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Quick Change
Last-minute Halloween costume ideas
Photos courtesy: Disney/Pixar, Reuters, DreamWorks Pictures
These past few days have been pretty hair-raising.
There was the tsunami warning complete with road closures and mandatory evacuations, and now, a super storm is terrorizing the East Coast.
To top it off, you've got less than 24 hours to scare up a Halloween costume.
Which you can totally do with these last-minute tricks. Just pick up a few items during lunch, if necessary, combine it with stuff you already have in your closet, and spend the evening working on your makeup, moves and catchphrases.
After all, the devil is in the details.
Wear: Round sunglasses, colored blazer, bow tie, wingtip shoes or sneakers.
Apply: Lots of gel.
Carry: A boombox with "Gangnam Style" on repeat.
Move: Watch the music video to get the dance down (it's not hard - just channel a hyperactive cowboy) or simply jump up and down and shout "Oppan, Gangnam Style!"
Red jacket, $18, Barrio Vintage, 1160 Nuuanu Ave., (808) 674-7156.
Michael Jackson
Wear: Red bomber jacket or black fedora, aviator sunglasses and sparkly white glove.
Apply: Light foundation, rosy cheeks and lips, eyeliner.
Say: "I love you," "I love you more," and "You're so kind" in a soft, almost whisper-like, voice.
Move: Do the moonwalk or spin and kick dance moves.
Samara, a.k.a. Creepy Girl from 'The Ring'
Wear: Long black wig (or your own hair, if it works) covering your face, a white dress or even a white sheet. Rubbing your arms with dirt is optional, but effective.
Carry: A VHS tape.
Move: No words necessary. Just jerk your arms and legs around, reach out to people at random and, if the mood strikes you, start crawling.
MAKE UP FOR EVER Gold Shimmer Faux Lash, $16, Sephora, Ala Moana Center, (808) 944-9797.
Lady Gaga
Wear: Funky sunglasses (if you have time, decorate your own using rhinestones and a hot glue gun), anything skintight, high platform shoes, colored wig. Bonus points if you include slabs of meat.
Apply: Thick eyebrow pencil, big false lashes, glitter, face paint, red lipstick.
Say: "Paws up" and "I was born this way" and call everyone Little Monsters.
Carl, a.k.a. Old Man from 'Up'
Wear: White wig or white hair spray, black square-framed glasses, tweed blazer, bow tie.
Carry: A bunch of helium balloons and a cane (if you have time, glue tennis balls to the bottom).
Say: Answer every question with "No."
Elvis wig, $24.99, Party City, 888 N. Nimitz Hwy., (808) 599-7591.
Wear: Sequined jumpsuit or a simple collared shirt with the first few buttons open.
Apply: Large sideburns, lots of mousse.
Carry: A microphone or guitar.
Say: "Thank you, thank you very much," "Hey lil' mama," and "Baby" in a low, slow Southern drawl.
Move: Dance with your legs and hips, add karate-like punches, chops and kicks, curl your upper lip.
Michael Jackson, Lady Gaga and Elvis tips courtesy of Damian Brantley, Jackie Wiatrowski and Johnny Fortuno. Legends in Concert's Rock-A-Hula show takes place every Tuesday through Sunday at 8:15 p.m. at Royal Hawaiian Center.


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I mentioned byobu the other day, and a few days before I mentioned a slew of audio players for the console. Here's a mis-mash of those ideas, with three audio mixers running inside the Ubuntu version of byobu.
From top to bottom that's aumix, rexima and the omnipresent alsamixer, which is part of the alsa-utils package in most distros. If you don't know about alsamixer, you should probably become familiar with it; it's probably the most commonplace of the three you see there.
And probably the most straightforward. You get a one-to-one series of vertical sliders and toggle switches that correspond to the controls on your audio card. In other words, what you see on your machine is probably going to be slightly different from that picture.
But you can control the audio channels and features of your card through keyboard controls, with help screens and system information accessible at the press of a key. And if you have more than one sound card, you can swap out controls with almost no effort.
To me, alsamixer is another example of a console application that is actually more expedient and better arranged than most GUI equivalents. I can attest to spending time — too much time, considering the task — twiddling the dials in the Gnome audio control trying to get the audio levels correct. In that sense, using the mouse or even the mouse wheel was more of a hindrance. With alsamixer, the same task is about three keypresses, and it's done.
Both aumix and rexima are valid replacements for alsamixer, but (if this is possible) alsamixer has a more "polished" interface (the ASCII boxes in that image are my fault; usually it is drawn with proper frames). aumix is clean and keeps menu keypresses at the left, and is a worthy second-place finisher to alsamixer. And aumix has an "undo" function, which may come in handy at times.
But as you can see, it lacks some of the prettification that alsamixer has. And as everyone knows, pretty is a feature. 🙄
rexima might be the last-place finisher in that sense, but rexima is also probably the lightest of the three. No graphical demands whatsoever, clean and simple, and totally functional. In that sense it excels quite handsomely.
It's worth saying that none of these is an equalizer, only a mixer. Console equalizers are harder to come by, although there is a derivative of alsamixer called alsaequal, which is easy to set up and piggybacks on the alsamixer framework. If you're an audiophile and at the same time a console fanatic, that is probably your best bet.
I still have a huge list of programs to test, but they'll probably be further spaced out now that the new year holiday is complete. If only I could retire and spend all my time tinkering with Linux. Is there any money in that … ? 🙄

subset: commoncrawl


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Now there are news out, reporting that Kirana said that Lion Air needs more planes and Scott Hamilton predicts an order for 100 A320neo's to be knocking at John Leahy's door.
I remember (and found) a press article last year, a few weeks after the massive order from Lion Air for B737-900ER and B737MAX-9 was announced, in which John Leahy mentioned that Airbus and Lion Air already had a MoU in place, but then political pressure from the White House inhibited Lion Air from defecting from Boeing to Airbus. Who know - maybe the MoU is still valid?
It looks like there are two 100-aircraft-orders in the works in
The new (still to be announced) AirAsia order was public since Farnborough (or even earlier, I don't remember exactly). It will go to AirAsia's board in the coming days and then officially announced. I would guess the Lion Air order for A320neo's (if true) will be announced shortly thereafter.
As boring the summer was in terms of new aircraft orders (at least since Farnborough), as interesting might get the rest of the year...


