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Sylvanas Windrunner drifts in a sea of comfort, physical sensations replaced by the purity of emotion. She can grasp bliss, see joy, hear peace. This is the afterlife, her destiny. The eternal sea in which she found herself after she fell defending Silvermoon. She belongs here. With each recollection, her memory of this place palls. The sound grows distant; the warmth, cooler. The vision takes on the pallor of a half-remembered dream. But with horrific clarity, the memory always ends the same: Sylvanas's spirit is wrenched away. The pain is so intense it leaves her soul forever torn. The grinning face of Arthas Menethil, with his lopsided smile and dead eyes, leers at her as he pulls her back into the world. Violates her. His laughter—that hollow laugh—the memory of it makes her skin crawl!
"You son of a bitch!" Sylvanas hollered, kicking aside a shattered piece of the Lich King's frozen armor. Her voice, empty and terrifying, cracked under the strain of her hatred. The sound echoed across the peaks of Icecrown, rolling through the valleys like the cloying mists that forever haunted this horrible place.
She had ventured here, alone, to his former seat of power. To the very top of Icecrown Citadel, where a frozen throne loomed on a plateau of white ice. Of course that egotistical little boy she knew would place himself here, sitting atop the world. But where was he now? Shattered. She could no longer feel his malevolence tugging at the edges of her consciousness. His broken armor lay in pieces on the white peak before his throne, surrounded with blackened cakes of frozen gore, the remains of those who had finally brought him to his knees.
Sylvanas regretted not being there to see him broken. She picked up a shattered gauntlet, from the very hand that had once gripped Frostmourne. He is finally dead. But why did she feel so hollow inside? Why did she still throb with rage? She hurled the armor from the peak, watching it disappear into the roiling mists.
She was not alone. Nine glimmering spirits encircled the pinnacle, their masked faces turned toward her, their ephemeral forms held aloft on graceful, insubstantial wings. They were the Val'kyr, warrior maidens of old, once enslaved to the will of Arthas. Why did they remain in this place? Sylvanas neither knew nor cared. They stayed out of her way, absolutely mute, immobile even as Sylvanas hollered and raged. Were they watching her? Judging? She ignored them and crunched through the snow to the very seat of Arthas's power.
Someone else sat atop the throne.
Sylvanas at first thought it was Arthas's corpse, planted mockingly in this place of honor and sealed in a block of ice, but the silhouette was all wrong. She approached the throne and wiped her hand across the surface of the ice, peering at the distorted figure within. Human, yes. She recognized the profile of an Alliance shoulderplate. But the body was very badly burned, the flesh split open like roasted meat. He wore Arthas's crown—and his eyes—that flicker of consciousness…
They have replaced him. A new Lich King sat on the throne!
Again Sylvanas cried out, shock growing into explosive rage. She smashed the flat of her hand against the ice, then her fist. The ice cracked. The immobile face within split open behind a web of fractures. Her howls faded, disappearing hollowly into the mists that enveloped the peak. They replaced him. Does this mean there will always be a Lich King? Idiots. Naively presuming that their puppet king wouldn't someday begin twisting the world to his own ends. Or worse: become a blunt weapon for something even more terrible.
It was a bitter blow. She had expected to venture here in triumph, not to discover another defeat. The victory was hollow. But she backed away from the throne, straightened up, and accepted that the cycle would go on. Arthas was dead. What did it matter if another corpse filled his vacant throne? Sylvanas Windrunner had her vengeance. The vision that had driven her and her people for years had finally been realized. And not a single fiber of her desiccated, animate corpse cared where the world went from here.
It was over now. A part of her was surprised she was even still around, without his lingering presence always tugging at the back of her mind. She backed away from the throne and slowly turned to survey the cold gray world all around her. Her thoughts returned to that place of bliss, her half-remembered glimpse of what lay beyond. Home. It was time.
Slowly, she crunched her way to the ragged edge of the icy platform. A thousand feet below, shrouded by the clouds, lay a forest of shattered saronite spikes she had scouted out earlier. The fall alone couldn't kill her: her animate flesh was nigh indestructible. But the spikes, the hardened blood of an Old God, they not only would tear the body apart but would obliterate the soul as well. She longed for it. A return to peace. The work she had begun in the forests of Silvermoon was finally complete with the death of Arthas.
She lifted her bow from her shoulder and cast it aside. It clattered against the uneven ice. Then she removed her quiver. Arrows spilled from it, cascading down the side of Icecrown Citadel, disappearing one by one into the fog. The empty quiver dropped quietly to the ground at her feet.
Her ragged, dark cloak, freed from her discarded armaments, began to whip around her neck in the bitter wind. She could feel no cold, only a dull ache. She would feel nothing soon. She already felt her spirit reaching a place of calm for the first time in almost a decade. Her weight shifted toward the edge of the drop. She closed her eyes.
As one, the Val'kyr silently turned to face her.
"Forwar—" the marshal cried, his command cut short as a musketball shattered his lower jaw. The wall before him was broken but still offered cover for the snipers hidden in the rain above. The weather poured from the sky in white sheets, drenching attackers and defenders alike. The marshal toppled over, careening down a pile of rubble like a sack of cordwood, coming to rest in the thick mud below. Like the bogged-down demolishers and meat wagons of his artillery, his troops were making no progress. Any normal man would've been dead for sure, but being that the marshal was already dead, he soon clawed his way up from the mud, spitting coagulated blood and ichor from the remains of his face.
To the north, across a long stretch of rutted field and on the other side of a gauzy filter of rain, Garrosh Hellscream tried to piece together what was happening along the front. He could see the gray silhouette of the great Gilnean wall, slotted with enormous diagonal gaps where the Cataclysm had wrenched it wide open. Were his Kor'kron at the front, they'd have walked right through. He grunted as a Forsaken scouting party trundled back through the mud, ragged and beaten. Even in victory, the Forsaken looked like corpses; in defeat, they looked even worse.
"Your scouts are useless. I sent them to harass the wall's defenses, and they crawl back like whipped dogs." Garrosh snorted, not even looking at his companion. The great brown-skinned orc was festooned in his most menacing battle garb, his veiny, tattooed biceps bursting out from beneath tusked shoulderguards. Although he stood right in front of his tent, he refused to step back out of the rain. It dribbled over his scowling face and blackened jaw.
Next to the great orc and sheltered under the tent canopy, Master Apothecary Lydon looked positively frail. His pockmarked face winced under a matted mess of purple-gray hair as he tried to formulate a response that wouldn't earn him another round of verbal abuse from the warchief. "I can assure you they're giving as good as they get," he said in measured tones, his voice rough and shallow. "Gilnean defenses are almost certainly in disarray."
"Then why are your scouts limping back instead of pressing forward?" Garrosh kicked aside a barrel. Behind him, his own troops weathered out the rain: four companies of elite handpicked orc and tauren warriors supported by five battalions of Orgrimmar's hardest. They stretched over the fields of Silverpine, a sea of green and brown faces against a backdrop of bright-red banners. "And where are the promised regiments from Lordaeron? They're to flood the breach. We waste time."
Lydon knew better than to talk tactics with the hard-headed warchief, but he had grown desperate as the hour of the attack had approached. He licked his gray lips with a dark-purple tongue and tried to answer casually, hoping to elicit some reason. "Slowed by the rain, no doubt, but they should arrive soon. They are… absolutely… Lordaeron's finest. The very heart of our infantry and backbone of our entire endeavor…"
Garrosh stroked the side of his face with his knuckles. He eyed the terrain and mentally positioned the coming infantry and cavalry as Lydon spoke.
"But you can't just send them right into the central breach in the wall," Lydon continued. "It's a… a chokepoint. Well fortified, closely watched. Heavy armored troops on horseback couldn't maneuver through the breach: they'd be mown down by musketfire from the debris. Surely you can see—"
"Of course I see!" Garrosh answered. "The door is wedged open; now it must be kicked down. This is what your kind is good for." Now the warchief looked directly at the master apothecary, his cool eyes fixated on the pale yellow light that filled the latter's eye sockets. "You're already corpses, nearly impossible to kill. You flood the chokepoint, you open the way for the rest of the Horde to come through, fresh and eager. Rushing over a bridge of broken bodies if we have to. This is how fortifications are breached. How wars are won."
The master apothecary lifted up two bony fingers. "But if we could just use a… just a touch of the plague. Just to open a gap. Not even enough to do any—just a smudge! More to cause fear and panic than any actual—"
Garrosh's backhand ripped through the sky, spraying the tent with a glistening arc of rainwater as it smashed into the side of Lydon's face. The master apothecary reeled as if he'd been kicked by a horse, but by will alone managed to stay upright after the blow.
"If you're suggesting using even an ounce of that filth that you've got hidden away, I will burn you and your sewer-city to the ground," Garrosh grunted. He turned back toward the action.
Humiliated, Master Apothecary Lydon muttered a barely audible, "Yes, Warchief," through clenched teeth. But privately he coiled up his anger.Where is the Dark Lady, Sylvanas?he wondered, turning his empty eye sockets toward the gray heavens. Why isn't she here to counter this beast?
Sylvanas tottered on the edge of Icecrown's peak, her eyes closed. She raised her arms. Although the wind here was biting cold, she felt only the dullest of aches.
She sensed a presence nearby and opened her eyes. The Val'kyr had drifted closer to her, close enough that she could see their weapons glinting against their ghostly thighs. What did they want?
Without warning, a vision filled her head. A memory. She found herself in a warm, sun-drenched bedroom. Shafts of golden sunlight spilled through the window, illuminating aimless motes of dust and casting ornate patterns on the floor. This was her room. A lifetime ago. She had not yet seen her twentieth autumn, yet already young Sylvanas was the most promising hunter in her family. She pulled on her thigh-high leather boots, carefully measuring the laces and decoratively tying them. She adjusted the leaf-patterned embroidery, then bounced herself off of the bed to admire her reflection in the mirror. Her waist-length blonde hair flowed like water, absolutely translucent in the light of the sun. She beamed at the mirror, teasing her hair until it dashed around her long, slender ears in just the perfect way. It wasn't good enough to be the best hunter in her family. She needed to take everyone's breath away as she ventured out. She was so very vain.
