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Canada has ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child and one of the two optional protocol to it while signing the other. Responsibility for implementation is split between the federal government and the provinces. Canada's ten provinces have nearly universal health insurance plans that cover virtually all children and maintain most social welfare agencies. Another provincial responsibility is education. Children receive tax-supported elementary and secondary education. Universities charge subsidized tuition. Minimum ages for employment are yet another provincial responsibility. On the federal level, there are many criminal laws designed to prevent child abuse. The number of related offenses and the maximum punishments for them have been greatly increased in recent years. In its national defense laws, the federal government now prohibits Canadian soldiers under the age of eighteen from being deployed in armed conflict. The federal government also created a new juvenile justice system in 2002 that gives the police and judges more options in handling cases of juveniles charged with criminal offenses than the previous law.
Canada is a constitutional monarchy which has a Parliament, composed of a Senate and House of Commons, and ten provinces which have legislative assemblies. Since Canada's various Constitution Acts do not assign the subject of children to either level of government, it is essentially split, with each level covering children as part of the jurisdictions conferred upon them. Thus, for example, the provinces have enacted child labor laws in exercising their powers over most private sector employment within a province, and Parliament has prohibited child pornography in exercising its exclusive jurisdiction to enact criminal laws for the country.
In Canada, the provinces have established ages of majority for such purposes as determining when a child has the legal capacity to enter into contracts, is able to purchase restricted products, is free of parental control, and can exercise full civil rights. In Alberta, Ontario, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Quebec, and Prince Edward Island the age of majority is eighteen, and in British Columbia, New Brunswick, Nunavut, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland and Labrador the age of majority is nineteen.[1] Quebec's age of majority is set out in its Civil Code.[2] However, under federal laws, all persons eighteen and older are eligible to vote in federal elections and may be tried as adults regardless of which province or territory they live in. Thus, there is no one age of majority for all purposes of Canadian law.
Implementation of International Rights of the Child
Canada has ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child,[3] and the Optional Protocol to the Convention of the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict,[4] and it has signed the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution, and Child Pornography.[5] Since Canadian constitutional law does not generally permit the federal government to legislate over matters that fall under provincial jurisdiction even for the purpose of implementing an international agreement, Canada makes reservations to this effect if implementation would require provincial cooperation. The federal government has had to work with the provinces in implementing aspects of the original convention dealing with such matters as education and health care. On the other hand, the conduct of war and criminal law are matters under federal jurisdiction. Thus, the federal government has been able to implement the Optional Protocols by amending its statutes that regulate national defense and create a national criminal code.
Child Health and Social Welfare
In Canada, each province operates its own health insurance program. Virtually all residents are enrolled in these programs. Most of the programs are funded through tax revenues, but some provinces also place a special tax on employers. The federal government gives financial assistance to the provinces to help defray health care costs. When the single-payer systems were created in the 1960's, the federal government paid approximately fifty percent of the programs' costs. However, this percentage has declined to around twenty percent. The decrease has placed a strain on the provincial health care systems, which has resulted in longer waiting times for medical services. The current government has increased the federal contributions in an effort to preserve and improve the universal health care system. Under this system, patients can choose their own physicians. The vast majority of physicians bill the health insurance programs for their services and are reimbursed in accordance with schedules of fees. These physicians cannot engage in the practice of extra-billing or charging their patients separate additional fees for expedited services, but physicians can opt out of the system.
Because Canada has provincial health care plans, virtually all children have health insurance. Hospitals are mostly operated by municipalities and charitable organizations. The major cities have hospitals that are devoted to treating sick children. Canadians do not have to pay special fees to have their children treated at these hospitals.
Statistics Canada reports that the infant mortality rate for children under the age of one year was 5.3 per 1,000 live births in 2004.[6]
Education in Canada is a provincial responsibility. The federal government does not have a federal department of education, but it does operate a limited number of schools on military bases and on Indian reservations.
