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Mycotoxins in Aquaculture: Occurrence and Significance
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by molds (Hussein and Brasel, 2001). They are found mainly in agricultural commodities and are produced at various stages e.g. before or after harvest, during transportation or storage. Chemically, mycotoxins display a wide range of structures, differing also in biological effects, e.g. carcinogenic, teratogenic, mutagenic, estrogenic, neurotoxic, or immunotoxic (Abd-Allah et al., 1999, El-Sayed et al., 2009, McKean et al., 2006). The effects of mycotoxins are widely studied and specific signs, symptoms and pathologies can be directly linked to mycotoxicosis. In aquaculture, mycotoxins are recognized as a threat since 1960, the first case describing negative effects in fish, where aflatoxin-contaminated cottonseed meal caused an outbreak of aflatoxicosis in hatchery-reared rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) (Kumar et al., 2013, Wolf and Jackson, 1963). However, mycotoxicosis in aquatic species is often associated with poor growth; low feed efficiency and the lack of obvious pathological signs make it difficult to identify the source of the problem. It is therefore of utmost importance to be aware of the potential risks that mycotoxins present to farmed aquatic species, as well as a deep knowledge on the occurrence of mycotoxins in commonly used raw materials in aquatic feeds.
Mycotoxins in aquaculture
Research characterizing the adverse effects of mycotoxins on the performance and health of animals has in large part focused on terrestrial livestock species (D'Mello and Macdonald, 1997, Pestka, 2007, Rotter et al., 1996). However, in recent years, research has been carried out on the effects of mycotoxins in aquaculture species. This became even more important with the high cost of fish meal and the need to identify more economical protein sources, such as plant protein or other commercially available by-products. According to Tacon et al. (2011), plant nutrients already represent the major dietary protein source used within feeds for lower trophic level fish species like tilapia, carp or catfish, and the second major source of dietary protein and lipids after fishmeal and fish oil for high trophic level fish species. Generally, most of the mycotoxins that have the potential to reduce growth and health status of aquaculture farmed animals are produced by Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium species. Toxic metabolites produced by these fungi are known to be either carcinogenic (e.g. aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, fumonisin B1), estrogenic (zearalenone), neurotoxic (fumonisin B1), nephrotoxic (ochratoxin), dermatotoxic (trichothecenes) or immunosuppressive (aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A and T-2 toxin).
Mycotoxins effects in aquatic species
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are known to be sensitive to low levels of DON (Hooft et al., 2011, Woodward et al., 1983). Hooft et al. (2011) reported that low, graded levels of DON ranging from 300 to 2,600 µg kg-1 from naturally contaminated corn resulted in highly significant decrease in growth (-40%), feed intake (-52.7%), feed efficiency (-76.7%) and protein and energy utilization (-74.4% and -72.1%) when compared to control. Contrarily, channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) fed diets containing up to 10,000 µg Kg−1 of DON from either a purified source or naturally contaminated wheat had no effects on feed consumption, growth, hematocrit values or liver weights (Manning et al., 2014). However, in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), DON levels ranging from 200 to 1,000 µg kg−1 in the diet, significantly reduced shrimp body weight and/or growth rate (Trigo-Stockli et al., 2000). Also in carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) a feeding trial using three different concentrations of DON (352, 619 and 953 µg kg−1) confirmed the immunosuppressive effects of DON even at low doses (Pietsch et al., 2014).
Scarce information is available on the effects of fumonisins on aquaculture species. It is known that rainbow trout liver is sensitive to FB, inducing changes in sphingolipid metabolism on values lower than 100 µg kg− 1 (Meredith et al., 1998) and inducing cancer in 1-month old trout (Riley et al., 2001). Tuan et al. (2003) demonstrated that feeding FB1 at levels of 10, 40, 70 and 150 mg/kg feed for 8 weeks affected growth performance of Nile tilapia fingerlings. Fumonisin B1 has not been extensively studied as a shrimp feed contaminant. However the few studies available suggest that Litopenaeus vannamei is sensitive to FB1. García-Morales et al. (2013) have shown that white shrimp fed FB1 at levels from 20 to 200 µg kg−1 had a reduction in soluble muscle protein concentration and changes in myosin thermodynamic properties were observed in shrimp after 30 days of exposure to FB. The same authors reported marked histological changes in tissue of shrimp fed a diet containing FB1 at 200 µg kg−1 and meat quality changes, after 12 days of ice storage, when fed diets containing more than 600 µg kg−1 FB.
ZEN has mostly been studied for its ability to cause disorders in the reproductive tract of farm animals (Minervini and Aquila, 2008, Zinedine et al., 2007). However, the effect of zearalenone on fish and shrimp has hardly been evaluated. The few studies existing show that ZEN can modulate ER-dependent gene expression affecting the reproduction of fish. This has been shown in zebrafish (Danio rerio), where the exposure to ZEN reduced spawning frequency (Schwartz et al., 2010), or changed their relative fecundity from one generation to another (Schwartz et al., 2013). In another study, when zebrafish larvae were exposed to 500 µg L−1 or higher of ZEN, defects in heart and eye development and upward curvature of the body axis were observed (Bakos et al., 2013). Among aquaculture farmed species, when black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon Fabricius) were fed 500 and 1,000 µg kg−1 ZEN contaminated feed, histological changes were observed in hepatopancreatic tissue (Supamattaya et al., 2005). For carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), Pietsch et al. (2015), investigated ZEN at three different concentrations (332 µg kg−1, 621 µg kg−1 and 797 µg kg−1) for four weeks. The authors observed no effect on growth, but effects on hematological parameters were confirmed. In addition, an influence on white blood cell counts was noted, whereby granulocytes and monocytes were affected in fish fed 621 µg kg−1 and 797 µg kg−1 of ZEN in the diet. Furthermore, marginal ZEN and α-zearalenol (α-ZEL) concentrations were detected in muscle samples and the genotoxic potential of ZEN was confirmed by analyzing formation of micronuclei in erythrocytes.
Aflatoxins, mainly the toxicity of AFB1, have been considerably investigated in farmed fish and crustaceous species for aquaculture (Dirican, 2015, Santacroce et al., 2008). It is reported that seabass and rainbow trout are very sensitive to AF (LC50=180 µg kg−1 BW and 5-10 µg kg−1 BW, respectively) (El-Sayed and Khalil, 2009, Hendricks, 1994), however, the results obtained were by gavage feeding in the case of seabass and by intraperitoneal injection in trout. Also Centoducati and co-authors (2010) concluded that gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) hepatocytes are highly sensitive to AFB1 exposure. For tropical species, growth rate and FCR of Nile tilapia was reported to be significantly affected by AF on the feed. Values ranging from 100 to 2,500 µg kg−1 of AFB significantly affected growth performance in tilapia (Chávez-Sánchez et al., 1994, El-Banna et al., 1992, Oliveira et al., 2013, Tuan et al., 2003). It was also shown by El-Banna et al. (1992) that at lower concentrations of AF in the diets (50 µg kg−1 of AFB) vacuolization and necrosis of hepatocytes were observed. For shrimp, black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon Fabricius) fed AFB1 levels ranging from 5 to 20 µg kg−1 had a decrease of 46% to 59% of the body weight on the AFB1-treated groups compared to control (Bintvihok et al., 2003). On Pacific white shrimp, Ostrowski-Meissner et al. (1995), reported abnormal hepatopancreas and antennal gland tissues which were caused by 2 weeks of AFB1 at 50 µg kg−1. Feed conversion and growth were significantly affected at 400 µg kg−1 AFB1 and apparent digestibility coefficients decreased significantly at 900 µg kg−1 AFB1.
Ochratoxin A Studies on the toxicity of OTA in aquatic animals are very scarce. Severe abnormalities such as deformities of the head, tail and eyes were found in zebra fish after the developing eggs were exposed to OTA (Debeaupuis et al., 1984). In rainbow trout intoxicated with OTA (Doster et al., 1972), severe degeneration and necrosis of kidney and liver, pale kidney, light swollen livers and mortality occurred. On channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) fed 5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, or 8.0 mg OA/kg diets, the authors found significant reduction in weight gain, poorer feed conversion rate, lower survival and hematocrit. Moreover, moderate to severe histopathological lesions of liver and posterior kidney were observed (Lovell, 1992, Manning et al., 2003). For common carp (Cyprinus carpio), Agouz and Anwer (2011) showed that a natural contamination of 15 µg kg−1 of OTA in the diet resulted in decreased growth performance and feed utilization parameters. Carcass dry matter, protein and ash contents negatively correlated with OTA. In European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.), El-Sayed et al. (2009) found the 96 h LC50 value at 277 µg kg-1 bw with 95% confidence limits of 244 to 311 µg kg-1 bw. Nevertheless, Supamattaya et al. (2005) noticed that shrimp feeds occasionally contaminated with OTA (~1,000 µg kg−1) have no negative impact on the shrimp culture industry.
Mycotoxins occurrence in plant ingredients
From all the possible alternatives, e.g. animal by-products, fishery by-products, bacteria and algae concentrate, plant ingredients seem to be one of the most promising solution to replace fish meal. Numerous plant raw materials have been successfully tested (Gatlin et al., 2007). It is observed that an interrelationship between nutrition, immunology and disease resistance in fish and shrimp has been essential to evaluate the alternative plant ingredients. It is commonly agreed that one of the most negative aspects of plant meals are the presence of anti-nutrients that are detrimental to fish. Although there are processes to remove or inactivate many of these compounds, the same does not happen to mycotoxins that are relatively stable to processing conditions. In order to evaluate the occurrence of mycotoxins in common plant nutrients used for aquaculture feeds production, over a period of one year (January 2015 - December 2015), 2176 samples of different plant sources were analyzed within the scope of BIOMIN Mycotoxin Survey program. The plant meals selected were: Soy Bean Meal (SBM), Wheat (WH), Wheat Bran (WB), Corn (C), Corn Gluten Meal (CGM), Cottonseed Meal (CSM), Rapeseed/Canola Meal (R/CM) and Rice Bran (RB).
