinev immediately. I promised to return to the ghetto tomorrow. We gaze into the pale face of Shapira and tears choke his throat. Finally, Dr. Filderman arrives. To our dismay, he also repeated the stubborn refusal of the authorities to change their decision regarding the Jews of Kishinev. There is no hope at all for salvation., he states in agony. One of us advised that Shapira should save himself and remain in Bucharest, however he refused. I am the acting chairman of the community of Kishinev, and I cannot leave it in a time of distress to save my flesh. I must return to them, come what may. Wherever it is decreed that they should go, I will also go.
I met a Jew from Kishinev in 1944, one of the survivors of Transnistria. With trembling, I asked about the fate of the lawyer Shapira. He related thus: Two days after Shapira returned from his mission for the benefit of the Jews of Kishinev, the decree of expulsion of the Jewish population was issued. They were sent in three transports. Shapira went in the first transport. Eyewitnesses relate that, 15-20 kilometers from Kishinev, the deportees were commanded to remove their clothes and shoes, and to give over their money. Those who did not comply were shot on the spot.
Shapira also was among those that fell. The person who risked his life to save the Jews of Bessarabia at the last minute before the deportation perished along with them. May his memory be blessed!
Edited by Y. Sh.
[Page 153 - 156]
Translated by Marsha Kayser
How difficult it is to dig up memories from that accursed time of such savage cruelty in 1940. What befell me, with my two tiny children? What did we have to go through in order to be affected so powerfully by those deep memories? It is too painful: even in the rare event when life brings you something - a happy event - to enjoy, a smile spreads instinctively across your face, and you want to let go of the sadness from your crying heart - the rare smile is only on the outside. But the pain remains - incurable.
Yes, hard to remember that dark chapter, which one wants to forget. Still, I will try to recall only those things that lay so heavy on my heart.
Bright summer 1941: the overblown friendship between the Soviets and Germans had collapsed. The political situation brought on the German assault. Everyone trembled for tomorrow. But the survival instinct kept terrifying thoughts at bay, as the rapid assault approached Maybe, maybe the storm will pass over us and not touch us
In those dark days, after sending off my unforgettable husband and best friend Isaak Abramovich Milshteyn to Siberia, my boys and I were supported by my uncle Itzel Rozenfeld in Orheyev. With us there were his daughter - dentist Liza Naydelman, Gerisha Rozenfeld his wife, and Veva and Chasya their children. With trembling and terror we waited out the charge but no one's wildest fantasy could imagine to what extent the czars would blow up
In the clear early morning I went out in the street and saw many shocked and shaken people fleeing. Many had heavy packs on their backs. Petrified, I remained glued to the spot, looking at the terrifying picture, not absorbing it, too dazed by what was happening.
Suddenly, I spotted Udel Snitkovsky-Shistik. I went up to her and asked what was happening. She stared at me in amazement. What, you don't know that Hitler's air force is approaching Kishinev and their population is fleeing?
I immediately returned to the house and told everyone about the calamity that was coming.
Shaken by the unexpected announcement, the household debated various proposals. We should pack up now and flee, others - we should wait. Where can one run. From death, one cannot hide. Maybe the calamity won't happen. And if we are destined to die, could it at least happen in our own beds. Frightened, I ran to my brother-in-law Yosel Milshteyn for a piece of advice. Where we waited and thought, we heard a faint noise from an enemy plane. Frightened, we ran to find a hiding place For two whole days we pondered, run or not. In time there were widespread rumors that the Soviets would let Bessarabia go, setting fire to everything. There was great panic. There was no time to think but with what does one flee, and where does one go?
The major tributary flowed straight to the Dniester River and from there over to Soviet territory. For the first time I understood the substance of eminent artists' paintings of The Eternal Wanderer, which I had never seen for what it really was, having seen only the imaginary artistic concepts. And now here I was with my children, one among many sad thousands, taking themselves to faraway and unfamiliar places and delivering themselves to oblivion and fate, terrified of the enemy planes shooting from high in the bright skies with death and devastation
In Kriulyany we had to halt a few days, because the bombing raids had damaged the ferry. There I encountered many acquaintances from Orheyev and Kishinev (the Raviches, Yosel Munder and wife, Mineylov and family, the doctor Vaynshtok and wife, Ita and Veva Rozenfeld etc.)
Not expecting to be able to cross the Dniester to the town of Kriulyany, we moved, with many others, to Vada-Luy-Voda. But there we could not cross either. All this time the German planes pursued us and continued the bombing. Where the bombs were falling, we sought protection under the thicket of trees near the border forest. Meanwhile we soon ran short of the meager provisions we had prepared, and our hungry stomachs, especially the children's, were empty.
Tired and weak, I reached Favlovski Street and was terrified to find the place empty, everything locked, no living soul to be seen. Although it was a light summer day, everything looked misty and sad. Suddenly I heard an explosion and a racket from an invisible airplane. Instinctively, I fell to the ground and very quickly thereafter came a second explosion from the direction of the terminal. Shaking with fear for my children, I ran around looking for anyone, to get the children from the station. Finally I met the Brillman family. Mr. Brillman seemed like an angel to me, when he looked for a wheelbarrow and went with me to the station. We found the children unharmed and we returned to the Brillmans.
Weak, with not an ounce of strength left, I returned to the children, we took some food and a basket of small things for them, and we ran to the station. During that time the bombing had intensified, and crowds of people were running back and away from the station, holding us up, warning us not to proceed to the station, because the entire region was under attack. How I wanted to turn around, but my older son grabbed my hand and shouted, Mama! I want to run further. If we choose now not to flee, we will never see our father again. Whatever happens, happens and he started to run ahead.
We got right into the car. But the joy did not last long. After riding several kilometers, a military man stopped us and ordered us out of the car, because he was requisitioning it to go to the front. Tears and begging were of no help. We were out of the car and were left again alone in the field. Where are we and where do we have to go? Circumstances forced us on further. Looking for a miracle and we again realized there were marching military divisions. But not so much as one of them wanted to look over at us, avoiding our desperate shouting and pleading. Finally one of them took pity and took us up in a wagon and brought us within reach of the train station at Bykovetz. There we met transports waiting for the homeless, our Jewish brethren, to send deep into Russia. We went where they were jamming people into the train and immediately were thrown onto the filthy bare floor, not having something to spread underneath us. In a couple of minutes the locomotive gave a wild fearful whistle and blew steam, pulling out of the station and further away from the enemy's air attacks.
The fast tearing away from the place, the dizzying, disappearing hundred kilometers under the sound of the train, carrying us through strange places far from home - I realized quickly how it would break my heart Now the best and the richest pages from my life story were torn away and a new leaf, a leaf with inhuman humiliation, from indescribable bitter hunger, hardship and mental anguish and rivers of tears the page from homelessness taking shape in my heart.
Only those who have experienced the loss of home still feel the taste of what would have been. Whoever has not experienced the suffering can in no way comprehend it. Consider all the misery, what happened to us early on in the first days after leaving Kishinev behind; it was like a background to which we had to become accustomed on the way to anywhere in far-off Russia and to anywhere in the areas where we were cast away. The second day out of Bykovetz we came to Tiraspol. There we had to change to a second transport that would take us further into Russia. The cars of the train were soon overcrowded. With much effort, we got ourselves into a car. There to our delight we met people we knew from Kishinev. I had been on my own and had not known to buy food, which was soon hard to come by as a matter of course. Finding ourselves among people from home, certainly for me, lightened the misery, with a good word and a chat and essentials that they shared from their limited provisions with me and also with my children. But how to say, they were themselves alone and limited in what they had, so my shy children endured more hunger.