It was a strange, forgotten memory, and it brought Sylvanas back from the edge of the peak. What had prompted that recollection? That life was lost a thousand times over.
Another memory flooded her senses. Now she crouched behind an outcropping of smooth stone in Eversong Woods. The autumnal foliage rustled above her, masking the sound of her companion's footsteps as he dashed forward and then fell into hiding beside her. "There are so many!" he barked, falling silent as she raised a finger. "We have only two dozen rangers up there," he said, his voice now a whisper. "They cannot survive that!" Sylvanas didn't turn her gaze away from the dark mass of shambling corpses crushing its way closer to the river ford. It was the height of the Third War, and hours away from Silvermoon's fall at the hands of Arthas's army.
"They merely need to delay them as we fortify the Sunwell's defense," she answered, her tone measured.
"They will die!"
"They are arrows in the quiver," Sylvanas said. "They must be spent if we are to win this."
She was brash. Empty? No—a fighter. She had a warrior's heart.
Now, as sudden as the last, a third memory. "Rightful heirs of Lordaeron!" Sylvanas called out, holding her bow aloft. Her forearm, still slender and muscular, was now a shade of blue-gray. Dead. The scene was very different now. This vision had the cold sheen of a memory lived after death. Before her waited a grotesque, quivering mass of corpses, their armor piecemeal, their bodies broken, the stench unimaginable. Their plaintive, desperate gazes reminded her suddenly of children. They disgusted her. But their need empowered her. "The Lich King falters. Your will is your own. Are you to be outcasts now in your own land? Or do we embrace the cruel cards fate has dealt us and retake our place in this world?"
Her questions were greeted with gurgles, then a rasping, almost desperate cheer. Bony fists lifted toward the sky. These poor people: peasants, farmers, priests, warriors, lords and nobles… they hadn't yet come to grips with what had happened to them. But for somebody—anybody—to assure them that they belongedsomewhere was electrifying. "We are abandoned. We are… forsaken. But when the sun rises tomorrow, the capital will be ours," she pronounced. And now they roared.
"But what of the humans?" a young alchemist asked as the din faded. Sylvanas recognized him from the previous night's fighting. A cool intelligence flickered in his eye sockets: Lydon was his name. Already he'd come to embrace his situation, referring to humans as if they were a separate race; she made a mental note to make use of him.
"The humans will serve their purpose," she answered, her mind already calculating. "They believe they are liberating the city. Let them fight on our behalf and spend themselves for our gain. They are"—she stumbled upon an analogy she'd used before—"arrows in our quiver."
The heaving mass of undead clapped and coughed and hacked gleefully in assent. Sylvanas regarded the whole mob coldly. And so are you, she thought to herself. Arrows I will aim at Arthas's heart.
Still a warrior's heart? She had grown cold. No, she was the same. In death as in life.
Sylvanas shook her head, cleared her vision. These were her memories, but she wasn't remembering them. They were being pulled from her. Pulled from her by the Val'kyr. The mute spirits hovered around her, regarding her silently. They are probing me! Sylvanas realized. Judging me!
She drew cold air into her lungs, her eyes suddenly alive. "I will not be judged!" she cried out, turning away from the edge to face her accusers. "Not by you. Not by anyone." Her fury welled up inside her. Would her banshee's wail work against these… things?
But she didn't need to fight at all. She was done. "Stay back," she commanded. "And stay out of my head!"
Sylvanas stepped back, the wind whipping her hair and snapping her frayed cloak. The memories of who she had been and what she had become closed a knot in her stomach, and she moved now to unravel it. No more would she be the vengeful leader of a mongrel race of rotted corpses. Her work was done, and her long-denied reward awaited her. Longing for that forgotten bliss, she allowed herself to fall backward from the top of Icecrown Citadel. The wind rushed past her, a growing wail. The pinnacle, and the silent Val'kyr at its peak, disappeared…
Her body burst on the saronite stones below with a crushing finality.
As if in a dream, the heart of Lordaeron's undead army crashed forward. Shouted commands were strangely muted. The heavy cavalry poured through the breach, skeletal hooves somehow finding purchase on the wrecked remains of the wall. The Forsaken struggled to squeeze through, the gap sometimes as narrow as four abreast.
Then the defenders' artillery fired with a dull, echoing crack. Man and horse burst into dust and gore where the shells landed. Musketfire erupted like the tapping of distant drums: row after row went down. But these veterans had lived through the horrors of Icecrown. They poured through, unrelenting, in order to give fight to the defenders beyond. The second wave arrived, hurling grapples to the walltop as oil poured down. All at once, the front burst into flame. Still the gunfire peppered them; still the Forsaken charged.
Some reached the walltop, only to be cut down. The defenders weren't human. Those rabid, lupine animals that had been lurking around Silverpine had actually been organized into a fighting force. Where guns and swords failed, tooth and claw tore into the undead army.
The Forsaken surged again, weapons spattered with blood and awash in rainwater. The figures who fought were gray in the mist, their cries somehow silent echoes as they were hacked apart. By now, even the defenders were reeling. They had killed so many: could anything be left?
The first wave of orcs caught the Gilneans by surprise. Horde forces rushed forward over a carpet of corpses, lust for victory in their eyes and throats. Everything was silent now. And then it was gone.
In its place stood the Bulwark, the half-finished fortifications that lined Lordaeron's border with what had become known as the Plaguelands. Master Apothecary Lydon was there, his left arm missing and an enormous gash across his face. He spoke urgently to his people, but no sound came out. He was orchestrating a last-minute defense at the Bulwark, but had little to work with. The heart of the Forsaken army had been sacrificed at Gilneas.
What little remained faced off against an organized force of humans and dwarves marching west, fresh from its victory at Andorhal. The ragged force that remained at the Bulwark had little hope of victory. The rest of the Horde was nowhere in sight.
This isn't real, Sylvanas realized, suddenly aware of her own consciousness observing these ghostly events as they unfolded. She was dead: she could feel it, but her spirit was being held in limbo. What is this?
The last thing she remembered was falling to her demise. These visions—they were like memories of events that hadn't yet happened. Where did they come from? Where was she now?
The capital was suddenly under siege. King Wrynn stood beyond the burning remains of the zeppelin tower, drawing diagrams of the Undercity for his generals. He had stormed the city before; he was confident of victory.
Within the city walls, bonfires raged. Sylvanas seethed; the Alliance was already burning the corpses. No. Wait. She tried to make sense out of the clouded vision. The few Forsaken who remain are throwing themselves into the bonfires, she realized, rather than facing their executioners.
"This isn't real!" Sylvanas announced, her voice echoing in her head and sounding as it had when she had been alive. Were her people really so weak? No—no! Garrosh had all but murdered the best of her troops in his own wasteful campaigns. The Forsaken leadership had been gutted. That was what these visions showed.
The mists closed up completely as the future became indistinct. Sylvanas could no longer feel her body. She was floating in some kind of limbo. She realized she could see herself, and held up her hands in silent awe. Her flesh was a golden pink again, firm and luminous as it had been in life. But she was not alone here.
With a gasp, she saw that she was surrounded. Nine warrior women drifted in a circle around her, and their beauty outshone even hers. The Val'kyr appeared as they had in life. Some had raven-dark hair that fell around tan faces and jewel-like blue eyes. Others had blonde manes the pale, brilliant color of sun shining on snow. Their faces were soft, but their jaws hard. Their arms were smooth and muscled; their thighs wide and strong. Each held a different weapon: a spear, a halberd, a great two-handed claymore that stretched from chin to ground in a shimmering swath of polished steel. Each was the greatest warrior of her generation.
They were all just like me, Sylvanas saw. Vain, victorious, and proud.
"Yes, we were," said the blonde Val'kyr armed with the claymore, answering Sylvanas as if she'd spoken aloud. Her voice was rich and full. "I am Annhylde the Caller. These are my sister battlemaidens, and we are the only nine who remain. We served the warriors of the north in life, and chose to continue our service in death."
"To serve the Lich King."
The vision of Annhylde rankled. "Did you choose to serve the Lich King?" she asked.
"What is this? What are these visions?" Sylvanas demanded.
"Visions of the future," Annhylde explained. "Every life leaves a wake in its passing. This is yours."
"It doesn't take a crystal ball to see Hellscream squandering the Horde's resources, tearing it apart in his lust for conquest." Sylvanas felt the old anger welling up again, but couldn't feel her body respond. She couldn't feel anything. "Where have you taken me? I should be dead."
"You are," said another Val'kyr, her hair the color of coal.
"I've tasted oblivion before," Sylvanas protested. "You're keeping me in limbo. Why?"
Annhylde remained patient, her voice soothing and measured. "To show you the consequences of your passing, and to offer you a choice…"
"I've made my choice," Sylvanas interrupted.
"Your people will perish!" said the dark-haired Val'kyr. She had clearly been the youngest of the battlemaidens in life and was now the most impatient in her undeath.
Sylvanas thought about her people. They had come far from their decimated origins, the yearning, confused mob of fresh corpses huddled about the ruins of Lordaeron's wrecked capital. The Forsaken were truly a nation now: a fetid, gore-caked, hideous mass of lifeless husks, skilled in combat, devastating with the arcane arts, and unhindered by fetters of morality. They had been honed into the perfect weapon. Her weapon. And they had struck the killing blow for which she had built them. She cared nothing for their fate.
"Let them perish!" Sylvanas cried. "I am finished with them!"
