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1756 Mass Bay Colony Soldiers Rations
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Paul C. Daiute
Joined: 02 Mar 2010
Posts: 154
Location: Fort Western, On the Kennebec in Mayne 1740s-1760
Real Name: Paul C. Daiute
Posted: Sat Nov 26, 2011 9:58 pm
Post subject: 1756 Mass Bay Colony Soldiers Rations
In 1756 Mass Bay Colony issued the following rations for her soldiers for a week: 6 lbs of salted or fresh pork; or 7 lbs of fresh or salted beef; 6 lbs of bread or the flour to make it; 1/2 lb of sugar; 2 oz, of ginger; a lb of flour; 1 pt of Indian meal; 4oz of butter; 1 pint of molasses; 7 gills, (jills), (4 oz= 1 gill)of rum; 3 1/2 pints of beans or pease; later when the British took over the commissary, rice was issued as an alternative to the beans and pease. These rations give historical bases for New Englanders to carry authentic foods and to cook a wide variety of meals with good caloric value for winter scouts. Here are some examples of the foods to be made. Pease porridge, (dogs body), pease and salt pork, ash cakes, ships biscuit, journey cakes, soups, switchel to drink, spiced rum to drink. ginger and molasses breads, baked beans and pork, just to name a few. Keep in mind that the full rations might not be issued and that substitutes could be made. The rations could also be augmented by soldier's gardens or by foods obtained from farmers, fishermen and the sutlers. My mess and I have carried these foods for years now and they have served us well. Look to Hanna Glass and other 18th century recipes for ways to cook the foods that I've listed above. Regards and good hunting to all, Paul--------- Loyalist Dave responded to this post and pointed out that I did not mention vinegar as part of the ration. It never was a part of the rations. So how did I make switchel? The vinegar could have been purchased from outside the system or the switchel would have been made with water, molasses, sugar, and the ginger. Dave also talked about the ships stuff or flour so I'm going to add some information about flour in England in the 18th and early 19th century. First ships's bread can be made from any grade of flour. The merchant ships had a variety of pilot's bread in which to stock their vessels. Dave noted the composition of ship's stuff to me and thus this discussion. In 18th and 19th century England, bread production was regulated by the government in terms of weight of loaves and type of flour and how the loaves were marked. The first grade of flour was Fine white and was the most expensive and had been bolted or sieved through a fine cloth. This flour was a pale cream color and was marked with a "W". The second grade was marked "SW" for standard wheaten, this was what we call whole meal and it is from this flour that the Navy had their biscuits made or soft bread when in port. The "SW" flour contained large pieces of grain in it. The last and cheapest was marked, "H" for houshold and this was made from seconds. Existing biscuits are noted to be of the "SW" quality and were made round and hexagon in shape. Each biscuit was pierced with multiple holes to help drive out the moisture when cooking and each had broad arrows to show the biscuits were property of the crown and the makers mark was on the biscuit as well. The ration was five biscuits or a pound per day per man. The information I furnished in this post can be found in: "Feeding Nelsons Navy", by Janet Macdonald, "Heart of Oak", by James P. McGuane, "Lobscouse & Spotted Dog", by Anne Grossman and Lisa Thomas, and Fred Anerson's, "A Peoples Army". Regards, Paul
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subset: commoncrawl


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Media want documents in bequest to disgraced, ex-Orange-based religious order
PROVIDENCE, R.I. -- The Associated Press and three other news organizations Tuesday filed legal papers asking a Rhode Island judge to unseal documents in a lawsuit contesting the will of an elderly widow who gave some $60 million to the Legion of Christ, a disgraced Roman Catholic religious order.
The New York Times, The Providence Journal and the National Catholic Reporter joined the AP in submitting a legal filing arguing that the public has a right to access the documents and rejecting the Legion's argument that press coverage of them could taint prospective jurors. Pope Benedict XVI took over the Legion in 2010 after a Vatican investigation determined its founder, the late Rev. Marcial Maciel, had sexually molested seminarians and fathered three children by two women.
The woman's niece, Mary Lou Dauray, had sought to challenge Gabrielle Mee's will, saying her aunt had been defrauded by the order into leaving it her fortune. Mee died in 2008. Rhode Island Superior Court Judge Michael Silverstein last month threw out the challenge because he determined the niece lacked standing. However, in his decision Silverstein noted that Maciel gave Mee financial advice and another priest helped her with estate planning.
"The transfer of millions of dollars worth of assets -- through will, trust and gifts -- from a steadfastly spiritual elderly woman to her trusted but clandestinely dubious religious leaders raises a red flag to this court," Silverstein wrote.
Bernard Jackvony, Dauray's attorney, said he plans to appeal the ruling. He is now seeking the release of documents from the lawsuit. Jackvony said the documents compiled in the course of the lawsuit contain information about the Legion that isn't known by the public. The documents were sealed by a probate court judge in 2009.
"I don't think there were proper grounds to keep them under seal," he said.
An attorney for the Legion has argued that releasing the documents could compromise the Legion's right to a fair trial. A call to the order's attorney, Joseph Avanzato, was not immediately returned on Tuesday.
The Legion has facilities in Rhode Island, has been the target of a petition from women once associated with the order and is being sued in Connecticut by a man who says he is Maciel's son.


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Many of our maps are now available digitally, as vector data and raster images. All of our maps are prepared digitally. Our archive of 'paper-only' maps are being digitised in an ongoing programme.
The vector data are structured into themes and available in a variety of formats, allowing them to be used in geographical information systems (GIS) where they can be integrated with other types of spatial data.
Digital geological map data are available both onshore and offshore at a range of resolutions from small to large scale.


