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|Top Online Data Backup Rankings
Endpoint Protection Solution Offered on Windows Azure
SAN FRANCISCO, CA, Oct 30, 2012 — /BackupReview.info/ — EVault, Inc., a Seagate Company (NASDAQ:STX), today announced the EVault® backup and recovery platform will now take advantage of the Windows Azure cloud platform. In conjunction with this initiative, EVault will be expanding development, sales and marketing collaboration around Windows Azure. EVault Endpoint Protection (EVault EP), a cloud-connected backup, recovery and data security solution for endpoint devices, is available on Windows Azure. EVault EP is targeted at enterprises, as well as midmarket businesses.
EVault Endpoint Protection automates laptop backup recovery and provides secure capabilities — including local file encryption, port access control and, if a laptop is lost or stolen, remote data deletion and device tracing — to help control valuable data spread across mobile workforces. EVault EP enables organizations to secure data on every PC and laptop, ensuring critical corporate information is safe when a device disappears. The endpoint data is automatically backed up to the cloud and can easily be recovered by users themselves. EVault EP offers policy-based, centralized administration and self-service management to help IT attain that perfect balance of corporate control and end user independence.
"Businesses are looking for flexible, cost-effective data backup and recovery solutions. Our expanded relationship with Microsoft represents the increased demand for more integrated and simple to use cloud-connected storage services that satisfy an organization's unique requirements," said Terry Cunningham, president and general manager, EVault. "As we extend our footprint around the world, we see great value in taking advantage of Windows Azure to help our customers maintain business continuity and ensure their data needs are met anytime and anywhere."
"Windows Azure allows solution providers like EVault to give their customers virtually unlimited capacity and flexibility for backup and recovery to help customers mitigate a wide range of information risks," said Kim Akers, general manager, Developer and Platform Evangelism, Microsoft.
Windows Azure is Microsoft's cloud platform, helping developers build the next generation of applications that will span from the cloud to the enterprise data center. The platform combines cloud-based developer capabilities with storage, computational and networking infrastructure services, all hosted on Microsoft's servers.
About EVault
Copyright 2012 EVault, Inc. All rights reserved. Seagate, Seagate Technology and the Wave logo are registered trademarks of Seagate Technology LLC in the United States and/or other countries. EVault, EVault Endpoint Protection and Cloud-Connected are either registered trademarks or trademarks of EVault, Inc. in the United States and/or other countries.
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Monday, May 16, 2011
Monday NASCAR TV/Media Notes
Happy Monday! Things are getting off to a quick start this week. Here are some TV and media notes on stories unfolding right now.
Dustin Long of hamptonroads.com has a great follow-up story on the surprise split-screen commercial that appeared late in the FOX Sprint Cup Series telecast. That is a TV screen-grab of it above. Turns out there was a lot going on behind the scenes to make that happen.
Click here for the full story, here is a short excerpt:
Fox showed a split the screen during the last commercial break before the checkered flag with the commercials in a larger box than the racing action. That break was the only time in the race the split-screen format was done.
"The idea re-surfaced earlier this week and after some discussions it was decided we would experiment with it if we could get enough advertisers to go along with it," a Fox Sports spokesman said Sunday night. "At this point, the fan feedback we've seen via social media has been very positive."
Turner is warming up for its summer season with some rather off-beat promotions this week in Charlotte. This one involves the Charlotte EpiCentre in the uptown area of the city.
The following is from a Turner media release:
The campaign involves branding elements, including the full takeover of a four-story elevator shaft in the main courtyard, staircases, and a 26-foot TNT logo on the ground at the base of the elevator shaft. Enhanced audio technology called "directional audio" will complement the EpiCentre campaign with a concentrated beam of audio (imagine a flashlight, but with audio instead of light) directed to a specific location. When an individual walks through the audio beam, they will hear custom tune-in audio messaging – AC/DC's "T.N.T.", engines revving, cars speeding around the racetrack – only heard within the beam. When individuals exit the beam, they won't hear it anymore.
Well, at lease we know that the TNT theme song will be returning.
On ESPN2 today for the one-hour NASCAR Now show is Allen Bestwick hosting with Tim Brewer, Johnny Benson and Ricky Craven as the "expert panel." Bestwick will also be calling the Nationwide Series race from Iowa next Sunday on ABC. Nicole Briscoe will be handling the Infield Pit Studio and the NASCAR Countdown show.
It might be a good idea to record NASCAR Now this week, the show is going to offer a look at some interesting NASCAR history.
This note from ESPN:
NASCAR Now, ESPN2's daily NASCAR news and information show, will take viewers on a five-day tour featuring classic racetracks of the sport starting Tuesday, May 17, with a different track each day through Saturday, May 21.
ESPN the Magazine's Ryan McGee will visit Bowman Gray Stadium, Hickory Motor Speedway, Rockingham Speedway, North Wilkesboro Speedway and Greenville-Pickens Speedway. Guests will include Richard Childress and Ned Jarrett.
Sounds like a great idea. It should be interesting to watch and get the reactions of both the fans and those directly involved in the sport today.
Update: 3.8 overnight rating for Sprint Cup Series race is just an indication of flat ratings for NASCAR Sprint Cup Series races this season.
We invite your comments on the topics above. To add your opinion, just click on the comments button. This is a family-friendly website, please keep that in mind when posting. Thank you for taking the time to stop by The Daly Planet.
10 comments:
- PammH said...
No wonder Ryan was geeked on Twitter this wk-end about the upcoming NN's this wk. He didn't say what, just that it was "old school"...this will be worth taping for sure! I'll try to keep an open mind about Brewer on the round table today...
- May 16, 2011 at 11:41 AM
- Vicky D said...
There's old Rob Barlett in that picture - he's from the Don Imus tv/radio show and he's a riot! Glad the powers that be liked the split screen! So did we!
- May 16, 2011 at 11:44 AM
- starrcade76 said...
I enjoyed the side-by-side commercial break mostly because I figured it would get people all excited.
It coming with about 20 laps to go added to the importance of the pending checkered flag. It did show though you are just as likely to miss nothing of note on the track, as you are to see stuff when away at commercials.
I wonder if the future holds something along the lines of scheduled TV timeouts, like they do in basketball and hockey.
With NASCAR it wouldn't be throwing the caution just to show commercials. But NASCAR keeping the yellow flag out there for a set amount of time in order for TV to get more of their ads in, under caution.
- May 16, 2011 at 1:09 PM
- GinaV24 said...
Wow, AB will be calling the race - that's great news. I like the idea of ESPN giving a look at the history of the sport.
My DVR will get a workout since the show is still on too early for me to see it live.
I like AC DC but I was daggone tired of that song by the end of TNT's races.
- May 16, 2011 at 1:37 PM
- Anonymous said...
NASCAR is too thickheaded to do anything to help out TV. They want to beat out the NFL for TV revenue and viewers, but don't want to change anything that will help out TV.
Do you think football always had long stoppages after a touchdown, and then after the next kickoff?
Do you think that a extended break after a big turnover may have a direct affect on the game itself by breaking up the momentum of the team now going on offense?
NASCAR needs to get with the times. TV is what ends up dictating quite a bit on how a sport is played, because every sport knows its ultimately TV that allows it to be as big as it is.
- May 16, 2011 at 2:43 PM
- Wisconsin Steve said...
Any word on whether or not Phil Parsons will be patrolling the pits for TNT again this year?
- May 16, 2011 at 3:14 PM
- MRM4 said...
I don't know why the folks at NASCAR seem to be so surprised the fans like the split-screen. Fans have been demanding this for years. Just shows how out of touch they are concerning the media, TV, and social media. I hope we see more of this. If the TV coverage doesn't start to get better, I'll start recording all races and skip through the commercials.
- May 16, 2011 at 3:44 PM
- Anonymous said...
Our gang didn't really notice the split screen too much as we listen to the audio from MRN because of DW being in the booth. The audio carries on so the tv commercials are not an interruption in any case.
- May 16, 2011 at 4:39 PM
- Daly Planet Editor said...
A link for Dustin's full story is available in the post.
- May 16, 2011 at 6:57 PM
- West Coast Diane said...
I already have a split screen. HotPass. Drivers screen continues while the FOX screen goes to commercial. I can listen or mute and still miss nothing. Well at least of my driver. But then I usually see more of the race that way than FOX showing one car at a time or in car/bumper cams.
Thank the Lord my driver is doing better this year so he has been a HotPass driver every week so far.
- May 16, 2011 at 10:53 PM

subset: commoncrawl


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Title: UBOOT
Platform: PC
Genre: Survival/Tactical
Publisher: PlayWay SA
Developer: Deep Water Studio
Release: Q1 2017
Uboot - new gameplay 3.2017
Uboot - Rock Paper Shotgun wrote about us 2.2017
Uboot - new features 12.2016
Uboot - new gameplay 8.2016
18 june 2016: uBOOT Kickstarter campaign successful - 1,511 backers pledged $38,188
Interview with dev team.
UBOOT is a simulator of a submarine from WWII era, yet different than all you have seen so far. It is a survival sandbox with game mechanics similar to that of Fallout Shelter while it's primary theme is life of German soldiers like in Wolfgang Petersen's film Das Boot. The boat is their home, but it can become their grave at any time.
Wrote about Uboot:
About this project
UBOOT is a simulator of a submarine from WWII era, yet different than all you have seen so far. It is a survival sandbox with game mechanics similar to that of Fallout Shelterwhile it's primary theme is life of German soldiers like in Wolfgang Petersen's film Das Boot. The boat is their home, but it can become their grave at any time.
In UBOOT you control the crew to control the boat. You look after their physical and mental health, becacuse if the sailors are hungry, tired and their spirit is low, there's no chance of winning even a skirmish.
It is important to balance the overall discipline and trauma of your crew. If you are a harsh captain, the level of both goes up. When trauma is high a secret feature of each sailor can be disclosed. It can reveal his alcoholism, make him go berserk, he can also turn out to be a coward or a spy.
We have recreated the u-boat inner workings down to the last detail. During the game you can watch all the machinery such as a trim pump, an air compressor or the ballast tanks filled and emptied. When the boat is hit they may break down or start to leak. If you can't keep up with patching them up, the boat will sink.
Kriegsmarine Headquarters will give you key missions to move forward with the historical stages of WWII and you will be able to fight in new regions, and install better equipment in a dock. Unfortunately, the opponents will also grow stronger and, for example, will equip their ships with radars or break the Enigma code.
