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Multi-sample calling vs single sample calling
Dear GATK team,
I have used the UG following the best practice GATK workflow to call snps and Indels from exomeseq data of 24 human samples. First I called snps and Indels separately for each bam file, and I obtained separate vcfs. Then I decided to try to call the snps and Indels all in one go. I noticed that the output was quite different and the number of inser/delitions was higher when I called variants in contemporary (starting from separate bam files: -I sample1.bam -I sample2.bam...ETC). I also noticed that the called indels mostly were adjacent to tricky areas such as repetitive elements (ATATATATATATAT) or next to polyAAAAA. These snps and Indels weren't called by the UG when I called the variants separately. Is it more error prone to call variants in contemporary?
Hi Sharon,
Ah, I understand your question better now -- I thought you were calling indels and SNPs together, then separately, and seeing differences in the totals of variants called (there shouldn't be).
If your samples belong to a coherent cohort (as opposed to being all a bunch of individuals lumped together at random) then it is better to call them together. What you're seeing here is probably that you have some variants which don't look very good by themselves (the program is not confident that they are real -- possibly because the context is tricky as you describe), but occur in many of your samples. When the program sees that they are present in many samples, even at low confidence, this increases the overall confidence that those sites are variant. This is the strength of multisample calling.
@Geraldine_VdAuwera :
Hi, we also use all the time the multiplesample calling (WholeExomeSequencing), but we make the experience that as good as no variants of this multiplehits is validated by Sanger.
How this could be explained? I know most the time the qualities itself are doesn't looks very well at this candidates, but it seems to be that all identified multiplehits are false positives.
Best Air
Hi Air,
Do you mean that you have tried calling samples individually and together, and that the variants that are novel to the joint callset are all false positives?
If so, how low are the qualities? Can you post an IGV screenshot of any of the false positive regions?
Hi Sheila,
we call all samples together and for example candidates like this following one couldn't be validated.
(And this example is one with very good qualities)
Here is the UG output line without chr and position:
. C T 173.78 PASS AC=2;AF=0.077;AN=26;BaseQRankSum=-5.802;DP=781;Dels=0.00;FS=7.678; HaplotypeScore=1.1802;InbreedingCoeff=-0.0833;MLEAC=2;MLEAF=0.077;MQ=59.93;MQ0=0;MQRankSum=-1.180;QD=2.56; ReadPosRankSum=0.650 GT:AD:DP:GQ:PL 0/0:69,0:69:99:0,190,2382 0/0:58,0:58:99:0,150,1944 0/0:62,0:62:99:0,181,2249 0/0:75,0:75:99:0,199,2547 0/0:86,0:86:99:0,223,2859 0/1:25,6:31:99:123,0,707 0/0:59,0:59:99:0,172,2122 0/0:54,0:54:99:0,153,1941 0/1:30,7:37:94:94,0,846 0/0:68,0:68:99:0,175,2253 0/0:66,0:66:99:0,181,2293 0/0:64,1:66:99:0,150,2189 0/0:50,0:50:99:0,135,1701
And the corresponding IGV image is attached
@airtime, Using the UnifiedGenotyper is no longer considered best practice. You should try calling this with HaplotypeCaller and see if you get a different call.
@Geraldine_VdAuwera, how about low sample amount? Under 30 samples we should use UG instead of HC or did this suggestion changed?
I'm not aware that we ever made that recommendation. There are some some complications for filtering if you have lower than 30 samples, because variant recalibration does not work as well with low amounts of data. But you can do variant calling with HaplotypeCaller on any number of samples. We have a new workflow that now makes it easier to use it on many samples, but low number of samples was never a problem for HC.
Ok, thank you very much. Sorry for this confusion. I was so sure that in Best Practise v4 it was recommended.
I would take a look again and try out HC for variant calling and for this multiple hits.
If you find the text that caused your misunderstanding, let me know and I will try to clarify what we wrote in order to avoid future misunderstandings. Good luck with your work.
I take a look at my notice and at the best pratice documentation and at the output of HC it is written "unrecalibrated SNP and indel calls"
So I thought the variant recalibration is needed for the whole HC calling. But it seem to be enough to make a hard-filtering methode?
It was something wrong associated in my head, I think the documentations is fine.
Oh I see, we'll need to clarify that. This only means that the calls coming from HC are unfiltered, the same as for UG, and they need to be filtered before use in an analysis project. Filtering is best with VQSR, but if that's not possible, hard filtering is ok.
so I repeat the analysis with the HC for this project (previously done by UG) and for this multihit example we have again the false positive hit.
The read amount was only changed to 25,3 and 28,6 from the example in the picture, respectively.
I'm currently running another project analysis with more validated multiple hits which are false positives. I hope we can remove some of them.
Can you please confirm that this false positive still exists after variant filtering? Haplotype Caller is designed to be very sensitive so it does not miss any potential variants. However, after filtering the false positives should be eliminated.
Hi, after HC I select indel and snp/mnp seperately, then I filter with the default filter settings at "hard to validate".
here is the same hit with different read amounts:
. C T 175.78 PASS AC=2;AF=0.077;AN=26;BaseQRankSum=-5.940e-01;ClippingRankSum=0.158; DP=518;FS=1.517;GQ_MEAN=100.54;GQ_STDDEV=31.03;InbreedingCoeff=-0.0833;MLEAC=2;MLEAF=0.077; MQ=60.00;MQ0=0;MQRankSum=-2.970e-01;NCC=0;QD=2.84;ReadPosRankSum=1.04 GT:AD:DP:GQ:PL 0/0:46,0:46:99:0,120,1800 0/0:41,0:41:93:0,93,1395 0/0:46,0:46:99:0,117,1755 0/0:50,0:50:99:0,120,1800 0/0:51,0:51:99:0,120,1800 0/1:25,3:28:51:51,0,1237 0/0:39,0:39:91:0,91,1377 0/0:28,0:28:69:0,69,1035 0/1:28,6:34:99:168,0,1200 0/0:38,0:38:90:0,90,1349 0/0:35,0:35:81:0,81,1215 0/0:52,0:52:99:0,120,1800 0/0:30,0:30:67:0,67,1110
I do not understand what exactly you did. Can you post your command line for filtering?
I use following commands:
java -Xmx12G -jar GenomeAnalysisTK-3.2-2/GenomeAnalysisTK.jar -T GenotypeGVCFs -R hg19.fasta --variant S1_snp_indel.raw.vcf --variant S2_snp_indel.raw.vcf --variant -o all_snp_indel.raw.vcf
java -Xmx12G -jar GenomeAnalysisTK-3.2-2/GenomeAnalysisTK.jar -T SelectVariants -R hg19.fasta --variant all_snp_indel.raw.vcf -o only_all_snp_mnp.raw.vcf --selectTypeToInclude SNP --selectTypeToInclude MNP
java -Xmx12G -jar GenomeAnalysisTK-3.2-2/GenomeAnalysisTK.jar -T VariantFiltration -R hg19.fasta --variant only_all_snp_mnp.raw.vcf -o HaTyCa_only_all_snp_mnp.hard-filtered.vcf --filterExpression "QD < 2.0 " --filterName "HARD_TO_VALIDATE_QD" --filterExpression " MQ < 40.0 " --filterName "HARD_TO_VALIDATE_MQ" --filterExpression " FS > 60.0 " --filterName "HARD_TO_VALIDATE_FS" --filterExpression " HaplotypeScore > 13.0 " --filterName "HARD_TO_VALIDATE_HaploTypeScore" --filterExpression "MQRankSum < -12.5 " --filterName "HARD_TO_VALIDATE_MQRankSum" --filterExpression " ReadPosRankSum < -8.0" --filterName "HARD_TO_VALIDATE_ReadPosRankSum"
java -Xmx12G -jar GenomeAnalysisTK-3.2-2/GenomeAnalysisTK.jar -T SelectVariants -R hg19.fasta --variant HaTyCa_only_all_snp_mnp.hard-filtered.vcf -o HaTyCa_only_all_snp_mnp.hard-filtered_results.vcf -select 'vc.isNotFiltered()'
OK, that all looks pretty normal. I think you're encountering the limitations of hard-filtering here. One way to deal with this is to use more stringent filters by trial and error, to find out what filters will remove this type of false positive but still retain the true positives you want. The other way (which is better) is to increase your cohort size (e.g. by using exomes from the 1000 Genomes project) so that you can use variant recalibration. That should provide more discriminating filtering.
yeah the second possibility sounds nice. But how to increase the cohort, only put some further exome samples without respect to the project?
Because in some projects we have celllines in other we have tumor samples with corresponding normal samples. It is important to include also celllines at the cellline projects? And what about the tumor entity, should I keep the tumor type?
What is important to increase the sample amount?
If you are working with tumor samples, we recommend using MuTect. Please read about it here: http://www.broadinstitute.org/cancer/cga/mutect
I know MuTect, but it is to identify somatic mutation. First of all we are screening whole exomes for variations(snp/snv/indel).
For this task is the GATK-pipeline(UG/HC) the best or not?
Please correct me if I'm wrong.
best Air
If you are trying to evaluate what is the germline background in your samples and generate a panel of normals for MuTect to use for filtering, then the GATK pipeline is appropriate. For that, the basic recommendation is to choose samples with similar ethnic background to increase the chance that their germline mutations will be mostly the same.
We don't have recommendations for dealing with cell lines, sorry. The rest of your questions are outside the scope of support we can provide at the level of experimental design. My suggestion would be to read the literature and find out what others have done successfully in the past.
Thank you very much.
I read many articles in the literature and in many variant calling comparison acrticles it is mentioned that GATK has a very good calling rate with low false positive rates and this is the same which we observed in our experiments/data. Also I take a look at the slides for "Best Practices for variant calling with the GATK".
I thought it is possible to screen for variations in NGS human DNA Exome data, but the limitation that only normal samples can be used is new for me. Of course there are further algorithms which specialized to identify germline events.
best Air
@airtime, I didn't mean to imply that only normal samples can be used. My point is that we do not have enough experience with tumor/cancer samples to give recommendations about how to put together a cohort for those purposes.
Ahh, so for cohort extension at tumor/normal samples you cannot give me a recommendation. So is there another possibility to remove this multiple hits? Or should I try to create a background with all normal samples and then to analyse each tumor with MuTect?
Yes, I think making a panel of normals then analyzing the tumors with MuTect is a good approach.
@Geraldine_VdAuwera said:
airtime, Using the UnifiedGenotyper is no longer considered best practice. You should try calling this with HaplotypeCaller and see if you get a different call"
A year ago I used the unified genotyper to call my variants incontemporary on all my 24 samples. Since UnifiedGenotyper is no longer considered best practice, now I wanted to use the Haplotypecaller in a gvcf -based cohort analysis workflow. Can I perform a multisample calling? or should I call the variants for each sample separetely?
@SharonCox if you use Haplotypecaller, you have to call variants per each sample and if you want to perform a multisample calling you have to use the GenotypeGVCFs to joint the gvcfs files of each sample.
best air
to do so should i exlude the following parameters in the command line :
-stand_call_conf 30
-stand_emit_conf 10 ?
with UG i did use them
@SharonCox You won't use them in your HaplotypeCaller commands, but you can use them with GenotypeGVCFs. Have a look at the documentation (especially tutorials) for more detailed information.
gatksun Member ✭
How can HaplotypeCaller complete a pair of samples(tumor/normal) to variations?
I use the command,
GenomeAnalysisTK.jar -T HaplotypeCaller -R reference.fa -I tumor.bam -I normal.bam -o raw.vcf
Is the above command correct? If NO, please correct. Thanks.
For cancer samples, you should use MuTect. Please read about it here: http://www.broadinstitute.org/cancer/cga/mutect


