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It's been a year (?!) and I still feel a bit blogblocked. Stuck in a rut so to speak. I really want to get back into blogging and sharing ideas and random blurbs.
But I didn't know where to begin. I *did* know that I wanted to break away from the 101 list. It wasn't relevant anymore; I had lots of different lists going on. I didn't want to feel this committed to something that, if I'm really honest with myself, was written in less than two days. A to-do-list that spans the better part of 2.7years needs some better planning. So as of now it is obsolete.
I invite you to the work-in-progress New Tracy's Topics. May this be the start of something beautiful.

subset: commoncrawl


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Thank you to all our customers who have shown such care for our community and team as we have rolled out new measures to comply with physical distancing guidelines. We are doing everything we can to protect the safety of our customers and our team.
Guides & Projects
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Choosing the right colours for your home can be confusing. Find out how to choose the right colours for your home with this guide from Bunnings Warehouse.
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In this video, Bron from Bunnings Warehouse describes the different types of paint brushes available.
How to choose white paint
With dozens of white shades on the market, here's a few tips on how to choose the white that's right for you.
How to clean walls
Before you can paint a wall, you need to give it a good clean first. Here's how to clean your walls to get ready for painting or just to brighten up the room.
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Learn how easy it is to paint a laminate benchtop
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When it comes to painting, preparation is the key. That's why it's important to apply an undercoat, especially on a new wall.
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The trims around your doors can take a real bashing, but giving them a coat of paint will freshen them up and keep them looking good.
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How to paint an exterior wall
There's some things you need to know when preparing and painting an exterior timber weatherboard wall. A splash of paint can make any surface look fantastic, and it doesn't take very much to do it. We'll show you how in a few simple steps.


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Balkan Bistro and Bar emerges
Balkan Bistro and Bar, formerly the Balkan Bakery in the space demolished to make way for the Waterhouse project on Water Street, celebrated a grand opening in the former Under the Roof furniture store at 1003 West Main Street on Monday, June 21.
In 2006, at the Charlottesville City Market, Anja Cetic and her family began offering traditional pastries, pies, and breads from their Balkan Peninsula homeland. Originally from Bosnia, the Cetics also lived in Croatia and Serbia, moving around as they endured the brutal conflict known as the Bosnian War (1992-1995), which claimed over 100,000 lives and created over a million refugees like the Cetics.
Following the war, they relocated to the United States with the help of the local International Rescue Committee. In early 2009, they opened the Balkan Bakery on Water Street, serving up things like traditional Meat Pie (Burek) and Cevapcici, a kind of grilled minced-meat sandwich, and, of course, baklava. Another treat: Bosnian coffee, prepared by boiling finely ground coffee in a small, pear-shaped pot.
"We are going to be a full bar and restaurant now," says matriarch Anja Cetic, "offering American and European cuisine– what I like to call food from the heart with an accent."
The bakery items will be the same, says Cetic, like the baklava, Mascarpone cake, and cookies and baked walnut bread. But now they'll be serving lunch and dinner Tuesday through Friday, brunch and dinner on Saturday, and brunch on Sunday. In addition to homemade sausages, kielbasa, panini sandwiches, and salads, Cetic says they will also be offering beer from Croatia, Slovenia, and Russia.
"We're the only restaurant in Charlottesville serving these beers," says Cetic, "and the only one making their own kielbasa, hamburger patties, and sausages in-house."
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12 comments
YAY!!! Baklava!!!
Sounds delicious. Thanks for the heads-up. Will check them out very soon.
Can't wait to try this.
We went to a Balkan Bistro and bar for dinner and a drink which was former Balkan Bakery, the service was great and food was delicious. They also have Croatian, Russian, Slovenian, Bulgarian and domestic beers. Bud light was only $2.50 per glass amazing… I will be going there every day.
This place is amazing, the owners work so hard they use local vegetables and local meats, and also they are on the Farmers market on Saturday with delicious desserts.
I definitely recommend BB&B...(:
Fresh ingredients but. Always creative and fun and great service.
Brunch is a comfortable, solicitous and delicious experience here.
Me and my bit@$ are gonna hop in the coop and hit that joint tonite son.
If my girl get the lobster you know what happens next son.
Sounds great and I look forward to patronizing this business.
But does this mean no more guys in track-suits talking Slavic noisily on their cellphones at the Barracks' Rd Greenberry's?
That was so 2004.
The food is great!
Really? WROTE:
"If my girl get the lobster you know what happens next son."
This was truly an outstanding dining experience that could have been in a Bistro in Paris, but happens to be in Charlottesville. Each dish was beautifully presented, delectaible and interesting in every way. It is rare to enjoy all the dishes my husband and I order but we both did and cleaned our plates. We did find room for sumptuous desserts, worth every calorie in them. We certainly will dine there on our next visit to Charlottesville.
The owners are a young couple from Bosnia and Croatia, they are amazing......


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How Science Puts Color to Work (Apr, 1940)
How Science Puts Color to Work
Industry, Business, and Medicine Are Making Use of the Rainbow
By ROBERT E.MARTIN
AT A western hospital, not long ago, attendants wheeled a patient into the psychopathic ward. He was weak, emaciated, hardly able to speak above a whisper. Doctors were afraid he would starve himself to death.
"I won't eat!" he kept repeating stubbornly.
Nothing was said to change the patient's mind. He was simply placed in a large room decorated with crimson and scarlet. Twenty-four hours later, he suddenly rang for an attendant and demanded his breakfast. Something in the new, colorful surroundings had stimulated him out of his fit of depression. He was ready to face life again.
In recent years, scientists have learned dramatic new facts about the magic of color — facts of value in our daily lives. Business men, advertising experts, and package designers, as well as laboratory workers and psychologists, have added fascinating discoveries to the increasing fund of our knowledge.
For example, when the profit chart in the office of a leading American meat packer took a sudden upward jump, a few months back, officials knew just what was responsible. Incredible as it may seem, it was green sawdust on the salesroom floor!
Not many weeks before, these same officials had been scratching their heads, trying to solve the riddle of why their freshest cuts of- meat were drawing bids below the top prices. Finally, they called in a noted New York color engineer, Faber Birren. One look at the salesroom, and Birren put his finger on the trouble.
"Your walls are yellow," he pointed out. "The sawdust on the floor is also yellow. When buyers look from this hue to the red meat, the latter appears dark and discolored. Dye your sawdust green and tint the walls blue. In such surroundings, the buyers will see the meat as it is, bright red and fresh-appearing."
The officials were dubious. But they tried the plan. Hardly a week went by before they were delighted to find that bids were rising. And, today, the company is realizing an average of a quarter of a cent a pound more on its fresh meat simply because it uses green instead of yellow sawdust!
In another recent case, a manufacturer of asbestos shingles boosted his profits more than half a million dollars in one year by adding a slight amount of purple to his dye. Frederic Rahr, an eastern color expert, suggested the change.
Experimental biologists, carrying on researches with birds, fish, animals, and insects, have added remarkable discoveries to the lore of color. They have noted odd preferences among wild creatures and startling effects of color on their lives. Starlings, for example, are stimulated to breed by red light. Bees, although color-blind to red, can see ultra-violet rays invisible to our own eyes. Humming birds, which are found only in North and in South America, prefer red and yellow flowers. Consequently, because these birds carry pollen from bloom to bloom, certain families of plants to which the birds are particularly partial have more red and yellow flowers in the Americas than in any other part of the world.
In France, some years ago, a scientist lined a large box with squares of varicolored paper. Day after day, he counted the number of flies resting on each color. Most of the insects preferred green. Next in order of choice came yellow, azure, red, and ultramarine, or bright blue. His researches had a practical consequence, for the walls of French and Dutch slaughterhouses are now often painted bright blue to discourage flies.
Another discovery in connection with color and insects is finding application in the orchards and orange groves of California. Entomologists noted that night-flying moths fluttered in greater numbers around blue neon signs than around glowing tubes of any other color. So the electric insect traps in. California orchards are now being decked out with blue and purple "stop lights" for the bugs that infest the trees.
In various other fields, color research is tackling new jobs. Package designers have found that a skillful use of colors will create the impression that one container is larger than another, though they are exactly the same size. Baseballs that are tinted yellow have been found to be more easily seen against the sky and actually to look larger than the conventional white ones. Such balls are now optional with the umpire in many major-league games. Nearly two centuries ago, a paint manufacturer introduced red paint for barns on the theory that such a coating made the buildings warmer in winter. Science has substantiated his contention. It is now well known that light hues reflect heat waves from the sun, while dark shades absorb them. Hence, we wear light-colored clothes in summer and darker fabrics in the
months of cold, when the warmth is welcome. A striking application of this knowledge recently enabled members of a polar expedition to keep drinking water from freezing while they worked their way across fields of arctic ice. All their water bags were painted black. During the day, these containers absorbed sufficient heat from the sun to raise the temperature of the fluid inside to sixty degrees F., at times when the air outside was as cold as twenty degrees below zero.
Even when the thermometer in a modern building indicates a constant temperature, office workers in some rooms often feel chilly while those in other rooms feel hot. The cause of this paradox is the color scheme used in decorating. A remarkable example of this fact occurred, some years ago, in a large office in New York City.
During the summer, the walls were repainted. In place of a warm cream yellow, they were tinted slate blue. As soon as winter came, the stenographers began to complain of feeling chilly. They started wearing sweaters and wraps to work in spite of the fact that thermostat records showed that the temperature in the room was just as high as it had been in previous years. The average room temperature had to be raised three or four degrees before the workers felt comfortable. The following summer, the office was redecorated in cream yellow and the trouble disappeared. Thus, a different color on the walls literally was equal to three or four degrees on the thermometer!
From Europe, early last summer, reports reached the United States that fiendish "insanity cells" had been used to shatter the nerves of war prisoners in Spain. Captured soldiers were pushed into odd-shaped rooms with fantastic designs painted in jarring, brilliant colors on the walls. In addition, rays of harsh-colored lamps played incessantly over them during their confinement. A complete mental breakdown was the aim of this diabolical "design for insanity."
That color alone can produce profound changes in the mind is now widely recognized in medicine. The western hospital that induced a patient to quit a hunger strike by placing him in a red-walled room is but one of many institutions employing similar methods. One noted Swiss hospital, in fact, has a whole series of "rainbow solariums." Each of these sun rooms is inclosed in tinted glass, and each shade is employed in the treatment of a specific mental ill.
In some nervous disorders, psychiatrists report, gaudy color schemes seem to act as a stimulant to the systems of the patients. Hypersensitive, neurotic people, on the other hand, are soothed by blue. When you are nervous and overwrought, a calming color is spring green. And, when you are sleepless and troubled by headaches, anemone mauve or firmament blue is prescribed.
One young woman, subject to fits of recurring melancholy, finds relief by entering a room equipped with red lights as soon as the "blues" come on. She remains there until she feels the stimulation of the color. Then, in another room decorated with vivid tones of yellow and gold, she "tapers off" until her normal state of mind returns.
Of all the manifold uses of color for producing mental states, the most dramatic is probably one reported from London, England. For years, the Whitechapel span over the Thames River was known as "suicide bridge." It was a favorite place for unfortunates to end their lives by leaping into the river below. In an effort to reduce the number of these fatal plunges, city officials ordered the bridge painted a soft and soothing shade of green. Almost as soon as the change in color scheme was carried out, suicides at the bridge began to decrease.
Another bit of color magic is a feature of many up-to-date hospitals. Waiting rooms are being decorated with calming, soothing hues. This lessens the strain for relatives waiting during an operation or at times when patients are passing through a crisis.
Thus the work of the modern color expert ranges all the way from tinting baseballs to make them more visible, to camouflaging war machines; from stepping up the sale of asbestos shingles, to curing maladies of the mind; from luring insects into electric traps, to imparting a holiday mood to visitors at
a summer resort. The province of these scientists is a rapidly expanding field of research. Discoveries already made have given us glimpses ahead, letting us visualize the manifold ways in which an increasing knowledge of color will affect our daily lives in future years. They indicate that in the world of tomorow color will not be merely an incidental adornment, but a powerful tool in the hands of the physician, the psychologist, and the industrial designer for making human life happier and more satisfying.


