text:
Author: Virarajendra
Copyright - Virarajendra (to be published very soon in Book Format)
The Medieval Chola Empire and it's relations with Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, Thailand & Cambodia - Part 3
Under Construction
Airlangga becomes the overlord of entire Java Island
During the first expedition of Rajendra Chola - 1 in A.D.1025 Java didnot draw the attention and interest of the aggresive Cholas. Airlangga since then gradually conquered all other kingdoms in the east, central and west Java and celebrated his victory in the year A.D.1037 on the Karththikai Natchaththiram day as the great emperor of the island Java seated in his jewelled throne and rejoicing his great achievement.
The reference to same in this inscription is as follows:
"......matinggal tanaya dara tkaring rajadrabya rajawahana prakara, rika hlema nya irikang Saka kala 959 (959 + 78 = A.D.1038) repmanusup haji ri kapang mwang balanira samasih ri sira, kawnangta sira ri sarasarata wanipa pangan ha s panaka ta pa kan kanda sira de de Sri Maharaja apalinggih moloda ri singhasana sampan sangksipta ikang pralaya ri Yawadwipa....."
Inscription of Airlangga from Pukangan Hyang in East- Java (Reading version - 2)
Oud-Javaansche Ookonden - Nagelaten Transscripties, van wijlen Dr. J.L,Brandes, Uitgegeven door Dr. N.J.Krom - page 1393.
".......in the year 959 (959 + 78 = A.D.1038) the lord of the Sakas on the new moon day of Kartika on Thursday the noble and illustrious king of the island of Java set himself on his jewelled throne with his feet placed on the heads of his enemies and is now rejoicing in his victory. And now the Royal fortune unable to fing anybody else, pressing with her fair armies deeply embraces Airlanggadeva who has conquered all the directions, east and others who has destroyed all his enemies, and who has now become the paramount ruler of the whole earth......"
Inscription of Airlangga from Pucangan, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia. (Reading version - 1)
India & Java - Part 2 (Texts of) Inscriptions, page 72, verse 15 & 16
Airlangga constructs an hermitage in East Java
To comemorate this event in accordance with his vow that he would build a hermitage should he be able to vanquish all his enemies, Airlangga built a hermitage in the year A.D. 1037 named as "Sri Vijayasrama" (Sri Vijaya + Asrama) indicating his connection to the royal family of the Sri Vijaya empire of Sumatra, by he marrying the Sri Vijaya Princess Sri Sangiramawijaya Dharmaprasadottungadevi.
The reference to same in this inscription is as follows:
''.......Naksatra Aswadewata tiyoga wawakarana bayabyamanda ka diwacanyyajna Sri Mawangsa Airlanggananta Wikkramotungadeva tinadah de raryan mahamantri i hino Sri Sangiramawijaya Dharmaprasotungadevi.......singhassana hadha karananyan sinaksat krtakenira prayojananira ginawayira patapan inaranan "Sri Vijaya Asrama" in sira ri samarakaryya kunang lwirnikkanang lmah i Turan Hyang cinusu paduka Sri Maharaja mangalor pangidulniya dpa 118 hinganya lori nya ki....."
Inscription of Airlangga from Turan Hyang in East- Java
Oud-Javaansche Ookonden - Nagelaten Transscripties, van wijlen Dr. J.L,Brandes, Uitgegeven door Dr. N.J.Krom - page 143.
Here we note Airlangga has named the Ashrama he built as 'Sri Vijaya Ashrama" possibly in honour and memory of the great empire of Sumatra namely the Sri Vijaya. Here it is very clear he had some connection with the Sri Vijayan empire long before he became the emperor of whole of Java in A.D.1037. Hence this goes further to prove that the Sangiraama Vijaya Dharmaprasadotunggadevi was "undoubtedly" the daughter of the emperor Sangirama Vijayotungavarman of Sri Vijaya was married to Airlangga in A.D.1021, in which year she was given the title and power as his "Mahamantiri (chief minister) Hino" as she was his Queen in East-Java, long before Rajendra Chola's forces captured Sri Vijaya.
Rajendra Chola's forces invaded Sri Vijaya in the year A.D.1025. Hence it is very clear that Airlangga was only 25 years of age (A.D1025 - A.D.1000), and could not have been in a position at that time to assist his father-in-law at Sri Vijaya when the emperor Sangirama Vijayotungavarman was defeated and captured by the Cholas.
The Chola trade with Java
However there had been good relations between Java and Chola empire during the of Airlanga. Tamil traders flocked to the Javan ports which were located in the vicinity of the present Surabaya and Tuban in Java, and they were from the Chola country, Pandiya country and the Dravida which was the Thondai mandalam all being Tamil districts forming parts of the Chola empire.
The above are confirmed by the following References:
(4) The period of Rajathiraja Chola - 1 (A.D.1018-1054)
Emperor Rajendra Chola - 1 demised in th year A.D.1044 and his son Emperor Rajathiraja Chola - 1 (A.D.1018 -1054) ascended the throne of the Chola empire.
At the time Rajathiraja Chola - 1 inherited the Chola Empire from his father the Rajendra Chola - 1 in the year A.D.1044, and the extent of the Chola Empire virtually remained same for 19 - years from the time of Rajendra Chola - 1 who formed this empire in the year A.D.1025 with Mahothai (present Kodungallur of Kerala) in the west, Ilangai (the present Sri Lanka) in the south, Gangai in the north and the Kadaarem (the present Kedah & Perak regions of peninsular Malaysia) in the east.
The above are confirmed by the following References:
"......Svasti Sri Thingaler peravalar angkathir kadavul tholkulam vilangath thontri malkiya vada thisai Gangaiyum then thisai Ilangaiyum, kuda thisai Makothayum kuna thisai Kadaaramum thandinil konda thaathai than mandalam venkudai nilalena than kudai nilattri thisai thorum sengol otchchi.......Kovirasakesaripanmaraana udaiyar Sri Rajathirasthevarkku aandu......"
South Indian Inscription - Vol 5, page 252, Ins no: 633
The Malay off-springs of the grandson of Rajendra Chola - 1 who invaded Kadarem
The grandson of Rajendra Chola - 1 (named Raja Shulan in Malay Chronicles) who married 'Putri Gangga' the daughter of the king of Kadaaram the Lingi Johan (also known as Ganggi Juana) had three sons Bichitram, Palidutani and Nilumanam. Around A.D.1050 Rajendra Chola - 1's grandson appointed his own son Palidutani as viceroy king at Sri Vijaya, the son Nilumanam to the country Chandukani (also known as Chandragiri a region in Andhra pradesh)
The grandson of Rajendra Chola -1 who married 'Onang Kiu' daughter of the king Chulin, had a daughter by her named 'Putiri Chendani Wasis'. She was given in marriage to king Suran and had three sons by him. Around this same period around A.D.1050 the eldest being Jiran was given the region Chandragiri Nagara (Thiruppathi region - former Thondai Mandalam of medieval period Tamil Nadu) of north Chola country to rule as a viceroy. His second son king Chulan was adopted by the grandfather on his mother's side. The third son king Pandayan was given the Nagapattinam region to be ruled as a viceroy.
The above are confirmed by the following References:
Airlangga divides his kingdom among his two sons
With Airlangga becoming the king of the entire island of Java, Sri Samarawijaya Dharmasuparnnawahana Tguh Uttungadeva(A.D.1042-1068) the son of Airlangga by his first queen - the princess from Sri Vijaya, was made the next 'mahamantri' of the Javan kingdom. However there had been some dissention over same with his second (step) son Sri Maharaja Mapanji Garasakan - son of Airlangga by his second queen - the princess from Bali island.
This lead king Airlangga to divide his Javan kingdom into two in the year A.D.1042 with the western half being the kingdom of Panjalu (subsequently known as the kingdom of Kediri) given to his elder son Samarawijaya Tguh Uttungadeva and the eastern half being Janggala to his younger son Garasakan, and chose to abidicate his throne in preference to a hermit life. He after seven years of his life as a hermit died in the year A.D.1049
Chola trade with Java
However there had been good relations between Java and Chola empire during the rule of Airlanga. Tamil traders flocked to the Javan ports which were located in the vicinity of the present Surabaya and Tuban, and they were rom the Chola country, Paandiya country and the Dravida which was the Thondai mandalam, all being regions of Tamil districts under Chola empire.
The above are confirmed by the following References:
(5) The period of Rajendra Chola - 2 (A.D.1051-1063)
In the year A.D.1051 Rajadhiraja Chola - 1 died in a battle field in the Indian mainland while on war with westen Chalukiyas in the Indian mainland, where his younger brother Rajendra Chola - 2 (A.D.1051-1063) immediately proclaimed himself as the successor to the Chola throne ans lead the war to a victory.
Honorary appointment for Chola Prince who captured Kadaarem
During his rule he appointed his son who conquered Kadarem earlier and was given the title as Kadaremkonda Cholan during the rule of his father the Rajendra Chola - 1, as the viceroy of Mithilanagar a part of present Bihar in North India with the title Chola Janakarajan.
During this same period Rajendra Chola - 2 appointed his grandson Palidutani son named Demang Lebar Dawn (earlier known as.....) the next successor to the throne at Sri Vijaya under Chola suzerainty.
Airlanga's son plans to capture the lost territories of Sri Vijaya
Airlanga with his final nine years of his lifetime spent as hermit demised in A.D.1048. After his death his ambitious eldest son Samarawijaya Tguh Uttungadeva who ruled West Java from Panjulu alias Daha (the present Kediri) planned to conquer the former territories of the Sri Vijaya empire. He had a legitimate claim over Sri Vijaya through his maternal grandfather Sangirama Vijayotungavarman who was the previous king of the empire
His strategy of capturing the lost territories of the former Sri Vijaya went on unhampered, as during this period Rajendra Chola - 2 diverted most of their attention on internal wars in the Indian mainland and in Sri Lanka to prevent the Chola empire from disintegrating
(6) The period of Virarajendra Chola (A.D.1063-1070)
In the year A.D.1063 emperor Rajendra Chola - 2 demised, and his younger brother Virarajendra Chola (A.D.1063-1070) ascended the throne as the next successor to the Chola empire.
Ambitious expedition of the son of Airlangga
Taking the death of emperor Rajendra Chola - 2 in Chola country, the king of Kediri kingdom in Java the Samarawijaya Tguh Uttungadeva sent an expedition A.D.1064 to Sri Vijaya which was captured, and the other Sumatran kingdoms too submitted to the new Javan conquerer. He further penetrated into peninsular Malaysia where some kingdoms fell and Kadaram too was captured and it's king escaped to Chola country.
Chinese recognise Cholas as vassels of Sri Vijaya
The successful expedition of the Airlanga's son and his claim to the Sri Vijaya throne could have possibly made him to declare himself as the emperor of Sri Vijaya, but with his seat of reign still at Panjalu (Kediri) in Java. This probably made the Chinese to recognise the Cholas as vassels of the Sri Vijaya thereafter.
King of Kadarem seeks military aid from the Chola country
With the capture of the kingdom of Kadarem by the son of Airlanga of Java, it's king a Chola viceroy escaped to Chola country and requested the emperor Virarajendra to provide military assistance in his efforts to regain his kingdom.
Prince Rajendra (alias Kulothunga) leads the second naval expedition to South-East Asia
Emperor Virarajendra Chola also known as Buwanaasirayan (Buwanawati) after bringing the homefront in the Indian mainland under complete control, with a view of re-stablishing the lost Chola authority over Sri Vijaya empire and also assisting the king of Kadaarem to gain back his throne, sent a naval expedition in the year A.D.1067 to South-East Asia under the command of his nephew prince Rajendra (alias Kulothunga) of the Vengi kingdom (encompassed between the Godavari and Krishna rivers - in the present Orrisa state).
Prince Rajendra who also bore the title "Jeyadhara" was the son of Virarajendra Chola's sister Ammangai (married to Rajaraja Narendra the ruling king of the Vengi country alias Manchapattinam the present Masulipattinam of Andhra pradesh in the Indian mainland. He was accompanied by the princes and viceroys ruling Nagapattinam, Thanjavur, Thondaimandalam the present Golkonda, Vangaladesam the present Bengal and Kutcharem the present Gujerat.
The above are confirmed by the following References:
".......In Keling (India) dwelt a mighty prince Anyakra Buanawati (Buwanasiraya i.e. Virarajendra) decendent of Pandu (should be Chola)......A great Keling fleet under Jayalengkara (Jeyadhara i.e. Kulotunga Chola - 1) prince of Manchapadnam (Masulipattinam region of Vengi capital), sets out and calls at Paula Percha (another name for Sumatra) where the princes of Acheh (Ilamuridesam), Deli, Batu Bara, Rokan, Siak, Bengkulu, Indragiri, Jambi (Malaiyur) and Palembang (Sri Vijaya) submit and surrender princesses. Pajajaran submits, The rulers of Keling with the rulers of Golkonda, Nagapadanam, Thanjaur, Gujerat and Bengal all came flying through the air, the Tamil ruler and his family in a hill like golden palace (maaligai panchapura). The adipathi of Banyu Mas informs Kuripan that the Tamil king has reached. Pajajaran (in Java) and his golden palace has become a town Martapura complete with moats and castles. After an exchange of envoys and letters the war starts. Inu sends Prabu Mataram and Adipathi Kumaittir to Jagaraga......."
Hikayat Chekel-Waneng-Pati - Raffles MS 23, Library of the Royal Asiatic Library, London. (A Malay Historical Chronicle of the (Hindu) period of 12th century A.D)
A History of Classical Malay Literature - Sir Richard Winstedt (see Appendix).
This reference was first mentioned by Sir Richard Winstedt in his book titled "A History of Classical Malay Literature". I co-related this information with Kulotunga Chola - 1's war expedition to Kadarem and Sri Vijaya on behalf of Emperor Virarajendra, and 'highlighted same for the first time to all History Scholars' present at the Session presided by Dr Noburu Karashima at the 6th International Tamil Conference/Seminar held in Malaysia in the year 1987.
There is a further reference in the Tamil Historical chronicle the "Kulothungan Pillaith Thamil" of this period, confirming Prince Rajendra's war expedition to Kadarem as follows.
"......Madimaiyaal varithu iraathu, Angam, vangam, Kalingham, Kuligham Thirikaththam,Maaluvam, Sonakam, Pappalam, Koppalam Magadham, endru evaiyum maravam kadiyum monangalaam arasu ver ara erinthu, Arumanam, Saavakam, Vangaalam, Elam, Kadaarem, Thava Cheenam entru "yaavaiyum kaipaduththi, kudimai aal Arasare aahavittu", avar sikara makudakodikalil vaikkum kodikale vada thisai Gangaiyai then thisai kondu ela pandu kondu angu adimai aalum piran mahan mahan........".
Kulothunga Cholan Pillai Thamil - by Ottakkooththar, verse 77
The Tamil poetic work "Kulothunga Cholan Pillai Thamil" of the 12th century by Poet Ottakkooththar is a praise poem on Kulothunga Chola - 2. The above reference in same on the war achievements of "a Chola king" is mentioned in detail, and at the end it specifically states that Kulothunga Chola - 2 was the grandson of 'this great Chola king' on whom they have been attributed. But we are well aware from all epigraphical and historical sources on the chronology of the later Chola kings that this great king was no other than Kulothunga Chola - 1 whose grandson was the Kulothunga Chola - 2.
Hence it is very clear that it was Kulothunga Chola - 1 who captured the South-East Asian countries namely Arumanam (Miyanmar), Saavakam (the island Java), Kadaarem the Kedah of Malaysia), Thavaa Cheenam (Taoist China the present Kouang Chow of southernmost region of mainland China), which according to the same reference "were handed back to the respective rulers', undoubtedly on their acceptance of Chola suzerainty and agreeing to pay tributes.
The above evidence too was for the first time highlighted by me to the Chola Historical community at this same Tamil Conference/Seminar held in the year 1987.
All kingdoms in Sumatra subdue to the Cholas
The Chola forces first landed in the island of Sumatra. The kings and viceroys of Ilamuridesam, Pannai, Sri Vijaya and other small kingdoms centering around the river Siak, Rokan, and Indragiri in central Sumatra and Benkulu in the south submitted themselves preventing war and accepted the Chola suzerainty in preferance to the Javan supremacy.
However the king of Malaiyur in Sumatra refused to accept the Chola supremacy initially and was defeated and his kingdom captured, but was handed back to him on his recognition of the Chola overlordship over Malaiyur.
The above are confirmed by the following References:
"......Arukkan uthayaththu thaasaiyil irrukkum kamalam anaiya nilamakal thanai munneer kuliththa annaal, Thirumaal aathik kelal aaki eduththanna yaathum saliyaa vakai inithu eduththa than kudai nilat keel inpura iruththi thikiriyum puliyum thisai thorum nadaaththi(ya) Ko Rajakesari vanmaraana Udaiyaar Sri Rajendra Cholathevarkku aandu 2 aavathu......"
Inscription of Rajendra Chola (Kulothunga Chola - 1)
South Indian Inscriptions - Vol
Chola forces captures West Java
The Chola forces now crossed seas and proceeded to the island Java for the first time. An initial attempt for peaceful negotiations by the prince Rajendra with Airlanga's son to regain Kadarem failed. This caused the forces to move towards Pajajaran the capital of the Hindu - Sunda kingdom in West Java having the Pamali river (present Brebas river) as it's eastern border and now under the suzerainty of Javan empire. This kingdom submitted to the Chola forces. The (Sena-)athipathi named Banyu Mas informed the king at Kuripan
Chola forces under prince Rajendra brought this kingdom under Chola rule.
However subsequently these territories were handed back to him on his acceptance of the Chola authority over West Java.
Chola forces re-captures Kadarem
Prince Rajendra now proceeded with his forces to Kadaarem in the peninsular Malaysia defeated the ruling viceroy of Airlanga's son and took control of the kingdom of Kadaarem, and assumed the title "Kulothunga Chola Kidaaratharaiyan (Kadaaratharaiyan). He subsequently gave the reign of Kadarem to king Suran the earlier ruler of Kadarem who seeked the assistance of the Chola king Virarajendra.
Suran was married to Chendaniwasi (Chedani Wasis) the daughter of the Chola prince who lead the first Kadarem expedition and the princess Onangki (Onang Kiu) - the daughter of Chulin the earlier king of Kadaarem defeated by this Chola prince.
The above are confirmed by the following References:
"......(Kulothunga Cholan) parakkum oathak Kadaaram aliththa naal paayintha sempunal aadiyum neenthiyum......"
Kalingaththupparani - by Jeyamkondaar, chapter six titled 'Peikalai paadiyathu'
Prince Rajendra Chola visits the Cambodia king Harshavarman - 3 (A.D.1066-1080)
The good relations the Cholas had with kings of Cambodia from the time of Rajendra Chola - 1 (A.D.1012-1044) continued, and with the presence of Prince Rajendra Chola - 1 in South-East Asia on his second Chola war expedition in A.D.1067 and after his re-capture of Kadarem, possibly induced him to visit the court of the Khamer Empire of Cambodia (present Kampuchea) just across the seas from Kadarem around to further strengthen the Chola-Khamer relationship under the Khamer Emperor Harshavarman - 3 (A.D.1066-1080).
It was during this visit as a mark in memory of the meeting of the Cambodian king Harshavarman - 3 with Prince Rajendra Chola in person, the former gifted a stone (possibly carved and ornamented) to Prince Rajendra Chola to be taken to Chola country. On his return this stone was placed as exhibition monument on the front Mandapam wall in front of the Sanctum Sanctorium of the Chithamparam Nadarajar Temple in the Chola country in Tamil Nadu on the instructions of Prince Rajendra Chola - 1 (later Kulothunga Chola - 1).
The above are confirmed by the following References:
"......Sri Rajendra Chola thevarkku Kamboja Rajan kaatchiyaaka kaatina kallu. Ithu Udaiyar Rajendra Chla thevar thiruvaai molintharula Udaiyar Thiruchittrambala Udayar Koyilil mun vaiththathu. Intha kallu Thiruethirambalaththu Thirukkalcharaththil thirumun paththikku melai paththiyile vaiththathu....."
Epigraphia Indica - Vol 5, inscription No 13 C
Prince Rajendra (alias Kulothunga) rules from Sri Vijaya
After the South-East Asian expedition prince Rajendra (alias Kulothunga) returned to Sri Vijaya and procliamed himself as the Ruler of Sri Vijaya with his new royal title Kulothunga Chola Thevar falling in line with the royal titles of the previous Emperors of Sri Vijaya namely Mara Vijayothunga, Sangirama Vijayothunga etc and became the emperor of Sri Vijaya from A.D.1068. This made the Chinese of this period refer to Kulothunga as one ruling both the Chola empire and Sri Vijaya empire. During this period he established more control over territories of Chola interest and regulated their trade in this region.
Kulothunga Chola Thevar after his proclamation as the Ruler of Sri Vijaya, with his victory over Kadaarem (the Kedah region) of present Malaysia and it's re-annexation to the great Chola empire assumed himself also as "Kulothunga Chola Kidaaratharaiyan" meaning the 'Kulothunga Chola the king of Kidaarem' (Kadaarem).
The above are confirmed by the following References:
The fifth Chola trade delegation to China from Sri Vijaya
He remained at Sri Vijaya for some time until condiions at Sri Vijaya settled. It was during this period Kulothunga Deva (Ti Hua Ka Lo) in the year A.D.1067 paid a visit to the Chinese court with tributes and he was given the title by the Chinese Emperor Ying Sung as "Great General who supports Obedience and cherishes Renovation".
The Emperor provided with an imperal edict which read as follows: "Our reputation and Our teachings overshadow all countries whether far or near and if their people are only loyal and dutiful, we always give them Chinese titles favouring them with fine names in order to distinguish their countries. You have gladly obeyed our high influence and come across the sea to bring valuable articles as tribute. We praise you for this and have raised your rank in order to give an encouragement to loyalty and dutifulness"
Kulothunga Chola Deva reconstructs Tao temple in China
On his return through the Kwang Chou port (Canton) he heard of a great Tao temple which was destroyed and burnt in A.D.1052 by a Chinese Bandit chief named Lang of Kwang Yuen and it remained in ruins with no one to reinstate. The Sri Vijaya king Kulothunga Deva on his return from the Chinese court to Sri Vijaya sent his envoy named Chih Lo Lo to escort his ships to the seaport city Kwang Chou to investigate in to the position of this temple. He saw this Tao temple ruins and returned back and reported to king Kulothunga Deva.
In the same year A.D.1067 (in the fourth reign year 'chih ping' o Emperor Ying Sung) prince Rajendra Chola sent Chola Sha-Wen to Kwang Chou port to meet the Prefectural Authority of Kwang Chou seaport city and begin the construction of the main Gate of the temple. In the year A.D.1068 (first reign year 'nsi ning' of Emperor Shen Sung)
He probably with a view of further strengthening the already existing good trade and diplomatic relations ordered the reconstruction of the main gate, hall, and an auditorium to house the imperial edicts made to this temple.
Kulothunga Chola Deva after a brief period of rule at Sri Vijaya as its overlord returned to the Chola country, after appointing a viceroy to rule this kingdom namely Debar Lemang Duan having the Chola royal blood, cGreat grand son of Rajendra Chola - 2's son.
The above are confirmed by the following References:
"........In the 4th year of Hung Yiu (A.D.1052) the bandit Lang of Kwang Yuen sailed down the river unexpectedly and came stealthily to the border of the central wall of Fan Yu city. Calamity befell the temple and it was reduced to ashes. Who could be the one to reinstate the ruins that lay before one's eyes. Had one not been a man of wealth, a devotee of Tao and a sincere seeker of happiness would one ever be willing to pay attention to this ? The city of Five Goats (Canton) is situated near the great sea. It connects with various foreign lands. It is a rendezvous ehere the flying merchantmen meet.
During the reign of Chih Ping (A.D.1064-1067), the lord of the land San-fo-Tsi the paramount chief Ti-Hua-Ka-Lo (Deva-Kulo = Kulothunga [Chola] Deva) ordered one of his clansmen Chih Lo Lo to escort his ships to this city. Chih lo Lo saw the temple in ruins its foundation being buried in wilderness. He then returned home and reported the matter to the Lord. Since then Ti-Hua-Ka-Lo (Deva-Kulo = Kulothunga [Chola] Deva) began to have an inclination for Tac. In the 4th year (of Chih Ping 1067) he despatched Si Li Sha Wen to Canton to call at the prefectural authority, and began to undertake the construction of the Main Gate (of the temple).
in the 1st year of Nsi Ning (A.D.1068) Sha Wen went home before the construction of the Hall was completed. He came back in the 2nd year to complete his work. He also built the Auditorium of the Imperial Edict to the west of the Prefecture (Canton).
Sha Wen again left for his home land, and in the 3rd year (A.D.1070) the Lord of the Land (of San-fo-tsi = Sri Vijaya)) again sent his clansman, who brought various articles with him to solicit Lo Yin Chih a priest from Lu San to be the Residential Administrator of the temple and Ho Teck Sun the Supervisor. In the same year he asked for permission to purchase a rice-field at 100,000 gold cash, the proceeds of which were to cover the expenses of the temple
.......Splendid honours showered upon those concerned. The title of Great General Who Supports Obedience and Cherishes Renovation was given to the Lord of the Land (of San Fo Tsi = Sri Vijaya)......
The ships of the Lord of the Land (of San-fo-Tsi = Sri Vijaya) ever since the constrction of the temple sailed to their destination witout the fear of danger which they suffered in previous days. This was enough to prove the blessings of the Real Supernatural Powers a reward from the Supreme Purity.
Being an eye-witness of this miracle I bowed to the request of the Great Master Tsong Tao to record this in the 2nd year of Yuan Fong (A.D.1079) on the day of double-nine
The Meritorious Donor : Ti-Hua-Ka-Lo (Deva-Kulo = Kulothunga [Chola] Deva) the Great General Who Supports Obedience and Cherishes Renovation. This stone was erected by the Chief Priest Ho Tek Sun the Great Master......."
Sri Vijaya Inscription in a ruined Taoist Monastery (at Kuang Cho North Road) in Canton - by Tan Yeok Seong,
Journal of the South-East Asian History (Singapore) September - 1964
"In the reign of Chih Ping, Ti-Hua-Ka-Lo (Deva-Kulo = Kulothunga [Chola] Deva) sent an envoy Chih Lo Lo by name to pay tribute to the Court. The ship was caught in a storm and almost capsized. Chih Lo lo prayed to Heaven (for mercy). Thereupon an old man appeared in the cloud and the storm was subdued. At that time the city of Canton was destroyed by lang the bandit. The portrait of Lao Chun was laid in the dust. Chih Lo Lo came across it and found that it was the picture of the old man whom he saw previously.
When he returned home he reported the matter to Ti-Hua-Ka-Lo (Deva-Kulo = Kulothunga [Chola] Deva) who at once sent Si li Sha Wen to go to Canton to buy building materials and to recruit workers to reconstruct (the temple). When it was completed Lo Yin Chih a Taoist priest was asked to be the Resident Administrator and Ho Tek Sun the Supervisor. An endowment fund fund of 100,000 cash was donated to purchase a piece of farmland located at Min Tang in the district of Fan Yu. The next year Ti-Hua-Ka-Lo (Deva-Kulo = Kulothunga [Chola] Deva) died. His nail and hair were scissored and sent to the priest who buried them at Min Tang. Sacrifice is offered even even today"
Found in the Chinese Chronicle titled "Older History of Kuang Chou"
Re-quoted in :Tien Hsia Chun Kuo Li Pin Shu - by Ku Yen Wu
Sri Vijaya Inscription in a ruined Taoist Monastery (at Kuang Cho North Road) in Canton - by Tan Yeok Seong,
Journal of the South-East Asian History (Singapore) September - 1964
(7) The period of Kulothunga Chola - 1 (A.D.1070-1120)
In the year A.D.1070 with the death of Virarajendra a rebellion sparked off in the Chola country in which his son Athirajendra Chola the next legitimate successor to the Chola throne was assasinated and a state of anarchy prevailed in the kingdom.
His untimely death with no heir apparent to succeed paved way for Kulothunga as the next successor to the throne in A.D.1070 with the royal title 'Kulothunga Chola - 1' (A.D.1070-1120).
Kulothunga Chola - 1 receives tributes from Malaysia and Indonesia
During the early part of his rule West Java, Sumatra and Malaysian territories including Kadarem which subdued and accepted the Chola sovereignty during the period of Virarajendra continued to send tributes to Chola country.
The above are confirmed by the following References:
".......vaar kadat thivaanthara poopaalar thirai vidu kalam sori kaliru murai nitpa ......ko vi Rajakesarivanmaraana Thiripuvana chakravarthikal Sri Kulothunga Cholathevarkku aandu naatpaththainthaavathu......."
Inscription of Kulothunga Chola - 1
South Indian Inscriptions - Vol
Kulothunga Chola -1 confirms grants to Buddhist Temples in Tamil Nadu
The good relations between the Chola country and Kadarem were again normalised during the rule of Kulothunga Chola - 1. The king of Kadarem through his envoys Rajavidyadara Sri Samandan and Abimanetunga Sri Samandan requested him to reconfirm on copper plates the earlier grants made to the Buddhists temples Rajendra Chola perumpalli and Rajaraja perumpalli (alias Sailendra Chulamanipanma vihare), built by his predecessors at Nagapattinam in Shythiriya Sihamani valanaadu in the Chola country.
This request was granted by Kulothunga Chola - 1 in the year A.D.1090 and the officers Rajavallaba Santhuvikrikan Pallavaraiyar and Rajendrasingha Muventhavelaan arranged confirmation of same on copper plates.
Towards this period the seaport city of Nagapattinam was renamed as Cholakulavalli pattinam after one of Kulothunga's consorts and Shythiriya Sihamani valanadu as Keyamaanikka valanadu.
Kulothunga Chola - 1 declares Nagapattinam a Duty Free Port
The trading activities of the Chola country with South-East Asia and China increased immensely, which made the emperor Kulothunga Chola - 1 to remove 'custom duties' imposed on goods of trade and make Nagapattinam a free port. This gave rise to his new title as "Sungam Thavirththa Cholan" meaning the 'Chola who waived the custom duties'.
The above are confirmed by the following References:
"......Sri Kulothunga Chola Thevar who abolished the custom duties and removed the darkness and ruled the world....'
Inscription No 408, Annual Report on Epigraphy - year 1912
(8) The period of Vikkrama Chola (A.D.1070-1120)
(9) The period of Kulothunga Chola - 2 (A.D.1070-1120)
Tributes from Kadarem and Taoist China continue to come to Chola Country
During the period Kulothunga Chola - 2 too tributes continued to comeforth from the kingdoms the Kadarem of Malaysia and Taoist China.
The above are confirmed by the following References:
".....nirai porul selvamodu avani vaal......Kadaarer.....Cheenar entru arai kalal Ventharum pal aanai soola muramaiyil urintha thirai konarnthu irainjavum.....Veera simaashanaththu Bhuvanamuluthudaiyaalodum veertiruntharuliya Kovi Rasakesaripanmaraana Thiribhuvanach chakkravarthikal Sri Kulothungathevarkku aandu...."
The Meikeethi - 1 of Kulothunga Chola - 2
"....oru kudai nilavum porupadai thikiri veyilinum karungkali irulinai thurappa needu pal uuli earl kadal puraththilum kodaa senth thani kolinil thulaava....."
The Meikeethi - 2 of Kulothunga Chola - 2
(10) The period of Rajaraja Chola - 2 (A.D.1070-1120)


