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Automatic External Defibrillators (AEDs) are portable units used to electrically stimulate the heart during cardiac arrest. In the camp environment, cardiac arrest usually involves older staff, older guests attending during parent visitation days, or spring or fall rental groups. Although cardiac arrest can happen without an outside event or prior health problems, there is usually a contributing cause. Cardiac arrest has been reported in campers for a variety of health reasons such as a congenital heart defect, electrical shock, a blow to the chest during a fight or being hit with a baseball, or from respiratory arrest that results in cardiac arrest from drowning. According to research conducted by Project Adventure on challenge course-related deaths, cardiac arrest was the leading cause involving men over the age of thirty. There have been a number of cases where school athletes have suffered cardiac arrest during events such as running. In some of these cases, the immediate availability and use of an AED might have saved a life.
Adult and Pediatric AEDs
AEDs come in various styles and functions, but there are two different types of pads used to deliver the shock: adult and pediatric. A pediatric AED pad delivers a lower energy dose by the use of a modified defibrillation pad and cable component. In July 2003, The American Heart Association came out with a statement that adult AEDs could be used on a child younger than eight years old. Some AEDs have voice rhythm-shock-recorders that record not only the shocks delivered but also the conversation of the rescuers. These recorders could be of great benefit or great hindrance to a lawsuit, depending on how well the rescuers performed.
Purchase Requirements
The FDA requires that before a camp can purchase an AED, you must first get a prescription from a physician. Although state regulations vary, the AED should be used within a defibrillation program that includes these elements:
- Training for all users in CPR and AED operation
- Physician oversight to ensure appropriate maintenance and use of the AED
- Notification of local EMS of type and location of the AED
Many camps no longer face the question of whether or not to purchase AEDs, but how to find the funding and how to best utilize a limited number of AEDs. At approximately $2,700 to $3,000 each, this could quickly add up for a large camp. A number of state and federal programs fund the purchase of AEDs and training on their use. Talk to your regional American Heart Association or American Red Cross to see if they know of a funding source in your region. Be aware that some "one-time-use" AEDs are available on the market in the price range of $800–$1,000. Most of these models are not designed for the rigors (temperature and moisture exposures, being dropped, etc.) of a camp environment. Also talk to your insurance agent to make sure the AEDs are added to your insurance policies in case of theft or vandalism.
Some camp administrators may think they don't need AEDs because of their camp's close proximity to a rescue station. That is a very risky proposition. Success with an AED is time critical. The American Heart Association says that when a person suffers a sudden cardiac arrest, their chances of survival decrease by 7 percent to 10 percent for every minute that passes without defibrillation. At most camps, the absolute minimum time between the occurrence of a cardiac arrest and the arrival of an ambulance is at least five to ten minutes.
Training and Potential Regulations
AED training is readily available from the American Red Cross, National Safety Council, and American Heart Association in their adult CPR courses. An informal study of AED use found that untrained sixth graders could effectively use an AED in time tests and that they were only 23 seconds slower than trained EMTs. In 2003, New York began requiring AEDs in schools. In the future, Health Department, OSHA, or other regulatory standards may require AEDs on-site at camps and conference centers. The cardiac emergency itself generally does not create liability. The failure to properly address the emergency in accordance with common practices, regulations, or standards that cause the condition to worsen into injuries such as brain damage, permanent disability, or death, would pose a liability.
Other Considerations
The number of AEDs your camp needs depends on the size and operations of the camp. In general, an AED should be available within two to three minutes anywhere on camp grounds, but particularly around athletic areas (e.g., swimming pools, athletic fields, basketball courts), challenge course, and public gathering areas such as the dining hall. In certain areas, such as athletic fields, AEDs cannot be stored on a permanent basis. Camps many need to establish guidelines as to how the AED should be carried or transported. Installing the AED onto a golf cart in a waterproof case with other "fast response" medical equipment would be a good idea for many camps.
Maintenance and Storage
Most AEDs have a battery life of around four to five years, but the camp should assign someone to verify in writing monthly that the unit is functioning (follow the manufacturer's guidelines). Many camps have had success with installing the AEDs in a security box that has an alarm that sounds when the door is opened. Some of these security boxes can be linked to dial 911 automatically and play a pre-recorded message if the door is opened.
Rescue Breathing
Another consideration in placing AEDs is the reasonable expectation of having to perform rescue breathing. There are a number of safety concerns related to the proper storage and use of portable oxygen units. A reputable vendor will help address these. A portable oxygen tank (prescription from an MD required in most states) and a bag-valve mask would provide 100 percent oxygen as opposed to the 16 percent delivered by rescue breathing through a pocket mask or face shield. A bag valve mask by itself (without the oxygen tank will deliver 21 percent oxygen. Increasing the oxygen delivery in rescue breathing can reduce brain and cardiac damage, so it is important to provide both the electrical stimulus from the AED in conjunction with oxygen. Proper use of a bag valve mask and portable oxygen requires practice. This would be a good precamp and in-service skill to practice with the staff , including interaction with EMS, in the use of the equipment. Most lifeguarding courses specifically address the use of this equipment, so consider making your lifeguarding team an integral part of your planning and implementation. You should also add non-latex gloves and a blood-borne pathogen kit. Protect your staff and satisfy OSHA requirements at the same time by putting this additional equipment with the AED.
Finally, you should obtain advice from legal counsel and research your state and local regulations that might affect your program, including training requirements, medical control, notification of AED use, or location and immunity provisions.
Originally published in the 2004 Fall issue of The CampLine.


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This puzzle may not have been much of a challenge, but it introduced two new MDX concepts. I have to admit, one of my colleagues and I chatted about this puzzle, and I realized that my requirements were a little unrealistic. As a result, I changed the requirements a little. Instead of returning data between the Calendar Years of 2006 and 2008, the data should be filtered by Ship Date Calendar Year.
So, here is what I started with:
[Ship Date].[Calendar Year].Children,
[Measures].[Internet Sales Amount]
[Product].[SubCategory].Members ON ROWS
FROM [Adventure Works]
This satisfied all of the requirements except the filters, which are the reason for the post. My first try at limiting the result set to date between Ship Date Calendar Year 2006 and 2008 resembled this query:
This query did work. It only returned the years from my requirements, but I was sure there was a better way to accomplish this. Notice that I included a set that implicitly limited the query for years 2006, 2007, and 2008. What if I needed a larger range, say between 2000 and 2010? No way am I typing all of that. After a little digging I figured out how to perform the range operations (BETWEEN) in MDX. Here is the query:
Using the ranger operator (:), which returns an ordered set based on the two specified member endpoints, I was able to return all members from the Ship Date Calendar Year between 2006 and 2008. Next I needed to limit the result to only Product Categories that had sales greater than $1,000,000. Thinking like a T-SQL programmer I went directly to a where clause using a greater than operator (>). See the query below:
That did not quite work out for reasons that will be explained in later postings. So, how did I get it to work. I had to use the FILTER function to limit the result set. The FILTER function returns a filtered set based on a search condition. It accepts two arguments. The first is a Set_Expression, which is an MDX expression that returns a set. The second i a Logical_Expression that evaluates to true or false, which could be considered the WHERE clause. Here is the final query:
The FILTER function is used on the Rows axis in the query to return on the Product Subcategories where Internet Sales Amount is greater than $1,000,000. As I mentioned earlier, I modified the requirements a little because my initial set did not make logical sense. Stay tuned for Puzzle #5.
Talk to you soon,
Patrick LeBlanc, SQL Server MVP, MCTS
Founder www.TSQLScripts.com and www.SQLLunch.com.
Visit www.BIDN.com, Bring Business Intelligence to your company.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Family Reunion Planner
Party Planner
Wedding Planner
Clip Art Software
LicensesAll art on this site is
licensed for personal use.
See license for commercial use.
LicensesAll art on this site is
licensed for personal use.
See license for commercial use.
Complete Family Reunion
Planner Software
Windows XP, XP2, Win 7,
$29 USD Download Worksheets Only - $49 USD Complete Package
(Download Only)
$69 USD Complete Family Reunion Package on CD with Free
All orders include
Instant Download
See details.
Planning a party or family gathering? Looking for
party and entertaining supplies? Find indoor and outdoor supplies here.
You'll find everything your looking for from popcorn poppers to sno-cone makers.
From beverage coolers to patio umbrellas. From drink dispensers to creative
cupcake displays. You find it all at the
Home Online� Store.
Find all your tshirt design, graphics and fabric needs here.
To begin your project click on the EVENTS button on the menu above and select an event (ie. FAMILY REUNION) and then choose a category from the submenu ( ie.POETRY ART).
We're here to help you make your event projects a joy and
success. If you have any questions email us at email@example.com.
We happy to help.
H e l p
To begin your project click on the EVENTS button on the menu above and select an event (ie. FAMILY REUNION) and then choose a category from the submenu ( ie.POETRY ART).
Your clipart and scrapbook are is rendered in PNG
format. What is a PNG file?
Portable Network Graphic (.png). Unlike gif and jpeg graphic files that tend to degrade when maniplated and saved, png graphic files maintain color sharpness and clarity when manipulated and saved.
PNG files are ideal for digital scrapbooking or embedding in electronic documents for viewing and printing.
How do I work with PNG files?
Clipart PNG files are a
single graphics and can be inserted directly into your documents. Scrapbook PNG
files are a compilation of graphics in one file. You will need to use a PNG
compatible graphics
How long will I have to wait to recieve my download order?
Your download begins immediatly after purchase. Locate the link to the file for download on your digital purchase statement.
How do I edit and print the greeting card template?
1. Select the desired template and download.
2. Save the template file to the folder from which you will work.
3. Click on the template file. It will load in your default Word compatible document editor.
4. Once the file has loaded locate the floating text box. Add desired text, text color and style.
5. Notice the template page orientation(portrait or landscape).
6. Using heavy weight high quality printing paper,
prepare the printer to print the template.
NOTE: All templates print on paper size 8 1/2 X 11. Greeting cards print to half
fold card stock. Invitations print to 1/4 fold card stock. For best results choose
Avery compatible card stock.
Your software package contains several templates and letters. Should I purchase the software package or just download items as needed?
The software package contains 15 flyers and two
greeting cards, some unique from those presented online. In addition the
software provides tools essential to planning organizing and managing a moderate
to large event. If you are planning an event you would probably benifit
greatly using the event planning software, otherwise just download the templates
as needed.
Fimark Home Online allows users quick access to graphics and documents on an as needed basis. Users also have the option to use sophisticated tools when planning a large event of about 50 or more attendees. For these events the Event Planner is recommended.
When purchasing and downloading the event planning software users will have immediate access to
most of the documents, flyers and tools fimark offers online at no extra charge. Just use your key to access and download
from the Fimark Home Online secure download site. Otherwise download the individual document or graphic
as needed.
Why should I purchase and use your product?
Fimark Home aspires to inspire family unity and promote important family values. We hope that by using our resource this helps get the message out millions of Internet users.
How do I access and preview the theme music list?
1. Locate the theme music link on the floral side bar(left)
2. Click on the audio preview link
3. Once the music list widget pops up select from the list to preview preselected songs.
Licensing | Terms of Use | Copyright | Privacy Policy |About Us | Help
Copyright � 2009 Fimark Home Online, All rights reserved.