Annhylde raised a hand to quiet her younger sister-in-arms. "Hush, Agatha. She does not know. She must see more." The Val'kyr leader directed her luminous green eyes to Sylvanas, their edges rimmed with sadness. "Sylvanas Windrunner, the oblivion you seek is yours. We will not stop you."
Annhylde's eyes closed, and at once the figures vanished into their faceless spectral forms.
Then Sylvanas felt herself being pulled away, her senses reeling. Everything disappeared, and time stopped.
"She is lost!" Agatha wailed.
The rain continued, unrelenting, turning the ground before the Gilnean wall into a swamp. As Garrosh inspected the ranks of the Forsaken, the paws of his great war wolf sank into the muck. Rainwater dribbled from his face and steamed from the top of his stubbly shaved head.
"The Gilneans cower behind their high stone walls," the warchief called out, his deep voice booming over the din of rain and thunder. "You, citizens of Lordaeron, you know their history. When their human allies needed them, what did they do? They walled up and hid."
Swords clanged against shields. Not all Forsaken clung to their living memories, but those who did held no love for the kingdom that had turned its back to the world in its most desperate hours.
Garrosh continued, his head high as his words filled the air. "They live in dishonor. How do you think they will fight? With honor?" Guttural laughter. "No, they will die the deaths of cowards and be remembered as such. But your glory today will live in word and song." Garrosh Hellscream turned to face the broken wall of Gilneas, drawing the legendary axe Gorehowl from his back and aiming its notched blade at the shattered parapets. "Walls fall, but honor is forever!"
Master Apothecary Lydon ran his bony fingers through his tangle of hair. The roar from orc, tauren, and Forsaken alike overwhelmed the thunder. How does he do it? Lydon wondered. My Forsaken brothers cheer for their own destruction!
Lydon desperately tried to form the words, some last plea for sanity against Garrosh's plan. He tried to imagine what the Dark Lady would say, how she would tamp down his bloodlust. His jaw opened, but no words came out.
A distant din erupted in the rear of the Forsaken vanguard.
Garrosh spurred his war wolf to the side of the army, clearing the way for a charge. "Heroes of the Forsaken! You are the point of my spear. Lift your arms; lift your voices; and do not stop until you lift the Horde banner upon those walls." Gorehowl dropped down. "Chaaaarge!"
"BELAY THAT ORDER!" shrieked a voice from the north. The call of the Banshee Queen carried such terrifying power and purity that even the rain itself seemed to cease falling at her command. The sky tore open with lightning, and thunder cracked like a hammer on stone. All heads turned toward her—the Dark Lady astride her skeletal mount, her black cloak snapping with the fury of her charge, her eyes shrouded by a rain-slicked hood. As the Forsaken saw her, they lowered their weapons into the mud, bowed their heads, and knelt.
Master Apothecary Lydon did not fall to his knees, although they buckled under him at the sight of the Forsaken savior. He stutter-stepped forward, his long robes dragging sloppily through the mud, and reached up to grasp her reins as her steed slowed to a halt. "Dark Lady," he whispered, breathless with relief.
Then he blinked in astonishment: Lady Sylvanas was flanked on either side by the abominable Val'kyr, their shimmering bodies held aloft on translucent wings.
Garrosh now approached her on the rutted road, the kneeling, quiet Forsaken army stretched out around him like thousands of silent statues. Bloodlust shone in his eyes. Lydon couldn't help but shrink away.
Yet Sylvanas didn't blink, nor did she remove her hood out of respect. She lifted her chin in a subtle gesture. Her words sang out, meant for Garrosh but loud enough for all to hear.
"Hellscream. Gilneas will fall. And the Horde will have its prize," she said. "But if you wish to use my people, we will do this my way." She threw her cloak over one shoulder, revealing her dappled gray skin and the feather-festooned leather plates of her ornate black armor. "My three fastest ships have already been dispatched to the southern coast to divert the attention of the Gilnean capital. And even now I gather reinforcements from Deathknell."
Apothecary Lydon cocked his head at her cryptic remark. So far as he remembered, nothing remained of Deathknell but a graveyard.
More importantly, however, something had changed in his sovereign's presence. Her voice—always terrifying—now had a definitive edge, as though she spoke with the finality of gods. And what of those Val'kyr who hovered mutely beside her?
"My lady," Lydon whispered. "Where have you been?"
She looked down at her subject, and Apothecary Lydon found himself backing away, his quaking hands dropping the reins of her steed.
Lady Sylvanas Windrunner tumbled in a free fall. Not in the physical sense; her body had been obliterated at the foot of Icecrown Citadel. It was her spirit that tumbled, lost, like a rudderless ship in a storm.
How had she gotten here? She couldn't remember. Had she been killed by Arthas? Had she committed suicide? Had she been sent to judgment by the Val'kyr? Time was meaningless here. Her whole life seemed not a series of events but a single instant, a pinpoint flash of consciousness in an infinite void.
She saw only darkness.
And then she felt—truly felt, for the first time in a long while. She recoiled. In agony.
Here she was, her spirit once again feeling whole, only to feel it suffer. To feel once more, only to feel abject pain. Cold. Hopelessness.
There were others in the darkness. Things she didn't recognize, because nothing so terrible could exist in the world of the living. Claws tore at her, but she had no mouth with which to scream. Eyes looked at her, but she couldn't look back.
She sensed a familiar presence. Recognized it. The taunting voice that had once held her in its grasp. Arthas? Arthas Menethil? Here? His essence rushed to her, desperate, then shrank away in horrified recognition. The boy who would be Lich King. Just a scared little blond child, reaping the aftermath of a lifetime of mistakes. If any part of Sylvanas's soul were not at that moment torn and tormented, she might have even felt—for the first time—the slightest glimmer of pity for him.
In the grand landscape of all the world's suffering and all the evils of the infinite, the Lich King was… insignificant.
Now the others had her. Surrounded her. Gleeful, tormenting, tearing at her consciousness, delighting in her suffering.
This was to be her eternity: the endless void, the dark, unknown realm of anguish.
Was it a moment or a lifetime before a single thread of light broke through the darkness? Then they came to her, their arms extended. The nine Val'kyr, impossibly beautiful after this dark place, enshrouding Sylvanas in a single halo of light.
She felt small and naked. Coiled into herself. When she found her voice again, it only sobbed. Sylvanas Windrunner was broken. Yet still, the Val'kyr did not judge.
"Lady Sylvanas," Annhylde said, her voice soothing. She touched the side of the elven ranger's face. "We need you."
"What—what do you want?"
"We are bound to the will of the dormant Lich King. Imprisoned atop Icecrown, possibly for eternity. We hunger for our freedom, as you once hungered for yours." Annhylde knelt beside Sylvanas, the other Val'kyr clustering around the pair of them, arms linked. "We need a vessel. One like us. A sister of war. Strong. Who understands life and death. Who has seen the light and the dark. Someone worthy—worthy of power over life and death."
"We need you," repeated Agatha, her black hair floating freely in the light.
"My sisters will be free, free of the Lich King forever, but their souls will be bound to yours," Annhylde continued. "Sylvanas Windrunner, Dark Lady, queen of the Forsaken… you may walk with the living again through the sisterhood of the Val'kyr. As long as they live, so too shall you. Freedom, life… and power over death. This is our pact. Do you accept our gift?"
Sylvanas answered, but not right away. The lurking oblivion filled her with terror. Even now, she felt the tempest rage around her. This was her only way out. But she didn't want to give her assent out of fear. She waited until she felt something more. A fellowship. A sisterhood. Sisters. Separate, they were all trapped. But together, they were free… and with them, she could postpone her fate.
"Yes," she said. "We have a pact."
Annhylde nodded grimly, then rose up, her features blurred and ghostly. "The pact is made, Sylvanas Windrunner," she said. "My sisters are yours, and you hold sway over life and death." A long pause, and then: "I shall take your place."
The light was blinding.
Then Sylvanas awoke, her body twisted but whole, the enormous column of Icecrown Citadel looming above her like a tombstone.
Annhylde was gone. Sylvanas was surrounded by the eight remaining Val'kyr.
As long as they lived, so too would she.
"Who are you to countermand my orders?" Garrosh demanded, nudging his war wolf forward. The enormous orc now pressed his great girth into her space, coming up alongside her and glowering at her.
Sylvanas did not move or shy away. "I was once like you, Garrosh," she answered, her voice quiet and steady, loud enough only for the warchief to hear. "Those who served me were tools. Arrows in my quiver." She reached up and slowly brought down her hood, then directed her dark gaze at him. Her eyes were alive, their oversized jet-black pupils livid with rage, red embers glowing deep within.
At that moment, nobody dared look Sylvanas Windrunner in the eye. Nobody but Garrosh Hellscream.
What he saw was a great black void, an infinite darkness. There was fear in those eyes, but also something else. Something that terrified even the great warchief. His wolf began to edge away instinctively.
"Garrosh Hellscream. I've walked the realms of the dead. I have seen the infinite dark. Nothing you say. Or do. Could possibly frighten me."
The army of undead that surrounded and protected the Dark Lady was still hers, body and soul. But they were no longer arrows in her quiver, not anymore. They were a bulwark against the infinite. They were to be used wisely, and no fool orc would squander them while she still walked the world of the living.
The warchief sheathed his axe onto his back, his mount sidling away from hers. After a long moment, he finally tore his gaze from those eyes.
"Very well, Dark Lady," he conceded loud enough for all to hear. "We will take Gilneas… your way."
He spurred his mount onward and ambled through the mud toward his own troops. But I will be watching you, he told himself.
The eyes of Hellscream are upon you more than any other.


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Sunday, October 11, 2009
Sunday Teleconference Notes (10/11)
-- Fans have complained a good bit about Richt not sounding as upset about the failures of the team as he should. First, you have to understand that it's just not Richt's personality to air that stuff in public. But he was a bit more straightforward in his criticism today.