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(Phoenix, Ariz. – February 14, 2005) Attorney General Terry Goddard today announced a multi-count civil action against land developer George H. Johnson and several of his companies. The lawsuit stems from Johnson's attempt in 2003 to construct a large residential community in southern Pinal County and his work on the banks of the Little Colorado River in Apache County.
"The wanton destruction of Arizona's heritage resources by George Johnson is unprecedented," Goddard said. "This action represents the coordinated efforts of five state agencies."
The lawsuit charges the defendants with numerous violations of state law and destruction of the State's natural and archeological resources, including:
- Illegally bulldozing and clearing approximately 270 acres of State Trust Lands located in and near the Ironwood Forest National Monument and the Los Robles Archeological District.
- Bulldozing and clearing an estimated 2,000 acres of private lands in the Santa Cruz River valley without obtaining permits required by State law.
- Destroying portions of seven major Hohokam archeological sites, circa A.D. 750-1250.
- Destroying over 40,000 protected native plants on State Trust Lands, including Saguaro, Ironwood, Mesquite, Palo Verde, and numerous other protected species.
- Failing to comply with statutory requirements relating to destruction of protected native plants on private lands.
- Violating the State's clean water laws by failing to secure required permits and discharging pollutants into the Little Colorado River, and the South Fork of the Little Colorado River, and tributaries to the Santa Cruz River.
- Negligently causing a disease epidemic that resulted in the death of at least 21 rare Arizona desert bighorn sheep and serious injury to numerous others.
"The State Trust Lands bulldozed by Mr. Johnson were among the most diverse and pristine in Arizona," Goddard said. "This area was selected by the President of the United States to bepart of the Ironwood Forest National Monument, and now they are lost. It is tragic that Arizona residents have lost rich archeological sites that had been included within the Los Robles Archeological District in the National Register of Historic Places."
The lawsuit was filed on behalf of the Arizona Department of Environmental Quality, the Arizona State Land Department, the Department of Agriculture, the Arizona State Museum, and the Arizona Game and Fish Commission.
"Arizona's water resources must be protected and anyone who violates our state's water quality protection laws will be held accountable," said Arizona Department of Environmental Quality Director Steve Owens. "Nobody is above the law."
The State's lawsuit alleges that in early 2003, business entities controlled by Johnson acquired two large ranches in Pinal County located along the Santa Cruz River in an area designated by the County as "development sensitive" and "rural." In the months that followed, Johnson asked the Pinal County Planning and Zoning Commission to approve a detailed development plan that would have included over 67,000 homes, a resort, and multiple golf courses and businesses.
The lawsuit alleges that at the same time his development requests were being considered, Johnson moved bulldozers and other equipment into the area and began to clear an estimated 2,000 acres included in "Neighborhood I" of the proposed development. At no point did defendants obtain the required permits under the State's clean water regulations or provide notice under other applicable laws, such as State native plant laws.
"To make matters worse, Mr. Johnson's bulldozers drove right by his own survey markers and bladed and cleared State Trust Lands," Goddard said. "We are not talking about a few feet here and there, we are talking about moonscaping 270 acres over a period of many weeks, knocking down Saguaros, filling in creeks and washes used by wildlife, and destroying priceless archeological sites."
The lawsuit also alleges that while the bulldozing was in progress, Johnson also brought in 4,000 to 5,000 domestic goats, which are known carriers of disease that may be communicated to Desert Bighorn Sheep. Many of the goats escaped and found their way into the Silver Bell Mountains and the surrounding area, communicating infectious keratoconjunctivitis and contagious ecthyma to Silver Bell bighorns, leaving them blind and vulnerable to falling from steep terrain, predators and malnutrition. The Game and Fish Commission intervened swiftly to provide medical care, using helicopters to send in veterinarians and wildlife specialists, and numerous volunteers assisted in removing the goats. In spite of the efforts, at least 21 of the bighorns died as a result of the epidemic.
The suit seeks penalties under the Native Plants Act for destruction of the protected plants on State Lands and failure to notify the State of pending instruction of protected plants on private lands; damages for the intentional trespasses on State Trust Lands, including damage to plants, archeological sites, and washes; penalties for numerous violations of clean water statutes and regulations; and damages for loss of 21 desert bighorn sheep.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
'This relatively small phone is sleek with a bold design and flashy illuminating colors that cannot go unnoticed. '
'very fashionable phone'
'them the best mobile gaming experience'
' A new flip phone has now been released by Nokia, the new Nokia 7020 is from the manufacturers Fold series and is one of their sleekest designs to date, joining the recently launched Nokia 3710 and 2720 Fold phone this new addition is an affordable fashion phone that features the new 'tap control' alongside an accelerometer to control some of the phones functions. '
'good phone'
'Working with the phone and menus is very easy, the order is intuitive and logically connected and will hardly be difficult for you.'
'most striking phones'
'a powerful phone with a broad range of features.'
'the unique keypad wasn't terribly user-friendly'
'the 6170 is a pretty typical clamshell camera phone'
'Nokia 6170 is unfortunately short of radio and is not compatible with MP3 format.'
'Bluetooth is unfortunately not available.'
'Nokia's stainless-steel-clad clam-shell looks austere and efficient, with a strange sort of retro-futurist cool.'
'sound quality was acceptable, with a lot of treble and some volume fluctuations; reception was only so-so.'
'the sound quality is poor for a unit which emphasises its multimedia features.'
'For music, the Nokia N90's RealPlayer media player can handle both MP3 and iPod-compatible AAC files ripped from CDs but unfortunately not protected AAC tracks bought from iTunes.'
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text:
Lasagna al FornoRecipe courtesy Tyler Florence
- 1 pound dried lasagna noodles
- Olive oil
- 1 onion, chopped
- 2 cloves garlic, sliced
- 2 tablespoons fresh basil, chopped
- 2 tablespoons fresh oregano, chopped
- 3 bay leaves
- 1 1/2 pounds ground beef
- 1 pound ground Italian sausage
- 6 ounces tomato paste, (1 can)
- 30 ounces ricotta cheese, (2 containers)
- 1/4 cup Italian flat-leaf parsley, finely chopped
- 2 tablespoons fresh oregano, chopped
- Salt and black pepper, to taste
- 2 eggs, lightly beaten
- 1/2 cup grated Parmesan cheese
- 4 cups tomato sauce, prepared
- 1 pound mozzarella cheese, shredded
- Grated Parmesan and mozzarella, for topping
Cook the lasagna noodles in plenty of boiling salted water until pliable and barely tender, about 10 minutes. Stir with a wooden spoon to prevent sticking. Drain the noodles thoroughly, coat with olive oil keep them moist and easy to work with.
In a mixing bowl, combine ricotta, parsley and oregano. Stir in beaten eggs. Add Parmesan, season with salt and pepper.
To assemble the lasagna: Coat the bottom of a 13 by 9-inch pan with a ladle full of tomato sauce. Arrange 4 noodles lengthwise in a slightly overlapping layer on the sauce. Then, line each end of the pan with a lasagna noodle. This forms a collar that holds in the corners. Spread 1/2 of the meat mixture over the pasta. Dollop 1/2 of the ricotta mixture over the meat, spread to the edges with a spatula. Sprinkle 1/2 of the mozzarella on top of the ricotta. Top with a ladle full of tomato sauce, spread evenly. Repeat with the next layer of noodles, meat, cheeses and sauce. Top last layer with noodles, sauce and shredded mozzarella and Parmesan.
Tap the pan to force out air bubbles. Bake in a preheated 350 degree oven for 1 hour. Remove from oven. Let lasagna rest for 30 minutes so the noodles will settle and cut easily. Cut into 2-inch squares and serve.