text:
Another day, another story!
Would you Hide me?
Recently I read and fell in love with Nathan Englander's new novel, Dinner at the Center of the Earth. Mr. Englander's collection of short stories, What Do We Talk About When We Talk About Anne Frank was a finalist for the Pulitzer Award. It won't surprise me a bit if his latest walks away with it.
Set in the Middle East in present day it captures the relationship of Prisoner Z and his guard. The story evolves from and around that relationship. It features spies and counter spies, Jewish mothers, Immortal war generals and of course, lovers. It's the kind of book that makes words that try to describe the novel too trite or too weak. Suffice to say, read it. If it's your cup of tea - read it. If it's not your cup of tea - read it. It feels like an important book. A really, timely, important book.
Quite by accident I bumped into an old Psychology Today post which was centered around Nathan Englander and an interview he did with Terry Gross on NPR's Fresh Air. A reader had posted a comment a year ago that I suddenly just saw. Which led me back to the post. Which led me back to reading it and thinking - that was 2012 - this is 2017. The question is still relevant. The weight on my heart even heavier.
In no way do I mean to embarrass Mr. Englander by posting this memory but the words he shared in that interview are as heart-wrenching and moving to me today as they were then. As is his new novel.
In spite of the news that terrifying news from around the world that seems to pop up on my phone by the minute I lean into the words of Anne Frank as anointed as they ever were.
"It's difficult in times like these: ideals, dreams and cherished hopes rise within us, only to be crushed by grim reality. It's really a wonder that I haven't dropped all my ideals, because they seem so absurd and impossible to carry out. Yet I keep them, because in spite of everything, I still believe that people are really good at heart." Anne Frank
Thanks so much for reading, liking and sharing with friends.
March 2020


text:
New York Notary Exam – Rochester
Tuesday, June 30, 2020 @ 9:00 am - 10:30 am
An event every 2 weeks that begins at 9:00 am on Tuesday, repeating until Wednesday, July 1, 2020
An event every 2 weeks that begins at 10:30 am on Tuesday, repeating until Wednesday, July 1, 2020
Learn how to Pass the NY Notary Exam with our New York Notary Online Course
You can register for the exam at the test center, on the day of the exam. Refer to the schedule below to find the most convenient location, date and time for you to take an upcoming exam. Seats are limited and assigned on a first-come/first-served basis. If you are late, you will not be admitted into the exam.
What To Bring
- A form of government issued signature identification which must be photo-bearing. Your identification MUST BE CURRENT (not expired) and from the following list:
- Driver's license
- State issued identification (ex. non-driver ID)
- Military ID
- United States Passport
- Employment Authorization Card (issued by U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services)
- United States INS issued ID
- Certificate of US citizenship
- Foreign Passport
- IDNYC (NYC Resident ID card)
- Brazilian, Mexican, Honduran or Ecuadorian Consular ID
- $15 examination fee. You may pay by check or money order made payable to the Department of State or charge the fee to MasterCard or Visa. Cash will not be accepted. Examination fees are nonrefundable. A $20 fee will be charged for any returned check.
Test Center Policies
Cellular phones, beepers and any other electronic devices MUST be turned off during the exam.
Dictionaries, books, other reference materials, large bags and briefcases are not allowed at the test center. Do not bring these materials to the test center as there is no place to store them.
Eating, drinking or smoking is not permitted at the test center. If you bring food or beverages, you will be asked to dispose of them before entering the test center.
Visitors, guests and children are not permitted at the test center.
Any person found using notes, books, or other aids; giving or receiving help; removing examination materials or notes from the test center; causing a disturbance or engaging in practices contrary to the rules of proper examination conduct will be dismissed from the test center. Any decisions regarding disciplinary measures will be made by the Exam Supervisor at the Department of State.
Score Reporting
All exam results are reported as either passed or failed; you will not get a numerical score.
You will be notified by mail as soon as your exam results are available.
If you pass the written exam, you will receive a notice in the mail. Apply by submitting your application form and license fee. (Complete application details are provided in the application form instructions.)
If you fail the written exam, you will receive a notice in the mail. You may retake the exam on another date and time of your choice.
Examination results are only valid for a period of two years.
About the Exam
Exam topics include: License law, general terms and information related to the duties and functions of a notary public, as outlined in the "Notary Public License Law" booklet available from the Division of Licensing Services.
Applicants will be allowed 1 hour to complete the test. The allotted time begins at the conclusion of the instructions.
This exam is offered in the following languages: Spanish, Haitian-Creole, Italian, Korean, Russian and Chinese. If you wish to take the exam in one of these languages, please notify an exam proctor when you report for the test center.
Learn how to Pass the NY Notary Exam with our New York Notary Online Course


text:
Ott Recognized for Landmark Computer Science Paper
By Marcia Goodrich | Published
Linda Ott didn't just write the code. She helped software engineers write it better. Now, almost three decades later, her landmark discovery has been honored.
The Association for Computing Machinery's Special Interest Group on Software Engineering (ACM SIGSOFT) recognized a paper she coauthored, "The Program Dependence Graph in a Software Development Environment," with a 2010 Retrospective Impact Award. The recipients are selected for their long-term impact on the field of software engineering.
The award was not expected. "I was flabbergasted," said Ott, a professor of computer science. "So I asked someone on the committee why that paper was selected, and she said it had formed the basis for a lot of research and has been used extensively in the formation of software development environments."
With coauthor Karl Ottenstein, Ott found another use for the computing tool known as a program dependence graph. Simply put, program dependence graphs help compilers do their jobs better. Compilers are translators for computers: they turn the fancy software we depend on into plain binary code that computers can actually execute.
Back in the 1980s, Ott and one of her graduate students were wondering how to determine the quality of computer code. "We hypothesized that the information available in a program dependence graph that helped compilers optimize software could also be used to measure certain aspects of software quality," Ott said.
She turned out to be right, and then some. "Once we realized we could use it to evaluate quality, we knew it could be useful to programmers to incorporate quality."
Well-written code is not about bells and whistles. It's more about simplicity and elegance. "If a program is well-written, it's good from the start, and it's easier to maintain and modify," she says. Ultimately, this is why she believes this research was recognized: "When you improve software development, it improves the quality of programs—and the quality of programmers' lives."
Steven Carr, interim chair of the computer science department, said the Retrospective Impact Award reflected upon both Ott and the University. "This paper was a seminal work, a foundational paper in software engineering," he said. "ACM SIGSOFT recognized Linda among the leaders in the field, and that's also an honor for Michigan Tech."
Ott's article appeared in the 1984 Proceedings of the first ACM SIGSOFT/SIGPLAN Software Engineering Symposium on Practical Software Development Environments.
Michigan Technological University is a public research university, home to more than 7,000 students from 54 countries. Founded in 1885, the University offers more than 120 undergraduate and graduate degree programs in science and technology, engineering, forestry, business and economics, health professions, humanities, mathematics, and social sciences. Our campus in Michigan's Upper Peninsula overlooks the Keweenaw Waterway and is just a few miles from Lake Superior.