Regarding the defense: "It's not what we have been accustomed to at Georgia, that's for sure. That's something that's gotta be corrected. There are some circumstances for those things happening but overall, everybody's got problems. Everybody's got issues. Everybody's got to, whether it's injuries or youth or whatever you might say. But the bottom line is you've got to perform and we haven't performed as well as I would like our defense to perform. We certainly haven't helped them in a lot of instances, and that's pretty well documented with some of those things. When your turnover ratio is what ours is, we haven't helped those guys in any way. But they're still allowed to go three-and-out, too."
Regarding the overall performance: "We've got to get better, period. We've got to get better at defense, get better on offense, we've got to get better in all areas. And we've got to get better at coaching."
On what he means by "coaching better": "We just have to continue that when we put our plan in, it's not too much. We don't ask our guys to do more than they're capable of doing. And we've got to continue to motivate and all the things that coaches do. I guess the point I'm making is that is where we are right now is a culmination of everyone. I'm not pointing the finger at any one individual. I'm pointing the finger at all of us as a whole. We must all improve, period."
-- He called this game one of the most frustrating of his career offensively.
-- Richt said he'll be evaluating film from the game and may make some personnel changes, but it won't be any wholesale cleaning house on either side of the ball. "We're not going to have open tryouts or anything like that. We're going to get right back to work preparing for Vanderbilt and try to get the best man at every position. But it's not going to be some kind of open tryout."
-- Any personnel changes, he said would be decided by Tuesday, most likely.
-- Obviously chief among the personnel questions is at quarterback, but don't expect anyone other than Joe Cox to be under center this week.
Richt on the freshmen -- Murray & Mettenberger: "They could function with a certain percentage of what we're doing, but it's a matter of deciding whether you want to do that, number one, as far as playing them, and then how much can you do with them, and how effective can a true freshman be at this point."
Richt on his game plan for Vandy: "Right now, my No. 1 goal is to put a team out there that has the very best shot of beating Vanderbilt on Saturday. Any personnel decisions that may or may not be made will be based strictly on who gives us the best chance to win on Saturday."
-- Regarding Cox, I noted this (thanks to reader Jim F.) on the blog earlier today: Before the drop by A.J. in the second quarter, Cox was 11-of-13 passing. After, he was 9-of-22 the rest of the way. Take away the 4-of-5 throwing during garbage time, and Cox went 4-of-17 (29%) following A.J.'s drop.
Well, Richt may know the real cause: "Joe played better in the first half than in the second half. I think Joe took a couple shots that probably shook him up a little bit. He probably would never admit to that. But before we have any successful quarterback play, we've got to run the ball better and pass protect better than we did."
-- More Baccari Rambo? That's good. More Bryan Evans? Eh, not so much.
"Rambo is beginning to play well and earn more playing time," Richt said. "He needs to play more. As a matter of fact, when it comes to safety play, we probably need to do more of a three-man rotation between Rambo and Bryan and Reshad. Rambo kind of subbed for Bryan but we really didn't sub Reshad. Reshad doesn't need to play every snap, Bryan doesn't need to play every snap, Rambo doesn't need to play every snap. We need to split that workload a little bit more and I think that'll help all those guys. We need to be productive on a more consistent basis."
-- And just a word to a few commenters: I've read multiple (at least three) comments today referring to Georgia as the "laughing stock of the NCAA."
Please guys, if you want to say something that silly, don't do it on the blog of a guy who follows Syracuse football. Now THAT is the laughing stock of the NCAA.
40 comments:
Ah, ask and ye shall receive. Thanks for the teleconference notes.
- October 11, 2009 at 7:01 PM
I like these quotes from Richt. It sounds like he's taking accountability and doing it more publicly than I've heard him do. I don't know about you guys, but what I saw of Logan Gray yesterday didn't make me at all confident in him replacing Joe Cox. In fact, I actually think he would be significantly worse than Joe Cox. I know that sounds impossible, but believe me, it's very possible. The fact that we've lost 3 games and he still hasn't seen much playing time is very telling. I just don't think he's the answer. I would definitely be open to getting Aaron Murray some play time, though. Any news on when he's supposed to be completely healthy? As far as "personnel changes," I'm hoping that means Bryan Evans sees less and less playing time. As maddening as this season has been, you have to appreciate the sheer talent of our freshmen and sophomores. We've seen some sparks of brilliance by them and it's exciting.
- October 11, 2009 at 7:06 PM
- Mike said...
What is your take on the possibility of Richt demoting or replacing Martinez should the defense finish around the bottom of the SEC again this season?
Some UGA fans say Richt is too loyal to his coaches, but there really haven't been any situations under Richt where one unit's performance truly rose to a sustained level whereby CFB coaches are often fired.
But two straight seasons at the bottom of the SEC in defense? That is a situation where DCs are at least occasionally, if not often, replaced.
Do you think Richt would get rid of Martinez after such a season?
- October 11, 2009 at 7:21 PM
- David Hale said...
Texas -- I think he would, but I don't think he's anywhere close to making that decision yet. I think Willie will honestly get a continued evaluation from now until the end of the year. If things improve dramatically -- say, a win against Florida -- then he probably stays. If they don't, I think CMR will see the writing on the wall and make a change. Or more likely, Willie saves him the trouble.
- October 11, 2009 at 7:23 PM
- Bernie said...
Like Anon 7:06 said, these quotes have a different air about them. But right now they're just words on a screen to me. David - did you notice a difference in his demeanor as he said them?
- October 11, 2009 at 7:53 PM
- David Hale said...
Richt sounded the same as always, but it is by far the most direct he's spoken about the issues. And sometimes it's hard to read too much into Richt's tone. I've seen him say angry things to people with a smile on his face before. He's not easily rattled.
- October 11, 2009 at 7:55 PM
- SDawg said...
"If things improve dramatically -- say, a win against Florida -- then he probably stays."
Please don't give me a reason to root for the Gators. As I typed that I realized I wasn't being totally sarcastic.
- October 11, 2009 at 7:57 PM
- Ant123 said...
- This comment has been removed by the author.
- October 11, 2009 at 8:04 PM
- Ant123 said...
Anonymous, I agree with your assessment of Grey to a point. But, I really don't think those few plays under those conditions gave much of an opportunity to fairly evaluate him. I would like to see him get a series early in the next game to see what he could do. He could not do much worse than the qb play this week anyway.
I think what everyone really wants to hear coach Richt say is that the absurdly bad play we have been seeing will not be tolerated and that one way or another it WILL be fixed. David, What do you think about that? Will we get that?
- October 11, 2009 at 8:09 PM
- Sam said...
In your five years of covering GA football, is this the lowest point? It seems like sorrow and pity are the two emotions running through Dawg Nation right now, as opposed to say ... pride and confidence.
- October 11, 2009 at 8:10 PM
I think people need to get a grip and realize what Richt has done here. Name one coach who hasn't had a down year. I mean heck, look at Urban in 07. COACHES AND TEAMS HAVE BAD YEARS IN EVERY PROGRAM. Give Richt a chance to correct things. He's not going to make the coaching changes mid-season because right now there's not a better alternative.
- October 11, 2009 at 8:13 PM
- David Hale said...
Ant -- I think this is as animated as you'll see Richt get publicly. Privately on the other hand... that may be a different story.
Sam -- Things were pretty bad in '06. Four straight losses, including to Kentucky AND Vandy? That's about as down as you can get. I think the difference now is that people seemed to think that '06 was a building process with some growing pains. This season just seems... lost? That's where the frustration comes from, but I still think the best approach is to avoid the sweeping conclusions until after the season is over. We'll have a much better idea then of a.) what UGA has to work with and b.) what's being done to fix the rest.
- October 11, 2009 at 8:24 PM
Love the blog - especially for the journalism that underpins it.
Keep up the great work. At least if we can't PLAY well, we can have a quality analysis of the game afterward.
- October 11, 2009 at 8:29 PM
The UT loss in 2007 was just as embarrassing as this one and look what they did, granted we had Knowshon & Stafford. This team will play the season out with heart. Our best shot at winning is with the QB we have, not a freshman or a punt catcher at QB. Get over it guys, he's average but he's the best we got in 2009. There are alot of problems, no one problem is to blame, but I believe Martinez will resign at the end of the year and Garner will be promoted. Hopefully he won't sheme a scared defense. A four man rush 80% of the time with a weak secondary equals disaster, but yet he can't make himself rush more than 4. Garner expects alot out of his DL's. He seems to have an edge to him and that's something we haven't seen alot of under Martinez. Can he coach and adjust, there is only one way to find out.
- October 11, 2009 at 8:29 PM
Les Miles last year? They sucked and it happens. We have a lot of talent and no cohesion. Let's see this thing play out. I am hurt by this loss too but have a ton of respect for Coach Richt. I don't know about you all but I wish that I had a boss like him.
- October 11, 2009 at 8:30 PM
- Mike said...
Thanks for your responses. Very interesting stuff.
I know there are a lot doubting Richt right now, but this isn't a guy who just showed up to this game. He's got almost 20 years of coaching CFB players with a resume (multiple MNC games as an OC, 2 SECCs, 6 of 9 seasons with a top 10 team as head coach, etc.) that only a tiny few people that have coached the game in that time can match.
There are very, very few people who I would want instead of Richt as far as turning things around at UGA goes. And none of them are options, of course.
- October 11, 2009 at 8:48 PM
- Muckbeast said...
Trey, down YEAR?
2004, 2006, 2007, 2008, and now 2009 were all disappointments.
Our two losses in 2007 with that LOADED team were a disgrace. 2007 and 2008 were both like 2004 all over again.
Two SEC titles in 5 years is great (his 2001->05 run).
One SEC title in 8 years (02->09) is not so great.
- October 11, 2009 at 9:20 PM
- Muckbeast said...
Have you seen www.rivals.com and
Embarrassing for us and for the recruits that follow that site.