text:
In decades past, when companies wanted to test-market a product meant to enhance health and well-being, they often tried it first in California where people were reputed to be the most health-conscious in the country. But now companies might be wise to consider field-testing their wares in New York City.
If he can take credit for nothing else, the city's mayor, Michael R. Bloomberg, can rightfully claim to have launched a national effort to help people live more healthfully. He began with a prominent campaign to curtail smoking, the single leading killer of Americans, by banning it in restaurants and bars, and followed that with a campaign to get heart-damaging trans fats out of packaged and restaurant foods.
Next Mr. Bloomberg attacked rampant obesity (though New York, being a walking city, is leaner than most other metropolitan areas) by promoting a requirement that chain restaurants prominently display the calorie content of all their offerings.
And at his urging, the city health department is seeking to curtail consumption of sugary soft drinks, with subway advertisements that ask riders, "Are you pouring on the pounds?"
Now Mr. Bloomberg has called on restaurant chains and food producers to lower the amount of salt in their products by 25 percent over the next five years. The goal is to reduce the incidence of high blood pressure, a major contributor to heart attacks, strokes and kidney disease.
If the mayor has his way, this could well be the year when salt, once a form of legal tender, is finally devalued as a prized condiment in the American diet. As happened with trans fats and calorie listings, other cities and states may follow New York's example, if for no other reason than to control rapidly rising public health costs.
Saving Money and Lives
In a scientific analysis published last week in The New England Journal of Medicine, researchers at the University of California, San Francisco; Stanford University; and Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons calculated that if Americans reduced their salt intake by half a teaspoon a day, or three grams (the equivalent of 1,200 milligrams of sodium, the health culprit in salt), the nation would save up to $24 billion a year in health care costs.
The research team, led by Dr. Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo, an epidemiologist and biostatistician at U.C.S.F., concluded that even a much more modest reduction one gram a day, achieved gradually by the year 2019 "would be more cost-effective than using medications to lower blood pressure in all persons with hypertension."
And money is not the only thing that would be saved. The researchers calculated that the half-teaspoon reduction would "reduce the annual number of new cases of coronary heart disease by 60,000 to 120,000, stroke by 32,000 to 66,000, and myocardial infarction [heart attack] by 54,000 to 99,000, and reduce the annual number of deaths from any cause by 44,000 to 92,000."
That, dear reader, would be a very big bang for a relatively small buck. The researchers' suggested salt reduction would hardly render food tasteless, especially if the reduction is done gradually, as Mr. Bloomberg has proposed. Currently, the average American man consumes 10.4 grams of salt a day, and the average American woman consumes 7.3 grams.
"This is a classic example of a lifestyle change that has a modest effect on individuals but a huge effect on the population over all," Dr. Lee Goldman, a cardiologist at Columbia's medical school and co-author of the new study, said in an interview.
"With our current high-salt diet, all our blood pressures are increased, and the risk of heart disease with each rise in blood pressure is continuous."
About 80 percent of the salt in the American diet comes from processed and restaurant-prepared foods, the main targets of Mr. Bloomberg's proposal. But for some people, including the mayor, meaningful cutbacks in how much salt they consume will also require restraint at the table.
The mayor is reported to add salt to almost everything, even saltine crackers, already-salted popcorn and bagels. If so, he is probably well above the amounts of sodium recommended by federal health authorities: 2,300 milligrams a day for otherwise healthy individuals; 1,500 milligrams for the elderly, those who already have high blood pressure and African-Americans, who are especially prone to developing high blood pressure.
A Federal Classification
Salt has escaped federal regulatory action because it is classified as GRAS, or "generally recognized as safe." The Center for Science in the Public Interest, a health advocacy group based in Washington, has been urging the Food and Drug Administration for three decades to change this classification and instead regulate salt as a food additive that requires proof of safety for the amounts used.
Failing that, in 2005, the center petitioned the agency to set maximum levels of salt in various categories of food. A public hearing was held in 2007, but no regulatory action has been taken.
Meanwhile, millions of Americans continue to get sick and die of ailments caused or complicated by salt in the foods they eat.
The average daily intake of sodium exceeds 4,000 milligrams nearly double what a healthy person should consume. The explosive growth of fast foods has not helped matters. Last year, the Washington center published the sodium content of a number of popular restaurant meals that each provided 4,000 or more milligrams of sodium.
For example, at Olive Garden, a meal of chicken parmigiana, one breadstick, salad with house dressing and raspberry lemonade totaled 5,735 milligrams of sodium, the equivalent of two and a half teaspoons of salt.
At Chili's, a meal of Buffalo chicken fajitas with tortillas, condiments and a Dr Pepper totaled 6,916 milligrams of sodium, or three teaspoons of salt. Even the rather innocent-sounding Dairy Queen meal of a spicy chili bowl, a side salad with fat-free ranch dressing and a Mountain Dew added up to 4,500 milligrams of sodium.
City health officials acknowledged that it would be hard to legislate a reduction in salt, as finally happened with trans fats when a call for voluntary elimination fell on deaf ears.
But several companies have already expressed support. The supermarket chain A.& P. plans to follow the city's recommendation to reduce salt in the hundreds of store-brand products it sells. And the fast-food chain Subway announced its commitment to the guidelines at its nearly 23,000 stores nationwide.
Consumers, meanwhile, would be wise to check the sodium content per serving on food labels and select lower-sodium brands. When eating out, consider asking that salt not be added to the foods you order. You can always sprinkle on a little at the table. If you cut back gradually, your taste buds will adapt painlessly.