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Home > News & Events > Wayland Press Release Archives > 2005 News Releases > April 2005 > Wayland seniors combine talents to present production
Wayland seniors combine talents to present production
PLAINVIEW – In the world of theatre, "the show must go on" is a common adage. Perhaps no one has lived that mantra more recently than Jennifer Riley.
A senior theatre major at Wayland Baptist University, Riley has struggled for the past three months with a chronic illness that left her physically exhausted and saw her class load drop to only nine hours. Juggling her failing health with the role of wife and mother to two young sons and schoolwork, Riley also was planning a major production.
"Even while being sick, the number one thing on my mind was saving the show and my senior practicum," Riley said. "I've invested so much mentally and physically, and I can't imagine not seeing it through."
Her practicum is directing the Wayland theatre's final spring production, a tragicomedy by D.L. Coburn titled The Gin Game, the story of two elderly people in a nursing home, dealing with their life situation and finding companionship over a card game. The show plays April 21, 22 and 23 and is a dinner theatre production.
With the amount of work she knew it would take to see the play to the stage, Riley dropped several classes, keeping only two traditional lecture classes and the practicum. The reduced load, she said, meant she could rest more and save her energy for the remaining classes and evening rehearsals for the play, which began in March.
Riley said when her health took a downturn, she and theatre director Dr. Marti Runnels had several discussions about whether she'd be able to continue her duties. She said eventually she just committed to making it happen, for her and the rest of the Gin Game team.
Unlike other productions that don't culminate in graded work, The Gin Game is unique in that four students are using the play to fulfill practicum requirements. Billy Boone, a senior theatre major from Abilene, chose acting as his practicum route, and he plays the role of Weller Martin. Milea Simpson Huckeby, a senior from Wichita Falls, is acting as well, playing the role of Fonsia Dorsey. Artesia, N.M. native Jennifer Rutherford opted for set design as her specialty and has designed the set for the play.
The practicum experience
What that means in practical terms is that far more work has gone into this production than others. Practicums require students to not only learn scripts or direct fellow student actors, but they also require a good bit of research and paperwork outside of a normal show's workload.
"Ideally, it should be the work you always do on any show, but that normally doesn't happen because of time," Riley said. "I spent months researching the play and the playwright, the time period, the mood and the music I'd want for the show. I also had to do a journal, and we're doing a presentation afterward about our research."
Riley said she chose the play last summer and began researching it. After finding Boone and Huckeby in need of practicum projects as well, she invited the two to act in her production. Rutherford was added later after Riley said she'd seen her work in a scene design class they shared.
Riley, Boone and Huckeby said the ensemble experience has been enjoyable, but it's nothing new for the group to be together. Riley directed Huckeby and Boone in a short play titled "Words, Words, Words" during the fall production of Shorts, and Boone directed Huckeby and Riley in "Babel's in Arms." The trio has worked together on several Wayland plays during their tenure, including the fall's Approaching Zanzibar and last spring's Dancing at Lughnasa among others.
While Riley has been comfortable in all arenas of the stage, she finds directing a good fit, and thinks highly of her fellow actors.
"Billy and Milea have such a maturity in their acting, and there's no intimidation on either part," she said.
Looking back
A longtime lover of the theatre, Riley said she's long felt called to ministry and she and husband Shawn served as youth directors in Tulia for seven years. While hospitalized during her pregnancy, Riley had time to reevaluate her life and realized she wanted to combine her call with her two other loves.
"I have a heart for teenagers and for theatre, so I decided I'd pursue teaching," Riley said, noting she plans to follow her bachelor's degree with graduate work and eventually teach theatre on the college level. She plans to graduate next year.
Huckeby came to Wayland as a freshman in 2002, majoring in theatre early on. An active member of the theatre program in high school, she fell in love with acting as a junior and was cast her senior year in her first acting role. She visited Wayland and auditioned for Runnels, then came to study theatre at WBU. Her plans include teaching at the high school level, and she eventually also would like a master's degree in theatre.
During her time at Wayland, Huckeby has graced the WBU stage as many personas. Picking her favorite proved to be a difficult task.
"I really love them all, for different reasons. In The Dining Room, I got to play a lot of characters, and that was really fun. I also loved playing Maggie in Dancing at Lughnasa," Huckeby said. "It's a new experience every time for me; I put myself into each character and relate to them somehow."
Boone, who came to Wayland to study theatre after a lifetime of dramatic participation, was hard pressed to name his favorites after four years at Wayland as well.
"My four favorite shows were The Elephant Man, The Dining Room, Artificial Jungle and Dancing at Lughnasa," he said. "If I had to choose just one, though, it'd be Lughnasa. The show wasn't as good as some others we have done, but we just overcame so many obstacles to get that show up… I think we had three weeks total."
Boone said his favorite role was that of Chester Nurdiger in Artificial Jungle, a man he describes as "a lovable, nerdy guy." Though he doesn't share every trait with the character, Boone is a lovable member of the Wayland theatre troupe and said he'll miss his time at WBU.
"I've developed great relationships with people in the shows, the actors, the staff and the faculty," he said. "I've really grown to love all these people, and I'll miss them."
Boone said his favorite part of the practicum experience has been developing the Weller Martin character, a role for which he's borrowed from his grandfather. The role, he said, has stretched him in the areas of memorization – 50 percent of the lines are his – and in acting, as the elderly role represents new ground.
Though her experience behind the scenes is greater, Rutherford said she enjoys the acting side of theatre as well. Cast in last spring's Dancing at Lughnasa, she cherished the experience. But during a spring class in set design, she found her creative juices flowing.
"I'm a person who when I read something, I always envision a picture in my head," Rutherford said. "Set design gave me a chance to put what was in my head on paper and give my interpretation of the play."
Besides researching the piece heavily along with her fellow seniors, the challenge for Rutherford has been to work meetings and designing sessions into the schedules of four busy people while juggling school and work responsibilities. But the stress is nothing new to these theatre veterans, and they tend to shrug it off as part of the game.
"It's tough, but the show must go on, right?" Rutherford laughed.
Performance details
The Gin Game will be presented as a dinner theatre on April 21, 22 and 23. An Italian meal, catered by Johnny Carino's of Lubbock, will be served beginning at 7 p.m. on the stage of Harral Auditorium. The play will begin at 8 p.m. in Harral Studio Theatre across the hall at 8 p.m., with the house opening at 7:45.
The play was performed on Broadway by married actors Hume Cronyn and Jessica Tandy, and was revived as a TV movie by Dick Van Dyke and Mary Tyler Moore.
Tickets for the entire evening, including the meal, dessert and the show, are $20 and must be guaranteed by providing cash, checks or credit card information to the WBU theatre department with reservations.
Tickets for the show alone may be purchased for $8. Reservations are encouraged even for those not attending the dinner, as the single weekend run will fill up fast. For information or reservations, call the theatre box office at 291-1087.


text:
One of my greatest gardening pleasures is that of making a new plant, for free! Well I don't actually do the work the plant does, but knowing how to give the plant the optimum conditions for rooting is important for success! The plants I'm listing today for The Friday Fives are easy to propagate plants from cuttings. In case you don't know what a cutting is it's a piece of plant tissue that is removed in order to propagate another plant (Essentially a clone). Cuttings can be leaves but more often are sections of the stem. Not every plant propagates easy from cuttings, some are quite challenging, but you can be assured that the plants below are the proverbial "piece of cake!" Or perhaps I should say "Piece of plant"…
5 Easy To Propagate Plants from Cuttings
- Sedum!
Sedum is one of the easiest plants to propagate. This most likely comes from the fact that they are succulents and retain a large portion of water inside their leaves. This enables sedums to survive for longer periods of time without water from their roots which makes conditions good for rooting. Sedums will propagate from both the stems and the leaves. A stem cutting taken and placed in a moist medium works better than one just placed in water but that can work too. The neat thing about doing a cutting in water is you are able to watch the roots grow. The leaves, when removed from the plant with a bit of a heel, can be stuck in a rooting medium (i.e. sand, soilless potting mix, perlite etc.). Smaller leaves like those of 'Blue Spruce' can be stripped from the stem and pressed into a pot of soil.
- Coleus is another easy to root plant. Coleus works well in water too but you get higher quality roots when it is rooted in some sort of rooting medium. I use sand a lot since it is cheap but other mediums will work fine too. Take coleus stem cuttings of about 3-5 inches and they should root within a week.
Catmint! I love catmint. Not to be confused with catnip, although they are related and are both easy to propagate. A 3-4 inch stem cutting of catmint can be rooted in about 5 days but may take longer. It all depends on the growing conditions. Warmth can speed rooting which is why heat mats are frequently used to root cuttings.
- Red twig dogwood! That beautiful red stemmed, winter interest shrub needs cut back to replenish its bright red stems so why not use the cuttings to make more? For red twig dogwoods I will just stick a 6-8 inch hardwood stem cutting into a pot of soil. I keep it moist and in about 2 months it will begin growing roots. You can even bundle the stems together and heel them into the soil.
- Willows are just about the easiest plant to root! You can stick willows in the soil or in water and expect to get some nice rooting in about 2 weeks. I recently trimmed the green weeping willow in our back yard and put the trimmings in a vase of water. It's beginning to leaf out now inside the house and is beginning to show little tiny root nubs forming on the stems. I have some dappled willows I need to trim back as well that could potentially make quite a few more plants.
All of the plants listed in this Friday Fives post are very easy to root. In fact they are so easy to root that you don't need rooting hormone for anything on this list. Rooting hormone is useful for some plants to speed up the rooting process but will just be wasted on these 5 plants.
Have you tried propagating plants yet? Tell us about your best plant propagating experience!
|Previous Friday Fives


