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Engine Build for Barracuda - Project B3 Gets A Block-In-A-Bag
Building The Powerplant For Our Bracket Racer
Since we're building the engine for our bracket-racer project it must mean the car is ready to go, right? Well, not quite. While we have made some progress on our '67 Barracuda's floors, chassis, and suspension, we still have a long way to go before it's ready for the track. We still need to finish our rollcage, swap our windows for polycarbonate (Lexan) replacements, install a stout rearend, build a transmission, as well as plumb and wire the car.
There are several reasons, however, why we will be building the engine at this stage of the project. First, we will need the engine and transmission in place to complete our plumbing and wiring, as well as to fit our headers and motor plate. Second, we were tired of the parts taking up shelf space so we decided to bolt the engine together. Third, and most important, having the engine ready to install will motivate us to get off our butts and complete the car!
Those of you who have been following our project will remember that our objective for this car is mid-10-second elapsed times. Since our Barracuda will weigh in at just about 3,000 pounds, we'll need an engine that produces in the neighborhood of 600 hp to achieve our goal. Knowing that it's easier to slow a car down than speed it up, and wanting to be able to run mid-10s even in hot weather, we'll shoot for a power more in the 650hp range for this build. We also want to ensure this engine has the endurance to last multiple seasons of racing, so we'll need some strong parts, especially in the bottom end.
The budget for our entire car is about $10,000, so we'll utilize some used items and some good factory parts as well. Since the engine of a drag car is its most abused component, we'll be spending a significant portion of our budget on this motor.
When deciding what engine to drop in our 'Cuda, we first had to consider what we had available. Our goal of 10-second elapsed times pretty much dictated big-block power, and we just happened to have a 400 big-block available that didn't cost us a dime. Since making 650 hp from 400 cubes would be tough, we decided to match our 400 block with a forged 440 crank that we also had at the shop to net a displacement of 451 ci. We've found the low-deck 451 engine to be a powerful and durable combination, also making plenty of torque to get our 'Cuda moving. This combination does require that the crank's main journals be turned down to the main journal size of the 400 and some clearancing of the block in the main-webbing area, but other than that, it's a straightforward build since several manufacturers offer pistons for this application. our block would need to be machined, and for that we sent it to Chenoweth Racing Enterprises.
You may remember the guys at Chenoweth since we have featured their main girdle in several of our engine builds. What you may not know, however, is that the Chenoweth shop offers full-service machining and is extremely Mopar friendly. We chose to send our block to them for their "block-in-a-bag" service, which includes fully machining the block for a racing application on their state-of-the-art equipment. This service is a great option for those who don't have a trustworthy machine shop in their area or for those who want to know they're getting the best quality machine work for their money. The block-in-a-bag service includes fully blueprinting the engine block, decking and squaring all surfaces, boring and honing the cylinders with torque plates, and line-boring the main journals. All the work is done on new Rottler equipment, which can hold tolerances much more accurately than the antiquated equipment found in some shops.
As our block was being machined, we formulated a plan for the rest of our build. While our factory forged crank would certainly handle this engine's power, we weren't so sure about the factory rods, so Eagle 6.76 length H-beams were ordered. Ross-forged domed pistons were matched to the Eagle rods, and the rotating assembly was sent to Auto Performance Engines to be balanced. When it came to cylinder heads we had a dilemma: should we spend the money to machine a set of steel heads or purchase aftermarket units? Fortunately, while at a local swap meet, the decision was made for us. We scored a used pair of Edelbrock Performer RPM heads for a grand that were complete and already had some bowl work done. At the same swap meet, we also scored a sweet deal on a set of K-motion valvesprings that would allow us to run a pretty stout roller cam, so we completed our transaction and had the top end for our engine. While there is always a risk when purchasing used parts, we minimized this risk by having our parts thoroughly checked before we installed them.
We decided to use new, high-quality parts for the remainder of our engine. For our oil system, we chose a Milodon kit featuring an eight-quart, low-profile oil pan and a single external pickup. This oil system is great for drag racing and is good for rpm in excess of 7,000. When it came to camshaft selection, we went with a custom-ground Comp solid roller unit that we've successfully used in the past. This camshaft features .660-inch lift for both the intake and exhaust valves, with duration at .050-inch lift numbers coming in at 284 and 288 degrees, respectively. With a lobe separation of 108 degrees, we've found this cam to provide broad torque and power curves, which is the key to making a bracket racing engine consistent. We also chose Comp's 1.5 ratio roller rocker arms and their roller timing set to complete our top end. For induction, we topped our engine with a Mopar Performance M-1 intake manifold matched with a Holley 1050-cfm Dominator carburetor. Exhaust duties will be handled by Hooker's fenderwell exit headers with 2-inch primaries and 3.5-inch collectors. To light the fires, we chose an MSD Pro-billet distributor. Federal-Mogul bearings were utilized throughout our engine, and Speed-Pro rings combined with Cometic multilayer steel head gaskets helped to seal the cylinders.
Assembling this engine was easy thanks to the accurate machine work performed by Chenoweth Racing. We checked all our block's dimensions prior to assembly and found them to be well within the prescribed tolerances. While we won't be putting this engine on the dyno, we will be testing it at the track once the rest of the project is complete. In our experience this combination should be good for realistic horsepower numbers in the 650 range and should have no problem propelling our '67 'Cuda well into the 10s in the quarter-mile.
Be sure to stay tuned to future issues as we complete the car and head to the track for some testing.


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July 13, 2017 @ 5:00 pm – 10:00 pm
Looking for a fun environment for you and your friends to hone your Magic The Gathering Skills? Or a place to be the very best Pokemon trainer you can be. Grabbing a table is free* when you BYOC (Bring your own cards) from 5 pm- 10 pm Thursday nights. Enjoy some local brews or a sandwich from our new menu while meeting with friends both old and new.
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University of Kentucky Men Team News
Rossi becomes 15th player in UK history to get to 100 wins.
Hirooka and Ellefsen Win Doubles Title in Louisville Invitational
Wildcats Add Four in Nationally Renowned 2014 Class
Eric Quigley Captures USTA Ursula Beck Pro Tennis Title
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Anthony Rossi Etches Way Into Top Five Nationally
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Anthony Rossi Grabs 100th-Career Win as UK Cruises Past Auburn
Monday, 04/01/2013
LEXINGTON, Ky. - Senior Anthony Rossi capitalized on numerous break point opportunities throughout his singles match, dictating the pace of play and placing his shots perfectly as he picked up his 100th-career win in convincing straight-set fashion, becoming only the 15th player in UK tennis history to eclipse the 100-win mark as Kentucky cruised past No. 32 Auburn 4-1 on Easter Sunday in Lexington.
