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October 10, 2006
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Part 1
Although you the viewer see
Derek Daly
(L) and
Rick Benjamin on TV, behind them is large staff
of TV experts necessary to produce a TV-quality race broadcast
For many years now, Champ Car fans have been critical of
the quality of the TV presentation of their favorite race series. I
think it is safe to say that most fans have no idea of the complexities
involved in actually presenting a Champ Car race LIVE on Network
Television. This task is made much more difficult because the majority
of the races are on road or street circuits, where the action is more
difficult to follow.
Most sports, including baseball, football, basketball,
soccer, and even NASCAR, are played in a confined stadium where all the
action on the playing field is happening right down in front of you -
you can see the entire playing field.
Not so for Champ Car's road and street circuits that
wind through city streets or up and down hills in some remote location.
You can't see the entire playing field from one vantage point, and
neither can the TV production crew. As such it takes an incredible
amount of coordination, and real-time communication to do it right.
Champ Car's Mark
Reilly (L) and TV Producer John Mullin
Mark Cipolloni/AutoRacing1.com
I had the opportunity to watch a live race
production for a short period of time in Denver this year, and was
bowled over by the high intensity, pressure cooker scene I witnessed.
While getting ready for race day takes many days of preparation, those
2.5 hours during the actual race itself certainly isn't for the faint of
Just five minutes in the main command center where the
Producer and race Director sit is enough for one to say, holy shit.
There are about 10 people in the command center and at any one given
time there could be three or more people shouting over one another, one
command or another. At times it sounds like the Tower of Babel.
Last weekend, prior to race day at Road America, Champ Car TV
John Mullin, and Champ Car VP of Broadcast Sales and Distribution, Mark
Reilly, took time out of their very busy day to take me through the TV
compound and explain what it takes to produce and broadcast a race -
from the main command center, to the video taping and playback room, to
the international broadcast feed trailer, to the graphics room, to the
mobile pit and car cameras. It's like a little city - they even have one
trailer just for power alone.
In addition to the incredible amount of
equipment it takes to produce each race, over 100 people are
involved, far more than any race team, or even Champ Car, brings
to an event.
To capture it all meant culling through a lot of audio
tape, and it still ended up four pages (4 parts) long.
Like Champ Car, racing TV production is highly technical, and to
do it justice required this lengthy article.
Primary TV Production Truck
Primary TV Production Truck wall of monitors includes a live feed from every
stationary camera (manned or unmanned), every mobile camera, the
video playback feeds as well as what the viewer is seeing on the TV
at home. Gary Clem the Director is in the white shirt and to his right is
the Pit Producer. The Producer, John Mullin, sits to his
Mark Cipolloni/AutoRacing1.com
JOHN MULLIN: This is the main control room for what we call the domestic
feed, understanding that we're producing two shows simultaneously when
we're on the air. We're producing a show for the American and the
Canadian audience out of this control room. This is the primary effort.
This is where all the assets and the resources are, all here.
At the same time, we have a truck for the
international distribution. Over 180 countries are taking the
international feed.
Basically what this control room affords us is
the ability to monitor virtually every visual source that we
have throughout a racecourse. The coverage breaks down into
several types of cameras -- for instance, we have 14 manned
cameras at Road America, which is a four-mile course. In
addition to that, we have four unmanned cameras, which are
called points of view cameras within the industry. These are
locked cameras which present interesting angles of the race.
Some folks refer to them a speed shots.
We also have cameras on three cars. Each one of
those in-car cameras shows you three different views.
Finally, we have two RF cameras which stay with
our two Pit Reporters, Jon Beekhuis and Cameron Steele.
Networks love to play the camera game, and if you want to start
counting cameras at a Champ Car event, you'll quickly close on
the number thirty.
In just camera cable alone, we've got about
80,000 feet this weekend. The Units start rolling in on Monday
and we usually have cameras by late Thursday.
Next to the camera monitors are the monitors for
all of the tape machines What happens is, for instance, camera
No. 1, in the way we do things, is always going to 81. If you
hear somebody calling for 81, it's a videotape source.
Videotape Room
Mark Cipolloni/AutoRacing1.com
Then we have three digital recording devices
called EVS's. They are called Elvis. They are simply able to do
more than a single tape machine. They can take four feeds in
simultaneously and play two out simultaneously. We can actually
edit while we're taking feeds in. Right now we're in
preproduction, getting all of the various elements that we might
call into the show ready.
This gentleman over here is called the Technical Director. His
name is Mike Thompson, and he is responsible for all of the
video that's going on the air. He has the ability to create all
of the special effects that you see, everything that the
Director calls and asks for.
Gary Clem is the Director. He is responsible for managing all of
these various visual inputs.
What the viewer sees is a combination between Gary and myself as
the Producer. I tell the story. Probably the best way to think
of our partnership is that I tell the story, while Gary
illustrates the pages. Gary is an Emmy-award winning race
Director. He's done thousands of hours of racing. He's forgotten
more about racing than most people ever learn.
I produce the show from the chair next to Gary. I coordinate the announcers, all of the tape machines plus all
of the graphics. We run a very intensive television show as we
have many, many elements to get within each program, so, as you
have witnessed, things are pretty busy in this truck.
Sitting beside me is a Pit Producer. He listens to what it is
we're doing collectively and works with us in terms of getting
the stories from the pits in.
The Associate Director, Bill Herbstman, is responsible for all
of the timing and coordination. You'll note right now he's timing
everything we produce so that he knows how long it is and makes
sure it doesn't run out on the air.
He also coordinates when we're live with the network, all of the
commercial breaks. He gets them timed correctly so it's a
seamless handoff with the network and also a seamless take back
from the network.
This afternoon we'll do a qualifying show which is live to tape.
He will be responsible for bringing us in on time.
Sitting right beside him is our Font Coordinator, Jeff Paris, one of the
best in the business. He works with the Deko operator sitting over
there, John DeGrandis. Think of the machine he is working, called a
Deko, as a titling device that is turbocharged. It can do amazing
things. CBS, for whom we produced three races this season, prefers the
Deko to other machines, so we use it all season long for consistency.
In TV graphics departments, there are basically two graphics machines
out there. One is called a Duet and one is called the Deko. Some
networks like the Duet and some networks like the Deko (Deko and Duet
are the company names).
In Champ Car, we do what's called a Champ Car centric look, meaning we
have been able to get the various networks we work with to accept one
look, which is rather unusual. When you see a Champ Car show, it's
always the same graphics regardless of whether it's on CBS, NBC, or
SPEED, as long as it's Champ Car.
There's a different story for Atlantics because it only airs on SPEED.
For that series, because it airs only on SPEED, we use a Duet machine
because that is what that network prefers.
Over here is our real-time scoring. Real-time is what we call the hat or
the ribbon. The ribbon goes across the top of the screen. The viewer
sees the ribbon a lot as it contains the live standings during the race.
We work very hard at trying to put a face to the helmet. That's why all
these graphics in the upper left-hand screen are coming in. I know, for
instance, a Champ Car devotee may get tired of looking at that shot of,
say, Dan Clarke. But I'm not really putting it up there for the
hard-core fan. I'm putting it up there to get somebody who is a casual
fan to start to understand who that guy is, to begin to care about the
competitors. That is a very important part of our responsibility to
Champ Car. Story telling is what it is all about - making the new viewer
care about the sport, while giving the committed fan what he or she
wants as well.
Part 2 |
Part 3 | Part 4
The author can be contacted at
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Rising up from the sweeping marshlands where Denmark meets northern Germany lies the man-made hill of Seebüll.
It was here that Emil Nolde, one of the leading painters of the Expressionist movement, lived and worked from 1927 to 1956. Seebüll was his favourite place and there is nowhere better to learn about the painter and his world-famous works of art. Nolde's historical home-cum-studio with its annually changing exhibitions, the garden that the artist designed himself and the Seebüll restaurant offer ample opportunity to relax and enjoy the surroundings.
Opening times:
March-December: daily 10am-6pm
Kaksi hyödyllistä näppäinyhdistelmää selaimen tekstikoon muuttamiseksi:
Suurenna: +
Pienennä: +
Lisäohjeita saat selaimen valmistajalta napsauttamalla kuvaketta:

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This jewelry plug in gives the user the ability to move all objects, groups of objects, grip points, points, cage edit points, in the perspective view. The user is able to have the objects in motion on any six access controlling its movement with the mouse while simultaneously you can right mouse click and drag viewing angle. Left mouse click to set new position or enter a numerical value. You'll be able to produce difficult designs with ease, your speed will dramatically increase. Please visit my web site to to view the demonstration videos.
Mark Phillips , Jewelerscad


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Mark Terrell Hiller, DDS - General Dentist in Houston, TX
Mark Terrell Hiller is a General Dentist (General Dentistry dentist) practicing in Houston, Texas. This dentist is listed on Dentist Network with a medical license speciality in General Dentistry.
You can reach us on phone number (713) 524-7303, fax number or email address . Our office is located on 2626 Westheimer Rd #214, Houston, TX,
For full contact details to this dentist have a look at the the column to your right (or scroll if you're viewing this on a mobile device.)


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Spring holidays in Spain #SpringinSpain
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Travel ideas
…Gran Canaria. (Canary Islands) Explore snaking trails, cross huge canyons, climb peaks with bird's eye views of the surrounding countryside, discover volcanic landscapes, admire amazing waterfalls... Get to know Gran Can…


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A bumpy ride
Bitter cold winds and partially melted snow cover didn't slow down these three sledders at Firestone Park Wednesday. The harsh cold and iced over slopes took their toll on the plastic sleds that kept disintegrating with each run but the tough sledders kept on going. Piling up three deep on a sled are from the front, 14-year-olds John Jasso and Chandler Parish along with 13-year-old Jared Casanto, all from Columbiana. Morning Journal/Patti Schaeffer


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docdoug necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 149 diseños de 23 diseñadores freelance.
Spring Metrics
We are a team of experienced tech entrepreneurs in the process of creating our next great startup. We're creating and launching the new company through a business accelerator (similar to YCombinator), so our company will get media coverage - which means your design will get media coverage!
We are passionate about technology, startups, and great design! We are a web analytics company focusing on conversions, but this doesn't mean we (or the company) are dry and boring. Not a chance! What it does mean is that we need a design that is professional, stylish, clean, and conveys authority, but also is not stuffy at all.
Our target market is solo-preneurs up to medium sized businesses. We focus on helping website operators increase conversions, whether those conversions are online sales, signups for a free newsletter, or registrations. Because we're business-related, our logo has to help instil confidence and professionalism, but a beautiful design is critical...and we don't want to appear stuffy or too corporate.
We believe in simple elegance - clean, stylish, approachable, and professional all at the same time. We do not want any cartoons, clip art-looking logos, or anything childish. Colors are fine, as long as they aren't overwhelming or 'loud'.
We also want to avoid the obvious designs, like a giant spring or the change of seasons, as well as flipped/reversed letters, etc. Images are fine, but we're open to a completely typographical solution. In addition, while we are a web-based software as a service, we don't want the logo to be a cliche web 2.0 design.
Keep in mind we're a web-based service, but we'll also use the logo for business cards and related items.
The name is two words and should not be mushed together - i.e., Spring Metrics, *not* SpringMetrics.
Some elements we're trying to convey....
answers (we provide answers, not just data points)
action (answers you can take action with)
results (analytics tools give you data, not answers with which you can take action to get results - more conversions)
Descubre cómo funciona un concurso de diseño u obtén más información sobre nuestros servicios de diseño de logo.


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About Tech Jobs WinnipegTech Jobs Winnipeg provides career information focused on the Tech industry in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Our mission is to build the most comprehensive website of high tech jobs in the Winnipeg Area. We provide the most complete listing of technology jobs and bring you directly to the employers' websites so you have access to the most up-to-date and accurate job postings.
Frequently Asked Questions
Q1. How do I apply for jobs?When you click on a job title, you are directed to the employer's job posting. Typically, job application instructions are included in the job posting and often there is a button to apply for the job online.
Q2. How often do you update your listings?Our job listing is updated several times a day. New jobs are added and jobs that have been removed from a company's website are also removed from our listing. We strive to keep our job listing as accurate as possible.
Q3. Are older job postings still available?Our job listing is a reflection of the jobs that are posted on each company's website. If a company has a job posting on its website then we assume that the position is available. We display the date that we listed the job to give you as much information as possible when you decide which jobs to apply for.
Q4. Are there listings for other cities and industries?Currently, the following career sites are available:
Tech Jobs Victoria
Tech Jobs Vancouver
Tech Jobs Calgary
Tech Jobs Edmonton
Tech Jobs Winnipeg
Tech Jobs Waterloo
Tech Jobs Toronto
Tech Jobs Ottawa
Tech Jobs Halifax