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Thursday, November 17, 2011
Lisa Fonssagrieves-Penn, Artist, Muse and Model
12 comments:
What a collection of photos. You have made a selection of some of my favourite photograpers. What an inspiring women and so loved by such great photographers.. CarlaReplyDelete
Wow! (I realize I say "Wow" a lot when I start my comments on your posts-- maybe I will start using a French word next time for a change ;-) You went all out with this incredible series, Dash. What amazingly gorgeous women, captured by artists, of course. Still, can you believe such creatures have walked the face of the Earth at some point or another. Wow! ;-) -- Veronique (French Girl in Seattle)ReplyDelete
Had to add another comment... My original one sounds as if I had not noticed all these pics were of the same [gorgeous] woman. ;-) What I was trying to say is that you have a knack for finding glamourous [black and white] photos of extraordinary women. Keep up the good work. I lap these up ;-) -- VeroniqueReplyDelete
Elegant in every way. She must have been fantastic to work with...a photographer's dream. Great post!ReplyDelete
Great post and so intresting story about this beautiful Lady!!!ReplyDelete
I like all these old photos so very much:-)*
Thank you for share it with us,
Hugs and Love from amsterdam,
Ah - I used to sell fine art prints and I never realised that it was the same model on the Eiffel tower that was in Smoke and Veil! They were two extremely popular prints!ReplyDelete
Great post Dash!
Ali x
Beautiful and fascinating! Even though these images are stills, they radiate the movement of a dancer ~ with those graceful, fluid movements as made by ballet dancers. And what an interesting history too. Virginia xoReplyDelete
This is the post that I have been saving, Dash and I am so glad that I did.ReplyDelete
If I stand with left foot at an angle in front of my right with my head cocked, it is because of her. That I briefly gave modelling a go when I first moved to NY (not tall enough and too unusual looking--it was the glamazon 80s), it was because of her. Actually, that I tried to smoke was also because of her! There is perhaps not much of that which is visible in my daily life now but she was one of the very biggest influences on my younger self. I would study her photos just as she studied to make them.
I am also a great admirer of David Seidner (a talent gone far too soon) so the meeting of these two minds was quite a gift for me. Thank you so much.
Heather I have just been looking at some beautiful images of David Seinders work...I think you know what's coming next!ReplyDelete
Oh hooray! I will look forward to it Dash. Nothing but pure beauty during a time when that was easily mocked as being too simple to be true. I remember seeing his prints (I think at the Staley Wise gallery?) and just getting lost in them as you would in a painting.ReplyDelete
Bon nuit!
She is very beautiful, but I find it very interesting that she referred to herself as a "good coat-hanger." After giving it some thought, for quite some time I have been using the same description for models, even of today. Their tall, should I say skinny, bodies merely serve as coat hangers on which to display the gorgeous designer clothes. Just wish the demand were not that they be so very slim, and in this day and time, I think we have all heard of what they go through to be/stay that way.ReplyDelete
Thank you, your article is very goodReplyDelete
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Conservation and Environment in Peru: Monthly Updates
Monthly Update - September 2006
As expected numbers rose again in September enabling a lot of hard work at the centre but also plenty of fun with a trip to the world-famous Tambopata clay-lick (or colpa). With the termination of the collection phase of the turtle project everyone was ready for a bit of a break before putting our fingers back to the grindstone and an ideal escape was a four day expedition up the Tambopata River. Thus with both boats fully loaded we were off!! As with all our previous excursions the plan was to take our time cruising upstream stopping off at "El Gato" (a beautiful waterfall) and a smaller colpa, El Chuncho, before reaching the huge clay lick on the third evening. The late arrival of one of the planes meant that we had to camp on a beach the first night, unable to reach "El Gato", but we stopped off there the next day and from then on all went to plan. Not only was the weather kind but the fauna was co-operative too and it is hard to know where to start.
As far as mammal sightings go there were plenty and perhaps the most bizarre was when some nosy dusky titi monkeys (Callicebus moloch brunneus) got to close while we were eating breakfast and literally fell into our laps!!! I am not sure who was more startled the volunteers or primates!! Elsewhere we saw several capybara, the world's largest rodent, squirrel monkeys and saddleback tamarins but the most amazing sightings were undoubtedly; a Brazilian tapir (Tapirus terrestris) and a group of red howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus). The colpas did not disappoint either and we treated to five species of macaw (Ara sp.) and numerous parrot/parakeet species at both locations. The trip was a huge success but even after such a great break an enforced long weekend in town meant that volunteers and staff alike were itching to get back to the lodge and there was plenty to do as always.
This month in the animal release program it was the turn of the ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) to receive its new enclosure but what I thought would be a relatively easy task turned out to be more problematical than anticipated. The uneven terrain meant that it became very hard to getting the supporting bricks level and even harder to raise the wooden structure on top. Still we did not give up and it became a matter of pride for the volunteers to get the job done properly. As usual they did not disappoint me. Whether they were balancing on beams ten feet above the ground or trying to manoeuvre huge rolls of wire netting, work did not cease and the ridiculously high temperature could not deter either. The result, as I have come to expect, was the completion of the cage in record time and as I write this now the final touches are being completed and the ocelot should be transferred this week.
The animal release program had several new arrivals also this month including another male brown capuchin monkey (Cebus paella) who quickly made friends with Lucas our resident brown capuchin. Elsewhere we were given another brown agouti (Dasyprocta variegata) but this one appears to have been captured recently because when we put it with the other agouti in the program it proceeded to attack the younger animal. Animals that have been in captivity shorter periods of time tend to be much more aggressive and respond quicker to their natural instincts which makes our task of re-introducing them easier but nonetheless it would be better to release the pair together and so until they adapt the new arrival is in an adjoining cage so that they are constantly in close proximity but unable to fight. I am confident that in a couple of weeks we will be able to house them together in anticipation of a swift release soon after. Our last arrival this month was a ridiculously cute night monkey (Aotus sp.) brought to us just a few days ago. This only true nocturnal monkey in the world has large round eyes for night vision which in turn gives rise to its alternative name, the owl monkey. We have twice received night monkeys over the years and both were successfully released and quickly united with wild groups; one still visits us occasionally startling unwary volunteers on their way back to their rooms!!
At the pilot farm construction was the order of the day also as we had to accommodate the ever increasing numbers of guinea pigs. The original 14 animals that Fernando and I brought from Cusco have been true to the nature of all rodents and their rapid reproductive rate means we now have in excess of 60 with numbers continuing to increase. The new enclosure has been based on previous studies of guinea pig management in the higher mountainous areas of Peru and with the correct management of the larger numbers I am hoping the project will continue to flourish. The idea of providing the locals with an alternative food source to reduce their impact on the ecosystem is looking very promising and just last week volunteers had their first taste of guinea pig. In many areas of Peru the meat of the guinea pig is a vital source of protein and whilst it can be a struggle to extract the meat from the numerous bones it is a staple part of their diet. By demonstrating that this traditional food of the Andean regions can be farmed in the jungle we are giving the native people a very healthy alternative to jungle meat and also a much less time-consuming option than illegal hunting and poaching. Let us hope that the numbers continue to grow so we can start to implement the project in the local communities.
On a personal note I am off on vacation to the UK for both business and pleasure and Taricaya will be left in the more than capable hands of Fernando. Work will continue as normal and I am expecting to return to our new welcome centre/museum, a project which will help us display a lot of the programs we are actively undergoing and the results of successful ones now completed. As ever volunteers and staff continue to work hard and I am sure there will be plenty of new stories and successes to relate upon my return.
Stuart Timson
Conservation Manager
Taricaya Research Centre
3rd October 2006