The occurrence and significance
All of the eight plant meals analyzed from Asia and Europe revealed the incidence of mycotoxins. Ninety-three percent of the Asian samples were found to be contaminated with mycotoxins and in European samples 78% of the samples had mycotoxins (Table 1).
Of the 67 samples of SBM analyzed, we observed that in 88% of Asian samples mycotoxins were detected, while in the European samples the contamination reached 58% of samples. Asian samples were mostly contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins (ZEN, DON and FUM), being AF, T-2 and OTA, found in very low levels. For European samples, Fusarium metabolites were also predominant, with DON registering a maximum occurrence of 930 µg Kg-1. European samples were also marked by the presence of T-2 with a maximum value of 105 µg Kg-1. Fifty-eight percent of SBM samples from Asia had more than one mycotoxin while for European samples the co-occurrence was 32%.
Seventy-one percent of the 163 WH samples collected in Asia contained mycotoxins. These samples were characterized by the high level of DON, with an average value of 1,275 µg Kg-1 and maximum occurrence of 6,976 µg Kg-1. Of the 80% contaminated samples from Europe, DON was also prevalent with a lower average value (418 µg Kg-1), compared to Asia, to Asia, but with similar maximum occurrence of 6,219 µg Kg-1. In the case of the In the case of the European samples, FUM was also detected a relatively high, maximum occurrence of 1,628 µg Kg-1. The mycotoxin co-occurrence values for both regions were quite low, with Asia having a co-occurrence of 28% and Europe 26%.
Wheat Bran
Wheat bran samples were in lower numbers than WH, yet it was observed that all Asian samples collected were contaminated with mycotoxins and 88% of the European samples had mycotoxins present. Asian samples were contaminated by Fusarium mycotoxins, with average values of 620 µg Kg-1 for FUM, 761 µg Kg-1 for ZEN and DON with 1,660 µg Kg-1. On European samples, mycotoxins observed were mainly FUM at maximum of 5,334 µg Kg-1 and DON with average of 5,124 µg Kg-1 and maximum occurrence of 15,976 µg Kg-1. In terms of average occurrence values, we observed a much higher contamination on WB samples when compared with WH. Mankevičienė (2014) observed that the concentrations of mycotoxins in wheat bran can be several times higher than those in grain. A higher concentration of these metabolites in by-products is expected due to the high stability of mycotoxins. The mycotoxin co-occurrence values were 31% for Asia and 38% for Europe.
Corn was one of the most mycotoxin-contaminated commodities for both Europe and Asia. This commodity was mainly contaminated with FUM (average value of 2,038 µg kg−1; maximum value of 16,258 µg kg−1) in the case of Asian samples and by DON (average value of 2,469 µg kg−1; maximum value of 19,180 µg kg−1), in European samples. Beside these high value levels of DON and FUM, samples were also contaminated by other Fusarium mycotoxins and by AF.
Corn Gluten Meal
Corn Gluten Meal was the most contaminated commodity in this survey. For both regions, samples were mainly contaminated by Fusarium mycotoxins (ZEN, DON and FUM) on average values of 2,394 µg kg−1 and maximums of 8,825 µg kg−1. These values are not surprising, after observing the contamination values for corn, since CGM is a by-product, a concentration of mycotoxins in these kinds of derived products is expected. Logically the co-occurrence values were also expected to be very high. For Asian samples it was found that all samples had more than one mycotoxin and for European samples 91% also had more than one mycotoxin. On average, each sample analyzed contained 4 mycotoxins (data not shown). These co-occurrence values increase the probability of additive or synergistic effects when using this commodity.
Rapeseed/Canola Meal
While not having a representative number of samples for both regions (Table 1), it is important to have a preliminary idea of the occurrence of mycotoxins in this commodity. Data obtained seems to be consistent, showing that R/CM is mainly contaminated by Fusarium metabolites, in Europe by DON and FUM at low levels (average contamination below 45 µg kg−1) and in Asia by ZEN and DON. Values obtained for Asia were higher than in Europe, showing a maximum occurrence of DON of 2,431 µg kg−1.
Cottonseed Meal
According to Tacon (2011), CSM is mostly commercially used for channel catfish in the USA and in China for tilapia, at inclusion levels up to 25%. While not having a high number of samples, of the nine samples collected in Europe only 33% of them were contaminated by mycotoxins, whereas the contamination is very low, not representing a real threat to aquaculture species. However in Asia, the scenario is completely different and as expected, due to temperature/humidity pattern in that region, AF is the main mycotoxin present (average value of 2,038 µg kg−1; maximum value of 16,258 µg kg−1). However, Fusarium toxins (ZEN and DON) were also found in considerable amounts.
Rice Bran
RB has been used as a supplementary feed for Pangasius farming among the traditional farmers in Vietnam and by Chinese fish farmers on intensive crucian carp rearing (Hasan, 2007). According FAO (2012), RB is mostly commercially used for tilapia, at inclusion levels that can vary from 10% to 25% depending in the region. As this commodity is mostly used in Asia, samples were not taken in Europe. In Asia was found that this raw material is mainly contaminated by ZEN (average value of 147 µg kg−1; maximum value of 545 µg kg−1) and FUM (average value of 118 µg kg−1; maximum value of 713 µg kg−1) and in lower levels by DON and AF.
With the continuous trend to replace animal-derived proteins by plant proteins sources, it is expected that the risk of mycotoxin contamination in aquaculture feeds increases in step with the more widespread use of plant materials in aquafeeds. The risk of mycotoxins in aquaculture will be directly related with the type and origin of plant material used as well to its inclusion level in aquafeeds. Generally, in Asian samples was observed that SBM, WH, WB, C, CGM, R/CM and RB were mostly contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins (ZEN, DON and FUM). With the exception of CSM that was mainly contaminated by AF together with Fusarium toxins (ZEN and DON) in considerable amounts. European samples were contaminated mainly by Fusarium mycotoxins (Figure 1).
Mycotoxins occurrence in aquafeeds
The inclusion of plant materials contaminated with mycotoxins in compound aquafeeds will increase the risk of mycotoxin contamination in aquaculture feeds. Recently, Gonçalves et al., (2016) compared the mycotoxin occurrence levels from 41 samples of finish aquaculture feed, both shrimp and fish, in Asia and Europe, with the available literature on fish/shrimp mycotoxicoses. The authors found that levels found for the samples analyzed during 2014 were within the sensitivity level of several important species in aquaculture (Figure 2). Gonçalves et al. (2016) highlighted the fact that the mycotoxins levels found can compromise aquaculture species, even just taking into account single mycotoxins levels. According to Gonçalves et al. (2016) the number of species affected by mycotoxins would be even higher than stated in the study due to the lack of research in some important species and the existence of mycotoxins synergisms not taken into account on that study.
The occurrence and significance
From the 41 samples of finish aquaculture feed, collected in Asia and Europe, DON was the most prevalent mycotoxin, with 68% of the samples testing positive, followed closely by AF and ZEN (59% positive) and by OTA and FB, with 57%, and 51% respectively (Table 2). Concerning the contamination level, FB was the one found in higher concentration, with an average of 637 µg kg−1 on the 21 samples contaminated with this mycotoxin and showing a considerable maximum concentration of 7,534 µg kg−1. In total, 76% of the samples had more than one mycotoxin, only 17% of the samples were contaminated by one mycotoxin and just 7% of the samples did not contain detectable levels of any of the five mycotoxins (Table 2). Analyzing the mycotoxin occurrence by region, it was possible to observe a different distribution pattern when comparing the mycotoxin occurrence between Europe and Asia, likely due to the climate differences between the two. In Europe it was observed that AF and OTA, while present in 17% and 67% of the samples, respectively, had relatively low average concentrations, 0.43 and 1.53 µg kg−1, respectively. The occurrence of the same mycotoxins in Asia was relative higher in percentage (AF = 68% and OTA = 55%) and in contamination level (AF = 51.83 µg kg−1 and OTA = 2.11 µg kg−1). However, regarding ZEN, DON and FB, the higher average contamination values were found in European samples (ZEN = 118.01 µg kg−1; DON = 165.61 µg kg−1 and FB = 3,419.92 µg kg−1) (Figure 3).
Mycotoxins were found in most of the commodities and finished feeds analyzed, showing that mycotoxins might represent a risk for the development of the sector, if plant raw materials would be an option to replace less sustainable nutrient sources. While in some cases the contamination levels are rather low, in some cases the contamination levels might represent a risk for aquaculture species. Generally, in Asian samples it was observed that SBM, WH, WB, C, CGM, R/CM and RB were mostly contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins (ZEN, DON and FUM). With the exception of CSM that was mainly contaminated by AF together with Fusarium toxins (ZEN and DON) in considerable amounts. European samples were contaminated mainly by Fusarium mycotoxins. The co-occurrence of mycotoxins in all commodities were rather high, mainly considering that to produce an finished feed several raw materials are selected, increasing the probability of co-occurrence of finished feeds. It was also observed the accumulation of mycotoxins on the processed plant nutrients, like CGM and WB when compared to the whole grain, WH and C, respectively.
Regarding the finished feeds, the values detected pose a risk for several important aquaculture species, assuming single mycotoxin contamination, i.e. excluding possible additive and synergetic effects between mycotoxins. Co-occurrence of mycotoxins in feeds may induce synergistic effects and increase the negative impact of mycotoxins in aquatic farmed species at lower levels than when present in single contamination. Where clinical signs of mycotoxins are almost unknown or not identifiable, mycotoxins could remain as a problem not correctly identified and leading to disease susceptibility and performance losses in aquaculture industry. As we see the growing importance of the plant raw materials in the future of aquaculture industry, it will be very important to increase the knowledge on the common mycotoxins found in the different raw materials in order to better avoid the risk of mycotoxicoses in aquaculture. It will be important to increase the knowledge on the effects of mycotoxins on aquaculture species in order to define acceptance levels of mycotoxins in the finished feeds, as we have it today in livestock production sector.