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Back and forth they soar and swoop, the acrobats of the agricultural world:
Back and forth they soar and swoop, the acrobats of the agricultural world:
Crop dusters.
We've all seen them, maybe while driving down Interstate 5 or Highway 99. It's a practice that dates back more than a century, and today continues to support a $2.8 billion farm economy in San Joaquin County.
Yet the investigation still under way into a widely publicized pesticide drift in the north Delta earlier this spring raises obvious questions: How often do planes or helicopters miss their targets, and what are the consequences?
A Record analysis of state reports dating from the 1990s to 2011 shows that while pesticide drifts still occur here, they are less common than they used to be - or, perhaps, are less commonly reported.
The number of people sickened by pesticides has also generally decreased since the 1990s. The majority of pesticide-related illnesses in San Joaquin County actually have nothing to do with agriculture; and among those that do, a good share involve pesticides that were applied on the ground - not from the air.
"You see these aircraft and think, 'Well, gee, that stuff probably isn't going to go where they want it to go,'" said Terry Gage, president of the Lincoln-based California Agricultural Aircraft Association. "But there's actually a lot of planning and education that goes on in the process. There's a lot of due care."
The San Joaquin County agricultural commissioner continues to investigate the errant spraying that took place last May at Bouldin Island. Little information has been released, though the commissioner's office said earlier this month that public health risks appear to be minimal and the harm to crops is probably less than initially feared.
Several local crop dusting businesses contacted by The Record were reluctant to publicly discuss the nature of their work, given the sensitive nature of the investigation.
But Gage spoke on their behalf, explaining that pilots are required to be licensed by the Federal Aviation Administration and the state Department of Pesticide Regulation.
Even if they've been dusting crops for 20 years in Iowa, pilots must go through a lengthy apprenticeship program before they can spray in California, Gage said. That's because of this state's diverse array of crops - many of which react differently to various pesticides - as well as the state's sensitive environment when it comes to air quality and Delta waterways.
Technology also makes a difference, Gage said. Global positioning system devices make aerial spraying more accurate, mostly eliminating the need for personnel on the ground. Ninety-two percent of the planes and helicopters across the country are equipped with GPS, according to a state report.
Finally, pesticide applicators are trained to constantly monitor the weather, Gage said. If the winds shift to an unfavorable direction, it's not uncommon for them to give up and go home, and try again the next day.
"Because the helicopters or fixed-wing (planes) are so visual, there's always been more scrutiny" on their operations, she said. "That has increased our professional standards. And that's why we don't have as many incidents with aerials."
But make no mistake: There are still incidents.
In 2011, the most recent year for which detailed data were available, 14 farm workers in Imperial County were sickened after a plane applied pesticides to an alfalfa field about a mile away. The applicator was cited, according to the state.
The same year, in Merced County, pesticides applied to a cornfield drifted into a residential area. One family said they could "taste" and smell the chemicals; they sealed their doors with duct tape to keep the fumes out of the house. Ultimately, 11 people experienced symptoms such as burning eyes, labored breathing, headaches and blotchy skin.
In San Joaquin County, even as the agricultural commissioner investigated the Bouldin Island spray, a smaller-scale incident was reported in the south Delta on July 10. According to state Office of Emergency Services documents, a witness reported that a crop duster sprayed chemicals over Grant Line Canal. The spray continued past its intended field for several hundred yards, according to the report, and "the cloud was very large and the water in the canal (was) covered in the substance." The caller reported having difficulty breathing.
County agricultural commissioners across California are tasked with investigating these kinds of incidents.
But they don't have much regulatory authority, one concerned activist said. That authority belongs to the state, making it difficult for everyday citizens or neighbors to challenge spraying operations if they feel their health is at risk.
"It's confusing for community members to navigate the system," said Tracey Brieger, codirector of Oakland-based Californians for Pesticide Reform. "What we've seen overwhelmingly, especially in towns up and down Highway 99, is that many community members had been drifted on multiple times, and nobody knew who to contact."
When you factor in language barriers and the fact that spraying might occur on nights or weekends when government offices aren't open to receive complaints, pesticide drift cases are likely underreported, Brieger said.
"We just don't really know how often it happens," she said. "Anecdotally, it happens way more often than reports actually show."
Pesticide drift isn't necessarily immediate. Chemicals can spread days after an application, particularly with fumigant gases that are injected into the soil and slowly released into the air. Tarps are typically used to prevent the gas from spreading past the fields.
You're not necessarily going to see a cloud of pesticides, either. The chemicals in a drift incident might be invisible.
In documents, state officials acknowledge that some drift is inevitable but add that not all drift is illegal or harmful.
Still, information about potential health risks continues to come to light. In June, a University of California, Davis, study revealed that pregnant women who live within a mile or so of fields and farms where pesticides are used face an increased risk of having a child with autism or other developmental problems.
As the study's lead author, Janie Shelton, put it: "If it were my family, I wouldn't want to live close to where heavy pesticides are being applied."
Contact reporter Alex Breitler at (209) 546-8295 or firstname.lastname@example.com. Follow him at recordnet.com/breitlerblog and on Twitter @alexbreitler.


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Rasmussen Reports
From Conservapedia
(Redirected from Rasmussen)
Rasmussen Reports is an Electronic media company specializing in the collection, publication, and distribution of public opinion polling information.
Scott Rasmussen, president of Rasmussen Reports, has been an independent pollster for more than a decade. Like the company he started, Rasmussen maintains his independence and has never been a campaign pollster or consultant for candidates seeking office. Scott grew up in the broadcast business before turning to polling.[1]


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A Family Switch
A former student of Ohr Somayach recently sent us an e-mail with his personal "human side of the story":
In September 2003 he joined the "Shoresh" Introductory Program of the yeshiva and a few months later joined the large Jewish Learning Exchange group (which comes around this time for 2-3 weeks of learning and traveling) on a tour of Israel. At the tomb of Rabbi Yonatan ben Uziel in Amuka where people in need of a soul-mate come to pray, he prayed for his father, divorced from his mother for ten years, to remarry.
A week or two later he got a call from his father asking him if he knew a certain young man in his yeshiva whose mother he was dating. "My future step-brother, I soon discovered, was one of the most serious students at the yeshiva", he recalls, "and I couldn't figure out how my dad, who was not even Shabbat observant when I left home, could be dating his mother."
"Four months later my father announced his engagement. What a switch on the stereotype of a yeshiva for Ba'alei Teshuva! Instead of the picture so many have of a student quickly becoming religious and going on to build a Torah-true family, here I was just getting religious while learning in yeshiva and it was my dad getting engaged in four months!"


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trafficjunction necesitaba un nuevo diseño de página web y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 60 diseños de 5 diseñadores freelance.
Touch Panel Control
We are software developers for mobile devices (iPhone, iPad, Android, etc).
We have developed software that connects to the Home Automation platform that is made by AMX (http://www.amx.com) to turn the devices in to portable touchpanels that allow end users to control Audio/Video/Security/Other items in their homes and offices, as well as in Universities.
We are now moving in to a slightly different product category - that is, AMX modules, these are software modules that allow people with an AMX system to control things like their AppleTV or Media Centre PC (http://www.xbmc.org) and Sonos system (http://www.sonos.com).
Dealers, distributors and integrators of AMX equipment (http://www.amx.com) as well as catering for the end users of the software (residential/commercial/tertiary).
We are targetting English speakers initially BUT we do want to be able to easily translate the text in the site for other markets.
We need to greatly improve the existing designs and add in the AMX module products in to the site in a separate section to the existing TPControl software products.
We'd like to clearly differentiate between the control products and software modules section but show that the products/pages are obviously from the same software developers (us): Touch Panel Control.
NOTE: The company/website is called Touch Panel Control and our live product is called TPControl (NOT Touch Panel Control) and the forthcoming AMX modules all have their own names.
Both Touch Panel Control and TPControl logos are attached.
Home page
http://beta.touchpanelcontrol.com/ (user: tpcmagento pass: mag3nt0)
We would like to keep within the same page width as the current site to make the integration with the Magento eCommerce platform easier, but the rest of the design is fairly open to your interpretation.
We need to cater for the various audiences (see target audience).
The only thing that is fixed from the current website is the logo (attached the original copies of this) and the pages that will be in the (new in the beta site) navigation:
As well as the other navigation items that are currently in the footer - we don't mind if you move them!
It's be nice to keep our news on the homepage, perhaps with less priority.
Please look to the example sites for some inspiration/
Products page
This page lists the 2 TPControl products we have for sale already with more coming (Android, Windows Mobile 7, Blackberry, etc).
Please add in the other products and just mark them as coming soon.
This products page will form the basis of the AMX Modules page http://beta.touchpanelcontrol.com/modules.html which currently looks very similar so we'd like you to consider a simple way of differentiating the two types of product pages without having to do a big re-design, we need to show it's a different type of product.
Happy to consider alternative style of software boxes or perhaps no software boxes at all on these pages.
Product details page
http://touchpanelcontrol.com/produc…-ipad.html (currently on the live site - not beta so it has incorrect navigation - take the navigation text from the home page)
Again we'd like to re-do this page keeping it in theme with the other 2 pages. The content is all on the page above and obvisouly there is additional content that we've put behind the buttons: Overview / Technical / Video / Gallery.
Perhaps you can think of a nicer way of doing this?
Again, open to an alternative idea to the software box or perhaps just a much nicer software box.
Although we like having the footer navigation in text for Google it really doesn't look great.
(user: tpcmagento pass: mag3nt0)
http://beta.touchpanelcontrol.com - Home page
http://beta.touchpanelcontrol.com/products.html - Products page
http://touchpanelcontrol.com/produc…-ipad.html - Product details page that is currently on the live website
Competing companies that have AMX modules - so not necessarily loving their design:
Page designs we do like (all software companies):
http://www.teamviewer.com/index.aspx (please, no people's faces)


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Losses from the massive multi-day ice storm that paralyzed North Texas could reach up to $50 million when totaled.
Early estimates from the Insurance Council of Texas said the ice storm cost North Texas $30 million in residential insured losses. The losses include anything from trees that fell into homes, broken pipes and/or flooding damage and other weather-related losses.
The group said that early estimate doesn't include losses to cars, roadways or city property.
The latest news from around North Texas.
The council said they do not expect insured losses from vehicles to be significantly large as most crashes and damage seem to be minor. Most drivers elected to stay off of treacherous roads during the ice event, leading to a lower estimate for car damage.
The cost to cities and counties is also significant with Dallas and Tarrant county judges estimating around $2 million combined to clear the ice.
Dallas County Judge Clay Jenkins estimated the total cost of the ice storm to be around $1.8 to $1.9 million. That estimate included loss of productivity for shutting down county offices as well as expenses for clearing roads. However, Jenkins said the estimate does not include increased costs incurred by Parkland Memorial Hospital for weather-related injuries.
Tarrant County Judge Glen Whitley estimated the total cost as around $500,000 at the annual State of County event on Wednesday. In his figure, Whitley included manpower overtime, sand, salt and other measures used to free the county from the ice.