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Moderator: Community Team
Army of GOD wrote:poop and pee
BigBallinStalin wrote:From what I remember, the wine of Classical Antiquity was much more concentrated than today's, hence the mixing it with water.
the only thing scarier than Godzilla are his lawyers
riskllama wrote:Koolbak wins this thread.
the only thing scarier than Godzilla are his lawyers
thegreekdog wrote:BigBallinStalin wrote:From what I remember, the wine of Classical Antiquity was much more concentrated than today's, hence the mixing it with water.
Also drinking water wasn't very healthy in Classical Antiquity... hence the mixing water with wine.
AAFitz wrote:Cement mixer.
I forget the contents...gin and baileys or something...mixed together right before shooting it back. It curtles to the exact consistency of puke in your mouth...
followed immediately by the real thing.
The best drink however, hands down is the Dr. Pepper.
My way:
Beer with a spash of Coke in a Glass.
*Vodka with a topping of 151 Rum in a shot glass.
light the 151 on fire, drop it into the glass of beer, and shoot it back. Before you pass out, you will taste Dr. Pepper.
*Actually could be something different there...for some reason, my memory of what goes in to it....fades after they go into me.
b.k. barunt wrote:Ok call me a social deviant (join the crowd), but i like to soak a fat bud of pot in a double shot of Cuervo for about 30 minutes or so before chugging it down. Huzzah!
riskllama wrote:Koolbak wins this thread.
riskllama wrote:Koolbak wins this thread.
Lootifer wrote:Southern Comfort and Orange Juice (proper orange juice, not fake shit)
KoolBak wrote:He leaves it in the shot glass, of course! That's how 'ol BK rolls
KoolBak wrote:Beer with coke....gotta try that one Fitzy......
Hard up years ago night skiing....all we had was Dr. Pepper, Kahlua and Amaretto....mixed those in the bota...called it Dr. Kaletto....served the purpose
Used to buy that crap fad cola JOLT and mix it with whatever...typically rum......super sweet, super caffinated....guess its wwhat young people like about the red bull / energy drink mixed drinks....lol
*pukes a lil thinking about it now*
Popular soft drink combo here is Black Gold....half coke, half Dr. Pepper...we like that one....
thegreekdog wrote:I never understood the mixture of vodka and Red Bull. The first and only time I tried it, I almost vomitted from over sweetness.
I greatly enjoy any kind of car bomb.
the only thing scarier than Godzilla are his lawyers
Users browsing this forum: No registered users

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Hello, everyone.
I just registered today;
For the past couple of days I've been trying to modify a .class file which is part of a mod for a game I've been playing.
It doesn't seem to find any errors in the modifications I've made, but it seems to have issues with lines from the original class file.
(I've tried compiling both my modified version and the original)
I'm brand new to java so I'm not sure exactly how to fix the errors.
Here's the code, highlighted in blue are the modifications I made.
public final class EnumFaces extends Enum
public static final EnumFaces Normal;
public static final EnumFaces Angry;
public static final EnumFaces Sad;
public static final EnumFaces Happy;
public static final EnumFaces Tired;
public static final EnumFaces Shy;
public static final EnumFaces Custom1;
private static final EnumFaces $VALUES[];
public static EnumFaces[] values()
return (EnumFaces[])$VALUES.clone();
public static EnumFaces valueOf(String name)
return (EnumFaces)Enum.valueOf(EnumFaces, name);
private EnumFaces(String s, int i)
super(s, i);
Normal = new EnumFaces("Normal", 0);
Angry = new EnumFaces("Angry", 1);
Sad = new EnumFaces("Sad", 2);
Happy = new EnumFaces("Happy", 3);
Tired = new EnumFaces("Tired", 4);
Shy = new EnumFaces("Shy", 5);
Custom1 = new EnumFaces("Custom1", 6);
$VALUES = (new EnumFaces[] {
Normal, Angry, Sad, Happy, Tired, Shy, Custom 1
Here are the errors that javac found:
EnumFaces.java:2: error: classes cannot directly extend java.lang.Enum
public final class EnumFaces extends Enum
EnumFaces.java:20: error: cannot find symbol
return (EnumFaces)Enum.valueOf(EnumFaces, name);
symbol: variable EnumFaces
location: class EnumFaces
EnumFaces.java:25: error: contructor Enum in class Enum(E) cannot be applied to given types:
super(s, i);
required: String, int
found: String, int, String, int
reason: actual and formal argument lists differ in length
where E is a type-variable:
E extends Enum(E) declared in class Enum
3 errors
Thanks in advance


text:
Getty Images has the official NHL All-Star portrait gallery up and I honestly think these photos are SO MUCH better than the traditional "stand here and hold the stick and look awkward" photo theme that the NHL will usually resort to. The sparkles add an extra reminder that these guys are All-Stars (see what I mean by the photographer being clever), while I have yet to figure out the reason for the jersey nightlight in the background.
I really don't have much to say about All-Star weekend. The draft was a new concept and seemed to be well received by the players. I'd like to see it stick around. The best part of the weekend was the goalie race between Cam Ward and Tim Thomas in the fastest skater competition. Goalies trying to skate fast in all their gear will never not be funny. Goalies falling down (but not getting hurt) while skating fast in their goalie gear will also never not be funny.
The actual game was nothing more than a game of shinny played between grownups who know what they're doing. It will never be more than that, since there is nothing on the line but pride, and no one wants to get hurt. It's all fun. It might not do much to attract new fans, but should it have to?