text:
Public Safety
Professional Support Staff
Confidential Professional Support Staff
If you are unable or limited in your ability to access our career website as a result of a physical or mental impairment, please contact Human Resources at (616) 331-2215 or firstname.lastname@example.com to request a reasonable accommodation. You may also access this resource to request accommodations prior to or during the interview process. Your privacy is important to us, therefore, we will only share information regarding accommodations on a need to know basis.
Apply now
Job no: 493400
Work type: EAP - 12-Month Adjunct AP (Administrative Professional)
Location: Grand Rapids
Categories: College of Community & Public Service
The Dorothy A. Johnson Center for Philanthropy seeks to add an Adjunct Research Associate for research and evaluation with a special emphasis on matters of diversity, equity, and inclusion. This Research Associate will have two primary responsibilities in approximately equal proportions: (1) research support for the Distinguished Scholar in Residence for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion, and (2) research and evaluation support within the Community Data and Research Lab.
The Research Associate will lead quantitative and qualitative research projects (or parts of larger research projects) including surveys and interviews, and will produce a variety of written content for foundation and nonprofit clients.
The individual in this position reports to the Director, Community Data and Research Lab, and will be expected to work closely with the Distinguished Scholar in Residence for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion. This is a full-time (40 hours per week) position for the 2020-2021 academic year.
Required Qualifications and Education:
Preferred Qualifications and Education:
Responsibilities – Essential Functions:
Responsibilities – Non-Essential Functions
Salary: $40,000-49,000 depending on experience
Department/Division: Dorothy A. Johnson Center for Philanthropy/College of Community and Public Service
Campus: Pew Campus
How To Apply: Apply online at jobs.gvsu.edu and select "Apply now". Please include a cover letter and resume. The online application will allow you to attach these documents electronically. On the application, you will be required to provide names, phone numbers, and e-mail address for three professional references. Applicants selected for interviews will be required to submit official transcripts prior to the interview. If you need assistance, call Human Resources at 616-331-2215.
Application Deadline: Consideration of applications will begin on June 24, 2020, and the posting may be closed at any time at the discretion of the University.
Grand Valley State University is guided by values for inclusiveness and community which are integral to our mission to educate students to shape their lives, their professions, and their societies, and to enrich the community through excellent teaching, active scholarship, and public service. The University is an affirmative action, equal opportunity institution. It encourages diversity and provides equal opportunity in education, employment, all of its programs, and the use of its facilities. Members of the University community, including candidates for employment or admissions, and visitors or guests have the right to be free from acts of harassment and discrimination, including sexual misconduct, which are prohibited if they discriminate or harass on the basis of age, color, disability, familial status, height, marital status, national origin, political affiliation, race, religion, sex/gender (including gender identity and expression), sexual orientation, veteran or active duty military status or weight. The University will provide reasonable accommodations to qualified individuals with disabilities. See www.gvsu.edu/affirmative/. TDD Callers: Call Michigan Relay Center at 711 (in State) or 1-800-833-7833 (out of State)
To perform this job successfully, an individual must be able to perform each essential duty satisfactorily. Must have the physical stamina to work long hours and/or more than 5 days per week. The requirements listed are representative of the knowledge, skill and/or ability required. Reasonable accommodations may be made to enable individuals with disabilities to perform the essential functions. The information contained in this job description is for compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act as amended by the ADA Amendment Act (2008), Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, and other applicable federal and state laws that prohibit discrimination on the basis of disability. GVSU will provide reasonable accommodations to qualified individuals with disabilities upon request.
Advertised: 10 Jun 2020 Eastern Daylight Time
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text:
This is not an offer for credit and should be used for estimation purposes only based on the information you provided. You should not base your decision on this estimate alone. Title, registration, tax and other fees, and personal circumstances such as employment status and personal credit history, were not considered in the calculations.
Transaxle - Differential with helical gears
Gear selection – Dash mounted Forward-Neutral-Reverse
Rear axle ratio - 12:44:01
Six, 8V deep cycle
Charger - 48V DC, 120 VAC, UL & CSA
Overall (top of steering wheel) - 52 in. (132 cm)
Overall (top of canopy) - 80 in. (203 cm)
Without Batteries - 844 lb. (382 kg)
Curb – 1,210 lb. (549 kg)
67.5 in. (172 cm)
Front / Rear wheel track - 37.5 in. (95 cm)
Service - Rear wheel mechanical self-adjusting drum
Parking - Self-compensating, single point engagement
Forest Green
Electric Blue
Flame Red
Jacobsen Orange
Inferno Red
Metallic Charcoal
Patriot Blue
Welded steel with powder coat
Body & Finish - Injection-molded TPO