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North Korean leader Kim Jong Un visits the General Satellite Control and Command Center on the outskirts of Pyongyang, Dec. 12, 2012
SEOUL, SOUTH KOREANorth Korea's top military body warned Thursday that the regime is poised to conduct a nuclear test in response to U.N. punishment, and made clear that its long-range rockets are designed to carry not only satellites but also warheads aimed at striking the United States.
The National Defense Commission rejected Tuesday's U.N. Security Council resolution condemning North Korea's long-range rocket launch in December as a banned missile activity and expanding sanctions against the regime. The commission reaffirmed in its declaration that the launch was a peaceful bid to send a satellite into space, but also said the country's rocket launches have a military purpose: to strike and attack the United States.
The commission pledged to keep launching satellites and rockets and to conduct a "high-level" nuclear test as part of defensive measures against the U.S.
"We do not hide that a variety of satellites and long-range rockets which will be launched by the DPRK one after another and a nuclear test of higher level which will be carried out by it in the upcoming all-out action, a new phase of the anti-U.S. struggle that has lasted century after century, will target against the U.S., the sworn enemy of the Korean people," the commission said, referring to North Korea by its official name, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea.
"Settling accounts with the U.S. needs to be done with force, not with words, as it regards jungle law as the rule of its survival," the commission said.
The U.S. State Department had no immediate response to Thursday's statement. On Wednesday, after Pyongyang's foreign ministry issued its own angry response to the Security Council decision and said the North would bolster its "nuclear deterrence," U.S. envoy to North Korea Glyn Davies urged restraint.
"It is important that they heed the voice of the international community," Davies said Wednesday in South Korea. He was meeting with government officials on a trip that also will take him to China and Japan to discuss how to move forward on North Korea relations.
Davies said that if North Korea begins "to take concrete steps to indicate their interest in returning to diplomacy, they may find in their negotiating partners willing partners in that process."
North Korea carried out underground nuclear tests in 2006 and 2009, both times just weeks after receiving U.N. sanctions for launching long-range rockets it claimed were peaceful bids to send satellites into space.
At a military parade last April, North Korea showed off what appeared to be an intercontinental ballistic missile.
Experts say the North Koreans must conduct further tests of its atomic devices and make them smaller before they can be mounted as nuclear warheads onto long-range missiles.
Though it insists its efforts to launch a satellite are peaceful, North Korea also claims the right to build nuclear weapons as a defense against the United States, which stations more than 28,000 troops in South Korea. The adversaries fought in the three-year Korean War, which ended in a truce in 1953 and left the Korean Peninsula divided by the world's most heavily fortified demilitarized zone.
North Korea has enough weaponized plutonium for about four to eight bombs, according to nuclear scientist Siegfried Hecker, who visited North Korea's nuclear complex in 2010. In 2009, Pyongyang also declared that it would begin enriching uranium, which would give North Korea a second way to make atomic weapons.
Waiting to see if @JimmyDushku unfollows their ass.


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FOOD- THE DISH- Italian vidalian: Albemarle Square welcomes Olivaté
What do ceramic tiles and Italian food have in common? Well, Italians are known for their skill in designing ceramic tiles, and plenty of pasta sauce has probably fallen on a lot of ceramic tiles, but besides that there's not much of a connection– except in Charlottesville.
Olivaté, which opened in the old Fat Daddy's space at Albemarle Square in late December, is owned by the Oliva family, known for serving up baked goods of the inedible variety at the their Ceramico Tile Company. About a year ago, according to daughter Heather Oliva, the new restaurant's general manager, a long-held dream of her father's to open an Italian restaurant finally began to take shape.
"My father has always loved to cook," she says. "We use family recipes and homemade sauces, all from scratch."
At one time, says Oliva, the family considered turning the showroom at their tile company, which is in an old renovated house, into a restaurant, but when the Fat Daddy's space became available they jumped on it. "Now my brother will have the tile company, and I'll have this," she says.
Clearly, though, it's a family affair. Along with Heather, her father, Dick, her mother, Linda, and her cousin Jonathan Gianakos (yes, that's Greek) have all been a part of the venture. "My father likes to be here a lot," she says.
Oliva says people have been raving about their sweet vidalia onion pasta and her grandmother's meat sauce, but mostly they're just digging the atmosphere only a true family run restaurant can create.
Coffee Émigré in Crozet
In Crozet, another family story accompanies the opening of a new coffee option, but this one started under a dictatorship over 20 years ago.
"Every time I leave the house I'm wishing Crozet had a little coffee shop," says Daniela Irion in a thick, beautiful Romanian accent. "I'm from Europe and I love good coffee."
Indeed, Irion and her daughter fled Romania 20 years ago, shortly after dictator Nicolae Ceausescu's regime fell in 1989. As Dish recalls vividly, Ceausescu was executed unceremoniously, along with his wife, Elena, after a trial by secret military tribunal. Videos of the couple arguing at the tribunal and then riddled with bullets were shown around the world.
Irion and her daughter finally made it to Baton Rouge, where her husband, a sailor, had relocated. Seven years ago they made the move to Charlottesville, where Irion opened a spa, Daniela's Day Spa, off Ivy Road.
"Eventually, I'd like to find a place in Crozet with tables and chair," she says, talking about her Crozet Coffee Bar, which opened in the Brownsville Market on 250 West on December 1. "But this is going very well for now. We make our coffee, which is all organic, with a lot of love, and it's nice to see our customers becoming our friends."
Believe it not, Irion is also a big American football fan. Her son, who was born in the U.S., plays for Western Albemarle, and her small coffee station is adorned with Warriors hats, helmets, shirts, and other memorabilia.
"Every Friday we donate part of the money to the Western athletic department," Irion says.
Go, Warriors! Go, Irions!


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Technologie & Gewebe
Polartec® Power Grid™
Polartec® Power Grid™ was created to push the performance of the Polartec base fabric technologies even further. By developing a patented grid design structure Polartec discovered a new way to reduce fabric weight while increasing warmth and compressibility in the process. This grid construction enhances both wicking efficiency and breathability by generating channels of targeted touch points that absorb and diffuse moisture vapor for faster evaporation.
Superior wicking action
Grid channels reduce weight & increase warmth
Fast drying
Highly breathable
Easy care
Best use
Enhanced lightweight moisture wicking next-to-skin base
The ability to maximize base efficiency through enhanced performance benefits is central to the design of Polartec® Power Grid™ fabric. By constructing a symmetrical grid pattern we were able to not only increase thermal warmth and mechanical wicking capabilities, but actually reduce the overall fabric mass and weight.
The patented bi-component construction utilizes a different length of yarn on each side of the fabric to optimize wicking action and evaporation. This dual surface approach allows moisture to be continuously pulled from your skin and diffused to the outside. The exterior layer then spreads the moisture out to a wider surface area for faster evaporation.
This is how it works
Open air channels surrounding each individual segment of grid allow Polartec® Power Grid™ to easily release all excess body heat as it builds during activity. These breathable air channels create space for greater compression capabilities when needing to pack or store materials with limited room.
Providing maximum warmth from minimal weight reduces your body's overall exertion during movement and activity. This composite engineering approach wicks faster than traditional base fabric materials and avoids using chemical wicking agents that fade away with time.


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The filters on the right side allow you to tailor your search strategy. Click to select, the selected criteria will change to blue, click again to deselect. The table on the left shows the results of the applied search criteria. Clicking on "Display results on the map" triggers a map with the search results to which you can add the nutrition indicators. The CSV link at the bottom of the results table allows the export to a CSV file.
|Type *
|Start year
|End year
|Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Programme - Salt iodization - Adolescents|School age children (SAC)|Women of reproductive age (WRA)


text: Welcome members, potential members and visitors to the Boise Chapter of The IIA. Our chapter members come from a variety of public and private sectors and provide a wide range of knowledge and experience to our group. The Chapter holds regular luncheon meetings and seminars that allow members to network with peers, develop professional relationships and contacts, and stay on top of current issues and practices.