Under Canada's original Constitution Act, 1867, the rights that previously existed respecting separate denominational schools were preserved.[7] Some of these rights differ from province to province and some of them have been expanded by subsequent legislation. At present, separate denominational and linguistic schools exist throughout much of Canada. In the largest cities and many other localities, there are separate Protestant and Catholic school boards. In practice, most non-Christians attend schools run by Protestant school boards in which religion is not taught. Because the Constitution Act guaranteed existing denominational rights, it does not confer on members of other religions the right to establish a tax-funded school board. However, provincial laws do allow for the establishment of private schools. Unlike the Protestant and Catholic school boards, these schools are not supported by taxes in proportion to the number of students enrolled in their elementary and secondary school programs. Many provinces also have separate English and French school boards. Separate language schools generally exist where the numbers of students who wish to be enrolled in a minority language program are sufficient to sustain a separate school system.
Universities are also operated by the provinces. Canada does not have an extensive a system of private universities as exists in the United States. Tuition at universities within each province varies only slightly. Provinces have grant programs to assist university students. Most universities have a primary language of instruction, but a number offer courses in both official languages, including McGill University, the University of Ottawa, and the University of New Brunswick.
All students are entitled to virtually free elementary and secondary education in Canada. In fact, the Province of Ontario has recently enacted legislation to require students to remain in school until the age of eighteen.[8] Previously, children had been allowed to legally drop out of school upon reaching the age of sixteen. This initiative is part of a larger program that includes a Can$1.3 billion (about US$1.23 billion) Student Success Strategy to expand available programs. Ontario has also created 1,000 new skilled trades training spaces for vocational training.[9] The new requirement that children remain in school until the age of eighteen is enforceable with fines against parents who do not enroll their children in school. However, critics question whether the province will be able to force students to return to school if they decide to quit after reaching the age of sixteen.
Canada does not have an extensive system of vocational schools, but there are several institutes of higher education that emphasize job-related skills in major cities.
Some provincial laws respecting local secondary schools contain general language requiring school boards to address special needs. In Ontario, school boards are required to address the needs of "exceptional pupils."[10] More specific provisions are contained in the Ontarians with Disabilities Act. This statute applies to schools, universities, and government and requires them to comply with barrier-free guidelines. The government is specifically required to consider as a barrier anything that prevents a person with a disability from fully participating in all aspects of society because of his or her disability, including a physical barrier, an architectural barrier, an information or communications barrier, an attitudinal barrier, a technological barrier, a policy, or a practice.[11] Schools and universities are not subject to this requirement, but as "scheduled organizations" they are required to consult with persons with disabilities and prepare annual accessibility plans. These plans must "address the identification, removal and prevention of barriers to persons with disabilities in the organization's by-laws, if any, and in its policies, programs, practices and services."[12] Accessibility plans must include a report on measures taken; the measures in place; a list of bylaws, policies, programs, practices, and services to be reviewed; and measures the organization intends to take in the coming year. Accessibility plans must be made available to the public. To help organizations in the preparation of their plans, the government is assigned the responsibility of preparing more detailed guidelines. In some cases, two or more organizations are allowed to prepare joint accessibility plans.
Ontario has passed a new law to replace the Ontarians with Disabilities Act which has not yet been brought into force.[13] This law will essentially extend many of the extant rules to the private sector.
Canada's Constitution prohibits "cruel and unusual punishment."[14] Whether this would apply to corporal punishment by teachers is not clear.[15] However, provincial school district associations have clearly banned corporal punishment. In Ontario, the guide to school district policies states as follows:
The use of corporal punishment in any form is strictly prohibited in the district. No student will be subject to the infliction of corporal punishment.
Corporal punishment is defined as the willful infliction of, or willfully causing the infliction of physical pain.
No teacher, administrator, other school personnel or school volunteer will subject a student to corporal punishment or condone the use of corporal punishment by any person under his/her supervision or control. Permission to administer corporal punishment will not be sought or accepted from any guardian/parent … .