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Araya Pictures necesitaba un nuevo diseño de impreso o envases y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 33 diseños de 9 diseñadores freelance.
I am the CEO of Araya Pictures, an innovative company in film and digital entertainment. We have developed Australia's first mobile phone film and photography festival of its kind , where all films and photos have to be shot on a mobile phone.
To review more about the company, visit http://www.arayapictures.com. To view more about the festival, visit http://www.mobilescreenfest.com.au.
Youth market, targeted at 16-35 year old youth demographic. They are mainly into film, TV, technology and IT, music or sports - the 'cool, trendy and modern' types as well. They can be from any race or culture, but want to do things that are hip and cool.
AIM: The objective of the poster is to be exciting such that the audience will want to join the festival and shoot a film or photo with their mobile phone and visit the website to submit their masterpieces. This is a 'call for entries' and a call to action. It should encourage the audience to get creative with their mobile. It should also communicate that this festival is about SHOOTING FROM MOBILE PHONE. Also that it is easy and fun to enter. It should look cool for the youth community.
Must have's:
Logo: Mobile Screenfest (attached)
Surrounding the logo: Australia's 1st (Mobile Screenfest logo) 2010.
See attached example posters how the words surround the logo, suggest keeping this part similar but not necessarily have to copy them.
Tagline: Shoot, Upload, Win (but can also be diagrammatic)
Website address: http://www.mobilescreenfest.com.au
The 9 awards of the festival can be represented in diagrammatic form +/- text. These are: Best Drama, Best Horror/Thriller, Best Comedy, Best Actor, Best Music Video, Best Sports Video, , Best Mobile Photography, Best Phone Journalism, People's Choice Award
Apart from that, go nuts and be creative!
Poster Dimensions:
Design should be suited for A3 or A4 size, vertical. Files should be provided in at least 3 different commonly used formats .ai, .jpg and one other.


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September 7, 2012
Second-year students in two Constitutional Law classes knew something was up when they were asked to meet as one unit in a bigger classroom on Sept. 4. But it was still a pleasant surprise when Justice Anthony Kennedy walked in to teach the class.
Dean Francis J. Mootz III introduced the Supreme Court justice, a long-time member of McGeorge's faculty, and Kennedy engaged the students in an hour-long discussion of the Constitution's origins, structure and rights.
His hypotheticals, some involving recent high court cases, provoked a lively give-and-take between the students and the Sacramento native. Kennedy taught Constitutional Law to Evening Division classes at McGeorge from 1965-1988 when he joined the Supreme Court. He also taught Fundamental Rights in Europe and the United States at the law school's summer program in Salzburg, Austria, from 1988-2011.
Kennedy thanked Professors Leslie Jacobs and Brian Landsberg for turning over their lecture time to him. After class, he stayed on to talk to students for a half hour then met with other members of the faculty later in the day.
"I know that Justice Kennedy pays at least one visit to our campus every year, but it's always a thrill for the students to see and interact with him," Dean Mootz said.


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Your Children Deserve Parental Love
[London Bridge Is Falling]
We live in a selfish society where parents place the pursuit of their happiness above the happiness, security, stability and general wellbeing of their children.
It is too often that relationships, involving children are easily broken without a fight because responsibilities become too great a burden to bear. For instance, why would I work to put food on the table when I could be drinking champagne in a club?
How can I take the children to play in the park if I am sleeping all day because I was dancing all night? Why should I fight for this love when there are plenty fish in the sea? Why work if I can get it for free?
This train of thought and blasé attitude has led to a change in the traditional family structure over time, from the nucleus and extended family structures to more and more single parent families, in particular single mother families with young children. It is very difficult and very painful trying to explain family breakdown to a young child and why suddenly they are left with one parent. Children simply cannot grasp the concept that a mom lives here and daddy lives there, and they, the children are carted off here and there. It is confusing, it is heartbreaking and not in the best interest of the children.
Statistics show that marriage is a vanishing institution, especially in the Black community, taken over by out of wedlock childbearing and unfortunately abandonment which increases child poverty. Statistics also show that children raised in single family homes do less well at school, are more likely to get into trouble with the law and do not grow up to be productive, contributing members of society.
Most story books and movies that our children grow up with portray two parent families which leave these children feeling different. My children's story book, "Mother Duck", deliberately dealt with a single mother family and my forthcoming story book, "Daddy Land", portrays a single father family.
Story books and films that only portray two parent families cause hurt, confusion and fear to children growing up in single parent families. They begin to feel as if something is wrong with them; that perhaps it is their fault that mom and daddy no longer love each other and could they --the parents-- stop loving them, the children, too. These questions can be addressed by exposing children to the many different emerging family structures in our societies.
All too often, as parents we lose sight of the consequences of our easy decisions. We get wrapped up in our own pain and need that we forget the ensuing damage to our children. They grow up to be unhappy, angry adults and probably unable to form loving, trusting, and long lasting relationships; hence the cycle of abandonment is perpetuated. For the parent watching a suffering child, the experience is very traumatic and can have far reaching and long lasting effects.
Have you ever heard a little voice cry out for daddy, for mom in the dead of the night? Have you ever heard a little voice whimper like a wounded puppy, staggering from room to room in search of daddy, in search of mom? Have you ever seen the fear in their eyes and felt the bear hug that says, "don't you leave me too"?
Parenthood is for life.
There are those relationships that breakdown irretrievably, where there has been abuse, mistreatment and broken trust. Staying in such a relationship, trying to force together jigsaw puzzles will have a negative effect on both parents and children. But where there is a chance that a relationship can be saved, even if it is just for the sake of these young children, then fight like hell because children want their parents to stay together.
So what is the solution?
Relationships are hard and they need to be worked at, especially when there are children involved and as parents and lovers we need guidance from our faith and religious beliefs. A religious couple are less likely to walk out on their union and children on a whim because they live by a moral code. In times of trouble they will pray and seek counsel from their religious leaders.
We need guidance from our parents, aunties and uncles who have weathered the storm and kept their families together. Be old skool, without losing your dignity, don't let pride ruin the lives of your children. Let your heart build them a home. A loving, nurturing, safe and secure home.
Allimadi writes for The Black Star News from London
"Speaking Truth To Empower."
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Intel will revise its naming scheme for mobile processors in Q2, a move that will see the old LV and ULV labels dropped in favour of new processor class prefixes to go with the ones already applied to Core 2 Duo chips.
Intel currently prefixes some mobile processor model numbers with X, T, L and U. To that it's going to add P, SP, SL and SU. P, L and U will be used to denote varying degrees of energy efficiency, while the addition of the S indicates a small-package processor - the 'Silverthorne' UMPC chip, we imagine.
Running down the list, we have X, T, P, L and U, respectively addressing the following power consumption bands: >40W, 30-39W, 20-29W, 12-19W and <12W.
The SP, SL and SU also fit in the 20-29W, 12-19W and <12W bands.
The new codes will be introduced when Intel rolls out 'Montevina', the next generation of its Centrino platform, probably in May.
In due course, Intel will introduce QX chips, mobile parts that consume more the 40W of power but have four cores rather than two - X alone will refer to dual-core CPUs.
Sponsored: Webcast: Simplify data protection on AWS