- October 11, 2009 at 9:21 PM
- Mike said...
LOL. A #2 finish with a true sophomore QB, freshman RB, OL starting two true freshman, and 8-9 new starters on defense was a "disgrace"?
Nah, no irrationality there.
- October 11, 2009 at 9:24 PM
I believe, like many here, that Martinez has to go, we have quality players, they are not coached well. Coach Irk is rolling in his grave. Why don't we offer David Pollack a position as linebaker coach, or any position just to get his knowledge and enthusiasm in the game. Many are right, we don't have that GATA attitude anymore. Someone, coach or player, has to step up and give this team a spark. Even Uga goes to sleep on the sideline,,,,,,,,
- October 11, 2009 at 10:08 PM
"Our two losses in 2007 with that LOADED team were a disgrace."
Yeah, kicking Florida and Auburn's asses, winning the Sugar Bowl, and finishing #2 in the country sucked.
- October 11, 2009 at 10:31 PM
I listened to the Budwieser 5th quarter show on my way home last night and I have to say this, I am highly disappointed in the way our team played on Saturday, but I am also highly disappointed in the fans. Maybe its part of having the best fans in the country, but there were people calling for Willie's head, Bobo's head, and even Richt's. I don't think that is very fair. Following last years season (when UGA had arguably the worst defense in UGA history) I would have agreed with anyone that Willie needed to be gone sooner than later. However, this year, UGA hasn't done anything consistently...good or bad. We had two terrible defensive games in a row, followed by two pretty good defensive games. Our offense rolled in two games in a row, followed by one mediocre game and then two bad ones. I'm not defending anyone, just trying to put in perspective by saying that until we start doing something consistently bad, we may need to cut back on the "firing" talk. Really the only thing we've done consistently all season is turn the ball over, so I ask, is that on Bobo? Richt? And for anyone that is going to respond to this with recruiting talk, I don't want to hear that either. Yes we finish in the top 10 in recruiting every year. What people tend to forget is that we generally finish in the top 10 in the AP poll as well. For some reason that isn't good enough for us anymore. Really, what does that say about Richt as a coach when we are disappointed in 10 win seasons? I'm not saying that there isn't room for improvement, there clearly is. All I'm saying is take a step back and look at everything a little more objectively. Also lets not forget, every team struggles occasionally, especially when you play football in the most elite conference in America. Least we forget, even the mighty gators lost 4 games in '06, Bama lost 6, remember where UT and Auburn were last year? Just because Richt has spoiled us with 10 or 12 win seasons year in and year out doesn't make us immune to a bad season. Lets also remember that we lost 3 of our offensive starters to the first 2 rounds of the NFL draft. Of course we were bound to struggle this year. Sorry for rambling, just some food for thought. I do have a question though. David made the comment a few weeks back that Cox gives us the best chance to win this year, and I do hesitantly agree to that. My question is at what point do we start to invest in next years starter? I believe Joe Cox could attest to the fact no matter how long you spend in a system, no matter how well you know the ins and outs of the game, you still aren't complete without game experience.
- October 11, 2009 at 10:41 PM
Ahhh...Me thinks after Saturday's debacle, Damon or Michael finally made the call.
It's a done deal. The promoting form within decision didn't work. In less then 4 months Coach Richt will be surrounded by the assistants he deserves.
I love my Dawgs...
- October 11, 2009 at 10:58 PM
- Unknown said...
Two random thoughts:
1) David, I agree with you that 2006 was a down year, but in a totally different way than this year (or last). We lost 4 in '06, but the only game that was out of hand was Tennessee, and that one got away from us late. We dominated the first half, and then keeled over the second half. The other three losses were all at least close. Hell, we only lost to Florida by 7 that year. But more importantly, in those losses (save the embarrassment from TN), our defense actually showed up. UF scored 21, and I think Vandy and UK each scored around 24. Don't remember that exact scores. We lost those two by 2 or 3 each. Nowadays, it seems we consistently get beat (badly) by the better teams, and we let EVERY team hang with us, be it Kentucky or Arizona State. In '06, I think everybody in Dawg Nation at least had the feeling that we could hang with anybody. That is not at all the feeling now. Not saying it couldn't happen this year (I HIGHLY doubt it will), but we actually finished '06 out very strong. We beat Auburn, GT, and then had a KILLER game against VT. All of those teams were ranked. Anyway, I'm rattling off now. My point is that '06 was, in a lot of ways, a much better year than I think this one will end up being.
2) Short and sweet here. Besides Walsh and Butler, there is one player on this team who seems to have a lot of passion. That is Zach Renner. It says on the roster that he is a safety. I don't care what position he is, he gets after it! Isn't that like the third punt he's blocked in the last two years? And to think, we don't ever even go after punts. He could have a few more if we tried. Put him on the field somewhere, I guarantee you he'll give it his all.
Sorry, that second one wasn't as short and sweet as I thought it'd be.
- October 11, 2009 at 11:02 PM
On a side note, I am also very tired of all the comparisons (in a negative light) of Coach Richt to Urban Meyer, Les Miles, and Nick Saban. People are questioning his enthusiasm and passion because he keeps his cool in public and doesn't have emotional outbursts mid-game. I have a friend that is an athletic trainer for the football team and she was telling me that Coach Richt cussed in practice the other day and the team was speechless. I believe that speaks volumes about the Coach Richt's character. There isn't anyone in the nation I would rather be our coach. So he doesn't go crazy on the sideline, does that really make him any less of a coach? In two and a half seasons at Bama, Saban has won 23 games, Richt won 26 in the same time. Urban Meyer has won 40 games since '06, Richt has won 33 (Lets not forget, like it or not, Florida has had one of the greatest players to ever play the game). Les Miles has won 36 since '06. I believe '06 is was the inaugural season for both Miles and Meyer, could be wrong. Take that for what its worth, I realize that all of those coaches have one or more national titles, but would you really trade Coach Richt?
- October 11, 2009 at 11:07 PM
This teleconference sounds more like the old Coach Richt.
No tentative or evasive language this time.
The old Coach Richt has been missing since the start of summer practice.
- October 11, 2009 at 11:07 PM
"I believe '06 is was the inaugural season for both Miles and Meyer, could be wrong."
Richt *destroyed* Miles in the SECCG that year, I should add. Complete schooling.
- October 11, 2009 at 11:19 PM
I think that the players have given up on the season and the coaching staff. Last night no fewer than 15 of our players were acting like complete idiots in Bourbon Street. They were dancing on tables, dancing on the bar, dancing in the booths, and acting as if they didn't notice they had just taken part in one of the most embarassing displays of Georgia football I have ever seen. I've also heard people complaining that they were acting the same way in On The Rocks, the Loft, and Level 131. I appreciate the notion that they are college students and want to have a good time, but their behavior last night was infuriating and left me disgusted.
The lack of players in the bars this summer and beginning of the season left me feeling as CMR had regained control of the team. Last night's behavior proved to me that he has not. We might be unbeaten at this point if the players had the same enthusiasm about football as they showed while drinking, dancing, and acting like meatheads.
- October 11, 2009 at 11:44 PM
- Muckbeast said...
So that's the most we should hope for?
Loaded teams that choke to SC and Tenn? Seriously?
While Florida wins 2 (maybe 3) MNCs in 4 years, we should be happy with a #2 ranking and 2 choke losses?
- October 12, 2009 at 1:13 AM
- Muckbeast said...
After this abortion of a season ends, we will have only won the SEC east *once* in the last 7 years.
We have only PLAYED for the SEC title once in 7 years.
We have ONE SEC title in 7 years.
Is that the most we can hope for?
- October 12, 2009 at 1:15 AM
I think most of the problem with uga is that many of our assistant coaches are not proven instead have connections to get the job or are ex-players who are given a chance to coach. I am not saying this means they cant be good coaches but a lot of times they have no experience or true coaching ability. I would like to see some proven asst.coaches working as coordinators, and perhaps a some "real" position coaches teaching our players what to do. I think tony ball is a good teacher and coach but bryan mcclendon is our running back coach, and ex-receiver who really has only playing exprience. what is he possibly teach our running backs? A good head coach is only as good as his assts. and should have coaches that complement him. Van Gorder was fiery emotional guy in contrast with richt calm and cool. well now we really dont have that fiery coach who gets in players faces or motivates the team. Our guys looked dead out there against tennessee even when it was close, the bench had no emotion, which reflects on our coaches having no emotion. maybe im totally off here but i think richt has done a good job of being the ceo of our team and being in control but when you have success coaches leave and thats where the dillema has come with how to replace those coaches. Raw talent only gets you so far and without coaching you will eventually lose. i think were beginning to find that out now without moreno /stafford.
- October 12, 2009 at 1:27 AM
uga has not been or won a sec title since Richt turned the play calling duties over to Bobo.
- October 12, 2009 at 2:12 AM
- adam said...
muckbeast, we will have played for the SEC twice in 7 years, winning it once in 7. but to be fair... we would have played for it 3 times (winning the east 3 times, and tying for 1st in the east in 07 and UT had to rely on two teams missing field goals to keep us out of it) and won it twice in 8. and that's of the 9 years coach richt has been here. it's not as bad as you're making it out to be.
so, we're 2 teams missing field goals away from winning the east 4 times in 8 years and playing for the SEC those 4 times with 2 titles and if we had gone in 07, likely a third.
so you can say we have 1 SEC title in 7 years and that does look rough. but we have 2 in 8 and likely would have a gotten a third if south carolina or vanderbilt had a kicker in 07.
and as a bonus fact...
in 03 we were 6-2 in the SEC and went to the SECCG. in 04 we were 6-2 in the SEC and didn't. in 05 we were 6-2 in the SEC and won the SEC title. in 07 we were 6-2 in the SEC and lost a tie-breaker in the east to keep us out of the SECCG. likely would've won it (see above/remember). in 08 we went 6-2 in the SEC but didn't get a shot at the SECCG (but doubt we would've beaten bama then. but who knows.)
so... there's little difference between 03, 04, 05, 07, and 08 as far as SEC play goes. in 02 we went 7-1 and won the east and the SEC and finished #3.
so in 6 of richt's 9 years we've either gone to the SEC championship game or done just as well as the years where we have (including 05 when we won it). the difference being of course which division gives us our 2 SEC losses (excluding 02).
plenty of SEC teams would like like to be in the hunt for the conference crown 2 out of every three years.
again, coach richt has been nothing but stellar for UGA. the assistants on the other hand...