In UBOOT each sailor will have his own face, his story, personality, skills and weaknesses. The sailors will come either to report something to you or just to talk some problems over. We will show you not only their service but also their free time. They will eat, talk, enjoy simple pastimes, queue to the only toilet on board, fight to decide whose girlfriend is prettier. You will see the lives of grey wolves in all its glory. We will not add any colour or flavour to it, even if the toilet overflows.
We have written a script that does not change the historical events too much but also surprises the player with the development of the plot. Germans lost the war, which is no secret, yet the fate of your boat and the crew is in your hands. In UBOOT you can decide where to go but also whether to shoot the cook for burning scrambled eggs.
Music is an essential part of our game. We want to use moody tracks to better illustrate the atmosphere. Please check one of our samples.
We are dedicated to making this game stand up to the modern standards. Expressly for UBOOT, we are developing a next-gen water system which helps us make our game look better and unique. Water is integral and essential part of games like this and we want ours to be one of the best. The system is available for other developers in Unity Asset Store.
We are Deep Water Studio from Warsaw, Poland. Our team is a mix of young open-minded people and old hands at game development. Each of us is a player and a fan of modern technologies. We have gathered especially for this project. Check us out on Facebook andTwitter or Steam.
We want to create an innovative submarine simulator for you and for us. Quality is our top priority and we do not want to compromise on it. So, if you want this great UBOOT game to be created as much as we do, support us! We are here thanks to PlayWay, a company that is favourably disposed to that game. They have promised that if we manage to raise money on Kickstarter, they will give us twice as much. Fair deal, isn't it?


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Before taking a look at any UGL steroids labs lists, it's important to know their history and what you're getting yourself into.
UGL stands for underground steroids labs. And if you're looking for cheap anabolics, you're probably considering purchasing some product from them.
Kuid siin on asi:
There are a high number of counterfeit steroids out there.
Although many of these products are marketed as pharmaceutical grade, there are many counterfeits sold by black market labs.
So why would anyone take the risk?
Steroids are schedule III in the United States and against the law in many other parts of the world. Seetõttu, many bodybuilders are putting themselves at risk when purchasing these chemicals.
Allpool, we're going to give some basic information, as well as some alternatives in the form of legal steroid alternatives. Osta õigusliku steroidid Online siin.
Täielik UGL steroids list would be far too long.
Aga, we can narrow down a group of the most common names that a buyer will see in their search for black market steroids.
Vaata allpool:
When it comes to Human Growth Hormone (HGH), which is not technically a steroid, the following brands are held to be highly trusted:
For a user looking for underground steroids for sale, physique builders will likely say their best bet is online suppliers.
The internet is the exclusive medium that underground labs use to get their products right to consumers.
Type in any of the above brands into Google and you won't have trouble finding suppliers that are offering them.
But you'll probably notice the high number of stores that you have to choose from.
And that's where the problems start — it's very hard to tell which steroid suppliers are the real deal.
Many of them are selling fake products under the guise of trusted brands, sealhulgas eespool nimetatutega.
So how do buyers separate the real from the fake?
One thing bodybuilders suggest is to avoid all sites that offer PayPal as a form of payment, as they don't conduct transactions with any websites that have the word "steroid" neile.
Offering this method of payment is a surefire sign of a scam supplier.
Another thing performance users recommend is avoiding any site that doesn't offer encryption for a buyer's information.
This is usually signified by the green lock icon to the left of the URL in the address bar. A lack of encryption means the buyer is vulnerable to fraud.
The last piece of advice bodybuilders offer is simple:
Take a look at online steroid forums and ask around for reliable suppliers.
While there is never a guaranteed way to determine trustworthy suppliers, prospective steroid users often look at track records to lower their chances of being scammed.
Võib tekkida:
Millised on selle best UGL labs in 2016 ja 2017?
See tähendab, what are the labs with the highest reputation for quality in the last few years?
Before asking this question, Pea meeles:
A lot of online forum posts that cover popular labs are dated back years ago, and a lot can happen in 5 et 10 aasta.
Labs can get shut down, brand quality can dip, and suppliers that used to be respected can become saturated with counterfeits.
We're going to cover a few of the biggest labs below.
Are they the best places to get UGL steroids for sale?
Mitte tingimata, but their names are common so it's smart to know their backstory.
As one of the largest names in the underground steroid industry, a steroid seeker will find numerous websites that claim to be Alpha Pharma.
Aga, the real website is believed to be the one that doesn't actually offer any products on their site.
Selle asemel, buyers must contact them directly to inquire about their products, suggesting that only pharmacies and hospitals can order from them.
But additional research is conflicting:
Many people say that while Alpha Pharma's roots are in the underground steroid industry, they have successfully transitioned into a legitimate company.
Aga, others claim that they don't sell to hospitals and pharmacies exclusively.
Lisaks, it is also understood that they sell anabolic steroids that have no medicinal value.
Sõltumata sellest, milline, this brand is everywhere in the black market and it is frequently counterfeited.
Even those that have received legitimate product from Alpha Pharma claim that their quality can be up and down, with some being shorted.
Formed in 1999 in Pattaya, Tai, British Dragon is a brand that used to be revered in the realm of bodybuilding.
People trusted it and believed that they were getting quality product when purchasing from this supplier.
While this brand dominated the market for years, a 2008 drug bust changed everything.
Although the brand is still available today, the company behind it is different.
And since the operators of the lab are different, that means that any British Dragon steroids that you see today are not the same as the originals. Even the logo has been changed.
Nii, is it quality?
While some people say that the new incarnation of this brand sells quality products, others say that their steroids are weak and not worth the money.
Other brands even use this name to craft their own brand. Take Black Dragon, which is purposely close in name to British Dragon to create the allure of trust. Kahjuks, most people say that their products are underdosed or ineffective.
Like most decisions about buying steroids, purchasing from either of these companies is a risk.
But one thing is guaranteed:
Any supplier claiming to sell original British Dragon steroids is a scam. These old incarnations of the brand are long gone.
Another Thailand-based supplier is British Dispensary. Like Black Dragon, their name is fairly close to British Dragon. Aga, years ago there were many positive reviews about their steroids.
Is their reputation still alive today?
Unfortunately not.
Like most underground steroids, the feedback for the brand is extremely mixed. Some people claim to have received quality product, while others say that it's weak or completely fake.
Muidugi, some of these could be counterfeit, but at the end of the day ordering this brand is a big risk.
Even if a steroid seeker were to find legitimate product, chances are that their quality won't live up to what it was held to be years back.
One of the positive things that bodybuilders will say about the best steroid labs is their low price ranges.
Since underground labs don't have to adhere to any quality control regulations, UGL brands are cheaper than their pharmaceutical grade counterparts.
Here's a list of the price ranges of the most popular steroids (UG stands for underground, while PG stands for pharmaceutical grade):
Nagu näha, prices for underground steroids are significantly cheaper than their pharmaceutical grade counterparts.
But with this dip in price comes lower reliability and quality.
Pea meeles:
These are not professional laboratories, so you could be consuming anything. Some product might turn out to be completely ineffective.
But even with pharmaceutical grade product, purchasing online always comes with the risk of fake product. Many products sold as pharmaceutical grade are actually weak or completely fake.
And the worst part is this:
You're never getting your money back, because you've already done something illegal by purchasing anabolics.
Seetõttu, we recommend natural alternatives to the steroids we've listed above, mida käsitleme hiljem.
You're probably still wondering: Millised on selle best underground steroid labs?
Kui see taandub see, it's a question that's impossible to answer.
With so much variation in quality, listing a trusted lab today will be misleading in the future, as this lab can decrease in quality at any time.
The black market for steroids is always changing, and with no regulated quality control, there's always a chance that you'll get a bad batch from a supplier that typically sells quality products.
Alumine rida?
We suggest avoiding black market steroids and focusing on legal alternatives.
Estimates of fake steroids online around between 25.7% et 53%. And when it comes to HGH, which isn't technically a steroid, these numbers are most definitely higher.
Tegelikult, most growth hormone sold online is probably counterfeit.
This means that you're not only risking adverse effects due to impure product, you're always putting your money at risk any time you buy steroids online.
Ja see pole kõik:
There are also legal repercussions.
The legality of steroids varies depending on where you're located, so knowing your country's laws is crucial if you plan on purchasing black market steroids.
While we recommend against the process altogether, if you're going to do it no matter what, you need to know the risks.
Ameerika Ühendriigid, steroids are classified as schedule III drugs. Here's what the means in terms of punishment:
For first time offenders, possession can be punished with a minimum fine of $1000 ja kuni 1 year in prison. The second time, the fine is $2,500 with a maximum 2-year jail sentence.
But if you receive more than 2 convictions? This means a minimum $5,000 fine and prison time of up to 3 aasta.
Ja pidage meeles:
These laws apply for any amount.
For distribution, expect fines up to $250,000 and a 5-year prison sentence for first time offenders. If you're a repeat offender, nii palju kui 10 years in prison is possible.
What about other countries?
Kanadas, steroids are schedule IV drugs and illegal to purchase without a prescription. Aga, possession is not illegal.
This is a bit confusing, as the only way to possess the drug is to purchase it, but it's somewhat of a loophole in the Canadian legal system.
Kuid pidage meeles:
Trafficking can be considered an indictable offence, which leads to a maximum of 3 aastaks vangi, or a summary offence, which comes with a $1000 et $2000 fine and a maximum of 12 months of jail time.
Ühendkuningriigis, steroids are a Class C medication under the Misuse of Drugs Regulations that was imposed in 2001. This means that they require a prescription in order to be purchased and a license to distribute.
If you're caught possessing steroids without a prescription, you face a fine of $1,000 ja kuni 1 year in jail. For trafficking and supplying without a license, you can face an unlimited fine and up to 14 years of prison time.
Australia is perhaps the toughest:
Although laws vary by state, in Queensland steroids are schedule-one, meaning you can face a maximum of 25 years in jail for both possession or distribution.
Given the possibility of fines and jail time, along with the varying quality of black market steroids, we suggest turning to natural alternatives.
One of the most popular suppliers of such products is CrazyBulk. Not only do they offer legal alternatives for commonly used anabolics, but they guarantee the following:
These are the kinds of commitments that you will only find in the realm of legal, looduslikud toidulisandid.