"Today was a really good win for Anthony," UK head coach Cedric Kauffmann said. "For players and coaches and many people who know the game, 100 wins is a very special mark to hit and it is extremely difficult to accomplish. I think this is a great reflection of his consist he has been in his career and how he has continued to battle every time he steps on the court. I know it was especially special for him to be able to do it in front of his parents, who are here from France this week. We are all very proud of him on reaching this historic accomplishment."
Rossi's win moves him into elite company, as he joins the likes of Eric Quigley, Alex Musialek and more historic legends in UK history to break the 100-win mark. Rossi now stands 100-30 in his singles NCAA career, boasting a win percentage of .769, one of the best in the game today.
Auburn (12-7, 4-5 SEC) claimed the doubles point in the match, as the Tigers were able to capitalize late in matches and avoid a few match points on the outer courts to survive past the Wildcats. On court one, the first match to finish, No. 19 Tom Jomby and Kevin Lai were able to pick up a late break of serve at 6-5 to ride it all the way to the end as Jomby and Lai upset the fifth-ranked team in the nation of Andreas Mies and Daniel Cochrane 8-5. The first 10 games of the match held to form before Jomby and Lai picked up the break of serve to go up. It was the only break in the match.
On court two, Kentucky's Grant Roberts and Rossi got out to a swift 4-1 start and had the early advantage over Dennis Lengsfeld and Lucas Lopasso before the Tigers were able to break back at 4-3 and then held after that to go up 5-4. With another break of serve for the Tigers at 6-5, Auburn served out the match to win 8-6.
In three doubles, Ryuji Hirooka and Beck Pennington had two match points over Lukas Ollert and Joseph Van Dooren at 7-6, but were unable to convert. Pennington and Hirooka were then broken at 8-7 for the 9-7 win by Auburn, as the Tigers took the doubles point.
"I thought we played a good doubles point today," Kauffmann said. "We had a couple of opportunities to close out the match on court three, and we were unable to come up with the big points. We were up a break on two early, but just couldn't hang on. Today was a great win for Tom and Kevin on court one and I was really proud of their performance today."
Grant Roberts put Kentucky on the board extremely quickly as he dismantled No. 105 Lukas Ollert 6-1, 6-1 on court four. Roberts got up double break early in the match at 2-0, and 4-0 before Ollert held to make it 5-1. Roberts served out the opening set in 29 minutes. After a brief hold by Ollert to start the second set, Roberts came roaring back to win the last six consecutive games, while not even facing one break point in the entire match. The win for Roberts was his second-straight win in the four slot for the Wildcats as he moves to 11-4 (5-2 SEC) on the season.
"After the doubles, we talked about someone needing to go out and put a quick point on the board," Kauffmann said. "Grant did a great job of doing that for us. He took the momentum right away from Auburn and gave us a push that we needed in singles play."
Rossi gave the Wildcats the 2-1 lead in the match with his 100th-career win on court one as he moved to 18-3 (6-1 SEC) on the season, including 17 wins in the No. 1 position. Rossi broke to start the match and got up 2-0 before be was broken back to get the opening set on serve. Rossi then broke at 4-3, and served the set out at 6-3. In the second set, Rossi won the final six games of the set to take it 6-1.
Kentucky grabbed the 3-1 lead when Tom Jomby won a tight 6-4, 6-4 match on court two in straight sets. Jomby defeated No. 106 Daniel Cochrane to collect his 14th win of the season, and his sixth SEC win of 2013. The first eight games of the opening set held to form as Jomby and Cocharane exchanged service games, before after four deuces, Jomby broke at four all to take the 5-4 lead. When Jomby did that, he gave himself the opportunity to serve out the opening set. He did so at love. Jomby found himself in a 3-0 hole to start the second match before breaking at 3-1 and 4-3 to give himself the leg up coming down the stretch. The Frenchman won six of the final seven games to get the 6-4 win in the second set.
Charles Minc clinched his third match of the season on court three as he took a 6-4, 7-6 (4) win over Dennis Lengsfeld of Auburn to give the Wildcats the 4-1 win. Minc broke at 2-1 to get the 3-1 and then 4-1 edge in the opening set before giving a break back at 4-4. After holding for the 5-4 lead, Minc broke at 15 to take the opening set 6-4. In the second set, Minc again came out of the gate strong, collecting the 4-1 advantage before being broken back again to square the set at 5-5. Minc held after an extended deuce game to go up 6-5, as did Lengsfeld to force the tiebreak. In the tiebreak, Minc raced out to the 5-0 lead before hanging on to win 7-5 and clinch the Wildcats' win.
"Today was another good SEC win for the boys," Kauffmann said. "With the win, we have now created some separation from the other teams in our conference, as we are now focused on seeding for the SEC Tournament and finishing the season the way we know we can. Auburn put up a good fight, but I was proud of our effort level and intensity today. It's always tough to win a match in this conference."
Both courts five and six were stopped after the clinch. Kevin Lai lost a first-set tiebreaker and Beck Pennington was going to have two set points at 6-4 in a tiebreak when the clinch happened.
Kentucky returns to action on Wednesday for its final day of non-conference action. The Wildcats will welcome No. 7 Ohio State to Lexington for a match beginning at 2:00 p.m. ET before the nightcap against Murray State at 7:00 p.m. ET at the Hilary J. Boone Varsity Tennis Center. Admission is free.
No. 8 Kentucky 4, No. 32 Auburn 1
Hilary J. Boone Varsity Tennis Center - Lexington, Ky.
Sunday, March 31, 2013
Doubles (Order of finish: 1, 3, 2*)
1- No. 19 Tom Jomby/Kevin Lai (UK) def. No. 5 Andreas Mies/Daniel Cochrane (AU) 8-6
2- Dennis Lengsfeld/Lucas Lopasso (AU) def. Grant Roberts/Anthony Rossi (UK) 8-6
3- Lukas Ollert/Joseph Van Dooren (AU) def. Beck Pennington/Ryuji Hirooka (UK) 9-7
Singles (Order of finish: 4, 1, 2, 3*)
1- No. 18 Anthony Rossi (UK) def. No. 34 Andreas Mies (AU) 6-3, 6-1
2- No. 24 Tom Jomby (UK) def. No. 106 Daniel Cochrane (AU) 6-4, 6-4
3- Charles Minc (UK) def. Dennis Lengsfeld (AU) 6-4, 7-6 (3)
4- Grant Roberts (UK) def. No. 105 Lukas Ollert (AU) 6-1, 6-1
5- Lucas Lopasso (AU) led Kevin Lai (UK) 7-6 (7), 1-0 (Abd.)
6- Beck Pennington (UK) vs. Joseph Van Dooren (AU) 6-6 (6-4 UK) (Abd.)