- October 12, 2009 at 2:29 AM
muckbeast, when people like you start quoting stats, it's almost always possible to adjust the stat to get a better picture of reality: if you say we've won 1 in 7 years, it's pretty much a guarantee we've won 2 in 8.
- October 12, 2009 at 8:02 AM
Does anyone recall last season the excuse we were given for the defense's poor performance was that tackling to ground was stopped to prevent more injuries?
And, the offense suffered because of injuries to the offensive line and tight ends?
This off-season we were bombarded with how this team had great leadership that was lacking on last years team?
Blah, Blah, Blah....
I'm sorry Coach but, from now on excuse me if I don't believe anything except what I see on the field.
- October 12, 2009 at 8:08 AM
Kiffin also promised his Vols (3-3, 1-2 Southeastern Conference) they'd never lose to the Bulldogs while he was coach. Reported by Chris Low. What an idiot. This guy is unbelievable...i guess he is planning on having a short career.
- October 12, 2009 at 10:18 AM
So, Saturday was a grim day for me, with the Three teams I follow (UGA, Stanford, MIchigan) falling on national TV in fairly quick succession. Here's my take on those other two team:
Stanford: Freshman QB (with Pritchard, who beat USC, on the bench.) Knockout running game. Winning games because of outstanding special teams and pretty suspect on defense. Despite losing to the Beavers (and horrible defense, put 'Quizz in place of "bootleg" and that's how the game went) Stanford fans are hugely excited and optimistic. Harbaugh's getting *a ton* out of his players- can you imagine recruiting a kid who would put up 2 TDs and 124 yds a game on 5.3 per carry to *Stanford* if any other DI school saw that potential? How about special teams that are averaging 50% more yards per return on both kickoffs and punts than their opponents, with 3 KO and 1 punt return TDs? To me, that's coaching inspiring their athletes to overachieve, at least as much as the athletes, themselves. (And not entirely poor competition, though that helps. Harbaugh has beaten UCLA, who Kiffykins couldn't, and USC, who Pete Carroll couldn't.)
Now, Michigan: Coming off their most embarrassing season in history, and not far removed from losing to App State, at home. A new system, with not one, but two freshman QBs. I saw the Western MI game in Ann Arbor, and, despite the 31 the Wolverines put up in the first half, I didn't think either Forcier or Dennard was going to get it done for them- both were inaccurate, too quick to tuck the ball, and neither could sustain much of a drive or make tacklers miss. 6 weeks later, UM's been in every game, has multiple 4th quarter comebacks, and gave Iowa all they could handle, at home. Notably, Rodriguez had the guts to pull Forcier, who'd started this game and engineered the previous comebacks, because he was making bad decisions, missing his receivers, and throwing picks. Sure, Rodriguez is taking some heat for the decision to leave Dennard in for the last drive, because he threw a dumb pick, too, but nobody's calling for his head, and Michigan fans are still upbeat, despite the fact that UM's all but out of the Big-10 title hunt (which they somehow found themselves in), since Iowa owns the tiebreaker. This *after they lost two weeks ago to their in-state rival.*
What do *you* take away from those stories, compared to the situation here in Athens? Is it just Rich Rod's honeymoon? Is Stanford just happy to play a game on TV? Or are those staffs getting the most out of their players and being rewarded by their fans?
- October 12, 2009 at 10:19 AM
err, make that "and Washington, who Pete Carroll couldn't."
- October 12, 2009 at 10:21 AM
OK lets see how Syracuse and Georgia stack up:
Wins: SU 2, UGA 3;
Scoring Offense: SU 23.0, UGA 25.8;
Scoring Defense: SU 29.5, UGA 30.7;
Turnovers Lost: SU 16, UGA 16;
Turnovers Forced: SU 14, UGA 5;
Penalties/Game: SU 6.3, UGA 9.5;
Kickoff Yards/Return Offense: SU 24.1, UGA 22.8;
Kickoff Yards/Return Defense: SU 19.1, UGA 27.1.
Coach Marrone has our program going in the right direction.
UGA's coach does not.
Who's laughing now?
- October 12, 2009 at 11:18 AM
- David Hale said...
Point taken.
- October 12, 2009 at 11:25 AM


text:
Crab-eating macaque
|Crab-eating macaque[1]
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[2]
|Scientific classification
|M. fascicularis
|Binomial name
Macaca fascicularis
Raffles, 1821
|Crab-eating macaque range
Macaca irus F. Cuvier, 1818 Simia aygula Linnaeus, 1758[3][4][5][6]
The crab-eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis), also known as the long-tailed macaque, is a cercopithecine primate native to Southeast Asia. It is referred to as the cynomolgus monkey in laboratories.[2] It has a long history alongside humans;[7] they have been alternately seen as agricultural pests,[8] sacred animals in some temples,[9] and more recently, the subject of medical experiments.[7] The crab-eating macaque lives in matrilineal social groups with a female dominance hierarchy,[10] and male members leave the group when they reach puberty.[11] They are opportunistic omnivores [12] and have been documented using tools to obtain food in Thailand and Myanmar.[13] The crab-eating macaque is a known invasive species and a threat to biodiversity in several locations, including Hong Kong and western New Guinea.[2] The significant overlap in macaque and human living space has resulted in greater habitat loss,[7] synanthropic living, and inter- and intraspecies conflicts over resources.
- Etymology 1
- Taxonomy 2
- Physical characteristics 3
Behavior 4
- Group living 4.1
- Conflict 4.2
- Kin altruism and spite 4.3
- Reproduction 4.4
- Diet 4.5
- Tool use 4.6
Distribution and habitat 5
- Introduced range 5.1
Relationship with humans 6
- In scientific research 6.1
- Conservation status 6.2
- Genome 7
- See also 8
- References 9
- External links 10
Macaca comes from the Portuguese word macaco, which was derived from makaku, a Fiot (West African language) word (kaku means monkey in Fiot).[14] The specific epithet fascicularis is Latin for a small band or stripe. Sir Thomas Raffles, who gave the animal its scientific name in 1821, did not specify what he meant by the use of this word.
In Indonesia and Malaysia, M. fascicularis and other macaque species are known generically as kera, possibly because of their high-pitched cries.[15]
The crab-eating macaque has several common names. It is often referred to as the long-tailed macaque due to its tail, which is often longer than its body.[16] The name crab-eating macaque refers to its being often seen foraging beaches for crabs. Another common name for M. fascicularis is the cynomolgus monkey, which literally means dog-skin or dog-hide monkey; this name is commonly used in laboratory settings.