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The Early Days
Wayang kulit, the Malay shadow play, gave the earliest inhabitants of Southeast Asia their first experience of 'cinema.' But narrative cinema as it is today only began in Malaysia, with the production of Laila Majnun in 1933, directed by B S Rajhans and produced by Motilal Chemical, a Bombay-based company in Singapore. In 1938, two brothers from Hong Kong, Run Run and Run Me Shaw, set up a film unit and produced (unsuccessful) films using Chinese-based stories. With the advent of the Second World War and the Japanese Occupation of Malaya, local film production ceased. After the war, a new company, Malayan Arts Production produced Seruan Merdeka (The Call to Independence - the first with the theme of patriotism). B S Rajhans was again the director. However, it was the establishment of the studio system modeled after Hollywood by the Shaw Brothers, and their company, Malay Film Productions, that gave impetus to the film industry and resulted in other studios being set up.
From the late 40s to the early 50s, the films were directed by Indian directors imported from India. Among them were B S Rajhans, S Ramanathan, L Krishnan, B N Rao and Phani Majumdar. Though overly melodramatic with stylized acting and song-and-dance, their films went down well with the local populace. Stars were created and audiences flocked to the cinemas. It was not long before the locals were given a chance to helm productions. The first one, Permata di-Perlembahan (Pearls in the Valley, 1952) by Haji Mahadi, an actor, failed at the box-office. Filipino directors were then called in. Among them: Ramon Estella, Lamberto Avellana and Eddy Infante. However, it was the entry of other Malay directors (and in particular, P. Ramlee, a versatile actor and singer), who transformed the Malay cinema of the times with familiar themes and techniques that resounded with the movie-going public. Though the ubiquitous song-and-dance was still there, the over-acting and heavily Indian-influenced stories had faded. In place were themes related to issues more in tune with the times.
Among the local directors who quickly made a name for themselves were M. Amin, Omar Rojik, Hussein Hanif, Salleh Ghani, Jamil Sulong, S. Kadarisman and Mat Sentol. However, it was P. Ramlee and his unique brand of storytelling and techniques that consistently drew the crowds. Among his most cinematic works are Bujang Lapok (Raggedy Bachelors, 1955), Semerah Padi (The Village of Semerah Padi, 1956), Sumpah Orang Minyak (The Curse of the Oily Man, 1957), Antara Dua Darjat (Between Two Classes, 1960), and Ibu Mertua-ku (My Mother-in-Law, 1961). As a 'thinking' filmmaker, P. Ramlee felt the need to make use of the film medium to comment upon the lot of his race, calling upon them to come out of the drudgery and backwardness that they were in.
New Beginnings in Kuala Lumpur
The late 50s and early 60s were bad times for the industry. Production costs mounted and the introduction of television resulted in a fall in cinema audiences. Singapore split from Malaysia in 1965 and two years later, the studio system of Shaws and Cathay (now called Cathay-Keris), collapsed in Singapore (Shaw Brothers, because of union problems). Shaws decided to move their business to Merdeka Studios in Kuala Lumpur, taking P. Ramlee and Saloma, one of the stars with them. But this was to be the beginning of the end for the shining star of Malaysian cinema. Without the facilities of the studio system, P. Ramlee was forced to be involved in every aspect of production. Budget and location constraints led to the cutting of corners - and it showed on the screen. Audiences began to stay away from his films and also that of other directors employed by Merdeka Studios. They turned instead to Indonesian films that had better storylines and higher production values.
Seeing the need for a change, Shaws decided to bring in other (Singapore) directors who were now attached to the government documentary film unit, Filem Negara Malaysia. Among them were Jamil Sulong and Salleh Ghani. Crew from Hong Kong were brought in to support them. A new look (but similar to films from Hong Kong), emerged. This did not go down well with the audience, especially with a younger, more educated and discerning group. The entry of Hafsham (a film graduate) with Adik Manja (Affectionate Child, 1979), for Merdeka Studios, gave a glimmer of hope for the industry. However, Shaws decided to close down in 1980, and Chinese domination of the film industry came to a decisive end. The time now was ripe for the locals to take over.
Kuala Lumpur's first feature film was actually produced by Filem Negara Malaysia, the Government documentary film studios. Set up in 1946 by the British, the unit produced Abu Nawas in 1957, with the main stars and music personnel coming from Singapore. The film was about the communist insurgency that began just after the War. A number of the unit's production personnel became employed at both Shaws and Cathay-Keris in Singapore. A few others (like Hafsham), found easy employment in the advertising industry in Kuala Lumpur. P Ramlee had actually been in discussion with the Filem Negara to produce a police series in the late 60s but nothing came out of it and Roomai Noor, an actor/director formerly in Singapore, took over the helm.
Government Assistance
In 1975, the government began to take the film industry seriously, realizing that film could contribute towards national unity and nation-building. As a result, the National Film Development Corporation (FINAS) was set up in 1981 in response to the film community's appeal for government assistance to improve and develop the industry. FINAS' first step was to stipulate that film companies could undertake only one of the following activities: producing and distributing; or producing and screening; or producing and distributing. Taxes on film stock were lifted (much later, the 25% entertainment tax imposed on ticket sales was returned to the producers to enable them to continue making films).
1975 was also a momentous year for the industry. A new company, Sabah Films, burst onto the scene with the successful Keluarga Si Comat (The Family of Comat - Aziz Sattar). The producer, Deddy M Borhan, a hitherto unknown figure, went on to produce an unprecedented 16 films. Though cheaply-made and with predictable storylines, a number of the films nevertheless made money. Azura (1984) was the biggest box-office hit. Borhan's success led to a proliferation of film producers, some of whom fell by the roadside because they did not understand the business side of filmmaking.
The 'Voices' of Malaysian Cinema
Dr Anuar Nor Arai, film lecturer and critic, counts five 'voices' in Malaysian cinema. By 'voices' he means the articulation of emotions and feelings about one's society and its problems through the medium of film. The Chinese, and Indian pre-War filmmakers may be regarded as The First Voice. Even though they were not citizens of the country, they tried to react to the local populace's wants through their stories. Among the productions from 1933 to 1941 were love stories, horror and the odd one about polygamy and the nasty stepmother.
The Second Voice was made up of the post-War Indian and Filipino filmmakers (1940s to 1950s). These directors/writers too were not nationals but their close working relationship with the locals resulted in a number of films that made social comment and had 'messages' aimed at the local population. A theme of racial unity emerged in Seruan Merdeka (Call to Freedom - B S Rajhans, 1949). Patriotism and the consequences of treachery could be seen in Sgt Hassan (Lamberto V Avellana, 1958) and the tale of the wayward son in Anak-ku Sazali (My Son, Sazali - Phani Majumdar, 1958).
The Third Voice belonged to the locals in Singapore, who began to take over in the 50s and 60s. A few of them, like Hamzah Hussin, Rahman B and Jamil Sulong, had been either involved with the literary scene or were former journalists. Their themes were more realistic and consonant with the times. Penarik Becha (The Trishaw Puller, 1955) and Antara Dua Darjat (Between Two Classes, 1960), both directed by P Ramlee, were about class distinction; Rumah Itu Dunia-ku (That House is my World - M Amin,1964), written by Hamzah Hussin, was about the travails of family life in Singapore of the 60s; Hang Jebat (Hussein Hanif, 1961), was a contemporary interpretation of the well-known tale of the two legendary warriors, Tuah and Jebat. Hanif's version went against the popular view that Tuah was an unthinking lackey of the ruler, and that Jebat, in effect, was the real hero.
The Fourth Voice emerged from among the filmmakers during the Merdeka Studio era and after. However, before Merdeka Studios became prolific, Filem Negara Malaysia was already producing docudramas (using popular actors), with themes of good neighbourliness, planning for the future, and education. This also included drug abuse (many years before it became a major issue for the country). A brainchild of the then Director-General, Mohd Zain Hussein, the narrative approach was used to get across government messages. A particularly good example was Mata Permata (The Lost Jewels - Osman Shamsuddin, 1964) based on the Guy du Maupassant short story, The Necklace. It told of how a mother-in-law pesters her daughter to coax her husband into buying jewelry so as to show off to the neighbours. In the end, the husband loses what little he had in the first place.
Jins Shamsuddin (a former actor in 1950s Singapore), entered the fray in Kuala Lumpur with his Bukan Salah Ibu Mengandung (Blame Not the Expectant Mother, 1968). This, and his later films, were about illegitimate children, abortion, adultery, polygamy and divorce and how the family coped in modern-day Malaysia. He was the more successful compared to directors like Salleh Ghani, A R Tompel, Hussein Abu Hassan and M Maroeti.
The Fifth Voice, the most eloquent among all the others, slowly emerged in the 1980s. The few filmmakers representing this group were either educated in film, were from theatre or were knowledgeable about film as a means of expression. Among them were Rahim Razali, Nasir Jani, Mansor Puteh, Anuar Nor Arai, Adman Salleh, Mahadi J. Murat, Shuhaimi Baba, U-Wei Hajishaari, Erma Fatima, Hishamuddin Rais, Teck Tan and Yasmin Ahmad. A study of their films reveals a profound understanding of the tensions, frustrations and idiosyncrasies that lie beneath the surface of Malay society. Rahim Razali made benign comments through Abang (Big Brother, 1981): A family becomes successful in business, but a member misuses the finances of the company, not because he is greedy but only because he had the opportunity to do so. In Matinya Seorang Patriot (Death of a Patriot, 1984), he points out the parallel between political events today and of the intrigues of the 15th century Malacca Sultanate, that led to its downfall.
Not so Nasir Jani. He went straight for the jugular in Kembara Seniman Jalana'n (The Travelling Artistes, 1986) and Rozanna Cinta 87 (Rozanna, Love 1987). He was anti-establishment off and on-screen and gave no apologies. U-Wei Hajisaari, the first local director to have had a screening at Cannes with his Kaki Bakar (The Arsonist, 1995), has dealt with only one theme in all his films: the psyche of the Malay man and woman and why they are what they are, without moralizing about it. He has continued the tradition in his latest film, Buai Laju-laju (Swing My Swing High, 2004) and will doubtless continue to do so in his forthcoming Almayer. Adapted from Joseph Conrad's Almayer's Folly.
Shuhaimi Baba and Erma Fatima, both women directors are boldly feminist in their approach. In Selubung (Veil of Life, 1992), Shuhaimi Baba deals with young, educated people and their (mis)understanding of Islam. In Ringgit KaSorgga (The Fee for Paradise, 1995), she attacks corrupt politicians and in Layar Lara (Screen of Grief, 1997), she stands up for the young filmmakers of today. Erma Fatima explored the search for Malay identity in Perempuan Melayu Terakhir (The Last Malay Woman, 1999) and in Embun (Dewdrops, 2002): that women must stand up and take their place in the world despite the odds.
Adman Salleh's characters are always those on the fringes of society and unable to come to terms with their milieu, as evident in Bintang Malam (1992), Amok (1995) and Paloh (2003). Mahadi J. Murat's Sayang Salmah (My Dear Salmah, 1995) is about political persecution, and also of a mother's love. Both Teck Tan's Spinning Gasing (Spinning Top, 2000), and Yasmin Ahmad's Sepet (Slit-eyed, 2005) explore ethnic relationships and inter-racial love (Chinese boy loves Malay girl). Anuar Nor Arai has made Malaysia's only gangster film in film noir style, Johnny Bikin Filem (Johnny Makes a Film, 1995) was a university project that brought together film students working side by side with professional, both in front and behind the camera.. Shot on 35 mm, it presents a story set in 1950s Singapore and goes below the surface of Malay society to explore their lack of vision, place and identity. Mansor Puteh has made the country's first and only anti-narrative and anti-plot feature, Seman (1987), about the dilemma of educated young Malaysians in a country that does not recognize their capabilities. Hishamuddin Rais, too, broke rules with his Dari Jemapoh ke Manchestee (From Jemapoh to Manchester, 2002). With a highly formalist approach, his message to the young people of today was: 'break out of the cocoons you are in and take over the world' (specifically Malaysia).
Mansor Puteh, Shuhaimi Baba, U-Wei Hajisaari, Hishamuddin Rais and Yasmin Ahmad's works best represent alternative cinema - and the revolution that is taking place among young, educated filmmakers of all races in Malaysia today. With the ease afforded by digital technology, the number of young people engaged in cinematic expression has quadrupled. Since her first TV drama, Rabun (Blurred Vision, 2004), Yasmin has gone on to make Sepet (Slit-Eyed, 2005), a Chinese boy, Malay girl love story. The film made waves and has become much talked about (and also ruffled the feathers of many locals)
The Digital Filmmakers
Since the breakthrough by Amir Muhammad's digital feature, Lips to Lips in the year 2000, others have come up with digital features or feature-length documentaries. Among them: Ho Yuhang, Ng Tian Hann, Ngai Low Yuen and James Lee collaborated on an anthology called Visits; Osman Ali: Bukak Api (Open Fire) and Malaikat Di Jendela (Angel By the Window); James Lee with Snipers, Ah Beng Returns, Room to Let and Beautiful Washing Machine; Eleanor Low and Linus Chung: Whispers My Heart; Ho Yuhang: Min and Sanctuary; Ng Tian Hann: First Take, Final Cut; Nam Ron: Gedebe (Gangsters); Deepak Kumaran Menon: Chemman Chaalai (The Gravel Road); Woo Ming Jin: Monday Morning Glory; Eng Yow: Ah Kew The Digger; Sandosh Kesavan: Aaandal and Naguib Razak: Glass Enclosure: Tokyo Invisible. Amir has since come up with The Big Durian (the first Malaysian entry to Sundance), Tokyo Magic Hour and The Year of Living Vicariously. He is currently shooting a documentary, The Last Male Communist and will soon be in production with Naeim Ghalili on a 35 mm cinema feature called Susuk (Amulet). Bernard Chauly's first cinema feature, Gol dan Gincu (Goal and Lipstick) is currently playing the cinema circuits.
Digital shorts are now flooding the increasing number of venues that are showcasing the works of emerging talents. Keelab Seni Filem Malaysia, started in the 1970s, is the most popular, yearly having two crowded showings. The latest has been the Kontot Film Festival. The yearly Nokia Awards, Malaysia Video Awards, Freedom Fest and the Malaysian Film Festival see increasing number of young people submitting their works, either for exhibition or for competition. FINAS and the Multimedia Development Corporation offer monetary support while some of the filmmakers who have won awards garner grants from overseas. Two TV stations have been responsible for the rise of some of these talents. ASTRO, the satellite channel, supported Naguib Razak in his early attempts at making his documentary Anak Duyung (The Mermaid Child - later remade for Discovery Channel as The Boatmakers of Mermaid Island). The station has also screened many digital shorts. NTV7 employed Osman Ali, an able graduate of the Malaysia Film Academy, who in turn, was responsible for giving an opportunity to other digital filmmakers to make headway into the mainstream. Red Communications, a TV production company, is in the forefront, too, in giving opportunities for digital filmmakers to express themselves - and make some money in the process. They produced Visits, Gol dan Gincu (Goal and Lipstick) and a TV series, Shortcuts, that showcases short films Another TV series, Generasi Digital, was produced by Vision New Media and is a first for RTM, the government TV channel.
The support provided by Golden Screen Cinemas with their digital screenings has opened an avenue for digital filmmakers to showcase their works, thus bringing their works closer to the mainstream. Many of their works have participated and achieved recognition at prestigious festivals all over the world. In these young filmmakers' hands, film is not just for entertainment. The outside world is finally beginning to see, consistently, Malaysian works that project the minds of these filmmakers and their thoughts about themselves, their country and the world.
Film in Malaysia was once dominated by Malay cinema, but now the Fifth Voice has gained momentum and - like it or not - is in the process of creating a new Malaysian Cinema, both independently and through the mainstream. And it is beginning to make its voice heard loud and clear.
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Curriculum Vitae - Joanne Spurza
Joanne Spurza is a Classical archaeologist specializing in Roman architecture and ancient urbanism. She studied at Bryn Mawr College (AB, MA) and Princeton University (MA, PhD) and is a Fellow of the American Academy in Rome. At Hunter, she teaches courses in Roman, Egyptian and Greek archaeology, in Roman civilization, Classical mythology, and upper-level seminars on aspects of Roman society and culture. She has participated in excavations and fieldwork in Sicily (Morgantina), Cyprus (Marion), Ostia Antica and Rome (Roman Forum, House of the Vestals).
Her principal field research is centered at Ostia, where she has worked for fifteen years in collaboration with the Soprintendenza Archeologica di Ostia. She currently is completing a monograph based on her long-term study of a major building complex there. The Palazzo Imperiale at Ostia: An Urban Reconstruction examines the well-preserved port city of imperial Rome during the Severan period in the 3rd century A.D. Her upcoming project is to open a new excavation at the Palazzo site within the next two years.