But the thing that has made them so popular is the fact that each of their products is designed to mimic the results of synthetic anabolics.
Näiteks, CrazyBulk claims that D-Bal is ideal for bulking much like Dianabol, while Winsol is perfect for cutting like Winstrol.
Here's a full list of their legal performance enhancing alternatives:
Along with CrazyBulk's guarantees, positive customer feedback is another way that you can gain confidence in these natural products.
Heitke pilk, mida inimesed on öelnud:
"Twelve-inch squat increased from 24 total reps with 280 lbs- 335 lbs easily in 2 nädala, bench press increased by 10 lbs each rep every week for 2 nädala," said Curt. "Strength and bulk have increased dramatically. Recovery has greatly improved."
"Kaotuse 7 lbs ja 2 tolli talje," said Scott of DecaDuro. "Saadud 50 lbs surumine. Tunnen uskumatu ja tervislikumat, kui kunagi varem!"
"You'll feel smooth, constant energy throughout your workout without the usual side effects of stimulants," said Pascale of his Clenbutrol experience. "I'm halfway through my first bottle and I can totally say that this is a good purchase."
The dosing schedules are also consistent and easy to remember:
All of CrazyBulk's products are to be cycled for at least 2 kuu, with a 1.5-week break in between these periods.
They all come in capsule form with specific dosing instructions, näiteks 3 Vaatamisväärsuse ümbruses 45 minutes prior to working out or 3 Vaatamisväärsuse ümbruses 45 minutes after working out.
Lõpuks, if you're looking for a UGL steroids labs list, you have all the information that you need.
But take all of the information above into consideration before making any purchases.
Pea meeles:
Anabolic steroids are illegal substances, and the black market is full of people trying to make a quick buck.
If you end up getting scammed, there's no way to get your money back or repair any damage that these dangerous chemicals have done to your body.
And even with pharmacy grade steroids, there's always a risk of side effects.
We strongly suggest abandoning your search for the best steroid labs and focus on purchasing legal, looduslikud tooted.
Koos CrazyBulk, current reviews suggest that these are great performance boosters that can bring you quality gains without the shadiness or danger that comes with the steroid black market.


text:
Here's your daily link to Dave McKenna's brilliant "Cranky Redskins Fan's Guide to Dan Snyder," which we'll be posting until Snyder's dumbass libel suit succumbs to the evils of which Ray Lewis has foretold.
Today's topic: Pat Hill. More specifically, the entry about her in the brilliant CRFGtDS:
Hill, Pat: Down-on-her-luck 73-year-old grandmother-and five-decade Redskins season-ticketholder-who was sued by the Redskins in 2009 because she could not afford to keep up payments on the 10-year, $50,000-plus club seats contract she'd signed.
Here's a quote from the Washington Post story linked in the brilliant paragraph in the brilliant CRFGtDS:
"It really breaks my heart," Hill said, her voice cracking as the tears well and spill. "I don't even believe in bankruptcy. ... We are supposed to pay our bills. I ain't trying to get out of anything."
Yep, Danny's just that kinda guy.
Please help the City Paper with a donation to the weekly's legal defense fund.


text:
JR Larson Studio.
if i made a show he would be in it.
JR Larson
ps i'm struggling with the new blogger interface let me know if this looks weird (spacing, etc) on your computers.
hi, layout is fine and work is great...love the artists you choose :)
love this!
JR's work looks good!


text:
After a break this summer we have finally moved home, had a holiday and entertained our friends from New Zealand. All this surrounded by an amazing Olympic and Paralympic summer.
So after all this activity I am once more connected to the internet and ready to start adding to my CUMPSTON genealogy blog, and hopefully will be able to add a few things of interest to all genealogists.
Thanks for following my entries!


text:
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All contributions to Waging Nonviolence are tax-deductible in the United States.
Peace and justice organizations, as well as universities, publish their own independent content on Waging Nonviolence. This Community section offers just a sample of their latest stories. Visit their individual pages to see more.
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Difference between revisions of "Sea level rise"
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[[File:Projected change in global sea level rise if atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations were to either quadruple or double (NOAA GFDL).png|thumb|350px|alt=Refer to caption and image description|This graph shows the minimum projected change in global sea level rise if [[atmospheric carbon dioxide]] (CO2) concentrations were to either quadruple or double.
[[File:Projected change in global sea level rise if atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations were to either quadruple or double (NOAA GFDL).png|thumb|350px|alt=Refer to caption and image description|This graph shows the minimum projected change in global sea level rise if [[atmospheric carbon dioxide]] (CO2) concentrations were to either quadruple or double.
The projection is based on several multi-century integrations of a [[Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory|GFDL]] [[global climate model|global coupled ocean-atmosphere model]]. These projections are the expected changes due to [[thermal expansion]] of sea water alone, and do not include the effect of melted continental [[ice sheet]]s. With the effect of ice sheets included the total rise will be larger, by an uncertain but possibly substantial factor.<ref name="gfdl thermal expansion projections"/> Image credit: [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]] GFDL.]]
The projection is based on several multi-century integrations of a [[Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory|GFDL]] [[global climate model|global coupled ocean-atmosphere model]]. These projections are the expected changes due to [[thermal expansion]] of sea water alone, and do not include the effect of melted continental [[ice sheet]]s. With the effect of ice sheets included the total rise will be larger, by an uncertain but possibly substantial factor.<ref name="gfdl thermal expansion projections"/> Image credit: [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]] GFDL.]]
=== 21st century ===
=== 21st century ===
Revision as of 02:08, 12 November 2018
In the United States significant amounts of residential and commercial property lie in the path of predictable sea level rise, particularly in Boston and south Florida. Estimates of the amount of sea level rise by the turn of the 22nd Century range between 2 and 6 feet.
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Mechanism
- 3 Past changes in sea level
- 4 Projections
- 5 Models
- 6 Contribution
- 7 Subsidence and effective sea level rise
- 8 Effects
- 9 Sea level measurement
- 10 Adaptation
- 11 See also
- 12 Notes
- 13 References
- 14 Further reading
- 15 External links
Sea level rise refers to an increase in the volume of water in the world's oceans, resulting in an increase in global mean sea level. Sea level rise is usually attributed to global climate change by thermal expansion of the water in the oceans and by melting of Ice sheets and glaciers on land. Melting of floating ice shelves or icebergs at sea raises sea levels only slightly.
Sea level rise at specific locations may be more or less than the global average. Local factors might include tectonic effects, subsidence of the land, tides, currents, storms, etc.[1] Sea level rise is expected to continue for centuries. Because of the slow inertia, long response time for parts of the climate system, it has been estimated that we are already committed to a sea-level rise of approximately 2.3 |ft for each degree Celsius of temperature rise within the next 2,000 years.[2] IPCC Summary for Policymakers, AR5, 2014, indicated that the global mean sea level rise will continue during the 21st century, very likely at a faster rate than observed from 1971 to 2010.[3] Projected rates and amounts vary. A January 2017 NOAA report suggests a range of GMSL rise of 0.3 – 2.5 m possible during the 21st century.[4]
Sea level rises can considerably influence human populations in coastal and island regions and natural environments like marine ecosystems.[5]
There are two main mechanisms that contribute to observed sea level rise:[6] (1) thermal expansion: because of the increase in ocean heat content (ocean water expands as it warms);[7] and (2) the melting of major stores of land ice like ice sheets and glaciers.
On the timescale of centuries to millennia, the melting of ice sheets could result in even higher sea level rise. Partial deglaciation of the Greenland ice sheet, and possibly the West Antarctic ice sheet, could contribute 4 to 6 ft or more to sea level rise.[8]
Past changes in sea level
Various factors affect the volume or mass of the ocean, leading to long-term changes in eustatic sea level. The two primary influences are temperature (because the density of water depends on temperature), and the mass of water locked up on land and sea as fresh water in rivers, lakes, glaciers and polar ice caps. Over much longer geological timescales, changes in the shape of oceanic basins and in land–sea distribution affect sea level. Since the Last Glacial Maximum about 20,000 years ago, sea level has risen by more than 125 m, with rates varying from tenths of a mm/yr to 10+mm/year, as a result of melting of major ice sheets.[9]
During deglaciation between about 19,000 and 8,000 calendar years ago, sea level rose at extremely high rates as the result of the rapid melting of the British-Irish Sea, Fennoscandian, Laurentide, Barents-Kara, Patagonian, Innuitian ice sheets and parts of the Antarctic ice sheet. At the onset of deglaciation about 19,000 calendar years ago, a brief, at most 500-year long, glacio-eustatic event may have contributed as much as 10 m to sea level with an average rate of about 20 mm/yr. During the rest of the early Holocene, the rate of sea level rise varied from a low of about 6.0 - 9.9 mm/yr to as high as 30 - 60 mm/yr during brief periods of accelerated sea level rise.[10][11]
Solid geological evidence, based largely upon analysis of deep cores of coral reefs, exists only for 3 major periods of accelerated sea level rise, called meltwater pulses, during the last deglaciation. They are Meltwater pulse 1A between circa 14,600 and 14,300 calendar years ago; Meltwater pulse 1B between circa 11,400 and 11,100 calendar years ago; and Meltwater pulse 1C between 8,200 and 7,600 calendar years ago. Meltwater pulse 1A was a 13.5 m rise over about 290 years centered at 14,200 calendar years ago and Meltwater pulse 1B was a 7.5 m rise over about 160 years centered at 11,000 years calendar years ago. In sharp contrast, the period between 14,300 and 11,100 calendar years ago, which includes the Younger Dryas interval, was an interval of reduced sea level rise at about 6.0 - 9.9 mm/yr. Meltwater pulse 1C was centered at 8,000 calendar years and produced a rise of 6.5 m in less than 140 years.[11][12][13] Such rapid rates of sea level rising during meltwater events clearly implicate major ice-loss events related to ice sheet collapse. The primary source may have been meltwater from the Antarctic ice sheet. Other studies suggest a Northern Hemisphere source for the meltwater in the Laurentide ice sheet.[13]
Recently, it has become widely accepted that late Holocene, 3,000 calendar years ago to present, sea level was nearly stable prior to an acceleration of rate of rise that is variously dated between 1850 and 1900 AD. Late Holocene rates of sea level rise have been estimated using evidence from archaeological sites and late Holocene tidal marsh sediments, combined with tide gauge and satellite records and geophysical modeling. For example, this research included studies of Roman wells in Caesarea and of Roman piscinae in Italy. These methods in combination suggest a mean eustatic component of 0.07 mm/yr for the last 2000 years.[10]
Since 1880, as the Industrial Revolution took center stage, the ocean began to rise briskly, climbing a total of 210 mm through 2009 causing extensive erosion worldwide and costing billions.[14]
Sea level rose by 6 cm during the 19th century and 19 cm in the 20th century.[15] Evidence for this includes geological observations, the longest instrumental records and the observed rate of 20th century sea level rise. For example, geological observations indicate that during the last 2,000 years, sea level change was small, with an average rate of only 0.0–0.2 mm per year. This compares to an average rate of 1.7 ± 0.5 mm per year for the 20th century.[16] Baart et al. (2012) show that it is important to account for the effect of the 18.6-year lunar nodal cycle before acceleration in sea level rise should be concluded.[17] Based on tide gauge data, the rate of global average sea level rise during the 20th century lies in the range 0.8 to 3.3 mm/yr, with an average rate of 1.8 mm/yr.[18]
A two degrees Celsius of warming would warm the Earth above Eemian levels, move conditions closer to the Pliocene climate, a time when sea level was in the range of 25 meters higher than today.[19] However, one study argues that sea level during the Pliocene might have only risen by 9 to 13.5 meters, due to more resilient ice sheets.[20] Warren Cornwall, in: 'Ghosts of Ocean Past', published in an 'Science' monographic issue, 13 November 2015: 'Sea changes', pgs 752-755, presented a chart showing the current warming respect to preindustrial era of 1 °C, that goes along with the current CO2 in atmosphere of 400 ppm. With the same 400 ppm CO2, 3 million years ago, with an increased average temperature of 2 to 3 °C above our preindustrial levels, Sea level was between 6 meters and a not defined enough upper range. The issue may be not if sea level will rise, but how much, and at what rate.