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NOTE: Events are moderated and do not display immediately. If you need to make changes to an event, please email email@example.com with the changes vs. submitting a new event. To keep this calendar as user-friendly as possible, please view the "Other Calendar Links" section to the right for multiple-day, recurring, or ongoing events & classes.
Come Join Us For an Evening of Fun, Food, and Fundraising!Our Spring Party is one of the most exciting events of the year in Coeur d'Alene! The exclusive event, hosted by the Boys & Girls Club of Kootenai County is a fun evening of cocktails, light appetizers, and mingling with other Boys & Girls Club supporters.
Spring Party is held to raise awareness and funds needed to ensure the kids who need us most in our community have a safe place to belong this summer.
Our 8th annual event supporting Idaho Youth Ranch- North Idaho!
A fun girls night out, the hottest event of the year: Wine, Women & Shoes incorporates premium wine tasting, a walk-around designer marketplace: boutique shopping style, raffles, live auctions, and show-stopping entertainment. This smart, sophisticated event is a few fabulous hours of fundraising, networking, and one of the best GNO's you'll ever have!
Please join us on Thursday, July 2nd at Coeur d'Alene Resort for a fabulous event of fashion, shopping, wine, and, most importantly, supporting North Idaho's most vulnerable kids. All proceeds go towards programs and services in North Idaho.
VIP Reserved Tables of 8: $1200
VIP Ticket: $150
Event Ticket: $100
All seating is reserved.
Tickets will go on SALE April 1st! Only 400 available, so mark your calendars.
Join us at McEuen Park in downtown Coeur d'Alene for great craft beer and cider from local and regional brewers and raise funds for the North Idaho Centennial Trail!
Registration includes:
6 tickets – 5oz pours each
Live Music by Zac Cooper Band
Early registration will guarantee 400 acommemorative cup!
We will run out of cups, so REGISTER early!
Tickets available on Eventbrite until August 9 at midnight.
:: Want more beer? Additional tickets are available at $2 each.
:: Hungry? Food will be provided by some of the best food trucks in Coeur d'Alene like Mangia Pizza, Taco Works, The Wurst Guy, and Rants & Raves BBQ.
:: What breweries will be attending? Boise Brewing, Coeur D'Alene Cider Co., Downdraft, Elysian, Freemont Brewing, Grand Teton, Iron Horse, Kootenai River, Mad Bomber, Melvin Brewing, North Idaho Cider, OdellBrewing, Paradise Creek Brewing, Post Falls Brewing, Radio Brewing Co., Rant & Raves, Roadhouse Brewing, River City Brewing, Selkirk Abbey, Slate Creek, Summit Cider, Tricksters, 10 Barrell.
:: What do I need to get in? You MUST have a valid form of Personal Identification to receive alcohol. All patrons will be carded. Wristbands will be given to non-drinkers and designated drivers.
:: What if I'm under 21? Minors may attend in the company of a legal guardian but absolutely no one under 21 years of age will be served alcohol.
**Ride your bike to the event and use our free bike coral**
All proceeds to benefit the North Idaho Centennial Trail Foundation.
Questions or comments email@example.com or by calling
Please drink, ride and drive responsibly. Uber and taxies are available in CdA for your use.
xclusive Event Sponsor, Dinner & SWAG Sponsor, Longest Drive & Closest to the Pin Sponsorships available!
contact Kristin Ludwig for more information: email@example.com
In the summer of 2011 , friends gathered to play in Scott's honor", said Donna Wemple. "Scott and I lived on the 12th green and shared many memories on this course. My kids and I wanted to keep Scott's memory alive and this tournament is a celebration of what he loved. The money raised at the first tournament helped me when I needed it most. Now, being able to hand over this tournament to CASA, an organization that is close to my heart, makes me feel good.
Money raised at the tournament will go towards North Idaho CASA and the Scott Wemple Memorial Scholarship Fund at NIC, for students playing golf at the collegiate level.
We appreciate all who have supported this event in the past and look forward to seeing you again this year. – The Wemple Family
More info to follow.
Join us for our 2nd annual Dog Days of Summer-fest at Stoddard Park! City of Hayden is partnering with the Kootenai Humane Society for this fun family-friendly event! Idaho Central Credit Union is our sponsor. Join us for bouncy houses, food, dog vendors and giveaways! Event is free to attend. Bring your dogs! (must be on a leash at all times)
SAVE THE DATE!! Annual Family Day in the Park Kick-off to Summer! Over 100 vendors, games, activities, music, beer garden, food court, discounted museum admission, interactive displays, and more!
The theme for our 2020 Aw$um Auction is Experience This! We can't pull it off without you, so we are very excited to see what your donations will bring to the experiences of this event. We need your support. The Chamber volunteers will be reaching out to you directly for your inspired donations to put towards all of the "Experiences" the Aw$um Auction will be showcasing. We are fortunate this year to have the support and energy of the Kootenai County Young Professionals to assist with donation procurement and pick-up.
Contact Brenda Young at firstname.lastname@example.com
Tickets $79 pp
VIP Table – $1000, includes 8 tickets, prime seating, bottle of champagne, champagne toast, sponsor table announcement throughout the evening, and logo in program (limited availability).


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We're open in all our stores by appointment.
So, whether you'd like a consultation with one of our designers or you're just browsing, you can book a time to see us here.
Where in the world are you?
It's far nicer (and easier) when things are in your own language.Right now, we speak a few, but we're learning more all the time…
The small Ashcroft breakfast tray is the size of a typical kitchen tray, perhaps a little longer... Read more
The small Ashcroft breakfast tray is the size of a typical kitchen tray, perhaps a little longer. Just like the Henley and Aldwych trays, it too can carry drinks, help set the table, display a collection, and make breakfast in bed possible. But it does them with a pale, relaxed and textured look.
Each piece from our Ashcroft collection is tightly hand-woven from sustainable, natural rattan to give it incredible strength that'll last and last. The measurements we've given are a guide, so don't be surprised if they vary very slightly. It's all part of the personality of something made by hand.
After weaving, the rattan is given an off-white enamel wash. It's not totally uniform – you can still see the natural-coloured rattan peeking through in places. But it's what makes this piece feel relaxed even though the pale colour is quite contemporary.
Each of these pieces is hand-made from natural materials, so a little variation in shape and colour is to be expected (and loved). Rattan doesn't like to get wet, so if you're planning on using Ashcroft in a bathroom, it's best that the space is well-ventilated.
Ashcroft needs just a quick weekly dust. Use a clean feather duster, an e-cloth, or a quick hoover using the fine-nozzle attachment.
With smaller designs we tend to use one of three couriers; the three that we think are the best. It means that we can get your order out to you sooner. You'll receive an email from our delivery partner to confirm your delivery date within 24 hours of us dispatching the item (or items).
We believe that returns should be easy, that's why we approach them with a 'no quibble' mindset. We offer a free returns service on accessories and all the details on what you need to do will be on your delivery note. Just make sure you keep hold of the packaging.
For our full returns policy, please click here.
Like a home from home where you're welcome any time.
Find a store
October 2012
June 2014
August 2015
October 2015
July 2017


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Perhaps the only disappointing thing from 'Cycling the Line' was the fact that we couldn't really spend much time looking around the places we were travelling through. This was especially true when we hit Ypres at the very end of the trip. My bike was in such a bad state I dared not do a metre more than was absolutely necessary, and as a result we missed out on a couple of areas that I wanted to visit – namely Tyne Cot cemetery and the area to the west of Ypres…Passchendaele.
So, on a business trip to Belgium this week I decided to take a day's holiday, hire a car and re-visit some of the places we cycled to, or just missed, at the very end of our trip. I had only 1 day so decided to take in Tyne Cot cemetery, the village of Passchendaele, Polygon Wood, Sanctuary Wood, Hooge Crater, Langemark, Zonnebeke, and the Menin Road…
My first stop was the largest commonwealth cemetery in the world – Tyne Cot – with 11,908 individual graves and 34,927 names of soldiers who have no known resting place…near on 46,000 soldiers…There are many different emotions when you visit a place such as this. I was awe-struck, humbled, sad and proud all at the same time. There is a small information centre in front of the cemetery with artifacts and personal stories from soldiers that are resting in the cemetery near by. Th letters, photo's, pieces of uniform and equipment, and medals are a stark reminder that each white stone and each name on the vast walls of the memorial represents a man; a son, husband, lover, father. And that 46,000 families were shattered when they received that telegram…'it is with deepest regret…' In the background while you visit the centre there is a female recorded voice reading a roll call of the officers and men that are in the cemetery. Benjamin Thomas Robins, aged 19; John Gibbs, aged 23…It is very haunting.
The cemetery itself is vast. It is a remarkable place. I walked up and down the rows of graves of men…boys I never knew, are not distant relations, but yet I found myself whispering a few words to the headstones and wondering what kind of people they were. Sitting on the steps of the cross of sacrifice (built on top of a German bunker) and looking out over the thousands of pristine white stones, I don't mind telling you there was a tear.
Next stop was Polygon Wood, the scene of bitter hand to hand fighting. The Polygon Wood cemetery is in stark contrast to that of Tyne Cot. Tiny in numbers and the graves are not set in neat rows, but rather randomly set. This was a front line cemetery and I guess it is difficult to bury your comrades in neat and straight lines when you are being shot at and shelled! In the garden in front of the cemetery was a donkey, obviously a pet of a nearby house… I couldn't help thinking about the common feeling of the Lions being led by Donkeys.
After a few hours visiting other cemeteries and the village of Passchendaele (including the memorial museum which is a must if you visit the area) I ended up on The Menin Road. I have strong memories of manically cycling up this iconic road, but desperately wanted to take time out to visit Hellfire Corner, Clapham Junction, Sanctuary Wood and the Hooge Crater.
The preserved trenches at the Sanctuary Wood museum are unbelievable. They are one of the few places left where you can actually get some kind of idea as to what a real trench looked like…although the thousands of visitors to the site over the years have eroded the grass and moss that originally covered the ground – it is still an eery and remarkable place, even more so as I was the only person there at the time (one advantage of visiting during the school holidays!).
So all in all a magnificent and moving day on the Ypres salient…I have taken lots of photos but am having trouble uploading some of them..I will upload them asap and link to them from here…
Photographs now uploaded to Flickr. You can see them here:


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Antitrust Case Filings
Antitrust Case Filings
To filter the list of cases, select desired options from the left navigation pane.
View the list of NAICS and SIC industry codes used by the Division. To view all industry codes, visit Census.gov.
Displaying 1 - 10 of 41
|Case Open Date
|Incident Date
|Case Type
|Federal Court
|Industry Code
|U.S. v. DirecTV Group Holdings, LLC and AT&T, Inc.
|November 2, 2016
|Civil Non-Merger
|California, Central District
|Wired Telecommunications Carriers
|U.S. v. First Multiple Listing Service, Inc;
|October 28, 2016
|Georgia, Northern District
|Offices of Real Estate Agents and Brokers, Real Estate Agents & Managers
|U.S. v. Chiropractic Associates, Ltd., of South Dakota
|April 8, 2013
|Civil Non-Merger
|South Dakota, District of
|Professional Organizations
|U.S. v. Oklahoma State Chiropractic Independent Physicians Association and Larry M. Bridges
|January 10, 2013
|Civil Non-Merger
|Oklahoma, Northern District
|Professional Organizations
|U.S. and State of Idaho v. Idaho Orthopaedic Society, et al.
|May 28, 2010
|Civil Non-Merger
|Idaho, District of
|Offices of Physicians, Offices of Physicians (except Mental Health Specialists)
|U.S. and State of Arizona v. Arizona Hospital and Healthcare Association and AzHHA Service Corp.
|May 22, 2007
|Civil Non-Merger
|Arizona, District of
|Offices of All Other Health Practitioners, Offices of All Other Miscellaneous Health Practitioners, Temporary Help Services
|U.S. v. National Association of Realtors
|September 8, 2005
|Civil Non-Merger
|Illinois, Northern District
|Offices of Real Estate Agents and Brokers
|U.S. v. National Association of Police Equipment Distributors, Inc
|July 29, 2002
|Civil Non-Merger
|Florida, Southern District
|Electronic Shopping and Mail-Order Houses, Police Protection
|U.S. v. Sioux Sales/Sioux City Night Patrol, Inc.
|December 9, 1999
|Civil Non-Merger
|Iowa, Northern District
|Police Protection
|U.S. v. Federation of Certified Surgeons and Specialists, Inc., and Pershing Yoakley & Associates, P.C.
|January 26, 1999
|Civil Non-Merger
|Florida, Middle District
|Offices & Clinics of Medical Doctors, Offices of Physicians (except Mental Health Specialists)


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North Carolina State University student Scotty McCreery may be one of the most famous college kids around, but it doesn't mean his professors give him special treatment. The country chart-climber opens up about his grades, relationship with professors and what it's like to juggle school and stardom.
Originally, the 2010 'American Idol' winner was attending school full-time in Raleigh, N.C., but it proved to be strenuous — and near impossible — with a schedule like his.
"That was tough," he tells the Chicago Tribune. "It took a lot out of me to do that. Monday to Wednesday, I'd be physically in class, then Thursday to Sunday we'd tour. I'd get here late Sunday night or early Monday morning and I'd get to class. I enjoyed the challenge, but it was a big juggling act."
As time went on, McCreery realized that in order to grow his country music career, he needed to take time away from studying to build relationships with radio programmers. He tried to do it with a full load of classes, but that took time away from studying, ultimately affecting his academic performance — even though he finished just one credit shy of the Dean's List, "which would have been a nice clipping for the press," he quips.
Now, he's shouldering only part of the burden, transitioning to being a part-time student.
"Country radio is a relationship. I felt like that was one thing I needed to do — go meet these people and say 'hey,' and get to know them," McCreery shares. "It's still a work in progress. This semester will be pretty important for me. If my label needs to call me at the last second — 'you need to go here' — I'm available."
The small town boy and 'See You Tonight' hitmaker is clear that even though he brought some stardom into the classroom, his professors weren't falling over their feet to do him favors, like waiving tests or homework.
"I felt like (professors) were empathetic, but not sympathetic," he says. "They understood what I was going through, but they also had the mindset of 'if you're going to be a student, you're going to be a student.'"
And McCreery, 20, wouldn't have traded that for anything easier. The former baseball player relates their lack of special treatment to his favorite sport.
"Kind of had the effect of the kid whose dad is on the ball team — a coach who's harder on him than any other player," he explains. "They didn't want to give me any special gradings. Which is what I wanted. If I'm going to do it, I'm going to do it."
McCreery's part-time student status will allow him to breathe a little easier while on tour, instead of stressing about all the work he'll need to do on the tour bus. He has a handful of See You Tonight Tour dates that correspond well with his school schedule and allow him to connect with his fans.
As a college student who is focused on his career success and his grades, McCreery proves once again that he has a good head on his shoulders.


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Locker rooms products, services and ammenities review
Locker rooms are one of the most crucial areas in your club. While your aerobics studio, cardiovascular area and weight rooms are all important in landing potential new members, it's your locker room that is going to keep people coming back to your club.
Your members may want a workout floor that pushes them to their limits, but they expect a completely different experience in the locker room. They want security, comfort, hygiene and even a little luxury.
The products listed below will help keep your members happy. From heavy-duty, yet aesthetic, locker-room systems and locks, to fresh linens, spa-like personal body care products and body composition scales, your members will get the treatment that they want, and you'll get the results that you need: satisfied customers.
ChemSpa Industries manufactures body wash, hair and body shower shampoos, liquid soaps, deodorants, antiperspirants, conditioners, mouthwash, shaving products, hair spray, aftershave lotion and body powder. In addition, ChemSpa offers club operators an assortment of locker room pumps, sprayers and grooming bar accessories. The company also has a full range of razors, combs, cotton swabs and deluxe dispensers.
ChemSpa Industries Inc., 22 Deforest Ave., East Hanover, NJ 07936; (800) 243-6772; (973) 386-1158; fax: (973) 386-9055
M.S. Plastics & Packaging now carries towels. Cotton, terry cloth towels are long-lasting and machine washable. Stock towels are white, but colored and imprinted towels can also be purchased. M.S. carries a range of towel sizes, in addition to its wet bags, mesh laundry bags and other locker room products.
M.S. Plastics & Packaging Co. Inc., 10 Park Place, Building 2-1A-2, Butler, NJ 07405; (800) 593-1802; (973) 492-2400; fax: (973) 492-7801
Safe-O-Mat Locks offers a locking system for all lockers. New to its line of card- and coin-operated locks is the Safe-O-Tronic - a keyless, touchless locking system controlled by a computer chip. With associated software, the Safe-O-Mat locking system becomes part of a cashless payment system within a club.
Safe-O-Mat Locks, 14551 Judicial Road, Suite 124, Burnsville, MN 55306; (952) 435-2535; (800) 733-7139
Tanita's professional products include body composition analyzer scales. All models utilize the company's patented "foot-to-foot" BIA technology to make determining internal body composition a fast and accurate procedure. Tanita's body composition analyzers can be used independently, or they can be interfaced with the company's Health Management Software.
Tanita Corporation of America, 2625 S. Clearbrook Drive, Arlington Heights, IL 60005; (847) 640-9241; (877) 6-TANITA; fax: (847) 640-9261; www.tanita.com


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Settings »General Settings
The General Settings let you control how your site is displayed, such as the title, tagline, language, and visibility.
To change your site's general settings:
- Go to the General Settings page.
- Select your site to open that site's General settings tab.
Changing your Site Title and Tagline
Watch the video below for a quick overview of how it works, and read below for more examples and settings.
The first setting you will see is Site Title. The Site Title is displayed in the title bar of a web browser and is displayed in the header for most themes. Your Site Title will also appear in the following locations:
- Admin Bar — blog menu (top left) when viewing your blog
- Admin Bar — main menu (top right) when viewing the blogs linked to your account
- My Sites on the WordPress.com home page
- The sender's name when your followers receive notifications
Your site title can be anything you'd like; it doesn't have to be the same as your blog's URL or your username. You can use a cleaned-up version of your URL (e.g., myawesomeblog07 can become My Awesome Blog), or change it to whatever best reflects your site's personality and topic. Note: No matter what you change your site's title to, your address remains the same.
Tagline is next and is a short description or catchy phrase to describe what your blog is about. Some themes will display the tagline in the header or in the sidebar.
The Language option lets you select the language to use for some of the theme text shown to your blog visitors. If you select an RTL language (for example, Hebrew), then the theme's layout will mirror itself so that the text can be read properly from right to left.
The Privacy settings control who can and cannot view your site.
More details about these settings can be found on the Privacy Settings support page.
General Settings in the WP Admin Dashboard
Still confused?
Help us improve:
We're always looking to improve our documentation. If this page didn't answer your question or left you wanting more, let us know! We love hearing your feedback. For support, please use the forums or contact support form. Thanks!