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The Lola Quartet is woven, like those sit-upons you made from folded newspaper in Girl Scouts, out of the front pages of New York City tabloids and Florida dailies. Emily St. John Mandel strings it all together in a convincing story that is dismally depressing and wholly believable. Gavin has his dream job at a New York newspaper, the second most important paper in the city. Only it's not so dreamy. The newspaper business is in freefall and lay-offs are a weekly bloodbath. Senior reporters scooped up all the good assignments in the days before the papers farmed coverage out to the wire services and freelancers. Gavin feels as if he'd missed the great era and he knows his out-of-town assignment to his childhood home in Florida is a kindness from an editor who likes him.
He hates Florida. His whole life he's suffered from extreme heat exhaustion and he is in real physical distress in a subtropical climate. But he diligently plods around interviewing Everglades rangers and homeowners along canal banks where deadly giant pythons have been turning up. Florida is becoming a perilous place to live as exotic wild beasts multiply and grow to enormous size–and threaten to devour a few toddlers in their own backyards. Gavin gets the story but he gets something he hadn't counted on, a reminder of a painful moment of his past that he discovers isn't over.
In his confusion, he forgets to write down the name of the person who gave him the quote he needs to make his story. And when he gets back to the Big Apple and the deadline, he makes up a name and "helps" the quote a little farther along toward juicy. Where have we seen that fatal mistake before? He's slightly sick about it but soon he does it again, and again. His concentration is gone, his friends are gone from the paper, he's probably next and the news from Florida has taken over his mind.
What Gavin sees is a photograph of a 10-year-old girl who is a ringer for his only sister. The child could be his high school girlfriend's. She vanished on the eve of graduation without a goodbye or an explanation. So Gavin went off to college and his big career, got engaged, got unengaged and, when the truth about his journalistic embroidery comes out, gets fired. Pretty soon he gets evicted, too. Homeless, he heads back to Florida where his sister has offered him a job helping her to foreclose and re-sell houses, and a place to stay. In Florida he confronts the remnants of the Lola Quartet.
The quartet was a group of high school jazz enthusiasts who played fairly well, entertained their peers and scored a few gigs around town. They haven't kept in touch but that's about to change. Contemporary events color this story throughout. There's a Bernie Madoff-like scandal, Gavin's own malfeasance and public firing, the demise of the communications industry, drowned newspaper journalists washing up on the shore of online content production gigs, unwed mothers raising kids in adequate and in abusive conditions, gambling addictions and the proliferation of scratch-off lottery games, drug dealers, thieves on the lam, crooked cops who wish they weren't–not too much that's admirable about our present culture is left out.
Anna, the mother of the girl who looks like Gavin's sister, happens to have walked off with more than $100,000 from a drug dealer who gave her a place to stay when she had the baby. Chloe, the child, is a beacon for all kinds of hopes but the lives around her are too broken for much good to come of anything. Duplicity haunts half the characters and literally drives them to murder. Things rapidly slide from bad to worse to really terrible.
I found the book depressing, if only because the events were so spot-on. What happens in The Lola Quartet is the real deal, thinly disguised as fiction. Very well done, too. Sad. You can see the train wrecks coming a mile away but they plow on into disaster anyway. I didn't need to escape this messed-up reality into an even messier one just like it, so I can't say I enjoyed this book. I can say that Emily St. John Mandel can tell a good story and she threads together a ton of recognizable raw material into a coherent plot. The Lola Quartet works–and if your life is gleaming and perfect and you want to tone it down a bit, this could be a terrific choice to while away a few hours.
The Lola Quartet Emily St. John Mandel | Unbridled Books 2012