From time to time, they struggled with each other, wanting to still the hunger. Fear came over me seeing them suffer and possibly, God forbid, dying from hunger. At least from time to time, as we came across military transports on the way, they would share a piece of bread or a little soup, but it wasn't enough to stop the hunger. In every train station, we would throw ourselves at the water-cranes and drink up to silence the hunger. On the third day my older child fainted. Fear for the children's fate forced me, at the first opportunity, to remain in a settlement, maybe there I would take something to eat. In the first station where our train stopped, I left our good friends and got off in order to find a little food.
[Pages 156-157]
In his description, he brings to us a picture of life in the town from the era after the Second World War, when the Holocaust survivors began to return to the towns of Bessarabia from their exile.
His story completes the picture of the events of the Jews of Orheyev after the Holocaust. It is the most detailed and clearest greeting that has come to us from Russia of the most recent era, and I believe that it is also the final one, which will conclude the book of Orheyev.
We will not dwell on that part of his story that is known to us from before, and on those things about which others have already written in the book. We will not detail the terrible personal tragedy, the tribulations and suffering that were the lot of Y. Frayman from the time he fled the city until he returned to its ruins at the end of the war. Over the years Y. Frayman relates my family and I wandered along a route that was not a route with an endless stream of refugees thousands of Jews, women, men, and children who were fleeing from fear of the battalions. However, their flight did not prevent the cruel fate that awaited them. The enemy airplanes cut them down along the roads and in the open fields, felling many victims. Only very few escaped. A few succeeded in returning to the town. Frayman and his family were among those.
When he returned to Orheyev, he did not find the town or its Jews. No remnant remained of his house and of the entire street upon which he lived for many years. Only a small area in the east of the city remained complete. The entire area that was populated by Jews was turned into a ruin. Few people, half shadows and half men, walked on the dirt of these ruins, digging through the mounds of ruins as they searched for a spark of their lives of yesterday. These were people who returned from the expulsion, were without hope, consumed with despair, and afflicted with hunger. A few were from Orheyev, and the rest were from the towns and villages of the area.
In this gloomy atmosphere where people walked about as mourners, the life force continued to strengthen. These Jews along with Y. Frayman began everything from scratch. The ruins were re-erected and improved. Some of the ruins of Orheyev were rebuilt.
At first, they wished to reconstruct some sort of synagogue. To this end, they rented the Kapestary Shtibel, the only synagogue that was designated to serve as a gathering place for the Jews in a place where they could pour out their hearts to each other. Of course, officially, this was a house of prayer.
At the end of this holy task, they started to restore the cemetery. There were two aspects to this restoration: the entire eastern fence, and many of the monuments that had been destroyed. Many of them were taken by the local non-Jewish population for their personal needs. Stolen monuments were also used for communal buildings.
Once a storm broke out, and strong thunder damaged the mill that once had belonged to Gluzgold. The building fell, and 28 corpses were removed from under the ruins, including 7 Jews. Monuments from the Jewish cemetery were exposed among the stones of the ruin. After this incident, the thieves began to return the stones to the cemetery.
Slowly but surely, Jewish life began to grow there. A Jewish community council was established, headed by Y. Frayman. Of course, these activities were dependent on a permit from the local Soviet authorities, with the exception of the appointment of the chairman, which was delegated by the local authorities and required a permit from the Rispulkum in Kishinev. (The Rispulkum presented a document which noted the name of the candidate, and which had the signature of 20 Soviet-Jewish citizens from that city.) According the law, each community had to have a rabbi in addition to a chairman. A similar procedure took place with regard to the selection of a communal rabbi, with the addition of the need for letters of recommendation from two rabbis from two large cities of the U.S.S.R. Officially, there was no contact between one community and another, and between one rabbi and another. The connection between them was through the intermediary of the Ministry of Cults and Culture. In accordance with that law, Y. Frayman was selected as the chairman of the communal council. Later, he was authorized by the authorities to serve as the rabbi of the community. He served in these roles until he made aliyah to the Land.
Approximately 450 Jewish families live in Orheyev today. Most are old timers of the city who returned. Some of them are Jews from the villages of the region. Jews did not return at all to the villages, and therefore, one cannot find Jews in the nearby villages. These Jews earn their livelihood primarily from trades, official positions, and free professions. Some of them are organized into cooperatives: shoemakers, tailors, carpenters, locksmiths, and others. There are no Jews working in building and street paving, other than Jewish engineers. There are Jewish doctors and teachers. There are no Jewish schools. Until the age of 11-12, children do not receive nationalistic education at home. However, when they get older, the desire to know more about Jews is awakened in them. Longings for Jewish life are awakened. Of course, as they get older, a longing for Israel is awakened. Most of the children are circumcised at birth, except for the children whose parents hold high government positions. Most speak Yiddish to their children. However, at school and on the street, Russian and Moldavian are used.
Jews go to the synagogue to pray every day of the week. However, on Sabbaths and Jewish holidays, the synagogue is too small to accommodate all of those who come. The courtyard and entryways are also filled to capacity. The non-Jewish population also is restricted in religious affairs, but not to the same degree as the Jewish population.
The synagogues that were not destroyed serve other purposes. The large Kloiz is an institution for the handicapped. The Shister Shul (Shoemaker's Synagogue) has turned into a cooperative carpentry shop. The Yeshiva has turned into a dormitory. The Jewish youth desire higher education in university. Of course, this is not always possible. They know what is going on in Israel. (From letters, every detail is spread around from mouth to ear.) Jews have no role at all in the civic leadership and the police. The relationship between the Jews and the general population that numbers approximately 25,000 souls is not good. In the most recent period, several industrial enterprises have opened, primarily based upon local raw materials that service the agricultural sector. There are two flourmills, and a canning factory that employs 50-60 people and produces juice and jam from local produce. There is a beer factory that exports its products to Kishinev. There are limekilns, and a factory for tiles and pipes. There is a textile factory that also produces blankets. There is a large winepress that produces wine from the grapes of the kolkhozes in the area.
Thus, the city has arisen and continues anew upon its old ruins. It is possible to surmise that the city will develop better than it was previously. However, we Jews have no part in it.
We only have sad memories that are tied with the old cemetery and the chilling, gloomy reality. Its Jews have only one hope Israel.
Transcribed by M. Frank
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for verification.
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Updated 29 July 2006 by LA


text: You've all been wondering, waiting, dreaming about what Kige thinks of the upcoming slate of SEC football teams. Well, rest easy my friends, the day you've been dreaming of has now arrived. Had you ever before been able to imagine what havoc 12 SEC helmets can wreak when they're handled by a giant? Or had you doubted whether Kige had truly mastered the dramatic pause? Doubt no more.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Broiled No-Knead Pizza (No-Knead Pizza 102)
Get the Recipe
With its open hole structure and classic flavor, Jim Lahey's no-knead dough is well-suited to Neapolitan-style pizzas. Serendipitously, Neapolitan pies are the easiest type of pizza to make at home.