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The recent mercury spill at San Juan Basin Health Department was a learning experience.
We appreciate Durango Fire & Rescue Authoriys hazmat team and the Environmental Protection Agency for their careful and thorough handling of the situation. This incident highlighted what potential dangers to human health may result from an acute exposure. It also prompted thinking about health threats resulting from chronic mercury exposure in the environment.
Mercury in the workplace has some history. During our cleanup, the hazmat commander noticed a photo in my office of my daughter posing in Las Vegas with the Mad Hatter (the Johnny Depp version). It had a serendipitous connection as the Mad Hatters behaviors and the 19th-century phrase mad as a hatter are said to be a result of felt hat-makers exposure to mercury vapors. It affected their health. More than 100 years later, the U.S. Public Health Service banned the use of mercury in the felt industry.
Mercury exists in various forms, and people are exposed in different ways. The most common way that people are exposed to mercury in the U.S., according to the EPA, is by eating fish containing methylmercury. Power plants are currently the dominant emitters of mercury some of which enters waterways.
Within a few generations during which weve used coal, our fresh water fish have been basically adulterated, says San Juan Basins Environmental Health Director Mike Meschke.
San Juan Basin Health is charged with not only safeguarding the publics health through services such as immunizations and public education, but also through assuring protection of the environment.
My concern, Meschke said, is what we could lose in the next generation if we dont pay attention to what were doing to our environment now.
Many remember the Japanese Minamata disease tragedy (1956-68) with more than 3,000 people suffering various deformities, severe mercury poisoning and death caused by decades of mercury pollution in a bay. In 1997, a governmental report said: Japan has learned a very important lesson on how activities that place priority on the economy, but lacks consideration for the environment can cause grave damage to health and environment ...We sincerely hope that Japans experience can be utilized as a vital lesson by other countries.
In the U.S., a new Mercury and Air Toxics Standards (MATS) rule passed in December.
The EPA says, continuing to improve our air quality with MATS means the difference between being sick and being healthy in some cases, life and death for hundreds of thousands of people.
For every dollar spent to reduce this pollution, Americans get $3 to $9 in health benefits while providing important health protections to the most vulnerable, like children and older Americans.
Over time, it will help reduce the levels of mercury in lake fish.
This rule is just one small piece of the EPAs Mercury Roadmap. There are other government efforts such as Mercury-Free Colorado and nonprofit groups working on mercury and environmental protection as well as people who write to their legislators, speak up at meetings, dispose of materials such as mercury properly and take time to inform themselves and to care.
For those who treasure Dr. Seusss The Lorax (now at the movies) as an environmental cautionary tale, this caring a whole awful lot and action is appreciated.
For resources about mercury visit these websites: www.epa.gov/mercury/roadmap.htm; www.cdphe.state.co.us/hm/mercury; usgs.gov.
Tribute to The Lorax (the book)
We had a spill,
Thankfully no one got ill.
We ripped up carpets and tested,
And retested until ...
We could reopen per EPAs will.
While some didnt understand the fuss
Others were concerned and wanted to discuss
What health impacts were there
And what type of care
Did we need to protect our workplace
Our air, our lakes, our human race!
Because mercury and other toxics have a history
Of causing environmental and human health misery.
Yet how small, how close and how long must it be
To expose a real danger to creatures and thee.
That answer may be as simple and true
As The Loraxs own words to me and to you!
For many of us, the Lorax did instill
A message, a challenge, an unselfish will.
One word to young and old that resonates still.
His answer to our environmental distress?
Unless ...
Jane Looney is the communications director for the San Juan Basin Health Department.