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"Before I was free and free quarters, but now I'm four"
Avery loves announcing his age, and doing anything that 'big boys' do. There is such a big difference between 3 and 4. All of a sudden, he gets it. All the things we've been working on, he can now do himself.
Avery can pick out his clothes, get undressed, and dressed – albeit, he does put shirts and pants on backwards quite often and I point it out to him and he says he doesn't care and wants to wear them like that, so yep, I let him (Sometimes I feel like Adam Sandler in Big Daddy, where he lets his son wear his underwear over his pants, hehe) He brushes his teeth and takes a bath by himself, with supervision of coarse 😉 He can put his boot on and zip up his coat by himself. Being a boy, he doesn't care much about what clothes he wears except when it comes to a couple things – he LOVES wearing his rain boots. He didn't want to wear sneakers or even take them off at nap time at school – apparently, he was wearing them in his sleeping bag at nap time! Since it's November, I put the rain boots away and he's now wearing his winter boots and has a pair of shoes at school for indoors. He also loves wearing his minion hat that his Nana made him – he brought it to school and showed it off, causing a crowd around him because a minion hat is, like, super awesome, Mom.
After moving into our new house, we incorporated a 'responsibility chart', which helps motivate Avery to help around the house and accomplish tasks by himself. Some weeks the tasks are "Get Dressed" "Take a Bath" "Help with Laundry" "Make My Bed", "Do Homework", etc. Avery picks a prize every week, and if he earns enough smiley faces, he gets his prize – which has lately been 4 quarters ("Because I'm four!"). After Avery helps me with a task, he stops and says 'Mommy, I get a smiley face for this!!!' and runs into his room to add it. He loves helping with Laundry – still. When he was a baby, I carried him in the laundry basket (man, was he upset when he outgrew that!). When we lived in the apartment in Boston, we would walk to the laundry building next door and spend hours playing between loads. Now our laundry routine is Avery carrying his own laundry basket upstairs, and me carrying mine and Steves. Avery helps me sort lights and darks, and then he stands at the washer while I throw each item of clothes to him. It's a fun game that usually ends in lots of giggles! Some other things Avery loves helping with are taking dishes out of the dishwasher and putting them away – he's a master at sorting the silverware! He sets the table for dinner every night and loves picking everyone's seat. It's getting cold outside, but outside he's helped rake and take out/in the trash. I love involving Avery in everyday 'chores' and making them fun for him and teaching him how rewarding it is… and how fun it can be when we do it together
Avery's loving school. He's in his second year of preschool. He has a few favorite friends and loves taking home and showing off his art projects. Thanks to school and home projects/activities, Avery can write his own name by himself, and Mom. If you write something down for him, he can copy it. On a normal day, Avery is full of energy and won't stay still, but when he's working on a project, he really focuses and tries his best. His favorite part of art is cutting with his scissors. Hmmm… what else? Avery can count up into his twenties. He's doing basic math and subtractions with low numbers, like 2+2. His favorite color is still blue (hence the color of his room!), and he knows everyone elses favorite colors – he made a drawing on pink paper and gave it to me when I picked him up from school, "Look Mommy, it's your best color!" Since he was born, Avery's been full of energy, and that still rings true. Avery has more energy than he knows what to do with and with winter coming, it's becoming more difficult to exert all that energy during the day. Having Rosie at home has helped tho – we've taken her for walks down the road to my parents house, and Avery watches her or walks her outside in the yard. Avery has an almost 'little sibling' attitude towards Rosie. Sometimes Avery loves playing and petting her, but other times, Rosie is chasing or bugging him and he just wants her to go away – well, if she was trying to eat my underwear while I was putting it on, I would feel the same
Avery did great moving into the new house. We had talked about it for months, so when it finally happened, Avery was so excited. He helped close up the door in his room, sand and paint the walls. He loves working with Grampy on projects around the house – he helped knock down a wall with his hammer and his new sidekick is his 'measuing tool' he carries around with him everywhere. Avery's slept really well in the new house too – he's only woken up a couple times in the middle of the night since we moved in, but going to bed can be difficult still. Since Avery is go, go, go, so when he finally settles down for bed, he will quickly fall asleep – but getting to that point can be hard some nights because he wants 1 more book, 1 more game, 1 more minute cuddling. It's miles away from what sleep was like for us in his first year, so no complaints here… especially since Rosie gets us up more times a night than Avery does
So, lately, Avery's favorite things to do are playing games: Guess Who, Hiss, Thomas the Train Memory, and Sequence. He loves puzzles and will do the same one over and over and OVER. Avery got a new desk that we're working on upgrading him too, so he can continue all his art projects at home. He loves stickers and stamps. Avery likes watching movies on the weekend – On Friday nights, he goes to Mimi and Grampys to continue our Friday night Pizza + Movie night. We'll pick a movie from the library and Avery and Grampy will watch it. Saturday and Sunday mornings, he'll watch a couple shows or movie – he loves ones with animals like Wild Kratts and Homeward Bound.
Avery's latest electronic discovery has been Steve's PlayStation. Avery plays the 'Fish Game' which is a game where you are a small fish, trying to eat fish smaller than you and you grow if you eat enough, then you can eat bigger fish. He loves it. He'll play it a couple times a week and loves it more if I play with him because then he can be the yellow fish.
Avery's always had a strong personality and it's coming out more and more. He's a BOY, as my mom says. He loves anything with wheels and makes a funny face or says 'that's for girls!' when he sees a pink toy or doll. He loves jumping in mud puddles and doing mischievous things. He loves to test his (and Mommy's) limits. Jumping off things and touching things he's not supposed to… he's always keeping me on my toes. But most of the time, Avery loves being a 'Big Helper' and talks about doing things that make him grow into a 'Big Boy.' Avery is hilarious – the conversations we have are so random, yet insightful. This morning at the breakfast bar, "Mommy, where does wood come from?" I proceed to explain to him… then he asks "Mommy, where do turkeys come from?" And then his memory… this kid has the best memory! We'll be doing something and he'll say 'We did this last morning with Grampy…" and he'll be recalling doing something simlar from a year ago. Or I'll tell him something like how to put on his boots on the right feet, and he'll repeat, verbatim, the exact words I used months ago to explain it.
We have fun on weekend outtings, going grocery shopping, visiting grandparents, going to the library and Echo Aquiarium. Last weekend we spent 2 hours playing board and card games with my grandma… so much fun! And Avery loves visiting my Nana and Papas – it's always interesting… we throw rocks in the river or Papa gives him a ride on his tractor. Avery loves animals, so visiting the aquarium is a thrill. He goes around TWICE during a visit, having to see each turtle, fish, frog, and snake a second time before we leave! And shopping with Avery is usually quite fun. We have our difficult days, but most of the time he's a big helper. Our grocery store has tiny shopping karts his size, so he pushes it and carries all our groceries and loves being a 'Big Helper.'
We're having fun enjoying year four together… there are good days and difficult days, and some pretty awesome days. Last night we made thanksgiving turkeys together with the things we are thankful for and it was sweet and funny, all the things he was thankful for… His new Room, His new Dog, and of coarse his Ninja Turtle Bath Towel Steve got him… he's got his priorities straight
And as you can see, with the limited blog posts, we've been super busy… its hard to get online and write something when I'd much rather be playing with this goofball! And when he's asleep, I'm exhausted from working long days and keeping up with our house that I would much rather sit by the fire with Steve, read a book in bed, or play a game of Pool with Steve – I'll try to keep up with it though and squeeze in time to share pictures and adventures of year 4 with Avery.
There's so much fun coming in the upcoming year… We're working on GIVING gifts this holiday season, Buddy the Elf will soon return and cause mischief, Avery will be taking swimming lessons in the new year, we'll enjoy the snow (which has already started coming down today!) and Avery can get back on his skates, and much much more…
Special Thanks and Photo Credit to The Photo Foundry!


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Hello, crafty friends!
Welcome to another new release at Scrappers Delights!! These are past new releases that our talented DT has chosen to create a variety of projects for your inspiration!
Everyone is busy preparing for the holidays but there is always time to do a little crafting!
Please find below links to the store and challenge blog where you can find much more on these images.
Now, let's take a look at the projects that our DT have prepared for your inspiration!
Now, let's take a look at the projects that our DT have prepared for your inspiration!
Aren't these projects lovely? You can find these images, by clicking the image below!
We hope to see you visit our current challenge HERE and join us at the Facebook Fan Page!
beautiful Fairies & Pixies In beautiful winter scenes.
With a Digital Colouring book you can print onto any type of
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Print as many time as you need
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on what ever paper you like!!
Here are some lovely pages the Design Team have done
By Valerie Smart
By Karine Pillet
By Gail Hutchinson
As always, Scrapper's Delights is a proud sponsor of:


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A porch swing is something you envision on the front porch on every archetypal white picket fenced house in America. SwingLabs has put a mondern spin on the classic suspended seat with this modular version.
The cedar swing comes with five-foot cables with eyelets on the ends for hanging. The backs can be configured anyway you'd like for customizable seating options. It's very simple, rather modern, and yet somehow it still has me thinking about the fourth of July and longing for a slice of apple pie. [SwingLabs via BLTD]