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Au revoir: Metro goes out in style
On Saturday, June 26, patrons arrived at Water Street eatery Metro, formerly Metropolitain, for the last night of what has been a historic restaurant run.
And while not every table was full, those on hand say the last supper, as it were, lived up to expectations.
"Everything was good there," says downtown jeweler Lee Maraccini, whose final dinner include an asparagus ravioli with rabbit ragout, roasted beet salad, and mushroom risotto.
The closing, which was reported last week in the Hook, he says, is "kind of sad, kind of like losing a friend."
A longtime friend.
Opened in 1991, in the Downtown Mall space that now houses Bizou, Metropolitain was an immediate– and lasting– success. In 1995, when owners Vincent Derquenne and Tim Burgess took their business a block south, well-heeled patrons pitter-pattered in their wake.
The sleek new space, designed by architect Jeff Bushman, featured the chic ambiance of an airport-runway-style entrance and an open-air kitchen that allowed diners to watch the celebrity chefs in action.
"The first Metropolitain was just so extremely well-designed," says Maraccini. "It was sort of over-the-top compared to what Charlottesville had had before."
Burgess says the changing economy following 9/11 proved difficult for restaurants. In an effort to stay afloat, he and Derquenne completely renovated the space and changed the menu– renaming the restaurant, simply, Metro.
"I liked the reinvention," says Maraccini, "because it was cozier. I liked that you could get a half-portion, and I liked the Mediterranean style."
Burgess says closing their flagship "hurts," but he and Derquenne will continue to have their hands full running their two other downtown restaurants, Bizou and Bang!
In the fickle world of restaurant popularity, they can perhaps take solace in warm regards.
"I think those guys did an awesome job in Charlottesville," says Maraccini, "to have it go as long as it did."
Al fresco next door
Metro's farewell is not the only excitement in the 200 block of Water street. Patrons of La Cucina have been wondering what's with the big backhoe and jackhammers pulverizing the cement entrance area in front of the Italian eatery that opened between Metro and Club 216 just a little over a year ago.
Following the old adage that to make an omelet you have to break some eggs, owners Ugo and Francesco "Frankie" Benincasa decided to take advantage of Frankie's wedding to Meredith Hays on June 19 (and week-long honeymoon in Mexico) to close the restaurant and get busy on a new entrance.
Designed by RBGC architects, the new patio enclosure will feature high brick walls, an inviting entrance canopy, and retractable glass windows/doors similar to those at Escafé, providing outdoor dining in summer and a light and open dining room when the weather turns cooler.
General contractor Tom Wilfong expected to be finished with the demolition shortly – and the Benincasas hoped the City would soon have an unsightly huge gas meter moved away from the front door. Plans are to have the new space in use by July 19 or so. (The restaurant has already reopened for business as usual.)
In addition to providing a much-sought-after outdoor dining space, the new enclosed patio will significantly increase the serving capacity of the restaurant, which they say has prospered despite its tiny dining room. And Gina Benincasa, Frankie's mom, says she looks forward to protecting Frankie's potted plants and flowers, often ravaged by vandals on weekend nights.
So by mid-July, fans of the Benincasas' authentic Italian specialties will have another reason to amble down Water street– an inviting new spot from which to sip some vino and watch the world go by.
La Cucina<BR>PHOTO BY JEN FARIELLO


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City of Keller, TXHome Menu
City Calendar
The City Calendar offers information on upcoming meetings, regular programs and special events organized by the City of Keller. To see additional events going on in Keller hosted by nonprofit and other community organizations, please visit the
For all ages.
- Date: 06/05/2019 10:30 AM - 11:00 AM
- Location: Keller Public Library
640 Johnson Road
Keller, Texas 76248
Listen to tales, sing, play, learn, and make a craft in this themed storytime for all ages.


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A "Brick Wall" of 15 years is long enough, and I felt it was time for me to try and knock it down. Why it is so difficult to solve? I am not just looking for a John Adams, I am looking for his town also, a town no longer in existence. Last year, I was able to get one generation back, and, thanks to my cousin, found the above John buried in Elba, Genesee Co., New York. Now, who were his parents?
From the beginning. all of four years ago, I discovered that my ancestor, John Adams married Hannah Smith in Wintonbury, Connecticut. How did I know? It was from a deposition in his Revolutionary War Pension & Bounty Land Application Files, Revolutionary War Pension Records. Series: M804 Roll: 12. File: W23415 (Waltham, MA, viewed Aug. 12, 2008), "He married August 15, 1790 in the Parish of Wintonbury, Windsor, Hartford County, Connecticut, Hannah Smith, who was born in January, 1771."
I had learned that even though Wintonbury wasn't on the map, Bloomfield, Connecticut was. Before I contact the historical society, I decided to take a ride to the town one quiet hot Sunday. That morning everything was closed, and I enjoyed the quiet and abundant parking spaces for my frequent stops for photo taking.
My ancestors were in this town during 1796. John Adams didn't move to Genesee Co., New York until 1812.
After seeing the parcel of land with the three buildings belonging to the Historical Society, we drove to the center of Bloomfield, since Wintonbury changed it's name to Bloomfield in 1835.
There was more to see, so on to the town green and then locate the Old Wintonbury Cemetery, which I felt would provide a wealth of information...I was ready to go cemetery hunting, locating all the Adams' and Smith's I could find.
Although I haven't solved my Brick Wall as to who John Adams' parents were, I am learning a lot about the town. These photos show you better than I could ever explain. In the next post, I'll list all the sources I've found online, what information I could use and what I plan on doing to continue my research.
The booklet, Images of America Bloomfield, by the Wintonbury Historical Society shows some images of the town and provides history.
Bloomfield Village Green.
Old Wintonbury Cemetery, below.My plans for tombstone searching fell apart once I saw the tall grass and the condition of the cemetery. And, with the high temperature and humidity, I didn't mind spending time there. Maybe another time.
What did it say?


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SmartTouch Interactive CEO Alan Daniel Featured Speaker at National Association of Home Builders International Builders Show
January 17, 2013
Interactive Real Estate Marketing Expert to Lead "50 Marketing Tactics in 90 Minutes"
Austin, TX – January 17, 2013 – SmartTouch® Interactive, an interactive real estate marketing agency, real estate marketing automation and CRM software development company, today announced that CEO and co-founder Alan Daniel is a featured speaker at this month's National Association of Home Builders International Builders Show in Las Vegas, NV.
Daniel will lead an educational session entitled "50 Marketing Tactics in 90 Minutes: Get the Latest Best Practices" Thursday morning, January 24th beginning at 8:30 a.m.
"In today's digital world, if you're not aggressively using technology to market yourself and make your sales process more efficient, you're not going to survive," said Alan Daniel, CEO and Co-Founder, SmartTouch Interactive. "It's that simple."
This high-energy 90-minute session will cover 50 best practices in online real estate marketing. Topics which will be explored include social media, Google, creating a more engaging website, effective email marketing, Search Engine Optimization and marketing automation tools.
"Homebuilders and their Marketing Executives who are looking for proven marketing ideas that they can implement immediately will get tremendous value from this session," Daniel says. "They'll get to hear from four real estate marketing experts who know how to use the latest online tools to make sales explode."
An accomplished entrepreneur and sales and marketing specialist, Alan Daniel has a proven track record of creating innovating marketing solutions for the real estate industry. He is co-founder and CEO of SmartTouch Interactive, one of the top lead generation and marketing services companies in North America. In his role, he oversees business development, strategic partnerships, investor relations and finance.
Prior to co-founding SmartTouch Interactive and the company's flagship product, SmartTouch® CRM, a lead management and email marketing CRM platform for real estate, he helped LandsofAmerica.com triple their business. Working with low-density developers, advertising agencies and rural realtors, Daniel drove lead generation using online advertising and search engine marketing tactics. He also developed interactive marketing solutions for high-end luxury condo developers in Chicago, including MetroSceneTV.com, a television program showcasing the city's hottest properties.
Other participants in the IBS session "50 Marketing Tactics in 90 Minutes" include Jennifer Hurst of the Ingenuity Group, Lianne McQuat of McQuat Partnership, and David Miles of Miles Strategic DNA.
About SmartTouch Interactive®
SmartTouch Interactive is an interactive marketing agency that provides proven lead generation programs and lead management system, SmartTouch® Platform. The SmartTouch team's expertise in lead generation and online marketing helps firms that require a multi-touch sales cycle create demand for products and services and grow their businesses with customized, interactive lead generation programs and lead cultivation. Backed by 30 years of experience developing lead generation programs for hundreds of clients, SmartTouch sets a new standard with lead generation programs and a single solution that integrates CRM, Marketing Automation, E-Mail Marketing and Inventory Management in one platform, SmartTouch. smarttouchinteractive.com