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Kelsey Kemp
A member of the class of 2010, Kelsey Kemp majored in psychology.
On campus, she was captain of the field hockey team, and president of Student Athlete Mentors. Kelsey was also a member of Psi Chi and Omicron Delta Kappa.
Currently, she works for the Office of Admissions, recruiting students from Delaware and New Jersey.
Admissions Counselor
Kelsey works for the Office of Admissions, recruiting students from Delaware (New Castle County) and New Jersey.
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Phone: (800) 422-1782, ext. 7700
Office: Casey Academic Center, 3rd floor
Undergrad Highlights
- Major: Psychology (Clinical)
- Varisty Athletics: Field Hockey (Captain)
- President: Student Athlete Mentors (SAM)
- Member: Psi Chi (Psychology Honor Society)
- Member: Omicron Delta Kappa (Leadership Honor Society)


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(Updated March 2017)
The various activities associated with the production of electricity from nuclear reactions are referred to collectively as the nuclear fuel cycle. The nuclear fuel cycle starts with the mining of uranium and ends with the disposal of nuclear waste. With the reprocessing of used fuel as an option for nuclear energy, the stages form a true cycle.
To prepare uranium for use in a nuclear reactor, it undergoes the steps of mining and milling, conversion, enrichment and fuel fabrication. These steps make up the 'front end' of the nuclear fuel cycle.
After uranium has spent about three years in a reactor to produce electricity, the used fuel may undergo a further series of steps including temporary storage, reprocessing, and recycling before wastes are disposed. Collectively these steps are known as the 'back end' of the fuel cycle.
Uranium is a slightly radioactive metal that occurs throughout the Earth's crust (see page on Uranium and Depleted Uranium). It is about 500 times more abundant than gold and about as common as tin. It is present in most rocks and soils as well as in many rivers and in sea water. It is, for example, found in concentrations of about four parts per million (ppm) in granite, which makes up 60% of the Earth's crust. In fertilisers, uranium concentration can be as high as 400 ppm (0.04%), and some coal deposits contain uranium at concentrations greater than 100 ppm (0.01%). Most of the radioactivity associated with uranium in nature is in fact due to other minerals derived from it by radioactive decay processes, and which are left behind in mining and milling.
There are a number of areas around the world where the concentration of uranium in the ground is sufficiently high that extraction of it for use as nuclear fuel is economically feasible. Such concentrations are called ore.
Both excavation and in situ techniques are used to recover uranium ore. Excavation may be underground and open pit mining.In general, open pit mining is used where deposits are close to the surface and underground mining is used for deep deposits, typically greater than 120 m deep.
Open pit mines require large holes on the surface, larger than the size of the ore deposit, since the walls of the pit must be sloped to prevent collapse. As a result, the quantity of material that must be removed in order to access the ore may be large. Underground mines have relatively small surface disturbance and the quantity of material that must be removed to access the ore is considerably less than in the case of an open pit mine. Special precautions, consisting primarily of increased ventilation, are required in underground mines to protect against airborne radiation exposure.
An increasing proportion of the world's uranium now comes from in situ leach (ISL) mining, where oxygenated groundwater is circulated through a very porous orebody to dissolve the uranium oxide and bring it to the surface. ISL may be with slightly acid or with alkaline solutions to keep the uranium in solution. The uranium oxide is then recovered from the solution as in a conventional mill.
The decision as to which mining method to use for a particular deposit is governed by the nature of the orebody, safety and economic considerations.
For more detailed information see the information pages on:
Milling, which is generally carried out close to a uranium mine, extracts the uranium from the ore (or ISL leachate). Most mining facilities include a mill, although where mines are close together, one mill may process the ore from several mines. Milling produces a uranium oxide concentrate which is shipped from the mill. It is sometimes referred to as 'yellowcake' and generally contains more than 80% uranium. The original ore may contain as little as 0.1% uranium, or even less.
In a mill, the ore is crushed and ground to a fine slurry which is leached in sulfuric acid (or sometimes a strong alkaline solution) to allow the separation of uranium from the waste rock. It is then recovered from solution and precipitated as uranium oxide (U3O8) concentrate. After drying and usually heating it is packed in 200-litre drums as a concentrate, sometimes referred to as 'yellowcake' (though it is usually khaki).
U3O8 is the uranium product which is sold. About 200 tonnes is required to keep a large (1000 MWe) nuclear power reactor generating electricity for one year.
The remainder of the ore, containing most of the radioactivity and nearly all the rock material, becomes tailings, which are emplaced in engineered facilities near the mine (often in a mined out pit). Tailings need to be isolated from the environment because they contain long-lived radioactive materials in low concentrations and maybe also toxic materials such as heavy metals. However, the total quantity of radioactive elements is less than in the original ore, and their collective radioactivity will be much shorter-lived.
The uranium oxide product of a uranium mill is not directly usable as a fuel for a nuclear reactor and additional processing is required. Only 0.7% of natural uranium is 'fissile', or capable of undergoing fission, the process by which energy is produced in a nuclear reactor. The form, or isotope, of uranium which is fissile is the uranium-235 (U-235) isotope. The remainder is uranium-238 (U-238)*. For most kinds of reactor, the concentration of the fissile uranium-235 isotope needs to be increased – typically to between 3.5% and 5% U-235. Isotope separation is a physical process to concentrate ('enrich') one isotope relative to others. The enrichment process requires the uranium to be in a gaseous form. The uranium oxide concentrate is therefore first converted to uranium hexafluoride, which is a gas at relatively low temperatures.
* U-238 is fissionable in fast neutron reactors, which are likely to be in wide use by mid-century.
At a conversion facility, the uranium oxide is first refined to uranium dioxide, which can be used as the fuel for those types of reactors that do not require enriched uranium. Most is then converted into uranium hexafluoride, ready for the enrichment plant. The main hazard of this stage of the fuel cycle is the use of hydrogen fluoride. The uranium hexafluoride is then drained into 14-tonne cylinders where it solidifies. These strong metal containers are shipped to the enrichment plant.
The enrichment process separates gaseous uranium hexafluoride into two streams, one being enriched to the required level and known as low-enriched uranium; the other stream is progressively depleted in U-235 and is called 'tails', or simply depleted uranium.
The main enrichment process in commercial plants uses centrifuges, with thousands of rapidly-spinning vertical tubes. As they spin, the physical properties of molecules, specifically the 1% mass difference between the two uranium isotopes, separates them. A laser enrichment process is in the final stage of development.
The product of this stage of the nuclear fuel cycle is enriched uranium hexafluoride, which is reconverted to produce enriched uranium oxide. Up to this point the fuel material can be considered fungible (though enrichment levels vary), but fuel fabrication involves very specific design.