text:
Frit is sold by the gram - with a minimum order of 50 grams.
You must order in increments of 50 grams to a maximum of 250 grams
The more you buy the cheaper it becomes.
50 grams is full price
100 grams earns a saving of 20%
250 grams earns a saving of 40%
Product 45/82


text:
Eclectic Rant: Visiting Auschwitz
We just returned from a tour of Central Europe. We visited Warsaw, Krakow, Budapest, Vienna, Bratislava, and Prague. On our drive from Warsaw to Krakow, we stopped at the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum in Oswiecim, renamed Auschwitz when the town and the surrounding area were incorporated within the Third Reich.
We have seen newsreels of the liberation of the Nazi concentration camps at the end of WW II and a number of movies depicting the horrors of the Holocaust. However, newsreels and movies did not really prepare us for an actual visit to the site of the largest mass murder in history. As many as 1.5 million were murdered at Auschwitz, mainly Polish Jews, but also Soviet prisoners-of-war, Gypsies, Czechs, Yugoslavs, French, Austrians, and Germans.
First a little background on the beginnings of the Holocaust. In January 1942, a conference was held in the Berlin suburb of Wannesee, chaired by Reinhard Heydrich, acting under the orders of Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring, to devise a solution to the "Jewish Question." The result of the conference was Nazi Germany's plan and execution of the systematic murder of European Jews. Heinrich Himmler was the chief architect of the plan, and Adolf Hitler termed it "the final solution of the Jewish question." A surviving copy of the minutes of this meeting was found by the Allies in 1947, too late to serve as evidence during the first Nuremberg Trials. I recommend Conspiracy (TV-2001), a dramatic recreation of the Wannsee Conference, in which actor Kenneth Branaugh played Reinhard Heydrich.
In 1940, the SS set up a concentration camp at KL Auschwitz because of overcrowding of the existing prisons in Silesia and because further arrests were anticipated. in Silesia and the rest of German-occupied Poland. Why Oswiecim? Because there already existed an abandoned pre-war Polish barracks in the town and the town was an important railway junction.
IThe camp had 28 buildings housing between 13-16,000 people, reaching 20,000 in 1942.. In 1941, a second camp was built called KL Auschwitz II-Birkenau in the village of Brzezinka about 3 kilometers away. In 1942, KL Auschwitz-III was built iin Monowice near the German chemical plant IG-Farbenindustrie. And in the years 1942-1944 about 40 smaller camps were built in the vicinity of steelworks, mines, and factories, where prisoners were exploited as cheap labour.
KL Auschwitz I and KL Auschwitz II-Birkennau are now maintained as museums open to the public. The Museums include some barracks, the main entrance gates to the camps, sentry watch towers, barbed wire fences, the remnants of four crematoria, gas chambers, and cremation pits and pyres, the special unloading platform where the deportees were selected to be exterminated or used as slave slave labor.
Those deemed unfit for labor, including women and children were told they would be allowed to bathe. They undressed in the "shower" room. The doors were locked and Cyclon B was poured from special openings in the ceiling. After gold teeth fillings, rings, other jewelry, and all hair had been removed, the bodies were taken to the incinerators. The human hair was used by tailors for lining for clothes. A room full of human hair and some of the prisoners' belongings are on display at Auschwitz. The human ashes were used as fertilizer.
SS physicians conducted experiments of prisoners. Professor C. Clausberg tested women in an attempt to develop sterilization techniques to creat an efficient method for eliminating tfuture "inferior" persons. Dr. Joseph Mengele experimented on twins and handicapped people. Prisoners were also used as unwilling subjects to test new medical or chemical substances. Toxic substances were rubbed into the skin and painful skin transplants were performed. Hundreds of prisoners died during the experiments or suffered severe physical damage or became permanently disabled. Despite ethical qualms, some of the Nazi research data was used by the Allies and others after the war.
Above the main gate at Auschwitz where the prisoners passed each day after working 12 hours, was the cynical sign "Arbeit mach frei" (Work brings freedom). Most of the prisoners believed that they were being resettled. That's why they often brought their most valuable possessions with them. In a small square by the kitchen, the camp orchestra made up of prisoners would play marches, mustering the thousands of prisoners so that they could be counted more efficiently by the SS.
SS-Obersturmbannführer (Lieutenant Colonel) Rudolf Höss was the first commandant of Auschwitz.. He was hanged in 1947 following his trial at Warsaw. While awaiting execution Höss wrote his autobiography Death Dealer: the Memoirs of the SS Kommandant at Auschwitz. His memoirs became an important document attesting to the Holocaust.
Höss wrote: "I am completely normal. Even while I was carrying out the task of extermination I led a normal family life and so on." The commandant's living quarters were a scant 150 yards away from the barbed wire enclosed concentration camp. We envision Höss, his wife Hedwig and their four children living a "normal" life a short distance from where over a million prisoners were being overworked, starved, and murdered. Just imagine Höss having dinner with his family after a tiring day of supervising the murder of prisoners. We wonder if they celebrated Christmas with a decorated tree and listened to Christmas music. . There has been much written about the banality of evil in connection with those involved in the Holocaust. Hannah Arendt, in a report in The New Yorker, covered the Otto Adolf Eichmann trial in Jerusalem. She wrote, "The deeds were monstrous, but the doer ... was quite ordinary, commonplace, and neither demonic nor monstrous." She further observed, "... the only specific characteristic one could detect in his [Eishmann's] past as well as in his behavior during the trial and the preceding police examination was something entirely negative: it was not stupidity but a curious, quite authentic inability to think."
On January 27, 1945, the Soviet army entered Auschwitz and liberated more than 7,000 remaining prisoners, who were mostly ill and dying. Poland then traded German occupation for Soviet occupation until 1989. when the independent Republic of Poland was formed.
As a non-Jews, our visit to Auschwitz was sobering. we cannot imagine what a visit must be for a Jew, especially someone who has lost family members at Auschwitz or at another concentration camp.
It is estimated that over 100 million people have been the victims of Genocide. As George Santayana wrote, "Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it." Perhaps, the Auschwitz museums will help us "remember the past" so "never again" will have meaning. We are hopeful but not optimistic.