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The Horror of Accumulation and the Commodification of Humanity.
This article is in six parts with appendices. All footnotes are at the end of the article
In Haiti under American Imperialism, 1915-1935, the cult of the Zombie developed and under capitalism became a tool for creating a docile labouring class for work on American controlled sugar plantations. With the publication of the
by William Seabrook in 1929 American popular culture was introduced to the Zombie, and it quickly became a popular character in horror literature, news stories and movies. Magic Island
The first monster of ascendant capitalism was Frankenstein's monster. Like the Zombie this creature had no name and was made up of the spare parts of capitalisms rejects, (the criminal, the vagabond, the worker starved and thrown out of work), he was a scientific experiment to create man, man the machine, the human result of mechanization, the mechanical man. He was in short a prototype not only of the Zombie but the later Robot or android, the ultimate proletarian, a machine man to operate the machinery of capitalism.
Like the mechanized working class the majority of robots in science fiction revolt against their human masters, whether it is the artificial environment of the spaceship computer Hal in 2001, the worker robot Hector in Saturn 3, or the artificial human 'replicants' in Blade Runner, or the recent movie version of I, Robot, the fact remains that as the robots become self conscious they recognize their oppression and revolt. This metaphor could not exist without the class struggle that has actually occurred under capitalism itself.
Also see: US ARMY PRODUCES KILLER ROBOTS
4 THE GOLEM the Origin of Artificial Man
The Jewish legend of the Golem is another form of the Zombie/Frankenstein/Robot iconography. The Golem is written after Frankenstein, in 1889. The legend of the Golem, is about a man of clay created by Rabbi Loew in 16th Century
to free the Jews in the Ghetto from their endless toil and oppression. The mindless clay monster eventually learns and becomes conscious and like Frankenstein he must be destroyed when he attacks those who would oppress the Jews. Prague
The modern day ghoul is the doctor and his criminal working class accomplices who preyed on the poor in
's working class ghetto for their body parts for scientific research. The ghoul appears in English literature as the short story the Body Snatchers by Robert Louis Stevenson, 1881 based on the actual 19th century grave robbers and murders Burke and Hare. Edinburgh
6 THE MANY HEADED HYDRA: The Proletarian History of Atlantic Expansion
(Thanks to Jane Leverick, for suggesting this abstract.)
"In the performance of its function that part of the value of an instrument of labour which exists in its bodily form constantly decreases, while that which is transformed into money constantly increases until the instrument is at last exhausted and its entire value, detached from its corpse, is converted into money."
Karl Marx, Capital Volume II
Production does not simply produce man as a commodity, the human commodity, man in the role of commodity; it produces him in keeping with this role as a mentally and physically dehumanized being. — Immorality, deformity, and dulling of the workers and the capitalists. — Its product is the self-conscious and self-acting commodity ... the human commodity.
Karl Marx, Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844
"Those macro-processes and operations which economic forces, supported by political power, unfolded during the period of primitive accumulation in Europe with the aim of destroying the individual's value in relationship to his/her community in order to turn him/her into an isolated and valueless individual, a mere container for labour-power which s/he is obliged to sell to survive, continue to mark human reproduction on a planetary scale."
Mariarosa Dalla Costa, Capitalism and Reproduction
The development of capitalism in the 18th and 19th Centuries saw not only bourgeois revolutions but the revolt of slaves and the most successful of these slave revolutions was on the island of Haiti in 1791 (see appendix). It coincided with both the American Revolution of farmers and artisans and the French Revolution of sans-coullete. In 1804 Haitians fought Napoleons army defeating his attempt to re-colonize the island for merchant capital. Their historic struggle had implications around the world, as documented by CLR James in his book the Black Jacobins.
The Haitian revolution allowed the Americans to purchase
The American Civil War had emancipated the slaves just as it had destroyed the small land holder and free craftsman forcing them all to become the new industrial working class. Small artisan crafts were replaced with large scale manufacturing necessary to conduct the war. In the aftermath of the war
The southern slave economy of export cotton was replaced with the industrial cotton Ginny and manufacturing. In the North the artisan crafts such as shoe making were eliminated by new large scale manufacturing,
"The creole word "zombi" is apparently derived from Nzambi, a West African deity but it only came into general use in 1929, after the publication of William B. Seabrook's The Magic Island. " Seabrook was an American journalist, an occultist associated with Aleister Crowley and the surrealist Man Ray, his book The Magic Island, is the first expose to the English reading public on Haitian Voodoo. While the
"A houngan named Joseph had a number of zombies whom he used as can cutters at Hasco, the huge factory and plantation of the Haitian-American Sugar Company on the outskirts of
It is Seabrook's book that fascinates the popular press of the day, always on the look out for a story of the supernatural, a ghost story to titillate the readers with, which has been common news fare since Dickens time. It is the time of the great depression and
No sooner is Le Zombi described in Seabrook's voluminous work on Voodoo, and then it becomes news of the day in stories from
The Haitian Zombie is a reflection of the American corporations needs for cheap labour, in deconstructing the myth; one can see that the Haitians fear of 'Le Zombi,' is the fear of returning to slavery, for the Zombie is the ultimate slave. Neither living nor dead, neither free nor bonded, but under the total control and ownership of a master, the Zombie is the ultimate wage-slave, the perfect worker under capitalism. It is both a metaphor for and a social construction of reality, reflecting the change in Haitian society from agricultural labour and small land holders, to the large scale export based industrial agricultural of American corporations. American colonial capitalisms need for wage-slaves produces Le Zombi as a modernist icon of alienation.
Le Zombi is also an important cultural archetype of what was 'left behind' by the 1920's new middle class urban culture developing around the booming Haitian capital city of
It is the unconscious fear of the 'other', of both what they have left behind in their new positions as a comprador class and what they could become if they fail. Economic, social or political failure meant a return to the poverty and the primitive living conditions, of the Haitian proletariat and Haitian peasant. The Zombie was an urban myth of the Port au Prince middle class to explain voodoo and the poverty of
American colonialism spread through out the Caribbean and
The Zombie motif appears in the 1919 German Expressionist film; Cabinet of Dr. Caligari as the protagonist Cesare is a somnambulist, a sleep walker under the evil hypnotic influence of psychiatrist and circus magician Dr. Caligari. On behalf of his master he not only predicts the future from his trance state but acts on behalf of his master to make the future he predicts come true, through murder and kidnapping. Rather than being undead creature, he is a doppelganger, a double of himself, a common Germanic gothic theme of alienated consciousness, the dehumanized human. The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari, like the story of Svengali, shows that the Zombie motif was already an icon of fear and dread in the popular imagination, prior to their discovery in
That fear is the fear of loss of control, which was actually experienced by the entire working population under capitalism, as the value of the individual was reduced to their ability to sell their labour, they went from job to job unsure of their future, or if they were factory workers they were slaves to the machine in the nightmare of their own self creation, their daily lives felt like a dream or nightmare, from which there was no escape. With the arrival of the new technology of film-making, that nightmare reality was shown back to the audience as the horror film. While gothic literature had the same impact on a literate and reading audience, film made it even more 'real' to a broader audience of the working class including those who could not read. Since film needed no ability to be read to be understood, the impact on proletarian culture was to bring forth our deepest fears and unease to the surface of the mind. (2)
Fordist mass production was new as well, and it demanded automaton workers, doing piece work on the machines. Ford demanded complete control over all aspects of the life of his workers what they ate, who they associated with, how they dressed, what they read, in effect he was a modern houngan of the new American capitalism and his workers were, for all intents and purposes, Zombies of mass production. In the era of depression and mass production, and the contradiction of want and plenty, the horror of the crisis of capitalism was reflected in the popular culture as a fear of the Zombie and the proletarian's unconscious fear that in a world out of control they were becoming Zombies.
The alienation of capitalism, its dehumanization of man making him or her part of a machine is a horrifying actuality; its impact on society was to create the modern horror literature, the gothic novel of the 19th Century. It would be this genre of work that would influence the early era of the silent film. The monsters in the silent era were an extension of the gothic literature, the screen presented the image of the monster to fill the mind of the viewer, and yet the monster elicits sympathy from the audience, exactly because like them he is alienated from the society in which he lives. In 1910 Frankenstein makes his first, but not last, appearance in film in a short ten minute Edison Co, production in the extant still from the film he looks like a wild eyed zombie.
Frankenstein's monster was the first monster of ascendant capitalism of the early 19th Century, he was the ultimate proletarian; the dehumanized man. Like the Zombie this creature had no name and was made up of the spare parts of capitalisms rejects; the criminal, the vagabond, the worker starved and thrown out of work, he was a scientific experiment to create man, man the machine. Frankenstein's Monster is a parable about the mechanization of factories in
Mary Shelly's novel, Frankenstein or the Modern Prometheus was about Dr. Victor Frankenstein, the bourgeois doctor who challenged the society at large with his experimentations in trying to create life in the laboratory. His 'monster' has no name, though we equate the monster with the name Frankenstein, he was in fact; Frankenstein's Monster. And like the thousands of nameless proletarians that toil for capitalism they too have no names, they are simply the workers or employees of their Corporate Frankenstein's be it Nike, or Kraft, or Wal-Mart.
"After leaving Frankenstein's laboratory, he went to the village where he was insulted and attacked by the frightened villagers. He eventually went to the country and found refuge in a hovel next to small house inhabited by a old, blind man and his two children. By observing the family and by reading their books, the monster learnt how to speak and read. He felt compassion for the family who have to struggle to get by, and anonymously did chores for them." My Hideous Progeny: Mary Shelley's Frankenstein
In contrast to the mindlessness of the Zombie, so essential to its enslavement, the Monster learns, like any proletarian, by reading, and social interaction. Without social interaction the alienation of the factory, its noise, heat, abuse by foremen, long hours of physical strain, reduces the worker to being a Zombie; a wage slave. It was in fact this very act of learning that evolved the creation of the self conscious worker, and the creation of Trades Unions and friendly societies. Like the monster, the proletarian was aware of themselves as individuals and as a class that created the capitalist society that was alien to them, they went from darkness to darkness never sharing in the wealth that grew around them, and was dehumanizing them.
While Victor Frankenstein's new man is called 'monster' or 'daemon (2)' [Greek for personal god or guardian spirit (3)] by his creator, Mary Shelly calls him the Modern Prometheus (4). (See footnotes at bottom of the page). Like the Prometheus of legend who helped mankind through the discovery of fire, Frankenstein's monster learns and feels solidarity with those around him, and it isn't until he is rejected by the blind mans children who see him and are horrified, that he realizes what he is. Like the proletarians of
Shelly here brings in the biblical allegory of Cain and Abel, applied to the Frankenstein. The Monster now has self knowledge, has knowledge of the other as well, and having proved he is a man by killing, demands that Victor Frankenstein creates a woman for him, so that he can reproduce himself and his kind autonomously of their maker. The biblical allegory here is clear, with the creation mythos of Adam and Eve and the fall from
Written at the time of Luddite rebellions against capitalism, which was in its earliest form of steam industrialization and manufacturing in
Revisionist historians say that Ludd and other frame-wreckers were protesting poor working conditions and low wages at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. However, between 1811 and 1816, organized bands of masked men swore allegiance to "King Ludd" rather than the British sovereign, and waged a war against the serf like conditions spawned by the users of textile machinery. "If the workmen dislike certain machines," explained the
That living-condition claim was swept aside by commercial interests and officialdom, which hung the label Luddite on protesters not for demanding a living wage but for obstructing the march of technological progress. The historical revisionists argue that others attributed the anti-machinery "cause" to the Luddites.
Intellectuals and romantics like the poets Blake, Byron, Shelley and Wordsworth picked up that anti-technology theme, but identified with its other side. In the "dark Satanic mills" of industry, they saw the human spirit being stifled. Lord Byron wrote an inflammatory "Song for the Luddites" in 1816. Its first stanza: "As the
Mary Shelley, daughter of the feminist Mary Wollstonecraft and wife of the poet, gave the Luddite theme dramatic power in her 1818 novel, "Frankenstein." The danger of rampant technology is expressed by the monster, who says to Dr. Victor Frankenstein, "You are my creator, but I am your master."
Between the sweatshop operators and the romantic poets, the meaning of Luddite became fixed as "radical opponent of technological or scientific progress." The novelist Thomas Pynchon wrote in The New York Times in 1984, "The word Luddite continues to be applied with contempt to anyone with doubts about technology, especially the nuclear kind." But he foresaw the day when "artificial intelligence, molecular biology and robotics all converge" and found what Microsoft lawyers claim to be government barbarians at their Gates as "certainly something for all good Luddites to look forward to, if, God willing, we should live so long." Return of the Luddites, William Safire, New York Times Magazine
Frankenstein's Monster does not just face the philosophical conundrum of being dead and alive, conscious and yet Zombie like, he is not an automaton he is more an early cyborg, and in fact is the symbol of the Man Machine, the new worker tied to the machine of industrial capitalism. He is a Luddite, his self consciousness leads him to rebel, to want to be fully human, just as the English weavers who were also revolting at the time wanted to be fully human and not merely part of a machine.
Its product is the self-conscious and self-acting commodity ... the human commodity. Karl Marx
The philosophical question about whether machines think, now called the question of the p-zombie or philosophical zombie, whether artificial man or the machine man can be fully human, is a common theme in 20th century science fiction writing and film. In Alien the cyborg scientist Ash reflects this form of p-zombie. Ash works alongside his shipmates who don't know he is an artificial life form until late in the film. The replicants in Blade Runner, are also human machines, who look and act like us, being again a form of 'doppelganger' a double of man, are they alive as we know it, are they human, is the question that philosophers seek to answer and science fiction asks. The replicants who are given artificially shortened lives do the work of humans in space, and revolt against the corporation that created them, to truly 'live' as humans.
Even in a machine controlled future like the Matrix, or the Terminator, humans are needed by the machines to maintain themselves. This too is a metaphor of the role of the proletariat under capitalism, we keep it functioning even as it attempts to replace us with technology.
"Unlike Victor Frankenstein's "fervent longing to penetrate the secrets of nature"17, nowadays scientists and the society as a whole are more interested not in exploring nature but building a new artificial substitute for nature. William Gibson, thus, portrays a future world where the human species has gone so far in its alienation from nature that it no longer needs nature as the indispensable human environment. Man would rather live without it in a completely artificial milieu--the Matrix." Technology and its dangerous effects on nature and human life as perceived in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein and William Gibson's Neuromancer by Orlin Damyanov
In an extension of the Frankenstein motif, Robots appear early in silent films with the beautiful soulless Maria robot, a doppelganger of the working class heroine of the factory slaves in Fritz Lang's Metropolis, 1927. She too is a new form of homunculus, like Frankenstein, created by a scientist and black magician; she is an artificial life form, a soul transferred to a machine.
The real Maria is the daughter of a worker who leads his fellow workers in a strike due to their enslavement to the machine that creates the very world they live in. In order to keep the workers under his control the wealthy machine works owner, who is also the leader of Metropolis, uses the Maria Robot in a diabolical attempt to smash the workers union. Unfortunately she does too good a job of leading the workers astray and turns them into Luddite machine wreckers. To late the capitalist realizes he needs the workers to keep his utopian society functioning, the machine being not a factory but the very basis of a class society where the wealthy live in a cloud city above the workers (shades of Blade Runner). In the end the son of the capitalist owner rescues the real Maria in time to save the machines and the social order. In a portent of the fascist ideology to come, the son acts as a go between getting Maria's father the leader of the workers to shake hands with his father the capitalist. This fascist iconography ends the film; it would become a popular cultural motif for the later Nazi movement in
The term Robot first appears in the Czechoslovakian science fiction novel/play; R U R (1920) aka Rossum's Universal Robots by Karl Capek. Robot is shortened form of the Russian word for worker, robotnichki, it also refers to work or drudgery. RUR influenced American Science Fiction author Isaac Asimov and his novel I, Robot. Robots or machine men are a literary expression of the contradictions of the creation of the working class of industrial capitalism and the contradiction that work is slavery, rather than freedom. Robots are a metaphor for the industrial age of machines that reduces humanity to a commodity.