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NASHVILLE, Tenn. - On Saturday, the Tennessee State football team will take on the Governors of Austin Peay in the Tigers' sole contest in their on-campus stadium, affectionately dubbed "The Hole".
Big Blue sits at 7-3 on the year, but has lost its last two contests to Eastern Illinois and Eastern Kentucky. TSU couldn't ask for a better week to return to its true home as the squad finished with a 3-0 record in the stadium last year.
Those three games off of John A. Merritt Blvd. were the first for Tennessee State since 1998 and ever since the stadium's inception in 1953, the Tigers hold a 137-27-5 record on-campus.
The Hole has also housed many legendary players - players such as Joe "747" Adams, Joe Gilliam, Richard Dent, Ed "Too Tall" Jones and Rod Reed. The stadium still stands as a monument to those great players, but nothing is stopping the current crop of Tigers from carving their names into the record books as well.
That crop includes kicker Jamin Godfrey who sits just 19 points shy of breaking the school's all-time scoring record and running back Tim Broughton who only needs 44 yards to become TSU's next 1,000 yard rusher.
This week's game against Austin Peay also provides the talented Tiger defense another opportunity to climb back into the nation's top spot in total defense. The unit currently sits in fifth place in the category, holding opponents to an average of 298.4 yards per game.
Aiding the defense all year has been each player's uncanny ability to be in the right place at the right time. TSU is third in the Football Championship Subdivision in takeaways with 25 and duo of David Van Dyke and Daniel Fitzpatrick has contributed 10 interceptions between them.
The Tennessee State defense could be in for a big afternoon today, as Austin Peay limps into the game winless on the year. The Governors have been outscored 375 to 50 in nine games and have been held to under 10 points six times.
Last week, APSU's backup running back Omar Williams carried the ball 35 times for 179 yards. Williams helped APSU outrush (187 to 175) Jacksonville State, but the Governors still fell to the Gamecocks, 42-10.
The Tigers are 9-6 all-time against their in-state rivals including last year's, 34-14, TSU win at Hale Stadium.
TSU finished with eight wins last season and a victory against Austin Peay would match that total with a possibility of TSU's first nine-win campaign since 1999 with a win on Senior Day against Murray State remaining.
Kickoff for Saturday's game is scheduled for 2 p.m.


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Egypt's interim president pledged to protect his country against those who sought chaos and violence in the aftermath of a popularly-backed military coup, promising justice and reconciliation for all.
Adly Mansour gave his first address to the nation ahead of planned protests today by supporters of ousted president Mohammed Morsi's Muslim Brotherhood.
Egypt's military, already worried by post-coup violence that has killed more than 60 people, issued a stern warning about causing unrest during the scheduled protests by both the Brotherhood and Morsi opponents.
In his eight-minute, pre-recorded message broadcast on state television, Mr Mansour said Egypt was going through a "decisive period" in its history where some wanted to drag the country towards the "unknown" and cause chaos.
"They want this period to be an introduction to violence and blood, and we want it to establish for the concept of protecting lives and human rights," Mr Mansour said.
He did not name those who he said "are pushing the nation towards the abyss thinking they are doing good" – but clearly was referring to pro-Morsi protesters. He said those who protested against Mr Morsi starting on June 30 were "the genuine owners of legitimacy".
Mr Mansour said his government was committed to realising security and stability and would not be "scared or terrorised". And he vowed not to be "lenient with those who kill the innocents".
"We will go through the battle for security to the end. We will preserve the revolution," he said. "History will not turn around."
Mr Mansour said justice and reconciliation would be "for all, without exclusion or exception", suggesting that the process would include Islamists and former regime officials.
A senior Brotherhood official and former politician, Saad Emara, said after the speech that his group did not recognise Mr Mansour as the country's leader. Mr Emara called Mr Mansour merely a representative of General Abdel-Fattah el-Sissi, the nation's army chief.
Mansour's speech is a sign that he and the interim administration are nervous of any opposition on the street, Emara said.
"There is a contradiction in his speech between the threats and the call for reconciliation," Mr Emara said. "They want to turn this page."
A massive rally is planned today by supporters of Mr Morsi, overthrown two weeks ago in a military coup following massive protests against him.
The Muslim Brotherhood continues to demand Mr Morsi's reinstatement. Anti-Morsi protesters also have called for demonstrations today to celebrate Mr Morsi's removal and Mr Mansour's naming of a new cabinet.
Some protests since the coup have turned violent. In a statement posted on Facebook yesterday, military spokesman Col Ahmed Mohammed Ali said that "whoever resorts to violence and deviates from peacefulness in Friday's rallies will put his life in danger".
Violators "will be dealt with decisively according to the law", he said.
Brotherhood spokesman Ahmed Aref denied claims circulating yesterday that Morsi supporters planned to be violent in the coming protests, saying sit-ins held since before the coup showed their movement was peaceful.
One speaker at Mr Aref's news conference earlier claimed that Egyptian intelligence agents spread the rumours, but did not elaborate.
"We vehemently deny that we have pamphlets calling for road blocking or targeting military installations. All this is misleading," Mr Aref said.
Brotherhood officials in the past have accused security agencies of setting them up, including one incident in which they say violence in Sinai was staged to legitimize a crackdown against Islamists.
The suspicion comes amid increasing tension between Islamists and the military following the coup.
That tension erupted in violence in the bloodiest single incident of Egypt's two and a half years of rocky transition.
On July 8, 51 protesters and three security staff were killed in clashes outside the Republic Guard Club where Morsi supporters believed the leader was held following his July 3 overthrow. Authorities say Mr Morsi is being held now in undisclosed military facility.
The Brotherhood says the military and police opened fire without reason on peaceful protesters.
The military says armed Islamists started the violence by attacking the club. Human Rights Watch has said that authorities moved in to break up a peaceful sit-in and some Morsi supporters used live ammunition.
Since the shooting deaths, another large rally organised by Morsi supporters in central Cairo sparked street clashes with the police, in which residents also attacked Morsi supporters. Seven were killed and hundreds injured in the overnight fighting.
On the eve of today's rally, Muslim Brotherhood leader Mohammed Badie issued a statement calling on the military to reconsider its decisions and "return to righteousness … and accept the will of the people".
Today's rallies coincide with the tenth day of Ramadan, which Egyptians celebrate as the day the armed forces crossed the Suez Canal in the 1973 war with Israel.
Mr Badie used the occasion to celebrate achievements of the armed forces and appeal to members of the military to remember that their real mission was to defend Egypt.
"We call on the leaders of the coup to return to righteousness, (to) quit what is wrong," he said.
In the sit-in by Morsi supporters, organisers read Mr Badie's message. The protesters immediately broke out into the chant, "The people and army are one hand".
Mr Badie and a dozen other Brotherhood figures and supporters are wanted by prosecutors for their alleged role in inciting violence.
In his statement, he urged protesters to remain peaceful.