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mtio - general magnetic tape interface
#include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/ioctl.h> #include <sys/mtio.h>
1/2", 1/4", 4mm, and 8mm magnetic tape drives all share the same general character device interface. There are two types of tape records: data records and end- of-file (EOF) records. EOF records are also known as tape marks and file marks. A record is separated by interrecord (or tape) gaps on a tape. End-of-recorded-media (EOM) is indicated by two EOF marks on 1/2" tape; by one EOF mark on 1/4", 4mm, and 8mm cartridge tapes. 1/2 Reel Tape" Data bytes are recorded in parallel onto the 9-track tape. Since it is a variable-length tape device, the number of bytes in a physical record may vary. The recording formats available (check specific tape drive) are 800 BPI, 1600 BPI, 6250 BPI, and data compression. Actual storage capacity is a function of the recording for- mat and the length of the tape reel. For example, using a 2400 foot tape, 20 Mbyte can be stored using 800 BPI, 40 Mbyte using 1600 BPI, 140 Mbyte using 6250 BPI, or up to 700 Mbyte using data compression. 1/4 Cartridge Tape" Data is recorded serially onto 1/4" cartridge tape. The number of bytes per record is determined by the physical record size of the device. The I/O request size must be a multiple of the physical record size of the device. For QIC-11, QIC-24, and QIC-150 tape drives, the block size is 512 bytes. The records are recorded on tracks in a serpentine motion. As one track is completed, the drive switches to the next and begins writing in the opposite direction, eliminating the wasted motion of rewinding. Each file, including the last, ends with one file mark. Storage capacity is based on the number of tracks the drive is capable of recording. For example, 4-track drives can only record 20 Mbyte of data on a 450 foot tape; 9-track drives can record up to 45 Mbyte of data on a tape of the same length. QIC-11 is the only tape format available for 4-track tape drives. In contrast, 9-track tape drives can use either QIC-24 or QIC-11. Storage capacity is not appre- ciably affected by using either format. QIC-24 is preferable to QIC-11 because it records a reference signal to mark the position of the first track on the tape, and each block has a unique block number. The QIC-150 tape drives require DC-6150 (or equivalent) tape cartridges for writing. However, they can read other tape cartridges in QIC-11, QIC-24, or QIC-120 tape formats. 8mm Cartridge Tape Data is recorded serially onto 8mm helical scan cartridge tape. Since it is a variable-length tape device, the number of bytes in a physical record may vary. The recording for- mats available (check specific tape drive) are standard 2Gbyte, 5Gbyte, and compressed format. 4mm DAT Tape Data is recorded either in Digital Data Storage (DDS) tape format or in Digital Data Storage, Data Compressed (DDS-DC) tape format. Since it is a variable-length tape device, the number of bytes in a physical record may vary. The record- ing formats available are standard 2Gbyte and compressed format. Persistent Error Handling Persistent error handling is a modification of the current error handling behaviors, BSD and SVR4. With persistent error handling enabled, all tape operations after an error or exception will return immediately with an error. Per- sistent error handling can be most useful with asynchronous tape operations that use the aioread(3AIO) and aiowrite(3AIO) functions. To enable persistent error handling, the ioctl MTIOCPER- SISTENT must be issued. If this ioctl succeeds, then per- sistent error handling is enabled and changes the current error behavior. This ioctl will fail if the device driver does not support persistent error handling. With persistent error handling enabled, all tape operations after an exception or error will return with the same error as the first command that failed; the operations will not be executed. An exception is some event that might stop normal tape operations, such as an End Of File (EOF) mark or an End Of Tape (EOT) mark. An example of an error is a media error. The MTIOCLRERR ioctl must be issued to allow normal tape operations to continue and to clear the error. Disabling persistent error handling returns the error behavior to normal SVR4 error handling, and will not occur until all outstanding operations are completed. Applications should wait for all outstanding operations to complete before disabling persistent error handling. Closing the dev- ice will also disable persistent error handling and clear any errors or exceptions. The Read Operation and Write Operation subsections contain more pertinent information reguarding persistent error han- dling. Read Operation The read(2) function reads the next record on the tape. The record size is passed back as the number of bytes read, pro- vided it is not greater than the number requested. When a tape mark or end of data is read, a zero byte count is returned; all successive reads after the zero read will return an error and errno will be set to EIO. To move to the next file, an MTFSF ioctl can be issued before or after the read causing the error. This error handling behavior is dif- ferent from the older BSD behavior, where another read will fetch the first record of the next tape file. If the BSD behavior is required, device names containing the letter b (for BSD behavior) in the final component should be used. If persistent error handling was enabled with either the BSD or SVR4 tape device behavior, all operations after this read error will return EIO errors until the MTIOCLRERR ioctl is issued. An MTFSF ioctl can then he issued. Two successful successive reads that both return zero byte counts indicate EOM on the tape. No further reading should be performed past the EOM. Fixed-length I/O tape devices require the number of bytes read to be a multiple of the physical record size. For exam- ple, 1/4" cartridge tape devices only read multiples of 512 bytes. If the blocking factor is greater than 64,512 bytes (minphys limit), fixed-length I/O tape devices read multiple records. Most tape devices which support variable-length I/O opera- tions may read a range of 1 to 65,535 bytes. If the record size exceeds 65,535 bytes, the driver reads multiple records to satisfy the request. These multiple records are limited to 65,534 bytes. Newer variable-length tape drivers may relax the above limitation and allow applications to read record sizes larger than 65,534. Refer to the specific tape driver man page for details. Reading past logical EOT is transparent to the user. A read operation should never hit physical EOT. Read requests that are lesser than a physical tape record are not allowed. Appropriate error is returned. Write Operation The write(2) function writes the next record on the tape. The record has the same length as the given buffer. Writing is allowed on 1/4" tape at either the beginning of tape or after the last written file on the tape. With the Exabyte 8200, data may be appended only at the beginning of tape, before a filemark, or after the last written file on the tape. Writing is not so restricted on 1/2", 4mm, and the other 8mm cartridge tape drives. Care should be used when appending files onto 1/2" reel tape devices, since an extra file mark is appended after the last file to mark the EOM. This extra file mark must be overwritten to prevent the creation of a null file. To facilitate write append operations, a space to the EOM ioctl is provided. Care should be taken when overwriting records; the erase head is just forward of the write head and any following records will also be erased. Fixed-length I/O tape devices require the number of bytes written to be a multiple of the physical record size. For example, 1/4" cartridge tape devices only write multiples of 512 bytes. Fixed-length I/O tape devices write multiple records if the blocking factor is greater than 64,512 bytes (minphys limit). These multiple writes are limited to 64,512 bytes. For example, if a write request is issued for 65,536 bytes using a 1/4" cartridge tape, two writes are issued; the first for 64,512 bytes and the second for 1024 bytes. Most tape devices which support variable-length I/O opera- tions may write a range of 1 to 65,535 bytes. If the record size exceeds 65,535 bytes, the driver writes multiple records to satisfy the request. These multiple records are limited to 65,534 bytes. As an example, if a write request for 65,540 bytes is issued, two records are written; one for 65,534 bytes followed by another record for 6 bytes. Newer variable-length tape drivers may relax the above limitation and allow applications to write record sizes larger than 65,534. Refer to the specific tape driver man page for details. When logical EOT is encountered during a write, that write operation completes and the number of bytes successfully transferred is returned (note that a 'short write' may have occurred and not all the requested bytes would have been transferred. The actual amount of data written will depend on the type of device being used). The next write will return a zero byte count. A third write will successfully transfer some bytes (as indicated by the returned byte count, which again could be a short write); the fourth will transfer zero bytes, and so on, until the physical EOT is reached and all writes will fail with EIO. When logical EOT is encountered with persistent error han- dling enabled, the current write may complete or be a short write. The next write will return a zero byte count. At this point an application should act appropriately