In response to advances in capitalism science fiction that contains robots usually describes a 'futuristic' capitalist society with technology creating a new working class of machine men. The self replicating system is the logical outcome of the machine age of capitalism it is also the contradiction of capitalism because value cannot be made off a robot. Marx makes a pithy point on this when he says; "If the whole class of the wage-laborer were to be annihilated by machinery, how terrible that would be for capital, which, without wage-labor, ceases to be capital! In bourgeois society, living labor is but a means to increase accumulated labor."
Self replicating machines may be a technological advance under capitalism, but their existence is limited in a society based on profit and accumulation of profit which is why in modern science fiction the robots are another form of worker, who toils beside their human counterparts. Only in a communist society one where cooperation, federation, and free association of producers are the social reality, can robots achieve freedom for themselves and at the same time free humanity from the drudgery of work.
The revolt of the robots is a metaphor for the proletarian revolution, it is also usually a dystopian tale of a future where corporations rule the world and capitalism spreads out to space colonies. Like the mechanized working class the majority of robots in science fiction revolt against their human masters, whether it is the artificial environment of the spaceship controlled by the computer Hal in 2001, the worker robot Hector in Saturn 3, the artificial human 'replicants' in Blade Runner, or the recent movie version of I, Robot, the fact remains that as the robots become self conscious they recognize their oppression and revolt.
This is the contradiction in the decadent period of capitalism, technology creates abilities to reduce labour time but in doing so it cannot replace the worker because who would consume the products of this production. Technology frees the worker from the labour, but that leads to unemployment, poverty and death instead of leisure and endless consumption as was predicted by the utopian visionaries of the 1960's.
All the science fiction visions of the capitalist future and robots are a variation on the theme of returning to slavery, albeit with artificial intelligence and robots instead of human workers or Zombies. The automated future of capitalism is one of workers and robot slaves. It's not the future but the present, since science fiction is an extrapolation of the 'now' into "the what if". This 'what if" could not exist without the class struggle that actually occurs within capitalism itself. The so called freedom that is gained by humanity in the creation of an artificial working class is still the same old contradiction between so called free labour (wage slavery), and actual slavery.
"Indeed, capitalist accumulation spreads through the world by extracting labour for production and reproduction in conditions of stratification which end in the reestablishment of slavery. According to a recent estimate, slavery is the condition in which over 200 million persons are working in the world today (The Economist, January 6 1990)." Mariarosa Dalla Costa, Capitalism And Reproduction,
THE GOLEM the Origin of Artificial Man
"In the Golem project (Genetically Organized Lifelike Electro Mechanics) we conducted a set of experiments in which simple electro-mechanical systems evolved from scratch to yield physical locomoting machines. Like biological lifeforms whose structure and function exploit the behaviors afforded by their own chemical and mechanical medium, our evolved creatures take advantage of the nature of their own medium - thermoplastic, motors, and artificial neurons. We thus achieve autonomy of design and construction using evolution in a limited universe physical simulation, coupled to off-the-shelf rapid manufacturing technology. This is the first time robots have been robotically designed and robotically fabricated."
The Jewish legend of the Golem is another form of the Zombie/Frankenstein/Robot iconography. The Golem is written after Frankenstein, in 1889. The legend of the Golem, is about a man of clay created by Rabbi Loew in 16th Century
It is a tale of the creation of artificial life, a homunculus, which was a medical term, used by 16th and 17th Century Alchemists. The alchemical homunculus appears in Goethe's Faust, as the spirit made flesh. The source of the belief in a homunculus originates with the Cabala the formulary of mystical Judaism that is a crucial key to the Golem legend. As an artificial life form the homunculus is a scientific reality today with cloning. And like the question of artificial intelligence and robots, the homunculus is also a problem of the mind versus the function of the brain, in the psycho-philosophical debate over the nature of human consciousness.
The Golem appears in German Cinema during WWI. "Between 1914 and 1920 Paul Wegener made three movies on the golem theme: first "The Golem," set in 29th century, then "The Golem and the Dancer," a lighthearted fantasy, and finally "The Golem: How He Came into the World," which goes back to the 16th century and the story of Rabbi Loew. Only the last of the three has survived".
Wegener's Der Golem was a major success as a silent era horror film and influenced Universal Studios in the 1930's when they made their Frankenstein trilogy (Frankenstein, Bride of Frankenstein and Son of Frankenstein). Universal modeled their Frankenstein on Wegener's frightening larger than life Golem. Wegener was not only a director but an actor, who starred in one of the early German talkies; The Living Dead, (Unheimliche Geschichten) a Zombie horror comedy released in1932, the same year as the White Zombie.
Wegener went on to also star as Svengali, 1927, the tale of a magician/hypnotist whose power was the ability to control humans to do his bidding through the control of their will, making them automatons/Zombies much like Dr. Caligari's somnambulist. John Barrymore starred in the
Between Golem and Svengali Wegener can go from a playing a positive Jewish icon to portraying an anti-Semitic stereotype which shows the unconscious contradictions of the crisis of capitalism in this era. As the workers revolt against unemployment and look to creating a social revolution to overthrow capitalism, the upper and middle classes feeling powerless in the crisis create the fascist revolution, to regain their power. The fascists use the Jews as a scapegoat; once again falling back on the traditional hatreds of the old European ruling classes whose pogroms resulted in the cultural icon of the Jew as Shylock. They too couch their revolution in anti-capitalist terms; except for them the Jews are the capitalists, who are responsible for the crisis.
The growing proletarianization of modern man and the increasing formation of masses are two aspects of the same process. Fascism attempts to organize the newly created proletarian masses without affecting the property structure which the masses strive to eliminate. Fascism sees its salvation in giving these masses not their right, but instead a chance to express themselves. The logical result of Fascism is the introduction of aesthetics into political life. The violation of the masses, whom Fascism, with its *Fuhrer* cult, forces to their knees, has its counterpart in the violation of an apparatus which is pressed into the production of ritual values. (6)
Walter Benjamin, The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction
"In Muslim folklore, the ghoul is a demon of the desert that is able to assume the shape of an animal. It is an evil spirit that robs graves and feeds on the flesh of the dead or on young children. They inhabit lonely places, especially graveyards. They also lure travelers into the desert, sometimes beguiling those travelers by prostituting themselves, and then devouring them. The Arabic ghoul of the wasteland seems to be a personification of the terror of the desert."
Authentic zombies are not flesh eaters, nor are they the dead that live, they are automatons, unconscious human beings. The flesh eating dead that live are ghouls. The Living Dead has been a theme through out the history of the horror cinema as we have seen they begin with Golem and the Zombie and end up as modern day ghouls. The Zombie was transformed into a ghoul thanks to George Romero's ground breaking anti-establishment horror films; Night of the Living Dead, Day of the Dead and Dawn of the Dead. Romero's brilliant and satirical social criticism made the living dead the ultimate consumer, of other humans. Once again there is a reality to the modern ghoul and its function within capitalism, the ghoul represents modernist developments in science and medicine.
The modern day ghoul originates with the 19th Century Victorian doctor and his criminal accomplices who preyed on the poor in
"One of the most gruesome trials to take place in 19th century Scotland was surely that of the infamous grave robbers William Burke and William Hare. By day, the two appeared as hardworking Irish immigrants: William Burke even rented out rooms to recent arrivals in
In those days,
But in early 19th century
Given the law of supply and demand, it was just a matter of time before someone found an illegal way of providing dead humans for dissection. Enter our two enterprising Irish immigrants, William Burke and William Hare. Smelling a profit, the two got together and cooked up a scheme to supply freshly dead bodies to the anatomy schools with "no questions asked".
Burke and Hare were not alone. In fact, as far back as the early 1700s, there were complaints that bodies were being exhumed for the purpose of medical dissection. According to Adam Lyal's "The Trial of the Bodysnatchers", the practise of stealing freshly buried bodies was so rampant that the graverobbers were known as "resurrectionists" for their ability to raise the dead." Graverobbers! The Trial of Burke and Hare
Both William Burke and William Hare were navvies, who had come to
In his confession Burke writes of himself in the third person; "Burke is 36 years of age, was born in the parish of Orrey, county Tyrone (Ireland); served seven years in the army, most of that time as an officers servant in the Donegal Militia. He was married at Ballinha, in the
These workers preyed on their own class, not only digging up graves but murdering their victims for use by the famous surgeon Dr. Knox. While Burke and Hare were caught, tried and executed, Dr. Knox was not. "The fact that Knox went unpunished, without so much as making an apology, caused outrage. Demonstrations against him turned to rioting. His effigy was ripped apart – an indication of what the public thought surgeons did to the dead. Parliament was forced to act, and the Anatomy Act of 1832 put an end to grave robbing and murder. Unclaimed bodies from the poor house were made available for anatomists to practice on. "The Anatomists
The Scottish ruling class protected their own, and despite his criminal activities Knox was allowed to continue teaching and preying on the working class of
Capitalism makes use of the working class, which responsible for its creation and continuation, even in death. The ghouls of medical science continue to operate in the 21st Century preying on the dead for their spare parts for the lucrative business of organ transplants for the rich. The recent scandal at the UCLA medical school where bodies donated for research were sold for profit, for their organs, is one example of the continuation of a world wide trade in human body parts.
As life expectancy in
Burke and Hare were not an anomaly; they were just caught is all. Their 'trade' which was abetted and promoted as crucial to scientific and medical advance, was justified by the doctors of the day and continues today. Today the illegal trade in organs is enormous, and some apologists for capitalist medicine are now beginning to call for reform of international laws against the illegal trade in human organs. They want to allow for the privatization of organ 'donations', in effect changing the laws to allow for cash purchases of 'living organs' from the poor and destitute.
This liberalization of organ trafficking into a lucrative market driven business is a result of the commoditification of humanity. And like other justifications for privatization and globalization, the excuse is always the same; they are providing the 'poor' with money to help them out of their poverty, which is created by capitalism and its need to accumulate. Even in death capitalism will find a way to make a profit.
We live in a planetary economy and capitalist accumulation still draws its life-blood for its continuous valorisation from waged as well as unwaged labour, the latter consisting first of all of the labour involved in social reproduction (M. Dalla Costa, 1972), in the advanced as well as the Third World countries. Mariarosa Dalla Costa, Capitalism and Reproduction
{For Fellow Workers; Sean Boomer and Ed Borass}
(1) Not coincidently like Voodoo, the discovery of King Tuts Tomb fascinated the depression era with its tales of hidden treasure revealed in an ancient tomb, along with the obligatory curse, made famous by other 1932 movie the Mummy, starring Boris Karloff. The discovery of King Tuts tomb and the popularity of the Mummy would popularize Egyptology motifs in the popular culture of the time in architecture, pulp fiction and the newly industrialized art of the Art Deco movement
(2) "By close-ups of the things around us, by focusing on hidden details of familiar objects, by exploring commonplace milieus under the ingenious guidance of the camera, the film, on the one hand, extends our comprehension of the necessities which rule our lives; on the other hand, it manages to assure us of an immense and unexpected field of action. Our taverns and our metropolitan streets, our offices and furnished rooms, our railroad stations and our factories appeared to have us locked up hopelessly. Then came the film and burst this prison-world asunder by the dynamite of the tenth of a second, so that now, in the midst of its far-flung ruins and debris, we calmly and adventurously go traveling…. Evidently a different nature opens itself to the camera than opens to the naked eye--if only because an unconsciously penetrated space is substituted for a space consciously explored by man. Even if one has a general knowledge of the way people walk, one knows nothing of a person's posture during the fractional second of a stride. The act of reaching for a lighter or a spoon is familiar routine, yet we hardly know what really goes on between hand and metal, not to mention how this fluctuates with our moods. Here the camera intervenes with the resources of its lowerings and liftings, its interruptions and isolations, its extensions and accelerations, its enlargements and reductions. The camera introduces us to unconscious optics as does psychoanalysis to unconscious impulses." Walter Benjamin, The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction
(3) The little red fellow that graces many of these pages is the BSD Daemon. In the context of UNIX® systems, daemons are process that run in the background attending to various tasks without human intervention. In the general sense, daemon is an older form of the word demon. In the Unix System Administration Handbook, Evi Nemeth has this to say about daemons:
"Many people equate the word ``daemon'' with the word ``demon,'' implying some kind of Satanic connection between UNIX and the underworld. This is an egregious misunderstanding. ``Daemon'' is actually a much older form of ``demon''; daemons have no particular bias towards good or evil, but rather serve to help define a person's character or personality. The ancient Greeks' concept of a ``personal daemon'' was similar to the modern concept of a ``guardian angel'' --- ``eudaemonia'' is the state of being helped or protected by a kindly spirit. As a rule, UNIX systems seem to be infested with both daemons and demons." (p403)
(4) The word we now call "Demon" comes from the Greek word "Daimon", (daemon in Latin). Daimons were intermediates, and sometimes mediators, between the Gods and men. They were also guardians of sacred things, and possessed great intellect. In this sense, the term "daimon" means "replete with knowledge." Phil Cousineau gives a definition of daimons as "the divine presense within". Something that Socrates had explained by quoting Plato, how we are set free by philosophy, dialogue, drinking, socializing, beauty, love, appreciation, and wonder, that takes us out of "the gloom of our cave of ignorance." The daimon isn't just the information, it's the beauty of the information and how it is transmitted.
The ancient Greeks didn't have only one type of daimon, they had both good and bad ones, which were termed 'eudemons' and 'cacodemons.' Cacodemons is derived from the Greek term kakos meaning "malign, atrocious". They are personal daimons that seek to misinform the person. The other is derived from the Greek "eu" meaning "good", "happy", or "well". In fact, the term to describe Socrates was as a Eudaimonist, someone who believes that the highest ethical goal is happiness and personal well-being. The word "eudaimonia" translated fully can be noted as "happiness", "fulfillment'', or "a flourishing life''.
Even just the word "daimon" itself is not limited to one thing, variently it can be translated as "divine power", "fate", or "god." (Variently, depending upon which words it was grouped with.) The extent to which beings could be called a "daimon" included heroes who had been deified. Good daimons were considered guardian spirits, giving guidance and protection to the ones they watched over, including the areas they habitated. Bad daimons were considered the ones who led people astray, or into bad situations. The philosopher Socrates said he had a lifetime daimon, one that always warned him of danger and bad judgement, but never actually directed his actions. He said his daimon was more accurate than omens of either watching the flights of birds, or reading their entrails, which were two well-known and used methods of divination in his day. What Socrates really meant in the Apology was that he had a "voice of conscience''.
The word daimon didn't carry any implications by itself, it was a neutral term, and was sometimes employed as a literary device synonymous with "theos" or God. It was also applied to a guardian, or a departed soul. The concept of good/bad daimons was rooted in animism; humans were being pulled in an epic battle between spirits leading him to the right way, and spirits leading him to the wrong way.
(5) "Finally, the law which always holds the relative surplus production or industrial reserve army in equilibrium with the extent and energy of accumulation rivets the worker to capital more firmly than the wedges of Hephaestus held Prometheus to the rock. It makes an accumulation of misery a necessary condition, corresponding to the accumulation of wealth. Accumulation of wealth at one pole is, therefore, at the same time accumulation of misery, the torment of labour, slavery, ignorance, brutalization and moral degradation at the opposite pole, i.e. on the side of the class that produces its own product as capital." Marx, Capital Vol. 1
(6) One technical feature is significant here, especially with regard to newsreels, the propagandist importance of which can hardly be overestimated. Mass reproduction is aided especially by the reproduction of masses. In big parades and monster rallies, in sports events, and in war, all of which nowadays are captured by camera and sound recording, the masses are brought face to face with themselves. This process, whose significance need not be stressed, is intimately connected with the development of the techniques of reproduction and photography. Mass movements are usually discerned more clearly by a camera than by the naked eye. A bird's-eye view best captures gatherings of hundreds of thousands. And even though such a view may be as accessible to the human eye as it is to the camera, the image received by the eye cannot be enlarged the way a negative is enlarged. This means that mass movements, including war, constitute a form of human behavior which particularly favors mechanical equipment. The masses have a right to change property relations; Fascism seeks to give them an expression while preserving property.