21st century
The 2007 Fourth Assessment Report (IPCC 4) projected century-end sea levels using the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES). SRES developed emissions scenarios to project climate-change impacts.[22] The projections based on these scenarios are not predictions,[23] but reflect plausible estimates of future social and economic development (e.g., economic growth, population level).[24] The six SRES "marker" scenarios projected sea level to rise by {{safesubst:#invoke:convert|convert}}.[25] Their projections were for the time period 2090–99, with the increase in level relative to average sea level over the 1980–99 period. This estimate did not include all of the possible contributions of ice sheets.
Hansen (2007), assumed an ice sheet contribution of 1 cm for the decade 2005–15, with a potential ten year doubling time for sea-level rise, based on a nonlinear ice sheet response, which would yield 5 m this century.[26]
Research from 2008 observed rapid declines in ice-mass balance from both Greenland and Antarctica, and concluded that sea-level rise by 2100 is likely to be at least twice as large as that presented by IPCC AR4, with an upper limit of about two meters.[27]
Projections assessed by the US National Research Council (2010)[28] suggest possible sea level rise over the 21st century of between {{safesubst:#invoke:convert|convert}}. The NRC describes the IPCC projections as "conservative".[28]
In 2011, Rignot and others projected a rise of {{safesubst:#invoke:convert|convert}} by 2050. Their projection included increased contributions from the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets. Use of two completely different approaches reinforced the Rignot projection.[29][30]
In its Fifth Assessment Report (2013), The IPCC found that recent observations of global average sea level rise at a rate of 3.2 [2.8 to 3.6] mm per year is consistent with the sum of contributions from observed thermal ocean expansion due to rising temperatures (1.1 [0.8 to 1.4] mm per year), glacier melt (0.76 [0.39 to 1.13] mm per year), Greenland ice sheet melt (0.33 [0.25 to 0.41] mm per year), Antarctic ice sheet melt (0.27 [0.16 to 0.38] mm per year), and changes to land water storage (0.38 [0.26 to 0.49] mm per year). The report had also concluded that if emissions continue to keep up with the worst case IPCC scenarios, global average sea level could rise by nearly 1m by 2100 (0.52−0.98 m from a 1986-2005 baseline). If emissions follow the lowest emissions scenario, then global average sea level is projected to rise by between 0.28−0.6 m by 2100 (compared to a 1986−2005 baseline).[31]
The Third National Climate Assessment (NCA), released May 6, 2014, projected a sea level rise of 1 to 4 feet (30–120 cm) by 2100. Decision makers who are particularly susceptible to risk may wish to use a wider range of scenarios from 8 inches to 6.6 feet (20–200 cm) by 2100.[32]
A 2015 study by sea level rise experts concluded that based on MIS 5e data, sea level rise could rise faster in the coming decades, with a doubling time of 10, 20 or 40 years. The study abstract explains: We argue that ice sheets in contact with the ocean are vulnerable to non-linear disintegration in response to ocean warming, and we posit that ice sheet mass loss can be approximated by a doubling time up to sea level rise of at least several meters. Doubling times of 10, 20 or 40 years yield sea level rise of several meters in 50, 100 or 200 years. Paleoclimate data reveal that subsurface ocean warming causes ice shelf melt and ice sheet discharge.
Our climate model exposes amplifying feedbacks in the Southern Ocean that slow Antarctic bottom water formation and increase ocean temperature near ice shelf grounding lines, while cooling the surface ocean and increasing sea ice cover and water column stability. Ocean surface cooling, in the North Atlantic as well as the Southern Ocean, increases tropospheric horizontal temperature gradients, eddy kinetic energy and baroclinicity, which drive more powerful storms.[33] However, Greg Holland from the National Center for Atmospheric Research, who reviewed the James (Jim) Hanson study, noted "There is no doubt that the sea level rise, within the IPCC, is a very conservative number, so the truth lies somewhere between IPCC and Jim."[34]
After 2100
</ref> IPCC AR4 estimated that at least a partial deglaciation of the Greenland ice sheet, and possibly the West Antarctic ice sheet, would occur given a global average temperature increase of 1–4 °C (relative to temperatures over the years 1990–2000).[35] This estimate was given about a 50% chance of being correct.[36] The estimated timescale was centuries to millennia, and would contribute {{safesubst:#invoke:convert|convert}} or more to sea levels over this period.
Rising sea levels will cause flooding and will have the ability to wipe out entire cities. In a study published by Nature, the entire state of Delaware could be completely wiped out by 2500.[37]
There is the possibility of a rapid change in glaciers, ice sheets, and hence sea level.[38] Predictions of such a change are highly uncertain due to a lack of scientific understanding. Modeling of the processes associated with a rapid ice-sheet and glacier change could potentially increase future projections of sea-level rise.
Hansen (2007), concluded that paleoclimate ice sheet models generally do not include physics of ice streams, effects of surface melt descending through crevasses and lubricating basal flow, or realistic interactions with the ocean. The calibration of projected modelling for future sea-level rise is generally done with a linear projection of future sea level. Thus, does not include potential nonlinear collapse of an ice sheet.[26]
Each year about 8 mm of precipitation (liquid equivalent) falls on the ice sheets in Antarctica and Greenland, mostly as snow, which accumulates and over time forms glacial ice. Much of this precipitation began as water vapor evaporated from the ocean surface. To a first approximation, the same amount of water appeared to return to the ocean in icebergs and from ice melting at the edges. Scientists previously had estimated which is greater, ice going in or coming out, called the mass balance, important because a nonzero balance causes changes in global sea level. High-precision gravimetry from satellites determined that Greenland was losing more than 200 billion tons of ice per year, in accord with loss estimates from ground measurement.[39] The rate of ice loss was accelerating,[40] having grown from 137 gigatons in 2002–2003.[41]
- The total global ice mass lost from Greenland, Antarctica and Earth's glaciers and ice caps during 2003–2010 was about 4.3 trillion tons (1,000 cubic miles), adding about 12 mm (0.5 in) to global sea level, enough ice to cover an area comparable to the United States 50 cm (1.5 ft) deep.[42]
- The melting of small glaciers on the margins of Greenland and the Antarctic Peninsula would increase sea level around 0.5 meter. At the extreme potential, according to the Third Assessment Report of the International Panel on Climate Change, the ice contained within the Greenland ice sheet entirely melted increases sea level by 7.2 meters (24 feet). The ice contained within the Antarctic ice sheet entirely melted would produce 61.1 meters (200 feet) of sea-level change, both totaling a sea-level rise of 68.3 meters (224 feet).[43]
It is estimated that Antarctica, if fully melted, would contribute more than 60 metres of sea level rise, and Greenland would contribute more than 7 metres. Small glaciers and ice caps on the margins of Greenland and the Antarctic Peninsula might contribute about 0.5 metres. While the latter figure is much smaller than for Antarctica or Greenland it could occur relatively quickly (within the coming century) whereas melting of Greenland would be slow (perhaps 1,500 years to fully deglaciate at the fastest likely rate) and Antarctica even slower.[44] However, this calculation does not account for the possibility that as meltwater flows under and lubricates the larger ice sheets, they could begin to move much more rapidly towards the sea.[45][46]
In 2002, Rignot and Thomas found that the West Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets were losing mass, while the East Antarctic ice sheet was probably in balance (although they could not determine the sign of the mass balance for The East Antarctic ice sheet).[47] Kwok and Comiso (J. Climate, v15, 487–501, 2002) also discovered that temperature and pressure anomalies around West Antarctica and on the other side of the Antarctic Peninsula correlate with recent Southern Oscillation events.
In 2005 it was reported that during 1992–2003, East Antarctica thickened at an average rate of about 18 mm/yr while West Antarctica showed an overall thinning of 9 mm/yr. associated with increased precipitation. A gain of this magnitude is enough to slow sea-level rise by 0.12 ± 0.02 mm/yr.[48]
On the Antarctic continent itself, the large volume of ice present stores around 70% of the world's fresh water.[49] This ice sheet is constantly gaining ice from snowfall and losing ice through outflow to the sea.