Enrichment is covered in detail in the page on Uranium Enrichment.
A small number of reactors, notably the Canadian and Indian heavy water type, do not require uranium to be enriched.
Reactor fuel is generally in the form of ceramic pellets. These are formed from pressed uranium oxide (UO2) which is sintered (baked) at a high temperature (over 1400°C)a. The pellets are then encased in metal tubes to form fuel rods, which are arranged into a fuel assembly ready for introduction into a reactor. The dimensions of the fuel pellets and other components of the fuel assembly are precisely controlled to ensure consistency in the characteristics of the fuel.
In a fuel fabrication plant great care is taken with the size and shape of processing vessels to avoid criticality (a limited chain reaction releasing radiation). With low-enriched fuel criticality is most unlikely, but in plants handling special fuels for research reactors this is a vital consideration.
Some 27 tonnes of fresh enriched fuel is required each year by a 1000 MWe reactor.
Several hundred fuel assemblies make up the core of a reactor.* For a reactor with an output of 1000 megawatts (MWe), the core would contain about 75 tonnes of low-enriched uranium. In the reactor core the U-235 isotope fissions or splits, producing a lot of heat in a continuous process called a chain reaction. The process depends on the presence of a moderator such as water or graphite, and is fully controlled.
* up to about 250 in a PWR, two or three times as many in a BWR.
Some of the U-238 in the reactor core is turned into plutonium and about half of this is also fissioned, providing about one-third of the reactor's energy output (or more than half in CANDU).
As in fossil-fuel burning electricity generating plants, the heat is used to produce steam to drive a turbine and an electric generator, in a 1000 MWe unit providing over 8 billion kilowatt hours (8 TWh) of electricity in one year.
To maintain efficient reactor performance, about one-third of the spent fuel is removed every year or 18 months, to be replaced with fresh fuel.* The length of fuel cycle is correlated with the use of burnable absorbers in the fuel, allowing higher burn-up.
* In the USA about 85% of reactors have an 18-month fuel cycle, a few have 24-month ones. In Asia, over 80% have 18-month cycles, the rest 12-month. In Europe, over 60% have 12-month cycles, the balance 18-month, and over one-quarter do not use burnable absorbers. All reactors in the USA and Asia use burnable absorbers. So 18 months is a typical worldwide refuelling interval.
Typically, some 44 million kilowatt-hours of electricity are produced from one tonne of natural uranium. The production of this amount of electrical power from fossil fuels would require the burning of over 20,000 tonnes of black coal or 8.5 million cubic metres of gas.
An issue in operating reactors and hence specifying the fuel for them is fuel burn-up. This is measured in gigawatt-days (thermal) per tonne and its potential is proportional to the level of enrichment. Hitherto a limiting factor has been the physical robustness of fuel assemblies, and hence burn-up levels of about 40 GWd/t have required only around 4% enrichment. But with better equipment and fuel assemblies, 55 GWd/t is possible (with 5% enrichment), and 70 GWd/t is in sight, though this would require 6% enrichment. The benefit of this is that operation cycles can be longer – around 24 months – and the number of fuel assemblies discharged as used fuel can be reduced by one third. Associated fuel cycle cost is expected to be reduced by about 20%.
In CANDU reactors using natural uranium, burn-up is much less, about 7.5 GWd/t, but in terms of efficiency this is equivalent to almost 50 GWd/t for enriched fuel.
Burn-up in GWd/t is the conventional measure for oxide fuels, and 60 GWd/t U is equivalent to about 6.5% atomic percent burn-up, i.e. about 6.5% of the original uranium atoms are burned directly, or indirectly via transformation to fissile plutonium. (With metal fuels, the atomic percent metric is used, and a new light water reactor metal fuel is targeting 21 atomic percent burn-up when it is deployed in 2020s.)
As with as a coal-fired power station about two thirds of the heat is dumped, either to a large volume of water (from the sea or large river, heating it a few degrees) or to a relatively smaller volume of water in cooling towers, using evaporative cooling (latent heat of vapourisation).
With time, the concentration of fission fragments and heavy elements formed in the same way as plutonium in the fuel will increase to the point where it is no longer practical to continue to use the fuel, though much potential remains in it. So after 18-36 months the used fuel is removed from the reactor. The amount of energy that is produced from a fuel assembly varies with the type of reactor and the policy of the reactor operator. Used fuel will typically have about 1.0% U-235 and 0.6% fissile plutonium (almost 1% Pu total), with around 95% U-238.* About 3% is fission products and minor actinides.
* Used fuel from PHWR units using natural (unenriched) uranium fuel after 7.5 GWd/t burn-up is 98.8% U-238, 0.23% U-235, 0.38% Pu and 0.6% fission products.
When removed from a reactor, the fuel will be emitting both radiation, principally from the fission fragments, and heat. It is unloaded into a storage pond immediately adjacent to the reactor to allow the radiation levels to decrease. In the ponds the water shields the radiation and absorbs the heat, which is removed by circulating the water to external heat exchangers. Used fuel is held in such pools for several months and sometimes many years. It may be transferred to naturally-ventilated dry storage on site after about five years.
Depending on policies in particular countries, some used fuel may be transferred to central storage facilities. Ultimately, used fuel must either be reprocessed in order to recycle most of it, or prepared for permanent disposal. The longer it is stored, the easier it is to handle, due to decay of radioactivity.
There are two alternatives for used fuel:
Used fuel still contains about 96% of its original uranium, of which the fissionable U-235 content has been reduced to less than 1%. About 3% of the used fuel comprises waste products and the remaining 1% is plutonium (Pu) produced while the fuel was in the reactor and not 'burned' then.
Reprocessing separates uranium and plutonium from waste products (and from the fuel assembly cladding) by chopping up the fuel rods and dissolving them in acid to separate the various materials. It enables recycling of the uranium and plutonium into fresh fuel, and produces a significantly reduced amount of waste (compared with treating all used fuel as waste). See page on Processing of Used Nuclear Fuel. The remaining 3% of high-level radioactive wastes (some 750 kg per year from a 1000 MWe reactor) can be stored in liquid form and subsequently solidified.
The uranium recovered from reprocessing, which typically contains a slightly higher concentration of U-235 than occurs in nature, can be reused as fuel after conversion and enrichment.
The plutonium can be directly made into mixed oxide (MOX) fuel, in which uranium and plutonium oxides are combined. In reactors that use MOX fuel, plutonium substitutes for the U-235 in normal uranium oxide fuel (see page on Mixed Oxide (MOX) Fuel).
According to Areva, about eight fuel assemblies reprocessed can yield one MOX fuel assembly, two-thirds of an enriched uranium fuel assembly, and about three tonnes of depleted uranium (enrichment tails) plus about 150 kg of wastes. It avoids the need to purchase about 12 tonnes of natural uranium from a mine.