text:
Stronger, Better, Faster, More – superheroing excerpt
Thanks so much for having us here at Pants Off today! We've brought along a special excerpt that's not up on our site—the very beginning of the book. Our heroes, Beau and Vel, are of the super variety. And sometimes, that means running into burning buildings… and finding old friends there. Totally on accident. Whoops.
So without further ado, here we are! The very first bit from Stronger, Better, Faster, More. Hope you enjoy—and be sure to scroll all the way down for our giveaway, too!
Beau barely felt the oppressive heat and smoke. Or, well, no, he felt it; he was conscious of the temperature rising as he got closer to the flames, the smoke in his lungs making it harder to breathe, but there was no pain, not like there would've been a year ago.
He heard someone crying—shit, that was a kid, wasn't it?—and squinted to make out the door. He needed to figure out some eye protection, since apparently this was getting to be a regular thing. The goggles had been a terrible idea—that had hurt. He'd gotten them off his eyes fast enough, but some had melted onto his hand. He'd healed; there wasn't even a scar. But the pain of healing had been agonizing.
There was another cry, this one upstairs, and he didn't know what to do. He had to get the child—of course he did—but he couldn't do both. There wasn't time. The bottom dropped out of his stomach, but he continued, his heart breaking.
Suddenly something whipped past him. He couldn't see what it was, but he could see the way the gust altered the flames, moved the smoke. He cracked a grin and pushed through harder as he realized. A speedster had showed up; he didn't know any personally, but he'd seen them on TV, and he knew the signs. Together they'd be enough to finish what Beau had started, and maybe they wouldn't have any casualties.
He burst through the door and scooped up the child, then covered her face with a wet cloth. As he started toward the exit, she was still coughing, still breathing, but going limp, and his previous optimism faded. He got out the door he'd kicked down earlier and called out "Hey, speedster! I need you to get this one to the EMTs!"
And then there he was, standing in front of Beau, carefully taking the girl out of his arms. Beau started to say thank you as he moved her, but their eyes locked and—"Vel?"
The speedster clutched the girl to his chest, dark eyes wide through the holes in his small mask. "What? How do you…?"
"Relax," Beau said, hands open and palms up. It was stupid; he knew how scary it was, the risk of being made. He'd have been more careful if he hadn't been so shocked. "It's Warren. From high school. I, uh, I look different now." Which was understating it. Even before he bulked up, he'd spent high school pretending he fit in the body that'd been chosen for him, with its breasts, feminine curves, and long blonde hair that his mama wouldn't let him cut short but was never out of a ponytail anyway. He didn't look like that anymore. It'd cost him a lot of time and money not to look like that anymore. "Go, get her to medical, but…find me after we get the other guy out? If you want?"
"Dude." Yeah, that definitely sounded like Vel. There was some flutter-fast blinking. "You got huge."
It was so inappropriate next to a burning building, but Beau couldn't help the hard, shocked laugh that came out of him. "Yeah. I…yeah."
Vel grinned. "Coffee shop, two blocks down. I'll grab the other one too, then meet you there." And in a gust of wind, dragging smoke in his wake, he was gone.
Beau nodded, even if Vel was gone before he could see it. He ducked away—everyone was still paying attention to the fire and the victims, so he was able to get away unnoticed. The police and fire department were pretty okay with them helping out, but he didn't want to risk it. He'd make his way to his duffel and then down to the shop.
* * * *
Vel was already there when Beau arrived. Vel had ditched the Under Armour gear he'd been rocking at the fire, not to mention the small mask that had done very little to hide his identity. Instead he sported a Star Wars T-shirt that was about two sizes too small and a pair of expensively battered jeans. He sprawled in the coffee-shop chair, that same cocky smile he'd had in high school in full force. "Well, well, well. It is you."
Beau grinned back, a big, shy grin up through his eyelashes. Instantly he was hit by déjà vu; how many times had he given that exact look to Vel in high school? "Yeah." He pulled out the chair and set his ice tea and two muffins—so expensive, but he had to eat—in front of him before sitting carefully. He really hated to break things. "I, uh, I go by Beau now, though." Going by his last name had been a way to avoid using the decidedly gendered name he'd been given at birth and all the dysphoria that came with it. Fortunately, the one thing everyone knew about him in high school had been that soccer was his life, which had made it not seem strange, since half the team went by their last names.
"Nice." Vel plucked up a cold glass of something tea-looking and sucked on the straw. "So, apart from the obvious, what have you been up to? Last I heard, we were both off to school on soccer scholarships."
Beau couldn't help but grin a little wider at how much of a nonissue it was for Vel. So many people made a big deal out of it. "Uh, not soccer, actually. They kicked me off the team after I started taking T. Unfair advantage, apparently." He lifted a shoulder as if it hadn't hurt or screwed up his life as much as it had. "I'm coaching youth soccer now and going to school over at NRCC." Going from one of the best universities in the state to community college stung, but it was better than the alternative. "You?"
Vel's nose was wrinkled up. "Well, their loss. I'm kinda-same-but-very-different. Lost my scholarship after I got put on academic probation. Dishonor on me, on my family, on our cow. You know how it is." Vel's smile went crooked and wry. "Whatever, though. I finished up an associate's. Doing web design now. I mean, day-job-wise."
Beau gave a half smile as he sipped his drink and tried not to sigh at the cool relief. Just because the smoke inhalation hadn't hurt him didn't mean his throat didn't feel like a desert.
"Don't worry about the dishonor thing. I've seen that movie; it turns out all right in the end." He flushed and focused on the muffin. Well, he'd never been cool in high school; at least Vel wouldn't think that had changed.
Vel chuckled and slouched comfortably, long legs brushing past Beau's jeans to sprawl under the table. "Here's hoping."
It took Beau a long moment to respond, distracted by a fluttering feeling at those legs touching his and the way Vel looked, all relaxed like that. Dammit, that was something he should have left in high school too. "I thought about doing something with computers, but I've never been much for them." He gave a little smile, then added, "I'm, uh, I'm doing my associate's in pastry arts at the moment. I'm hoping I can open a bakery one day." He was shy when he said it, and carefully started to take off the wrapper of one of his muffins.
"Oh my God." Vel's pouty lips formed a little O and let loose a low whistle. "Epic. Are you in the market for a new best friend? Because if you're gonna be a baker, we should totally be best friends."
Beau felt a flush spread over his cheeks, and he wet his lips before taking another sip. "I can always use more friends. But, uh, do you need a roommate? Or know anyone who needs a place?" He laughed, mostly kidding. "My roommate moved in with his girlfriend without any notice, and I'm kind of screwed if I don't find anyone before the end of the month." He could just afford his bills, even though he had two jobs, with how much he had to eat. There was no way he could afford the other half of the rent too.
"Seriously?" Vel's face lit up. "Because I am stuck at my sister's house right now, and I love her, but I am so very over living like the baby brother twenty-four seven."
Beau's eyebrows went up, "I…seriously? Because you would save my skin. You don't even know. It's only a few months, so if we're not a good match, you're not stuck. I'm pretty easy to live with, though. And I cook."
"Sold." Vel smacked the table like an auctioneer with a gavel. "I, on the other hand, am a neat-freak pain in the ass who never stops talking. But considering our, uh, common interests go beyond soccer these days, it shouldn't be too bad. For a few months."
Beau nodded in agreement, not bothering to hide how relieved he was. "Rent's due in a week, and you can move in whenever you want." This could be a horrible idea, but how badly could a few months go?
Stronger, Better, Faster, More
When he gets super-endurance powers out of nowhere, being a culinary student and kids' soccer coach isn't enough for Beau Warren--he has to be a superhero too. A sweet, hardworking trans man from a close knit family, it's important to Beau to use his new abilities to stand up for people who can't protect themselves. When he runs into a speedster at a fire rescue, he doesn't expect it to be his high school crush, Vel Chandrasekhar. Turns out Vel got superspeed when Beau go his endurance, so they decide to make their single supe act into a duo.
With their immediate attraction and superpowered libidos, it's not long before Beau and Vel are roommates-with-benefits. That's the idea, anyhow, if only Beau can keep from falling back into his old crush hard, since Vel's self-esteem issues have left him skittish about relationships. Just when things are at boiling point between them, though, their search for their own superhero origin story leads them and their families into mortal danger. The only way to survive the truth is to depend on each other--and admit they're a lot more than friends.
buy links:
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Author bio and social media links:
Carlin Grant is a queer writer who likes to put the focus on LGBTQIA+ characters and has a sweet tooth for romance. Growing up in backwoods North Carolina left them with a love for the characters, culture, and folklore that is common in the rural South, and these themes often show up in their stories. When they're not writing, Carlin enjoys reading, video games, superheroes, mixtapes, and visiting the beach. They currently reside in coastal NC, where they spend most of their time chasing after their toddler.
Katey Hawthorne is an avid reader and writer of superpowered romance, even though the only degree she holds is in the history of art. (Or, possibly, because the only degree she holds is in the history of art.) Originally from the Appalachian foothills of West Virginia, she currently lives in Ohio. In her spare time she enjoys comic books, B-movies, loud music, Epiphones, and Bushmills.