Sheperd et al. 2012, found that different satellite methods were in good agreement and combining methods leads to more certainty with East Antarctica, West Antarctica, and the Antarctic Peninsula changing in mass by +14 ± 43, –65 ± 26, and –20 ± 14 gigatonnes per year.[50]
East Antarctic ice sheet (EAIS)
{{#invoke:main|main}} East Antarctica is a cold region with a ground-base above sea level and occupies most of the continent. This area is dominated by small accumulations of snowfall which becomes ice and thus eventually seaward glacial flows. The mass balance of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet as a whole over the period 1980-2004 is thought to be slightly positive (lowering sea level) or near to balance, with a large degree of uncertainty.[51][52] However, increased ice outflow has been suggested in some regions.[52][53]
West Antarctic ice sheet (WAIS)
{{#invoke:main|main}} West Antarctica is currently experiencing a net outflow of glacial ice, which will increase global sea level over time. A review of the scientific studies looking at data from 1992 to 2006 suggested a net loss of around 50 gigatons of ice per year was a reasonable estimate (around 0.14 mm of yearly sea-level rise),[51] although significant acceleration of outflow glaciers in the Amundsen Sea Embayment could have more than doubled this figure for the year 2006.[52]
Thomas et al. found evidence of an accelerated contribution to sea level rise from West Antarctica.[54] The data showed that the Amundsen Sea sector of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet was discharging 250 cubic kilometres of ice every year, which was 60% more than precipitation accumulation in the catchment areas. This alone was sufficient to raise sea level at 0.24 mm/yr. Further, thinning rates for the glaciers studied in 2002–03 had increased over the values measured in the early 1990s. The bedrock underlying the glaciers was found to be hundreds of metres deeper than previously known, indicating exit routes for ice from further inland in the Byrd Subpolar Basin. Thus the West Antarctic ice sheet may not be as stable as has been supposed.
A 2009 study found that the rapid collapse of West Antarctic Ice Sheet would raise sea level by {{safesubst:#invoke:convert|convert}}.[55]
{{#invoke:main|main}} Observational and modelling studies of mass loss from glaciers and ice caps indicate a contribution to sea-level rise of 0.2–0.4 mm/yr, averaged over the 20th century.[56] The results from Dyurgerov show a sharp increase in the contribution of mountain and subpolar glaciers to sea-level rise since 1996 (0.5 mm/yr) to 1998 (2 mm/yr) with an average of about 0.35 mm/yr since 1960.[57] Of interest also is Arendt et al., who estimate the contribution of Alaskan glaciers of 0.14±0.04 mm/yr between the mid-1950s to the mid-1990s, increasing to 0.27 mm/yr in the middle and late 1990s.[58]
{{#invoke:main|main}} In 2004 Rignot et al. estimated a contribution of 0.04 ± 0.01 mm/yr to sea level rise from South East Greenland.[60] In the same year, Krabill et al. estimate a net contribution from Greenland to be at least 0.13 mm/yr in the 1990s.[61] Joughin et al. have measured a doubling of the speed of Jakobshavn Isbræ between 1997 and 2003.[62] This is Greenland's largest outlet glacier; it drains 6.5% of the ice sheet, and is thought to be responsible for increasing the rate of sea-level rise by about 0.06 millimetres per year, or roughly 4% of the 20th-century rate of sea-level increase.[63] In 2004, Rignot et al. estimated a contribution of 0.04±0.01 mm/yr to sea-level rise from southeast Greenland.[60]
Rignot and Kanagaratnam produced a comprehensive study and map of the outlet glaciers and basins of Greenland.[64] They found widespread glacial acceleration below 66 N in 1996 which spread to 70 N by 2005; and that the ice sheet loss rate in that decade increased from 90 to 200 cubic km/yr; this corresponds to an extra 0.25–0.55 mm/yr of sea level rise.
In July 2005 it was reported that the Kangerlussuaq Glacier, on Greenland's east coast, was moving towards the sea three times faster than a decade earlier. Kangerdlugssuaq is around 1,000 m thick, 7.2 km (4.5 miles) wide, and drains about 4% of the ice from the Greenland ice sheet.[65] Measurements of Kangerdlugssuaq in 1988 and 1996 showed it moving at between 5 and 6 km/yr (3.1–3.7 miles/yr), while in 2005 that speed had increased to 14 km/yr (8.7 miles/yr).
According to the 2004 Arctic Climate Impact Assessment, climate models project that local warming in Greenland will exceed 3 °C during this century. Also, ice-sheet models project that such a warming would initiate the long-term melting of the ice sheet, leading to a complete melting of the Greenland ice sheet over several millennia, resulting in a global sea level rise of about seven metres.[66]
Subsidence and effective sea level rise
Many ports, urban conglomerations, and agricultural regions are built on river deltas, where subsidence contributes to a substantial increase in effective sea level rise. This is caused by both unsustainable extraction of groundwater (in some place also by extraction of oil and gas), and by levees and other flood management practices that prevent accumulation of sediments to compensate for the natural settling of deltaic soils.[67] In many deltas this results in subsidence ranging from several millimeters per year up to possibly 25 centimeters per year in parts of the Ciliwung delta (Jakarta).[68] Total anthropogenic-caused subsidence in the Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta (Netherlands) is estimated at 3 to 4 meters, over nine meters in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, and over ten feet in urban areas of the Mississippi River Delta (New Orleans).[69]
The IPCC TAR WGII report (Impacts, Adaptation Vulnerability) notes that current and future climate change would be expected to have a number of impacts, particularly on coastal systems.[70] Such impacts may include increased coastal erosion, higher storm-surge flooding, inhibition of primary production processes, more extensive coastal inundation, changes in surface water quality and groundwater characteristics, increased loss of property and coastal habitats, increased flood risk and potential loss of life, loss of non-monetary cultural resources and values, impacts on agriculture and aquaculture through decline in soil and water quality, and loss of tourism, recreation, and transportation functions.
There is an implication that many of these impacts will be detrimental—especially for the three-quarters of the world's poor who depend on agriculture systems.[71] The report does, however, note that owing to the great diversity of coastal environments; regional and local differences in projected relative sea level and climate changes; and differences in the resilience and adaptive capacity of ecosystems, sectors, and countries, the impacts will be highly variable in time and space.
The IPCC report of 2007 estimated that accelerated melting of the Himalayan ice caps and the resulting rise in sea levels would likely increase the severity of flooding in the short term during the rainy season and greatly magnify the impact of tidal storm surges during the cyclone season. A sea-level rise of just 400 mm in the Bay of Bengal would put 11 percent of the Bangladesh's coastal land underwater, creating 7–10 million climate refugees.
Sea level rise could also displace many shore-based populations: for example it is estimated that a sea level rise of just 200 mm could make 740,000 people in Nigeria homeless.[72]
Future sea-level rise, like the recent rise, is not expected to be globally uniform. Some regions show a sea-level rise substantially more than the global average (in many cases of more than twice the average), and others a sea level fall.[73] However, models disagree as to the likely pattern of sea level change.[74]
Island nations
IPCC assessments suggest that deltas and small island states are particularly vulnerable to sea-level rise caused by both thermal expansion and increased ocean water. Sea level changes have not yet been conclusively proven to have directly resulted in environmental, humanitarian, or economic losses to small island states, but the IPCC and other bodies have found this a serious risk scenario in coming decades.[75]
Maldives, Tuvalu, and other low-lying countries are among the areas that are at the highest level of risk. The UN's environmental panel has warned that, at current rates, sea level would be high enough to make the Maldives uninhabitable by 2100.[76][77]
Many media reports have focused on the island nations of the Pacific, notably the Polynesian islands of Tuvalu, which based on more severe flooding events in recent years, were thought to be "sinking" due to sea level rise.[78] A scientific review in 2000 reported that based on University of Hawaii gauge data, Tuvalu had experienced a negligible increase in sea level of 0.07 mm a year over the past two decades, and that the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) had been a larger factor in Tuvalu's higher tides in recent years.[79] A subsequent study by John Hunter from the University of Tasmania, however, adjusted for ENSO effects and the movement of the gauge (which was thought to be sinking). Hunter concluded that Tuvalu had been experiencing sea-level rise of about 1.2 mm per year.[79][80] The recent more frequent flooding in Tuvalu may also be due to an erosional loss of land during and following the actions of 1997 cyclones Gavin, Hina, and Keli.[81]
A study conducted on the Jaluit Atoll, Marshall Islands demonstrated that significant geomorphologic events such as storms (i.e. Typhoon Ophelia in 1958) tend to have larger impacts on reef islands than the smaller-scale effects of sea level rise. These effects include the immediate erosion and subsequent regrowth process that may vary in length from decades to centuries, even resulting in land areas larger than pre-storm values. With an expected rise in the frequency and intensity of storms, they may become more significant in determining island shape and size than sea level rise.[82]
In 2016 it was reported that five of the Solomon Islands had disappeared due to the combined effects of sea level rise and stronger trade winds that were pushing water into the Western Pacific.[83]
Besides the issues that flooding brings, such as soil salinisation, the island states themselves would also become dissolved over time, as the islands become uninhabitable or completely submerged by the sea. Once this happens, all rights on the surrounding area (sea) are removed. This area can be huge as rights extend to a radius of 224 nautical miles (414 km) around the entire island state. Any resources, such as fossil oil, minerals and metals, within this area can be freely dug up by anyone and sold without needing to pay any commission to the (now dissolved) island state.[84]
Options that have been proposed to assist island nations to adapt to rising sea level include abandoning islands, building dikes, and building upwards.[85]
"Recurrent tidal flooding is...one of the most visible and quantifiable present-day signs of climate change." "Chronic, disruptive flooding is defined as flooding that occurs 26 times per year or more." As the incidence increases further a neighborhood may be said to be effectively inundated, "flooding is so frequent that it renders the area's current use no longer feasible."[86] As of 2018 prices paid for vulnerable property by more sophisticated buyers such as investors had begun to drop slightly. Coastal property continued to appreciate, but at a reduced rate compared to property at higher elevation.[87]
A study in the April, 2007 issue of Environment and Urbanization reports that 634 million people live in coastal areas within 30 feet of sea level. The study also reported that about two thirds of the world's cities with over five million people are located in these low-lying coastal areas. Future sea level rise could lead to potentially catastrophic difficulties for shore-based communities in the next centuries: for example, many major cities such as Venice, London, New Orleans, and New York City already need storm-surge defenses, and would need more if the sea level rose, though they also face issues such as subsidence.[88][89] However, modest increases in sea level are likely to be offset when cities adapt by constructing sea walls or through relocating.[90]