Because these pies are so thin, it's possible to overcome the limitations of a home oven and generate extreme heat long enough to bake the pie to blistery perfection. I find that the easiest and safest way to achieve this level of heat is Heston Blumenthal's broiler method. Blumenthal superheats a cast iron skillet, inverts it, places the pie on the underside of the skillet, and slides it under the broiler to cook the pizza with bidirectional heat.
A Few Tips
- Stretch the dough out as thinly as possible. Even a moderately thin crust may not cook all the way through before the toppings burn. It's really impossible to make this pizza with too thin a crust
- As a corollary to this rule, use light toppings to avoid weighing down the crust. I find it's best to precook vegetable toppings so they don't exude too much moisture once they're on the pie
- Work quickly. If you don't stretch and top the dough fast, it can stick to your work surface, and the skillet can lose heat while it awaits the pie. To facilitate speedy prep, have your mise-en-place fully set up before you start to stretch the dough
- Last (and most important if you live with a landlord or your parents or both), look out for smoke. I recommend heating the skillet on the grill instead of on the stove or under the broiler, as hot cast iron smokes copiously. I also cover the smoke detector with a damp towel. You might have to play around a bit to get the pie as close as possible to the heating element of your broiler without burning it and generating reams of smoke
This method would work well with any dough if stretched thin enough, but Lahey's recipe is particularly well-suited to Neapolitan-style pies. If you don't have a large cast iron skillet, you can use a pizza stone, though it will take more time to heat than a skillet does.
For the nitty-gritty down-and-dirty recipe, come along this way. For a general step-by-step glossing-over of the method, head into the slideshow above »
Get the Recipe
All products linked here have been independently selected by our editors. We may earn a commission on purchases, as described in our affiliate policy.


text:
Jacksonville growing technology jobs
River City ranked No. 6 in the country in tech-sector job growth
JACKSONVILLE, Fla. – The Jacksonville area is climbing up the national ranks as one of the cities experiencing the most growth in technology jobs in the country.
That's according to a new study published in Forbes magazine measuring software engineering, data processing, science and technology jobs.
If someone takes a look along Jacksonville's skyline, they'll see a city that's keeping up with the times. In fact, Forbes Magazine ranked Jacksonville as No. 6 in the country in technology sector job growth.
"Just about every job in every company depends on technology, doesn't it?" said Karen Mathis, managing editor of the Financial News and Daily Record. "It's not a surprise."
Mathis said it's the kind of attention Jacksonville needs.
Jacksonville has seen a 72.4 percent jump in high-tech employment in the last decade, and 17.4 percent growth in STEM jobs, which involve science, technology, engineering and mathematics.
Locally, there are corporations like Lender Processing Services, Fidelity National Financial, EverBank and Suntrust just to name a few.
Statewide tech jobs have increased by 10 percent, and the River City is keeping up with the pace.
"Jacksonville wants to bring the creative workforce to Jacksonville. We want to keep the young creative workforce in Jacksonville, bring young people back to Jacksonville or to train people for the jobs," Mathis said. "If Jacksonville is known as a place for those jobs it will just draw more people here."
Copyright 2012 by News4Jax.com. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


text:
Lee Dry Spell Continues
The season of disbelief continued last night for Cliff. He's winless in his last 12 starts at home (0-6) since he beat the Braves last Sept. 5. Yep, he won 11 games at Citizens Bank Park a year ago. He wound up with his 13th no decision, tops in the majors.
Cliff's next start is scheduled for Sunday against the Nationals. His last win came in DC on July 31, 8-0. His other win was July 4.
Cincinnati broke a seven-game losing streak against the Phillies (May 24, 2011) with late game long balls, one in the eighth off Bastardo and another in the ninth that turned out to be the game-winner off Papelbon. The Phillies came back to tie in the seventh and eighth and had the tying run on third in the ninth but couldn't get to Chapman and his 100 mph fast balls.
Fransden continued his impressive play with his third three-hit game in his last five games and two sparkling defensive plays.
Retro Night tonight and then a classic pitching matchup on Thursday, Cole (14-6) against Cueto (16-6).
Down On The Farm
Lehigh Valley split a pair vs. Toledo. 1-0 win in opener on 1B Cody Overbeck's 12th homer. RH Jonathan Pettibone (4-0), 3 hits, 7 innings. 5-2 loss in second game followed by a bus ride to Rochester. IronPigs trail Pawtucket by 1 game in a battle for the wildcard berth.
Reading scored 3 in the top of the 9th for an 11-9 win in Harrisburg. 1B Darin Ruf tied the game with his 32nd homer, 13th in last 20 games. 2B Miguel Abreu's 2-run single won the game. 3B Cody Asche, 3-5, double, 2 homers (8-9), 5 RBI. Phillies are tied with New Britain for second place and a postseason berth.
Clearwater was rained out.
Lakewood lost to Delmarva, 4-2. 3B Maikel Franco, 3-4, 78th RBI.
Williamsport split a pair at Jamestown. Won, 3-1, in 11 innings in the opener. OF Yan Olmo drove in all 3 runs, including a 2-run double in the 11th. 4-3 loss in second game.
Gulf Coast League Phillies beat the Yankees, 3-2, on 8th inning home runs by RF Dylan Cozens (5) and 2B Francisco Silva, his 1st in pro ball.
Alumni News, Notes & Photos
Visit www.phillies.com/alumni.


text:
Exquisite Labyrinth: The Music of Pierre Boulez
Helen Wallace samples Boulez's Exquisite Labyrinth at Queen Elizabeth Hall, London
The audience enjoyed the irony: here was Pierre Boulez, the man who once demanded all opera houses be blown up, confessing that it was at Bayreuth, conducting Wagner, that he'd had an epiphany about his own compositional process. The frail but razor-sharp 86 year-old told Pierre-Laurent Aimard, curator of the all-Boulez weekend Exquisite Labyrinth at London's Southbank Centre, how he'd realised Wagner had reworked themes in Das Rheingold 20 years later in Götterdammerung: 'Of course! you have so many ideas when you're young, but it's only later you know how to exploit them.'
So much for his war cry that all art of the past needed destroying. Boulez has fed off his own past for decades now. And Saturday's concert was a rare opportunity to witness that process at work in …explosante fixe… – a melody and a set of rules for developing it – notated in 1971 in response to Stravinsky's death. Various works derived from its material, but its namesake only reached a final form in 1993, while it also led to Anthèmes 2 in 1997. Both works reflect the inspiration of IRCAM (Institut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique/Musique) and the stimulus of his own material.
In a quaintly Heath Robinson set-up, with a score spread over eight music stands (so much for cutting-edge technology), violinist Clio Gould tore into Anthèmes 2 with ferocious intensity. This absorbing work for violin and live electronics (performed here by Sound Intermedia) is a playful dialogue between musician and machine, in which the violin's performance is instantly transformed spatially, through echoing counterpoint, or by provoking another spectrum of colour and harmony. It's the score, not the violin, that dictates the interaction, but the sheer sophistication with which Boulez achieves his enchanting synthesis is breathtaking – and makes one realise how poor and cliché-infested most attempts at such works are.