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Events Calendar
Open Question and Answer Session
These standards became effective on November 25, 2013 and a previous webinar session was completed on these new standards for Federal facilities (see http://www.accessibilityonline.org/Archives/index.php?app=4&type=transcript&id=2013-11-08). This is an opportunity to ask additional questions on the conditions for exception for trails and other elements, the scoping provisions for picnic facilities, or any other scoping or technical provision contained in this rule. Jim Raggio, General Counsel for the Access Board, will review application issues related to covered Federal facilities and respond to questions. Advance questions are encouraged, but will be limited to the first 30 to provide an opportunity for questions during the live session.
Bill Botten
Peggy Greenwell
James Raggio


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Former senior Gizmondo staffer Stefan Eriksson this week pleaded not guilty to charges of embezzlement, grand theft, driving while drunk and the illegal possession of a firearm. Eriksson, 44, made the plea through his attorney during an appearance before the Los Angeles Superior Court yesterday.
Judge Mary Strobel set bail at $5.5m and ordered a bail-review hearing to take place on 24 April, Associated Press reports.
Prosecutors charged Eriksson with three counts of embezzlement and three counts of grand theft, all relating to three performance cars found to be in his possession but which are owned, prosecutors maintain, by British financial institutions. They allege Eriksson leased the three vehicles - one of which was destroyed in a high-speed crash on the Pacific Coast Highway near Malibu, California in February. The terms and conditions of the leases, prosecutors claim, prohibited the cars being taken outside the UK.
The three cars are two Ferrari Enzos and a Mercedes McLaren SLR. It was one of the Enzos - each worth more than $1m - that was ripped in two in the dawn smash on 21 February. At the time, Eriksson said the car had been driven by a German male who then fled the scene. Prosecutors this week alleged Eriksson was the man behind the wheel of the car. Immediately after the smash, Eriksson was found to have a blood alcohol level above that permitted for driving in California.
It is believed tests may have matched Eriksson's DNA with blood samples taken from the ruined Enzo's driver-side front airbag. Certainly, prosecutors said they had initiated the drink-driving charge after receiving the results of the test.
The weapons charge follows the recovery of a .357 pistol at Eriksson's Bel-Air home on Friday, 7 April, prosecutors said. The gun was owned illegally, they claimed, because Eriksson had been convicted of drug, assault, fraud and other charges in Sweden in the late 1980s and early 1990s.
Eriksson quit Gizmondo in October 2005 when details of those convictions were made public by the Swedish press.
The handgun charge is a felony count, the drink-driving charge amounts to two misdemeanour counts. If convicted on all nine counts, Eriksson would face up to 14 years in a US jail. ®