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SOMERSWORTH — It's a simple philosophy that's as old as the game itself.
Control the line of scrimmage on both sides of the ball and you'll be successful far more often than not.
The Somersworth High School football did that Friday night in a thorough 27-0 win at Memorial Field over previously undefeated Stevens.
"Any time you can put up a zero and score 27 points against an undefeated team that's good," said Somersworth coach Dan Hodsdon. "I think we left some points out there on the field that we wish we could have had back and we coughed the ball up three times which you just can't do, especially if we want to get to where we want to get to."
It was the second straight shutout and a sweet homecoming for the Hilltoppers, who played four of their first five games in the road.
They improved to 5-1 in Division V and put themselves in good position for the stretch run with two remaining in the regular season.
Senior Josh Ream rushed for 198 yards and the Hilltoppers held Stevens to 106 total yards.
"We kind of made it a statement game," Ream said. "With them being at the top, we had to knock them off the top. Our goal this week was to focus on this one game and that's what we tried to do."
It was a rough night all-around for the Cardinals (4-1), who lost their starting quarterback Logan Batchelder in the first quarter with an injury and managed only 44 total yards in the first half.
"The defense played really hard tonight," Hodsdon said. "We have a lot of team speed on defense and they showed that tonight. I just think we ran to the ball. The kids picked up what we were coaching this week and they responded well. They did well recognizing formations because Stevens likes to run a lot of formations."
"You control the line of scrimmage you're going to have a pretty good day," said Stevens coach Paul Silva. "They did that and we didn't."
Somersworth scored three touchdowns on the ground and another on special teams when Dre Parker recovered a botched punt snap in the end zone with 6:31 left in the second quarter.
"I think the offense did pretty well," Ream said. "With the wet ground, we were in our I-formation and tried to get downfield and make as (few) cuts as we could and try not to slip. Our line blocked great. There were huge holes to run through, so that's what I did — run through the holes."
Quarterback Drew Francoeur gave the Hilltoppers a 7-0 lead on a 2-yard keeper around right end with 4:14 to go in the first quarter.
"During the course of a game you find out what you can do," Hodsdon said. "The things we could exploit we exploited. We did a good job of finding where the holes were and getting through them. We just need to hold on to the ball."
Ream carried the ball on Somersworth's first seven offensive plays from scrimmage and finished with 198 yards on 26 attempts, including a 12-yard touchdown run that capped the scoring with 9:21 remaining in the fourth quarter.
"I don't know about a statement game," Hodsdon said. "I just think we came out here and tried to do what we need to do. We have a great group of seniors and I think they want to prove to themselves how good they can be. I think any time they step on the field they're really competitive, and they showed that tonight."
Kurtis Michaud scored the other Hilltopper TD on a 2-yard run with 7:32 left in the third quarter that made it 19-0. The lead grew to 21-0 when Francoeur's pass bounced off a defender and into Michaud's hands for the 2-point conversion.
A swarming Somersworth defense never let the Cardinals get much going offensively.
"I think our defense played pretty well," said Ream, who plays linebacker on defense. "The biggest thing about Stevens is they like to run a lot of big plays and try to deceive you. We were focused on watching our keys. Our D-backs watched their keys and covered their receivers, and I think that's what held them to zero."
"They're a good defense," Silva said. "We knew we were going to have difficulty moving the ball even with everybody."
Stevens got as close as the Hilltopper 4 in the fourth quarter, but a block-in-the-back penalty set them back to the 25 and Bryar Rouillard was sacked for a 6-yard loss on the fourth down to preserve the shutout.
"It's been a while since we've been here," Hodsdon said. "It was good to be home and good to have the crowd behind us. It think we got a little extra juice from that."
Ream, Hilltoppers rough up Stevens
SOMERSWORTH — It's a simple philosophy that's as old as the game itself.


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It's crunch time for high-speed rail.
The Assembly has approved legislation to spend money to begin phase one of the project, with a link in the Central Valley and improvements to existing rail in the Bay Area and Los Angeles. But Democratic state senators are blocking it.
Late in the debate about this policy, a new, political objection to high-speed rail has come up: voting to approve an expensive new project will undermine support for Gov. Jerry Brown's temporary tax initiative. The objection -- put forward by pollsters, columnists and elected officials, many of them sympathetic to high-speed rail -- has gathered steam (pun intended).
U.S. & World
Your blogger is no fan of the California high-speed rail project. But this is a strange objection. Yes, polling suggests public opposition to high-speed rail, and steady if less-than-overwhelming support for the tax initiative. And some polling suggests that high-speed rail could work against the initiative.
But that's far from a sure thing. Indeed, there are so many reasons to vote against the temporary tax initiative that high-speed rail would certainly be down the list of potential opponents.
Since the initiative is likely to lose (it's well under 60 percent support before a full-scale campaign has been launched against it), it makes little sense to sacrifice high-speed rail for it.
What's more, high-speed rail is a 30-year infrastructure project that should be considered on its merits -- irrespective of this year's budget, or an initiative with temporary taxes that will be entirely expired in seven years.
The proper questions about high-speed rail are: how much does it cost, and does it provide enough benefits to make that cost worth paying?
The larger context for these questions is not this year's initiative but the state's larger infrastructure pictures. California has, according to recent studies, in the neighborhood of $800 billion in existing infrastructure needs that the state hasn't reckoned. Should high-speed rail be a higher priority than those? Or can it somehow be part of a larger plan to meet those needs?
Your blogger tends to believe high-speed rail isn't ready to go forward because its backers don't have answers to those questions. They don't know how they're going to finance it, they don't really know if anyone will ride it, and their current emphasis on building a link between San Francisco and LA doesn't make sense given that high-speed rail is likely to draw more riders by connecting people in California's mega-regions (via LA to San Diego, or Sacramento to San Jose and San Francisco links).
But Gov. Brown's initiative shouldn't be a factor in those debates.
Lead Prop Zero blogger Joe Mathews is California editor at Zocalo Public Square, a fellow at Arizona State University's Center for Social Cohesion, and co-author of California Crackup: How Reform Broke the Golden State and How We Can Fix It (University of California, 2010).
Send us your thoughts via Twitter @PropZero or add your comment to our Facebook page.