Talking of breathtaking, next up was …explosante fixe… a piece we hear as if through a breathy wall of flute sound and the patter of ghostly flute keys – the soloist here was London Sinfonietta's Michael Cox, conducted by Peter Eötvös. Fluid, stratified waves fizz across the stage, with no sense of rhythmic or harmonic underpinning, creating a weightless, hyperventilating stream, unpredictable and shimmering. We have the sense of the solo flautist caught in a sonic hall of mirrors. I was sitting too close to piercing trumpets and bubbling winds to catch all the electronic interplay in the texture, but the glacial breath of the electronic interludes was awe-inspiring, reminiscent of Birtwistle's great Mask of Orpheus, also created at IRCAM.
When asked about the presence of death in his works, so many of them memorials to the departed, Boulez retorted: 'There is no birth, there is no death, there is just material and the possibility of expanding it.' We've long learnt to take his gnomic utterances with a pinch of salt: this is the man who had a double suicide pact with a lover in his youth, whose Cité de la Musique is built, appropriately, on a slaughterhouse. But a crowded hall, full of listeners of all ages, was testament to the power of his own legacy: Boulez's crystalline material will haunt us for decades to come.
Helen Wallace is consultant editor of BBC Music Magazine
- Article Type: | Blog |


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'''UNICITRAL Model Law on ICA'''
'''UNICITRAL Model Law on ICA'''
''[http://www..org/pdf/english/texts/arbitration/ml-arb/06-54671_Ebook.pdf model law]'' was originally adopted in 1985 to help states adapt their laws to accommodate international commercial arbitration and was ''[http://www..org/pdf/english/texts/arbitration/ml-arb/07-86998_Ebook.pdf amended in 2006.
UNICITRAL keeps track of which ''[http://www.cnudmi.org/uncitral/en/uncitral_texts/arbitration/1985Model_arbitration_status.html countries]'' have adopted ICA legislation consistent with the language of the Model Law.
UNICITRAL keeps track of which ''[http://www.cnudmi.org/uncitral/en/uncitral_texts/arbitration/1985Model_arbitration_status.html countries]'' have adopted ICA legislation consistent with the language of the Model Law.
Revision as of 13:17, 17 December 2015
Research Guide: International Commercial Arbitration
Last Updated December 15, 2015 by Hunter Whaley
The purpose of this research guide is to provide a brief overview of International Commercial Arbitration ("ICA") and the resources available on the topic, in Columbia's Diamond Law Library, through the library homepage, and on the Internet.
For additional assistance in finding ICA materials at the library, please do not hesitate to contact the reference librarians at the Reference Desk. Please consult the law library homepage for general library information and reference desk hours.
- 1 Background
- 2 Print Resources
- 3 Monographs
- 4 Reporters
- 5 Periodicals
- 6 Finding ICA Articles Using Periodical Indexes
- 7 ICA Conventions
- 8 Arbitration Proceedings & Institutional Bodies
- 9 Major International Arbitration Institutions
- 10 Subject-Specific International Arbitration Institutions
- 11 Ad Hoc Arbitrations
- 12 Arbitral Awards
- 13 Subscription Databases
- 14 National Arbitration Laws
- 15 Other Research Guides
ICA is a method of resolving disputes through an arbitration proceeding heard by one or more arbitrators, instead of pursuing resolution of the dispute through an applicable court system. There are many reasons why parties may prefer arbitration to litigation. One, parties may wish to avoid the high costs of litigation, the uncertainty of proceedings in foreign (to the party) court systems and laws, and the potential difficulties in enforcing foreign judgments. Two, arbitrations are normally binding and usually do not allow for an extensive appeal process. Three, arbitral awards are normally confidential, unlike most court decisions issued in litigation. Finally, the parties to the dispute traditionally select the arbitrators to hear the dispute--which allows for the selection of arbitrators well versed in the subject-matter of the dispute at issue.
Parties normally choose ICA to resolve disputes when drafting contracts and other agreements--a clause selecting the institution or arbitral rules to be used in any future disputes can be added to the agreements during negotiations.
Print Resources
The following is a selected list of the print resources available at the Diamond Law Library on ICA. There are many more print resources available. See the library catalog and limit the display to material type: print.
1. Research and Practice in International Commercial Arbitration Sources and Strategies K2400 .S66 2009
Written by S.I. Strong, a former practitioner of ICA, this book is written for a novice in the ICA field. Chapter 1 sets forth some of the unique issues in researching ICA, while Chapter 2 explains the different sources of law involved (and sources of law that do not apply to ICA, but are commonly assumed to apply). Chapter 3 discusses where to find the various sources of law and Chapter 4 discusses customs in practicing ICA. Chapter 5 provides an extensive bibliography regarding ICA--including treatises, journals, conventions, treaties and electronic resources.
2. Comparison of International Arbitration Rules 4th Floor, K2400 .C67 2013
Written by Simpson Thacher & Bartlett LLP, this publication is a chart comparing the model clauses and rules of the: International Chamber of Commerce (the "ICC") Arbitration Rules (2012), American Arbitration Association ("AAA")/International Center for Dispute Resolution ("ICDR") International Arbitration Rules (2009), London Court of International Arbitration ("LCIA") Rules (1998), Stockholm Chamber of Commerce Arbitration Institute ("SCCAI") Arbitration Rules (2010), International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes ("ICSID") Arbitration Rules (2006), United Nations Commission on International Trade Law ("UNICITRAL") Arbitration Rules (2010) and Center for Public Resources ("CPR") International Arbitration Rules (2007). The first five sets of rules are institutional arbitration rules and the last two are ad hoc arbitration rules. Please note that the chart maybe slightly out-of-date, as the ICC, AAA/ICDR, SCCAI and UNICITRAL rules have been amended since the chart was published in 2008. Links to the updated rules are available below in Arbitration Proceedings & Institutional Bodies
3. International Chamber of Commerce Arbitration 2nd Floor & 3rd Floor Reserve. JX6279 C8441 2000
Written by W. Laurence Craig, William W. Park and Jan Paulsson, this book addresses arbitration before the ICC Court of Arbitration. The book begins with a general discussion of the ICC and arbitration procedures. It continues with an extensive discussion of the clauses of arbitration agreements and the selection (and challenge) of arbitrators. There is also a brief (and easy to understand) discussion of the relationship between ICC arbitration and the New York Convention (see Conventions and Protocols below), as well as the impact other treaties may have on the New York Convention.
The appendices contain a variety of statistics on ICC arbitration, including amounts in dispute, the costs of arbitration and the nationalities of the arbitrators and parties, through 1999. The authors included an extensive Table of Cases (with citations to the case as well as the discussion in the text) as well as a similar Table of Arbitral Awards and a Table of Authorities.
4. International Commercial Arbitration 3rd Floor Reserve. K7690 .B67 2009
Written by Gary Born, a leading practitioner of ICA, this is a two-volume treatise. Volume I contains an extensive history of ICA, an overview of the major conventions and treaties, and an overview of the major institutional arbitration organizations. The remainder of Volume I provides a substantive overview of the different aspects of an international arbitration, including choice of law and enforcement issues.
Volume II includes chapters on the substance of arbitration agreements as well as the selection of arbitrators and the procedure for challenging arbitrators. Volume II also includes extensive lists of books, articles, legislation, treaties and UN documents regarding ICA. There is also an index of the arbitral awards referenced in the text.