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Wednesday, November 28, 2012
OOTD: Floral Jeans + Turtleneck Sweater + Pink Coach
22 comments:
Dear lord woman, you have one hot body. I am in total love with that sweater I want to steal it now, or refine my knitting skills to be able to knit such a wonderful thing. The boots are killer, love them.ReplyDelete
You look great, but, really, you look great in everything that you put on :)
LOVIN' the red highlights. I have been wanting similar ones for a while now but haven't made the time to go to my fave hairdresser to get them done properly. MUST. GO. SOON.ReplyDelete
Please ship those pants to me! I'll be waiting! Lol!ReplyDelete
Hi Mimi,ReplyDelete
Your body is fierce and this OOTD is super hawtness. GAP really need to hire you to style for them. Who did we need to talk to ?? :-)
LOVE those jeans and your shoes!ReplyDelete
I can totally understand pre-traveling craziness. I hope you were able to pack everything you needed.
these jeans look so blah on the model. You totally rock these!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! I think you have to have a dope figure to pull these off. Straight up and down won't get it.ReplyDelete
Cute!! You are wearing those jeans girl!! Too cute!!ReplyDelete
i just recieved my ruler from S.A. rulers I thinik it will make my life a little easier. I will take a look using the new 15% off code.ReplyDelete
Another loved ensemble! Have a safe and fun trip!ReplyDelete
those jeans are EVERYTHING! and ure body is killer (that booty!) l0lReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 29, 2012 at 8:27 PM
Great post, as ever, thanks :-)
Wow, you look great in this!ReplyDelete
BTW, thanks for sharing the code on the rulers last week! I got mine today and started using already, absolutely love them already because I tend to trace a lot of magazine (Burda, Ottobre) patterns.
- AnonymousNovember 30, 2012 at 10:10 AM
This is a great look but then again you look so flyy in everything! I love your pants and the linked ones you suggested but because I am older I'm not sure if I can pull the look off. But you have given me inspiration to try :)ReplyDelete
Melissa B


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BOSTON — State Sen. Jamie Eldridge (D-Acton) announced that his first Town Hall meeting since his re-election will be held on Wednesday, Dec. 5, at the Ayer Town Hall, located at 1 Main Street in downtown Ayer, from 6:30 to 8:00 p.m. Eldridge is interested to receive feedback, ideas and suggestions on both budget priorities and legislation for the next legislative session, which begins on Wednesday, Jan. 2, 2013.
Eldridge will be holding four Town Hall meetings, throughout the district; the first meeting in Ayer will be especially focused on outreach to the residents of Ayer, Shirley, Harvard and Littleton, but all residents from the Middlesex and Worcester District are welcome.
To RSVP, please contact Michael Carr at 617-722-1120 or firstname.lastname@example.com. To receive regular updates , go to his website www.SenatorEldridge.com and sign-up for his monthly email updates.


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Happy Wedding Wednesday!
I have a couple free minutes {Wedding planning is stressful AND time consuming!}so I thought I would share pictures of the inside of the church we are getting married in.
I am Catholic and wanted to have my ceremony in church, it's how I always pictured my wedding. My fiance is not Catholic, he is Protestant. I had to ask for permission from the Bishop to have a full mass, because my fiance isn't Catholic they will not allow for a full mass. I actually finally got approval today that we can have a full mass. I was SO excited! I was worried because we had written the Bishop months ago and was still waiting, we were told he never denies a full mass, so I just expected us to have one (even made the programs up as a full mass!!), when it got to 2 weeks prior to the wedding I was getting nervous. Now we are 9 days out, and I finally got permission. SO happy! I know some people will not be happy about it, but a lot of my family and my fiance's family and friends are Catholic, some are very strict Catholics (including my father), so this was very important to us.
Anyway, I am so happy to share pictures of inside the church! This church was actually suppose to close because it's getting old and hard to maintain, luckily the new Bishop stopped it from happening. It's just absolutely beautiful, and I cannot wait to walk down the aisle in it. The church even has the organ built into it, which is very rare now. The organist and music always sounds so beautiful.
I truly believe the ceremony is the most important part of your Wedding Day, so to be granted permission to have a full mass with all your loved ones around you, is just amazing to me.
9 more days! I can't wait!
Have a great night!
Have a great night!


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02 September 2010 - Lucca - Italy
Outstanding 1st 2010 Semester for Tagetik
Double-digit growth, continuous global expansion and strategic partner alliances to outperform in the CPM market
Tagetik, a global provider of Performance Management, Enterprise Governance, Risk & Compliance and Business Intelligence software solutions, today announced extremely positive business figures for the first half of 2010 Fiscal Year together with great achievements that amplify its role as international player in the CPM market.
"2010 has started with a continued growth for Tagetik," explains Manuel Vellutini, Chief Operating Officer (COO) at Tagetik. "We closed the semester with a +33% consolidated growth compared to last year, +61% growth on new license revenues and 32 new customers worldwide. This confirms our continuously expanding strategy to meet companies' needs – regardless of their size or business – as well as to build up strong relationships with major system integrators, technology leaders and local consulting specialists."
"We have set ourselves highly ambitious and challenging objectives for 2010 and these results convince me that we are on the right track," comments Pierluigi Pierallini, President and CEO at Tagetik. "We are proving on the market to be different as we remained an independent vendor and strongly committed on integrating Performance Management and BI processes with Collaboration and Communication technologies. Our mission today is to support organizations in managing and monitoring business performance more efficiently while improving operational and strategic decision-making. And we expect the same outstanding results for the year end."
In the last six months, Tagetik has opened new European offices in Turkey and the Nordic Region. The company is also planning the opening of new operations in Poland, the Middle East Region and South America for Q3/Q4 2010. In addition, Tagetik is continuing to build up a strong relationship with Microsoft Corp. in order to leverage the software tight integration with Microsoft® SharePoint® Server 2010 and the Microsoft business intelligence platform (Read the press release...) as well as its new vision 'Collaborative Performance Management'.
"Tagetik's success is reflected by our customers and partners," adds Vellutini "Many leading companies abroad and in Italy have turned to Tagetik 3.0 this semester, including Bobrick Washroom Equipment, Vinson & Elkins, Propex Operating Company (US), Zavarovalnica Triglav (Adriatic Region), Grontmij Business Services (The Netherlands), St Hubert, Grand Marnier (France), Sersa Group Management, Panalpina, Hoval Management (DACH), Trader Publishing (UK), Grandi Salumifici Italiani, HSR Fondazione Centro S.Raffaele, Wurth, Industries (Italy). And the role of partners, such as Microsoft, is key to spread a new vision of CPM (https://www.tagetik.com/events-news/press-releases/uc2010) and strengthen our success on the market."
Tagetik is working to further develop its integration with Microsoft's Productivity technologies. "As part of our expected technological accomplishments, we are going to certify and launch the integration of Tagetik 3.0 with Microsoft Dynamics® ERP and Microsoft Dynamics® CRM, providing Microsoft customers with one unified platform to manage and improve business performance" concludes Vellutini.
Request a Demo
Our personalized demo allows you to speak directly with a senior solution specialist and discover the key functionalities of CCH Tagetik.
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For more information, please complete the form and a member of our team will reach out to you shortly!


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Apple Watch 5
At Sprint 20911 Timberlake Rd Ste C, Lynchburg, VA
At Sprint 20911 Timberlake Rd Ste C, Lynchburg, VA
- $0 / mo. and $0 down today
Buy or upgrade today
Choose a plan, and select store pick-up at checkout
Apple Watch Series 5 has a display that's always on, showing the time and important information—no need to raise your wrist. It helps you navigate with the built-in compass. Enables international emergency calling.(1) Lets you check on your heart with the ECG app.(2) Tracks your workouts and activity. And has cellular built in, so you can stay connected with just your watch.(3)
- Always-On Retina display
- 30% larger screen (4)
- Swimproof(5)
- ECG app(2)
- Electrical and optical heart sensors
- Built-in compass
- Elevation
- Emergency SOS6(6)
- International emergency calling(1)
- Fall detection
- S5 SiP with up to 2x faster 64-bit dual-core processor(4)
- WatchOS 6 with Activity trends, cycle tracking, hearing health innovations, and the App Store on your wrist
(1) The international emergency calling feature requires an Apple Watch Series 5 (GPS + Cellular) model. For a list of supported countries and regions see apple.com/watchos/feature-availability.
(2) The ECG app is available with the latest versions of iOS and watchOS on Apple Watch Series 4 or later. See apple.com/watch for compatibility details. The ECG app is not intended for use by people under 22 years old.
(3) Wireless service plan required for cellular service. Apple Watch and iPhone service provider must be the same. Not all service providers support enterprise accounts; check with your employer and service provider. Roaming is not available outside your carrier network coverage area. Contact your service provider for more details.
(4) Compared with Apple Watch Series 3.
(5) ISO standard 22810:2010. Appropriate for shallow-water activities like swimming. Submersion below shallow depth and high-velocity water activities not recommended.
(6) The international emergency calling feature requires an Apple Watch Series 5 (GPS + Cellular) model. For a list of supported countries and regions see apple.com/watchos/feature-availability.
Similar Products In Stock at Sprint 20911 Timberlake Rd Ste C
Nearby Sprint LocationsFind a store near you
- Open from 10:00 am - 7:00 pm
3920 Wards Rd Ste C
Lynchburg, VA 24502