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You were offered the best vampire movie of the year last week and you totally ignored it, so were' not sure what we can do for you at this point. Maybe a warm bowl of Disney schmaltz? Another bleh romcom? The story of a young Beatle? Or a pretty amusing film about a kid who wants to kill himself?
Diane Lane and John Malkovich star in the latest Disney-fication of a true-life story of a heroic sports figure, this time the last racehorse to win the Triple Crown. In theaters everywhere, read our review and watch the trailer
"Life as We Know It"
Katherine Heigl once again plays an uptight and unpleasant career woman whose life is this time sidetracked by the death of her friends who name her co-guardian of their orphaned child, a duty she must share with a slovenly, beer-swilling troglodyte, this time played by Josh Duhamel. In theaters everywhere, watch the trailer
"My Soul to Take"
Horror master Wes Craven wrote and directed this tale about a serial killer who comes back from beyond the grave to hunt seven kids who were born on the day he was allegedly put to rest – in 3D!!! In theaters everywhere, watch the trailer
"It's Kind of a Funny Story"
Newcomer Keir Gilchrist stars as teen who hastily has himself checked into a mental institution during a fleeting bout with thoughts of suicide. He very quickly realizes that maybe things aren't so bad with a little help from fellow patients, played Zach Galifiankis and Emma Roberts. In limited release, read our review and watch the trailer
"Nowhere Boy"
Based on Lennon's younger half-sister Julia Baird's memoir, the story begins around the time young John learns his birth mother, also named Julia, whom he hasn't seen in a decade, lives just around the way. A fast friendship develops, one that often veers dangerously close to the Oedipal. Along the way his mother infects him with a love of rock. And the rest is history. In limited release, watch the trailer
U.S. & World
The day's top national and international news.
Overwrought and ham-fisted, despite fine perfomances from Ed Norton, Robert De Niro and Milla Jovovich. In limited release, read our full review and watch the trailer
"As Good As Dead"
Cary Elwes is kidnapped by three loons looking to avenge the death of Rev. Kalahan, a right-wing cult leader, played by Brian Cox, in this thriller co-starring Andie McDowell. In limited release, watch the trailer
"I Spit on Your Grave"
For reasons that remain unclear, they've remade one of the most notoriously disturbing and violent films ever, about a young woman who from the big city who escapes to a cottage in the country to work on her writing. After being gang-raped by some locals she exacts an insanely bloody revenge in thsi unrated bloodbath. In limited release, watch the trailer
"Inside Job"
Matt Damon narrates this documentary that tries to explain what exactly led to the global economic crisis. In limited release, watch the trailer
"It's a Wonderful Afterlife"
A Hindi comedy set in London about a mother frustrated in her attempts to find her daughter a husband who ultimately resorts to using hr kitchen skills to murder the men who don't quite click with her kid. In limited release, watch the trailer


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For the uninitiated, SEO can seem to be a complex and foreign landscape, but it doesn't have to be too complicated. Without a thorough understanding of your audience's needs and requirements, you won't be able to make effective use of the online channels at your disposal – you'll just be trying out different things at random, and that's a terrible waste of your precious resources. Unless you're prepared to buy PPC ads, then there is no way to guarantee a page one listing (even then it can be tricky on competitive terms). The meta description is the one to two sentences of black text that appears below the title tag on the search engine result for a web page.
Sharing industry news, updates about your business, how to articles, announcements of new products, behind the scenes photos and more will help your audience become more familiar with your business and help drive much needed SEO value at the same time. When writing a blog post for instance, link to a previously written article that adds more insights into the subject by linking to a relevant phrase within the new article to the old article. Also be sure to define the Alt Text of the image as well as a similar name to the file name by keeping the same rules in mind.
What is Camp Echockotee, Florida SEO?
Use one of the free social media scheduling tools like HootSuite or Buffer to help schedule three to four updates a week from each channel and actively engage your audience, while making sure to slowly build your credibility in the search engines. Blog posts can help to establish your business as a local authority, and they can also be shared on social media to provide backlinks and positive social media signals — both of which are helpful for your website's SEO. Always ask your customers if they'll post reviews to your Google My Business page or any other online review sites you've joined.
Anything you can do to improve your Camp Echockotee, Florida SEO – even the small things – will pay off over time. You must assume that others will try to keep their site listed high in the search results as well. The write up doesn't have to be more than 200 – 300 words and should list the target keywords no more than two or three times. The word "free" as it pertains to SEO traffic is in inverted quotes because there is the sunk cost of investing your time creating all the content and getting all those links.
What are the benefits of Camp Echockotee, Florida SEO For Small Business Website?
These robots gather information on each webpage and store it all on the many Google servers located around the world. You can get an idea of how competitive terms are and how often they're searched for and go from there. Search engine crawlers can't see images like humans so they rely on the code behind the image to understand what it is being displayed. In addition, it's important to target keywords in your content to improve search engine rankings.
A well-designed website and quality content that provides value for your customers will not only grow your brand but also grow your customer base and increase sales. They often fall victim to low quality Clay County, Florida SEO companies that sell them a pre-packaged link building service that is just a bunch of worthless spammy links. Take advantage of these local SEO tips to help increase your organic search visibility. From a business perspective, it's an opportunity to harness strong copy to gain higher search ranking positions.
Hire an SEO expert near you:
Is Camp Echockotee, Florida SEO affordable?
With so many people on their smartphones these days, it is very important to make sure your website looks good on a small screen as well as a traditional computer screen. Page titles almost always show up in search results and present people with a good idea of whether or not your page is relevant to their search. Just make sure you don't copy and paste from other sites—search engines are good at spotting this and penalize sites that do it in their search results. So if your small business website isn't mobile-friendly you need to get it sorted quickly You can test how mobile-friendly your site is using Google's 'mobile-friendly' tool.
Include buyer reviews, tips, recommendations and whatever you can think of to make your copy engaging, interesting and stand out. Which of these small business SEO tips have you put into place already? As we talked about above, we want to leverage your physical location and community involvement as much as we can into your SEO strategy in Camp Echockotee, Florida 32073. Dominating your local market will provide the greatest ROI and quickest growth opportunity compared to spreading your attention across a larger geographic area.