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Inside Higher Education reports that University of Iowa music professor Mark Weiger has killed himself one week after he was accused of sexual harassment in a lawsuit.
A former student and teaching assistant's lawsuit, filed in federal court against Weiger and the university, charged that he had a romantic relationship with another student, engaged in repeated classroom banter and touching of an inappropriate nature, and created a sexually hostile environment. According to the suit, the university conducted its own investigation of the situation last year, found Weiger had violated policies against sexual harassment, and then resolved the issue "informally." He was found in his car, dead from carbon monoxide poisoning, with the garage door at his home closed. Authorities said he left a note.
This was not the first suicide by a UI professor who had been accused of sexual harassment. "This past August UI professor Arthur H. Miller "was arrested on bribery charges and accused of telling female students that he would give them higher grades if they let him fondle their breasts. In one case, he is alleged to have grabbed and sucked on a student's breast and then sent her an e-mail telling her that she had earned an A+. He then shot himself in a local park".
Michael W. O'Hara, president of the Faculty Senate at Iowa and a professor of psychology, called the two deaths "a horrible coincidence." He added that "sometimes in the great big wide world, events converge that are totally coincidental yet you begin to wonder if there is a pattern, and my view is that this is like having our 500-year flood. It seems inexplicable but it happened."
When Miller was arrested in August the university announced that all faculty members would undergo sexual harassment training. Such appeared to be a rather draconian move by the university targeting all professors in the context of only one professor being involved in the Miller sexual harassment case.
What concerned and perplexed the dankprofessor occurred when the University of Iowa did not order mandatory suicide prevention training for all of the UI faculty after Miller's suicide. Now that another professor has committed suicide in the context of a sexual harassment charges, the University of Iowa administration remains silent as to the need of suicide prevention training for its faculty.
If the UI administration is truly concerned about the well being of its faculty and believes that sexual harassment training will diminish that problem for its faculty, I think it is fair to ask why the administration does not order suicide prevention training for its faculty which ideally would function to diminish a problem that is a much more lethal problem than sexual harassment
However the university did do something as a consequence of the Weiger suicide when "Sally Mason, president of the university, on Thursday issued a statement expressing condolences to Weiger's family and friends, and letting people know of the availability of counseling services. She also urged people "to refrain from speculation about this event, but to support all who need assistance."
But the dankprofessor must ask why would President Mason assume that faculty have the ability to determine which faculty are in need of assistance? Advocates of mandatory sexual harassment training argue that those trained become skilled in determining when sexual harassment has occurred or is likely to occur and therefore the trained are more likely to report to the appropriate campus authorities the existence of sexual harassers and potential sexual harassers.
Obviously, there is a double standard here, and it is the dankprofessor's opinion that the double standard is related to the fact that sexual harassment involves sex and and American universities are well known for being sexphobic and then, of course, there is the money issue. Faculty mandated sexual harassment training functions to diminish the probability of sexual harassment lawsuits being successfully promulgated against universities, at least such is the belief of many university administrators.
And, of course, such does not mean that sexual harassment training is effective in diminishing sexual harassment on campus. The dankprofessor believes that almost all faculty and university administrators know this. And almost all academics know this and go along with the myth that sexual harassment training functions to prevent or diminish sexual harassment on campus. And when a faculty member refuses to go along with this charade, and attempts to undermine the notion that sexual harassment training is effective, he or she is threatened with sanctions, as in the case of UCI professor Alexander McPherson.
Unfortunately, most universities have become money making playgrounds for those associated with the sexual harassment industry, including sexual harassment chasing lawyers.
For most universities in both good and bad economic times, universities are predominantly interested in saving money rather than in spending money to save faculty lives.
So the end result in most American universities is that faculty problems relating to matters such as suicide receive only incidental attention, e.g., condolences are sent to the family of the suicide victim. And as far as sexual harassment is concerned, the response of sexual harassment training is a money draining charade. The dankprofessor is suggesting that this is not simply his opinion, but is the opinion of 99.9% of those who are knowledgeable about said training. Such of course excludes those people and organizations that profit from the sexual harassment industry.
1 Comment »
I was accused of sexual harassment for defending my daughter being in the Vagina Monologs. Although harassment is a serious issue students can go overboard with their prudishness at times. In my case I suspect that a religious group & person who did not like me pushed the student to do this. The college never did investigate the false charge.
Comment by I. Moon | February 16, 2009 |
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| 13.4°C Dublin
Thousands of British soldiers were held in a camp to be secretly treated for venereal diseases which became widespread during the First World War.
The "bad boys' camp", near Swindon in Wiltshire, treated up to 1,100 military personnel at a time who were contained on a base surrounded by barbed-wire fences and forced to wear distinctive uniforms.
The story is told in a short documentary being broadcast this week as part of the BBC's World War One At Home series, looking at the impact of the conflict within the UK.
The village of Chiseldon was initially home to a training base for 8,000 soldiers called L Lines, but its hospital section - designed to take the pressure off local civilian hospitals in the Swindon area - eventually became adapted to specialise in treating sexually transmitted diseases.
Such illnesses were rife, sapping strength and undermining discipline, and by the time the war came to an end it there had been 417,000 hospital admissions for treatment.
Although the nature of the VD hospital section was initially kept secret - and cut off from the rest of the camp by a ditch on one side, a train line on the other as well as fencing - it leaked out to the local population who were warned to keep away.
Sheila Passmore from the Chiseldon Local History Group said: "Men had to wear hospital blues, blue uniforms to distinguish them and they weren't supposed to leave the confines of L Lines but they sometimes did sneak out and get into the village.
"That would cause consternation, because the children had been warned not to go near the men in the blue uniforms, they were bad boys. They never quite explained, except that they had this nasty illness."
Sometimes military police would be dispatched to bring back patients - who would be treated for around a month - if they sneaked out of the camp to head to the local village.
The BBC documentary is to be broadcast by BBC Wiltshire on Friday at 8.15am and there are further details of the hundreds of stories in the World War One At Home series at www.bbc.co.uk/ww1.
The camp has since been demolished and nothing remains at the location which is beside the A346.
PA Media


text: Real Estate Insurance Your nearest Aon Insurance brokers: No-one understands the risks of property management like Aon. With over 40 years of experience supporting Real Estate professionals, we're trusted by over 4000 Property Managers to meet the insurance needs of their clients. Applying is quick and easy. Select from the options below to start the application process.


text:
By Mark Lamport-Stokes
Jan 2 (Reuters) - Still feeling a little giddy after a barn-storming finish to his 2012 campaign, Ian Poulter is itching to plug the only hole in his otherwise glittering career resume by winning a major championship.
The fashion-conscious Englishman, widely regarded as one of the best putters in the game, has achieved virtually everything else in professional golf and says landing one of the four majors would fulfil a long cherished dream.
Poulter will launch his 2013 campaign this week at the PGA Tour's season-opening Hyundai Tournament of Champions in Hawaii and readily admits he has been unable to work out the final piece of the major puzzle.
"I don't know what it takes," the flamboyant Englishman told Reuters in a recent interview. "If it means taking off 20 weeks before playing in a major, then I would take 20 weeks off. If it means playing five in a row to win one, then I would do that.
"I've tried a lot of things but I just need to keep doing what I am doing, to be honest with you. I just need to keep working on the same things.
"You need to ride a bit of luck in these majors at certain times to be able to pick one up. No question, I'd really love to win one."
Poulter rebounded from a slow start to last season with a spectacular run of success and consistency that included three top-10 finishes in the majors and his second World Golf Championships (WGC) crown.
"It was an amazing back half of the season," said the 36-year-old, who sealed a two-shot victory in the elite HSBC-WGC Champions Tournament at Missions Hills in China in November.
"The first part of the year was very solid, then three top-10s in the majors ... I must be doing something right. And then I got to the Ryder Cup and backed that up with some great golf."
Late on the second day of the Ryder Cup at Medinah Country Club, Poulter provided the spark which inspired Europe's astonishing, come-from-behind victory over the United States.
The matchplay specialist finished with five consecutive birdies to earn one of two valuable points in the fourballs, giving his team a slim hope of retaining the trophy as they headed into Sunday's concluding 12 singles trailing 10-6.
"I still get goosebumps just talking about it," Poulter said of his scintillating display in the fourballs. "How it happened I just don't know. It all happened in slow motion.
"It was amazing to see the atmosphere change in the team room that night," he recalled. "The spirit, it just changed. Guys were pumped up ... we just felt there was that little glimmer of hope."
Poulter was one of eight European players who won that Sunday and ended the week at Medinah with a perfect 4-0-0 record as his team stunningly triumphed by 14-1/2 points to 13-1/2.
"That Ryder Cup far surpasses anything I've ever felt before on a golf course," said the 12-times European Tour winner.
Four months later, Poulter is ready to launch his 2013 PGA Tour season on the Hawaiian island of Maui in an elite, winners-only field of 30 at the Hyundai Tournament of Champions.
Asked to outline his goals for this year, he replied: "I've got lots of goals ... keep working on the same things to improve and to get better and hopefully pick up some titles along with that first major." (Editing by Peter Rutherford)