Re-insurance company Swiss Re estimates an economic loss for southeast Florida in 2030, of $33 billion from climate-related damages.[91][92] Miami has been listed as "the number-one most vulnerable city worldwide" in terms of potential damage to property from storm-related flooding and sea-level rise.[93]
Coastal and Polar habitats are facing drastic changes as consequence of rising sea levels. Loss of ice in the Arctic may force local species to migrate in search of a new home. If seawater continues to approach inland, problems related to contaminated soils and flooded wetlands may occur. Also, fish, birds, and coastal plants could lose parts of their habitat.[94] In 2016 it was reported that the Bramble Cay melomys, which lived on a Great Barrier Reef island, had probably become extinct because of sea level rises.[95]
Extreme sea level rise events
Downturn of Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), has been tied to extreme regional sea level rise (1-in-850 year event). Between 2009–2010, coastal sea levels north of New York City increased by 128 mm within two years. This jump is unprecedented in the tide gauge records, which have collected data for a couple of centuries.[96][97]
Sea level measurement
In 1992 the TOPEX/Poseidon satellite was launched to record the change in sea level.[98] Current rates of sea level rise from satellite altimetry have been estimated in the range of 2.9–3.4 ± 0.4–0.6 mm per year for 1993–2010.[99][100][101][102][103][103] This exceeds those from tide gauges. It is unclear whether this represents an increase over the last decades; variability; true differences between satellites and tide gauges; or problems with satellite calibration.[104] Due to calibration errors of the first satellite – Topex/Poseidon, sea levels have been slightly overestimated until 2015, which resulted in masking of ongoing sea level rise acceleration.[105]
Tide gauge
The longest running sea-level measurements, NAP or Amsterdam Ordnance Datum established in 1675, are recorded in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. About 25 percent of the Netherlands lies beneath sea level, while more than 50 percent of this nation's area would be inundated by temporary floods if it did not have an extensive levee system, see Flood control in the Netherlands.[106]
In Australia, data collected by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) show the current global mean sea level trend to be 3.2 mm/yr.,[107] a doubling of the rate of the total increase of about 210mm that was measured from 1880 to 2009, which reflected an average annual rise over the entire 129-year period of about 1.6 mm/year.[108]
Australian record collection has a long time horizon, including measurements by an amateur meteorologist beginning in 1837 and measurements taken from a sea-level benchmark struck on a small cliff on the Isle of the Dead[109] near the Port Arthur convict settlement on 1 July 1841. These records, when compared with data recorded by modern tide gauges, reinforce the recent comparisons of the historic sea level rise of about 1.6 mm/year, with the sharp acceleration in recent decades.[110]
Continuing extensive sea level data collection by Australia's (CSIRO) is summarized in its finding of mean sea level trend to be 3.2 mm/yr. As of 2003 the National Tidal Centre of the Bureau of Meteorology managed 32 tide gauges covering the entire Australian coastline, with some measurements available starting in 1880.[111]
United States
Tide gauges in the United States reveal considerable variation because some land areas are rising and some are sinking. For example, over the past 100 years, the rate of sea level rise varied from about an increase of {{safesubst:#invoke:convert|convert}} per year along the Louisiana Coast (due to land sinking), to a drop of a few inches per decade in parts of Alaska (due to post-glacial rebound). The rate of sea level rise increased during the 1993–2003 period compared with the longer-term average (1961–2003), although it is unclear whether the faster rate reflected a short-term variation or an increase in the long-term trend.[112]
One study showed no acceleration in sea level rise in US tide gauge records during the 20th century.[113] However, another study found that the rate of rise for the US Atlantic coast during the 20th century was far higher than during the previous two thousand years.[114]
{{#invoke:labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Further information}} In 2008, the Dutch Delta Commission (Deltacommissie), advised in a report that the Netherlands would need a massive new building program to strengthen the country's water defenses against the anticipated effects of global warming for the next 190 years. This commission was created in September 2007, after the damage caused by Hurricane Katrina prompted reflection and preparations. Those included drawing up worst-case plans for evacuations. The plan included more than €100 billion (US$144 bn), in new spending through the year 2100 to take measures, such as broadening coastal dunes and strengthening sea and river dikes. The commission said the country must plan for a rise in the North Sea up to {{safesubst:#invoke:convert|convert}} by 2100, rather than the previously projected {{safesubst:#invoke:convert|convert}}, and plan for a 2–4 metre (6.5–13 feet) rise by 2200.[115]
The New York City Panel on Climate Change (NPCC), is an effort to prepare the New York City area for climate change.
Miami Beach is spending $500 million in the next years to address sea-level rise. Actions include a pump drainage system, and to raise roadways and sidewalks.[116]
See also
- Carbon cycle
- Coastal development
- Coastal sediment supply
- Cold blob (North Atlantic)
- Effects of global warming on oceans
- Effects of climate change on island nations
- Hydrosphere
- Islands First
- Marine transgression
- Standard sea level
- ↑ {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=citation }}
- ↑ Anders Levermann, Peter U. Clark, Ben Marzeion, Glenn A. Milne, David Pollard, Valentina Radic, and Alexander Robinson (13 June 2013). "The multimillennial sea-level commitment of global warming". PNAS 110: 13745–13750. Template:Hide in print. Template:Hide in print. Template:Hide in print. http://www.pnas.org/content/110/34/13745.abstract?sid=26fd1d37-7276-46e2-9192-0931e6ebf6ab.
- ↑ {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=report }}
- ↑ {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=report }}
- ↑ {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=citation }}
- ↑ IPCC, FAQ 5.1: Is Sea Level Rising?, in Template:Harvnb.
- ↑ Albritton et al., Technical Summary, Box 2: What causes sea level to change?, in Template:Harvnb.
- ↑ IPCC, Summary for Policymakers, Section C. Current knowledge about future impacts – Magnitudes of impact in Template:Harvnb.
- ↑
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Cronin, T. M. (2012) Invited review: Rapid sea-level rise. Quaternary Science Reviews. 56:11-30.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Blanchon, P. (2011a) Meltwater Pulses. In: Hopley, D. (Ed), Encyclopedia of Modern Coral Reefs: Structure, form and process. Springer-Verlag Earth Science Series, p. 683-690. ISBN 978-90-481-2638-5
- ↑ Blanchon, P. (2011b) Backstepping. In: Hopley, D. (Ed), Encyclopedia of Modern Coral Reefs: Structure, form and process. Springer-Verlag Earth Science Series, p. 77-84. ISBN 978-90-481-2638-5
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Blanchon, P., and Shaw, J. (1995) Reef drowning during the last deglaciation: evidence for catastrophic sea-level rise and icesheet collapse. Geology, 23:4–8.
- ↑ {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=news }}
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- ↑ Bindoff et al., Chapter 5: Observations: Oceanic Climate Change and Sea Level, Executive summary, in Template:Harvnb.
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- ↑ {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=book }}
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- ↑ Morita et al., Chap. 2: Greenhouse Gas Emission Mitigation Scenarios and Implications, Section 2.2.1: Introduction to Scenarios, in Template:Harvnb.
- ↑ IPCC, Topic 3, Section 3.2.1: 21st century global changes, p. 45, in Template:Harvnb.
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 J E Hansen (2007). "Scientific reticence and sea level rise". Environmental Research Letters (IOPScience) 2: 024002. Template:Hide in print. http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/2/2/024002.
- ↑ Allison (2009). The Copenhagen Diagnosis, 2009: Updating the World on the Latest Climate Science. http://www.copenhagendiagnosis.com/read/default.html.
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=book }}
- ↑ Rignot E.; I. Velicogna; M. R. van den Broeke; A. Monaghan; J. Lenaerts (2011). "Acceleration of the contribution of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets to sea level rise". Geophysical Research Letters 38 (5). Template:Hide in print. Template:Hide in print. "Considerable disparity remains between these estimates due to the inherent uncertainties of each method, the lack of detailed comparison between independent estimates, and the effect of temporal modulations in ice sheet surface mass balance. Here, we present a consistent record of mass balance for the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets over the past two decades, validated by the comparison of two independent techniques over the past eight years: one differencing perimeter loss from net accumulation, and one using a dense time series of timevariable gravity. We find excellent agreement between the two techniques for absolute mass loss and acceleration of mass loss."
- ↑
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- ↑ IPCC AR4, Summary for Policymakers, Section C. Current knowledge about future impacts – Magnitudes of impact in Template:Harvnb
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- ↑ Sea level rise overflowing estimates; Feedback mechanisms are speeding up ice melt November 8, 2012 Science News
- ↑ Velicogna, I. (2009). "Increasing rates of ice mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets revealed by GRACE". Geophysical Research Letters 36 (19). Template:Hide in print. Template:Hide in print.
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- ↑ Anisimov et al., Chapter 11. Changes in Sea Level, Section 22.214.171.124: Models of thermal expansion, Table 1.3, in Template:Harvnb.
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- ↑ Davis, Curt H.; Yonghong Li; Joseph R. McConnell; Markus M. Frey; Edward Hanna (24 June 2005). "Snowfall-Driven Growth in East Antarctic Ice Sheet Mitigates Recent Sea-Level Rise". Science 308 (5730): 1898–1901. Template:Hide in print. Template:Hide in print. Template:Hide in print.
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- ↑ Sheperd et al 2012 A Reconciled Estimate of Ice-Sheet Mass Balance
- ↑ 51.0 51.1 Shepherd, A.; Wingham, D. (2007). "Recent Sea-Level Contributions of the Antarctic and Greenland Ice Sheets". Science 315 (5818): 1529–1532. Template:Hide in print. Template:Hide in print.
- ↑ 52.0 52.1 52.2 Rignot, E.; Bamber, J. L.; Van Den Broeke, M. R.; Davis, C.; Li, Y.; Van De Berg, W. J.; Van Meijgaard, E. (2008). "Recent Antarctic ice mass loss from radar interferometry and regional climate modelling". Nature Geoscience 1 (2): 106–110. Template:Hide in print. Template:Hide in print. http://www.researchgate.net/publication/232802727_Recent_Antarctic_ice_mass_loss_from_radar_interferometry_and_regional_climate_modelling.
- ↑ Chen, J. L.; Wilson, C. R.; Tapley, B. D.; Blankenship, D.; Young, D. (2008). "Antarctic regional ice loss rates from GRACE". Earth and Planetary Science Letters 266 (1–2): 140–148. Template:Hide in print. Template:Hide in print.