5. Practitioner's Handbook on International Commercial Arbitration 2nd Edition 3rd Floor Reserve. K2400 .P733 2009
Edited by Frank-Bernd Weigand, this is a one volume handbook. The book begins with a general introduction to ICA (and an extensive bibliography) and follows with separate chapters on ICA in Austria, Belgium, China and Hong Kong, England, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Singapore, Sweden, Switzerland and the United States. Each country chapter also contains a thorough bibliography. The handbook concludes with chapters of commentaries on the UNICITRAL Model Law on ICA, the Arbitration Rules of the ICC, the UNICITRAL rules, the ICDR International Commercial Arbitration Rules and the LCIA Rules. Geared toward practitioners, the country chapters and commentary are to the point and succinct. There is also a Table of Cases and subject index.
For more information regarding finding monographs on ICA, please see the research guide Finding Books and Articles on International and Foreign Law.
World Arbitration Reporter 3rd Floor Reserve. K2400 .W672
A six volume publication. Volumes 1 through 1B contain information and commentary on the arbitration laws of each applicable country. Volume 2 contains information and commentary on national arbitration institutions, normally with the applicable rules for such institution attached as an appendix. Volume 3 covers international arbitration institutions (with applicable rules attached as an appendix). Finally, Volume 4 covers treaties, bilateral and regional agreements (with the text of appropriate documents attached as appendices).
The following is a selected list of the ICA periodicals available at the Diamond Law Library. There are many more periodicals available through the library catalog.
1. The American review of international arbitration (1990 to present) 3rd Floor Reserve & Cellar. JX1 Am334. Also available electronically through CLIO.
Published on a quarterly basis, this journal publishes articles (written by practitioners and academics) as well as book reviews of books on ICA.
2. ASA Bulletin (2003 to present) 3rd Floor Reserve and Cellar. JX1 As12. Also available electronically (Volume 1 (1983) to present) through Pegasus.
Published on a quarterly basis, this is the journal of the Swiss Arbitration Association ("ASA"). Issues can include articles written by practitioners and academics, cases from Swiss courts, cases from foreign jurisdictions, arbitral awards and orders, book reviews and information regarding ASA. Articles can be published in English, French or German.
3. The ICC International Court of Arbitration Bulletin (1990 to present) 3rd Floor Reserve and Cellar. JX1 Ic15.
Published twice a year, this is the publication of the International Chamber of Commerce International Court of Arbitration. Issues may contain reports and information regarding the ICC, new rules or regulations regarding ICA and excerpts from ICC arbitral awards.
4. ICSID Review Foreign Investment Law Journal (1986 to present) 3rd Floor Reserve and Cellar. JX1 Ic7. Also available electronically (1986 to present) through CLIO.
Published twice a year, this is the publication of ICSID. Issues may contain articles (sometimes on a particular subject or theme), student articles, reports and book reviews.
5. International Arbitration Law Review (1997 to present) 3rd Floor Reserve and Cellar. JX1 In823.
Published six times a year, this journal includes shorter articles and news relating to ICA. Each article has keywords associated with it, which can be used to locate similar articles via the annual index.
6. Journal of International Arbitration (1984 to present) 3rd Floor Reserve and Cellar. JX1 J7825. Also available electronically (1984 to present) through Pegasus.
Published six times a year, this publication includes shorter articles (from practitioners and academics) and the International Arbitration Events Calendar.
Finding ICA Articles Using Periodical Indexes
Individual journal articles on ICA can also be found by using periodical indexes (follow the link for a complete list of periodical indexes available at the law library).
Here are some search terms to get started:
- International Commercial Arbitration
- International Chamber of Commerce
- Model International Commercial Arbitration Act
- Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards
- Commercial Arbitration / International Aspects
- International Arbitration
- Enforcement of arbitral awards
For more information regarding finding journal articles on ICA, please see the research guide Finding Books and Articles on International and Foreign Law. The ProQuest database (available to the Columbia University community) may be especially helpful for finding news articles regarding ICA.
ICA Conventions
ICAs are normally governed by conventions signed by member states. The following is a list of the major conventions in ICA today. Please also see the World Arbitration Reporter (discussed in Reporters above) for additional ICA conventions and treaties.
1. Geneva Protocol and Geneva Convention
Two early modern agreements on ICA are the 1923 Geneva Protocol (27 L.N.T.S. 157, from HeinOnline, available to the CLS community) and the 1927 Geneva Convention (92 L.N.T.S. 301, from HeinOnline, available to the CLS community).
2. New York Convention (United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards)
Replacing the Geneva Protocol and Geneva Convention is the United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, otherwise known as the New York Convention. Once a state becomes a party to the New York Convention, they are no longer subject to the Geneva Protocol and Geneva Convention.
The list of parties to the New York Convention and any declarations or reservations made by such party to the convention are available at through the UN Treaty Collection.
3. European Convention on ICA
The European Convention on ICA deals with arbitration agreements, arbitral procedures and awards.
The list of parties to the European Convention on ICA and any declarations or reservations made by such party to the convention are available through the UN Treaty Collection.
4. Panama Convention (Inter-American Convention on International Commercial Arbitration)
This convention was entered into in 1975 among the United States and most South American nations. It is also known as the Panama Convention. The signatories to the convention can be found through the website of the General Secretariat of the Organization of American States.
5. ICSID Convention; Washington Convention (International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes Convention)
This convention is also known as the ICSID Convention or the Washington Convention of 1965. It deals with investment disputes between a state (or some state entities) and an individual who is a national of another state that signed the ICSID convention.
The language of the convention, rules and regulations regarding arbitrations through the can be found through the website of the World Bank as well as a relatively current list of parties to the ICSID convention.
6. Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters
This convention was concluded in 1971, but has been entered into by only 5 countries. Currently, the five signatories are: Albania, Cyprus, Kuwait, Netherlands and Portugal.
7. Council Regulation (EC) No. 44/2001 of December 22, 2000 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters
This regulation deals with the issue of enforcement of arbitral decisions for members of the European Union.
8. Inter-American Convention on International Commercial Arbitration
The text of the convention and the signatories can be found on the Organization of American States website.
Bilateral Investment Treaties
Bilateral Investment Treaties ("BITs") are treaties between two countries that often contain clauses allowing foreign investors to require international arbitration of some categories of investment disputes with the state in which the foreign investment has been made. These treaties often have provisions relating to the enforceability of international arbitration awards.
ICSID's website contains a database of bilateral investment treaties. One can browse by country or year of signature. One can also search for a particular treaty between two countries. This database consists of information provided by the countries which enter into such BITs and is therefore not necessarily complete.
The looseleaf publication Investment Promotion and Protection Treaties (Fourth Floor, K1112 .I581) is complied by ICSID and contains the text of the bilateral investment treaties that ICSID has been provided by the signatories to such treaties.
The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development's ("UNCTAD") website contains a database where one one can search all the bilateral investment treaties entered into by a particular country, with date of signature and date of entry into force.
Individual countries will sometimes provide a list of their BITs. The list of BITs currently in force by the United States can be found at the website of the Trade Compliance Center, along with links to the text of such treaties.
UNICITRAL Model Law on ICA
The ICA model law was originally adopted in 1985 to help states adapt their laws to accommodate international commercial arbitration and was amended in 2006.
UNICITRAL keeps track of which countries have adopted ICA legislation consistent with the language of the Model Law.