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Entertainment is hitting the snooze alarm for the first full week of 2013. No big new movies to note, and no notable DVD releases. Here are our top three TV picks for the week.
MONDAY: 'The Staircase: Last Chance'
"The Staircase" is a 2004 television nonfiction miniseries that just may be one of the best ever made. It follows the case of North Carolina author Michael Peterson, who was convicted of the murder of his second wife Kathleen, who was found bloodied at the bottom of the staircase in their Durham mansion. The trial, the revelations about Peterson's pursuit of gay military men for sex, the family background about his two adopted daughters whose mother was also found dead at the bottom of a staircase, the possibility that an owl was the real murderer -- it's all fascinating, and you wouldn't believe it if it was fiction. Now Peterson has been released from prison pending a new trial, and the original filmmaker has added two new episodes to the series. (Jan. 7, 10 p.m., Sundance Channel.)
TUESDAY: 'Africa'
The giraffe fight from Discovery Channel's new "Africa" documentary went viral recently, and it's easy to see why. Two majestic giraffes in Namibia repeatedly violently slam each other with practically the only weapon they have, their enormous and slender necks. It's just one moment from the new series, which took four years to make, and which comes from the makers of similar series "Life," which was widely critically acclaimed. In addition to the giraffe fight, the series looks at other bizarre and beautiful animal behaviors, including lizards who dare to eat flies directly off the backs of sleeping lions. You'll never see these scenes at your local zoo. (Jan. 8, 10 p.m., Discovery Channel.)
SUNDAY: 'Girls'
The "Girls" are back. Lena Dunham's Emmy Award-winning HBO show is returning this week for a second season. Not everyone took to the show, which features Dunham and cast playing a group of quirky twentysomethings trying to make it in New York, but those who loved it really loved its humor and sometimes shockingly weird plots, which return in the season-two trailer (taking a bath with a friend? that yellow mesh shirt?). Allison Williams, Jemima Kirke, Zosia Mamet and Adam Driver all return. (Jan. 13, 9 p.m., HBO.)
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And if you haven't visited Hank's website yet, check out her fun "scoop" captured on video below:
June 22, 2013 by ruoccop
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Next Discussion : "The Wrong Girl" by Hank Phillippi Ryan!!Murder Among Friends celebrates the month of love and friendship with a special call-in by one of our favorite authors, Hank Phillippi Ryan. Hank will be joining us to discuss the 2nd Jane Ryland mystery, The Wrong Girl.
At our group's Planning Meeting for the 2014 books, we decided that we wanted to follow Hank's latest series - just as we did with Bryan Gruley's Starvation Lake trilogy - so we can better appreciate the development of the character over time and in different situations.
As Hank tells it, this time out, Jane is confronted with the question: does a respected adoption agency have a frightening secret?
Tipped off by a determined ex-colleague on a desperate quest to find her birth mother, Boston newspaper reporter Jane Ryland begins to suspect that the agency is engaging in the ultimate betrayal—reuniting birth parents with the wrong children.
For detective Jake Brogan and his partner, a young woman's brutal murder seems a sadly predictable case of domestic violence, one that results in two toddlers being shuttled into the foster care system. Then Jake finds an empty cradle at the murder scene. Where is the baby who should have been sleeping there?
It's a trail of twists and turns that takes them deep into the heart of a foster care system in crisis and threatens to blow the lid off an adoption agency scandal. With a killer at large and an infant missing, time is running out...
Please join us on Thursday, February 20th at 7: 00 p.m. in Meeting Rm. B to pick up our trail on Jane Ryland (first seen in The Other Woman) - & Hank! We'll start discussing the book at 7:00 and at 7:30 p.m. it will be our great pleasure to welcome Hank herself, who is calling in to the discussion.
Click on the graphic above to go to our catalog and reserve a copy of the book!
MAF 2014 Discussion Books Bookmark: Jan. – Aug.
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Summary of Preparing for Disruption
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How ready is your business to deal with an online attack? The answer might largely depend on the country in which your company is located. Not all nations are equally set to handle this sort of threat, and some are better prepared for a digital future than others. The Economist Intelligence Unit delves into the various aspects of planning for this challenge and ranks countries on each measure. getAbstract recommends this illuminating analysis to executives and policy experts who could use a frame of reference for how their own countries are shaping up in the digital age.
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The goal of war is simple: to win. But searching for a way to win has kept many a general pacing and nail-biting at night. Winning requires an advantage in attacking cities or wiping out troops; defending cities or preserving troops; finding targets or learning the enemy's plans; or moving over air, land or sea. Since humanity has decided not to settle scores through arm wrestling matches, winning has required technology.
With the help of two military historians, Dr. Alex Roland from Duke University and Dr. Wayne Lee from University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, we compiled a list of 10 technologies that changed war and the course of history.
Our list will take you chronologically through four millennia, covering some weapons so powerful that they brought down empires, as well as some so terrible that no one wants to use them. So, history buffs, can you guess what made the list?
We'll start with the weapon Egyptian pharaohs prized so much that they clad it in gold.
The Chariot
Before the advent of the chariot, men fought wars on foot. Soldiers packed into block formation and fought each other with stabbing and slashing weapons. Think of the chariot as an ancient tank. It revolutionized war by becoming the first moving vehicle on the battlefield.
The first chariots, appearing around 3000 B.C. in Mesopotamia, were dreadfully slow and so heavy that only oxen could pull them [source: Cotterell]. Being impractical for battle, kings rode the solid wooden carts to the battlefield, then got out and fought.
But around 1800 B.C., chariots changed, shedding weight and adding spoked wheels [source: Cotterell]. The best of these were so light that a charioteer, or driver, could lift it over his head. An archer and driver rode together on the back of the chariot, which was drawn by horses. The chariot became a fast war machine.
These advanced chariots meant trouble for foot soldiers. Charioteers blazed past infantries, riddling soldiers with arrows or running right over them.
"Chariots were the superweapons of their age," says military historian Dr. Alex Roland. "They trumped everything else and became the decider of warfare." Chariots spread from West Asia and Egypt to India, China and Europe. States that had the money built thousands of chariots, which dominated warfare in the Middle East between 1800 and 1200 B.C. [source: Roland].
Not only did chariots change the military game, they became a game for the Greeks and the Romans, and of course, Ben Hur.
What military technology did the Chinese use as a slightly toxic remedy for ringworm? Find out next.
Gunpowder exploded into history around 800 A.D. The Chinese accidentally invented it while trying to mix immortality elixirs. Over 400 years, the Chinese made early versions of every gunpowder weapon to exist, including bombs, guns and a type of cannon called "the flying-cloud thunderclap eruptor" [source: Ponting]. The Chinese government tried to keep gunpowder a secret, but it leaked to groups that attacked China and eventually the knowledge traveled across trade routes.
Once prevalent, gunpowder allowed civilized peoples in Europe and Asia to dominate over barbarians. It also ended the longest empire in history. Thanks to its capital city of Constantinople, the Byzantine empire was unstoppable. Constantinople's three layers of walls made it the most fortified city in history. No siege equipment in the world -- no ladders or battering rams -- could break in. But the Ottoman Turks, led by Mehmed II, wheeled 26-foot (8-meter) cannons to the walls, and using gunpowder, shot massive balls that demolished them. With that, the Byzantine empire and medieval warfare ended, since no castle or lance-bearing knight could withstand the force of gunpowder weapons.
In essence, armies acquired gunpowder before they acquired good aim. See what we mean next.
Rifled Gun Barrels
You may know the saying, "Don't shoot until you see the whites of their eyes." Soldiers during the American Revolutionary War certainly knew what it meant. Guns of the time had smooth barrels, which sent bullets flying in all directions. You couldn't hit the enemy unless you were close. Back then, soldiers stood almost face to face and shot each other.
But rifled guns, used widely starting in the 1800s, had grooved barrels. These guns spun the bullets, so that they traveled straight for hundreds of yards, vastly improving long-range accuracy [source: Boot]. Standing up during combat became very dangerous. For example, during the Battle of Gettysburg in the American Civil War, Confederate Maj. Gen. George Pickett followed orders to march his soldiers upright across an open field. As soon as Pickett's soldiers were in range, Union soldiers popped up from behind a wall and picked them off from a distance. During World War I, the nightmare worsened as machine guns mowed down soldiers advancing between trenches [source: Roland]. Soldiers eventually learned to hug the ground.
Rifled barrels changed naval warfare, too. Ship guns now had such range and accuracy that ships could fire at each other without seeing one another.
Those little grooves "expanded the size and the lethality of the battlefield," says historian Roland.
Internal Combustion Engine
Since it's hard to imagine how this ubiquitous, behind-the-scenes technology made a difference, imagine war without it. On land, we would have no tanks or supply trucks. In the air, we would have no airplanes, ballistic missiles, jets or helicopters. At sea, we would have no submarines. All of these vehicles require the power generated from burning fuel.
The internal combustion engine altered the speed and range of war, starting in World War I and continuing today. During World War I, machine gunners on the front lines had to wait for horse-drawn wagons to bring their ammunition from railheads, until supply trucks made the link [source: van Creveld] . In World War II, the Germans famously drove tanks up to 60 miles (97 kilometers) a day to gain territory from the edge of Poland to Moscow in six months [source: van Creveld]. One of the first ballistic missiles, the German V-2, sped up war even more since it could destroy a target 200 miles (322 kilometers) away in five minutes [source: Parson].
Without the internal combustion engine, steam engines could still power war. But these engines are only efficient enough to move ships or locomotives. War tactics would be stuck in the late 1800s if we still relied on steam.