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Thibodaux Police Chief Scott Silverii is a perfect fit for a Washington, D.C.-based think tank about police work, according to its president.
Thibodaux Police Chief Scott Silverii is a perfect fit for a Washington, D.C.-based think tank about police work, according to its president.
Silverii, who will continue being police chief, is now an executive fellow for the Police Foundation and will serve as an adviser to the researchers who publish scholarly articles, do experiments and track data related to policing, President Jim Bueermann said.
"Our research has to square with the realities that police officers face every day," said Bueermann, who is the former Redlands, Calif., police chief. "He kind of has a foot in both worlds, the policing world and the academic world."
Silverii, who has a Ph.D. in urban studies from the University of New Orleans, does similar work for the research advisory committee of the International Association of Chiefs of Police and helps improve the data collection process for the National Institute of Justice. His degree specializes in cultural anthropology.
The chief accepted the position after Bueermann sought him out, Bueermann said.
"The first draw was just, simply, Scott: He is a very thoughtful, dedicated police chief who has a national reputation," Bueermann said.
The position is not paid, and he has not yet begun doing work for the foundation, Silverii said.
Bueermann said he doesn't plan to take the chief away from his job.
"All of our executive fellows are current or retired police chiefs or sheriffs or policing organization executives. They're sprinkled all over the country. The model we use is not to disrupt them from their current jobs," Bueermann said. "His primary job is to be the police chief in the community. We believe there's a way to balance his job and contribute insight to what we're doing."
Silverii may represent the foundation in future meetings and conferences. But most of his work, which involves consulting, can be done without traveling because "what is most valuable about him is his mind, what he thinks of our observations," Bueermann said.
The Thibodaux chief is one of seven executive fellows for the foundation. Others include Rick Braziel, the retired chief of police at the Sacramento (Calif.) Police Department, and Ellen Scrivner, the former deputy director of the U.S. National Institute of Justice.
Silverii, laughing, said he looks at the list of fellows and thinks, "What am I doing here?"
When Silverii became police chief in 2011, he began scheduling officers' patrols based on where and when crimes and traffic offenses occurred in the city. Such "data-driven policing" is close to his heart, and he said he's most interested in contributing to that kind of research.
"Also, public perception," Silverii said. "I'm a student of culture — the culture of policing, the perception the public has of law enforcement. That is a lot of what their research is based on. We may think we're doing a good job, but what is the public's perception?"
Staff Writer Katie Urbaszewski can be reached at 448-7617 or email@example.com.


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We're feeling a little "over" the owl trend (adorable though it's been). So we asked a bunch of tastemakers in the design world—from giggle's marketing guru, Grace Lee, to the Oh Joy! and Abbey Goes Design Scouting bloggers—for the next "it" animal. The response was nearly unanimous: the giraffe.
Here, Jennifer Sbranti—talented Hostess with the Mostess blogger (and expecting mom!)—rounds up the most stylish giraffe-inspired nursery accessories. Read on for her tips on how to implement a nursery theme without getting too matchy-matchy, and visit hwtm daily blog to see her corresponding giraffe-décor inspiration board.
GET INSPIRED Start with an inspiration piece that you especially love, whether it's a unique light fixture, an adorable wall mural, or a crib bedding set, then build your entire nursery around that piece. This will streamline the planning process and help to make design decisions much easier.
IT'S ALL IN THE DETAILS Instead of focusing on large items like furniture and window treatments to be the primary drivers of your theme, use decorative accents such as framed prints, plush toys, throw pillows, and vinyl wall stickers to bring it to life.
MIX IT UP Repeating the exact same pattern in different areas of the room can start to feel overly matchy-matchy, so make sure there's good variety in the both the style and type of references to your theme. For example, an alphabet poster featuring a giraffe for the letter G, a giraffe-print blanket, and a minimalist giraffe coin bank all reference the signature theme, but in completely different ways.
THINK OUTSIDE THE THEME Avoid being overly literal with your star subject, and be sure to add a few different elements that naturally complement it. For example, a tree-shaped clothes tree, leaf patterns, and other safari animals such as elephants and rhinos are great options for helping to play up a giraffe theme without overdoing it on the giraffes.
BALANCING ACT Once the key elements of your nursery are in place, find creative solutions for any areas that might feel disconnected. For example, place a throw pillow made from the same fabric as the crib bedding onto the rocking chair that's across the room, or trim a lampshade on the side table with bands of ribbon that match the colors in your wall art.
—Jennifer Sbranti, Founder + Editor-in-Chief, Hostess with the Mostess blog


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holding corporations and governments accountable
restoring the public domain
Millions of acres of public land intended for homesteaders was instead given to timber, mining, and real estate corporations. The failure of the railroad land grant policy is the cause of many of today's economic, political, and environmental problems, including deforestation, toxic waste, and taxpayer subsidies. The Railroads & Clearcuts Campaign intends to hold government and corporations accountable, and to reclaim this land to the public domain.
In the News (updated)
During the nineteenth century, three quarters of the continental United States was sold or granted to homesteaders, war veterans, local governments, and corporations. Between 1850 and 1870, ten percent of the lower 48 states was set aside to help finance and operate the transcontinental railroad and telegraph systems. Public corporations were entrusted with millions of acres of public land and instructed to build and operate the nation's transportation and communications systems. Instead, the public's land was transferred to timber, mining, and real estate corporations.
For example, the largest of the railroad land grants was to the Northern Pacific Railroad: 40 million acres in a 100-mile wide band running 2,000 miles from the Great Lakes to Puget Sound. A century later, much of this land is controlled by Weyerhaeuser, Plum Creek Timber, and other timber and mining corporations. Many community and environmental problems stem from the corporate abuse of the public land grants.
Since the original land grant laws were written, a third of the land grants have been reclaimed by the U.S. government because of grantees' failures to fulfill public policies. But millions of acres are still being held and abused by the corporate heirs of the unenforced public land grants. Checkerboard lands within our national forests are being clearcut, strip-mined, paved, and developed. Scenic lands and wildlife habitat are being lost. Taxpayers are losing millions of dollars in bad public / private land exchanges. Workers and communities are being poisoned with toxic waste. Corporations are squandering our taxes, writing our public laws, and controlling local and national governments.
But communities across the United States are working to repair the damage and reclaim their public lands heritage. Environmental groups are protecting wildlife habitat and wilderness areas. Watchdog groups are exposing and challenging taxpayer rip-offs and inappropriate public / private land exchanges. Labor unions are fighting to protect workers and communities from corporate greed. Activist shareholders are pressuring management to include the interests of all stakeholders. Local governments are demanding that the resources and profits from the land grants go to benefit the community.
The Railroads & Clearcuts Campaign continues the work to
Please join, endorse, and support the Railroads & Clearcuts Campaign.
How to Get Involved
Railroads and Clearcuts: The Book
by Derrick Jensen, George Draffan, and John Osborn
Published in 1995 by The Lands Council, Spokane WA, and Keokee Co., this 200-page, fully-illustrated book describes the history and impacts of the forty million acres of public lands granted to the Northern Pacific Railroad. More than a century later, natural resources empires are controlled by Weyerhaeuser, Plum Creek Timber, and other timber, coal mining, and oil and gas corporations.
Available for $17 which includes postage. Order atEndgame.org
This website is maintained byGeorge Draffan


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The Directors Guild of America Selects the 80 Best-Directed Movies
Posted on Tuesday, May 3rd, 2016 by Jacob Hall
The Directors Guild of America is celebrating its 80th anniversary this year and it has decided to commemorate this event in a manner most befitting of the internet age: by making a list. More specifically, by polling DGA members and assembling a list of the 80 best-directed movies made since 1936, when the guild was founded. That's one movie per year.
And like all internet lists, it's bound to inspire conversation, eye-rolling, yelling, and maybe even a little cheer or two.