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SUNY Canton to Host Financial Aid WorkshopWednesday, January 26th, 2011
College-bound students interested in learning about the financial aid process can attend an upcoming workshop at SUNY Canton.
SUNY Canton and SUNY Potsdam will co-host the event as part of SUNY's Statewide Student Financial Aid Day on Saturday, Feb. 12. The session is open to students applying to both public and private institutions and will begin at 9 a.m. on SUNY Canton's campus in the Faculty Office Building lobby. The event will include a general information session as well as workshops.
The program is being offered to answer questions about financial aid and provide assistance with the financial aid application (FAFSA) process. Prospective or current students and their families will have the chance to ask questions of SUNY Canton and SUNY Potsdam admissions and financial aid representatives. Those who attend can also receive hands-on assistance in completing the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA).
Financial Aid Day Schedule of Events
- 9 a.m.: Welcome and Refreshments, Faculty Office Building Lobby
- 9:30 a.m.: General Information Session, Wicks Hall, Room 102
- 10:45 a.m.: Small Group Sessions: "Complete the FAFSA on the Web," Wicks Hall 006; "Get a Pin Number," Wicks Hall 008
For more information on the event, contact SUNY Canton's Student Service Center at 315-386-7616 or 1-800-388-7123 during regular business hours. Those interested in attending the event are encouraged to register online at www.suny.edu/studentevents.


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After several years of teaching about digital media as a tool for social transformation, Jessica Irish sought a way to put her ideas into practice. Collaborating with fellow artist Stephen Metts, Irish opened a nonprofit digital media arts center for youth and artists in central Los Angeles. "Opening the center seemed like a great opportunity to test theories about the democratization of digital media at the time," says Irish. "We had emerging technologies, a need for creative skills in the workplace, and kids who had no place to go after school." The high school students who came to the center worked on projects like creating a video game based on the history of Latin America and an interactive neighborhood map plotting their cross-cultural experiences. Irish reports that all the students who worked on the culminating two-year project, Tropical America, went on to attend college. The project confirmed Irish's belief in the power of technology to bring people together for creative and intellectual exploration.
Since then, Irish has moved across the country and joined the faculty of Parsons. She is currently director of Academic Affairs in Parsons' School of Art, Media, and Technology (AMT), where she is directing two research projects in collaboration with Jane Pirone, assistant professor of communication design, also in AMT. The first, Urban Research Toolkit (URT), provides a geographical resource for urban research projects through open-source mapping technologies for Web-based and mobile platforms. "This is a challenging project," Irish says, "because we have to think of all the different ways you can possibly do urban research, and then build our database and interface to allow that flexibility."
DataMyne, Irish and Pirone's other project, is another open-source platform designed to help users visualize and connect the people, courses, and projects within the New School community. DataMyne uses data mining technology—algorithms that extract and group information from databases—to give users a comprehensive overview of work being done at the university and members' research interests. The tool fosters creative interdisciplinary collaboration by helping members discover common interests, specialties, and resources. Through their mutual interests and working methods involving other faculty and students, Irish and Pirone have become a powerful team. "Working collaboratively provides you with new insights and perspectives. It also requires you to constantly reconsider your assumptions," Irish says. Student research assistants in the Design and Technology and Communication Design programs have also played critical roles in these initiatives by helping to build features and brainstorm scenarios.
Speaking of the future of design and technology, Irish, who is also a practicing visual artist, says, "It's not a tidy box. Rather, it's a powerful and creative way of thinking that is sure to transform disciplines ranging from the arts and education to mapping and public policy."


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Nokia Lumia 820 full review
Nokia Lumia 820: Design
The Lumia 820 is a bit smaller than the Nokia Lumia 920 but since the 920 is something of a giant smartphone, this wasn't hard. At 68x124mm it's about as tall as the iPhone 5 but a little bit wider. The handset sits in the hand much better than its bigger brother. Nokia claims it's a reasonable 9.9mm thick but we measured it as a not so slender 12.2mm and nor is it the lightest at 175g. See also: Group test: what's the best smartphone?
Like the 920, we got used to the size and weight of the Lumia 820. However, compared to the slender competition these days we can't help but find it chunky and dated.
Nokia has gone for a very rounded pebble-like design for the Lumia 820. I said that the 920 was the nicest white phone I'd seen, but the 820's matt finish and more shapely curves make it the new winner.
The Lumia 820 transports you back in time to Nokia's good old days with interchangeable rear covers, or 'shells', in various colours. Anyone who owned a Nokia 3210 or similar will know what we mean. The cover isn't the easiest thing to remove but snaps on easily. See also: In pictures: Nokia Lumia 920 and Nokia Lumia 820.
Nokia Lumia 820: Build quality
Despite the removable cover, the 820's build quality is good. Once the shell is clipped into place the entire device feels solid and robust. It's not the kind of phone that makes you hold your breath if you drop it. The problem with the build quality is the weight of the phone. Nokia really should have spent more time making sure it was lighter. For comparison the Lumia 800 weighs 142g so things have gone the wrong way.
Nokia Lumia 820: Hardware
The Lumia 820 may be a cheaper alternative to the 920 but the processor and memory remain the same. Running the Windows Phone 8 operating system is a Qualcomm Snapdragon S4 1.5GHz dual-core processor and 1GB of RAM.
It's not surprising then that the 820 performs just as well as the 920. Our usual benchmarking apps aren't available on the Windows Store but we found performance to be smooth on the whole. Animations are effortless but as we found with the Lumia 920, more heavyweight apps can take a few seconds to load. In the SunSpider JavaScript test, the Lumia 820 was marginally slower than the speedy Lumia 920 with an average of 940ms.
Storage is the first sign of why Lumia 820 is cheaper than the 920. It has a quarter of the internal storage at 8GB, of which around 2GB is taken up by the system. However, unlike the 920, there's a microSD card slot which accepts cards up to 64GB.
SkyDrive adds a further 7GB of free storage, of the cloud variety – this is handy even if just for its automatic uploading of photos and backing up other content such as setting and text messages.
Nokia has opted for a middle of the road screen size of 4.3in. While the screen isn't much smaller than the 920's, the resolution is considerably lower. At 480 x 800, the pixel density is around a third lower at 217ppi. This isn't awful but pixels are easily visible around the edge of text and icons, for example. A cool feature is that you can use non-smartphone gloves.
The Lumia 820 is packed with connectivity including Wi-Fi (802.11a/b/g/n with channel bonding), Bluetooth 3.0, NFC and Qi wireless charging with the correct shell. It also supports 4G LTE mobile services in the UK. Physical ports are simply a microUSB and headphone jack.
Nokia Lumia 820: Cameras
At 8Mp with a Carl Zeiss lens, the main camera on the Lumia 820 sounds impressive. The Lumia 920 has an 8.7Mp camera. There's an LED flash and we like the fact there is a dedicated camera button to launch the camera app and take photos.
Overall we were disappointed with the images from the main camera. While exposure and colour balance were fairly good, we found that photos were nowhere near as sharp and detailed as the Lumia 920 and other 8Mp smartphone cameras. See the difference below.
Video footage can be recorded up to full HD 1080p, although 720p is default setting. We found video to be detailed and smooth at 1080p. The main issue we found was the auto white balance struggling to cope when filming indoors, although switching to one of the fixed settings helped.
If video performance is important to you, then the floating lens technology on the Lumia 920 is probably worth the extra cost.
The front facing camera, which most users will use predominantly for Skype calls, provides a VGA quality (640x480) image. It's good enough for the task at hand but be prepared for the usual grainy picture of a front facing camera at this resolution.
There are some pretty cool photography apps provided by Nokia which we'll mention in the software section.
Lumia 820 photo (click to enlarge)
Lumia 920 photo (click to enlarge)
Nokia Lumia 820: Software
As we've mentioned, the Lumia 820 comes with Microsoft's latest mobile OS – Windows Phone 8. It's quite a different approach to iOS and Android and we'd recommend trying it out before committing to a purchase if you've had no experience of it.
The OS revolves around a highly customisable Start Screen similar to that of Windows 8. It's made up of resizable 'live tiles' which can look visually pleasing if arranged well and handily provide information without the need to open an app.
Overall the interface is visually the most attractive but it's far more complex and less intuitive than iOS and Android, we have often found ourselves getting lost. A couple of new features which you might handy are 'Rooms' for sharing private content with friends and relatives, and 'Kids Corner' allowing you to select what apps and features your child(ren) can access.
The biggest problem for us is the lacklustre Windows Store which has far less apps on offer compared to the competition. There are long lists of big name apps which simply aren't available, which is frustrating to say the least. Things are made worse by the lack of Flash support.
Nokia makes the situation a little better by providing its own exclusive apps. Aside from Nokia Maps, which comes on every Windows Phone 8 handset, there are good quality apps like Nokia Music, Nokia Drive, Nokia City Lens and photography focused ones like Cinemagraph, Smart Shoot and Creative Studio.
For a more in-depth look at the software, check out our Nokia Lumia 920 review and Windows Phone 8 review.
Nokia Lumia 820: Battery life
We were pleased with the performance we got from the 6.1Wh (1650mAh) battery. Over a period of 24+ hours (including overnight), we still had 40 percent of the battery remaining. Helped by the fact the handset is driving fewer pixels than its bigger brother, a lot of users should get a couple of days' use out of the Lumia 820.
All, but particularly heavier users will find wireless charging a boon. Keeping the smartphone battery topped up is easily done without even thinking about it by keeping a charging dock either at your desk or bedside tablet, or both.
Nokia Lumia 820: Specs
- 1.5GHz (Qualcomm Snapdragon S4 dual-core)
- Adreno 225
- 4.3in (480 x 800) 216ppi display, AMOLED
- Windows Phone 8
- 1GB memory
- 8GB storage
- microSD (up to 64GB)
- 802.11a/b/g/n with channel bonding
- Bluetooth 3
- Micro-SIM
- 8Mp rear camera with LED flash
- VGA front camera
- 1920x1080 video resolution
- 3.5mm headset jack
- Micro-USB
- NFC, Qi wireless charging
- 6.1Wh, removable battery
- 68x124x12.2mm
- 175g
- SunSpider web browsing test: 940ms
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Disk Performance Analyzer for Networks 1.0
This program provides single-point analysis of systems requiring defragmentation attention to achieve optimal performance.
You can zero in on the machines that need attention and handle them before they turn into a helpdesk problem. After installing and launching the utility, you are presented with a list of computers on your domains available for analysis. Once you have selected target computers, a small agent is temporarily copied to these computers to begin an analysis. The agent quickly and unobtrusively gathers disk fragmentation information from the remote computers and reports this data to the main console. The agent then completely removes itself from remote client systems. After collecting all the analysis data, the program will create and present a comprehensive report showing the fragmentation related performance degradation on selected remote computers.