Arbitration Proceedings & Institutional Bodies
There are two types of arbitrations—institutional and adhoc. Institutional arbitrations are overseen by an institutional body and controlled by arbitration rules specific to the particular institution (which can also play an administrative role), while adhoc arbitrations are conducted by individual arbitrators, normally controlled by the particular arbitration rules agreed to by the parties in the contract of the underlying dispute and potentially any applicable national arbitration legislation.
In an institutional arbitration proceeding, the arbitration bodies will normally administer the resolution of the dispute, as opposed to resolving the disputes directly. In other words, the arbitrators are selected by the parties to the dispute (although often confirmed by the institutional body and sometimes the arbitrators are chosen by the institutional body), but the arbitrators are not part of the institutional body itself.
The following is a list (and links to) some of the major international arbitration bodies:
Major International Arbitration Institutions
1. International Chamber of Commerce ("ICC"): (http://www.iccwbo.org/court/)
The ICC publishes rules of arbitration to govern ICA disputes. The 2012 version of the rules are available on the ICC website in Arabic, Chinese, English, French, German, Portuguese and Spanish. Only the English and French versions are official versions. The 1998 version of the arbitration rules are also available.
2. London Court of International Arbitration ("LCIA"): (http://www.lcia.org/)
Arbitrations are governed by the LCIA rules, most recently revised in 1998. The LCIA provides a brief summary of the 1998 rules. According to the LCIA website, the 1998 arbitration rules are currently under review.
3. International Centre for Dispute Resolution ("ICDR"): (http://www.adr.org/)
The ICDR administers all of the American Arbitration Association's international arbitrations. The ICDR's rules, the ICDR International Dispute Resolution Procedures, are available in English, Spanish, French, German, Portuguese, Chinese and Italian.
4. Swiss Chamber of Commerce ("SCC"): (https://www.sccam.org/sa/en/)
The SCC conducts arbitrations based on the Swiss Rules of International Arbitration. Copies of the rules in a variety of languages (including English, Chinese and Arabic) are available on the SCC website.
The website of the SCC states that the Swiss Rules of International Arbitration are based on the UNICITRAL rules, with some modifications. The SCC has published a comparison of the rules.
5. Vienna International Arbitral Centre ("VIAC"): (http://www.internationales-schiedsgericht.at/en.html)
VIAC coordinates arbitrations based on the VIAC Rules from 2006.
The entire VIAC website (http://www.internationales-schiedsgericht.at/) and arbitration rules are available in English, German, Czech and Russian.
6. Hong Kong International Arbitration Centre ("HKIAC"): (http://www.hkiac.org/)
HKIAC administers arbitrations pursuant to the HKIAC Administered Arbitration Rules which are available in English, Chinese, Korean and Japanese. The English language version is the official version. HKIAC states that their rules are based on the UNICITRAL arbitration rules.
7. Chinese International Economic and Trade Arbitration Centre ("CIETAC"): (http://www.cietac.org/index.cms)
CIETAC administers arbitrations in accordance with the CIETAC Arbitration Rules. The rules are available in Chinese, English, French, German, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese and Spanish.
8. Cairo Regional Centre for International Commercial Arbitration ("CRCICA"): (http://www.crcica.org.eg/)
CRCICA administers arbitrations based on the CRCICA rules which it states are based on the UNICITRAL rules with minor modifications. Copies of the rules are available in English and Arabic.
9. Stockholm Chamber of Commerce Arbitration Institute ("SCCAI"): (http://www.sccinstitute.com/)
The SCCAI administers arbitrations in accordance with its rules, the SCCAI Arbitration Rules or other arbitration rules agreed to by the parties to the dispute. The SCCAI Arbitration rules are available in English, Swedish, Russian, German, Arabic, Chinese, Spanish and French, but the English version is the official version.
Subject-Specific International Arbitration Institutions
Institutional arbitration bodies can choose to administer arbitrations dealing with a particular subject matter. The following are two of such institutional bodies:
1. World Intellectual Property Organization
The World Intellectual Property Organization ("WIPO") focuses on intellectual property disputes. However, disputes of any topic may be heard by WIPO. For more information on WIPO, please see the Resource Guide for Researching Intellectual Property Law in an International Context.
2. Court of Arbitration of Sport
The Court of Arbitration of Sport deals with sports-related disputes. The website is available in English and French. Its arbitration rules are available in English.
Recent arbitral decisions are available in English or French in .pdf format. An archive of non-confidential decisions since 1986 are in a database, also in .pdf format. One can browse decisions by sport or by year and can do keyword searching.
Ad Hoc Arbitrations
Ad hoc arbitrations are not conducted under the auspices of an institutional body--rather they are organized by the parties to the dispute.
The UNICITRAL Arbitration Rules are designed to be used in ad hoc arbitrations. The text of the UNICITRAL rules (most recently revised in 2010) are available on the UNICITRAL website.
The original UNICITRAL Arbitration Rules were adopted in 1976. The text of the 1976 version can also be found on the UNICITRAL website.
The CPR created the CPR Rules for Non-Administered Arbitration of International Disputes and Commentary, which were most recently revised in 2007.
Arbitral Awards
In contrast to court opinions, arbitration submissions and awards are often confidential. This makes locating the awards much more difficult than locating court opinions. However, there are a variety of electronic databases and print reporters that publish arbitral awards. These awards are sometimes excerpts (and confidential information has been removed).
1. Reports of International Arbitral Awards
Part of the United Nations website, this database contains pdf versions of the Reports of International Arbitral Awards ("RIAA"), currently through Volume XXIX (2012). Each volume contains a table of contents, index and foreword explaining the awards published in the particular volume. One can search by volume of the RIAA or by party to a dispute. One can also conduct a full-text search of the volumes.
The RIAA is limited to arbitral decisions between states or between states and international organizations. There are also some decisions between individuals and states in which the individual has a sponsoring state.
The awards are published in English and French (and normally both)--with footnotes stating when the translation has been done by the United Nations Secretariat. The RIAA publishes recent awards, as well as older awards (previously published elsewhere) which have become less accessible over time. There are sometimes maps published in connection with an award--such maps are only available in the print version.
This United Nations publication is also available in print (through Volume 29) and online through Hein Online (currently through Volume 29, from HeinOnline, available to the CLS community).
2. Case Law on Uncitral Texts ("CLOUT")
Part of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law website, this is a freely accessible database of court decisions and arbitral awards relating to:
- United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (1958)
- United Nations Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea, 1978 (Hamburg)
- United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (Vienna, 1980)
- UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration (1985)
- UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce (1996)
- UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency (1997)
Decisions and awards are collected by national correspondents of each state that is a party to one of the conventions listed above and/or has adopted legislation based on one of the model laws listed above. The correspondents then prepare abstracts of such decisions and awards. The abstracts are published intermittently and are made available in the six official UN languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish.
Abstracts can be browsed (by date of publication) or searched by a number of subjects: legislative text and article, date, country, court, parties and keyword.
3. ICSID Cases
ICSID provides lists of pending and concluded cases to browse, with fairly extensive information about each case. Citations to decisions (if publicly available) are also provided. Under "Search Online Decisions and Awards" there is also a list of, and links to, the publicly available information or decisions from ICSID cases starting in the 1980's. By selecting the advanced search option, one can search by party, type of document, case number, time period and language.