A staff member is authorized to employ physical force when, in his/her professional judgment, the physical force is necessary to prevent a student from harming self, others or doing harm to district property. Physical force shall not be used to discipline or punish a student. The superintendent shall inform all staff members and volunteers of this policy.[16]
Child Labor and Exploitation
In Canada, most contracts of employment in the public sector are covered by provincial labor laws. Each province has its own restrictions on child labor. The federal government also has enacted prohibitions on child labor, but these prohibitions only apply to work conducted in federal undertakings or in a field that is governed by federal legislation such as aviation, broadcasting, and banking. Federal law does not generally supersede provincial law. Instead, each level of government regulates employment in fields within its jurisdiction. At the present time, the minimum age for employment extends from fourteen in Nova Scotia, Ontario, and Quebec to seventeen at the federal level and in the territories of the Northwest, Nunavut, and the Yukon.[17] Parliament and the provinces have also placed limitations on the type of labor and the number of hours young people can work. For example, the federal government has excluded certain categories of dangerous work, providing that any work performed must be unlikely to endanger health and safety; required all work to be outside school hours; and prohibited work between the hours of 11:00 p.m. and 6:00 a.m. for minors.[18] In the largest province of Ontario, minors may not be employed in logging operations until they are fifteen and may not be employed in factories until they are sixteen.[19] Employment in mines and on construction sites are also generally limited to sixteen and older, but employment in underground mines is generally limited to those at least eighteen years old.[20]
Parliament and the provinces also share responsibility for establishing minimum wages within their spheres of competence, but in this case, the federal government has aligned its rates with each province and territory in which a person subject to federal regulation is employed. The federal government does not have a special minimum wage for persons under the age of eighteen. Registered apprentices are exempt from the minimum wage provisions if they are paid in accordance with a schedule established for apprentices by their provincial government. Certain trainees may also be paid less than the prevailing minimum wage in their province of employment.[21] Ontario currently has a provincial minimum wage of Can$8.00 per hour (about US$7.60).[22] As of February 1, 2007, there is a special rate of $Can7.50 per hour for students whose weekly hours do not exceed twenty-eight or who are employed during a school holiday.[23] Other exemptions for trainees are not limited to persons within a certain age group.
Throughout Canada, employees under the age of eighteen generally have the same rights as other workers to holidays, union representation, and overtime pay. Other labor standards also generally apply to all employees equally.
Canada has a Cadet Corps for persons between the ages of twelve and nineteen. Persons in the Cadet Corps are involved in physical training and community service.[24] Cadets are not eligible for deployment. Canada permits persons between the ages of sixteen and eighteen to enlist in the armed forces with the consent of a parent.[25] However, persons under the age of eighteen cannot be deployed to a theater of armed hostilities by the Canadian Forces.[26]
Sex and Trafficking of Children
Canada's Criminal Code contains a number of offenses related to the sexual exploitation of or the trafficking in children. The most important of these offenses can be summarized as follows:
- Sexual interference. Touching a child under the age of fourteen for a sexual purpose is punishable with a maximum sentence of ten years' imprisonment and a minimum sentence of fourteen days.[27]
- Invitation to sexual touching. Inviting a child under the age of fourteen to engage in sexual touching carries the same penalties as sexual interference.[28]
- Sexual exploitation. The offense of sexual exploitation extends the offenses of sexual interference and invitation to sexual touching to persons who are in a position of trust or authority over a child between the ages of fourteen and eighteen. The maximum and minimum sentences for sexual exploitation are the same as for sexual interference and sexual touching.[29]
- Child pornography. Any person who makes, prints, publishes, or possesses child pornography for publication is liable to a maximum sentence of ten years' imprisonment and a minimum sentence of ninety days' imprisonment. Any person who transmits, distributes, sells, imports, or advertises child pornography or possesses child pornography for one of those purposes is liable to the same maximum and minimum punishments. Any person who possesses child pornography is liable to a maximum sentence of five years' imprisonment and a minimum of fourteen days' imprisonment. Any person who knowingly accesses child pornography is liable to the same maximum and minimum punishments.