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Stay Up to Date
Receive Bicycle Friendly America news delivered straight to your inbox every other week.
June 18, 2010by Darren FluscheA most lovely afternoon in Washington, DC...
June 16, 2010by Andy ClarkeThe most remarkable thing to me about the latest status report on the National Bicycling and Walking Study (www.fastlane.dot.gov) is that
June 15, 2010by Alison DeweyIn just a few days I will be departing for Copenhagen to attend
June 15, 2010by supportWith a week until the start of Velo-City Global Conference organizers in Copenhagen released the final announcement of speakers and events. Regular blog readers know we're quite fond of Copenhagen here.
June 14, 2010by Darren FluscheHouse Republican Whip Eric Cantor (R-VA) has targeted the federal Safe Routes to School program established under the 2005 Federal Surface Transportation Bill (SAFETEA-LU) as wasteful government spending in his weekly "YouCut program".
June 10, 2010by supportDespite 11 Bicycle Friendly Communities, including Platinum level Boulder, not all Colorado towns are striving to become bike-friendly.
June 10, 2010by ScottI was lucky enough to join Andy Clarke, President, and Preston Tyree, Director of Education at the National Bike Rally in Albuquerque. The riding was great, as was the opportunity to meet with many Bike League members. The weather was unseasonably hot, climbing up into the triple digits by Sunday, but it didn't keep people from doing the riding they'd come to do.
June 9, 2010by Andy ClarkeWe don't always get a lot of national and international media coverage for local bike events, so I have to say it was a pretty amazing sight riding up Pennsylvania Avenue Monday morning and seeing a wall of media people wielding cameras, microphones, even some notepads…apparently in the median and across the bike l
June 9, 2010Not a silver bullet, "We need silver buckshot": Oil, American Power, and future of funding transportationby Darren FluscheThe surface transportation system in the United States is financed in large part by the gasoline tax, though for years the tax has been insufficient to cover the costs of the entire system.
June 7, 2010by supportThis morning at around 9:45 a.m. an eclectic group of bicycle advocates rode together down Pennsylvania Avenue, to check out the new bike lanes, and down to the Lincoln memorial and back.


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Born in Montreal on April 7, 1737, Pierre Gibault early in life decided that he wished to be a Jesuit missionary priest. Ordained on March 18, 1768, he was appointed by the Archbishop of Quebec to be the Vicar General of the Illinois country. Father Gibault arrived in Kaskaskia in Illinois on September 8, 1768. His flock consisted of French settlers, Indian converts, and members of the 18th Royal Irish Regiment who were temporarily stationed there.
As Vicar General of Illinois, Father Gibault had responsibility for a huge expanse of territory making up modern day Illinois and Indiana, very sparsely populated and with vast distances between the main settlements of Kaskaskia, Vincennes, Cahokia, Peoria, Saint Genevieve, Quiatenon and Saint Joseph. When he first arrived in Vincennes, the local inhabitants, desperate for a priest, greeted him with the cry, "Save us Father; we are nearly in Hell!" The territory was quite dangerous, and as Father Gibault rode the circuit, he always carried with him a musket and two pistols.
Father Gibault toiled away at his frontier outposts until history intervened in the form of George Rogers Clark who led a force of Virginians in 1778 to conquer the Illinois from the British during the American Revolution. After Clark and his men arrived in Kaskaskia, Father Gibault had a meeting with Clark in which he said that he supported the American cause, but that he wanted assurances that the Catholic faith would be respected by Clark and his men. Clark told the priest that freedom of religion was enshrined in Virginia law, and he also advised Father Gibault of the treaty between France and America.
Father Gibault threw his support to the Americans. He helped rally the French settlers to the cause of the Americans, encouraged the men to enlist with the Americans, and out of his private resources helped pay for the cost of the American campaign in the Illinois country. When Clark set out to reconquer Vincennes from the British, Father Gibault blessed the mixed French and American force. A previous post on this blog which may be read here detailed the campaign of George Rogers Clark, which resulted in the conquest of what became the Northwest territory for the US.
Father Gibault, after the American Revolution, continued to serve the Illinois Country. In 1790, he asked the American government to compensate him for the funds he had expended in the Revolution for America by awarding him land in Kaskaskia, traditionally used by priests, to him and his successors. President Washington approved the request, but the land was not granted due to the opposition of Bishop John Carroll, who apparently never got along with Father Gibault.
Father Gibault eventually moved to New Madrid, where he served as pastor in that Spanish ruled town from 1793 until his death in 1802. During World War II, a liberty ship bore his name. The Gibault Catholic High School in Waterloo, Illinois is named in his memory.


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Oh my goodness! I am SO in love with that yellow and grey combination. You are soooo luckynto have such good friends/connections ;) I have some grey Kona that would be perfect with this fabric in a little quilt! (oh please - fingers crossed - pick me)
What is it about fabric with furniture on it that gets us so excited?:) So glad you used the other colors....hmmm...I'm thinking I'd love a bag made out of some of it and of course pillows...I just ordered some fabric with those same colors!
Go VCU!:)


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2 products found, displaying products 1 to 2:
The National Archives Shop, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 4DU View Map
+44 (0) 208 392 5394
As the government's national archive for England, Wales and the United Kingdom, The National Archives hold over 1,000 years of the nation's records for everyone to discover and use.
Every purchase supports the work of The National Archives.
Find out more


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BEIJING — In the aftermath of Tuesday's nuclear test by North Korea, China will almost certainly join the United States in supporting tougher sanctions at the United Nations, accompanied by sterner reprimands from Beijing against its recalcitrant ally in Pyongyang.
But as impatient as China might be with North Korea, there is little chance that the new Chinese leader, Xi Jinping, will move quickly to change the nation's long-held policy of propping up the walled-off government that has long served as a buffer against closer intrusion by the United States on the Korean Peninsula.
The Chinese military, and to a lesser extent the International Liaison Department of the Chinese Communist Party, assert strong influence on China's Korean policy, and both these powerful entities prefer to keep North Korea close at hand, Chinese and American analysts say.
While the People's Liberation Army does not even conduct military exercises with the North Koreans — the government in the North forbids such contact with outsiders — Chinese military strategists adhere to the doctrine that they cannot afford to abandon their ally, no matter how bad its behavior, analysts here say.
At the same time, the Chinese Communist Party looks upon the North Korean Communist Party — led by Kim Jong-un, the grandson of the nation's founder — as a fraternal brotherhood. Indeed, relations between the two countries are conducted largely between the two parties rather than through the more normal diplomatic channels between the two foreign ministries.
But within this basic contour there could be some adjustments by Mr. Xi, according to Zhu Feng, a professor of international relations at Peking University, an advocate of a tougher policy by China against North Korea.
"One nuclear test will not make China's new administration decide to 'abandon North Korea' but it will definitely worsen China-North Korea relations," Professor Zhu wrote in a recent article in the Straits Times of Singapore. "North Korea's nuclear test will make the new Xi Jinping administration angry, and give China a headache."
Mr. Xi, who became head of the Communist Party and military council in November, will ascend to the presidency of the country next month. Already he has shown himself to be more nationalistic than his predecessor, Hu Jintao, displaying China's determination to prevail in the East China Sea crisis in which China is seeking to wrest control of islands administered by Japan. He has also displayed considerably more interest in China's military, visiting bases and troops in the last two months with blandishments to soldiers to be combat ready.
To improve China's strained relationship with the United States, Mr. Xi could start with getting tougher on North Korea, harnessing China's clout with the outlier government to help slow down its nuclear program. If Mr. Xi does not help in curbing the North Koreans, perhaps by privately threatening to pull the plug on infusions of Chinese oil and investments that keep North Korea afloat, he will almost certainly face an accelerated American ballistic missile defense program in Northeast Asia on behalf of Japan and other allies in the region. That would be an unpalatable situation for China.
The Obama administration excoriated Mr. Hu after North Korea's second nuclear test in 2009, accusing him of "willful blindness" to that country's actions.
"With Hu out of the picture, the administration is intent on determining whether Xi Jinping will prove more attentive to U.S. security concerns," said Jonathan D. Pollack, director of the John L. Thornton China Center at the Brookings Institution.
"How Xi chooses to respond will be an important early signal of his foreign policy priorities and whether he is ready to cooperate much more openly and fully with Washington and Seoul than his predecessor," he said, referring to South Korea.
A more heightened debate about North Korea is now swirling around China's foreign policy circles. On one side are those like Professor Zhu who favor some kind of co-operation with the United States in curbing North Korea's nuclear program. On the other side are the traditionalists in powerful positions in the army and the party who adhere to the buffer zone theory.
"A lot of people are taking the very old-fashioned belief that North Korea is a strategic buffer," said Jia Qingguo, a professor at Peking University's School of International Studies who is also proponent of a new policy toward North Korea. "They still believe American invaders would march over North Korea to come to China."
Professor Jia, who visited Washington last month, said China should use wayward North Korea as a starting point for a more cooperative relationship with the United States. "One option is North Korea," he said. "We have to work together to stop it becoming a nuclear power."
Professor Zhu said Chinese news media accounts stressing the need for punishing North Korea in a more meaningful way were an encouraging sign. "They are quite rare signals, and I don't recall any moment during the past 10 years that Beijing unequivocally and forcefully spoke up against Pyongyang's nuclear tricks," he said.
But for all China's distaste for North Korea — culturally and politically the two governments stand far apart — China should remain a firm ally of North Korea, said Stephanie T. Kleine-Ahlbrandt, North East Asia director and China adviser for the International Crisis Group in Beijing.
"The political relationship between China and North Korea right now is at a low point, but China's longstanding priorities on the Korean Peninsula of no war, no instability and no nukes remain in that order of priority," she said.
China was prepared to live with a nuclear North Korea as long as the arsenal remained small and its nuclear status did not result in an arms race, she said.
But the third nuclear test takes take North Korea another step closer to a nuclear weapon that can reach the United States, even though that accomplishment may be years away, said Siegfried S. Hecker, former director of the Los Alamos National Laboratory and co-director of the Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford University.
He visited North Korea two years ago and was shown the country's uranium enrichment facilities.
"Threatening a missile-capable warhead with a successful third nuclear test gives the United States, South Korea and Japan good reason to step up their regional ballistic missile defense capabilities," Mr. Hecker said. "That should give the Chinese government some pause."