for end of tape cleanup or issue yet another write, which will return the error ENOSPC. After clearing the exception with MTIOCLRERR, the next write will succeed (possibly short), followed by another zero byte write count, and then another ENOSPC error. Allowing writes after LEOT has been encountered enables the flushing of buffers. However, it is strongly recommended to terminate the writing and close the file as soon as possi- ble. Seeks are ignored in tape I/O. Close Operation Magnetic tapes are rewound when closed, except when the "no-rewind" devices have been specified. The names of no- rewind device files use the letter n as the end of the final component. The no-rewind version of /dev/rmt/0l is /dev/rmt/0ln. In case of error for a no-rewind device, the next open rewinds the device. If the driver was opened for reading and a no-rewind device has been specified, the close advances the tape past the next filemark (unless the current file position is at EOM), leaving the tape correctly positioned to read the first record of the next file. However, if the tape is at the first record of a file it doesn't advance again to the first record of the next file. These semantics are different from the older BSD behavior. If BSD behavior is required where no implicit space operation is executed on close, the non- rewind device name containing the letter b (for BSD behavior) in the final component should be specified. If data was written, a file mark is automatically written by the driver upon close. If the rewinding device was speci- fied, the tape will be rewound after the file mark is writ- ten. If the user wrote a file mark prior to closing, then no file mark is written upon close. If a file positioning ioctl, like rewind, is issued after writing, a file mark is written before repositioning the tape. All buffers are flushed on closing a tape device. Hence, it is strongly recommended that the application wait for all buffers to be flushed before closing the device. This can be done by writing a filemark via MTWEOF, even with a zero count. Note that for 1/2" reel tape devices, two file marks are written to mark the EOM before rewinding or performing a file positioning ioctl. If the user wrote a file mark before closing a 1/2" reel tape device, the driver will always write a file mark before closing to insure that the end of recorded media is marked properly. If the non-rewinding dev- ice was specified, two file marks are written and the tape is left positioned between the two so that the second one is overwritten on a subsequent open(2) and write(2). If no data was written and the driver was opened for WRITE- ONLY access, one or two file marks are written, thus creat- ing a null file. After closing the device, persistent error handling will be disabled and any error or exception will be cleared.
Not all devices support all ioctls. The driver returns an ENOTTY error on unsupported ioctls. The following structure definitions for magnetic tape ioctl commands are from <sys/mtio.h>. The minor device byte structure is:: 15 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 ________________________________________________________________________ Unit # BSD Reserved Density Density No rewind Unit # Bits 7-15 behavior Select Select on Close Bits 0-1 /* * Layout of minor device byte: */ #define MTUNIT(dev) (((minor(dev) & 0xff80) >> 5) + (minor(dev) & 0x3)) #define MT_NOREWIND (1 <<2) #define MT_DENSITY_MASK (3 <<3) #define MT_DENSITY1 (0 <<3) /* Lowest density/format */ #define MT_DENSITY2 (1 <<3) #define MT_DENSITY3 (2 <<3) #define MT_DENSITY4 (3 <<3) /* Highest density/format */ #define MTMINOR(unit) (((unit & 0x7fc) << 5) + (unit & 0x3)) #define MT_BSD (1 <<6) /* BSD behavior on close */ /* Structure for MTIOCTOP - magnetic tape operation command */ struct mtop { short mt_op; /* operation */ daddr_t mt_count; /* number of operations */ }; The following operations of MTIOCTOP ioctl are supported: MTWEOF write an end-of-file record MTFSF forward space over file mark MTBSF backward space over file mark (1/2", 8mm only) MTFSR forward space to inter-record gap MTBSR backward space to inter-record gap MTREW rewind MTOFFL rewind and take the drive off-line MTNOP no operation, sets status only MTRETEN retension the tape (cartridge tape only) MTERASE erase the entire tape and rewind MTEOM position to EOM MTNBSF backward space file to beginning of file MTSRSZ set record size MTGRSZ get record size MTLOAD load the next tape cartridge into the tape drive /* structure for MTIOCGET - magnetic tape get status command */ struct mtget { short mt_type; /* type of magtape device */ /* the following two registers are device dependent */ short mt_dsreg; /* "drive status" register */ short mt_erreg; /* "error" register */ /* optional error info. */ daddr_t mt_resid; /* residual count */ daddr_t mt_fileno; /* file number of current position */ daddr_t mt_blkno; /* block number of current position */ ushort_t mt_flags; short mt_bf; /* optimum blocking factor */ }; /* structure for MTIOCGETDRIVETYPE - get tape config data command */ struct mtdrivetype_request { int size; struct mtdrivetype *mtdtp; }; struct mtdrivetype { char name[64]; /* Name, for debug */ char vid[25]; /* Vendor id and product id */ char type; /* Drive type for driver */ int bsize; /* Block size */ int options; /* Drive options */ int max_rretries; /* Max read retries */ int max_wretries; /* Max write retries */ uchar_t densities[MT_NDENSITIES]; /* density codes,low->hi */ uchar_t default_density; /* Default density chosen */ uchar_t speeds[MT_NSPEEDS]; /* speed codes, low->hi */ ushort_t non_motion_timeout; /* Seconds for non-motion */ ushort_t io_timeout; /* Seconds for data to from tape */ ushort_t rewind_timeout; /* Seconds to rewind */ ushort_t space_timeout; /* Seconds to space anywhere */ ushort_t load_timeout; /* Seconds to load tape and ready */ ushort_t unload_timeout; /* Seconds to unload */ ushort_t erase_timeout; /* Seconds to do long erase */ }; The MTWEOF ioctl is used for writing file marks to tape. Not only does this signify the end of a file, but also usually has the side effect of flushing all buffers in the tape drive to the tape medium. A zero count MTWEOF will just flush all the buffers and will not write any file marks. Because a successful completion of this tape operation will guarantee that all tape data has been written to the tape medium, it is recommended that this tape operation be issued before closing a tape device. When spacing forward over a record (either data or EOF), the tape head is positioned in the tape gap between the record just skipped and the next record. When spacing forward over file marks (EOF records), the tape head is positioned in the tape gap between the next EOF record and the record that follows it. When spacing backward over a record (either data or EOF), the tape head is positioned in the tape gap immediately preceding the tape record where the tape head is currently positioned. When spacing backward over file marks (EOF records), the tape head is positioned in the tape gap preceding the EOF. Thus the next read would fetch the EOF. Record skipping does not go past a file mark; file skipping does not go past the EOM. After an MTFSR <huge number> com- mand, the driver leaves the tape logically positioned before the EOF. A related feature is that EOFs remain pending until the tape is closed. For example, a program which first reads all the records of a file up to and including the EOF and then performs an MTFSF command will leave the tape posi- tioned just after that same EOF, rather than skipping the next file. The MTNBSF and MTFSF operations are inverses. Thus, an " MTFSF -1" is equivalent to an " MTNBSF 1". An " MTNBSF 0" is the same as " MTFSF 0"; both position the tape device at the beginning of the current file. MTBSF moves the tape backwards by file marks. The tape posi- tion will end on the beginning of the tape side of the desired file mark. An " MTBSF 0" will position the tape at the end of the current file, before the filemark. MTBSR and MTFSR operations perform much like space file operations, except that they move by records instead of files. Variable-length I/O devices (1/2" reel, for example) space actual records; fixed-length I/O devices space physi- cal records (blocks). 