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Caught On Tape: Police Beating Motorist In Diabetic Shock!
"Adam Greene is on his stomach as a pack of police officers pile on him, driving their knees into his back and wrenching his arms and legs. One officer knees him in the ribs; another kicks him in the face. "Stop resisting," officers on the video yell, but Greene, his face pushed into the pavement, hasn't resisted. He doesn't even move -- maybe can't move -- because he's gone into diabetic shock caused by low blood sugar. The video, recorded more than a year ago by a police car dashboard camera, was released Tuesday by Greene's lawyers. The same night, the Henderson City Council approved a settlement of $158,500 for Greene. His wife received $99,000 from Henderson, which is just under the minimum amount that requires council approval." - lvrj.com
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As you will be aware the NHS IGTT was decommissioned on 31 December 2016 and a replacement home for training is
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BEIJING (Reuters) - State Grid Corp of China plans to more than quadruple its overseas assets to $30 billion-$50 billion by 2020 from the current $8 billion, as the country's dominant power grid distributor seeks to further diversify away from the domestic market, the company president said.
"Our global business is a very important part of the overall business of State Grid," Liu Zhenya told a media briefing on the sidelines of the 18th Communist Party Congress in Beijing.
Overseas assets should account for at least one tenth of State Grid's current total assets of around 2.3 trillion yuan ($368 billion) by 2020, Liu said.
China's cashed-up state power groups have been scooping up overseas assets in the past few years, with State Grid - the world's largest state utility - establishing a presence in the Philippines, Brazil and Portugal.
The firm had invested more than $5 billion overseas, where its assets are now worth about $8 billion, Liu said, adding that overseas assets yielded higher returns than domestic operations.
State Grid, whose overseas investment is focused on power grids and electrical appliance manufacturing businesses, was engaged in talks for more acquisitions, he said, without giving details. The firm has set up offices in nine countries in the Americas, Europe and Africa.
State Grid was interested in joining a renewable energy investment consortium aimed at expanding the use of renewable energy in Europe and North Africa, a spokesman for the consortium, Desertec, said earlier this month.
Spread over 6,500 square miles - more than half the size of Belgium - the project's planned delivery of 1,064 terawatt hours (TWh) would be almost enough energy to power the whole of Germany for two years.
($1 = 6.2450 Chinese yuan)
Reporting by Xu Wan, Charlie Zhu and David Lin; Editing by Nick Macfie


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21 Days to a Bigger and Better Vocabulary
Reader's Digest
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About this Item
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Title: 21 Days to a Bigger and Better Vocabulary
Publisher: Readers Digest Assoc, Pleasantville NY
Publication Date: 1967
Binding: Soft cover
Edition: 2nd.
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Anastasia Beverly HillsDIPBROW™ Pomade
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Why do you capitalize "White"?
Many people still do not capitalize "Black," but we took Lori Tharp's "The Case for Black with a Capital B" to heart, recognizing that any ethnicity, culture, or group of people should be capitalized. Otherwise, "black" is just a color. We then decided to capitalize White because it forces White people to confront the fact and awkwardness of this invented race. Uncapitalized, it suggests to us that Whiteness doesn't exist as a racial category.
While we do occasionally review titles on Reading While White, we do not accept submissions of books for review.
Have a question you don't see answered? Email us at email@example.com
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Glasses: c/o Karen Kane, Shirts, jacket, shoes: Old Navy, Shorts: Hand-me-down, Tights: Gift, Belt: Thrifted, Watch: c/o Mimi's
{Thank you to Chessie, who kindly wrote this post for me. See above.}
Mondays are stinky. Because Ramsey has to go to that class place again, which means no buddy buddy for me all day. But at least she doesn't have to be there until 11. Which, I suppose of all evils really isn't that bad. Because she has time to get her reading and such done before class {squirrel} and pick out a decent outfit, and fix her ratty hair {hott mess I'm tellin' ya}. Ok, right, who am I kidding? She is really going to piddle around with crafts, fix breakfast, check her email, and then dash around the house {squirrel} at the last possible second, throwing her hair into a bun and grabbing her bag on the way out the door. She is such a procrastinator. Pssht. {squirrel} But at least I get a few more minutes to snooze on the rug before I have to go out for the day {ching!} and she gets to spend a few more minutes in her hiddeous pajamas {seriously, who wears fleece pants, a long-sleeved shirt, a robe, and a blanket when it's 70 plus degrees out?} before putting on something more presentable. And some makeup if we're lucky. Ok, I'm off to catch some zzzzzz's. This blog writing {squirrel} gig is exhausting. Peace out.
*Please excuse the fact that Chessie is a bit cynical. And has a short attention span.


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A life of harmony
To live content with small means; to seek elegance rather than luxury, and refinement rather than fashion; to be worthy, not respectable, and wealthy, not, rich; to listen to stars and birds, babes and sages, with open heart; to study hard; to think quietly, act frankly, talk gently, await occasions, hurry never; in a word, to let the spiritual, unbidden and unconscious, grow up through the common -- this is my symphony.
--William Henry Channing (1810-1884)
Today is my 57th birthday. Last night, I came across the words I've quoted above. They seem a good set of principles for my next 57 years (in addition to the Ten Commandments, of course.). The one I'm going to have perpetual trouble with is "hurry never."


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Boom/Bust CyclePosted by rtmsf on June 25th, 2009
It's a little less than an hour before tonight's NBA Draft, and this should have probably been done days ago, but we wanted to use our undeniable RTC expertise when it comes to projecting college hoops talent to the pros so we can say "told ya so" when the one undervalued player we said would be a star pans out (while the other ten we said would be don't, but let's not quibble). We'll use Andy Katz's final mock draft from this morning, and we're only going to evaluate college players (because we've seen them play for at least one year). The criteria is BOOM or BUST – either that player is undervalued or overvalued based on his selection. That's it. Here we go…
1. Blake Griffin, Oklahoma – BOOM, although the fact that he's going to ClipperLand means drug addiction and/or horrific injury. Bill Simmons agrees.
2. Hasheem Thabeet, UConn – BUST, his offensive game won't develop any further and he's no Dikembe.
4. Tyreke Evans, Memphis – BUST, not seeing it at this selection; opposing defenses can lay off of him out to 18 feet.
5. James Harden, Arizona St. – BOOM, a Joe Johnson/Monta Ellis clone. Kid can really play.
6. Stephen Curry, Davidson – BUST, limitless range but really, #6? Too many question marks to be this high.
7. Jordan Hill, Arizona – BUST, nice player but he's not even as good as Big Baby.
8. Jrue Holiday, UCLA – BUST, classic example of being a better athlete than player.
9. Demar DeRozan, USC – BOOM, DeRozan really came on at the end of the season and appears poised to break out.
10. Jonny Flynn, Syracuse – BUST, is Flynn really the best true point in this draft? No way.
11. Terrence Williams, Louisville – BUST, seems like the kind of player who will be out of the league in 3 years (does everything well, nothing great).
12. Gerald Henderson, Duke – BOOM, second best guard in the draft behind Harden.
13. DeJuan Blair, Pittsburgh – HEDGE, this is about the right position for an undersized beast like Blair.
14. Earl Clark, Louisville – BOOM, should have been higher but has a reputation for being lazy. Will shed that and become an excellent NBAer.
15. Austin Daye, Gonzaga – BUST, we used to love this guy, but he hasn't shown much improvement in two years of college. We don't believe in him.
16. BJ Mullens, Ohio St. – HUGE BUST, this is a joke. Either he'll be washing cars in two years with Patrick O'Bryant or turn into Chris Kaman, who knows?
17. Ty Lawson, UNC – BOOM, he's proven that he's a winner and has improved his game substantially. Could be TJ Ford w/o the back problems.
18. James Johnson, Wake Forest – BOOM, has a reputation for being lazy, but he's silky smooth at his size and will succeed in this league.
19. Tyler Hansbrough. UNC – HEDGE, we all know what kind of player he'll be. Average at best.
20. Sam Young, Pittsburgh – BOOM, an absolute steal at this pick; Young could end up being a star.
21. Jeff Teague, Wake Forest – BOOM, would have been a lottery pick had he not packed in the second half of the year; the talent and athleticism is apparent.
24. Eric Maynor, VCU – HEDGE, nice pickup for this position.
25. Jon Brockman, Washington – BUST, sorry, but Brockman just isn't NBA material in the long run.
26. Toney Douglas, Florida St. – HEDGE, could go either way here, but we'd expect Douglas to find a niche in the League.
27. Darren Collison, UCLA – BUST, Collison has always struck us as someone who should have been better than he was.
29. Nick Calathes, Florida – BOOM, Calathes will find a way to make himself a good pro if he decides to play in good ole USA instead of Greece.
30. DaJuan Summers, Georgetown – BUST, but it's worth a gamble given his natural abilities. Could become a defensive stalwart at some point if he tried.


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Liberty News
Virginia Lt. Gov. Bolling addresses Boys State
Virginia Lt. Gov. William Bolling visited Liberty University today to address almost 800 rising high school seniors for the 68th Session of Virginia Boys State. Boys State is an educational organization that teaches high school boys about local, county and state government. The sessions have been held on Liberty's campus for 21 years.
Bolling, who is serving his second term as lieutenant governor, told students that "I always look forward to this opportunity — this is one of my favorite days of the year. I get to come to Lynchburg and start the day visiting with Boys State.
He congratulated the audience for being a part of the program, as he participated in West Virginia's Boys State and felt the experience has helped him throughout his life and political career. He said that being interested in government is an exceptional quality for young people to have.
"It is important that we are engaged in the process of democracy," said Bolling. "We have what we call a participatory democracy that only works if you do what? Participate in the process.
After a short address, Bolling opened the floor for a question-and-answer session with the students. When a student asked what has helped him attain success, he said, "The most important thing that you can do is figure out what you believe in … Regardless of where you may be coming from on the political spectrum, if there's one piece of advice I can give you, it's 'Know what you believe in, and be willing to stand up to fight for what you believe in whether it's easy or it's hard.
Bolling is one of several dignitaries to speak at this year's Boys State, held June 20-26 at Liberty. Other guests include Virginia's Gov. Robert McDonnell and Attorney General Ken Cuccinelli.