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Monday, December 27, 2010
Chief Nkwala and his extended family
The fur traders called him Nicola, and to the fur traders in New Caledonia and Thompson's River district, he was the most powerful chief of his time.
But where did Chief Nkwala come from, and how did he get his power?
And who were the people who were in his family?
His father's name was Pelkamu'lox; Nkwala's mother was Pelkamu'lox's second wife, a Stuwi'x woman.
Nkwala's father was a noted Okanagan chief descended from the Spokan people, who lived in a fortified stone house at a place called Sali'lx, or "heaped up stone," at the junction of the Similkameen and Okanagan rivers.
About 1790, he moved north to the Nicola Lake area on the urging of his half-brother, Kwoli'la, a Secwepemc chief from the Thompson River district [Kamloops].
Palkamu'lox and Kwoli'la spent their summers on the open prairies around Nicola Lake, and made their winter home at Nkamapeleks at the north end of Lake Okanagan.
Pelkamu'lox was called "Grand Picotte" by the fur traders, and was considered their friend.
But at the Fountain on the Fraser River, Pelkamu'lox was killed by a Lil'wat (Lillooet) chief while on a trading expedition for the HBC.
This would have been in late Autumn, 1822, and if we say that Pelkamu'lox was about 20 years old when his son, Nkwala was born, he could have been about fifty-seven years old.
As the result of Pelkamu'lox's murder, the Okanagan and Secwepemc prepared for war, and Nkwala was recognized as the principal war leader.
Nkwala assembled 500 mounted warriors from all quarters, and conducted a successful retaliatory raid, killing or capturing hundreds of Lillooet people.
The Lillooet people did not come from the area near modern-day Lillooet, they came from Anderson and Seton Lakes west of the Fraser River, the Lillooet River and lakes, and Harrison Lake.
This country is rough and not horse friendly -- it is unlikely that the Okanagan and Secwepemc people rode their horses any further west than the 'Fountain' fishing village on the east bank of the Fraser River south of the mouth of Pavilion River.
Nkwala overshadowed all the other chiefs of his time in southern British Columbia, and despite his military actions toward the Lil'wat, was known for peacemaking and friendship with the fur traders.
As early as 1822, John McLeod wrote that "of all the Indians resorting to this place [he] has rendered the most aid to the whites and [is] undoubtedly the most manly and the most to dread if he turned against us."
Nkwala or one of his sons always acted as guide for the fur traders' brigades as they travelled through the Okanagan Valley toward Fort Okanogan (this tradition would be carried on by his descendents, as I have discovered).
And when Chief Trader Sam Black was murdered at the Thompson River post by a renegade Secwepemc youth, Nkwala encouraged the Secwepemc people to support company efforts to find and punish the murderer.
Nkwala's son was one of the party which eventually captured and shot the young man.
So far, almost all of this information has come from www.livinglandscpaes.bc.ca -- a project of the Royal British Columbia Museum.
This is a very good biography of Nkwala, and it lists many good sources which I will eventually follow up:
"The Golden Frontier: the recollections of Herman Francis Reinhard, 1851-1869," ed. D.B. Nunis, Jr. (Austin, Texas, 1962);
George Mercer Dawson, "Notes on the Shuswap People of British Columbia," Transactions of the Royal society of Canada, Section II, 1891, 3-44;
James Teit, "The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateau," in Forty Fifth annual Report of the Bureau of american Ethnology, Ed., Frans Boas (Washington, 1930);
Kamloops Museum and Archives, John Tod and Donald Manson, "Thompson River Post Journal, 1841-43" (John Tod's post journals for 1841-3 are in B.C.Archives);
Paul Fraser, "Thompson River Journal, 1850-1852," and "Thompson River Journal, 1854-1855";
William Manson, "Kamloops Journal, 1859-60;"
Mary Balf, "A Very Great Chieftain," and "Notable Local Indians of the Early Days," vertical files, [Kamloops Museum and Archives];
John Tod, "History of New Caledonia and the Northwest Coast," BCArchives.
James McMillan and John McLeod, "Thompson's River Journal, 1822-23," B.97/a/1, HBCA;
Archibald McDonald, "Journal of Occurrences at Thompson's River, 1826-27," B.97/a/2, HBCA;
Letter, John Tod to Simpson, 1846, D.5/16, fo. 366-68, HBCA;
John Tod, "Narrative of a Chief Factor of the Hudson's Bay Comapny," 1878, Bancroft Collection, Bancroft Library, Berkley (this will also be in BCArchives).
Nkwala died about 1859 and was temporarily buried at Kamloops near the fort.
His body was removed and reburied at Nkama'peleks, at the north end of Okanagan Lake.
Now, to get onto Nkwala's geneaology....
Nkwala had fifteen or more wives taken from numerous tribes including the Okanagan, Sanpoil, Colville, Spokan, Secwepemc, Stuwi'x and Nlkak'pamux of Thompson's River.
He had 50 or more children whose descendents live in southern British Columbia or in Washington State.
I know only one of his sons, and that is Selixt-asposem, about whom I have already written.
Alexander Caulfield Anderson met Selixt-asposem in 1877, and as far as I know this is the only time they met.
But Anderson knew Selixt-asposem's cousin, Tsilaxitsa, much better.
Tsilaxitsa was the son of Nkwala's favorite sister.
I have a short biography of Tsilaxitsa, who I looked up when Anderson wrote in his 1877 Indian Reserve Commission journal that he had ridden many miles with Tsilaxitsa.
This short biography is a page of Notes on page 59 of the 42nd Report of the okanagan Historial Society Journal, 1978.
It reads:
"Silhitza (Chilliheetza, Chillihutza) was one of the most important Okanagan chiefs of this period.
"His father was an Okanagan from the Keremeos area.
"His mother was Chief Nicolas' (Nkwala) favourite sister and when she died giving birth to Silhitza, Chief Nicolas adopted the infant.
"On Nicolas' death in 1865, Silhitza became the nominal head of the Okanagan tribe, or at least of its northern branches.
"He played an active role in the political affairs of the 1860's and 1870's, especially in relation to the land question.
"He advocated peaceful methods in dealing with whites and laid stress on the hope that the Queen would deal justly with the Indians.
"He was the main Okanagan negotiator with Gilbert Sproat and the Indian Reserve Commission and in some interpretations is largely responsible for averting war in the late 1870's.
"After Sproat's re-establishment of Okanagan reserves, Silhitza moved to the new reserve at Douglas Lake.
He died in 1885 and was succeeded as chief of the Douglas Lake Band by his son, Johnny Chilliheetza."
Alexander Caulfield Anderson first met Tsilaxitsa in 1847, when he and Blackeye's son guided the fur traders up the newly opened Native road that led from the banks of the Fraser River near modern-day Boston Bar, over the hills to the Nicola Valley.
Blackeye and his son were Similkameen Natives who summered at Otter Lake, near modern day Tulameen, but who had their winter village in the Similkameen valley to the east.
It is probable that their winter village was somewhere around Keremeos -- but it could have been elsewhere.
But this makes me wonder -- what is Blackeye's relationship to Tsilaxitsa?
Are they related through Nkwala, who had a wife or wives in the Similkameen district?
Were Blackeye's son and Tsilaxitsa cousins -- were they half-brothers?
Or were they related through Nkwala's favourite sister who had a child by a Similkameen man from the Keremeos area?
Was Nkwala's sister married to Blackeye, or to one of Blackeye's relations?
And who was Blackeye's son-in-law, who Anderson had met in 1847 -- was this the same man who Anderson (and other fur traders) later called Blackeye's son?
Or was he another man, married to one of Blackeye's daughters?
We we still have the question -- who was Blackeye?
Assuming that Blackeye was the name the fur traders gave him, what was his Native name?
A Stlo:lo website says that he might be the man they knew as Yo:a'la -- is that a Similkameen or Okanagan Native name?
The importance, to Anderson, of the Natives who lived near Keremeos was shown when, in 1877, an early winter forced the members of the Indian Commission to abandon their work at Osoyoos, just east of the Similkameen Valley.
From Anderson's journal: "Owing to the advanced period of the year it has been found inadvisable to attempt the Similkameen country at present.
"It was judged prudent, however, that one of the Commissioners should visit the Indians and explain to the Chiefs our reasons for suspending our original intentions.
"Accordingly, Mr. Anderson, the Dominion Commissioner, diverged at Osooyoos [sic], and accompanied by the interpreter, Antoine, and travelling in light marching order, passed round by Keremeeoos [sic] and Ashnola (the latter place some forty miles up the Similkameen) reaching this place [Penticton], by a short cut over the mountains, on Monday afternoon, simultaneously with the rest of the party from Osooyoos by the direct road.
"Mr. Anderson did not see the chiefs, as they were absent on a hunting tour in the mountains, and were not expected back for a week.
"He therefore left a written memorandum with Mr. Price of Keremeeoos to communicate to the Chiefs on their return, explaining the object of his visit, viz. as being merely to shake hands and smoke a pipe with them, and to show them that, though through circumstances we were unable to fulfil our intention of visiting them officially this Autumn, we were not unmindful of them...."
This story continued the next day, when "A message came from the senior Chief of Similkameen.
"He desired to say that, one of his children having died in the mountains, he had come to the village to bury it, arriving there shortly after Mr. Anderson had left.
"That he had followed to Keremeeoos in the hope of overtaking him, and expressing great regret that, after Mr. Anderson had taken the trouble to come so far, he and his people should not have been at home to receive him."
Sproat's letter to the Provincial Secretary is revealing of several things...
On December 10, 1877, Sproat complained [nothing new there] that "Mr. Haynes at Osoyoos so much dislikes the prospects as regards Indian affairs across the line that he fears some trouble in the spring. [The American Natives were at war].
"He showed us a letter from Mr. Price at Keremeos urgently asking one of us to visit that place to calm the Indians, though the ground being covered with snow, no work could be done.
"The Provincial Commissioners [Sproat & McKinlay] having no authority to speak for the future declined to accede to this request, but Mr. Anderson went of his own accord rapidly to Keremeos, and overtook us on way to Penticton.
"He did not see Ashnola John, the acting chief, but saw Mr. Price and left a message that the Commissioners were turned back by the winter and he had visited Ashnola simply to shake hands.
"This will probably do good temporarily and commits the Province to nothing.."
Ashnola John was the acting chief at Ashnola, according to Sproat, but Anderson said he was the senior chief.
Ashnola is close to modern-day Keremeos, in the Similkameen valley.
As Anderson had taken his brigades through this valley many times during his years at Fort Colvile, it is possible that he knew Ashnola John from the past.
But I wonder -- could this man be Blackeye's son?
Could Ashnola have been Blackeye's winter village?
If anyone knows the answers to any of these impossible questions, please let me know.
14 comments:
Hey Nancy. Brent Stratichuk in New Westminster here, with at least one possible answer to your many questions, specifically regarding Nkwala's many children. In researching my own recently-discovered genealogy on the side of my birth-mother (June Oelrich), I learned earlier today that her grandmother, Sarah Oelrich, was the daughter of one of Chief Nicola's daughters from the North Okanagan, named Marguerite Chilchotquin. My source comes from "Princeton: Our Valley" (R971.15 P936, pg. 502-504), in an entry written by Marion (Oelrich) Marsel, one of Sarah's daughters. If this source indeed proves to be reliable, I suppose Nkwala would be my Great Great Great Grandfather - and Palkamu'lox my Great Great Great Great Grandfather, while we're at it! Imagine that!ReplyDelete
Contact me directly; I can put you in touch with another descendent if you wish -- or at least a descendent of Tsilaxitsa, his nephew. Oh, and if you figure out who Blackeye is (who might be another cousin), please let me know.ReplyDelete
Hi Nancy. Brent again. You can reach me at firstname.lastname@example.com. Sorry, no ideas about Blackeye yet (the Nkwala connection being literally 2 days old itself), but obviously this whole revelation has given me entire new avenues to explore, so hopefully I'll have something for you eventually. Of course, this might all be unsubstantiated rumour anyway (i.e. "family legend has it..."), but I hope to know more after a return visit to the VPL later this week to obtain a copy of Sarah Lindley's Marriage certificate. I'm guessing if it shows "Marguerite Chilchotquin" (sp.?) as being her mother, then at least THAT part of the story would be correct. Then I'd just have to make the last connection between Marguerite & Nkwala to fully confirm everything. Any thoughts on how to accomplish THAT would of course be GREATLY appreciated.ReplyDelete
Thanks again,
Thank you or your site. I may be related to Gilbert Malcolm Sproat and would like to know how much you know about himReplyDelete
Where are you? Contact me directly; just know that right now I am extremely busy. I can give you some information but I want you to know that I loathed the man, having read much of his correspondence in BC Archives. He's fairly famous in British Columbia, and some academics actually like him. But he is the antagonist in my story.....like it or not.ReplyDelete
I was in error when I wrote that Nkwala avenged his father's death by attacking the Lil'wat people on the Lillooet River -- it appears he attacked them at their fishing place on the banks of the Fraser River, probably at the Fountain. The first biography was unclear on this; the second seems more accurate. My apologies.ReplyDelete
Jonny Tselaxitsa is my Great Great Grandfather.ReplyDelete
His Daughter Harriet Paul is my Great Grandma.
Her Daughter Susan Harvey is my Grandma.
Her Son Harold Harvey is my Dad
And I'm Kimberly Harvey.
Jonny Tselaxitsa is my Great Great Grandfather.ReplyDelete
His Daughter Harriet Paul is my Great Grandma.
Her Daughter Susan Harvey is my Grandma.
Her Son Harold Harvey is my Dad
And I'm Kimberly Harvey.
Does anyone know of Ashnola John's relation to N'kwala? or anything else about Ashnola John? He is depicted as a horse thief and coward, etc. in many settler stories, though Susan Allison depicts him favourably. Thanks. firstname.lastname@example.com
Does anyone know of Ashnola John's relation to N'kwala? or anything else about Ashnola John? He is depicted as a horse thief and coward, etc. in many settler stories, though Susan Allison depicts him favourably. Thanks. firstname.lastname@example.com
My Great Granmother a couple times was Jenny Jameson, she was Ashnola Johns Sister, I am beginning to dig into the info that we have and will try and find some answers that might put a light on the subject or possible clarification one way or another on Ashnola John and Blackeye.ReplyDeleteReplies
Hello. Great grandchild of Jenny Jameson. Did you ever find out anything about Ashnola John's sisters? I have found an essay about a woman called Ghenac by the Syilx who I think may be Ashnola Mary. Was Ashnola Mary the sister of Ashnola John (aka Johnny Chuchuaskin).Delete
Ashnola Mary is another name for Ashnola Johns wife Mary Narcisse who lived to 116. Jenny Jameson was 1/2 siater to Ashnola John. Jenny and Ashnola Johns father indian ban genealogy chart name "Tommy Sixwilxqn" was the Hereditary Chief of the Similkameen nation before his son John became chief.... contact me if you want to chat. firstname.lastname@example.com