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Search results
Milk Prices, Costs of Nutrients, Margins and Comparison of Feedstuffs Prices
April Frye White, Graduate Research Associate, Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State ... starts to recover. Nutrient Prices When comparing the prices in Table 1 to the 5-year averages, the ... current prices of nutrients are acceptable.The price of net energy of lactation (NE L) is about 48% lower ...
Staying at home? Let the Zoom weddings begin
are pleased to announce that, in addition to our offerings of in-person gatherings, we also have the ... technologies to provide virtual gatherings," said Matthew Benko-Scruggs, general manager of the Wooster ...
It's about learning new skills and how to persevere
expect, so we'll help our young people manage those feelings, learn something new, and use those skills ...
Chow Line: Canning expected to be big this year amid COVID-19
botulinum," Shumaker said. These bacteria are found in soil and can survive, grow, and produce a toxin in ... really a complicated process, you do have to follow researched and tested recipes, Shumaker said. ... and Environmental Sciences and its outreach and research arms, Ohio State University Extension and the ...
$500,000 gift transforms Ohio State ATI's engineering tech program and helps students in emergencies
hardships of the COVID-19 pandemic. "The bulk of this gift is supportive of our engineering technologies. ... also to the sustained commitment of our faculty and staff to student success because the donor had the ... confidence in our faculty and staff to be able to support these students," she said. The ATI Engineering ...
Intro to Integrated Livestock Production
communities, soil biology, plant and animal health, and the context of the current global environmental crisis. ...
Managing Motivation as a Student in the Time of COVID-19
family, music, sports, and, of course, all things Buckeye. Dr. Leo Taylor is the Program Manager for ... In 2015 he received his Ph.D. in entomology from Cornell University where he researched the role of ...
Ohio State's Wooster campus venues offers "new normal" virtual services
and meetings. "We are pleased to announce that, in addition to our offerings of in-person gatherings, ... manager of the Wooster Campus Conference Center and event venues. "For example, we can offer two-way ... monitoring the situation to ensure that we meet the latest guidance on hygiene and cleaning," he said. "Our ...
Economic Assistance Available for Dairy Farms
Dianne Shoemaker, Extension Farm Management Specialist, Ohio State University Extension One ... working or managing in the farm business. Once a farm has been approved, they will receive a first payment ... challenges this spring and have to make many unanticipated decisions.Our OSU Dairy Working Group is ...
Native Seed Collection Technician
hand), as well as assist with associated planning, documentation, and database management. They will ... diploma and 1 year's training in science-related field or related experience in land management. Must ... cross-cultural experience appreciated. 1-3 years' of land management or botanical field/lab experience involving ...


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Cancer, in most of the cases, does not show its symptoms on early stages and that makes this disease a life-threatening condition. So it is recommended by cancer experts to keep eyes on any abnormal or unusual changes in the body. You can highly reduce the chances of future's serious complication if you go through proper screening of your health on detecting abnormal changes in the body. Consulting a cancer doctor after being suspicious about your health condition would also ensure your good health.
Though, cancer can affect any part of the body. But some of the most common types of cancer that affect majority of the people are skin cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, bladder cancer, kidney cancer, leukemia, ovarian cancer etc.
Unexplained weight loss, fever, fatigue, a lump, skin changes, intense pain, bleeding, indigestion, cough or hoarseness, pain during urination, blood in urine, indigestion, bloating, breast changes, fever etc are some of the most common symptoms of cancer which should not be ignored at any cost.
There is a spectrum of conditions that highly put people on the risk of developing liver cancer. Some of the top risk factors include aging, hepatitis infection, family history, diabetes, fatty liver, alcohol consumption, smoking, etc.
There are ranges of tests your doctor may recommend you depending on the infected body part. Some of the common tests include barium enema, biopsy, bone marrow aspiration and biopsy, bone scan, breast MRI, colonoscopy, computed tomography (ct) scan, digital rectal exam (DRE), EKG and echocardiogram, fecal occult blood tests, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), mammography, MUGA scan, pap test, sigmoidoscopy, tumor marker tests, ultrasound, upper endoscopy, etc.
At doctoriduniya, you can access a list of best cancer doctor, book online appointment and consult with them. In any medical emergency feel free to visit www.doctoriduniya.com.


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Just a discussion I have been waiting to broach. Got no pics cause he is on other side of tank cause he got too big to get out of that area. As the title states he is 9 months old and has not only survived but has put on at least another third the size he was when I got him. When I first got it I kept the tank fed heavily with DTs phyto but dropped way back on feedings like that within the past 4 months due to algae issues. Matter of fact,in the past month I do not feed any phyto at all. I have started using a blender mush comprised of all the frozen foods I have mushed up into one frozen block that I cut chunks off of and feed every other day. I also have 2 other scallops,both of them electric flames,the oldest one has gotten at least twice the size he was when bought back in jan of this yr. The latest electric was gotten in april and I honestly cant attest to its well being because I cant see its flesh,just its shell but I bought it back in early april.
I did not buy these guys to prove or disprove whether they can be kept or not but so far I think my results speak to what is possible and plausible.
I have these pics to share even though they arent up to date they are only a few months old.I would get even more of them but they have a tendency to bash into corals while they spurt around the tank.


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This is a superior glass chess and draughts set that would make a perfect addition to any household.
32 Glass chess pieces 24 Glass draughts pieces Glass board Suitable for Ages 3+ Box Dimesions 25cm(l) x 25cm(w)
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Two armed men using computers in an Internet cafe in Cali, Colombia, finished their web browsing and then held up the cashier and ran away. Only one problem, reports the Colombian-based El Tiempo:
Both men escaped with all the money on a stolen motorcycle, but the Internet cafe administrator noticed that one man neglected to log out of his Facebook account prior to making the escape. When Colombian investigators arrived at the cafe, they used the information on his Facebook account to figure out his home address and subsequently made an arrest.
This isn't the first time that a person committing a robbery has neglected to log out of Facebook before leaving their victim's home or business. During August 2009, a teenager named Jonathan Parker broke into a Martinsburg, West Virginia home and stole two diamond rings from the homeowner.
Prior to making his escape, he sat down at the homeowner's computer and checked up on his Facebook account. When he left the home, Parker's Facebook account was still open in the laptop's Web browser.
Parker made TIME magazine's "Top 10 People Caught on Facebook" list.