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As marijuana continues to gain legal status in some U.S. states, evidence is emerging that it may be able to help in the fight against HIV -- but legal restrictions are making it difficult for scientists to find out for certain.
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main active ingredient in marijuana, could help prevent HIV from spreading throughout the body, according to a recent study. A team of Louisiana State University researchers is behind the findings, which it reached by studying a group of macaque monkeys infected with SIV, the simian form of HIV. After the monkeys received a daily injection of THC for 17 months, researchers saw a dramatic decrease in the damage to the monkey's duodenum (part of the small intestine) and an increased population of healthy cells near the damaged tissue compared to macaques who didn't get THC treatment.
"It adds to the picture and it builds a little bit more information around the potential mechanisms that might be playing a role in the modulation of infection," said Patricia Molina, M.D., Ph.D., lead author of the study.
Molina's study is in line with science that is researching the gut as a key area of importance in fighting HIV. Also, research suggests that THC could be helpful in preventing infected cells from entering the brain, and that cannabis may have beneficial properties for those with advanced HIV. Several studies have also pointed to marijuana's ability to ameliorate common side effects of HIV and treatment, like loss of appetite and pain.
Finding out whether marijuana has medicinal benefits for people living with HIV may prove difficult, as the substance is still classified as a Schedule I drug -- the most restrictive of the five categories outlined by the Controlled Substances Act. As a result, scientists who want to use marijuana in their research often have trouble getting funding, and the federal government controls access to the small legal supply of "research" marijuana and THC
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Obamacare was destined to be plagued with a lot of unintended consequences and hard cases. There's no way a law so sweeping, involving such a large swath of the economy, could avoid it. Here's the latest: what to do about adjunct professors.
Under the new law, which takes effect in January 2014, employees who work at least a 30-hour work week must receive health benefits from their employers. Some colleges are concerned about how to tally up the hours adjuncts spend on the job to determine if they have reached that full-time status. Most adjuncts don't receive health benefits, and the legislation appeared to pave the way for them to finally get access.
The proposed rules, announced in the Federal Register on January 2, don't provide a hard and fast formula for how to calculate an adjunct's workload, but "further guidance may be provided," the announcement says. The agency is collecting comments on the proposal through March 18.
In the meantime, colleges must "use a reasonable method for crediting hours of service," the IRS document says. In the case of an adjunct faculty member, the document adds, it would not be a reasonable method of calculating an instructor's work hours for colleges to take into account "only classroom or instruction time and not other hours that are necessary to perform the employee's duties, such as class-preparation time."
The regulatory state is made for the industrial economy. Centralized rule-making works best on standardized parts. Once you introduce a lot of variability, you introduce regulatory discretion--and when you introduce regulatory discretion, you introduce a lot of lengthy wrangling over fairness.
This shows up most clearly in workforce regulation. Unions thrived in the mid-century industrial giants that treated people like machine parts. They have so far mostly failed in the service sector, where each job has all the complexity of any human interaction. I don't mean to say that these jobs are particularly hard; they aren't, necessarily. But people are evolved to be extremely good at human interaction. We easily handle problems that would send a computer into overload.
The law is like a computer: it relies on very specific rules. Exceptions and boundary cases give it fits. Adjunct professors are one of those boundary cases. They're professionals, not hourly workers, which makes it hard to calculate whether they're full time or part time. And you can't just declare that all adjuncts are full-time employees, because a lot of them are just teaching part time. This is going to lead to some messy disputes with the tax authorities. Stand by for colleges arguing that adjuncts barely lift a pen outside of class, while the IRS and the adjuncts maintain that they slave 16 hours a day, seven days a week.
I suspect that it is also going to result in a fair number of adjuncts getting cut back to whatever number of courses-per-semester that the IRS deems to be indisputably "part time". Despite spending a fair amount of time researching college costs, I still don't understand why universities and colleges feel that they cannot afford to pay so many of their teaching staff even minimal salary and benefits. What we know is that whatever their feelings, they have been relying on adjuncts who get paid an absurdly low hourly rate, often without benefits, in exchange for the right to call themselves "professor" and continue seeking a tenure-track job.
Maybe Obamacare will break the stalemate and colleges will decide to add benefits to the package rather than go through the hassle of managing a larger number of adjuncts. I can certainly imagine this happening, and it would probably be a net benefit for adjuncts (though would possibly lead to colleges eliminating now-more-expensive adjunct jobs by shifting teaching loads back to tenured professors.)
On the other hand, I also find it plausible, and somewhat more likely, that colleges will go to great lengths to cut down on the number of full-time-eligible adjuncts. That probably means teaching loads that cannot support even the extremely minimalist lifestyle of those who are currently adjuncting. In urban areas, part-time adjuncts can probably string together multiple gigs into something resembling a normal income, at some added cost of stress. In more rural locations where there are only one or two colleges in driving distance, that probably won't work.
Whatever happens, unless the universities simply decide to offer a fairly expensive benefit to all their adjuncts without a fuss, we're going to see some convulsions in the tax courts and the classrooms.


text:
Greetings my fellow Java lovers,
I have a big project to do for college.... I have to get an open-source executable java game and insert it in netbeans and make it work (it has to be simple like 5-7 classes).
Now our professor did say one thing that they should not be an applet, rather they should be an executable
now I have got this one - glenn.sanson.free.fr v2.0 and when I downloaded the source code it had all sorts of applet stuff (i am terrible at java ) and well I couldn't get it running on netbeans but I don't know whether this is because it has an applet or because it uses this library called JIGA and i didnt import the library???
So I have two questions ... Is the source code of this website - glenn.sanson.free.fr v2.0 - an applet version??? Is there anyway to run it in netbeans?
Basically i downloaded the .jar file (because I was having trouble including the JIGA library inside the source code) turned it into a zip , extracted it - highlighted all the java classes added them to my project folder... but i am guessing it is not suppose to work that way....and there is no run button (it is grayed out) Help!!!
And second - where do I get another open-source java code for a game - it has to be an easy one - 5-7 classes and a NON-applet version that I can put in netbeans and run it?


text:
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text: I saw this the other night on The O'Reilly Factor and had to share it with you. Of all the things little Kensley could have asked Santa for, one of the two things she wanted was her dad. As an Army brat, this video brought a tear to my eye. I am happy that she will be able to spend a few days with her father.


text:
This Saturday is Extra Life 2015 — a charity event to help hospitals under Children's Miracle Network — and I'm participating for my fifth year! I'll be doing a gaming marathon (which will be ) to raise at least $200 for my local hospital, and I wanted to extend the invitation here in case anyone might be interested in tuning in.
Toy Box building in 3.0 will be a facet of the day's festivities, as will spotlighting new figures and The Good Dinosaur Power Discs. I asked JV as to whether or not there will be a special Toy Box Challenge for the event, but I haven't heard back yet. I do have other events planned as well (e.g., Splatoon, Mario Kart 8), which you're welcome to participate in if you have the game in question. You may find a tentative schedule on my Twitch channel for more on this front.
Any support you're able to provide — whether in the form of a donation, spreading the word with a tweet/retweet or joining the stream — would go a long way to assisting courageous kids who need the support.
. Let me know if you plan to join in or have any questions!
EDIT: Part 2 begins this Saturday, November 14. Hope you can join!


text:
So, this happened:
Mel Gibson has been cast as the second-century warrior Judah Maccabee in an epic about the figure's life.
Did we mention Maccabee was a Jewish warrior?
And that, at this point (sorry, Jodie Foster and "The Beaver"), Gibson is more known for his anti-Semitic rant and other antics than his acting?
We can certainly believe that a celebrity as backed into a corner as Gibson is would resort to something like this as a public mea culpa.
What we can't understand is why a studio (Warner Bros.) would spend good money facilitating it.


text:
|"Are you a wizard or not?"
The title of this article is conjectural. Although it is based on canonical information, the actual name is conjecture and may be supplanted at any time by additional information released from canonical sources. If this occurs, please move this page to the appropriate title.
|Gryffindor Tower reading room
|Location information
Seventh floor, Gryffindor Tower, Hogwarts Castle, Scotland
|Permanent residents
The reading room at Gryffindor Tower is a small library area in which Gryffindors can read and study. Percy Weasley used to spend the evenings making revision in this room in his fifth year and sixth year.
A crawlspace in one of the walls (covered by the portrait of Valeria Myriadd in the 1991-1992 school year and the portrait of Oraclitus Spheer in the 1992-1993 school year) links this room to a disused bathroom.
- Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (video game) (First appearance)
- Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (video game)


text:
SAN FRANCISCO, CA Collin Donnell wants app developers to learn from his mistakes.
Donnell, a full-time iOS developer since 2008 whose app credits include Pinbook for Pinboard, shared some tips to a packed room at AltWWDC, which we have been all over like an snuggle iPad case. He divided them into practical and philosophical, but they sort of blend together.
Here are some of his main [Read More…]