The 10 subspecies of M. fasciularis are:
- Crab-eating macaque, M. f. fascicularis, synonym Macaca irus
- Burmese long-tailed macaque, M. f. aurea
- Nicobar long-tailed macaque, M. f. umbrosa
- Dark-crowned long-tailed macaque, M. f. atriceps
- Con Song long-tailed macaque, M. f. condorensis
- Simeulue long-tailed macaque, M. f. fusca
- Lasia long-tailed macaque, M. f. lasiae
- Maratua long-tailed macaque, M. f. tua
- Kemujan long-tailed macaque, M. f. karimondjawae
- Philippine long-tailed macaque, M. f. philippensis [17]
Physical characteristics
The body length of the adult, which varies among subspecies, is 38–55 cm (15–22 in) with relatively short arms and legs. Males are considerably larger than females, weighing 5–9 kg (11–20 lb) compared to the 3–6 kg (6.6–13.2 lb) of females.[16] The tail is longer than the body, typically 40–65 cm (16–26 in), which is used for balance when they jump distances up to 5 m (16 ft).[16] The upper parts of the body are dark brown with light golden brown tips. The under parts are light grey with a dark grey/brown tail. Crab-eating macaques have backwards-directed crown hairs which sometimes form short crests on the midline. Their skin is black on their feet and ears, whereas the skin on the muzzle is a light grayish pink color. The eyelids often have prominent white markings and sometimes there are white spots on the ears. Males have a characteristic mustache and cheek whiskers, while females have only cheek whiskers. Crab-eating macaques have a cheek pouch which they use to store food while foraging. Females show no perineal swelling.[18]
Group living
Macaques live in social groups that contain three to 20 females, their offspring, and one or many males. The groups usually have fewer males than females. In social groups of macaques, a clear dominance hierarchy is seen among females. These ranks remain stable throughout the female's lifetime and also can be sustained through generations of matrilines. Females have their highest birth rates around 10 years of age and completely stop bearing young by age 24.[10]
The social groups of macaques are female-bonded, meaning the males will disperse at the time of puberty. Thus, group relatedness on average appears to be lower than compared to matrilines. More difference in relatedness occurs when comparing high-ranking lineages to lower ranking lineages, with higher-ranking individuals being more closely related to one another. Additionally, groups of dispersing males born into the same social groups display a range of relatedness, at times appearing to be brothers, while at other times appearing to be unrelated.[11]
In addition to the matrilineal dominance hierarchy, male dominance rankings also exist. Alpha males have a higher frequency of mating compared to their lower-ranking conspecifics. The increased success is due partially to his increased access to females and also due to female preference of an alpha male during periods of maximum fertility. Though females have a preference for alpha males, they do display promiscuous behavior. Through this behavior, females risk helping to rear a nonalpha offspring, yet benefit in two specific ways, both in regard to aggressive behavior. First, a decreased value is placed on one single copulation. Moreover, the risk of infanticide is decreased due to the uncertainty of paternity.[19]
Increasing group size leads to increased competition and energy spent trying to forage for resources, and in particular, food. Further, social tensions build and the prevalence of tension-reducing interactions like social grooming fall with larger groups. Thus, group living appears to be maintained solely due to the safety against predation.[20]
Group living in all species is dependent on tolerance of other group members. In crab-eating macaques, successful social group living maintains postconflict resolution must occur. Usually, less dominant individuals lose to a higher-ranking individual when conflict arises. After the conflict has taken place, lower-ranking individuals tend to fear the winner of the conflict to a greater degree. In one study, this was seen by the ability to drink water together. Postconflict observations showed a staggered time between when the dominant individual begins to drink and the subordinate. Long-term studies reveal the gap in drinking time closes as the conflict moves further into the past.[21]
Grooming and support in conflict among primates is considered to be an act of reciprocal altruism. In crab-eating macaques, an experiment was performed in which individuals were given the opportunity to groom one another under three conditions: after being groomed by the other, after grooming the other, and without prior grooming. After a grooming took place, the individual that received the grooming was much more likely to support its groomer than one that had not previously groomed that individual. These results support the reciprocal altruism theory of grooming in long-tailed macaques.[22]
Crab-eating macaques demonstrate two of the three forms of suggested postconflict behavior. In both captive and wild studies, the monkeys demonstrated reconciliation, or an affiliative interaction between former opponents, and redirection, or acting aggressively towards a third individual. Consolation was not seen in any study performed.[23]
Postconflict anxiety has been reported in crab-eating macaques that have acted as the aggressor. After a conflict within a group, the aggressor appears to scratch itself at a higher rate than before the conflict. Though the scratching behavior cannot definitely be termed as an anxious behavior, evidence suggests this is the case. An aggressor's scratching decreases significantly after reconciliation. This suggests reconciliation rather than a property of the conflict is the cause of reduction in scratching behavior. Though these results seem counterintuitive, the anxiety of the aggressor appears to have a basis in the risks of ruining cooperative relationships with the opponent.[24]
Kin altruism and spite
In a study, a group of crab-eating macaques was given ownership of a food object. Unsurprisingly, adult females favored their own offspring by passively, yet preferentially, allowing them to feed on the objects they held. Interestingly, when juveniles were in possession of an object, mothers robbed them and acted aggressively at an increased rate towards their own offspring compared to other juveniles. These observations suggest close proximity influences behavior in ownership, as a mother's kin are closer to her on average. When given a nonfood object and two owners, one being a kin and one not, the rival will choose the older individual to attack regardless of kinship. Though the hypothesis remains that mother-juvenile relationships may facilitate social learning of ownership, the combined results clearly point to aggression towards the least-threatening individual.[25]
A study was conducted in which food was given to 11 females. They were then given a choice to share the food with kin or nonkin. The kin altruism hypothesis suggests the mothers would preferentially give food to their own offspring. Yet eight of the 11 females did not discriminate between kin and nonkin. The remaining three did, in fact, give more food to their kin. The results suggest it was not kin selection, but instead spite that fueled feeding kin preferentially. This is due to the observation that food was given to kin for a significantly longer period of time than needed. The benefit to the mother is decreased due to less food availability for herself and the cost remains great for nonkin due to not receiving food. If these results are correct, crab-eating macaques are unique in the animal kingdom, as they appear not only to behave according to the kin selection theory, but also act spiteful toward one another.[26]
After a gestation period of 162–193 days, the female gives birth to one infant. The infant's weight at birth is about 320 g (11 oz).[12] Infants are born with black fur which will begin to turn to a yellow-green, grey-green, or reddish-brown shade (depending on the subspecies) after about three months of age.[16] This natal coat may indicate to others the status of the infant, and other group members treat infants with care and rush to their defense when distressed. Immigrant males sometimes kill infants not their own, and high-ranking females sometimes kidnap the infants of lower-ranking females. These kidnappings usually result in the death of the infants, as the other female is usually not lactating. A young juvenile stays mainly with its mother and relatives. As male juveniles get older, they become more peripheral to the group. Here they play together, forming crucial bonds that may help them when they leave their natal group. Males that emigrate with a partner are more successful than those that leave alone. Young females, though, stay with the group and become incorporated into the matriline into which they were born.[27]
Male crab-eating macaques groom females to increase the chance of mating. A female is more likely to engage in sexual activity with a male that has recently groomed her than with one that has not.[28]
Crab-eating macaques typically do not consume crabs; rather, they are opportunistic omnivores, eating a variety of animals and plants. Although fruits and seeds make up 60 - 90% of their diet, they also eat leaves, flowers, roots, and bark.[12] They sometimes prey on vertebrates (including bird chicks, nesting female birds, lizards, frogs, and fish), invertebrates, and bird eggs. In Indonesia, the species has become a proficient swimmer and diver for crabs and other crustaceans in mangrove swamps.[29] A study in Bukit Timah, Singapore recorded a diet consisting of 44% fruit, 27% animal matter, 15% flowers and other plant matter, and 14% food provided by humans.[30]
This species exhibits particularly low tolerance for swallowing seeds. Despite their inability to digest seeds, many primates of similar size swallow large seeds, up to 25 mm (0.98 in), and simply defecate them whole. The crab-eating macaque, though, spits seeds out if they are larger than 3–4 mm (0.12–0.16 in). This decision to spit seeds is thought to be adaptive; it avoids filling the monkey's stomach with wasteful bulky seeds that cannot be used for energy.[31]
Although the species is ecologically well-adapted and poses no threat to population stability of prey species in its native range, in areas where the crab-eating macaque is not native, it can pose a substantial threat to biodiversity.[32] Some believe the crab-eating macaque is responsible for the extinction of forest birds by threatening critical breeding areas [33] as well as eating the eggs and chicks of endangered forest birds.[18]
The crab-eating macaque can become a synanthrope, living off human resources. They are known to feed in cultivated fields on young dry rice, cassava leaves, rubber fruit, taro plants, coconuts, mangos, and other crops, often causing significant losses to local farmers.[8] In villages, towns, and cities, they frequently take food from garbage cans and refuse piles.[8] The species can become unafraid of humans in these conditions, which can lead to macaques directly taking food from people, both passively and aggressively.
Tool use
In Thailand and Myanmar, crab-eating macaques use stone tools to open nuts, oysters, and other bivalves, and various types of sea snails (nerites, muricids, trochids, etc.) along the Andaman sea coast and offshore islands.[13]
Another instance of tool use is washing and rubbing foods such as sweet potatoes, cassava roots, and papaya leaves before consumption. Crab-eating macaques either soak these foods in water or rub them through their hands as if to clean them. They also peel the sweet potatoes, using their incisors and canine teeth. Adolescents appear to acquire these behaviors by observational learning of older individuals.[34]
Distribution and habitat
The crab-eating macaque lives in a wide variety of habitats, including primary lowland rainforests, disturbed and secondary rainforests, shrubland, and riverine and coastal forests of nipa palm and mangrove. They also easily adjust to human settlements; they are considered sacred at some Hindu temples and on some small islands,[9] but are pests around farms and villages. Typically, they prefer disturbed habitats and forest periphery. The native range of this species includes most of mainland Southeast Asia, from extreme southeastern Bangladesh south through Malaysia, and the Maritime Southeast Asia islands of Sumatra, Java, and Borneo, offshore islands, the islands of the Philippines, and the Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal. This primate is a rare example of a terrestrial mammal that violates the Wallace line.[18]
Introduced range
M. fascicularis is an introduced alien species in several locations, including Hong Kong, Taiwan, Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea, New Britain, New Ireland, New Caledonia, Solomon Islands, Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Nauru, Vanuatu, Pohnpei, Anggaur Island in Palau, and Mauritius.[35] Where it is not a native species, particularly on island ecosystems whose species often evolved in isolation from large predators, M. fascicularis is a documented threat to many native species.[18] This has led the World Conservation Union (IUCN) to list M. fascicularis as one of the "100 worst invasive alien species".[36] M. fascicularis is not a threat to biodiversity in its native range.
The immunovaccine porcine zona pellucida (PZP), which causes infertility in females, is currently being tested in Hong Kong to investigate its use as potential population control.[18]
Relationship with humans
Crab-eating macaques extensively overlap with humans across their range in Southeast Asia. Consequently, they live together in many locations. Some of these areas are associated with religious sites and local customs, such as the temples of Bali in Indonesia, Thailand, and Cambodia, while other areas are characterized by conflict as a result of habitat loss and competition over food and space.[7] Humans and crab-eating macaques have shared environments since prehistoric times, and tend to both frequent forest and river edge habitats. Crab-eating macaques are occasionally used as a food source for some indigenous forest-dwelling peoples. In Mauritius, they are captured and sold to the pharmaceutical industry, and in Angaur and Palau, they are sold as pets.[18] Macaques feed on sugarcane and other crops, affecting agriculture and livelihoods, and can be aggressive towards humans. Macaques may carry potentially fatal human diseases, including herpes B virus.[18]
In scientific research
M. fascicularis is also used extensively in medical experiments, in particular those connected with neuroscience and disease. Due to their close physiology, they can share infections with humans. Some cases of concern have been an isolated event of Reston ebolavirus found in a captive-bred population shipped to the US from the Philippines, which was later found to be a strain of Ebola that has no known pathological consequences in humans, unlike the African strains.[7] Furthermore, they are a known carrier of monkey B virus (Herpesvirus simiae), a virus which has produced disease in some lab workers working mainly with rhesus macaques (M. mulatta).[7] Nafovanny, the largest facility for the captive breeding of nonhuman primates in the world, houses 30,000 macaques . The crab-eating macaque is one of the species used as space test flight animals. Plasmodium knowlesi, which causes malaria in M. fascicularis, can also infect humans. A few cases have been documented in humans, but for how long humans have been getting infections of this malarial strain is unknown. It is, therefore, not possible to assess if this is a newly emerging health threat, or if just newly discovered due to improved malarial detection techniques.[7] Given the long history of humans and macaques living together in Southeast Asia, it is likely the latter.