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Sen. Dianne Feinstein of California wants us to know that she is "not a sixth-grader."
Sen. Dianne Feinstein of California wants us to know that she is "not a sixth-grader."
Anyone who saw the recent exchange before the Senate Judiciary Committee between Feinstein and Sen. Ted Cruz of Texas over guns and the Constitution might speculate that the reason she said this is because she couldn't pass the entrance exam.
As for Cruz, a friend of mine for a decade, it turns out that the most important of the "Senate rules" is unwritten: Thou shalt not embarrass a fellow senator - even one in the opposing party - by making him or her look unprepared, uneducated or uninformed.
That's not always an easy thing to avoid. The rulebook doesn't say what to do when a Senate colleague who wants to ban certain guns dodges a tough question and then goes on the attack - thus embarrassing herself.
Nevertheless, the 42-year-old Cruz - who, as Sarah Palin told Conservative Political Action Conference delegates, "chews barbed wire" and "spits out rust" - is headed to the principal's office. His infraction was asking the right question. What Cruz wanted to know was this: Why do liberals cherish the First and Fourth Amendments, but trash the one in between - the Second Amendment?
That's a brainteaser. Why does the left play favorites with different parts of the Bill of Rights?
Experience teaches that the better the question, the less likely you are to get a straight answer.
That's what happened here. Feinstein went on offense. Abandoning reason for emotion, she scolded Cruz for daring to "lecture" her. After all, she said, she had seen the bodies of people killed by gunfire.
She was referring to the assassinations of San Francisco supervisor Harvey Milk and San Francisco Mayor George Moscone in 1978. Feinstein was in San Francisco City Hall when the shootings occurred.
Feinstein obviously feels very passionate about limiting people's access to guns. But who says she gets to decide who gets to own a gun or how many stay on the market?
Enter Cruz. Whether he's grilling Chuck Hagel during his confirmation hearing or Attorney General Eric Holder over the constitutionality of drone strikes against U.S. citizens or Feinstein over gun laws, the freshman senator is forcing the Washington establishment - people in both parties - to think. And oh how they dislike him for it.
Fellow Senate Democrats Patrick Leahy of Vermont and Dick Durbin of Illinois rushed to Feinstein's rescue. But even that didn't go well.
All Leahy could do was try to rattle Cruz with a non sequitur by messing with Texas for approving books used in public schools - something that Leahy claimed "we would not do in Vermont." Durbin chose the preferred weapon of liberals - condescension, dismissing Cruz as someone who "professes" to be an expert on the Constitution.
Before his election to the Senate, Cruz - who was solicitor general of Texas - built a reputation as one of the best litigators and constitutional lawyers in the country.
What the 79-year-old Feinstein has going for her, however, is a conviction that she - like many liberals - cares more about the victims of gun violence than everyday Americans possibly could.
Ironically, after the bruising she took from Cruz, Feinstein told CNN's Wolf Blitzer that she felt the Texan was "arrogant."
Look who's talking. Arrogant is when a person feels so imperial that she doesn't think that she should have to put up with questions from a colleague.
So what, pray tell, does Feinstein have going for her? Experience.
She's been in the Senate for 20 years. She read that part of her resume to Cruz.
Is this how the game is played? You don't become an expert in a subject and then go onto a Senate committee.
It's the other way around.
You go on a committee and the fact you are there makes you an expert.
Feinstein acknowledged during the exchange with Cruz that, while she feels perfectly comfortable making laws, she herself is "not a lawyer."
If this were you or me, that fact might deter us from arguing the law and the Constitution with someone who has argued both before the Supreme Court nine times.
That's not a bright move. Which might lead us to ask the senator from California: "Are you smarter than a sixth-grader?"
Contact columnist Ruben Navarrette at email@example.com.


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How it all began
In 1950, Joseph Jeger, a Swiss employee working in Basel, went on a business trip to the States and saw his first vending machines in factories there. Having never seen this before, he thought it would be a great idea to put them in the factory of the company he worked for. Spending all his savings, he ordered 5 machines from the US producer and was allowed to install them in the factory of his employer, who is incidentally still a client of Selecta.


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Written By: NM State Athletic Dept.
LAS CRUCES, N.M. - The New Mexico State football team concluded its home schedule Saturday afternoon with a 50-14 loss to Brigham Young University inside Aggie Memorial Stadium.
The Aggies were led by sophomore quarterback Andrew Manley who finished the game 13-of-24 passing for 158 yards and two touchdowns. Junior running back Germi Morrison led NM State on the ground with 64 yards rushing on 16 carries. Senior wide receiver Kemonte' Bateman had four receptions for 93 yards and a touchdown to lead the Aggies.
Defensively, junior safety Davis Cazares and junior linebacker Bryan Bonilla reached double-digits in tackles with 10 each. Junior linebacker Trashaun Nixon was right behind with nine total tackles.
NM State's defense began the game by stopping the Cougars on their first two possessions. After starting its initial drive at its own 26-yard line, BYU moved the ball down the field but was stopped on a third down at the Aggie 14-yard line, when Aggie junior nose tackle Kevin Laudermill sacked Cougar quarterback James Lark. BYU kicker Justin Sorensen then proceeded to miss a 39-yard field goal attempt.
After a BYU three-and-out following a NM State punt, the Aggies went on a 12-play, 78-yard drive that was capped off by an eight-yard touchdown pass from Manley to junior tight end Perris Scoggins. It was Scoggins' first career touchdown grab as an Aggie. NM State led 7-0 a couple of minutes into the second quarter.
The Cougars bounced right back with a 12-play drive of their own that culminated with a five-yard touchdown pass on fourth-and-goal from Lark to junior wide receiver Cody Hoffman. The Aggies maintained the lead, however, after Sorensen missed the extra point. NM State held a 7-6 lead midway through the second quarter.
BYU would add two short touchdown passes during its final two drives of the half to take a 20-7 lead heading into the locker room.
NM State's offense was led at the half by Morrison who had 11 carries for 55 rushing yards. Manley led the Aggies through the air by going 7-of-12 passing for 46 yards and one touchdown. Scoggins, meanwhile, had three receptions for 25 yards and a touchdown.
On the defensive side, Nixon and senior cornerback Jeremy Harris each had six tackles to lead the NM State at the half. Bonilla and junior cornerback Cameron Fuller were right behind with five tackles apiece.
After BYU kicked a field goal on its first possession of the second half, NM State quickly answered with a 67-yard touchdown pass down the middle of the field from Manley to Bateman. The drive took only four plays and 1:27 off the clock. The Cougar lead was down to 23-14 with 9:32 left in the third quarter.
Unfortunately for the Aggies, however, that would be the last time they would score in the game. BYU, on the other hand, would go on to score a touchdown during its last four possessions en route to a 50-14 final score.
NM State closes out its season next week when the Aggies travel to San Marcos, Texas, to take on Texas State. Game time is scheduled for 2 p.m.