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A redesigned 90x90 Tractrix® Horn utilizes a circular horn throat paired to a square horn mouth to further improve high-frequency response and extension, while enhancing imaging and dynamics. The compressed molded rubber construction adds high frequency damping to reduce harshness and improve detail. This creates the cleanest, most natural sound possible.
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What the Klipsch Reference Premiere system does well, it does brilliantly. It extracts maximum information from movie soundtracks; the RP-250C center in particular is a dialogue-intelligibilty champion, and the RP-250S surround helps construct a convincing soundfield. The RP-150M monitor also meshes satisfyingly with vinyl and the more refined forms of digital audio.Mark Fleischmann | Sound & Vision


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Businesses often seek ways to orchestrate their affairs so that employment taxes are minimized or even avoided. Internal Revenue Code Section 3121 defines the general characteristics of an employer-employee relationship. But under Section 530 of the Revenue Act of 1978, for employment tax purposes a business may treat an individual as an independent contractor, rather than an employee, if:
1. The taxpayer does not treat the individual as an employee for any period;
2. The taxpayer does not treat any other individual holding a substantially similar position as an employee for purposes of employment taxes for any period;
3. All required Federal tax returns are filed by the taxpayer on a basis consistent with its treatment of the individual as a nonemployee; and
4. The taxpayer has a reasonable basis for not treating the individual as an employee.
A taxpayer has a reasonable basis for not treating an individual as an employee for a period if the taxpayer's treatment of that individual for that period was in reasonable reliance on one or more of the following safe harbors:
1. Judicial precedent or IRS ruling;
2. A past IRS audit; or
3. A longstanding practice of a significant segment of the relevant industry.
A question which has arisen is whether the taxpayer must demonstrate that it reasonably relied on a safe harbor before hiring the worker to perform services. And in Program Manager's Technical Advice, IRS says that an employer need not demonstrate that it reasonable relied on a Section 530 safe harbor before engaging the worker. However, the employer may qualify for relief if it is able to show reasonable reliance on the asserted safe harbor sometime after it first engaged the worker, but before the employment period at issue.
For more information, check out the IRS publication Do You Qualify for Relief Under Section 530?


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John and Ellen Barclay are both buried in Valley Cemetery in Shakopee, Scott County, Minnesota. Finding Valley Cemetery was not an easy task for I did this back in 2007.
Here is a Google map that shows where the cemetery is located:
Find A Grave has a listing of Valley Cemetery about 82% photographed, along with a map of the location. There is a picture of the tombstone of John and Ellen taken in 2010 and it is looking a little worse for wear. My photos were taken in 2007.
When my husband and I arrived at the cemetery in June of 2007, we went to the location given in the cemetery publication I had found. I searched and searched but did not find the tombstone. Luckily my husband is very good at finding things in cemeteries. He found the stone in a different location.
We first looked at lot E 1/2 lot 94. See the white arrow on the map below. Instead, the tombstone was in the South end section 7 Row 16 near a Sam Woods, Ronald Brown etc. It is closer to the cemetery shed and farther from the house on the left. See the red arrow.
Go in at the entrance sign and go straight back past the shed.
Here is the tombstone that I saw in June of 2007. It had lost its finial at the top but it was not leaning like the Find A Grave photo.
Here are closer views of the inscription on the tombstone.
It reads: John Barclay born Mar 18, 1801, Died Dec 25, 1897. Ellen Barclay born April 25, 1831, Died Nov. 30, 1907.
The next photograph is closer to Ellen's information. The name of John's second wife has been a lot of trouble. Here it is written as Ellen, but her estate file has it as Helen, sigh! We can go with the information on the tombstone or keep an open mind about other records that use Helen.
I took this picture so that one could use the houses in the background to find the tombstone quickly.
Here is a picture of me next to the tombstone of my 2nd great-grandfather John Barclay. Ellen was his second wife and I descend from the first whose name was Margaret. Little is known about Margaret unfortunately.


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Gov. Pat Quinn knew that African-American House members were reluctant to support the bill, mainly because of pressure from their churches. So, why did he pick a nasty fight with the Black Caucus over Medicaid? Quinn was offering projects to Republican legislators to entice them to flip, but Quinn couldn't find a few million Medicaid dollars to help poor people get wheelchairs and preventative dental care? That late session fight over Medicaid spending was counterproductive. Instead of using the disagreement to his advantage, Quinn dug in his heels and so did the Black Caucus, which also initially refused to support a gay rights measure several years ago after being cut out of a gaming expansion bill.
Senate President John Cullerton said he didn't regret passing the gay marriage bill out of his chamber in mid-February, before the House votes were lined up. Back then, the House roll call was reportedly in the 40s (60 votes needed to pass). Usually, proponents try to wire these things so they pass both chambers quickly. Cullerton said he feared opponents would begin gearing up and believed the bill needed to be passed as quickly as possible. But passing that bill without first making sure the House was ready to deal with it energized opponents and gave them time to organize.
Proponents say the House roll call moved into the 50s by March. But instead of working it hard at that point, House Speaker Michael Madigan appeared to put off a vote. Madigan did the same with several other bills this spring, including the fracking proposal. The idea was to wait on stuff that looked like it could pass easily and get the truly hard stuff done first, like the budget, pension reform and concealed carry. Those bills absolutely had to be passed, so giving out goodies to his various factions early in the game would, the theory went, reduce the willingness of proponent legislators to work on the tough stuff. But, the opposition geared up and by the time Madigan revisited the issue in late May, the roll call was already sliding backwards. By May 29, when a majority of the Black Caucus decided it wanted to wait until November to vote on the bill, the roll call reportedly fell to just 52 "Yes" votes. It couldn't be salvaged. Madigan's strategy failed.
The proponents themselves need to reexamine their entire, failed strategy. They pushed for an early Senate vote, then didn't adequately respond to the growing opposition from black churches. The response playbook was written almost a quarter century ago. During the 1990 gubernatorial race, Republican Jim Edgar targeted black church leaders, believing he could hold down the black Democratic vote that way. It worked. Big companies like ComEd and Illinois Bell saw how effective Edgar was and began using black churches to make their legislative cases. Their Statehouse influence took off like a rocket.
ComEd and Illinois Bell also began hiring black lobbyists at about the same time. There weren't many back then, so hiring those folks gave them a huge advantage with African-American legislators. The gay marriage proponents had just one black lobbyist on their payroll, and he's affiliated with the Senate. They didn't bother to hire any House-affiliated black lobbyists until the afternoon of May 30, when it was way too late. An inexcusable blunder.
Some proponents have slammed the bill's House sponsor for not calling a floor vote. But that's simply ludicrous. Big bills like this tend to fail badly if they don't zoom up to 60 on the tally board. The final total would've almost surely been in the low 40s, meaning it would've died in its tracks. It also could've exposed a few "hidden" votes. Either that or those secret proponents would've had to vote against the bill, making it that much harder to turn them around the next time.
As mentioned above, the House Black Caucus wants to wait until November for a vote, but November is near the end of House candidate filing season. A November vote means many already nervous legislators might guarantee themselves primary opposition. So, if it doesn't pass this summer in a special session, it'll probably have to wait until after the 2014 primary.
Rich Miller also publishes Capitol Fax, a daily political newsletter, and CapitolFax.com.