In fact, the ubiquitous internal combustion engine powers our next technology.
Airplanes brought war into the skies.
Italy was the first to use airplanes for military purposes. While fighting Turkey for control of ibya in 1911, Italians sent airplanes to find, photograph and bomb Turkish targets [source: Kinney]. By World War I, Germany, Austria, Hungary, France and Britain had air forces hundreds of planes strong. First, countries just sent planes to spy on their enemies. Next they launched fighter planes to shoot down the spy planes. Finally, bomber planes were used to hit cities and troops.
Airplanes changed war by offering an alternative to land or sea invasion, so that fewer soldiers would occupy the battlefield and be at risk. But airplanes also endangered civilians, says historian Roland.
During World War II, both the military convenience and danger of air attacks became clear. To force Japan to surrender while avoiding a land invasion, the United States struck the main island by air. The first bombs hit industrial targets and did little damage. The United States then firebombed Tokyo, killing 80,000 residents and leaving 1 million homeless [source: Britannica]. Airplanes then dropped atomic bombs that killed more than 100,000 civilians and injured many thousands more.
"The early theorists of airpower thought that if civilian populations were subjected to bombing attacks, they would sue for peace. It turns out that didn't happen. The result is that airpower spread warfare to the civilian population without being decisive. It's not a happy story," says Roland.
Our next technology carries messages, not bombs, through the air.
Don't get us wrong. Before radio, commanders could control big armies. They used runners, riders, flags and even pigeons to communicate, but just ask Napoleon how hard it was. In the battle of Jena against Prussia, he tried to manage more than 100,000 soldiers -- about the limit in his time -- and he forgot about some troops [source: Britannica].
"As armies grew larger, the need for communication to maneuver them in the field became more important," says Roland. "Radio meant that a commander could be in instant contact with all of his subcommanders and organizations."
Navies used wireless telegraphs, the first military radios, during World War I [source: Britannica]. These machines beamed messages from land stations to sea, without the need for wire, but enemies readily intercepted the messages and cracked the codes.
By World War II, short-wave radios in airplanes, tanks, and ships helped these forces communicate over some 150 miles (241 kilometers). [source: Roland]. The Germans used the communications link with great success in their "blitzkrieg" technique. In this technique, tanks and airplanes performed a battlefield ballet; as airplanes provided cover, tanks broke through enemy lines. To coordinate the movement, pilots and soldiers talked by radio. Using blitzkrieg, the Germans blazed through the Netherlands, Belgium and much of France in 10 days [source: Parker].
For more on waging war with waves sent across the sky, read about our next technology.
Microwave Radar
Radar changed both offense and defense in war. It was the first automated way to see the enemy, but also to be seen. As late as World War I, watching for the enemy meant stationing a man in the field with field glasses and telling him to phone the commander when he saw a plane. Forget that on a cloudy day.
In 1935, a scientific paper explained radar, a method for spotting the enemy by bouncing radio waves or microwaves off solid objects. By 1939, Britain had built the first radar system. It planted 350-foot (107-meter) radar towers around the island to watch the skies [source: Boot]. During the Battle of Britain in 1940, the towers saved Britain. As German planes swooped in to bomb the island, the towers relayed warnings to the British air command, which speedily sent planes to shoot down the attackers.
Radar also changed war at sea. During World War II, German submarines torpedoed British and American ships as they crossed the Atlantic. But airplanes, once outfitted with microwave radar, trumped the subs. The Allies sent airplanes to detect the subs when they surfaced and drop underwater bombs.
Because radar enhanced commanders' ability to see, everyone had to work harder to stay out of sight. The British began shooting metal strips, called chaff, out of its planes to obscure radar's view [source: Boot].
Neither radar nor anything else packs the wallop of our next military technology.
Nuclear Weapons
For centuries, military theorists talked about finding a weapon so horrible, no one would use it. "Most weapons people thought would be in that category just made war more horrible," says historian Roland. "Nuclear weapons are the first that everybody agrees we can't use."
Nuclear weapons were used on people just twice. In 1945, the United States dropped two atomic bombs on Japan at the end of World War II. The "Little Boy" bomb carried fissionable uranium, and the reaction of just a fraction of it sent a shock wave, fireball and radiation across Hiroshima, killing 90,000 people. The "Fat Man" bomb carried fissionable plutonium, and its explosion immediately killed 35,000 people in Nagasaki.
Even as world powers built stockpiles of nuclear weapons and executed numerous tests, knowledge of the devastation in Japan has deterred their use.
"We haven't had any great power war since 1945, and it's because of nuclear weapons," says Roland. "They have made for a much more peaceful world."
Peaceful, of course, is a relative term. Numerous wars have torn apart countries since 1945, but none so far on the scale of either of the first two world wars.
If you prefer eavesdropping to bomb-dropping, read on.
Spy Satellites
What should a nation do when its adversary has a nuclear weapon pointed its way? Spy, of course.
During the Cold War, the Soviet Union and United States found themselves in exactly this situation. Both sides had nuclear missiles able to reach and flatten any city across the world in half an hour. Both sides also had sent nuclear missiles on submarines.
The United States began the Discoverer spy satellite program to watch how fast the Soviet Union was making missiles and where they were being sent. Discoverer 4, the first U.S. camera-carrying satellite, launched in 1959 but didn't reach orbit, but Discoverer 14 went up in 1960 and returned photos [sources: NASA: Discover 4, NASA: Discoverer 14].
In all, the "very suspicious" United States used satellites to track Soviet missile preparations and make sure the Soviets weren't going to invade Europe, says Roland. The Soviet Union also had satellites trained on the United States.
"Reconnaissance satellites allowed both sides to look at the strategic assets of the other side and convince themselves that a sneak attack wasn't being prepared," says Roland. "These satellites gave everyone confidence that they knew what the enemy was doing. That kept tensions to a minimum. The satellites may well have prevented World War III."
Modern spy satellites can do more than take photos. They can collect telephone, radio and Internet signals, adding to the ways commanders can guess about what's happening on the ground [source: Britannica]. For more military uses of satellites, continue to our final game-changing military technology.
Global Positioning System
GPS turned the world into a giant, instantly accessible map.
The U.S. Department of Defense built the U.S. version of GPS, Navstar GPS, between 1989 and 1994 [source: Britannica]. It launched 24 main satellites that constantly emit radio waves. Anyone with a receiver that can pick up a few satellites' waves can triangulate his or her position.
GPS became an excellent tool for navigation. A soldier with a receiver could now navigate in the pitch dark or in any foreign place without a map.
The navigation tool also proved helpful for planning strikes. If a soldier who is carrying a GPS receiver meets enemy troops, he or she can record the enemy's position -- down to the longitude, latitude and altitude. By sending those GPS coordinates to fellow soldiers, the individual can alert the commander, the attack plane and 500 other soldiers as to the enemy's location. Being able to immediately blow the enemy's cover changed war.
The Gulf War illustrated the change, says Roland. "Americans feared the Iraqis would have an advantage because they'd be fighting in the desert in their own country. But it turns out the Americans had the advantage because they had GPS receivers. They could navigate at night and in dust storms. They always knew exactly where they were and where the Iraqis were."
GPS has also made air strikes more accurate. Satellites are used to map the targets and guide the bombs and missiles. These strikes minimize collateral damage and civilian casualties. As time goes on, we are discovering more applications and depending more on GPS.
Ultimately, though, the outcome of war depends on more than just advanced technology, but it certainly doesn't hurt your chances on the battlefield.
That ends our tour of military technologies that changed the game, for better or worse.
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- BBC. "The Chariot - the First War Machine." Nov. 16, 2004. (11/27/2008). http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/making_history/makhist10_prog5c.shtml
- Boot, Max. "War Made New: Technology, Warfare, and the Course of History, 1500 to Today." Gotham Books. 2006.
- Cotterell, Arthur. "Chariot: from Chariot to Tank, the Astounding Rise and Fall of the World's First War Machine." The Overlook Press. 2004.
- Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Tactics." Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. 2008. (11/27/2008) http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/580081/tactics
- Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Military Communication." Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. 2008. (11/27/2008) http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/382324/military-communication
- Encyclopaedia Britannia. "Space Exploration." Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. 2008. (11/27/2008) http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/557348/space-exploration
- Encyclopaedia Britannia. "GPS." Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. 2008. (11/27/2008) http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/235395/GPS
- Encyclopaedia Britannica. "World War II." Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. 2008. (11/27/2008) http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/648813/World-War-II
- Kinney, Jeremy. "Airplanes: the Life History of a Technology." Greenwood Press. 2006.
- Lee, Wayne. Personal communication. 11/19/2008
- NASA. "Discoverer 4." August 2008. (11/27/2008) http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=DISC4
- NASA. "Discoverer 14." August 2008. (11/27/2008) http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1960-010A
- Parker, Geoffrey. "The Cambridge History of Warfare." Cambridge University Press. 2005.
- Parson, Nels A. "Missiles and the Revolution in Warfare." Harvard University Press. 1962.
- Ponting, Clive. "Gunpowder." London: Chatto & Windus. 2005.
- Roland, Alex. Personal communication. 11/18/2008.
- Roland, Alex. Personal interview. 11/21/2008.
- Van Creveld, Martin. "Technology and War: from 2000 B.C. to the Present." Free Press. 1989.