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Demi Lovato Performs 'Really Don't Care' With Cher Lloyd + More on 'GMA' [VIDEOS]by Maggie Malach | PopCrush
Demi Lovato may really not care about her haters, but she loves her Lovatics! The singer proved how connected she is with her fanbase during a show-stopping performance in Central Park for 'Good Morning America.'
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Watch Demi Lovato Perform 'Neon Lights' + 'Heart Attack'
Watch a Clip of Demi Lovato Performing 'Give Your Heart a Break'
See Demi Lovato + More Pop Stars Without Makeup


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Pee-Wee OSPF Protocol Details
Protocol Overview:
PWOSPF is a greatly simplified link state routing protocol based on OSPFv2
(rfc 1247). Like OSPFv2, routers participating in a PWOSPF topology
periodically broadcast HELLO packets to discover and maintain a list of
neighbors. Whenever a change in a link status is detected (for example the
addition or deletion of a router to the topology) or a timeout occurs, each
router floods its view of the network throughout the topology so that each
router has a complete database of the network connectivity. Djikstra's
algorithm is used by each router independently to determine the next
hop in the forwarding table to all advertised routes.
Data Structures:
PWOSPF Router:
Like OSPF, PWOSPF operates within an "area" of routers, defined by a 32 bit
value. A router can only participate in one area at a time. Each router in
an area must have a unique 32 bit router ID. By convention, the IP address
of the 0th interface is used as the router ID. 0 and 0xffffffff are invalid
router IDs and can be used internally to mark uninitialized router ID fields.
Each router must therefore define the following values:
32 bit router ID
32 bit area ID
16 bit lsuint - interval in seconds between link state update broadcasts
List of router interfaces
PWOSPF Interface:
The interface is a key abstraction in PWOSPF for logically decomposing the
topology. Interfaces between neighboring routers are connected by links which
must have an associated subnet and mask. All links are assumed to be
bi-directional. Note you must support multiple routers connected to a
single interface, ie. via a hub or switch.
An interface within a pwospf router is defined by the following values:
32 bit ip address - IP address of associated interface
32 bit mask mask - subnet mask of associated interface
16 bit helloint - interval in seconds between HELLO broadcasts
list [
32 bit neighbor id - ID of neighboring router.
32 bit neighbor ip - IP address of neighboring router's interface this
interface is directly connected to.
PWOSPF Hello Protocol:
To discover and maintain the state of available links, a router participating
in a PWOSPF topology periodically listens for and broadcasts HELLO packets.
HELLO packets are broadcasted every helloint seconds with a destination
address of ALLSPFRouters that is defined as "220.127.116.11" (0xe0000005). This
implies that all participating routers must be configured to receive and
process packets sent to ALLSPFRouters. On receipt of a HELLO packet a router
may do one of three things. If the packet is invalid or corrupt the router
will drop and ignore the packet and optionally log the error. If the packet
is from a yet to be identified neighbor and no other neighbors have been
discovered off of the incoming interface, the router will add the neighbor to
the interface. If the packet is from a known neighbor, the router will mark
the time the packet was received to track the uptime of its neighbor. The
set of links of routers to neighbors provides the basic connectivity
information for the full topology.
PWOSPF routers use HELLO packets to monitor the status of a neighboring
router. If a neighboring router does not emit a HELLO packet within
NEIGHBOR_TIMEOUT seconds (three times the neighbor's HelloInt) of the last HELLO received,
the router is assumed down, removed from the interface and a link state
update flood is initiated. Note that ONLY HELLO packets are used to
determine link status. Even in the case where the router is actively routing
packets and generating link state update packets, if no HELLO packets are
generated it will be considered disconnected from the topology.
PWOSPF Link State Updates:
Global network connectivity is obtained by each router through link state
updates in which local link connectivity information is flooded throughout
the area by each router. Link state updates are sent periodically every
LSUINT seconds (default value of 30) and whenever a change in link status is
detected. If a link state change initiates a links state update, the lsuint
counter is reset to wait another LSUINT seconds before triggering another
The link state advertisements generated by each router lists the subnets of
each of the router's interfaces and all neighboring routers. Link state
updates operate via a simple sequenced, unacknowledged flooding scheme in
which received packets are flooded to all neighbors except the neighbor from
whom the packet was received. Generated packets are flooded to all
neighbors (they should be addressed directly to each neighbor - i.e., do not
send them to the special ALLSPFRouters address). LSU packets are used to build
and maintain the network topology database at each router. If the LSU packet does not
advertise a change in the state of the topology as is already reflected in the database it is
discarded and the sequence number is updated. Otherwise, the information is used to update
the database and the router's forwarding tables are recalculated using Djikstra's algorithm.
A gateway router may advertise an additional default subnet for an interface
that is connected to a separate network. In the typical case, this interface
will be the networks link to the Internet and will advertise a default subnet
of 0.0.0.0. All traffic not destined to a subnet on the PWOSPF network will
be routed to this as a gateway to the Internet.
The Topology Database
Every router in a PWOSPF area maintains a full representation of the area,
network topology. This topology database is used to calculate the next hop
for each destination in the network. A typical implementation of the
topology database will contain an adjacency list of all the routers in the
network as well as the subnets associated with each link. Djikstra's
algorithm is used on the adjacency list to determine the best, next hop for
each router. The forwarding table is then built using the advertised routes
from each router and the next hop to those routers as determined by
If there are discrepancies in advertisements from two different hosts about
the same link, the link is assumed invalid and not added to the database.
This may happen in the following cases:
- Host A advertises that it is connected to subnet with mask 255.255.255.0
and neighbor B. Host B does not advertise that A is a neighbor.
- Host A advertises that it is connected to subnet with mask 255.255.255.0
and neighbor B. Host B advertises it is connected to a subnet with mask
255.255.255.240 with neighbor A.
In both of these cases the link should not be added to the advertised
Each entry in the database is time-stamped with the last time an LSU for
the associated router was received. If an LSU is not received from the
host within LSU_TIMEOUT seconds (three times LSUINT) from the last, the entry
is invalidated and removed from the database.
Handling Incoming PWOSPF Packets
Each host participating in a PWOSPF topology must check the following values
on incoming pwospf packets:
o The version number field must specify protocol version 2.
o The 16-bit checksum on the PWOSPF packet's contents must be
verified. (the 64-bit authentication field must be excluded
from the checksum calculation)
o The area ID found in the PWOSPF header must match the Area ID
of the receiving router.
o The Authentication type specified must match the authentication type
of the receiving router.
PWOSPF does not support authentication, however it is our plan to progress
towards OSPFv2 compatibility. For this reason, we are using the full OSPFv2