text:
when you touch yourself you make The Baby Jesus sad!
Keep your hands where we can see them!
The Gays are the single greatest crazy[1] threat facing God's Law, God's Love, America, God's America, American Culture, The American Family, The American Dream, The American Language, America's God and Stephen Colbert today, besides bears. By definition, the gays are Godless America-hating liberal heathens. What kind of people would steal such beautiful words as "gay" and "fag" and define themselves with it?!
At the same time, gayness is the single greatest asset to God's American Republican Party, because they never fail to get
panicky idiots Real Americans all riled up and ready to vote, just in time to Protect Marriage anew with each election cycle.
Despite what some Labcoat Larrys might tell you, being gay is a choice. People choose to be gay so they can wear the trendiest fashions, go to the coolest nightclubs, and be mercilessly persecuted for the rest of their lives.
Defining GayEdit
|"Hard Gay" terrorizing the Japanese people…
- Don't Ask, Don't Tell.
- NOT Our Troops.
- A transitive property.
- NOT your daddy. Fathers are never gay.
- The other white meat.
- Slang for homosapien.
- People who aren't married. Ideally they should be herded into Taxachusetts.
- The wrong choice.
- A group of sophisticated, urban It-getters famous for being the first to adopt new trends.
- Former Governor Jim McGreevey.
- My interior designer
- Peter Pan
- Your son who plays with dolls.
- Two men sunbathing together on the beach
- Like drinking lattes.
- Say "geez".
- Making furniture (see Shaker).
- Anything Quaker
- That way too handsome man Megan Fox.
- Have sex with goats. yeah, I said it. They practice Beastiality with innocent goats.
- Watch Will and Grace.
- Eat babies.
- Alabama's Attorneys General.
- San Francisco.
- Hate America.
- closeted
republican democratic.... heathen politicians of the north.
- Refuse to pray their gay away with Sarah Palin.
- If it is too gay for teevee then it is gay
- Trigonometry. It has to be gay, it was invented by Ancient Greeks.
- Barbarian. No wonder Conan the Barbarian looked so gay.
Many people who use the word "gay" nowadays do not even know what it really means to be "gay". Literally, the word "gay" means a color - a color similar to that of pea soup, but with just a little more gray mixed in -- sort of a greenish-gray color: gay. This word gave rise to the popular expression in the 70s, "Man, that pea soup is so gay". Pretty soon, people started applying the word to other things as well, and then finally, to certain people who gave off a gay-colored aura in public. Sometime around 1980, people realized that these people couldn't exactly help the color of their auras, but still, nobody is really sure what exactly it is they do to get that way. This is actually one of the most crucial problems facing our time.
Religious Positions on HomosinualityEdit
- "In Vatican parlance, that means too gay to be a priest." - Stephen Colbert, The Colbert Report, 11/30/2005
- "On Tuesday, Pope Benedict released his first major policy initiative. An instruction that states men with dee- seated homosexual tendencies could not be priests. While those with transitory tendencies could be. Therefore proving the transitive property of gayness." - Stephen Colbert, The Colbert Report, 11/30/2005
- "Transitory means temporarily gay, like while you're stuck in prison (or traffic)." - Stephen Colbert, The Colbert Report, 11/30/2005
- "The Church has a simple rule. If you've had no homosexual encounters for 3 years or more, you can become a priest." - Stephen Colbert, The Colbert Report, 11/30/2005
Thanks for any other informative site. The place else may just I am eteting that kind of information written in such an ideal means? ha've a project that I am simply now working on, and I've been on the glance out for such information.
Gay Sex in All its GORY detailsEdit
by Nancy Elliot, politician, proudly representing the "citizens" of New Hampshire:
The Gay MenaceEdit
Nothing is more dangerous than a triangle shaped shopping Leatherman.
Homosexual AgendaEdit
Gay LanguageEdit
At some point around the Civil War, the gays got fed up with the leadership of the Confederacy and decided to riot because of something done by or to or because of the great Confederate General Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson. No one really knows for sure what happened, but since then the gays have gone on and on about "After Stonewall," so it must have been big. Anyway, "After Stonewall," the guys decided that they didn't like being called "faggots" or "fairies" or "butt-munchers" anymore, and started making up their own crazy names for themselves. Like "gay." And the girl gays aren't "dikes" anymore, they're "lesbians." Well, some of them are still "dikes." But if you don't know, you'd better stick with "Lesbian." "Lesbo" is not okay, ever, apparently.
Sometime in the 1980's, the fags and the lesbos got together and hatched a scheme to gay up the American language even more by inventing the word "homosexual." Now, with the help of the wordonistas, their homolexographical agenda is turning our dictionaries gay. That's why you can only trust your gut and not reference books.
An even more radical brand of gays call themselves "queer." We can't even go into what that means for fear it will corrupt any children who might accidentally read this.
see: *Feynglish
Gay PoliticsEdit
Gay CultureEdit
Gay MarriageEdit
Gay AdoptionEdit
Gay PetsEdit
Gay BullyingEdit
|See, gay bullying is good for you.
It makes you stronger
(as long as you dont kill yourself)
- Not content with just taking away from our children the sacrosanct activity of bullying sissies to enhanced their own manhood; now they are trying to corrupt our children by allowing teh gey menace to flaunt their gayness into our children's faces without a heterosexual self-defense form.
Gay Civil RightsEdit
The Geys are not only a menace to white people and children, but now they are a threat to decent black folks, and Asians, and Jews! Civil Rights for the gays? Shame on you guys, if you are not black or brown dont need Civil Rights. Civil Rights are for black people
Spawns of Satan: (Gay Babies)Edit
Everybody knows that gay people cant have babies... wrong! They can have babies, thanks to the sinful abomination known as science! These Spawns of Satan are a demoralizing menace to heterosexual society and the last piece for Gay World Abomination. We know that teh geas are trying to corrupt America but to succeed they need to compete against heterosexual couples and what do heterosexual couples have? Children, which makes them a family. Now gay people cant' have children with each other (the natural way) so they cant form families and if they cant' form families they are not a threat to America's families... but not anymore. The abomination known as Test Tube Babies changed the dynamics of our society. Science, what have you done?!
Gay CavemenEdit
Teh gey, just like evolution, is an insidious threat and what better way to brainwash teh gey than by teaching evolution. I present to you the gey caveman, the gay caveman is part of the gey threat to teach our children that not only is being gay natural, but it is part of the evolutionary process that liberals support.
Gay CandyEdit
Is no secret that teh gays are trying to sexualize everything to appeal the gay agenda, even candy is not safe from the colored rainbow iron fist of gayness.
What Can Be Done About The Gays?Edit
Correctly Identifying A GayEdit
Send them back to where they came from.Edit
|Why We Fight? The Battle Against Gay Terrorism. Or "Save The Children, Save The World" (and No, that Photo of the black child with a white family in the "adopted" photo is not photoshoped… Repeat It IS Photoshoped… No, I mean IS not!!)
The Gay is actually indigenous to Homoslavia, which shares its border with the nation of Gaysreal. Its economy is largely driven by revenue from high-culture endeavors and institutions such as strangely popular modern art galleries, fabulous fashion shows, and super popular, SUPER-fabulous hair salons. That being said, its culture is believed to represent a threat to the thickly-furred and beflanneled man common to the US. Though Average Joe American may find it difficult to deny the appeal (and the perversely sinful allure) of a tall, dark, strapping young Gay immigrant in a smashingly sexy Armani suit offering a fresh plate of Baked Alaska in one hand and drawing up a new, more Feng Shui-friendly arrangement for his powder room with the other, he must resist and recoil. Self-flagellation might be prudent at this point. Once he's beaten the Gay out of his dirty, dirty mind, he ought to organize a massive charity concert in Homoslavia, complete with performances by such icons as Cher, Elton John, Melissa Etheridge and the like. Perhaps an added touch- an umbrella in the appletini, if you will- might be a ceremony beforehand in which Madonna adopts an orphaned Gay minority infant. Or six. With a rainbow parade afterwards This would all but guarantee the immediate booking of flights by Gays the world over to their native land. And there they'd remain, hopelessly enthralled by the songs and celebration, pulsating lights, gyrating leopard-print speedos and mosh pits of many mulleted-wymmin moshing. Then and only then can America lower its guard. Yes, Mr. Joe American- with this plan in place, you could safely kick back. Relax. Grab a beer and your wife's ass and await the Apocalypse, smug in your assurance that you shall never catch The Gay and that Jesus will emerge from the clouds and beam you to Heaven and its waiting crop of 72 eager and nubile, yet amply-breasted virgins. Er... something like that. Amen.
Curing GaynessEdit
Thankfully, a cure for gayness was found by the Vatican sometime in earlier history. It has been known as crucificxon, quartering, stoning, burning at the stake, Advil and the like but you might know it as exorcism or purification.
Our Gayness Cure Therapy is 100% effective.
Catching GaynessEdit
- gayness is contagious, like whooping cough or mad cow disease
- normal Americans can catch the ghey if there is a gay person nearby or a revival of any musical is being held within 100 miles
- apparently, Wild Elephants transmit teh ghey through circuses
God's LoveEdit
- Future Born Again Christians Club
- Exorcism does a wonderful job on casting out those gay demonds
- Ex-Gay
- "Reparative Therapy," Exodus, PATH, Homosexuals Anonymous and many other wonderful healing institutions can teach the gays how to properly loath and condemn themselves for a lifetime. Praise Jesus.
The National Association for Repeating Truthyisms about Homosexuals (NARTH) wants to show you how it's all your Mother's fault [2] [3] The American Psychological Association dismisses their claims that homosexuality is pathological, and disputes the "science" NARTH's claims. Short of an endorsement from Our Glorious Stephen or God Himself, what higher verification of truthiness could they seek?
NARTH vs. *NAMBLA: Gay rumble in the Gay jungle?
A homo sensing unit for the purpose of keeping gay people out of the locker room.
Gay BashingEdit
- God hates gays so much that he implanted an anti-gay programing into our brains to hate the gays so they can see the errors of their way.
Gay LicensesEdit
What we should do is get the Government involved in regulating teh geys. Now I am not a fan of Big Government or regulations, but the gey threat is too dangerous to be left on its own devices. Gay Liceses will allow us to monitor who is gay and who is not, plus you cannot be gay without a license and anyone caught in a gay act without a license will be sendtto prison... wait...
But Are They Real?Edit
According to liberal science, gay people are real and their lifestyle is not a choice. Which means what they are saying is false. According witservative Science not only is the gay lifestyle and choice a lie, but there is no evidence that gay people exist. As a matter of fact that gaythe couple that moved to your neighborhood is in, in fact,figment of your imagination that is being tempted to join the gay lifestyle! As evidence, the Bible says that Satan would tempt you, and what better way than dangle sweet delicious gay candy in front of our hetero-eyes. We must defeat this collective delusion that gay people exist and ignore them. The American people must clap their hands and collectively chant "Gay gay, go away! Gay gay way! Gay gay, go away!" and you will see the gay people evaporate in front of your eyes!
Pioneers like Mahmoud Ahmanotgayjihad were the first to suggest that gay people are imaginary, so far Iran has been 100% gay free since he was president. Of course, killing imaginary people is just silly since they are not real they cannot be killed. Plus, that's a waste of good bullets that should be reserved in killing terrorists.
Gay Series of TubesEdit
They are turning our tubes more gay and less straight, like a curve.
Common Misperceptions about GaietyEdit
- Not "born that way"
- God never forgives
- Not as much fun as it looks
- Christians can throw good parties, too - and be snazzy dressers!
- Unlike the retarded, the gays are not "just like you and me." (Also unlike the retarded, the gays do run in packs, well-dressed, partying packs. And they do rule the night.)
- It is not actually gay for a man have sex with another man under two circumstances. First is if you are in the bathroom stall at an Airport, see Larry Craig. Second is if the other man dresses up as Ronald Regan, it's a very common practice among republicans called Replay.
- Gays simply adore some guy named Oscar
- Gays are the purest form of satan and are communist bastards who must be killed on sight, which is why our founding fathers gave us the second amendment * God believes that all WikiNerds (Wikipedia super-users) are "TOTALLY gay".
- Some Gays are dangerous cage fighters, make sure you pick your fights on the weakest gay men. Just because they look like tranies it doesnt' mean they can kick your ass...
- Gay people like to watch communist sitcoms like Golden Girls
- The Gay Army is coming!!
- Teh Gey menace is a threat to our children. Someone please, think of the children! Look, someone is actually thinking of our children!
- Florida is known as the hub of children abductions by teh gays
- The Gays are on our TV Tubes
- They are infiltrating our churches, turning our Pastors gay gay gay!
- The Geys are trying to convert grandma!
- The Gay Menace is such a threat that they are already hurting the retired, the widows, the orphans, and the poor.
- The Government needs to study the Gay Penis to understand its nature. Know thy enemy to know thy gey.
- Barbarians are gay, ever wonder why they sacked Rome?
- Gay sex will spread and make all of us have gay sex.
- This gay zombie still gets tails even in death.
- Cutting back on da buttsex is good for your health. [1]
Some people, who are called "bisexual" or "bi," are greedy, and so they like both boys and girls. They are 50% straight and 50% gay. They're OK, though, because they're not 100% gay. Not 100%... unless we are talking about hot girls who are bi-curious, then that is 110% allllright...one bisexual is David bowie who only dresses gay. so he is 75% stright 15% gay.
Bicurious Tales: So wrong, yet so right.
See AlsoEdit
- Godless Sodomite
- Roman Empire
- Rome
- The American Family
- Tumbling
- Virginality
- Wrestling
- Fort Marriage
- Jesus Camp
- Vatican
- Gays for Colbert
- Gay Minotaurs
- Mark Foley
- Larry Craig
- Roy Ashburn
- Black Homophobia
- Gaytheist
- Takei
- Gaystapo [2]
- ↑ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7456588.stm
- ↑ http://www.narth.com/docs/openletter.html
- ↑ This has to be one of the top 10 truthiest letters ever written, surpassing even St. Paul's Epistle to the Ephesians.
External Gay TubesEdit
- Even their wallets are gay!
- how the gay economy is destroying America!!!
- According with the GOP, from now on The Gays will be "allowed to exist" You heard that Gays? You have the right for "existence"... for now...
- Gay seniors are infiltrating our retirement homes!
- The Homosexual Agenda to turn our children Teh Gheys
- How Gay Sex is destroying the Nucular Family
- How Teh Ghey Parents are hurting our children
- Gay British complains that gays are too flaming wait... how do we know they are gay? They are British after all!
- Stonewall promises to maintain annual tradition
- Gay Terrorists invade America!
- The Mythical queer poor This is a mythical creature that doesnt exist, everyone knows that teh gheys have lots of disposable income for not having children
- How sexism in sports are helping to turn lezbians straight
- Gay libural seduces heterosexual republicans
- Real Heterosexual American gets raped!
- GOP loves new video game
- Gay Therapists to turn straight people gay!
- Government Declares that "Being Gay" is a Sin no more!
- Lady Gaga to turn world Gay!
- Real Americans to be forced to drink Gay blood to become gay!
- Newest Gay Agenda: To Cause The New American Civil War
- Local gay man threatens Real American's sexuality
- Gay Computer to be executed
- Real Iraqis fighting off teh gey threat
- The Gays to go to space!!
- Dangerous Gay Man escapes from prison!!! Hide your children!!!
Gay menEX-gay Americans to join forces to stop the lesbo threat
- Gays have already infiltrate WWII veterans!
- Gay Terrorist profiled in Fox News
- Bisexuals are the adopted step children of hippies and commies
- Gay Puerto Rican Terrorist Captured
- Gays cannot go to Heaven
- All Gays go to Hell
- BBC supports the extermination of Gay Threat
Gay RepublicansSex Offenders to give tons of cash to CPAC
- New evidence suggests that gay sex is addictive
- The Geys Have Been Infiltrating America's TV for Decades
- Teh Gheys now destroying the rights of "Undesirables"... actually Teh Gheys cant be that bad?
- Pope declares Gay marriage a dangerous threat to gay's promiscuous lifestyle
- Jigay: Britain Successfully Stops The Gay Invasion
- CIA finds gay link with al-qaeda
- Emergency News: The Gay Army has breached our heterosexual wall!!
- Insidious Gay Media Continues to Undermine The Haterosexual Lifestyle
- Gay agenda brainwashes the Asian community
- The Gay Agenda supports Racism
- Gays are now trying to gayfie Ronald McDonald!
- The gays invade Arizona
- Spain finds cure for Gayness
- Germany continues to struggle with the gay disease
- Texas to build gayest Prison
- going gay for cats!
- Teh Geys Brainwashing The Poor
- Emergency News: Gays now converting Christians!!
- Gays to legalize Beastiality
- Republicans to monitor and record Gay Parade. Will use Sexual Debauchery as evidence after reviewing video
- Activist Judge retroactively turns all gay! We are now (compulsively) Gay Married to each other!!!
- Gays to damn us all to Hell if we dont stop them now!
- Will England become the next Gaysrael?
- Gays now a threat to our tolerance!!!
- Slanders against brave hero
- Hitler was gay!
- If the gays win we will get aids!
- Gay terrorists to invade mooslim madrassa
- America looks back to the good old days before teh gey threat
- Gay Drain (Do Not Google)
- Gay terrorism continues to terrorize America
- Republican College eliminates Teh Gey Problem
- New Science can predict Teh Gey: If it smells gey, talks like gey, and looks gey, then ur gey!
- Real American Troll declared a National Hero
- Gays now stealing our world record!
- Emergency News: Teh Gey agenda is spreading!!!
- Teh Gey Plague continues to spread. Nation fearful
- Gey Club tries to corrupt our police
- Gay Alert: the gays are taking over Uganda!
- See, even Obama is oppressing the geys!
- Even Kermit the Frog is going gay!
- Bert is Gay. We knew
- Bert comes out
- Another Bert is gay story
- Anti-gay Nations: No Gays Allowed
- nice wheels
- Lesbian tries to infiltrate school
- Real American to fight Gay Army
- Gay Babies are the new Gay Menace
- Gays already destroying our way of life
- Execution Jubs on the loss: "People, we have laws to execute teh geys"
- Who knew? Gay people can be racist bigot ignorant privilege imbeciles too!
- Fureign non-flaming homos to be deported
- Children are already so gay so gay really, really gay
- Gay disease continues to spread in our communities
- Gay Propaganda already infiltrating our children
- Government to release a new law to stop the gay menace
- How the liberals are helping to spread teh gey
- Gay agent to receive medal of gayness
- Straight Judge refuses to save us from the gay menace
- God told street prophet to stop teh gey threat.
- Child already falls under gay brainwashing... this is the future of America.
- Gay man complains that gay people lacks sense of fashion
- New York to summon gay ghost to terrorize straight people
- New gay Menace: Gays to Inject their Gay Blood on Real Americans! And That's Not in a Sexual Way!
- Gays trying to steal black people's civil rights.
- Real American to bring back anti-sodomy laws.
- How the gays have it easy
- Old gay people a threat to society
- Police declares war on the series of tubes
- The Gay continues to infiltrate our schools!
- How the gays are now infiltrating America's 100% heterosexual and manly sport: Football, the game where big burly men fight with other big burly men in a game of hugging, tackling, and piling up on each other.