UNCTAD provides a database of information regarding arbitral awards (concluded or pending) that one can browse or search. There are a variety of facets available (parties, home country of investor, type of investment, rules etc.). However, the search feature is extremely slow (and isn't always working) and there are no links to the actual awards.
5. Collection of ICC Arbitral Awards Fourth Floor, K2400.A47 C65
There are five volumes of ICC Court of Arbitration cases, covering years 1974-2007. Each volume contains abstracts of awards and commentary on the Court of Arbitration cases that have been previously published in the Yearbook Commercial Arbitration and the Journal du Droit International. There are indexes to search by date (and case number) and by subject. Abstracts and commentaries are available in English and French (but not always both).
This resource is also available on Westlaw (Database ICC-AWARDS) covering the years 1974-2004.
6. Yearbook Commercial Arbitration Fourth Floor, K2400.A15 Y43
Starting in 1976 and published annually, this publication provides references to new or amended foreign arbitration rules, a short description of recent ICA developments in relevant countries and, most importantly, arbitral awards and court decisions. Many of the awards are excerpts, but the complete award or decision is available at Kluwer Arbitration.com (which is a subscription database available to the CLS community). The awards are organized by arbitral body and the court decisions are organized by the ICA convention that is relevant to the case. For ease of searching, there is a subject index for arbitral awards.
7. ICSID Reports 3rd Floor Reserve, JX1976.S1 Ic71 1993
Currently a 15 volume set, the ICSID Reports publish arbitral reports (in full text when available) by tribunals or ad hoc committees based on the ICSID Convention. Volume 1 contains cases commenced between 1972 and 1981 and Volume 15 covers cases commenced between 1998 and 2004. Each volume contains a table of cases published in the particular volume, a table of cases published in all existing volumes and a digest for cases published in the particular volume. There is also a subject index at the back of each volume. Volumes 1 through 10 have cumulative subject indexes, while volumes 11 through 15 have individual subject indexes. All reports (either full-text or excerpts) are printed in English. For each report, the editors have added headings (in bold) indicating the main issues of law and a summary of the proceedings.
8. World Trade and Arbitration Materials
This publication is available in print (starting with Volume 6 1993/1994 to present) and online through Kluwer Law International (Volume 9 1997 to present, although missing Volume 10). The contents of the online issues appear to be pdf scans of the printed version, but missing the cover page and the table of contents. This journal publishes some arbitration awards and information on arbitration statutes and legislation (in addition to reports relating to trade policy in various countries).
9. Mealey's International Arbitration Report
This print publication contains information and commentaries on awards and issues relating to international arbitration, as well as some full-text awards and other publications. The "Cases in this Issue" chart on the inside cover page of each issue indicates which full-text documents are available in the publication. Other full-text documents are available at Mealeys Online for a fee (search using the document numbers provided in the print version).
Mealeys Online has a search box where one can search for articles in Mealey's International Arbitration Report (be certain to select the publication to search), using keywords and date limitations. The articles are available online for a fee.
This publication is also available through Lexis Nexis under the International Arbitration tab as International Arbitration: Mealey's Litigation Report. Links to the various documents referenced in the articles are also available.
10. Subscription Databases
Arbitral awards are also available through the subscription databases listed below (available to members of the CLS community).
Subscription Databases
There are several subscription databases available to the CLS community for ICA:
This database includes a large number of books, including Born's International Commercial Arbitration, Yearbook Commercial Arbitration and Redfern and Hunter on International Arbitration. One can browse the books through the table of contents or search in particular sources (using the advanced search feature). There are also several journals available through this database. The full-text of many ICA conventions, national legislation, rules and BITs can be browsed as well. In addition, there is a collection of New York Convention decisions, organized by article of the convention. Kluwer also has a blog with posts by practitioners and scholars in the ICA field. The blog is available without a subscription to the database.
Using the advanced search feature, one can search for different types of documents (awards, rules, commentary etc.), party, source and organization (among others).
2. LexisNexis
LexisNexis has an "International Arbitration" tab which includes databases such as: International Arbitration: Mealey's Litigation Report (starting in 1993) and the journal American Review of International Arbitration (from 1996). There is also a database of U.S. Treaties. See the International Arbitration tab in LexisNexis for a full list of available databases.
3. Westlaw
Under the Alternative Dispute Resolution area of practice, Westlaw provides a number of ICA databases including: International Commercial Arbitration-Cases (ICA-CASES) which includes published and unpublished cases from a number of countries, a variety of ICA treatises and rules and ICA journals. See the Alternative Dispute Resolution section in Westlaw for a full list of available databases.
4. Investment Arbitration Reporter
This database provides both news articles on investment arbitration and copies of the underlying arbitration documents. One can browse new articles by topic, for example, ICC Rules, NAFTA or Environmental Disputes (among many others) and download pdf copies of the documents mentioned in the news articles. The news articles are compiled into newsletters which can be downloaded as pdfs. There is no search feature in the database. Instead, the database suggests searching the Investment Treaty Arbitration website for publicly available documents (to which Investment Arbitration Reporter contributes documents). The Investment Treaty Arbitration website only has a basic search box, there are no advanced search features.
5. Transnational Dispute Management
Transnational Dispute Management is an online journal published approximately 4 to 5 times a year, focusing on international arbitration. Issues can be browsed (or downloaded as pdfs) and articles can be browsed by topic or author. There are search features (regular and advanced). The advanced search feature gives the option of full-text searching, but limited to a particular category of articles. The database also includes a variety of documents--arbitration agreements, legislation, awards and cases that can be browsed or searched. The most helpful browsing capability is by country.
Although not ICA specific, the Foreign Law Guide and the Global Legal Information Network are also useful databases for foreign and international resources.
National Arbitration Laws
Conducting research on ICA will often require research into the arbitration laws of individual countries. Although such laws are beyond the scope of this research guide, the World Arbitration Reporter (discussed in Reporters, above) contains information and commentary on the arbitration laws of many countries. The American Society of International Law International Commercial Arbitration research guide contains links to many national arbitration laws.
Other Research Guides
For more information, please see the following research guides on ICA:
Cornell Law Library. International Commercial Arbitration
Georgetown Law Library. International Commercial Arbitration Research Guide
Miccioli, Gloria. The American Society of International Law. International Commercial Arbitration
Please send comments regarding this guide to Alison P. Sherwin, Reference Librarian, Columbia University, Diamond Law Library, at email@example.com


text:
Faulconer foiled: Defers plans for Ivy move
Ivy residents turned out 200 strong February 4 to testify to the Albemarle Planning Commission why Faulconer Construction should not be allowed to set up shop down a narrow country road from a preschool and elementary school.
After hearing 52 speakers, the planning commission voted to deny three waivers Faulconer had sought for its site plan on the 27 acres it owns in Ivy Industrial Park.
In particular, it was a "critical slope" waiver that concerned commissioners the most, and they voted 5 to 1 to against it. Commission vice-chair Tracey Hopper, who made the motion to deny, says she went through the ordinance on granting waivers. One consideration is "if the waiver makes things better for the community." She didn't think that was the case for the Faulconer plan.
Commissioners were split 3-3 on two other waivers for "curvilinear parking" and one-way circulation on the property.
"We asked the applicant to agree to a deferral," says Hopper. "The applicant agreed and will come back to us."