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Book your Train ticket to TiranoItaly
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The enchanting town of Tirano in Lombardy northern Italy hugs the mountains on the border of Switzerland. Get lost in the old town on the left bank of the River Adda, visit the famed Basilica of the Madonna di Tirano, or explore the peaceful surrounding vineyards.
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Trains are a convenient way of reaching many towns and cities throughout Europe. The majority of cities in Europe have a minimum of one train station, while larger, more populated cities have two or more stations. Train stations, in general, are located in the heart of the city. Review the map below to get an idea of where the train station(s) in Tirano can be found.
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Italy-switzerland-paris-nice Hello, I will be travelling to Europe in December for 19 days with my wife. This is my route that i will be travelling Venice-Florence-Pisa-Rome-Tirano-(Tirano to chur in Bernina Express)-chur-(Chur to Zermatt in Glaciar (...) Omkar G. | 2017/11/15 answered | 2 Comments
How to buy tickets for seniors - savers pass for a couple We are a couple from Bangalore, visiting Switzerland and Germany for 20 days from 21st August to 8th September and would like to buy saver Pass for seniors. We will take scenic trains for Jungfaujoch, Glacier Express and Bernina Express. How to (...) Avinash A. | 2017/07/12 answered | 0 Comments
Time necessary to change trains in tirano, italy Hello, I'm arriving in Tirano via the Bernina Express at 12:45 pm. There's a regional train leaving for Milan and Monterosso at 1:08 pm. I'm worried that is too little time to disembark one train and embark on the other with crowds, security, (...) Allison S. | 2017/05/15 answered | 0 Comments
Traveling within switzerland and milan Hello I'm planning to buy Swiss Travel Pass and travel from Zurich Schaffhausen St Gallen Chur Bernina Express from St. Moritz to Tirano Lugano Zermatt Arth Goldau - Mt Rigi Pilatus Kulm Mt Titlis Bern Basel back to Zurich * stay 3 days at Milan (...) Carine L. | 2016/07/13 answered | 0 Comments
How to reserve seat on bus from tirano to lugano via bernina express I need to know how to RESERVE a seat on the bus from Tirano to Lugano on Bernina Express (arriving from St. Moritz) TOMORROW thanks Renee B. | 2016/06/30 answered | 1 Comments
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|Find the best surf spots
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Datum: WGS84 [ Help ]
Latitude: 4° 48.792' S
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along the area of "Cote Sauvage".Below, the picture of the wave being the rusty junk is not exactly what is call the Cote Sauvage and it is located in a nasty part of the port.
DistanceSell the house, wife and kids
WalkLong walk (>30 mn)
Easy to find?Hard to find
Public access?Private access
Special access4x4
Wave qualityNormal
ExperienceAll surfers
BottomSandy with rock
Normal lengthNormal (50 to 150m)
Good day lengthNormal (50 to 150m)
Good swell direction
Good wind direction
Swell sizeStarts working at and holds up to
Best tide position
Best tide movement
Week crowd
Week-end crowd
You may not need to be an expert to surf up there but you definitely need some muscle to reach the line up...and you may be surprised by the power of some session during the dry season. For the ones who are not aware Congo is creating a lot of excellent surfer and funny it is that only the female are showing at very high professional ranking level....
Author: Anonymous Contributors (1) They surfed this spot ! (9)
No video available
|Ninguna sesión de surf
|Ningún viaje de surf
By Anonymous , 15-06-2009
Is there any right handed waves there? - Hello,
I see all the pictures, descriptions and all, but is there any consistent right handed waves to ride in Pointe-Noire (or near).
For those wondering, I surf left waves too...But I have way more fun on rights :D.
Thanks for any infos!
By ahlaboulettehotmail.com , 25-10-2006
- Hi, I'm coming for a month (para-petrol job) for a month and maybe more later in Pointe Noire. Actually I'm a bodyboarder but can still use a big boat (longboard)... when I have to. I m looking for a board by the end of october, a cheap one really, even just a door board! I you have any tps on how to find something quickly I would love it. COncerning the spots it seems that it s already well discribed and i will do my own investigations anyway...thanks in advance, don't hesitate to email me.
By Anonymous , 09-06-2006
Great spot - There's consistent A-frame peaks, perfect at 4ft and can handle upto 6-8ft, after that it's a closeout. Park in front of the Um Bongo factory and the wave's right there.Bon Chance!
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Supporting the work of HOPE International, this men's v-neck t-shirt is cut of soft cotton with a slight stretch (95% cotton, 5% spandex).
Made by survivors of trafficking, your purchase empowers women and their families to live changed lives! Also, more than 50% of the sale price will empower a HOPE client. (So, basically, it's the shirt that keeps on giving and giving ;)
Copyright © 2020 Imagine Goods, Sustainable Supply Co.. Ecommerce Software by Shopify.


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Dynamic range has been improved
It produces a bright, vibrant image with solid contrast
Very clean 3D, three brightness settings
Well-rounded, highly capable projector
Very good color balance with all but the brightest picture mode
Produces a bright, beautiful 1080p picture
Impressively good (watchable) color modes - right out of the box
Frame Creation 2 is available for blur and judder reduction
Remarkably clear, stable 3D performance
'red subject matter as a component of the whole picture is more vibrant.'
'The new Intelligent Lens Memory feature makes it possible for users to easily program up to six different zoom/focus positions.'
'smooth screen technology'
'Intelligent, comfortable remote.'
'You can almost always see the pixel structure on titling, credits, and signage, as well as large bright stationary areas, like cloulds.'
'it does not provide the full range of automatic adjustments to ambient light that the projector is capable of if you adjust it manually.'
'the system made gaming much more enjoyable.'
'No Motorized Zoom or Focus Function - must be done manually at lens.'
'dvanced, very bright XGA projector, with wireless networking'
'The projector is AMX compatible and comes with a Certified Crestron Integrated Partner label'
'Type is a little small, possibly making it a bit hard to read if the person controlling the projector is a ways from the screen.'
'is just a touch less sharp in the corners.'
'applications such as photography and video may appear dull.'
ReviewGist helps you find the best products to buy by making sense of online reviews.
We are currently aggregating 376,500 reviews
covering over 29,474 products.
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Study shows radiation can be bad for a woman's heart
Breast cancer can be a heartbreaking diagnosis, but a new study says one treatment can be bad for a woman's heart.
WISN 12 News' Marianne Lyles talked to a cancer survivor's struggle with radiation and her concerns, like many women's, for her health's future.
Amberlea Childs now works for Susan G. Komen in the fight against breast cancer.
A few years ago, at 36 years old, she was still a volunteer but found she needed Komen's help.
"I had a lump that I had found, I detected myself," Childs said.
It was a shock for Childs. She was newly engaged and in great shape as a spin instructor but also didn't have insurance.
"I said, 'I'm in a pickle, and I don't have money, but I know I need a mammogram' and through Komen support, they helped fund that mammogram and that was the mammogram that diagnosed me and saved my life," Childs said.
She had Stage 3 cancer, and she fought it aggressively.
"I've received chemotherapy, Herceptin, which is a hormonal therapy, Tamoxifen. I did a lumpectomy. I did a bilateral mastectomy, and after that, I was not given clear margins. I did six and a half weeks of radiation," Childs said.
But that radiation, she's learned, could cause more health problems.
"The radiation actually causes damage to the heart vessels," said cardio-oncologist Dr. Catharine Malmsten of Froedtert Hospital and the Medical College of Wisconsin.
A recently published report in the New England Journal of Medicine looked at women who got radiation treatment in the 1990s and the effects on their heart now.
"What they found is that if you had radiation exposure to the breast, you were more likely to develop heart disease," Malmsten said,
While problems with the heart can sound scary and very serious, doctors said they're still focused on treating the breast cancer first and the heart condition second.
"What we really have to do is focus on the risk factors and try to prevent them from having their heart attack. So looking at their blood pressure, their cholesterol, diet, exercise, things like that," Malmsten said.
Childs said she knows what's ahead of her.
"We know there's going to be rays and fractions and radiation is going inside the body. We do know there's a small percentage that will come in contact with my heart," Childs said.
She's continuing with her healthy, active lifestyle educating others through her work at Komen.
"This is definitely something that Komen advocates, that each patient needs to work with their doctor and have a really open dialogue. 'What are my risks? Are their short-term risks? What about long-term?' Let's not just look at right now," Childs said.
Standing proud today about her successful fight against cancer, Childs knows her fight to stay healthy will last a lifetime.
The study also found women who were obese were more likely to develop heart disease than women who were not.


text: The whole family is gathered around the table… How sweet! However, don't expect them to enjoy a quiet dinner together cause what they are here for is throwing a wild foursome incest sex party! Watch hung dad and son drill mom and daughter right here! Incest family sex click here to download!


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Argentine empanadas are often served at parties as a starter or main course, or in festivals. Shops specialize in freshly made empanadas, with many flavors and fillings.The dough is usually of wheat flour and butter with fillings differing from province to province: in some it is mainly chicken in others beef (cubed or ground depending on the region), perhaps spiced with cumin and paprika, while others include onion, boiled egg, olives, or raisins. Empanadas can be baked (Salta style) or fried (Tucuman style). They may also contain ham, fish, humita (sweetcorn with white sauce) or spinach; a fruit filling is used to create a dessert empanada. Empanadas of the interior regions can be spiced with peppers. Many are eaten at celebrations.In restaurants where several types are served, a repulgue, or pattern, is added to the pastry fold. These patterns indicate the filling. The fill of the Empanada determines the form of the repulgue, for example a cylindrical form would suggest a chocolate prunes filling. In Tucuman, this type of Empanadas was banned, since, in the opinion of the local public, the tender of their taste was too avant-garde.Tucumán ProvinceThis province hosts The National Empanada Festival, in the city of Famaillá.The only varieties are: beef, mondongo, chicken, with the latter two being the most authentic.Preferably cooked in a clay oven in a tray of fat, or in a gas ovenThe empanada Tucumana is hearty - the meat filling being minced into 3 mm pieces, then partially cooked and allowed to cool while it absorbs juices. Cooking is finished along with the final baking.In addition to meat, spring onions, pimento and vinegar are added. Potatoes, peas, and olives are rarely used in the Tucuman preparation.The dough is simply prepared from flour, water, and lard.A traditional celebratory meal in Tucumán might include: empanadas, locro Tucumano and meat tamales, and to drink wine from Amaicha del Valle, or Colalao del Valle. Cheese from Tafí del Valle with honey and/or bitter orange syrup as a dessert.Salta ProvinceEmpanadas from Salta are called salteñas, and are distinct from Tucumán-style empanadas as they are smaller and baked without the addition of fat or oil. Typical fillings include carne suave or picante - beef or spicy beef, cheese, ham, or chicken. The beef versions typically have potato, egg, red pepper, and green onion with the meat.
These pictures, I will spec is the Route Info task (or Detour) located inside the Patios de Cafayate Hotel & Spa in Cafayate, Argentina
Thanks CBS!! HA! Spoilers galore!! A route Info, the RB we had, but the Pitstop too?? Thank you SO much WP!
PBP? We always have a show disc thread, I'll put it up Sunday.
New video on CBS.com has Brendon/Rachel, Dave/Rachel, and Art/JJ skydiving at the same time, and with no other team in sight. We've now seen these three groups in Argentina, with Mark/Bopper missing:Brendon/Rachel, Dave/Rachel, Art/JJ (could be first or second group)Nary/Jamie, Vanessa/Ralph, Elliot/Andrew (could be first or second group)David/Cherie, Kerri/Stacy, Misa and Maiya, Joey/Danny (most likely last group)The gap between the Nary and Vanessa skydiving photos is 6min, and that bewteen Vanessa and Elliot 18min. I know it's possible the skydiving pictures were taken at different altitudes, but I suppose that's where Mark/Bopper most likely fits?
Two hours is a bit too far to fall behind on a 11km stretch of highway... I'm guessing it's a 3-3-5 split then?
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