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You are about to enter college as an Art student! Over the coming years, you will learn loads of new ways to think-act-make as an artist. During that time, you'll be introduced to a number of digital processes. While some entering freshmen have been using computers daily for art-making others may view this as new ground. In the Foundation program, you will be asked to use a computer daily to check email, make a blog, print out images, make videos, and a variety of other tasks. Towards that end, you will need to purchase a computer and other technology to support your learning. In an effort to help you in your search, we have provided the following Technology Guide.
For your first year of study, we highly recommend that you bring to school a Mac laptop computer, digital camera, and printer. A flash drive**, extra printer cartridges, and a variety of regular and photo paper** are also recommended. It is convenient to have them on hand and buying them ahead of time may be your least expensive option. We would suggest that you bring with you any of the following if you already OWN them, but they are not required for coursework: cell phone, iPod, or digital recorder.
You may find that you already own some of the suggested items. If this is true for you, it is perfectly fine to start the year with what you have and see how they work for your specific needs. If you do need to purchase new, we have found that buying from a reputable online business is one of the most effective ways to get the most for your money. These sites also can provide product information and customer reviews that are very helpful in choosing the best model for your needs.
What model you select will depend on your individual needs, what you want to spend, and your areas of interest. For example, if you intend to study in the Expanded Media Division you may want to consider a more expansive computer or if you plan to study photography, a Digital SLR camera.
You'll use a computer most days at Alfred, from checking your email (a Foundations requirement) to researching and writing papers, to adjusting images and printing them. A computer is an expensive investment and should be bought according to your needs, so consider several things: where and when will you most likely use it, a Mac or a PC, a laptop or desk model, what level of computer you need, your future goals and how much money you want to spend.
• While the university as a whole uses PCs, the School of Art + Design and most artists/designers use Apple computers. We, therefore, recommend that if you are purchasing a new computer, it be an Apple.
• Watch out for incentives, often you can get a printer or iPod with your computer purchase.
• Many people find that a laptop is the best choice because you can bring it to class, the library or a coffee shop.
*One note, some of you may be considering purchasing an iPad, while this is a great tool, it does have limitations. Please be aware of the differences before you purchase.
Digital Camera
During the year you will be asked to use a camera for visual research and to document your work. Select a camera that fits your needs+ and budget. For most, a compact model with at least 16 megapixels will work for most people. Since the quality of your images will be important, it is best to buy a good quality brand with the highest resolution you can afford. A couple good choices might be a Canon, Panasonic, Nikon, Olympus, or Sony.
You will find the best selection, lowest prices, and most information by purchasing a digital camera online. Following are several reputable sites that faculty members have used over the years. You might start by checking the sites that provide a buying guide and reviews first (http://reviews.cnet.com/) and then look at Bizrate (www.bizrate.com), Epinions (http://www.epinions.com) or Price Grabber (http://www.pricegrabber.com) to see who offers the least expensive price after you have selected the model you desire. With a little research, you can find an excellent resolution digital camera for a reasonable price.
You might also want to purchase additional storage for your camera. Most come with a CompactFlash, SmartMedia or other PC cards, but usually, this is not large enough to store many photos.
+Just a note, if you are planning on taking Photography courses you will need a digital SLR (single lens reflex) camera for Sophomore Photography. If you do buy DSLR you should consider purchasing a protective UV filter for your lens. Of course, these items do not need to be purchased for this school year.
++Another note: We have found that while cellphone cameras are improving they still do not provide the print quality that you will need for the course.
Many times you will be asked to print out images from your digital camera or the internet and bring them to the class the next day. It is often difficult to find a color printer on campus for this purpose. We recommend that you purchase or bring with you a color inkjet printer that prints at least 8.5 x 11. Printers have come way down in price and sometimes are bundled with a computer purchase. You might also be considering purchasing one together with your roommate. Excellent choices would be any inexpensive Canon, HP or Epson printer. Remember to purchase extra cartridges, they are much cheaper online and you will run out!
USB Flash Drive or Thumb drive**
You will need to purchase a flash drive. These small devices make it easy to take your files to a printer or to share images. They hold lots of data and start at about $7 for a 4 Gigabit.
Things to remember
Printer cartridges (online is cheaper)
Inkjet Paper: photo, regular **
Extra storage card for your camera
**Note: Included in Art Kit.
Additional Art-making Tools (bring if you already own)
Cell phone
Digital recorder


text:
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Each of these four threaded steel canisters contains 16 grams of 100% pure high velocity CO2 gas. In just a few seconds, 8-9 lbs. of inflation is discharged into your tire by each canister. The reusable lossless valve adapter allows no leakage and has solid brass fittings. ATVs and pocket bikes will generally use just one canister to fully inflate the tire. On a full-size sport or adventure-touring motorcycle tire, it will generally take all four canisters to reach 24 - 32 lbs. of pressure depending on tire size. This kit is for use on motorcycles, scooters, ATVs, Golf Carts, Lawnmowers, and small utility tires.Includes:
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- Full Instructions
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- Weighs only 10 oz!
|Manufacturer #


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The Hanson family is expanding again!
Zac Hanson and his wife, Kate, are expecting their child this fall, People reports.
"We are so happy and thankful to add more life and love to our family," Hanson, 27, told the magazine. "It's fun this time to watch the little ones so excitedly anticipating their new sibling."
Halle Berry and more pregnant celebs over 40
The new addition will join other brother Shepherd, 5, and sister Junia Rosa Ruth, 2. The couple married in 2006.
Hanson's brother and bandmate Isaac has two children: Everett, 6, and Monroe, 4. Group lead singer Taylor has five kids: Ezra, 10, Penelope, 8, River, 6, Viggo, 4, and Wilhelmina, 8 months.
Hanson is the youngest member of the famous family trio, who are releasing their latest album, Anthem, on June 18.


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Tellin Em: Lady Gaga Brings Out Kid Cudi To Perform Poker Pace & Has Some Words "Music Is About Bringing All People Together, Music Has No F*cking Religion, No F*cking Color, No F*cking Genre, It Has No Politics, It Has No Money, It's F*cking Free
Lady Gaga & Kid Cudi - Poker Face (Piano Version) Montreal 11/27/2009
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Rades Tagged me.. Thankfully, he also tweeted that he tagged me. Well, actually, he didn't but then he tweeted that he had forgotten to tweet that he had tagged me… Which is way too convoluted. So anyway.. Gnomageddon (re)started the Sixth Screenshot Meme. Here is the info:
Go into your screenshots folder, go into the sixth sub-folder and find the sixth image, then post it! And then you tag six more people.
Now, I don't subdiretorize my screenshots (yes, that's a word. well, it is now). So, I did what someone else did and went 6×6 in my folder.. The image above is presented without editing (usually I brighten the images before posting..). It's Lord Rhyolyth, of course.. This screenshot was taken on July 13, 2011 at 10:07 pm.. So, this is normal mode and we were getting ready to pull (probably AGAIN for the Nth time).
So, there you go.. I'm going to fail at one part of the meme though and not tag anyone.. Well, except for Hydra.. And since she is teaching me to be almost evil like her, I tag her 6 times! MUAHAHAHAHAHAHAH! *cough*.. I really don't know what that means but it sounded really evil before I typed it.. Good luck all and enjoy the meme.
(on a side note, my Rogue hit 85 this weekend.. I might or might not write a separate post about it..)


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Sustainability at WRI
The World Resources Institute's Sustainability Initiative seeks to align the Institute's operations with its mission. Using research and expertise from staff to guide us, we are committed to improving and sustaining WRI's environmental performance.
At WRI, we work hard to put ideas into action. Our work leads to many positive outcomes but like most human activity, it does not come without some environmental cost. Each day, the electricity we use, the business travel we take to meet with partners and all the decisions made on how to run WRI have an impact on society and the environment. To minimize these negative impacts, WRI strives to "walk the talk," integrating sustainability principles into our own operations.
COUNT IT: We quantify WRI's emissions and resource consumption across our value-chain because you cannot manage what you do not measure.
CHANGE IT: We adjust our own operational approaches to reduce our impacts and engage along WRI's value chain.
SCALE IT: The solutions we find and setbacks we experience are, in many ways, parallel to the experiences of countries, companies and other partners we work with every day. Sharing knowledge and lessons learned between all of us improves all of our overall performance.
To further facilitate the integration of sustainability, WRI's leadership created the Sustainability Initiative. The team acts as a bridge between WRI's administrative and programmatic staff to apply research and best practices.
WRI taxes itself for every metric ton of Carbon Dioxide equivalent (mt CO2e) emitted from air travel, electricity consumption, and employee commuting associated with the Institute. The funds collected from this internal tax directly support WRI's Sustainability Initiative. This price on carbon, $50 per mt CO2e, represents one of the estimates for the social cost of carbon and places a monetary value on the emissions we at WRI are responsible for.
Sustainability at WRI goes way back
WRI follows a long-standing commitment to learn and lead by doing.
- 1999: WRI was the first NGO to complete a greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory.
- 2000–2009: WRI set and achieved net zero target through the purchase of offsets. WRI's partnership with the Greenhouse Gas Protocol furthered guidance for other office-based organizations to measure and manage their own inventories.
- 2010: WRI's Sustainability Initiative was launched! Purchasing offsets was not stopping our GHG emission growth, nor did we focus on sustainability-related issues beyond carbon emissions. Our solution was the creation of the Sustainability Initiative, funded by our internal tax on carbon in lieu of purchasing offsets.
- 2011: WRI sets 2020 absolute GHG targets.
Read about WRI's current sustainability efforts on the pages listed to the left. Contact WRI's Sustainability Initiative team at email@example.com to learn more.