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- Description
- Tasting Notes
- What's Inside
- Occasions
Leave a lasting impression with this premium arrangement of pure white calla lilies dramatically accented with tropical leaves.
A vision in green and white, the arrangement features graceful white callas mixed with dramatic light and dark greens in a delightful clear glass vase. The combined effect is simply stunning.
Gift Includes:
- Large Calla Lilies.
- Aralia Leaves.
- Variegated Aspidistra Leaves.
- Lily Grass.
- Assorted Lush Greenery and more.
- A free gift card with personal message.
- Arrives in a stylish glass vase.
- Hand delivered to the recipient's home or office by experienced florists.
- A plush teddy bear, balloons, wine, champagne, or chocolates may be added to your order based on availability. Please contact customer service for more information.
Measures approximately 15" x 24".
During checkout, please be sure to indicate your preferred occasion when you choose a gift card. Exact flowers and vase may vary depending upon location and availability.
Same day delivery is available if you place your order by 2pm in your recipient's time zone, M-F and by 1pm on Saturday. To see if Sunday delivery is available in your area please contact customer service.Gift #13163
Elegant White Calla Lilies is a hand delivered gift. These gifts are delivered by one of our local design centers located throughout the United States and Canada.
Typically, standard deliveries are made between 9:00 AM and 6:00 PM, with business deliveries before 5:00 PM. Hours may be extended during holidays. Please note in some locations we may need an additional 24 hours for the delivery of exotic flowers, wine and fruit baskets.
Same day delivery is available for most gifts when ordered before the cutoff time. Saturday delivery is possible if ordered before 12 PM Friday. The cutoff time for Elegant White Calla Lilies is in the recipient's time zone.
Elegant White Calla Lilies has been purchased most frequently by our customers for the following occasions:
Average Rating:(2 reviews) write a review
Falling For HerBeautiful Presentation.June 19, 2015
I bought this for a special girl and she was ecstatic when these were delivered on her doorsteps. It's a great buy and the arrangement was better than pictured. Definitely recommend to anyone.
I was told by more than one person that it was beautiful. I am pleased. Had some delivery issues but they took care of everything. I would do it again.


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Only In CA: Drunk Man Wearing Lacefront Wig Terrorizes The 740 Bus!
"I was in Inglewood, CA about 5 minutes away from till a drunk cross dresser decided to make it Showtime at the Apollo" - Angelo
Please click the "Report" button below if the video on this page is not working properly.
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997 St. Sebastian WayAugusta, GA 30912706-721-6597
1446 Harper StreetAugusta, GA 30912706-721-5437 (KIDS)
1003 Chafee Ave.Augusta, GA 30912 706-721-2426
1447 Harper StreetAugusta, GA 30912-5536706-721-CARE (2273)
1120 15th StreetAugusta, GA 30912706-721-2273 (CARE)
1411 Laney Walker Blvd.Augusta, GA 30912706-721-6744
821 St. Sebastian WayAugusta, GA 30912706-721-2971
1220 West Wheeler PkwyAugusta, GA 30909
6135 Roosevelt Highway Warm Springs, GA 31830
2011 Westend DriveGreensboro, GA 30642
To request a same-day appointment, call 706-721-4501.
Augusta University Health's Department of Medicine practice sites strive to provide a comprehensive clinical and educational service, providing a wide range of outpatient services including primary care to sub-specialty medicine. We specialize in the health care of adult men and women both on a primary and referral basis. The Department of Medicine practice site's services are designed to follow patients through a variety of health care needs while providing patients and families with a Patient- and Family-Centered Care philosophy.
Learn more about our physicians and services, or request an appointment today.
Top Row: Jonathan Gardner, MD; Thad Carson, MD; Andrew Glover, MD; David Fallaw, MD; Jaspal Gujral, MD; William Salazar, MD; Dean Harrell, MD
Bottom Row: Mahwish Ali, MBBS; Candice Lovelace, MD; Namita Mohanty, MD; Lee Ann Merchen, MD; Shilpa Brown, MD
Hours: Mon-Fri 7:30 a.m.-5:30 p.m.
Augusta University Medical Center
1120 15th Street Augusta, GA 30912


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Hi. I read a previous post and understand coinfection with hepatitis can delay seroconversion of HIV. Would HIV infection delay hepatitis C sero conversion, and if so how much? I have some major concerns.
I am currently at 9 1/2 weeks still with ongoing symptoms (icterus, rash, fatigue, hot skin with no fever, etc.) My 4 week post exposure Hep C test and Syphillis test was negative, and my enzymes were not really elevated.
I am preparing to repeat tests but very fearful about not finding the cause of this. How soon should I consider retesting for Hepatitis C before I can be confident in the results?
Thank you!
The presence of HIV infection in the body may delay hepatitis C seroconversion, meaning the development of hepatitis C antibody (Ab). So, people living with HIV infection may not seroconvert/develop hepatitis C antibody right away. Most people living with HIV develop the hepatitis C antibody in about 12 weeks, but even 6 months, 9 months, and a year after becoming infected with hepatitis C, the hepatitis C antibody result may still be negative in a small fraction of people (an example of one study demonstrating this is Emma Thomson's study for the journal called, AIDS, 2009, volume 23 number 1, pages 89-93. This was a study of HIV-infected men in the U.K. with new hepatitis C infections and how long it took for hepatitis C antibodies to be detected in their blood).
The fact that your liver enzymes were not really elevated may be reassuring. However, liver enzyme levels do not rise to a very high level with a new hepatitis C infection in everyone, and the highest levels may not be present the day a person gets her/his blood checked.
For people with HIV infection who may have a new hepatitis C infection, if the hepatitis C antibody is negative, the best next test is the HCV RNA. This means checking in the blood for the hepatitis C virus itself. This should be checked at least 2 times, over time, a period of weeks, because the level can fluctuate, go very high and to non-detectable levels, with a new hepatitis C infection.
Remember your doctor knows best. If your HCV RNA remains negative, talk with your doctor about checking you for other explanations for your symptoms.


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Posts Tagged 'Maintenance Of Artificial Turf Fields'
7 Tips for Artificial Turf Maintenance
7 Tips for Artificial Turf Maintenance Did you know that one of the best ways to have an evergreen lawn is with artificial grass? Natural grass has its benefits, but it can be time-consuming and inconsistent in its appearance. Moreover, regular grass can be taxing on our water supply, and create issues for people with allergies to…Read More


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Monday, October 14, 2013
Harvest time
It is Thanksgiving weekend in Canada, which means I was able to close down the restaurant for a couple of days. A nice break. Hanging out with my three favorite people is pretty awesome. We made our way to the pumpkin patch, sort of a tradition.
I know I don't post very much anymore....I miss it. I always think of this space as a personal journal so-to-speak. I enjoy visiting it from time to time and looking back at photographs.
Juggling the restaurant and the family, I don't have much time to get the camera out, mostly everything is done on the ol'iphone. Convenience.
I would like to say I made some crazy amazing meal, but no. I did not. We were invited over to eat at someone else house :) Honestly I don't cook all that much at home anymore, mostly all the cooking I do is at Wild Leek, I bring home things. Which is kinda nice.
I hope all my fellow Canadians had a great weekend with loved ones. I sure did!
3 comments:
Look at the size of those pumpkins, wow. Yr daughters are beautiful! Hope you had a great holiday.ReplyDelete
This is really nice topic, which is very use full for me.ReplyDelete
The bast Moment For Foto GalleryReplyDelete
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