- ↑ Thomas, R (2004). "Accelerated Sea-Level Rise from West Antarctica". Science 306 (5694): 255–258. Template:Hide in print. Template:Hide in print. Template:Hide in print.
- ↑ Bamber J.L.; Riva R.E.M.; Vermeersen B.L.A.; LeBroq A.M. (2009). "Reassessment of the potential sea-level rise from a collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet". Science 324 (5929): 901–3. Template:Hide in print. Template:Hide in print. Template:Hide in print.
- ↑ [Changes in sea level | page 3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level_rise]
- ↑ Dyurgerov, Mark. 2002. Glacier Mass Balance and Regime: Data of Measurements and Analysis. INSTAAR Occasional Paper No. 55, ed. M. Meier and R. Armstrong. Boulder, CO: Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado. Distributed by National Snow and Ice Data Center, Boulder, CO. A shorter discussion is at [1]
- ↑ Arendt, AA (July 2002). "Rapid Wastage of Alaska Glaciers and Their Contribution to Rising Sea Level". Science 297 (5580): 382–386. Template:Hide in print. Template:Hide in print. Template:Hide in print.
- ↑ Earth Observatory (2009) Melting Anomalies in Greenland in 2007
- ↑ 60.0 60.1 Rignot, E. (2004). "Rapid ice discharge from southeast Greenland glaciers". Geophysical Research Letters 31 (10): L10401. Template:Hide in print. Template:Hide in print.
- ↑ Krabill, W (21 July 2000). "Greenland Ice Sheet: High-Elevation Balance and Peripheral Thinning". Science 289 (5478): 428–430. Template:Hide in print. Template:Hide in print. Template:Hide in print.
- ↑ Joughin, I (December 2004). "Large fluctuations in speed on Greenland's Jakobshavn Isbræ glacier". Nature 432 (7017): 608–610. Template:Hide in print. Template:Hide in print. Template:Hide in print.
- ↑ Report shows movement of glacier has doubled speed | SpaceRef – Your Space Reference
- ↑ Rignot, E; Kanagaratnam, P (2006). "Changes in the Velocity Structure of the Greenland Ice Sheet". Science 311 (5763): 986–90. Template:Hide in print. Template:Hide in print. Template:Hide in print. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/311/5763/986?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=luckman&searchid=1140284328766_4322&FIRSTINDEX=0&journalcode=sci.
- ↑ {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=news }}
- ↑ http://umcca.um.edu.my/glex2308/micellaneous/The%20Role%20Sea%20Ice%20in%20Dangerous%20Climate%20Change.pdf
- ↑ Template:Harvnb;Template:Harvnb
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- ↑ Template:Harvnb.Template:Page needed
- ↑ "Climate Shocks: Risk and Vulnerability in an Unequal World." Human Development report 2007/2008. hdr.undp.org/media/hdr_20072008_summary_english.pdf
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- ↑ ??, in Template:Harvnb.Template:Verify source
- ↑ Fig. 11?, in Template:Harvnb.Template:Verify source
- ↑ The Future Oceans – Warming Up, Rising High, Turning Sour
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- ↑ 79.0 79.1 Patel, Samir S. (April 5, 2006). "A Sinking Feeling". Nature 440: 734–736. Template:Hide in print. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v440/n7085/full/440734a.html. Retrieved 2007-11-15.
- ↑ {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=news }}
- ↑ {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=news }}
- ↑ Ford, Murray R.; Kench, Paul S.. "Spatiotemporal variability of typhoon impacts and relaxation intervals on Jaluit Atoll, Marshall Islands". Geology 44 (2): 159–162. Template:Hide in print. http://www.crossref.org/iPage?doi=10.1130%2FG37402.1.
- ↑
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- ↑ Dahl, K.A., E. Spanger-Siegfried, A. Caldas, and S. Udvardy. 2017. "Effective inundation of continental United States communities with 21st century sea level rise." Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene 5. Online at http://www.elementascience.org/article/10.1525/elementa.234. doi:10.1525/elementa.234
- ↑ "Sea level rise is already costing property owners on the coast" article by John Tibbetts, Chris Mooney , Reporter in The Washington Post August 20, 2018
- ↑
- ↑ ??, in Template:Harvnb.Template:Verify source
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- ↑ {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=news }}
- ↑ "Sea Level Rise" National Geographic.
- ↑
- ↑ {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=news }}
- ↑ Paul B. Goddard, Jianjun Yin, Stephen M. Griffies & Shaoqing Zhang (24 February 2015). "An extreme event of sea-level rise along the Northeast coast of North America in 2009–2010". Nature Communications 6: 6346. Template:Hide in print. Template:Hide in print. http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2015/150224/ncomms7346/full/ncomms7346.html.
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- ↑ Nerem; R. S. et al (2010). "Estimating Mean Sea Level Change from the TOPEX and Jason Altimeter Missions". Marine Geodesy 33: 435–446. Template:Hide in print.
- ↑
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- ↑ 103.0 103.1
- ↑
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- ↑ Hunter, John; R. Coleman; D. Pugh (April 2003). "The Sea Level at Port Arthur, Tasmania, from 1841 to the Present". Geophysical Research Letters 30 (7). Template:Hide in print. Template:Hide in print.
- ↑ Template:Cite press release
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- ↑ Houston, J. R.; Dean, R. G. (2011). "Sea-Level Acceleration Based on U.S. Tide Gauges and Extensions of Previous Global-Gauge Analyses". Journal of Coastal Research 27: 409–417. Template:Hide in print. http://www.jcronline.org/doi/pdf/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-10-00157.1.
- ↑ Kemp, A. C.; Horton, B. P.; Donnelly, J. P.; Mann, M. E.; Vermeer, M.; Rahmstorf, S. (2011). "Climate related sea-level variations over the past two millennia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108 (27): 11017–11022. Template:Hide in print. Template:Hide in print. Template:Hide in print. http://www.pnas.org/content/108/27/11017.full.pdf.
- ↑ "Dutch draw up drastic measures to defend coast against rising seas"
- ↑
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Further reading
- Byravan, S.; Rajan, S. C. (2010). "The ethical implications of sea-level rise due to climate change". Ethics and International Affairs 24 (3): 239–60. Template:Hide in print.
- {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=book }}
- Clark, P. U., Mitrovica, J. X., Milne, G. A. & Tamisiea (2002). "Sea-Level Fingerprinting as a Direct Test for the Source of Global Meltwater Pulse 1A". Science 295 (5564): 2438–2441. Template:Hide in print. Template:Hide in print. Template:Hide in print.
- Eelco J. Rohling, Robert Marsh, Neil C. Wells, Mark Siddall and Neil R. Edwards (2004). "Similar meltwater contributions to glacial sea level changes from Antarctic and northern ice sheets". Nature 430 (August 26): 1016–1021. Template:Hide in print. Template:Hide in print. Template:Hide in print.
- Walter Munk (2002). [[[:Template:Hide in print]] "Twentieth century sea level: An enigma"]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99 (10): 6550–6555. Template:Hide in print. Template:Hide in print. Template:Hide in print. Template:Hide in print.
- Menefee, Samuel Pyeatt (1991). "Half Seas Over: The Impact of Sea Level Rise on International Law and Policy". U.C.L.A. Journal of Environmental Law & Policy 9: 175–218.
- Laury Miller & Bruce C. Douglas (2004). "Mass and volume contributions to twentieth-century global sea level rise". Nature 428 (6981): 406–409. Template:Hide in print. Template:Hide in print. Template:Hide in print.
- Bruce C. Douglas & W. Richard Peltier (2002). "The Puzzle of Global Sea-Level Rise". Physics Today 55 (3): 35–41. Template:Hide in print. Template:Hide in print. Archived from the original on 13 February 2005. http://web.archive.org/web/20050213165850/http://www.aip.org/pt/vol-55/iss-3/p35.html. Retrieved 24 March 2005.
- B. C. Douglas (1992). "Global sea level acceleration". J. Geophys. Res. 7 (c8): 12699. Template:Hide in print. Template:Hide in print.
- {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=book }}
- R. Kwok; J. C. Comiso (2002). "Southern Ocean Climate and Sea Ice Anomalies Associated with the Southern Oscillation" (PDF). Journal of Climate 15 (5): 487–501. Template:Hide in print. Template:Hide in print. Template:Hide in print. http://rkwok.jpl.nasa.gov/publications/Kwok.2002c.JCL.pdf.
- Colorado Center for Astrodynamics Research, "Mean Sea Level" Accessed December 19, 2005
- Fahnestock, Mark (December 4, 2004), "Report shows movement of glacier has doubled speed", University of New Hampshire press release. Accessed December 19, 2005
- Leuliette, E.W.; R.S. Nerem; G.T. Mitchum (2004). "Calibration of TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason Altimeter Data to Construct a Continuous Record of Mean Sea Level Change". Marine Geodesy 27 (1–2): 79–94. Template:Hide in print.
- National Snow and Ice Data Center (March 14, 2005), "Is Global Sea Level Rising?". Accessed December 19, 2005
- {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=news }}
- Pilkey, Orrin and Robert Young, The Rising Sea, Shearwater, July 2009 ISBN 978-1-59726-191-3
- Douglas, Bruce C. (1995). "Global sea level change: Determination and interpretation". Reviews of Geophysics 33: 1425–1432. Template:Hide in print. Template:Hide in print.
External links
- Third National Climate Assessment Sea Level Rise Key Message
- Incorporating Sea Level Change Scenarios at the Local Level Outlines eight steps a community can take to develop site-appropriate scenarios
- East Coast faces faster sea level rise; Cities from North Carolina to Massachusetts see waters rising more rapidly July 28, 2012; Vol.182 #2 (p. 17) Science News
- Sea Level Rise:Understanding the past – Improving projections for the future
- Providing new homes for climate exiles Sujatha Byravan and Sudhir Chella Rajan, 2006
- New perspectives for the future of the Maldives Nils-Axel Mörner, Michael Tooley, Göran Possnert, 2004
- The Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS)
- Surgewatch, database for UK flood events
- The Gravity of Glacial Melt. Jerry Mitrovica explains the uneven rise in sea levels as glaciers melt from Harvard Magazine
- Maps that show a rise in sea levels
- YouTube
- Template:YouTube
- Template:YouTube – National Geographic film based on the 2007 book Six Degrees: Our Future on a Hotter Planet
- Template:YouTube – Discovery Channel
Template:Physical oceanography Template:Global warming
| This page uses content from Wikipedia. The original article was at Sea level rise.