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Calculating df when using the WLSM es...
Mplus Discussion
Categorical Data Modeling
Mike Willoughby
posted on Sunday, July 09, 2000 - 1:56 pm
I'm running a series of CFA models using dichotomous indicators. I've noticed what appears to be a discrepancy in the computation of df & wondered if someone might spot an error in my reasoning.
Consider a cross-sectional 2 factor model with 13 dichotomous indicators. The tetrachoric corr matrix has 78 unique pieces of info [=13(12)/2]. If I estimate 11 factor loadings (2 items have factor loadings fixed to 1.0 for identification of the 2 latent variables), 2 latent variances & their covariance - 14 total params are estimated leaving model df = 64. This is exactly what I get in my output file (note: Mplus doesn't explicity estimate params for residuals, that's why they're not considered when counting dfs).
Now consider a longitudinal CFA of the same 13 items (2 factors at 2 points in time). I now have 26 indicators which yield 325 unique pieces of info [=26(25)/2]. 22 factor loadings are estimated. Furthermore with 4 latent variables a total of 10 (co)variances are estimated (all factors are inter-correlated). In total 32 params are esimated which should leave 293 df (325-32). However my output file evaluates the chi sq @ 306 df.
Finally when I specify another model that imposes equality constraints for each factor loading at 2 points in time (that is 11 factor loadings are estimated instead of 22), the resulting df is 318 instead of 306. Had 306 df been correct, shouldn't the resulting model be eval at 317 df (306+11)?
I'm assuming that WLSM doesn't adjust df (unlike WLSMV). Furthermore, I'm assuming that my imposing equal thresholds for items involved in the longitudinal model is in no way associated with computing df.
Does anyone see an error in my rationale? Further, has anyone else doing longitudinal CFA on dichtomous items noted a problem in computing df?
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Sunday, July 09, 2000 - 6:24 pm
The difference in the degrees of freedom you expect and the degrees of freedom that you get is 293 versus 306 or a difference of 13. You imply that you have thresholds in the model and that you hold them equal across time. In such a model, thresholds do influence the degrees of freedom. There are 26 thresholds and 13 thresholds parameters estimated which I think explains the difference of 13.
Mesfin Mulatu
posted on Monday, September 09, 2002 - 8:24 am
I am doing a series of CFAs with ordinal variables using Mplus 2.12. Everything looks fine except I am not sure I understand clearly the warning "* The chi-square value for MLM, MLR, MLMV, WLSM and WLSMV cannot be used for chi-square difference tests. MLM and MLR chi-square difference testing is described on page 360 in the Mplus User's Guide."
I read the chapter decribing these features but I found it too sophisticated for me. So here are my questions:
1) Is it possible to compare model fit indices (chi. sqs) involving categorical outcome variables estimated with WLSMV?
2) If yes, which statistic can be used or how are these statistic obtained?
Thanks for your input in advance.
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Monday, September 09, 2002 - 8:43 am
It is not possible to do nested model difference testing using WLSMV. There is no correction factor yet available. We recommend using WLS for difference testing and then using WLSMV for the final model.
Stephane Vautier
posted on Saturday, January 22, 2005 - 12:03 pm
I would like to understand how dfs are obtained when analyzing a CFA model with categorical indicators when using WLSMV. For instance, with 2 correlated factors each predicting 3 variables, I would expect 6*7/2-13=8 dfs, but the output gives 7 dfs.
Apparently, the reference to p. 360 of the Mplus manual is obsolete. I have the manual for version 3. I was also unable to find something relevant in the technical appendices online.
Thanks in advance for your help.
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Saturday, January 22, 2005 - 3:29 pm
The technical appendices can be found on the website. The Version 3 Mplus User's Guide does not contain the technical appendices. You must be using an old version of the program. Degrees of freedom are calculated differently using WLSMV. If you want to see degrees of freedom the way you expect, use WLS or WLSM.
Stephane Vautier
posted on Sunday, January 23, 2005 - 3:33 am
Thank you Linda. May I insist? The output given by Mplus 3.11 is "The degrees of freedom for MLMV and WLSMV are estimated according to a formula given in the Mplus Technical Appendices at www.statmodel.com. See degrees of freedom in the index of the Mplus User's Guide".
Could you give me the number of the equation in the Mplus Tech App on line?
I have Version 3 of the manual, and there is no entry "Degree of freedom" in the index.
posted on Sunday, January 23, 2005 - 3:36 pm
The Version 3 User's Guide does not have Technical appendices. Technical appendices are on the Mplus web site. The WLSMV df discussion is in the appendix section on estimators and tests.
posted on Thursday, April 28, 2005 - 7:24 am
I just wanted to ask if the technical appendices for version 3 of M-Plus are out. In case they are, where are them? In the technical appendices section of the web I just can find the version 2 ones.
Thank you
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Thursday, April 28, 2005 - 7:36 am
No, they are not yet available. If you have a question about a particular techinical issue, post it and I will see if I can get you some references.
posted on Friday, April 29, 2005 - 3:58 am
I'm the anonymous on April 28 7:24am.
I just wanted to know what is the theory behind the WLSMV difference test that is implemented in M-Plus 3. Any references?
Thank you
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Friday, April 29, 2005 - 8:52 am
You may want to look at the literature by Satorra and Bentler on robust chi-square difference testing with continuouos nonnormal outcomes. The issues are the same.
One article is "A scaled difference chi-square test statistic for moment structure analysis", Psychometrika, 66 ,507-514, 2001(A. Satora and P.M. Bentler).
posted on Friday, January 20, 2006 - 12:09 pm
Would anyone mind translating the notation from the technical manual into simpler terms to explain how dfs are calculated when using wlsmv?
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Friday, January 20, 2006 - 2:03 pm
The chi-square and degrees of freedom are adjusted until a correct p-value is found. The only number you should be concerned with with WLSMV is the p-value.
Adrienne Tin
posted on Tuesday, December 12, 2006 - 9:02 am
Hi, I have a very simple question in using the DIFFTEST option.
I followed Example 12.12 in the user's guide of version 3.
Where is the result of the test? From the previous posting, it seems I should be looking for a p-value. Do I need to add options to save it.
Thanks in advance.
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Tuesday, December 12, 2006 - 10:39 am
It should be in the Test of Model Fit section. If you can't find it, please send your input, data, output and license number to
Jeremiah Schumm
posted on Monday, February 05, 2007 - 10:27 am
Your response on Jan 20 2006 was helpful in translating how df is estimated using the wlsmv estimator. Could you elaborate on what criterion is used to define a "correct p-value"? I am referencing this quotation from your posting on Jan 20 2006 2:03pm. I have been asked by a journal editor to explain the df calculation in non-technical terms for my manuscript submission involving wlsmv estimator analyses. Although I am not the anonymous posting author that you responded to on Jan 20 2006, this additional clarification would be very helpful to my explanation to the editor.
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Tuesday, February 06, 2007 - 11:22 am
There are some things in life that do not lend themselves well to non-technical terms. Let me try one more approach. A test statistic and its degrees of freedom are estimated as shown in formulas (108)-(110) in our technical appendices. The test statistic and the degrees of freedom refer to a chi-square distribution for which a p value is obtained. The p-value is the
probability that the null hypothesis is true. With WLSMV, the only quantity interpretable in the usual way is this p-value.
posted on Friday, April 25, 2008 - 10:34 am
can someone tell me how to calculate the df for the models below, when i am using wlsm estimator?
mgfa with 2 groups 3 factor model with 35 dichotomous indicators and the factor loadings and thresholds are free to be estimated across groups and the residual variances @1 for both groups and factor means @0 for both groups.
using the calculations from a previous discussion above:
35(34)/2 = 595 X 2 groups = 1190 (i know i only need to do 35(34))
factor loadings (3 items have factor loadings fixed to 1.0 for identification)
35-3=32 X 2 groups = 64
3 latent variances + 3 their covariance = 6 X 2 groups = 12
= 1114 but the output has 1113 df.
using the same model but this time the factors and thresholds are constrained to equal across the 2 groups and the residual variances @1 in both groups but the factor means @0 for one group but freed in the other. -- i have no idea how to calculate the df for this one. the output indicates df= 1174.
can anyone help with the calculations?
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Friday, April 25, 2008 - 12:21 pm
Please send the full output and your license number to
if you would like help with this.
Allison Holmes Tarkow
posted on Sunday, November 23, 2008 - 8:35 am
How do you calculate the df for LGC models estimated with WLSMV when multiple imputation has been used ?
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Monday, November 24, 2008 - 8:43 am
This is a research question that has not yet been answered. I would use WLSM and use the average chi-square value and the degrees of freedom from WLSM. This should work pretty well as long as you don't have a huge amount of missing data.
Nate Breznau
posted on Wednesday, October 05, 2016 - 8:02 am
Thank you for pointing out that we cannot use the value and df scores for chi-square, only the p-statistic when using WLSMV.
Does this also apply to the DIFFTEST for nested WLSMV models? Do we only rely on the p-statistic of this test as well? Or can we interpret the df and chi-square value as accurately capturing the difference between nested models? (i.e., is the p statistic calculated in some other way than a chi-square table using the given df and value difference?)
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Wednesday, October 05, 2016 - 4:19 pm
The DIFFTEST-produced df and chi-square can be interpreted in the usual way.
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Photos: 2012 New York Auto Show highlights
Spring is in the air in New York City, which means new-car smell is wafting around the city too, as it plays host to the 2012 New York International Auto Show at the Jacob Javits Center.
Although some auto shows are long on wild concepts and far-off exotics, this year's New York show had a decidedly mainstream bent.
Full-size offerings from Chevrolet and Toyota were paired with reasonable and eco-friendly luxury from Lincoln and Lexus.
PHOTOS: Highlights from the 2012 New York Auto Show
The wildest thing at the show? The all-new 640-horsepower Viper, courtesy of SRT (don't call them Dodge).
Click through for in-depth highlights from this week's media preview, and look forward to reviews of all this sensibility in the future.