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As many as 54 nations aided the United States in rendition and detention operations that swept up more than 130 people as part of the Central Intelligence Agency's global counterterrorism efforts, according to a report released Tuesday by the Open Society Justice Initiative, a human rights advocacy group.
The report, titled "Globalizing Torture: CIA Secret Detention and Extraordinary Rendition," is the most complete account yet of the covert and extra-legal detention of suspects at undisclosed locations, or "black sites," in the post-9/11 era. Relying on information provided by human rights groups, public records and court cases, the report details the harsh treatment some suspects faced.
"The United States prides itself on being a leader in the field of human rights, and now we have courts around the world saying that the United States is a torturer," Amrit Singh, who authored the report, told NBC News. "Those kinds of findings really undermine the United States' ability to advocate for human rights around the world."
Public debate over the use of torture as a counterterrorism tactic was reignited recently with the release of the movie "Zero Dark Thirty." Critics of the film say it incorrectly portrays the use of waterboarding and other harsh interrogation tactics in the pursuit and killing of Osama bin Laden, but filmmakers say the torture scenes depict just one part of the decade-long hunt for the terrorist mastermind.
The use of renditions appears to have reached its apogee after the September 11 attacks, when President Bush expanded the program to include indefinite periods of detention in third-party countries, according to the report. While the Obama administration has taken measures to impose more oversight on the process, renditions appear to continue, according to the report.
President Obama issued an executive order 2009 that directed that the CIA close its secret detention facilities in order to "promote the safe, lawful, and humane treatment of individuals" held by the United States. But the order specified that the closures did not apply to facilities used to hold terror suspects "on a short-term, transitory basis." A task force established by the order produced recommendations in 2009 that would allow rendition to continue, but with measures to prevent "the transfer of individuals to face torture."
Due to continued secrecy over the CIA's extraction and detention of suspects, estimates on the total number of detainees have been imprecise. The catalog of 136 people identified in the new report as detained or transferred by the CIA is the largest such list to be compiled to date. The report notes that the total number of people subject to rendition, detention, or interrogation will not be known until the countries involved release that information.
Italian court convicts 3 Americans in CIA kidnapping
Countries assisting the United States included Afghanistan, Germany, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Syria, and the United Kingdom. Some of the countries hosted facilities used by the CIA on their soil, according to the report, while others provided intelligence or aided in the capture, transport, or detention of individuals.
"The 54 governments basically enabled these operations," Singh said. "Without the participation of these governments, the programs would not have been possible."
The practice may have long-term ramifications for the United States, as foreign governments react to emerging information about the secretive practice, Singh said. On February 1, for example, an Italian court sentenced a former CIA chief and two other American officials in absentia to prison sentences for the kidnapping of a Muslim cleric in 2003.
The report also includes details on the brutal conditions faced by some suspects, including Maher Arar, a Canadian and Syrian citizen. Arar was held in Jordan and Syria between 2002 and 2003 after being detained at New York's John F. Kennedy International Airport on information provided by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. In Syria, he was imprisoned in a cell three feet wide, threatened with electric shocks, and beaten with cables, according to the report.
In a telephone interview Tuesday, Singh also cited the case of Khalid El-Masri, 49, who said he had been detained by the CIA in Afghanistan after being extradited from Macedonia. His case is unique, Singh said, because his claims of mistreatment have been affirmed by a court. While a 2006 lawsuit El-Masri brought in federal court against the U.S. government was dismissed, the European Court of Human Rights ruled in December that El-Masri's rights had been violated.
Europe court:German was victim of CIA extraordinary rendition program
A 6,000-page review of CIA detention practices was approved by the Senate Intelligence Committee in December. Initiated in 2009 by a 14-1 vote of the committee, the report is a "comprehensive review" of the detention and interrogation of CIA prisoners, committee chairwoman Senator Dianne Feinstein said in a statement. The report, which remains classified, "uncovers startling details about the CIA detention and interrogation program and raises critical questions about intelligence operations and oversight," Feinstein said.
The committee is expected to vote again in February on whether or not to declassify portions of the report following comment from the White House and CIA.
Among those urging for the declassification of the report is Senator John McCain, who in December said it is his hope that "all Americans can see the record for themselves, which I believe will finally close this painful chapter for our country. ... Our enemies may act without conscience, but we do not."


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Now you can link your io9 commenter account to your Twitter account, and make your comments go further.
It's easy to link your Gawker and Twitter accounts, and then whatever comment you write can go out on Twitter as well, with a link back to the comment itself. Here's what you do:
1. Click your name in the upper right hand corner, next to the search box — this will bring you to your commenter profile page.
2. Click "Link Twitter Account" — you'll stop by Twitter.com to authenticate, and then you'll be set!
3. Check the "Tweet this?" box when commenting, and your comment will be automatically tweeted — with a direct link to that thread.
G/O Media may get a commission
Steampunk "eye-pod" from Steam Gear Lab, via Softpedia.