The use of crab-eating macaques and other nonhuman primates in experimentation is controversial with critics charging that the experiments are cruel, unnecessary and lead to dubious findings.[37] One of the most well known examples of experiments on crab-eating macaques is the 1981 Silver Spring monkeys case.[38]
In 2014, 21,768 crab-eating macaques were imported in the United States to be used in experimentation.[39]
Conservation status
The crab-eating macaque has the third-largest range of any primate species, behind only humans and rhesus macaques. The IUCN Red List categorizes the species as Least Concern, and CITES lists them as Appendix II ("not necessarily threatened with extinction", in which trade must be controlled to avoid use incompatible with their survival). A recent review of their populations suggests a need for better monitoring of populations due to increased wild trade and rising levels of human-macaque conflict, which are reducing overall population levels despite the species being widely distributed.[40]
Each subspecies faces differing levels of threats, and too little information is available on some subspecies to assess their conditions. The M. f. umbrosa subspecies is likely of important biological significance and has been recommended as a candidate for protection in the Nicobar Islands, where its small, native population has been seriously fragmented,[41] and is listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List.[2] The Philippine long-tailed macaque (M. f. philippensis) is listed as near threatened, and M. f. condorensis is vulnerable.[2] All other subspecies are listed as data deficient and need further study;[2] although recent work is showing M. f. aurea and M. f. karimondjawae need increased protection.[41] One concern for conservation is, in areas where M. fascicularis is not native, their populations need to be monitored and managed to reduce their impact on native flora and fauna.[41]
|NCBI genome ID
|Genome size
|2,946.84 Mb
|Number of chromosomes
|21 pairs
The genome of the crab-eating macaque has been sequenced.
See also
- ^
- ^ a b c d e f Ong, P. & Richardson, M. (2008). Macaca fuscicularis. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 4 January 2009.
- ^ P H Napier, C P Groves (July 1983). "Simia fascicularis Raffles, 1821 (Mammalia, Primates): request for the suppression under the plenary powers of Simia aygula Linnaeus, 1758, a senior synonym. Z.N.(S.) 2399". Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 40 (2): 117–118.
^ J. D. D. Smith (2001). "Supplement 1986-2000" (PDF). Official List and Indexes of Names and Works in Zoology. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature. p. 8. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
Suppressed under the plenary power for the purposes of the Principle of Priority, but not for those of the Principle of Homonymy
- ^ Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M., eds. (2005). "Macaca fascicularis fascicularis". Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press.
- ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema naturæ. Regnum animale. (10 ed.). p. 27. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f g Gumert, MD, Fuentes A, Jones-Engel, L. (2011). Monkeys on the Edge: Ecology and Management of Long-tailed Macaques and their Interface with Humans. Cambridge University Press.
- ^ a b c Long, John (2003). Introduced Mammals of the World: Their History, Distribution, and Influence. Australia: CSIRO Publishing. p. 74.
- ^ a b "Island of the Monkey God". Off the Fence. Retrieved 2013-09-25.
- ^ a b van Noordwijk, Maria, and Carcel van Schaik (January 1999). "The Effects of Dominance Rank and Group Size on Female Lifetime Reproductive Success in Wild Long-tailed Macaques, Macaca fascicularis". Primates 40: 105–130.
- ^ a b de Ruiter, Jan, and Eli Geffen (October 1998). "Relatedness of matrilines, dispersing males and social groups in long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis)".
- ^ a b c Bonadio, Christopher (2000). "Macaca fascicularis". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
- ^ a b Gumert, MD; Kluck, M.; Malaivijitnond, S. (2009). "The physical characteristics and usage patterns of stone axe and pounding hammers used by long-tailed macaques in the Andaman Sea region of Thailand". American Journal of Primatology 71 (7): 594–608.
- ^ Zimmer, Benjamin. "Makaku, macaco, macaque, macaca". Language Log. Retrieved 2013-09-26.
- ^ Raffles, Thomas Stamford (1821). "Descriptive Catalogue of a Zoological Collection, made on account of the Honourable East India Company, in the Island of Sumatra and its Vicinity, under the Direction of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, Lieutenant-Governor of Fort Marlborough". Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 13 (1): 246–247.
- ^ a b c d Cawthon Lang, Kristina. "Primate Factsheets: Long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology". Primate Info Net. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
- ^ Wilson, Don E.; Reeder, DeeAnn M., eds. (2005). "Macaca fascicularis". Mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
- ^ a b c d e f g Carter, Steve. "Global Invasive Species Database". Macaca fascicularis (mammal). Invasive Species Specialist Group. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
- ^ de Ruiter, Jan, Jan van Hooff, and Wolfgang Scheffrahn (June 1995). "Social and Genetic Aspects of Paternity in Wild Long-Tailed Macaques (Macaca fascicularis)". Behaviour 129: 203–224.
- ^ Schaik, Carel, Maria Noordwijk, Rob Boer, and Isolde Tonkelaar (April 1983). "The effect of group size on time budgets and social behavior in wild long-tailed macaques". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 13: 173–181.
- ^ Cords, Marina (December 1992). "Post-conflict reunions and reconciliation in long-tailed macaques". Animal Behavior 44: 57–61.
- ^ Hemelrijk, Charlotte (February 1994). "Support for being groomed in long-tailed macaques, Macaca fascicularis". Animal Behavior 48: 479–481.
- ^ Aureli, Filippo (June 1992). "Post-conflict behaviour among wild long-tailed macaques, (Macaca fascicularis)". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 31: 329–337.
- ^ Das, Marjolijn, Zsuzsa Penke, and Jan van Hoof (1998). "Potconflict Affiliation and Stress-Related Behavior of Long-Tailed Macaque Aggressors". International Journal of Primatology 19: 53–71.
- ^ Kummer, Hans and Marina Cords (December 1991). "Cues of ownership in long-tailed macaques, Macaca fascicularis". Animal Behavior 42: 529–549.
- ^ Schaub, Hanspeter (1996). "Testing Kin Altruism in Long-Tailed Macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in a Food-sharing Experiment". International Journal of Primatology 17: 445–467.
- ^ Cawthon Lang, Kristina. > "Primate Factsheets: Long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) Behavior". Primate Info Net. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
- ^ Gumert, Michael D. (December 2007). "Payment for sex in a macaque mating market". Animal Behavior 74 (6): 1655–1667.
- ^ http://planet.uwc.ac.za/nisl/biodiversity/loe/page_289.htm
- ^ Lucas, P.W. "Long-tailed Macaques". The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore Supplement No. 3 (PDF). Singapore Botanic Gardens: National Parks Board. pp. 107–112.
- ^ Corlett, R.T.; P.W. Lucas (1990). "Alternative Seed-Handling Strategies in Primates: Seed-Spitting by Long-Tailed Macaques (Macaca fascicularis)". Oecologia 82 (2): 166–171.
- ^ Richer, Nathan. "Wild Facts". Wild Fact #834 – The Perfect Gift – Crab-Eating Macaque. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
- ^ Hazan, Tracy. "Introduced Species Summary Project". Crab-eating Macaque (Macaca fascicularis). Columbia University. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
- ^ Wheatley, Bruce (June 1988). "Cultural behavior and extractive foraging in Macaca Fascicularis". Current Anthropology 29 (3): 516–519.
- ^ Long, J. L. (2003). Introduced Mammals of the World: Their History, Distribution and Influence. Csiro Publishing, Collingwood, Australia. ISBN 9780643099166
- ^ Lowe, S. "100 Of The World's Worst Invasive Species" (PDF). Invasive Species Specialist Group. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
- ^ Linzy, Andrew; Linzy, Clair (2015). Normalising the Unthinkable: The Ethics of Using Animals in Research (PDF). Working group of the Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
- ^ Blum, Deborah (13 October 1994). The Monkey Wars. Oxford University Press.
- ^ "U.S. primate import statistics for 2014". International Primate Protection League. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
- ^ Eudey, Ardith (2008). "The crab-eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis) widespread and rapidly declining.". Primate conservation 23: 129–132.
- ^ a b c Umapathy, G.; Singh M.; Mohnot, S.M. (2003). "Status and Distribution of Macaca fascicularis umbrosa in the Nicobar Islands, India". International Journal of Primatology 24: 281–293.
External links
- Bonadio, C. 2000. "Macaca fascicularis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed March 10, 2006.
- FactsheetMacaca fascicularisPrimate Info Net
- Macaca fascicularisISSG Database: Ecology of
- Macaca fascicularisPrimate Info Net:
- BBC Factfile on M. fascicularis
- "Conditions at Nafovanny", video produced by the British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection following an undercover investigation at a captive-breeding facility for long-tailed macaques in Vietnam.
- IUCN Red List least concern species
- Articles with 'species' microformats
- All articles with unsourced statements
- Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011
- Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL
- Commons category without a link on Wikidata
- Animals described in 1821
- Tool-using mammals
- Invasive mammal species
- Mammals of Bangladesh
- Mammals of Borneo
- Mammals of Brunei
- Mammals of Burma
- Mammals of Cambodia
- Mammals of East Timor
- Mammals of Indonesia
- Mammals of Laos
- Mammals of Malaysia
- Mammals of the Philippines
- Mammals of Singapore
- Mammals of Thailand
- Mammals of Vietnam
- Mammals of Oceania
- Megafauna of Eurasia
- Cercopithecine monkeys
- Space-flown life
- Primates of Asia