The list of authors can be seen in the page history. The text of this Wikinfo article is available under the GNU Free Documentation License and the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 license.


text: Me N Ma Girls is an all-girl group from Myanmar (Burma). The girls conjure up images of the Spice Girls and other female pop singers like Britney Spears with their colorful wigs and dance tunes. The Yangon-based band is also helping to break down cultural taboos in a country where there has been censorship. The new album by the group Me N Ma Girls came out December 17th, in the midst of some significant changes in the group's native country of Myanmar, also known as Burma. On the album's title track, "Min Ga Lar Par," the band sings about being "like any other girls in the world." And there are some ways that the members of the Me N Ma Girls do indeed seem like other girls in the world: they love Britney and Shakira, they have parents who worry when they stay out late, they studied "important" things like computer science and Russian in college but dream of being pop stars. Then there are some ways that the experiences of the five members of the group seem very particular to Burma. "We are the first band who can use colorful wigs," says Htike Htike, one of the Me N Ma Girls. Burma's censorship board, which has to approve all the lyrics, music, videos, and artwork for any album produced in the country, gave them the go-ahead to use colorful wigs in a video. That was in 2011. Htike Htike says it may not seem like a big deal in the US, but the group was pretty psyched. "When we heard that news we shout and chant," she laughs. It was a pretty progressive move for the board, which had until recently blocked bands from wearing colored wigs or dying their hair, calling such things quote "against Burmese culture." The censors have been loosening their grip recently–there's even talk of abolishing the board. Heather MacLachlan, a professor at the University of Dayton in Ohio and author of a book about pop music in Burma, says the conservatism doesn't just reflect the views of stodgy apparatchiks. "It's not just the censors, I mean, those are Burmese values. Burma is still a place where, for example, dating is not really acceptable if you're a nice middle-class girl or boy," MacLachlan says. In fact Htike Htike herself–even though she's in a group that's pushing the cultural envelope in Burma—is not totally gung-ho about the idea of all censorship ending right away. "I'm a little bit worried about that, because there is no experience without censorship in teenagers. That's why, if there's no censorship, the teenagers would be mixed with the outside culture," she says. The group is the brainchild of Nikki May, an Australian dancer whose first experience in Burma was as a volunteer at orphanages there. She got it into her head to form a girl band along the lines of the Spice Girls and, two years ago, put out an ad for auditions. "It was so amazing to me that girls even turned up," May says. "You know: 'Hey, I'm an Australian singer and dancer, I want to start a girl band , who's interested?' And about 120 girls showed up to this audition!" Even in a crowd of that size, May says the five people she chose for the group stood out. "They wanted to communicate, and wanted to engage–and wanted to give it 100 percent. And the energy coming off of them was something that I really hadn't seen in many of the entertainment acts in Myanmar." The group's first live show was at the annual Water Festival in the city of Mandalay. The audience was in the thousands, and some didn't quite know what to make of the group. "One of the most pertinent moments," May remembers, "was when they were pushing their way through the crowd with police escort, because everyone was stretching out their arms trying to touch them. And one guy said, in English, 'Which country are you girls from?' And they said 'We are Myanmar! We are Myanmar.' And the guy just looked so gobsmacked." The Me N Ma Girls and Nikki May co-wrote the 12 songs on their new album. The album's title track quotes a standard Burmese greeting, and talks about balancing respect for traditional Burmese culture with the urge to be a worldly, modern woman. One song praises bling, managing to rhyme, impressively, "bracelets" with "necklaces." Another, "Kickit," is an ode to soccer. In the chorus of the song "Boung Ma Win Bua," a call of "You are a liar" gets the response "Don't open your mouth!" This song goes out to an ex-boyfriend, and is written by Ah Mon, another member of the group. She says that the song's message is a pretty simple one: "You think that you are so smart and you are good enough to play with girls. You say that you're always missing me and you're always thinking about me, but actually you're not, I know it. What you are doing to me is like a child, and I'm not a child, so I don't believe you and you are a liar." Being wary of deceit — one more way the Me N Ma Girls see themselves as just regular girls.


text:
January 1st – a day that commemorates a brand new year and marks the beginning of a new set of New Year's resolutions. From eating healthy to keeping an active lifestyle, the goals you set for this upcoming year can pave the way to a healthier and better you. Oftentimes, the resolutions we set for ourselves are unrealistic and difficult to sustain, causing many of us to fall back to our old habits after a few days. But have no fear, we came up with a few tips that can help you not only set obtainable goals, but also uphold and maintain them long-term.
1. Set specific goals.
Perhaps the most common mistake that we make while writing our New Year's resolutions is that we typically make them too broad and not measurable. We vow to "eat healthy," "stop eating fast food," and my personal favorite, "exercise every day." Although these are great objectives, they aren't exactly quantifiable or specific. Instead, you can commit to eating at least 7 servings of fruits and vegetables per day, limiting fast food to once or twice a week, and including 20-30 minutes of physical activity 5 days per week. These goals are much more specific and calculable, making it more likely that you'll actually follow them.
2. Focus on one goal at a time.
It is unrealistic to expect that overnight, you will adopt healthy eating habits and start exercising. Healthy habits that are sustainable typically develop over time, little by little; with every health-promoting decision you make, your conviction becomes stronger, allowing your next decision to become easier. Ultimately, this will result in the permanent adoption of healthy habits. Therefore, focusing on one goal at a time can help you maintain these resolutions on a long-term basis so that they start becoming part of your routine.
3. Always be prepared.
A wise man once said, "If you fail to plan, you are planning to fail!" This quote can be applied to perhaps any situation, from planning your meals to planning your days, workouts, and so on. If your goal is to limit fast food, make sure that you prepare your meals ahead of time and pack them in containers to take to work or school. You can even make a big batch of a recipe so that you have meals prepared for the rest of the week. If you know that you get hungry around midday and are typically away from home at that time, be sure to have plenty of healthy snacks, such as nuts and fresh fruit, on hand. Lastly, if your goal is to take a 30-minute walk around the block every day, lay out your workout clothes ahead of time so you have no excuses to get out and get moving.
While writing your New Year's resolutions, remember that it's not the end of the world if you have setbacks. Welcome each challenge you encounter with open arms, and have a plan in mind to overcome it. Ultimately, the key to keeping your New Year's resolutions lies in upholding your goals and objectives with every health-forwarding decision you make and every health-forwarding action you take.
If your resolutions include improving your health and weight loss, let Emory Bariatric Center help you. We offer both surgical and non-surgical weight loss programs. View our website www.emoryhealthcare.org/bariatrics for program options or call 404-778-7777 for more information.
Tags: exercise, goal setting, healthy eating, healthy habits, new year's resolutions, nutrition, nutrition goals, weight loss, weight loss goals, wellness


text:
Fate of two bills in Senate is uncertain, and the president has threatened vetoes.
The Republican-controlled House made good on promises by passing two far-reaching regulatory reform bills long sought by many in industry, though the White House has vowed to veto both bills.
On Friday, the House voted 253-167 for the Regulatory Accountability Act (H.R. 3010), a major reworking of the 1946 Administrative Procedures Act. It would codify requirements on agencies to pursue earlier public outreach, improved scientific data, less closed door regulating, more built-in cost benefit analysis and more formal reviews of evidence of the effects of proposed "high-impact rules" costing more than a $1 billion.
On Thursday, the House voted 263-159 for the Regulatory Flexibility Improvements Act (H.R. 527), which would require agencies to step up efforts to identify costs that new regulations could impose on small businesses, write the regulations in ways that reduce costs and increase input from small businesses in the process.
A Senate version of the accountability act, introduced by Sen. Rob Portman, R-Ohio, has not emerged from the Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee.
"The Regulatory Flexibility Improvements Act responds to the administration's words about the need to protect small businesses from over-regulation," House Judiciary Committee Chairman Lamar Smith, R-Texas, said in a statement. "The bill makes carefully targeted reforms to the current law to ensure that agencies properly analyze how a new regulation will affect small businesses before adopting that regulation."
Rep. Sam Graves, R-Mo., cited several recent studies, including an October Gallup poll, that found complying with government regulations was the most important problem that small business owners faced.
"According to a 2010 Small Business Administration study, small firms bear a regulatory cost that is 36 percent higher than the cost of regulatory compliance for large businesses," said Graves, who chairs the Small Business Committee.
"Economic recovery begins with our small businesses, but this will not happen unless we rein in the mass of regulations coming from Washington," he said.
A White House statement issued before the vote Thursday said the Regulatory Flexibility Improvements Act "would impose unneeded and costly analytical and procedural requirements on agencies that would prevent them from performing their statutory responsibilities. It would also create needless regulatory and legal uncertainty and increase costs for businesses and further impede the implementation of common-sense protections for the American public."
Similar language was used in the White House critique of the Regulatory Accountability Act, charging that it would "require cumbersome 'formal' rule-making for a new category of rules, for which agencies would have to conduct quasi-adjudicatory proceedings. It would impose unnecessary new evidentiary standards as a condition of rule-making," the statement said. "It would subject the regulatory process to unneeded rounds of litigation . . . and undermine the executive branch's ability to adapt regulatory review to changing circumstances.
The Obama administration argued that its "deep commitment to promoting small business" and relieving regulatory burdens is reflected in the president's January executive order.
The Regulatory Flexibility Improvements Act was blasted by Scott Slesinger, legislative director of the Natural Resources Defense Council. He told Government Executive it "has nothing to do with small business but gives large businesses the opportunity to hide behind small business in analyzing the impact." It also would "give the SBA power to hold up regulations, making it a super-regulator," he said.
The Regulatory Accountability Act drew equally harsh criticism from Katherine McFate, president of the nonprofit OMB Watch. She wrote in a blog that it would "mandate new, duplicative agency reviews; overturn established administrative law practices; give corporate interests countless new ways to influence, slow, or simply stop the rule-making process; and allow judges to substitute their own judgments for those of scientific experts and agency staff."
. A vote on a third Republican backed regulatory reform bill, the Regulations from the Executive In Need of Scrutiny Act (H.R. 10), is likely next week.
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