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I found an international virtual science fair that some of you might be interested in.
http://www.super-science-fair-projects. ... ntest.html
At a glance, it looks like the kids have to email a scientific paper written according to the instructions provided and send a digital video about the project.
The prizes include a telescope or an ipod and everyone gets a certificate for participation.
online science fair
Plant, animal, or mineral?
Moderators: Theodore, elliemaejune
3 posts • Page 1 of 1
International in the respect that it's on the Internet, anyhow, but this looks like fun.
- User
- Posts: 56
- Joined: Sun Jan 20, 2008 7:24 pm
- Location: CT
- Contact:
Nice idea. Wonder how many entries they get and what the quality of the research is like.
Free Report! Start your own online tutoring business & earn $25 -$75/hour from home. Get your free report at http://www.TutorFi.com/freereport.asp
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Reading Other People's Mail with WikileaksNews Abroad
In 1929, Secretary of State Henry L. Stimson shut down an ongoing code-breaking operation saying, "Gentlemen do not read each other's mail." Stimson has come in for a great deal of flack from some historians for this action. A few go so far as to claim it was responsible for American unpreparedness leading up to Pearl Harbor. His was a Victorian outlook, they claim, sadly out of date after World War I and the revelations of the "secret diplomacy" between nations that produced a tangle of alliances and promises. To be willfully unaware of all the maneuverings as the postwar truce broke down and powerful evil forces emerged was like blinding oneself in a knife-fight. Pearl Harbor proved the point.
But there is another way of reading Stimson's reproach to the code breakers, however, that does have relevance to the hysteria over the most recent Wikileaks "treasure trove" of documents that pertain especially to historians. And it may be closer to what the long-time public servant really meant to convey with his statement. In the first place, his comment that gentlemen do not read each other's mail ought to be treated by historians as a caution against making too much of gossip about foreign leaders. As we know, policymakers are supplied with short bios of visiting dignitaries to the White House, and the intelligence services provide biographies with psychological profiles for general use on the top floors of the State Department. But brief glimpses are hardly the stuff of serious policymaking. Second, Stimson's comment refers as much to confidence in government as it does to reading other people's mail. As American involvement in world affairs grew, the publication of diplomatic papers that began as an attachment to the president's annual message lagged farther and father behind. Confidence in government remained high, however, despite the "revisionist" studies of American entrance into World War I and World War II.
It was not until the Vietnam War that the "credibility gap" led newspapers to accept the responsibility for publishing the Pentagon Papers. After Gulf War I, President George H.W. Bush declared that the nation had kicked the Vietnam "syndrome." What he meant was not simply achieving victory in that brief encounter, but the more important objective: recapture of public trust in government. He was as premature in declaring that particular "Mission Accomplished" as President George W. Bush would be in voicing his boastful assurance that the invasion of Iraq had been a monumental triumph and open the way to a new birth of freedom across the sands of the Middle East.
Perhaps it cannot be asserted that Wikileaks's greatest revelation is really about public disappointment with, or disapproval of, American foreign policy. Historians will need to examine the hysteria over the release of the documents, nevertheless, as a symptom of government concern about such mistrust and come to terms with that problem. Assange's opposites in the Tea Party, particularly Rand Paul, share with him such a mission, if they do not wind up in the same camp about what to do. Daniel Ellsberg has long called for a new Pentagon Papers. One great difference, of course, between the Papersand the Wikileaks documents are the commentaries. The original Pentagon Papers volumes included narratives by the historians who compiled the attached documents, the usual formula of many history texts. Wikileaks are raw material given out first to papers in Great Britain and Europe. And the approach each newspaper, the Guardian, Der Spiegel, and finally the New York Times (which obtained them as a leak of a leak) takes in framing the documents is different. The Pentagon Papershistorians were less interested in formulating current policy than in explaining the way the United States got into the terrible predicament in Vietnam.
Julian Assange has asserted, however, that it is his goal to embarrass the United States government, and, presumably, to force a change in American foreign policy. He may succeed—but not in the way he hopes. Historians have already expressed fears to me that the way the documents are framed in the American press (the NYT and derivative stories), could well increase pressure on Washington to go along with those countries that want to carry out, or say they want to carry out, a military strike to cripple Iran's nuclear programs. Of course what they mean is that they would like the United States to carry out an attack that would give them plausible deniability. We have known from some time from other "leaks," that Israel is the exception and would attack Iran if given American aid and protection. What an irony it would be if Wikileaks unleashes a campaign like the "Yellow Press" before the War of 1898!
Already there are charges from the Iranian government that Wikileaks is little more than a subset of American intelligence, releasing documents as it would launch an assault with military weapons in an effort to bring down the government in Tehran. The attacks on Iranian nuclear scientists at exactly the same time as the documents are leaked, says its leaders, offers the proof of this campaign. The fallout from the Wikileaks revelations may therefore depend much less on the documents themselves than how they are used to advance a particular objective. What is instructive is how quickly the documents can be fitted into such a use, and/or how quickly an objective can be formed around the documents that might have trouble being achieved otherwise.
Historians will have to grapple with all these questions in ways that looking at "old" documents did not require. New York Times editor Bill Keller weighed the pros and cons of publishing the documents and finally concluded, "it would be presumptuous to conclude that Americans have no right to know what is being done in their name." Historians will wish to concern themselves with the cultural preoccupations of the American public with Hollywood gossip about foreign leaders, and how that will spill over into policy from eavesdropping on other people's mail. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton seemed in some ways to be updating Stimson when she claimed that releasing these exchanges "was not just an attack on America's foreign-policy interests. It is an attack on the international community." Exactly what is meant by that comment is not entirely clear. She suggests that the leaks will set nations against one another, but that assumes other nations are basically naïve about how American foreign policy works. She claims in the next breath that there will be no long lasting impact on relations with America's allies. So one is forced back to the problem of the American people's trust in its foreign policy, and her main worry is about what that will bring. Indeed. Wikileaks is a mixed blessing for historians.
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Judith Apter Klinghoffer - 12/13/2010
Julian Assange wanted to humiliate America and its democratic allies and ended up humiliating its real enemies, autocracies. Is is a small wonder Prof. Gardner worries about the consequences.
Maarja Krusten - 12/4/2010
I have not looked at the site or viewed any of the improperly disclosed (leaked) records. Any discussion of them derives from my reading my local newspaper (The Washington Post).
The Library of Congress explains the federal position on this at
A journalist offers his thoughts regarding job seekers and the unauthorized disclosure:
"No job if you link to Wikileaks, warns Columbia"
Lewis Bernstein - 12/4/2010
In equating the truth with exposure truth becomes a thing revealed to us by a supposedly heroic individual in the corridors of powers or thieves and journalists and editors comply in the denigration of the meaning of truth. It becomes something we are handed by external forces who apparently are always pure of motive. It is not something we find out through critical study and investigation ourselves. We now view truth as a religious revelation rather than as the endpoint of thought, interrogation, questioning, analysis.
It is only through actively engaging with the problems by gathering facts and objectively analyzing (as best we can) and organizing them that we can arrive at any truth worth its name. This is the process of investigation through which truth is uncovered and formulated. It is revealed by the critical act of discovering and thinking rather than by some mythical, external truth teller.
Waiting for truth to be revealed is a fool's errand – whether one is waiting for God or some sap in a suit in the Pentagon who one morning has a very belated pang of guilt about his role in the destruction of Iraq or Afghanistan.
By resorting to minor gossip and tittle tattle we handicap the free exchange of opinion inside the government. Eugene Debs once said, I am not a Moses who will lead you out of the Wilderness and into the Promised Land and even if I was I would not. For if I could lead you out of the Wilderness, someone else could lead you back in.
Maarja Krusten - 12/3/2010
Since I'm home on vacation, I'll add "posted on personal time." As a fed, I've worked in the past (although not at present) in so toxic in an environment, I once was accused of doing private historical research on government time. Better to add the usual caveat, even if it mystifies those who don't understand us feds, than risk some mean spirited punitive action triggered by little more than holding a different view than mine.
Maarja Krusten - 12/3/2010
An article with a promising title which on reading fails to satisfy to the extent it might have. Dr. Gardner does make some interesting points, he just leaves out one thing. There's nothing about the chilling effect.
I'm a federal employee. I work in a job of such a nature that some of the records I create are classified under the Federal Records Act as permanent (historically valuable) records that one day will be transferred into the holdings of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). If those records somehow were leaked to HNN's readers and other members of the public now, shortly after I write them, rather than made available to you as researchers after disclosure screening by federal archivists, it would have a chilling effect on the written record of my job. Some things that I now write in the knowledge that researchers won't see them for years or decades I would take "off line" by discussing them orally with my colleagues, only. That's because "it's not about you," as it pertains to historians, it's about the ability of public servants to carry out their governmental missions.
The surest way to cripple feds and hamper our effectiveness would be to leak our internal deliberations or disclose them prematurely. We are no different than you in your jobs. That's not to say certain information shouldn't be disclosed through proper channels in advance of it being made available to historians, within the constraints established by case law regarding privilege, etc. Obviously, formal oversight, certain investigations, and similar activities depend on access to data before it is transferred to NARA.
What Dr. Gardner and Dr. Johnson both overlook is the fact that leaks can lead to people reverting to oral decision making in some areas. Or if they choose to put thoughts in writing, using what lawyers call "discoverable" language. (Russell Riley wrote about this a few years ago as it affects the White House.) Since diplomacy and formulation of foreign policy require some internal sharing of reliable information and candid assessments, the leaks probably will lead to strengthening the barriers around access to information. There are areas where reverting to oral exchanges is not possible or feasible. If up to now too many people had access to the information contained in the data dump, there's a chance that the publication could lead to too few who need it to do their governmental jobs having access. So the reviewers responding now to President Obama, including my friend and former colleague, the NARA ISOO director, will have to get the balance right.
Records professionals (which I once was before taking a job as historian) have understood for years that while laws govern the life cycle of records, people cannot be compelled to create deliberative records. Dr. Gardner mentions trust but trust is a two way street. Just as we calibrate our personal conversations, putting topics "on the table" or withdrawing them depending on how much we trust the colleague or friend or spouse or other family members with whom we are dealing, so too does the decision to write down information depend in part on trust. Just as no one in your family can order or compel your trust, you cannot compel my trust as a public employee. With so many members of the public acting in a self centered ("it's all about me and what I want to know and see") or toxic ("if you're not like me, you are evil and a danger to America") manner, some federal employees already face some barriers to trusting the record keeping culture. We feds are as human as you are. If you want us to do our jobs well, you have to support the same proper handling of our written records that you would want for your own at your employing organization.
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Panel appointed to review NH police chief's death
NH Attorney General announced panel Tuesday
New Hampshire Attorney General Michael Delaney is providing more details of the drug-bust-turned-shootout that left the Greenland police chief dead and four other officers injured last month.
Delaney said Tuesday that two Greenland police officers initially knocked on Cullen Mutrie's door April 12, and when no one responded, members of a drug task force broke down the door and were immediately fired upon.
Chief Michael Maloney then helped get the injured officers to safety.
Delaney said there was then a lull during which Maloney took cover behind his car, but he was then shot in the head and killed.
Mutrie then killed his girlfriend and himself.
Delaney has appointed a five-member task force led by former Nashua Chief Don Conley to review the shooting.


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DWTS Season 19 Watchout: Andy Pettitte Asked To Dance On Dancing With The Stars
According to Josh Pettitte, his dad, Andy, has been asked by Dancing With The Stars to dance. Read below and thanks to @DWTSgossip for the find.
So, what do you think? Would you like to see Josh dance? I'd love to have a baseball player dance on the show. I say heck yeah. Though I'd like to see another football player dance as well.


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Environmental groups hailed the U.S. Supreme Court's rejection of an appeal challenging a federal rule that bars development on 50 million acres of roadless areas in national forests, ending one of the main legal battles that had left the rule in doubt for more than a decade.
"The Supreme Court action validates arguably one of most important public land conservation polices in a generation," said Jane Danowitz, director of the Pew Environment Group, which has worked on the rulemaking since 1998. "Without the roadless rule and its national standard of protection these millions of acres of pristine forest land could be opened to a variety of development, including logging, mining and drilling."
The justices said Oct. 1 they will leave in place a federal appeals court decision in a case brought by the state of Wyoming and the Colorado Mining Association that upheld the so-called roadless rule that took effect late in the presidency of Bill Clinton.
Wyoming and the Colorado Mining Association said closing so much forest land to development has had serious consequences for residents of Western states and the logging, mining and drilling industries.
Supporters of the rule said the nation's forests need protection from development to preserve forested areas that provide wildlife and natural resource habitat for hunting, fishing and recreation as well as other benefits. They note the rule has exceptions to allow logging in order to protect the forest from severe wildfires and for public safety.
"We're glad the Supreme Court put the final nail in the coffin of Wyoming's case," said Tim Preso, an attorney with the environmental law firm Earthjustice.
The decision means there's just one more legal challenge pending against the rule. The challenge filed by Alaska is pending in federal court in Washington, D.C.
Danowitz expressed confidence that the Oct. 1 Supreme Court decision would mean the demise of the Alaska challenge as well.
"When you get an action by the highest judicial body in the land that validates the roadless rule that bodes well for any future litigation," she said.
Wyoming Gov. Matt Mead said restrictions on 3 million acres of national forest in the state would have economic consequences for the state, which relies heavily on the mineral extraction industry.
"While I am disappointed in the decision, I am ready to move on continuing to work with the (U.S.) Forest Service about these concerns," Mead said in a short statement.
Wyoming's challenge centered on the contention that the U.S. Forest Service essentially declared forests to be wilderness areas, a power that rests with Congress under the 1964 Wilderness Act.
The U.S. Forest Service currently manages more than 190 million acres of land used for multiple purposes that must comply with strict rules on land use changes spelled out in the federal Wilderness Act and National Environmental Policy Act. Idaho contains 9.3 million acres of inventoried roadless areas, according to the U.S. Forest Service, and 20.5 million acres of National Forest System lands.
The roadless rule enacted under Clinton in 2001 had been upheld earlier by both the Denver-based 10th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals and the San Francisco-based 9th U.S. Circuit in separate cases.
The 10th Circuit overturned Cheyenne-based U.S. District Judge Clarence Brimmer who had decided the rule created a de facto wilderness area.
The years of legal wrangling led to a variation of the national rule in Colorado, which developed its own regulations for the state's 4.2 million acres of roadless areas. Its regulations, approved by U.S. Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack in July, are less stringent, allowing more flexibility to allow for the thinning of forests to help ski resort expansion and coal mining in the North Fork region.
Colorado Mining Association President Stuart Sanderson said the Supreme Court action is disappointing but limited development of coal in some Colorado national forest areas will continue.
"The mines in this region employ more than 1,000 workers; those jobs must be preserved," Sanderson said.