header format which contains both an Authtication type and data field. These
fields should be set to 0 for all valid PWOSPF packets.
Handling Incoming HELLO Packets
This section explains the detailed processing of a received Hello packet.
The generic input processing of PWOSPF packets will have checked the
validity of the IP header and the PWOSPF packet header. Next, the values of
the Network Mask and HelloInt fields in the received Hello packet must be
checked against the values configured for the receiving interface. Any
mismatch causes processing to stop and the packet to be dropped. In other
words, the above fields are really describing the attached network's
At this point, an attempt is made to match the source of the Hello Packet to
one of the receiving interface's neighbors. If the receiving interface is
a multi-access network (either broadcast or non-broadcast) the source is
identified by the IP source address found in the Hello's IP header. The
interface's current neighbor(s) are contained in the interface's data
structure. If the interface does not have a neighbor, a neighbor is created.
If the interface already has neighbor(s) but none match the IP of the
incoming packet, a new neighbor is added. Finally, if the HELLO packet matches
a current neighbor, the neighbor's "last hello packet received" timer is
Handling Incoming LSU Packets
Each received LSU packet must go through the following handling procedure.
If the LSU was originally generated by the incoming router, the packet is
dropped. If the sequence number matches that of the last packet received
from the sending host, the packet is dropped. If the packet contents are
equivalent to the contents of the packet last received from the sending host,
the host's database entry is updated and the packet is ignored. If the LSU
is from a host not currently in the database, the packets contents are used
to update the database and Djikstra's algorithm is used to recompute the
forwarding table. Finally, if the LSU data is for a host currently in the
database but the information has changed, the LSU is used to update the
database, and Djikstra's algorithm is run to recompute the forwarding table.
All received packets with new sequence numbers are flooded to all neighbors
but the incoming neighbor of the packet. The TTL header is only checked
in the forwarding stage and should not be considered when handling the packet
locally. The TTL field of all flooded packets must be decremented before
exiting the router. If the field after decrement is zero or less, the packet
must not be flooded.
PWOSPF IP Packets
PWOSPF are expected to be encapsulated IPv4 packets with IP protocol number
89 (the same as OSPFv2). OSPF HELLO packets are sent to destination IP
address ALLSPFRouters which is defined as "22.214.171.124" (0xe0000005). All LSU
packets are sent point to point using the IP address of the neighboring
interface as the destination.
PWOSPF Packet Header Format
All PWOSPF packets are encapsulated in a common header that is identical to
the OSPFv2 header. Using the OSPFv2 header will allow PWOSPF to converge on
OSPF compliance in the future and is recognized by protocol analyzers such
as ethereal which can greatly aid in debugging. The PWOSPF header is as
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
| Version # | Type | Packet length |
| Router ID |
| Area ID |
| Checksum | Autype |
| Authentication |
| Authentication |
Version #
The PWOSPF/OSPF version number. This specification documents version 2 of
the protocol.
The OSPF packet types are as follows. The format of each of these
packet types is described in a succeeding section.
Type Description
1 Hello
4 Link State Update
Packet length
The length of the protocol packet in bytes. This length includes
the standard OSPF header.
Router ID
The Router ID of the packet's source. In OSPF, the source and
destination of a routing protocol packet are the two ends of an
(potential) adjacency.
Area ID
A 32 bit number identifying the area that this packet belongs to.
All OSPF packets are associated with a single area. Most travel a
single hop only.
The standard IP checksum of the entire contents of the packet,
excluding the 64-bit authentication field. This checksum is
calculated as the 16-bit one's complement of the one's complement
sum of all the 16-bit words in the packet, excepting the
authentication field. If the packet's length is not an integral
number of 16-bit words, the packet is padded with a byte of zero
before checksumming.
Set to zero in PWOSPF
Set to zero in PWOSPF
HELLO Packet Format
Hello packets are PWOSPF packet type 1. These packets are sent periodically
on all interfaces in order to establish and maintain neighbor relationships.
In addition, Hellos broadcast enabling dynamic discovery of neighboring
All routers connected to a common network must agree on certain parameters
(network mask and helloint). These parameters are included in Hello packets,
so that differences can inhibit the forming of neighbor relationships. A
full HELLO packet with PWOSPF header is as follows:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
| Version # | 1 | Packet length |
| Router ID |
| Area ID |
| Checksum | Autype |
| Authentication |
| Authentication |
| Network Mask |
| HelloInt | padding |
Network mask
The network mask associated with this interface. For example, if
the interface is to a class B network whose third byte is used for
subnetting, the network mask is 0xffffff00.
The number of seconds between this router's Hello packets.
LSU Packet Format
LSU packets implement the flooding of link states and are used to build and
maintain the network topology database at each router. Each link state
update packet carries a collection of link state advertisements on hop
further from its origin. Several link state advertisements may be included
in a single packet. A link state packet with full PWOSF header looks as
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
| Version # | 4 | Packet length |
| Router ID |
| Area ID |
| Checksum | Autype |
| Authentication |
| Authentication |
| Sequence | TTL |
| # advertisements |
| |
+- +-+
| Link state advertisements |
+- +-+
| ... |
Unique sequence number associated with each Link State Updated.
Incremented by the LSU source for each subsequence updated. Duplicate
LSU packets are dropped by the receiver.
Hop limited value decremented each time the packet is forwarded. The
TTL value is only considered during packet forwarding and not during
packet reception.
# of advertisements
Total number of link state advertisements contained in the packet
Link state advertisements
Each link state update packet should contain 1 or more link state
advertisements. The advertisements are the reachable routes directly
connected to the advertising router. Routes are in the form of the subnet,
mask and router neighor for the attached link. Link state advertisements
look specifically as follows:
| Subnet |
| Mask |
| Router ID |
Subnet number of the advertised route. Note that default routes
will have a subnet value of 0.0.0.0.
Subnet mask of the advertised route
Router ID
ID of the neighboring router on the advertised link. If there is no
connected router to the link the RID should be set to 0.
In the below topology with subnet 192.168.128 using IP addresses
allocated as showing (xxx is intended to be 192.168.128).
xxx.1 xxx.2 xxx.4 xxx.5 xxx.8 xxx.9
[Internet]-[FW]---------------- A ------------------ B ------- <endhost>
Assuming FW is not participating in the PWOSPF area.
A could advertise the following routes
1. (subnet between A and the firewall)
Subnet 192.168.128.0
Mask 255.255.255.252
2. (default route to the Internet)
Subnet 0.0.0.0
Mask 0.0.0.0
3. (link shared with B
Subnet 192.168.128.4
Mask 255.255.255.254
RID 192.168.128.5 (B's router ID)
B could advertise the following routes
1. (link shared with A)
Subnet 192.168.128.4
Mask 255.255.255.254
RID 192.168.128.4 (A's router ID)
2. (Link to end host)
Subnet 192.168.128.8
Mask 255.255.255.254
RID 0.0.0.0 (no attached PWOSPF router)


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