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A faith-based residential setting for young men who need encouragement and hope.
The Salem4youth therapeutic boarding school is, on average, a ten to fourteen month program for young men whose behaviors have escalated to the point that they should no longer remain in their homes due to the risk that they may pose to themselves and to others. The length of time that each boy stays at Salem is contingent on how he responds to the requirements of the program.
A Therapeutic Boarding School is a school that offers an educational program that is specifically structured to support the supervision and training of students that have special challenges. These challenges can include emotional and behavioral problems, learning difficulties, lack of motivation and other deficits that are the result of self-harming behaviors like drug and alcohol experimentation/addiction and other mental health problems. The fact that we are a Christian Boarding School means that our therapy is Biblically based.
Many of our young men are creative learners and more hands-on in their approach. Salem4youth is taking the lead in motivating our students with hands-on learning, as an extension to our regular education program. Our young men learn practical skills in our vocational program serve to better equip them for the workforce. Our "Made at Salem" program is also a way that our young men learn skills associated with making and marketing products that go toward the sustainability of our program.


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Yo nerds! Want a little story? Sure you do. Well here it is.
Me: "I'd love it if more people tagged me into things. I'm a rather vain individual and it would validate me in the book blogging community."
Also me: Is tagged by people to take part in fun book related posts.
Also also me: Forgets to do the posts.
Also also also me: Is a bit shit at things, but is forever grateful for the inclusion.
Good story. Best story. Well, I was tagged by Beth and Sarah to do the Currently Reading Tag, and because it's absolutely definitely without question that something is done better late than never #Don't@Me and that all good things come to those who wait, I am just being fashionably late with completing this one. Be sure to go and check out the Beth's and the Sarah's answers. Thank you for tagging me, ladies. You are better than chips!
Hey ho! Let's go!
How Many Books Do You Usually Read At Once?
Normally just 2 or 53. I usually have a novel on the go, and also read short stories and graphic novels/comics at the same time. Well, not at the exact same time. I don't sit there with a novel in one hand and a comic in the other. That'd be weird, haha! I'm not weird, you're weird!
I have been known to read a novel at the same time as listening to a different audiobook. Crazy right?! How do I do it?! Is it witchcraft?! Yes.
Do You Ever Switch Bookmarks While You're Partway Through a Book?
I don't really read physical books anymore. Almost everything I read is exclusively digital; Kindle and Comixology. And you don't need a bookmark with those. What a time to be alive.
Remember that time my niece told me that she doesn't use bookmarks and said, "I just remember what page I'm on." That blew my mind it did. I still haven't got over that. I think it's the weirdest thing I've ever heard. No human can do that. Only reptilians. I used to like my niece but now I just have a deep distrust of her.
Where Do You Keep The Book(s) You Are Currently Reading?
In my heart.
What Time of Day Do You Spend The Most Time Reading?
8.37 – 8.39pm.
How Long Do You Typically Read in One Sitting?
Anywhere from 6'1" to 6'3". It depends on the time of day and how long I've been awake.
Do You Read Hardbacks With The Dusk Jacket On or Off?
I keep my dust jacket on. It took me forever to make a jacket out of dust and I sure do love it. It stops me from getting cold, and keeps the other dust off me.
What Position Do You Mainly Use To Read?
Usually closed fourth position, with the heel of each foot overlapping the toe of the other foot. Transitioning to second or reverse cowgirl.
Do You Take The Book You Are Currently Reading Everywhere You Go?
Wherever I go, that's my library. That's how that song goes.
How Often Do You Update Your Goodreads Progress On The Book You're Currently Reading?
With the change of the wind.
I Tag the Usual Crew
Look at that. We totes did it. We completed the tag. Now you know everything you need to know about my currently reading situation. Anyway, I'm off to switch bookmarks. Until next time, Peace and Love!
Random Melon Reads – Goodreads | Twitter | Bloglovin'


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By Michael Moon
Folks at the Jones Senior football game witnessed history Friday night when Southwest Onslow beat the Trojans 33-0 for the Stallions� 100th shutout in school history.
�We have come out flat lately,� Southwest Onslow coach Phil Padgett said. �We�re trying hard to get better, and hopefully tonight will get us moving in the right direction.�
The Stallions (4-2) rushed to a 20-0 lead in the first half and cruised to victory, out-gaining the Trojans 240-84 in the half and 394-195 on the evening. The team entered the game without the services of starting quarterback Tyler Smith, who leads the Jacksonville area with 536 yards in the air. They didn�t seem to miss him, as sophomore signal-caller Jonathan Williams filled in admirably, managing the game from start to finish and leading the team with 123 rushing yards, including a 90-yard scoring run in the second half. Senior tailback DaMonta Winbush added three first-half touchdowns on runs of 17, 21 and one yards, and the Stallions added a second-quarter safety on a botched Jones Senior snap deep in their own territory.
�We didn�t throw quite as much as we had planned,� said Padgett, whose team also played without J�Veon Walker, a wide receiver who has picked up an offer from the University of North Carolina.
They didn�t have to throw, as the Stallions had no trouble moving the ball on the ground, with 323 of their 394 yards coming on the ground.
�We have some great skill guys, and our O-line blocked OK for us tonight,� Padgett said.
The Trojans (0-6), meanwhile, never got in a groove offensively. Twice, the Trojans had the ball near the red zone only to see turnovers or penalties kill the drive. Facing a fourth-and-12 at the 19 early in the second quarter and trailing just 6-0, Trojans quarterback Glen White�s pass was picked off by Southwest Onslow�s Jay Pouncey in the end zone, one of two interceptions on the night for the junior defensive back.
Pouncey�s return moved the ball to the 9-yard line, and the Stallions responded with a momentum-shifting nine-play, 91-yard drive and took a 12-0 lead just over four minutes later on a 21-yard run by Winbush.
�We have a lot of young kids, a lot of freshmen and sophomores,� Jones Senior coach John Davis Sr. said. �They need some success for them to maintain, and they have a tendency to hang their head sometimes.�
Offensively, Jones Senior was led by quarterback Glen White�s 105 passing yards on a 12-of-19 effort, with Demetrius Williams hauling in five catches for 55 yards. Javon Andrews (39 yards), Warren Fields (35 yards) and White (34 yards) were the only Trojans with positive yardage on the ground.
The Trojans were ultimately undone by a number of long Stallions� runs, several of which came on third-and-long situations for Southwest Onslow.
�They have to learn to fight through mistakes,� Davis said. �They were where they needed to be, but we�re just not making plays. We have got to grow up on the field.�
The second half was more of the same for both teams, with the Stallions adding a pair of third quarter touchdowns on Williams� 90-yard run and a 24-yard scoring run from Isaiah Corbins. The Trojans didn�t threaten to score again until the final drive of the game, which ended with a failed lob to the end zone from the 19-yard line as time expired.
�I�ll say this about our boys: They never quit,� said Davis. �I�m proud of their effort tonight.�
Southwest Onslow 6 14 13 0�33
Jones Senior 0 0 0 0�0
First Quarter
SO: DaMonta Winbush 17 run (kick blocked), 2:53.
Second Quarter
SO: Winbush 21 run (conv. failed), 6:06.
SO: Safety, 5:04.
SO: Winbush 1 run (kick failed), 4:10.
Third Quarter
SO: Jonathan Williams 90 run (Tristan Hartley kick), 4:30.
SO: Isaiah Corbins 24 run (kick failed), :47.4.
First downs 9 10
Rushes-yards 27-323 39-94
Passing 8-15-0 13-21-2
Passing yards 71 101
Total yards 394 195
Fumbles-lost 1-0 3-0
Penalties 12-85 9-61
Punts-avg 4-35 6-31
Individual statistics
RUSHING � SO: Jonathan Williams 7-123, Isaiah Corbins 3-62, Emmitt Johnson 4-56, DaMonta Winbush 5-36, Aurellio Ottey 6-33, Christian Haynes 1-10, Rayquan Rodgers 1-3. J: Javon Andrews 11-39, Warren Fields 9-35, Glen White 13-34, JaiQuan Jones 4-(-2), Nihkee Jones 2-(-12).
PASSING � SO: J. Williams 7-14-0 62, Mookie Pollock 1-1-0 9. J: White 12-19-2 105, Andrews 1-2-0 -4.
RECEIVING � SO: Ottey 4-46, Johnson 1-24, Kalil Scott 2-5, Corbins 1-(-4). J: Demetrius Williams 5-55, JaiQuan Jones 2-16, Fields 2-15, Andrews 2-13, N. Jones 1-6, Jacobie Simmons 1-(-4).