text:
Views Within Views
Unlike the static scene in
SpaceView where I used a nib file, I decided that the view displaying the spaceship should be generated by code. The reason is that it is a dynamic object, moving about in response to data from the physics engine. The view's image would also change in appearance, depending on whether the spaceship engine was firing. I created a simple view,
ShipView, to manage the rocket's appearance (Listing Three). Two images, rocket_firing,png and rocket.png, would show the ship with its engine either firing or not. The method
upDateShip changes the view's appearance by loading one or the other of these images. Besides drawing itself,
ShipView doesn't do anything else:
SpaceViewController is responsible for rotating the
ShipView, and plotting its position. Once these updates are done,
SpaceViewController directs
ShipView to redraw itself, so that appears in the new position, orientation, and with the proper image.
Listing Three
#import "ShipView.h" @implementation ShipView @synthesize shipImage; @synthesize shipThrustingImage; @synthesize shipNotThrustingImage; - (id)init { // Retrieve the images for the view and determine the size of one shipNotThrustingImage = [UIImage imageNamed:@"rocket.png"]; shipThrustingImage = [UIImage imageNamed:@"rocket_firing.png"]; CGRect shipFrame = CGRectMake(0, 0, shipNotThrustingImage.size.width, shipNotThrustingImage.size.height); // Set self's frame to encompass the image if (self = [self initWithFrame:shipFrame]) { self.opaque = NO; shipImage = shipNotThrustingImage; } return self; } - (id)initWithFrame:(CGRect)frame { if (self = [super initWithFrame:frame]) { // Initialization code } return self; } - (void)upDateShip:(int)imageSelection { if (imageSelection == kNoThrust) { shipImage = shipNotThrustingImage; } if (imageSelection == kThrust) { shipImage = shipThrustingImage; } } - (void)drawRect:(CGRect)rect { // Drawing code [shipImage drawAtPoint:(CGPointMake(0.0, 0.0))]; } - (void)dealloc { [shipImage release]; [shipThrustingImage release]; [shipNotThrustingImage release]; [super dealloc]; } @end
Creating the virtual control pad was a bit tougher. One of the best features about the iPhone is that its touch screen allows you to design the UI to suit the needs of your app. One of the worst features of the iPhone is that you have to design the UI. You don't want come up with an unwieldy interface that could frustrate a user.
However, the first order of business was to figure out to respond to the touch events received by the control pad's view. The intuitive interface could come later. Although the control pad's position was fixed, I designed the
ControlPadView class, like
ShipView's, to be generated programmatically. This allowed its appearance to change in response to a touch, and to potentially support a user's preference to change its position.
ControlPadView's code was much simpler than
ShipView's, as it only had to load one image. For a control pad image, I started with three buttons: a left one to turn the ship starboard, one in the middle to fire the rocket, and the third to command a turn to port.
A view responds only to touch events that fall within its frame, and these events correspond to several types of messages. There's
touchesBegan, which is sent when you place your finger on the screen, and
touchesEnded, which is sent when you lift your finger from it. A
touchesMoved message is sent when the iPhone OS detects finger motion across the screen. If you touch the screen and release it quickly, the iPhone OS interprets the two closely spaced events as a tap and advances a counter. This counter can be read to determine how many times the screen was tapped.
With this set of events, I could implement the control pad and other actions, as in Listing Four. For a
touchesBegan event, I first determined if it was on the
ControlPadView or a view with an information button. If the touch occurred in
ControlPadView, I next obtained the touch's coordinates within the view to determine what button had been touched. I had designed the buttons to fill the entire view vertically, so all the code had to do was compare the horizontal displacement with specific constants to determine which button was "pushed". For the two steering buttons, a
shipTurning variable is set to signal a turn and its direction. A touch on the thrust button sets a variable named thrust. When ShipView redraws itself, it would display the image of the ship firing its engine. A touch on the information button loads the help view. This code is not shown here, but is available online.
Listing Four
- (void)touchesBegan:(NSSet *)touches withEvent:(UIEvent *)event { UITouch *touch = [touches anyObject]; if ([touch view] == controlPad) { location = [touch locationInView:controlPad]; int disp; disp = location.x; if (disp <= kPortPad) { shipTurning = kPortTurn; } else if (disp > kPortPad && disp <= kFireEnginePad) { thrust = kThrust; } else if (disp >= kStarboardPad) { shipTurning = kStarBoardTurn; } controlPad.alpha = 0.75; return; } if ([touch tapCount] == 2) { [self doReset]; return; } } - (void)touchesEnded:(NSSet *)touches withEvent:(UIEvent *)event { thrust = kNoThrust; shipTurning = 0.0; [shipView upDateShip:kNoThrust]; controlPad.alpha = 0.5; infoIcon.alpha = 0.5; }
To provide visual feedback when the control pad was touched, I cranked up
ControlPadView's alpha channel property up so that the buttons would be less translucent and appear to light up. Finally, just in case things went horribly wrong with the program, I had
touchesBegan watch the tap counter for two taps anywhere on the screen, which would reset the physics engine and the app's operating mode.
When the user lifts their figure, the
touchesEnded method cleans up by clearing the
shipTurning and thrust variables, and having
ShipView update its image. I also reset the alpha property of the
ControlPadView back its default value, which made the buttons partially translucent again. The ability to manipulate the properties of views, particularly their alpha channel and visibility, allows you to craft a slick interface with little effort and code.
Now it was time to put things together. The
UIApplicationDelegate loads, and it in turn loads the main window nib and
SpaceViewController in turn loads
SpaceView 's nib and receives a message,
viewDidLoad. This message signals
SpaceViewController that
SpaceView loaded without trouble. I used the
viewDidLoad method to add the views of the spaceship, the control pad, and info button into
SpaceView. The order in which the views are drawn is important, because you can layer views over one another. By drawing the ship first, it would be under the control pad and info button, but this wasn't a problem because their alpha property made them translucent. The
UIView class also provides methods for changing the order of views on-the-fly if your design requires it. The last thing
viewDidLoad does is make an instance of
NSTimer. It implements a periodic timer that calls the game loop method every 0.075 seconds.


text:
Website Detail Page
written by Christoph Schiller
Available Languages: English, Spanish, French
This is a freely downloadable physics textbook exploring mechanics, thermodynamics, electromagnetism, special and general relativity, quantum theory, and modern unification attempts. The central theme is the importance of motion and the understanding of motion in both modern and classical physics. Throughout the text, the author tries to spark interest and challenge the reader through diversions into applications and modern research questions. Although conceptual and non-mathematical, the text uses some of the most modern research questions as examples. The three main sections of the book cover classical physics, quantum physics, and unification theories and spacetime.
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Schiller, C. (2006, December 5). Motion Mountain - The Free Physics Textbook. Retrieved July 6, 2020, from http://www.motionmountain.net/
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