Another way of recycling plutonium and uranium from reprocessing is Russia's REMIX, not yet commercialized. Here a non-separated mix of both has some low-enriched uranium (17% U-235) added, to give fuel with about 1% Pu-239 and 4% U-235.
Apart from the incidental transformation of U-238 into plutonium in a normal reactor, U-238 is not usable in today's fuel cycle. However, in a fast neutron reactor it is fissionable as well as (more importantly) giving rise to plutonium, and is therefore potentially valuable. Increasingly, today's used fuel is being seen as a future resource rather than a waste.
Wastes from the nuclear fuel cycle are categorised as high-, medium- or low-level wastes by the amount of radiation that they emit. These wastes come from a number of sources and include:
After reprocessing, the liquid high-level waste can be calcined (heated strongly) to produce a dry powder which is incorporated into borosilicate (Pyrex) glass to immobilise it. The glass is then poured into stainless steel canisters, each holding 400 kg of glass. A year's waste from a 1000 MWe reactor is contained in five tonnes of such glass, or about 12 canisters 1.3 metres high and 0.4 metres in diameter. These can readily be transported and stored, with appropriate shielding.
The uranium enrichment process leads to the production of much 'depleted' uranium, in which the concentration of U-235 is significantly less than the 0.7% found in nature. Small quantities of this material, which is primarily U-238, are used in applications where high density material is required, including radiation shielding and some is used in the production of MOX fuel. While U-238 is not fissile it is a low specific activity radioactive material and some precautions must, therefore, be taken in its storage or disposal.
See page on Waste Management in the Nuclear Fuel Cycle.
At the present time, there are no disposal facilities (as opposed to storage facilities) in operation in which used fuel, not destined for reprocessing, and the waste from reprocessing, can be placed. In either case the material is in a solid, stable wasteform.
Although technical issues related to disposal are straightforward, there is currently no pressing technical need to establish such facilities, as the total volume of such wastes is relatively small. Further, the longer it is stored the easier it is to handle, due to the progressive decrease of radioactivity.
There is also a reluctance to dispose of used fuel because it represents a significant energy resource which could be reprocessed at a later date to allow recycling of the uranium and plutonium.
A number of countries are carrying out studies to determine the optimum approach to the disposal of used fuel and wastes from reprocessing. The general consensus favours its placement into deep geological repositories, about 500 metres down, initially recoverable before being permanently sealed.
In the 1990s uranium mines gained a competitor, in many ways very welcome, as military uranium came on to the civil market under a US-Russian agreement. Since then half of the uranium used for electricity in the USA has come from Russian military stockpiles, and worldwide about one sixth of the market has been supplied thus.
Weapons-grade uranium in stockpiles built up during 1950s and 1960s has been enriched to more than 90% U-235 and must be diluted about 1:25 or 1:30 with depleted uranium (about 0.3% U-235). This means that progressively, Russian and other stockpiles of weapons material are used to produce electricity.
Weapons-grade plutonium may also be used to make mixed oxide (MOX) fuel for use in ordinary reactors or in special reactors designed to 'burn' it for electricity. Another US-Russian agreement covers disposition of military plutonium from both countries into MOX fuel.
The following figures may be regarded as typical for the annual operation of a 1000 MWe nuclear power reactor typical of many operating today, using 4.5% enriched fuel and with 45 GWd/t burn-up:b
The following figures assume the annual operation of 1000 MWe of nuclear power reactor capacity such as in the new AP1000 or EPR, with 5% enriched fuel and higher (65 GWd/t) burn-up:
Between the above figures, Uranium 2014: Resources, Production and Demand ('Red Book'), from the OECD NEA & IAEA, said that efficiencies on power plant operation and lower enrichment tails assays meant that uranium demand per unit capacity was falling, and the report's generic reactor fuel consumption was reduced from 175 tU per GWe per year at 0.30% tails assay (2011 report) to 163 tU per GWe per year at 0.25% tails assay. The corresponding U3O8 figures are 206 tonnes and 192 tonnes per GWe per year.
a. UO2 has a very high melting point – 2865°C (compared with uranium metal – 1132°C). [Back]
b. Figures are based on the following assumptions: enrichment to 4.5% U-235 with 0.22% tails assay – hence 182,000 SWU (separative work units) of enrichment needed (one SWU requires about 50 kWh of electricity at an enrichment plant); refuelling so that 24.3 tU/yr is replaced annually (or 36.5 tU every 18 months) for core load 73 tU; operation – 45,000 MWday/t (45 GWd/t) burn-up, 33% thermal efficiency.
In fact, a nuclear power reactor cannot be expected to run at 100% load factor – 90% is more typical for good performance, so an output of around 7.9 TWh/yr is more realistic, but this simply means scaling back the inputs accordingly, e.g. to 190 tU/yr or 147 tU/yr for the modern unit.
With the higher (5%) enrichment and burn-up in the second (AP1000 or EPR) set of figures, enrichment input rises to 198,000 SWU. In the used fuel, transuranic and fission product numbers will be slightly lower due to high thermal efficiency.
Canadian figures for tU/GWe/yr suggest slightly lower uranium requirements and utilization for PHWRs than for light water reactors. An International Atomic Energy Agency technical report1 gives 157 tU at typical 7.5 GWd/t burn-up and 31% thermal efficiency, or 142 tU at 90% capacity factor, hence 80% of the input compared with a typical LWR above. This is 17.9 tU/TWh.
Considering just how much of the original uranium is actually used: 0.7% fissile U-235 is in natural U (Unat), on above 'typical' figures: 0.49% of Unat goes into fuel as the fissile part, 0.394% is actually fissioned, and in addition about half that much U-238 turned into Pu-239 is fissioned, giving about a 0.6% utilization of the original Unat.
With the EPR figures: 0.538% of Unat goes into fuel as the fissile part, 0.452% of that is actually fissioned, and in addition about half that much U-238 turned into Pu-239 is fissioned, giving about a 0.67% utilization of the original Unat. [Back]
1. Heavy Water Reactors: Status and Projected Development, Technical Reports Series No. 407, International Atomic Energy Agency, 2002, STI/DOC/010/407 (ISBN: 9201115024). PHWR data is taken from Chapter 6, HWR Fuel Cycles [Back]


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Eat All Day and Never Get Fat
Laura Doss
Eat Smaller Meals More Often
Consuming five small meals daily instead of three square ones can keep you fit and trim, nutrition experts say. But what exactly is a small meal?
"Four hundred calories every three hours or so throughout the day," says Connie Diekman, RD, director of university nutrition at Washington University in St. Louis. (That translates into 2,000 calories, the number an average active woman needs daily to maintain her weight. If you're looking to lose, aim for 1,600 calories and eat only four of the meals below. Space them every four hours instead of three.)