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Prof. Christopher Yoo discusses researching, teaching technology law & policy
Professor Christopher Yoo is one of the world's leading authorities on law and technology. The John H. Chestnut Professor of Law, Communication, and Computer & Information Science and the founding Director of Penn Law's Center for Technology, Innovation & Competition, Yoo's research focuses on how the principles of network engineering and the economics of imperfect competition can provide insights into the regulation of electronic communications.
He has been a leading voice in the "network neutrality" debate that has dominated Internet policy over the past several years, and his research delves into copyright theory as well as the history of presidential power. Yoo testifies frequently before Congress, the Federal Communications Commission, and the Federal Trade Commission.
My name is Christopher Yoo. I am the John H. Chestnut Professor of Law. I also teach in the Annenberg School of Communication, and the School for Engineering and Applied Science. I also founded a center here called the Center for Technology, Innovation & Competition.
Shockingly, most people, citizens as well as policy makers, don't really understand how the Internet works. And so a lot of my work is to draw that out, put it in plain English and show people what the implications of some of those structural decisions we made about the Internet actually are.
Engaging in Washington, D.C. has been a very interesting part of my work. It is a wonderful synergy between scholarship and policy. Working with other countries has been really exciting too, because you discover people in other countries don't look at the world the same way Americans do. And to have to defend the way you look at things really has a wonderful effect of bringing you back to the very basic first principals of why the law is structured the way it is, and build a step-by-step explanation of why we do things the way we do.
I actually took a student group to Europe, though Germany and Brussels, to teach them about how EU makes technology policy. As many people know, the EU is becoming increasingly active - they had a big case against Microsoft, they blocked a number of mergers - EU competition policy has changed from something people could ignore to something that anyone who is doing technology oriented work has to pay attention to. I find that my student enjoy and benefit from personal experiences about how business people approach policy issues. Because ultimately, lawyers serve clients, there is some underlying interest, and I try to bring that element to the classroom in ways I think I bring it to live and make it a little bit more concrete.
There are a lot of architectural principles about the Internet that are thrown around such as modularity, the end-to-end argument, and layering – which I don't think are really well understood at all. And so I'm trying to delve into them and digest the key technical concepts and make them accessible to policy makers, but also draw the key insights from them in ways I think can benefit policy.
I enjoy and actually do some additional work in that right now in how presidential power plays out, I am doing work on copyright and different theories. It's just a wonderful time to be doing work in law and technology because it is this wonderful intersection between what's going on with the underlying engineering, issues with the first amendment, issues of what types of government organizations should be running technology. And it's moving so fast – one of the great things is that it is never boring.
Transcript edited for length.


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The Pochoir Project
From SuperTech Wiki
Welcome to Pochoir
Pochoir - Parallel Stencil Computation Compiler
Pochoir (pronounced "PO-shwar") is a compiler and run-time system for implementing stencil computations on multicore processors. A stencil defines the value of a grid point in a d-dimensional spatial grid at time t as a function of neighboring grid points at recent times before t. A stencil computation computes the stencil for each grid point over many time steps.
In Pochoir, user typically just need to specify his /or her stencil computing kernel and boundary conditions in an embedded domain specific language in C++. Depending on the purpose of checking functional correctness or performance, user can employ either a native C++ compiler or Pochoir compiler to compile and run his /or her code. If the user employs the Pochoir compiler, the basic parallelization and optimization strategy of Pochoir is divide-and-conquer (cache-oblivious algorithm). In higher dimensional space-time grid, Pochoir employs a novel cutting strategy of simultaneous space cut.
Pochoir is an open source software project hosted by SuperTech group at CSAIL, MIT. You are invited to contribute in many forms (documentation, translation, writing code, fixing bugs, porting to other platforms...).
The Pochoir package contains three (3) main components: an embedded domain specific language (EDSL) in native C++ for stencil, a C++ template library for baseline run, and a domain specific compiler in Haskell for optimal run.
Currently, the Pochoir package is only tested on Linux system.
Performance Peek
Comparing the number of grid points processed per second (semilogarithmic scale) for Pochoir-generated code on 12 cores versus serial- and parallel-loop implementations. In all figures, the top curve is for the Pochoir-generated code, the middle curve is for parallel loops, and the bottom curve is for serial loops. (a) A 3D wave equation with a non-periodic boundary condition executing for 1000 time steps. (b) A 2D heat equation on a torus executing for 3200 time steps. (c) 1D pairwise sequence alignment (no time step). (d) A Lattice Boltzmann method with a non-periodic boundary condition for 3000 time steps.
Pochoir Team
The project is jointly developed by SuperTech group at MIT and Intel Corp.. The core team includes:
Current Release
Pochoir 1.0 is now released (Feb, 2011)
Pochoir is covered by the GNU Public License version 3.0
The Pochoir project is supported in part by a grant from Intel Corporation and in part by the NSF Grant CCF-0937860 and CNS-1017058.
Copyright © 2010-2011 Yuan Tang and Charles E. Leiserson, All Rights Reserved.


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Setting the Mahmud
RSBS Special Correspondent and bonafide LOLstro lover, Mr. Johanna Mahmud reports:
"Gee, I wish we had one of them doomsday machines."
There are three things I can never remember: the first is people's names. The second is… is…
Anyway, I know I love me some hot stove! I'm making my yearly pantsless expedition to the wonderful world of MLB offseason rumors and conjecture! I'm even careening into mailboxes on my bike because of the madness!! I have puppies and chimps in my kitchen and we put on plays about how free agent negotiations "go down". It's like a Japanese game show. You never know who's going to get eaten!
I put my head in the oven to inspire me during the season until hot stove time.. I NEED PLAYER MOVEMENT! Hot stove… FIRE FIRE FIRE!!!
So far Miami is the big mover/shaker, but who will be next?
For years they've employed unreal drafting strategies, worked on the cheap, biding their time while the super powers outspend each other. But now… THE SUM OF ALL FEARS.
Russia, China and America (Yankees, Red Sox, Cubs) have initiated the snap count for a Red Alert nuclear attack but ended up killing themselves fighting each other whilst brilliant strategery is quietly coming together in south Florida. They have a new stadium, new digs, new manager, new closer and now Jojo Reyes. Will Reyes and Pujols share casserole recipes? REMEMBER: don't share with Hanley! He's already good on the whole putting on muscle mass thing.
But as much as the Marlins (and possibly the Cubs?) are pushing for Albert, I think he's staying home in the Lou. By the way, I'd rather go toe to toe with a mountain lion mother protecting her cubs then go through another Aldopho Soriano situation if the Cubs sign Pujols for nine years and he looks like he's 48 after just two of them. And brother Jeffy will be singing this for days when that happens…
If my beloved Cubs can swing a reasonable deal for Prince Fielder though, I'm beyond down. I'll do anything — shine shoes, wait tables, blow… glass.
But in the case that neither Senor Jeffy or I get our wishes, you will probably read someday of an infamous double Groundhog Day beheading.
–Johanna Mahmud
Follow Johanna on Twitter!


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protected void btnLoadData_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { GridView1.DataSource = LoadData(); GridView1.DataBind(); GridView1.EnableViewState = true; }
Here the LoadData() method is loading a simple list of objects into a GridView. This could be loading data from a database, a file, or pretty much anywhere. This will load the GridView just fine and everything will render to the page as you would expect.
The problem comes when we cause another postback to happen on the page. If we click our Search button in the image above without making any code changes our result is not at all what we want.
So how do we go about fixing this? The easiest way I've found is to create a Session backed property to store the data in. Then in the page's PreLoad event we can check to see if that property is null or not. If the property is not null then we set it as the datasource for our control and rebind the control.
public List<Employee> Employees { get { object temp = Session["Employees"]; return temp == null ? null : (List<Employee>)temp; } set { Session["Employees"] = value; } }
I am using a simple list of objects here but you can just as easily use a DataTable or some other collection type. Now we can modify our original button load code a little bit to make use of our new property. At the same time we should also add the PreLoad event to our page and make sure that we are rebinding our data on each postback. The PreLoad event is a good choice for this because at this point all of our controls and their ViewState have been loaded.
protected void Page_PreLoad(object sender, EventArgs e) { if (Employees != null) { GridView1.DataSource = Employees; GridView1.DataBind(); } } protected void btnLoadData_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { Employees = LoadData(); GridView1.DataSource = Employees; GridView1.DataBind(); GridView1.EnableViewState = true; }
Now we have dynamically loaded data that we can work with across multiple postbacks.


text:
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