1/4" cartridge tape, for example, spaces 512 byte physical records. The status ioctl residual count contains the number of files or records not skipped. MTOFFL rewinds and, if appropriate, takes the device off- line by unloading the tape. It is recommended that the dev- ice be closed after offlining and then re-opened after a tape has been inserted to facilitate portability to other platforms and other operating systems. Attempting to re-open the device with no tape will result in an error unless the O_NDELAY flag is used. (See open(2).) The MTRETEN retension ioctl applies only to 1/4" cartridge tape devices. It is used to restore tape tension, improving the tape's soft error rate after extensive start-stop opera- tions or long-term storage. MTERASE rewinds the tape, erases it completely, and returns to the beginning of tape. Erasing may take a long time depending on the device and/or tapes. For time details, refer to the the drive specific manual. MTEOM positions the tape at a location just after the last file written on the tape. For 1/4" cartridge and 8mm tape, this is after the last file mark on the tape. For 1/2" reel tape, this is just after the first file mark but before the second (and last) file mark on the tape. Additional files can then be appended onto the tape from that point. Note the difference between MTBSF (backspace over file mark) and MTNBSF (backspace file to beginning of file). The former moves the tape backward until it crosses an EOF mark, leav- ing the tape positioned before the file mark. The latter leaves the tape positioned after the file mark. Hence, "MTNBSF n" is equivalent to "MTBSF (n+1)" followed by "MTFSF 1". The 1/4" cartridge tape devices do not support MTBSF. MTSRSZ and MTGRSZ are used to set and get fixed record lengths. The MTSRSZ ioctl allows variable length and fixed length tape drives that support multiple record sizes to set the record length. The mt_count field of the mtop struct is used to pass the record size to/from the st driver. A value of 0 indicates variable record size. The MTSRSZ ioctl makes a variable-length tape device behave like a fixed- length tape device. Refer to the specific tape driver man page for details. MTLOAD loads the next tape cartridge into the tape drive. This is generally only used with stacker and tower type tape drives which handle multiple tapes per tape drive. A tape device without a tape inserted can be opened with the O_NDELAY flag, in order to execute this operation. The MTIOCGET get status ioctl call returns the drive ID (mt_type), sense key error (mt_erreg), file number (mt_fileno), optimum blocking factor (mt_bf) and record number (mt_blkno) of the last error. The residual count (mt_resid) is set to the number of bytes not transferred or files/records not spaced. The flags word (mt_flags) contains information such as whether the device is SCSI, whether it is a reel device, and whether the device supports absolute file positioning. The MTIOCGETDRIVETYPE get drivetype ioctl call returns the name of the tape drive as defined in st.conf (name), Vendor ID and model (product), ID (vid), type of tape device (type), block size (bsize), drive options (options), maximum read retry count (max_rretries), maximum write retry count (max_wretries), densities supported by the drive (densities), and default density of the tape drive (default_density). Persistent Error Handling IOCTLs and Asynchronous Tape Opera- tions MTIOCPERSISTENT enables/disables persistent error handling MTIOCPERSISTENTSTATUS queries for persistent error handling MTIOCLRERR clears persistent error handling MTIOCGUARANTEEDORDER checks whether driver guarantees order of I/O's The MTIOCPERSISTENT ioctl enables or disables persistent error handling. It takes as an argument a pointer to an integer that turns it either on or off. If the ioctl succeeds, the desired operation was successful. It will wait for all outstanding I/O's to complete before changing the persistent error handling status. For example, int on = 1; ioctl(fd, MTIOCPERSISTENT, &on); int off = 0; ioctl(fd, MTIOCPERSISTENT, &off); The MTIOCPERSISTENTSTATUS ioctl enables or disables per- sistent error handling. It takes as an argument a pointer to an integer inserted by the driver. The integer can be either 1 if persistent error handling is 'on', or 0 if persistent error handling is 'off'. It will not wait for outstanding I/O's. For example, int query; ioctl(fd, MTIOCPERSISTENTSTATUS, &query); The MTIOCLRERR ioctl clears persistent error handling and allows tape operations to continual normally. This ioctl requires no argument and will always succeed, even if per- sistent error handling has not been enabled. It will wait for any outstanding I/O's before it clears the error. The MTIOCGUARANTEEDORDER ioctl is used to determine whether the driver guarantees the order of I/O's. It takes no argu- ment. If the ioctl succeeds, the driver will support guaranteed order. If the driver does not support guaranteed order, then it should not be used for asynchronous I/O with libaio. It will wait for any outstanding I/O's before it returns. For example, ioctl(fd, MTIOCGUARANTEEDORDER) See the Persistent Error Handling subsection above for more information on persistent error handling. Asynchronous and State Change IOCTLS MTIOCSTATE This ioctl blocks until the state of the drive, inserted or ejected, is changed. The argument is a pointer to a mtio_state, enum, whose possible enumera- tions are listed below. The initial value should be either the last reported state of the drive, or MTIO_NONE. Upon return, the enum pointed to by the argument is updated with the current state of the drive. enum mtio_state { MTIO_NONE /* Return tape's current state */ MTIO_EJECTED /* Tape state is "ejected" */ MTIO_INSERTED /* Tape state is "inserted" */ ; When using asynchronous operations, most ioctls will wait for all outstanding commands to complete before they are executed. IOCTLS for Multi-initiator Configurations MTIOCRESERVE reserve the tape drive MTIOCRELEASE revert back to the default behavior of reserve on open/release on close MTIOCFORCERESERVE reserve the tape unit by breaking reservation held by another host The MTIOCRESERVE ioctl reserves the tape drive such that it does not release the tape drive at close. This changes the default behavior of releasing the device upon close. Reserving the tape drive that is already reserved has no effect. For example, ioctl(fd, MTIOCRESERVE); The MTIOCRELEASE ioctl reverts back to the default behavior of reserve on open/release on close operation, and a release will occur during the next close. Releasing the tape drive that is already released has no effect. For example, ioctl(fd, MTIOCRELEASE); The MTIOCFORCERESERVE ioctl breaks a reservation held by another host, interrupting any I/O in progress by that other host, and then reserves the tape unit. This ioctl can be executed only with super-user privileges. It is recommended to open the tape device in O_NDELAY mode when this ioctl needs to be executed, otherwise the open will fail if another host indeed has it reserved. For example, ioctl(fd, MTIOCFORCERESERVE); IOCTLS for Handling Tape Configuration Options MTIOCSHORTFMK enables/disable support for writing short filemarks. This is specific to Exabyte drives. MTIOCREADIGNOREILI enables/disable supress incorrect length indicator support during reads MTIOCREADIGNOREEOFS enables/disable support for reading past two EOF marks which otherwise indicate End-Of-recording-Media (EOM) in the case of 1/2" reel tape drives The MTIOCSHORTFMK ioctl enables or disables support for short filemarks. This ioctl is only applicable to Exabyte drives which support short filemarks. As an argument, it takes a pointer to an integer. If 0 (zero) is the speci- fied integer, then long filemarks will be written. If 1 is the specified integer, then short filemarks will be writ- ten. The specified tape bahavior will be in effect until the device is closed. For example: int on = 1; int off = 0; /* enable short filemarks */ ioctl(fd, MTIOSHORTFMK, &on); /* disable short filemarks */ ioctl(fd, MTIOCSHORTFMK, &off); Tape drives which do not support short filemarks will return an errno of ENOTTY. The MTIOCREADIGNOREILI ioctl enables or disables the suppress incorrect length indicator (SILI) support during reads. As an argument, it takes a pointer to an integer. If 0 (zero) is the specified integer, SILI will not be used during reads and incorrect length indicator will not be supressed. If 1 is the specified integer, SILI will be used during reads and incorrect length indicator will be supressed. The specified tape bahavior will be in effect until the device is closed. For example: int on = 1; int off = 0; ioctl(fd, MTIOREADIGNOREILI, &on); ioctl(fd, MTIOREADIGNOREILI, &off); The MTIOCREADIGNOREEOFS ioctl enables or disables support for reading past double EOF marks which otherwise indicate End-Of-recorded-media (EOM) in the case of 1/2" reel tape drives. As an argument, it takes a pointer to an integer. If 0 (zero) is the specified integer, then double EOF marks indi- cate End-Of-recodred-media (EOD). If 1 is the specified integer, the double EOF marks no longer indicate EOM, thus allowing applications to read past two EOF marks. In this case it is the responsibility of the application to detect end-of-recorded-media (EOM). The specified tape bahavior will be in effect until the device is closed. For example: int on = 1; int off = 0; ioctl(fd, MTIOREADIGNOREEOFS, &on); ioctl(fd, MTIOREADIGNOREEOFS, &off); Tape drives other than 1/2" reel tapes will return an errno of ENOTTY.
Example 1: Tape Positioning and Tape Drives Suppose you have written three files to the non-rewinding 1/2" tape device, /dev/rmt/0ln, and that you want to go back and dd(1M) the second file off the tape. The commands to do this are: mt -F /dev/rmt/0lbn bsf 3 mt -F /dev/rmt/0lbn fsf 1 dd if=/dev/rmt/0ln To accomplish the same tape positioning in a C program, fol- lowed by a get status ioctl: struct mtop mt_command; struct mtget mt_status; mt_command.mt_op = MTBSF; mt_command.mt_count = 3; ioctl(fd, MTIOCTOP, &mt_command); mt_command.mt_op = MTFSF; mt_command.mt_count = 1; ioctl(fd, MTIOCTOP, &mt_command); ioctl(fd, MTIOCGET, (char *)&mt_status); or mt_command.mt_op = MTNBSF; mt_command.mt_count = 2; ioctl(fd, MTIOCTOP, &mt_command); ioctl(fd, MTIOCGET, (char *)&mt_status); To get information about the tape drive: struct mtdrivetype mtdt; struct mtdrivetype_request mtreq; mtreq.size = sizeof(struct mtdrivetype); mtreq.mtdtp = &mtdt; ioctl(fd, MTIOCGETDRIVETYPE, &mtreq);
/dev/rmt/<unit number><density>[<BSD behavior>][<no rewind>] Where density can be l, m, h, u/c (low, medium, high, ultra/compressed, respectively), the BSD behavior option is b, and the no rewind option is n. For example, /dev/rmt/0hbn specifies unit 0, high density, BSD behavior and no rewind.
mt(1), tar(1), dd(1M), open(2), read(2), write(2), aioread(3AIO), aiowrite(3AIO), ar(3HEAD), st(7D) 1/4 Inch Tape Drive Tutorial