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The Road To: An Interview with Franklin Sirmans
Issues of under-financing, administrative inadequacy and lack of community support are some of the problems that can be found currently in multiple organizations in New Orleans. Prospect New Orleans, a nascent biennial founded in 2008 has had its share of these issues. However, new leadership and the selection of an artistic director whose passion and interests jive with many of the cultural and social issues[…..]


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Light Leaks
Student Gallery
- You can follow online handouts or use a hard copy of the handout.
- Hard copies of all handouts are in the Advanced Photograpy filing cabinet.
- Treat the hard copies like a textbook: Do not write on them and return them to the file when you are finished each day.


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The ultimate guide to Philly soccer pubs
Not sure where to watch the World Cup in Philadelphia? We run down the best soccer pubs around the area, from Fado and Tir Na Nog to the 700 and Dark Horse. This isn't just a list either. We review each one and, most importantly, let you know the drink specials!


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Here are three of our dolls as shown in the Steam Punk Exhibition
Flambe Evereddy- guarding the entrance!
I've begun to make The Innkeeper. He'll be a different body design from Jeanne- the Innkeepers Wife. Hopefully about the same size though - so far so good! I'm making and writing as I go, so could take a while. I'm making it in Quilters Muslin because his body is more covered than his wifes'. Quilters Muslin is not that different from velour in stretch, so it could be made in either. For longevity velour would be best I think. At this stage I will do a lycra overlay on his head, to get a really good sculpted character. We'll see!
About the work: With the 'key thing' firmly attached 'Flambe Evereddy' clutches her newly invented Spraygun as she scouts the interior of the gallery – seeking 'Who-Knows-What', that may be lurking amongst these strange structures, models and sculptures!
Flambé' is not about to give 'the key thing' up – for anything!
Well.......! Maybe for a good-looking someone...........maybe. Maybe.....Who-Knows-What! She treads carefully, alert and waiting for the next move, her daring unmatched in this cavernous place full of mysterious objects, and 'Who-Knows-What is waiting around the next corner!
|This is a Velvetbrooch I made for my beloved sister "Tree"
|Adrianne's creation - looking very stylish indeed, and as if she has something on her mind.........I wonder what? Well done Adrianne! I love your work - so great with details!
|Some more of Adrianne's beautiful work that she does very well! She's all prepared for Christmas!


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Report: Boy Scouts close to ending ban on gay members, leaders
Decision could come as soon as next week
The Boy Scouts of America, one of the nation's largest private youth organizations, is actively considering an end to its decades-long policy of banning gay scouts or scout leaders, according to scouting officials and outsiders familiar with internal discussions, NBC News' Pete Williams first reported Monday.
According to the report, an official announcement could come as soon as next week.
The report says the policy would eliminate the ban from the national organization's rules but would allow local sponsoring organizations to decide for themselves whether to allow gay scouts.
If the group goes through with the change, it would mark a rather stunning reversal in a relatively short period of time.
Last summer, the national Boy Scouts officials affirmed the ban, calling it "the best policy for the organization."


text: For fans hoping Fox's rebooted X-Men franchise might find a way to further square the characters of First Class with those of the original trilogy—ideally with a confusing time-travel plot—producer Bryan Singer might just have what you're looking for. He's revealed that Matthew Vaughn's next chapter in the series will be titled X-Men: Days Of Future Past, confirming to IGN that it will draw from the popular story arc of the same name in which the superhero group fights a dystopian, Sentinel-ruled future. And yes, Singer further hinted that this does mean the film could "bring some connectivity" between the two X-Men incarnations beyond [SPOILER ALERT FOR PEOPLE WHO ARE FOR SOME REASON READING ABOUT NEWS OF A SEQUEL TO A MOVIE THEY HAVEN'T SEEN YET] Hugh Jackman cameos, and clear up any inconsistencies between their continuities using the old comic-book trick of "alternate universes." Of course, that's all just speculation at this point, and it will likely remain that way until 2014 (or the first leaked set report of, say, Patrick Stewart turning up). But if they are planning on establishing alternate X-Men timelines, perhaps this will eventually lead to the designation and subsequent disowning of Earth-Ratner?


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|Dorothy, John, and Evelyn James - about 1925
Evelyn James Lilly, the last surviving child, died this week at age 91. Evelyn was my mother's first cousin. I only remember meeting her once, but my mother often talked about her cousins, Dorothy and Evelyn.
Click here to see Evelyn's obituary.
© 2012


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Scientists ratchet up understanding of cellular protein factory
(PhysOrg.com) -- Theoretical biologists at Los Alamos National Laboratory have used a New Mexico supercomputer to aid an international research team in untangling another mystery related to ribosomes -- those enigmatic jumbles of molecules that are the protein factories of living cells. The research, published today in the journal Nature, could aid in development of new antibiotics used to fight multidrug resistant superbugs such as MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections) found in many U.S. hospitals. The work may also be important for combating engineered strains of anthrax and plague.
In the context of synthetic biology, understanding the ribosome could be key to developing nanofactories that produce designer biomolecules and polymers.
In the paper, "Head swivel on the ribosome facilitates translocation via intra-subunit tRNA hybrid sites," Los Alamos National Laboratory researchers Karissa Sanbonmatsu and Paul Whitford and José N. Onuchic at the University of California-San Diego join Christian Spahn, Andreas Ratje, and others from the Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Berlin, Germany, to describe for the first time how a complicated swivel movement within a bacterial ribosome accommodates synthesis of proteins.
Ribosomes are composed of long chemical chains, called ribonucleic acids (RNA), and proteins. Each ribosome has two interlocked subunits, one large and one small, which behave as a single molecular machine. Because of its makeup, each ribosome resembles a tangle of threads or a handful of rubber bands tossed together. Despite the ribosome's outwardly disjointed appearance, researchers have found that the two subunits ratchet, un-ratchet, and swivel during protein synthesis to allow introduction of helper chemicals called transfer RNAs (tRNAs) into its folds to manufacture new chains of protein molecules. The proteins are used to create new cells or perform necessary functions within the host cell or organism.
Ribosomes build proteins by linking chemical segments fashioned from instructions delivered via messenger RNA, which is DNA's molecular cousin. Each segment, or amino acid, corresponds to a trio of bases in the message that, in turn, complement trios encoded in transfer RNA. Each base in the trio corresponds to a single chemical complement found on the RNA. In order for protein synthesis to occur, the tRNA must bind to the ribosome at two distinct sitesone to decode the information and another to link the new amino acid to the emerging protein.
After each amino acid is added, the ribosome must crawl along the message to create additions. Exactly how this crawling occurs has been a mystery for several decades. Researchers have suspected that ratcheting motions of the two ribosomal subunits are key to allowing RNA and associated catalysts into the complex structure of the ribosome so the RNA and ribosome can couple at the crucial sites to create proteins. In the Nature paper, the researchers discovered that the majority of crawling (movement along messenger RNA) occurs during a new kind motion, "head swivel," rather than ratcheting.
The paper describes how an antibiotic was used to inhibit the full swivel and ratcheting motion of a ribosome from a bacterium called Thermus Thermophilus, which thrives in hot acidic environments. The ribosomes were flash-frozen at various mid-swivel and mid-ratchet configurations and examined under a powerful electron microscope.
The observed configurations were then coupled with a computer model newly developed at Los Alamos called MDFIT. The computer algorithm integrates molecular simulation with maps of ribosome structures obtained through the cryogenic microscopy. The Los Alamos team then used the Encanto supercomputerfunded by the state of New Mexico and housed at the Intel plant in Rio Ranchoto create molecular snapshots of the complicated motion of the ribosomal subunits during protein synthesis.
Previously, scientists were only able to observe the beginning or end states of the motion. These new images show the behavior of the ribosome through its range of motionmuch like early photographic motion studies that showed the entire fluid movement of a galloping horse. In addition to showing the importance of head swivel motion, the study showed that a key catalyst in the process acts as a dynamic pawl in the ribosomal machinery, providing directionality and acceleration for translocation of the tRNA. The understanding provided by the new model will help researchers to develop more effective antibiotics that target the ribosomal machinery of harmful organisms.
"While static images of the ribosome have revealed the detailed structure of the complex, we still don't know how all the parts of the machine work together to make proteins," said Janna Wehrle, Ph.D., who oversees Dr. Sanbonmatsu's and other structural biology grants at the National Institutes of Health. "By showing how the bacterial ribosome carries out a key step of protein synthesis, this study has begun to produce a more dynamic picture while offering a new way to target harmful, multi-drug resistant bacteria."
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My Burberry Black Parfum Silver Edition 90ml
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- Introducing My Burberry Black – Silver Edition. This limited edition features a hand-tied gabardine knot in sparkling silver and a metallic-finish, horn-look lid.
- My Burberry Black is an intense and sensual parfum, fusing the scent of sun-drenched jasmine flower and peach nectar with a touch of candied rose. Rich amber patchouli rounds off the scent for a deep and seductive finish.
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