"Eating this way helps prevent your blood sugar from crashing and keeps you satisfied." Since you won't be starving, you'll be able to make smarter food choices and stick to your diet. Kick-start your meal makeover with this 2,000-calorie menu from Au Bon Pain executive chef Thomas John, who recently created the low-cal Portions line for the chain.
Chris Gallo
What to Eat at 7:00 A.M.
3/4 cup oatmeal (instant or quick-cook oats made with water) with 1 tablespoon honey. Top with 2 ounces (about 50 small) blueberries and 1 ounce (about 23) almonds.
PLUS 1 cup coffee with skim milk
Chris Gallo
What to Eat at 10:00 A.M.
5 celery sticks, 5 carrot sticks, and 1 medium apple with 2 tablespoons peanut butter
PLUS 1 cup fresh orange juice
Chris Gallo
What to Eat at 1:00 P.M.
Pita Pizzetta
Toast 1 whole wheat pita. Spread with 1 tablespoon pesto. Top with mesclun greens, 2 ounces grilled chicken breast, and 3 grape tomatoes, halved.
Chris Gallo
What to Eat at 4:00 P.M.
1 ounce Brie cheese, 1 small bunch grapes, 1 ounce walnuts (about 14 halves), and 6 whole wheat crackers
Chris Gallo
What to Eat at 7:00 P.M.
Grilled salmon with tomatoes, eggplant, and quinoa
Combine 1/4 cup quinoa and 1/2 cup chicken broth in a medium saucepan. Cover and bring to a boil. Reduce heat to low and simmer for 15 minutes. Lightly coat 3-ounce salmon fillet, 1/4 eggplant cut into 1/2-inch-thick slices, and 1 large tomato, cut into wedges, with olive oil. Grill until salmon starts to flake apart and veggies are soft and tender; season with salt and pepper. Place cooked quinoa in the center of a plate and top with the grilled salmon, eggplant, and tomatoes. Sprinkle with basil leaves to taste.
Originally published in FITNESS magazine, September 2008.


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Round, Rectangle, Octagon, Oval, Square frames.
Mats are sold by actual size of mat material.
Example: If your frame is 14ft, you need a 12ft , 12ft 3in, or 12ft 6in, depending on spring size.
Measure your metal frame, count the number of springs, take 1 spring off and measure including the hooks.
Measure the black material only, not including the v-rings.
IF YOU ARE ON A PHONE OR OTHER DEVICE, use the Filter Results + button above to sort by Trampoline Shape, frame size, number of springs and spring length.
Regular Price: $192.80
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Mat for 9ft x 15ft Rectangle Trampoline, Skywalker Trampolines onlyMat does NOT include springs. Fits Skywalker STRC915 and others. Color: black
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72in x 144in Mat for 9ft x 15ft Rectangle Frame - 96 V-rings, 16, 32 - MAT ONLY! (pre-order NOT IN STOCK ships July/August)16 v-rings on the short side, 32 v-rings on the long side - MAT ONLY! DOES NOT INCLUDE SPRINGS!
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72in x 144in Rectangle Trampoline Mat for 9ft x 15ft using 100 8.5in or 9in SpringsMat does NOT include springs. 17 rings on short side, 33 on long side. Fits Nissen. Color: black


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August 16, 2012
By Jennifer Bihm
Assistant Editor
Hundreds of people braved the sweltering heat Saturday for a chance to get a glimpse at celebs like Nick Cannon, New Boyz, and the Wonder Broz, and to score much needed school supplies at the third annual NCredible Entertainment/ Home Depot back to school concert and giveaway, held at the Baldwin Hills Crenshaw Plaza. The crowd remained enthusiastic despite 90 something degree weather as they enjoyed performances and waited for backpacks and raffle prizes. Cannon, NCredible owner and event host credits his own school challenges as his inspiration.
"I was an underprivileged youth who didn't always get an opportunity to [get everything I needed]," he said.
"During those low times when someone did give back, it meant a lot to me. [And], I've always believed to whom much is given, much is expected."
Because, he said, every first day of school is memorable. It's a day for putting "your fresh gear" together and getting focused on the year ahead. But for some, being able to come to class with basics like paper and pencil is often a struggle.
Not being prepared for school can often affect self-esteem, can cause students to fall behind in school and can cause frustration with the whole school experience. According to the National Center for Children in Poverty, being poor can also contribute to behavioral problems and affect mental health.
"Research is clear that poverty is the single greatest threat to children's well-being," they said.
Students who got an orange wristband Saturday won't have to be unprepared, as they got Jansport brand backpacks filled with a variety of quality notebooks and folders. Those lucky enough to get winning raffle tickets received high-end prizes like shoes and some of the latest technological gadgets. As the day wore on, smaller prizes like t-shirts and movie tickets were randomly distributed.
"It's fellowship," said Cannon, describing the event.
"It's a positive thing where people can come out and congregate together in a safe environment."
Concert performers also included up and coming artists Forever and The Rangers.


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Ralf1 necesitaba un nuevo diseño de página web y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 78 diseños de 18 diseñadores freelance.
Credder.com is a new web service that allows sports fans to bet their reputation on sports related questions and game scores. Our slogan is: Make your Calls. Build your Cred. Dominate your Friends.
Credder aims to channel sports fans' innate desire to bet on sports. Instead of betting money, Credder allows fans to bet their reputation.
Credder brings together millions of fans around the world and creates an unique game-based environment that allows them to demonstrate that they are the most knowledgeable and devoted fans.
Credder's aim is to promote expert fans as well as the aggregate fans' voice vis-à-vis leagues, teams, and the public.
The target group is mostly in the 18- to 49-year-old age range. The audience consists of both male and female fans, although male audience is dominant.
Internet experience: Credder fans have a strong affinity to social media services such as Facebook and Twitter.
Income level: Fan base is predominantly made up of people from households with income levels of $50,000 to $75,000.
Fans can demonstrate their knowledge of sports by making "calls" and challenging each other. A "call" is one of the following three activities: predict scores of upcoming games (eg. the NBA finals), participate in polls (eg. fans' opinion on the performance of a player), or answer knowledge questions (eg. regarding the history of a team).
Any call can by challenged by anyone (usually a friend) at any time. Challenging someone's call means betting some of your "cred points" on an outcome different from the initial call.
In addition, users can comment on any call by "shouting out loud". Such a fan shout is a text message limited by 100 characters that can be posted through web form. Fans' shouts express their view on a particular call.
For all these activities fans receive points ("Cred") and are awarded virtual badges that can be shared with friends and might be rewarded with real benefits. Badges can also act as a prerequisite to be allowed to participate in specific calls, such as experts' polls or specific challenges.