Had the planning commission voted to deny the site plan, Faulconer could appeal to the Board of Supervisors.
One option is that Faulconer could change its site plan so it won't need waivers, says Hopper. "I think they could if they scaled back."
Others aren't so sure. "They're trying to squeeze a very large operation on a relatively small parcel," says Ivy Community Association president Tom Hutchinson. "That's the perception of all of us who have walked the property."
The Association staged a demonstration in front the County Office Building before the meeting, and presented a tour de force of speakers, including experts such as a toxicologist.
Seven children spoke, and Hopper mentions one "adorable" first grader.
"He brought his Lego set and said, 'This road is 18 feet wide. This bus is nine feet across. This [construction equipment] is 11 feet across. These two vehicles are not going to pass on this road,'" she recounts.
Faulconer's attorney, Rick Carter, says he's disappointed with the planning commission's decision, and expects the company will submit a new site plan "in the next month or two."
Hutchinson prefers a different option for the property for which Faulconer paid $335,000. "Our hope is [Faulconer] decides this land is not suitable and goes some place else," says Hutchinson. "We'd like to raise money to pay what they paid for it and make it a park."


text:
After seven and half years as the "face" of cable in Halifax and Plympton, Bob Gohl was terminated from his position with Comcast for what he was told was a violation of company policy.
After seven and half years as the "face" of cable in Halifax and Plympton, Bob Gohl was terminated from his position with Comcast for what he was told was a violation of company policy. Returning early from a vacation with his wife, Gohl headed to work, and to his surprise he found the office, which was like a second home to him for more than seven years, locked. When he called to learn what was hapening, he was told to return the following day and everything would be explained. When he got to the office the following day, Friday Sept. 14, several Comcast employees began questioning him for 15 minutes about the work he had done for the Plympton Tercentennial and videos sold from the events. After the questioning, Gohl was handed his final check and fired on the spot. "I was shocked, confused, very much upset because it just didn't add up to me," Gohl said about his sudden termination. Two years prior to Plympton's 300th anniversary, when Adelphia was the cable company in Halifax and Plympton, Gohl embarked on creating the Tercentennial documentary video for purchase to support the event. When Comcast took over, Gohl explained to them what he was doing for the town, and that the sale of the videotapes was a fundraiser for the event, he said. He also explained that he would be doing all the legwork for the project on his own time, but would need to use the Comcast equipment for the taping and editing of the project. As a way to be financially sensitive to people in Plympton, Gohl was selling the videos for $10, with the understanding that the proceeds were going towards the Tercentennial celebration. Comcast, which generally sells copies of their programs for $30, questioned why the sale of the videos was only $10. Gohl said, because of his involvement with the documentary and video work, the money for the tapes was given directly to him and many of the checks were made out in his name. He cashed the checks and gave the money to the Tercentennial Committee. He believes the transaction may have led Comcast to think he was pocketing the money for himself. When Gohl attempted to apply for unemployment he was denied because the unemployment office was under the impression his termination was due to money-related issues. Chairwoman of the Tercentennial Committee Christine Joy sent a letter informing the unemployment agency that all the money from the sale of the documentary from was accounted for. "I am writing to certify that Robert Gohl provided the Tercentennial Committee with the money received for 58 DVD/DHS orders of the Tercentennial Documentary and/or the Tercentennial Celebration at a cost of $10 each for a total of $580," Joy wrote. Gohl said during the questioning that took place prior to his termination a Comcast representative made him aware that all money from the sale of tapes and DVDs must be turned into the Comcast office. The Tercentennial videos were done as a separate project and therefore Gohl said he did not think he needed to follow Comcast policy. "I thought they understood the end product was far a fundraiser, not for the company," he said. During Gohl's many years as the production coordinator for the towns of Halifax and Plympton he has covered numerous events, created close relationships within the two towns and also received a New England Cable and Telecommunications Association Home Town Hero Award in 2004. "As the production coordinator, Robert is responsible for covering local municipal meetings, training volunteers, and helping to generate new programming. He routinely surpasses these job responsibilities by endearing himself to the communities of Halifax and Plympton in such a way that he has now become a local fixture," Robert Wahl Senior Vice President of Operations for Adelphia in 2004 wrote in his nomination letter. As shocked as Gohl was upon returning from vacation to find himself fired, the two communities he covered are in even more shock. Since learning about Gohl's termination, residents in both towns have created a petition asking Comcast to reinstate Gohl. In the past few weeks, the petitions have circulated at soccer games, in front of the post office, and at the local grocery store, collecting between 800 and 1,000 signatures. Geri Bernier of Halifax said when she and Dot Landry, also of Halifax, heard what happened they were in shock. They could not believe someone so devoted to the town and so dedicated to his job would be terminated, Bernier said. "I take my hat off to him, I wouldn't go back, but he was so devoted to his job, he loved his job and he wants to go back," Bernier said. "I can't believe they got rid of him because of the good he has done, he made Comcast look good, and this now makes Comcast look bad." Jim Keegan of Halifax said the group's main concern is trying to reverse Comcast's decision and give Gohl his job back. Gohl has done a lot for the communities of Halifax and Plympton, donated hundreds of hours, and ton of work outside of the scope of his Comcast position, he said. "They should consider him an asset," Keegan said. "I realize we're only two small towns about 10,000 to 11,000 people, but Bob by all means is the biggest selling feature for Comcast. He brings a personal touch to a big company." Since the petition was started, town officials from selectmen to school principals have written letters on Gohl's behalf. Chairman of the Halifax selectmen Troy Garron wrote a letter on Sept. 18, to Gerald Buckley at Comcast expressing his board's dismay with Gohl's firing, and explaining the importance to the town. "For most people in Halifax, Mr. Gohl is the "face" of Comcast and Comcast's reputation was enhanced by Mr. Gohl's work," Garron wrote in his letter. "It will be difficult for Comcast to find someone to do everything that Bob Gohl did on behalf of Comcast and the Town of Halifax." Diane Biggieri, Principal of Halifax Elementary wrote a lengthy letter on Oct. 11, pointing out the many events Gohl covered throughout the years as well as the services he provided. Some of the points she wrote about included: Gohl's development of a "kids program" to promote education in special skills, his coverage of concerts and plays, and especially his coverage of school committee meetings. She stated his coverage of the school committee meetings allowed many working parents to follow-up on ongoing school issues. "Mr. Bob Gohl has been a positive influence on our school and committee," Biggieri wrote. Jim Hughes, a Comcast spokesman, said he could not discuss the issue and released a statement of behalf of Comcast. "Because it is a personnel issue we cannot discuss the details of Mr. Gohl's departure from the company," Hughes said. Landry said the group feels it was unfair the way Gohl was fired, and never given an opportunity to explain after all the work he has done. She said the misunderstanding is not enough of an offense for him to be dismissed. Landry and the rest of the group are trying to get 1,200 names on the petition, which they anticipate to have after the weekend is over, and send the petition with the letters to Comcast headquarters. "They should consider him an asset, he is the public face of cable television in the community," Keegan said. Gohl did not plan on trying to regain his position, but said he loved his job and would like to continue doing it. After hearing how the communities came together to help him get his job back, he began embracing the idea, and then cried over the tremendous outpour of support he has received. "I like to give people a front row seat to what is going on in their towns," Gohl said. "I love my job!"