Fans can connect their Credder accounts to their Twitter and Facebook accounts, which allows them to post their latest calls and shouts or new badges that they have earned.
Design principles
Credder will have an aggressive, contemporary, in-your-face, irreverent design that reflects the thrill of sports, challenge and fun.
Site should be optimized for 1024x768 screens and also work for the most common higher resolutions. Site should be "not too heavy" and thus be fast.
Technical constraints (just for information, we DO NOT expect HTML)
We will not use Flash plugins and abstain from popups to avoid problems with popup blockers.
Deliverables: Design for 3 main pages:
o Template for home page
o Template for call page
o Template for profile page
The pages have been clearly marked "visual design needed for this page" in the wireframes. We will derive all other page designs from those three templates.
All designs must be delivered in Photoshop (PSD) and JPG/PNG format.
All file names have to follow the following convention: YYMMDD-Credder_CLEAR DESCRIPTION OF FILE CONTENTS OR ASSET.
Provided information
Wireframes for Credder webpage (posted as screenshots below. see http://www.credder.com/wireframes for full site, Login name: designer, Password: designer). The wireframes are functional wireframes that should help the designer to understand the product. They are NOT meant to be specific design route. Feel free to adjust the layout of the pages.
Wireframe overview presentation (pdf document).
Please check out http://www.credder.com for color and font ideas.
http://foursquare.com/ (user guidance, simplicity, graphics explain directly the service)
http://www.boxee.tv (simplicity, graphical assets)
And another example for a right-in-your-face design


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After six innings this afternoon the game was scoreless, and looked like it was impossible to score runs given the missed opportunities. Fast forward three innings and the Reds were 5-3 winners and clinched a spot in the 2012 playoffs. Jason Berken made his second start as a Cub and this one was fantastic, and a really nice bounce back after his first start. Berken went six strong innings only allowing two hits while walking two and striking out five. Berken was in command all day, throwing 86 pitches, 54 of them for strikes. Unfortunately the Cubs couldn't solve Johnny Cueto, but they had a number of chances as they finished the day just 1-for10 with runners in scoring position and left 11 guys on in all. Five different Cubs had two hits in this one, the only issue was only one other player had a hit in the game, usually makes it tough to score runs. The Cubs were able to score singular runs in the 7th, 8th, and 9th innings but it wasn't enough as the Reds put a five-spot on the board against Manny Corpas in the seventh to build what turned out to be an insurmountable 5-0 lead. Anthony Rizzo was 2-for-5 with a double, and two RBI's giving him 45 on the season. Starlin Castro also continued his hot hitting September going 2-for-4 with a triple.
Berken's Solid Outing
Game Highlights:
Full Video Recap
Welington Castillo Goes Deep
Rizzo's RBI Single
Castro's Triple
Thanks for reading,
– George


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Establishes a luminaire efficacy rating based on rated lumens per watt and organizes luminaires into categories that will reasonably represent the characteristics of high-volume luminaires. Serves as the basis for the National Voluntary Information and Rating Program for widely used luminaires.
When rating a fixture in accordance with EPAct 1992, use this Standard. For other purposes, see NEMA LE 6, a newer Standard for luminaire efficacy that supersedes the LE 5 series.
Procedure for Determining Target Efficacy Ratings for Commercial, Industrial, and Residential Luminaires
Terms & ConditionsTo display, copy and/or download a copy of the document you have requested, NEMA's permission is subject to the following terms and conditions, which you must agree to by clicking on the "I Accept" button below:
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Members of Hugo Chavez's inner circle
A list of key players within Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez's inner circle.world Updated: Mar 06, 2013 09:55 IST
A list of key players within Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez's inner circle.
- Nicolas Maduro, vice president: One of most visible and resilient leaders of Chavez's United Socialist Party of Venezuela. Was bus driver and union leader years ago. Showed political finesse as National Assembly president and was foreign minister from 2006 until 2012, when he was appointed vice president. Chavez designated Maduro as his chosen successor before his final surgery.
- Diosdado Cabello, former army officer who joined 1992 coup attempt led by Chavez: Was governor of Miranda state in 2004-08, when he lost re-election bid. Also served as vice president. Named National Assembly president in January 2012, Chavez said, due to support within his party.
- Adan Chavez, president's older brother: Mild-mannered former university physics professor. Was Venezuela's ambassador to Cuba before president appointed him in 2006 as minister of the presidency. Was education minister in 2007-08, and then was elected governor of their home state of Barinas.
- Rafael Ramirez, oil minister and president of state oil company Petroleos de Venezuela SA: Was mechanical engineer. Appointed energy minister in July 2002. Has played powerful role overseeing oil industry.
- Elias Jaua, former vice president: Former university professor. Became Chavez's minister of the presidency and agriculture minister. Earned sociology degree from Central University of Venezuela before getting involved in politics.
- Adm. Diego Molero, defense minister: Chavez promoted him to the rank of admiral in chief just before his last surgery.
- Gen. Henry Rangel Silva, former defense minister: Joined Chavez in unsuccessful 1992 attempt to overthrow government. Was chief of country's civilian intelligence agency under Chavez, and in 2012 was appointed defense minister. Criticized by opposition for saying in 2010 interview that military wouldn't accept "hypothetical opposition government." US officials accused Rangel of aiding Colombian rebels; Chavez dismissed accusation as politically motivated.
- Maria Gabriela Chavez and Rosa Virginia Chavez, two daughters often at Chavez's side: Of his four children, Maria and Rosa took on biggest roles accompanying the divorced president at events, though they seldom spoke publicly. Maria took on important role in 2002, when in midst of a coup that briefly ousted Chavez she told Cuban television that her father hadn't resigned and was being held by soldiers. Eldest daughter Rosa married to Jorge Arreaza, government's science and technology minister. Both daughters were with Chavez frequently during his cancer treatment.


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Monday, August 20 Cubs minor league report. After a couple days of being rained out Daytona had a scheduled off day on Monday.
The AZL Cubs dropped Monday night's game to the Padres 5-1. The good new first, Paul Blackburn started and pitched well. He pitched four innings allowing no runs on two hits and four strike outs. The bad news now, Rafael Dolis gave up three runs, two earned in 1.1 innings in taking the loss. Arturo Maltos-Garcia couldn't keep the game close allowing two runs in just .2 innings and Daniel Adrian pitched the final two innings on Monday. The Cubs didn't do much offensively, but there were a few bright spots. Carlos Penalver and Yasiel Balaguert were each 2-for-4 and Penalver scored a run. Danie Lockhart and Justin Marra each had a hit with Marra driving in the only Cubs run in the game. David Bote and Trevor Gretzky each had a hit in the loss. The Cubs will look to get back on track tomorrow.
Boise got off to a great start on Monday, but gave up six runs in the last three innings to lose 8-7. Ian Dickson started and pitched five innings, giving up two unearned runs on three hits, while striking out four. Hunter Ackerman had a tough night, giving up four runs on three hits in 2.2 innings. Tyler Bremer was the losing pitcher in this one as he gave up two runs. Dan Vogelbach had a nice night at the plate going 3-for-4 with a home run. Marco Hernandez hit a home run hit his fifth home run of the season and drove in two RBIs. Trey Martin also drove in two runs and Xavier Batista had an RBI as well. Stephen Bruno continued his hot stretch at the plate going 3-for-3 with a double and a run scored. Albert Almora ended the night with one hit and Wilson Contreras had a hit and an RBI. It was not a good loss for the Hawks, but tomorrow is a new day.
Wisconsin ambushed Joseph Zeller and the Chiefs beating Peoria 8-1. Zeller struggled giving up seven runs, five earned on 10 hits in six innings. Willengton Cruz and Luis Liria pitched the final two innings combining to give up one unearned run. On the offensive side Timothy Saunders continued to rake going 2-for-4 and he is now hitting .371 since going to Peoria. Zeke DeVoss was also had two hits, one being a double. Bijan Rademacher was 1-for-3 driving in the lone Chiefs run of the night. Jacob Rogers and Pin-Chieh Chen each had a hit in the loss on Monday.
With the game tied at one, Tennessee put up four in the eighth and defeated Chattanooga 5-1. Nicholas Struck got the start and did a real nice job pitching six strong innings. He gave up one run on six hits, walking two, and striking out three. After Trey McNutt pitched a scoreless seventh, Brian Schlitter cam in and got the win, pitching the final two innings of this one. Junior Lake had a nice night offensively going 2-for-4 with a double and two RBIs. Michael Brenly also had a double and he drove in two runs of his own. Jae-Hoon Ha and Rubi Silva each had two hits and Ha scored a run. Logan Watkins and Justin Bour each had a hit and scored a run in the win.
After a nice stretch for Iowa they lost to Memphis on Monday 11-3. Ty'Relle Harris got the start, but didn't last long giving up three runs, two earned in just four innings. Jay Jackson gave up a run in his two innings of work before giving the ball to Michael Hatley who really struggled. Hatley didn't record an out, but gave up six runs on three hits and four walks. Esmailin Caridad and Brian Esposito finished off the game for Iowa combining to pitch the last three innings. Offensively the Cubs had a few nice performances. Greg Rohan and James Adduci each had two hits and each had an RBI in the loss. Alfredo Amezaga and Blake Lalli also had two hits a piece and each also scored a run. Tony Campana and Dave Sappelt both had a hit and Matt Tolbert had an RBI in the loss.
Thanks for Reading,


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The Museum of English Rural Life
The Museum of English Rural Life is owned and managed by the University. It was established by academics in the Department of Agriculture in 1951 to capture and record the rapidly changing countryside following World War II. In 2005, the Museum moved to its current premises in St Andrew's Hall, a building designed by Sir Alfred Waterhouse in 1880 for local businessman Alfred Palmer of the Huntley & Palmer biscuit company.
The Museum was awarded £1.8million from the Heritage Lottery Fund (HLF) in 2014 for the redevelopment of the galleries, and reopened on 19 October 2016.
The new Museum uses its diverse and surprising collection to explore how the skills and experiences of farmers and craftspeople, past and present, can help shape our lives now and into the future. The Museum has worked alongside rural people, local communities and specialist researchers to create displays and activities that engage with important debates about the future of food and the ongoing relevance of the countryside to all our lives.
Venue Type:
Museum, Library, Archive
The Museum of English Rural Life re-opened in October 2016 after extensive redevelopment, supported by the Heritage Lottery Fund.
Opening hours:
Museum galleries:
Tuesday to Friday: 9am to 5pm
Saturday and Sunday: 10am to 5pm
Last Thursday of the month: 9am to 9pm*
Shop, cafe area and garden:
Monday to Friday: 9am to 5pm
Saturday and Sunday: 10am to 5pm
Last Thursday of the month: 9am to 9pm
Library and archives reading room:
Monday to Friday: 9am to 5pm
Last Thursday of the month: 9am to 9pm*
*Please check dates on the website as may vary
Admission Free
- National Art Pass
The entire collection of this museum is a Designated Collection of national importance.
The Museum of English Rural Life is dedicated to the spirit of the English countryside and its people. It was founded by the University of Reading in 1951 at a time when the motorised revolution was changing the face of farming and sweeping away implements and techniques that had evolved over many generations.
Today, the museum is a national centre for the history of food, farming and the countryside, and continues with the task of recording and interpreting rural change. It is both a public resource and an academic research centre, preserving Designated collections of national and international significance. These comprise, in addition to the object collections, a library of over 50,000 books, archives of business and organisational records, and extensive photographic collections.
The collections cover the broad range of material relating to farming, rural crafts and industries, and country life. The bulk of the items date from the period 1850 to 1950. Pre 1850 farm tools and equipment are rare in England. Post 1950, the sheer range and size of farm machinery are inhibitors given the level of exhibition and storage space that we have available. This is why so much emphasis has been placed on reflecting this period through the two dimensional collections - especially the photographs and technical literature.
Collection details
Trade and Commerce, Toys and Hobbies, Social History, Science and Technology, Land Transport, Fine Art, Costume and Textiles, Archives, Agriculture
Key artists and exhibits
- agricultural hand tools
- farm wagons: there are over thirty in the collection
- horse drawn ploughs
- dairying equipment
- livestock accessories eg horseshoes; veterinary equipment
- land drainage material
- country crafts and rural industries; the thatching collection, for example is particularly extensive as is that covering the woodland trades
- woodworking and carpentry
- country smocks
- basketry; corn dollies
- friendly society brasses
- beekeeping equipment
- animal traps
- sewing machines
- paintings and prints, especially of early nineteenth century livestock
- Designated Collection
INTERFACE : INTERnet Farm And Countryside Explorer
Illustrated internet resource on farming, country people and the countryside, designed for a range of users; with sections on
livestock, dairying, rural crafts, country women, the changing landscape, mills and the mechanisation of farm machinery.
Includes Key Stage 2 Victorian Village quiz.
- Museum of English Rural Life
The Museum of English Rural Life
The Museum of English Rural Life (The MERL)
University of Reading
Redlands Road
Event bookings and enquiries
- About
- | Collections
- | Resources
- | Map


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Its own uber trendy metropolis, the Silo District in Cape Town offers stylish restaurants and bars to match it's arty appeal. Here's where to eat and drink.