The term "child pornography" includes not only pictures, films, and other visual representations, but also written material which counsels sexual activity with a person under the age of eighteen and audio recordings that describe sexual activity with a person under the age of eighteen. It is not a defense to a child pornography charge that the accused believed the person depicted was eighteen or older, unless the accused took all reasonable steps to ensure the person was of legal age and that he or she was not depicted as being under the age of eighteen.
In a controversial 2001 decision, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that the country's child pornography laws were mostly constitutional, but they could not support the conviction of a person who had been found to have created visual and written material for his own private use.[30] Parliament later responded to this decision by enacting a law that states that no person can be convicted of child pornography if the act that is alleged to constitute the offense "does not pose an undue risk of harm to persons under the age of eighteen years."[31] The law also now provides that it is a question of law whether any written material or visual representation advocates or counsels sexual activity with a person under the age of eighteen that would be an offense under the Criminal Code.[32] These exceptions only apply to material that is not distributed.
- Parent or Guardian Procuring Sexual Activity. Any parent or guardian who procures a person under the age of eighteen for prohibited sexual activity with another person is liable to a maximum sentence of five years' imprisonment and a minimum sentence of six months' imprisonment if the child is under the age of fourteen and a maximum sentence of two years' imprisonment and a minimum sentence of forty-five days' imprisonment if the child is between the ages of fourteen and eighteen.[33]
- Householder Permitting Sexual Activity. A householder who knowingly permits his or her premises to be used by a minor for illegal sexual activities is liable to the same ranges of punishment as a parent or guardian who procures sexual activity for a child.[34]
- Corrupting Children. The offense of corrupting children is very broadly defined. Under it, a person who "participates in adultery or sexual immorality or indulges in habitual drunkenness or any other form of vice, and thereby endangers the morals of [a] child or renders the home an unfit place for the child to be in" is liable to two years' imprisonment.[35]
- Luring a child. Using a computer to lure a child or a person he or she believes is a child for an unlawful sexual activity is a relatively new offense that is punishable with up to five years' imprisonment. In order to be able to raise mistake as to age as a valid defense, a defendant must prove that he or she took reasonable steps to ascertain the age of the person communicated with.[36]
- Abduction of person under fourteen. Abducting a child with the intent to deprive a parent or guardian of possession of that child is punishable with up to ten years imprisonment.[37]
- Abduction in contravention of a custody order. Abduction of a child under the age of fourteen in contravention of a custody order is also punishable with a maximum sentence of ten years imprisonment.
- Abduction. A parent who abducts a child to prevent a parent or guardian to have possession of him or her is punishable with a maximum sentence of ten years imprisonment even if the child is not the subject of a custody order.[38]
- Procuring. Any person who lives wholly or in part on the avails of a prostitute under the age of eighteen is liable to a maximum sentence of fourteen years imprisonment and a minimum sentence of two years imprisonment. Any person who uses violence, intimidation, or coercion for that purpose is liable to a minimum sentence of five years imprisonment. Any person who attempts to procure a prostitute under the age of eighteen is liable to a maximum sentence of five years imprisonment and a minimum sentence of six months imprisonment.[39]
- Removing a Child from Canada. Removing children from Canada for certain illegal sexual purposes is an offense that is punishable with up to five years imprisonment.[40]
- Trafficking. Canada has strict laws prohibiting the trafficking in persons of all ages. Under the Criminal Code, any person who "recruits, transports, transfers, receives, holds, conceals or harbors a person…for the purpose of exploiting them or facilitating their exploitation is guilty of an indictable offense and is liable to imprisonment for life if they kidnap, commit an aggravated assault, or aggravated sexual assault against, or cause death to, the victim during the commission of the offense [and] to imprisonment for up to fourteen years in any other case."[41] Judges may exclude members of the public from the courtroom where it is in the proper administration of justice, which includes ensuring that witnesses under the age of eighteen are safeguarded.[42]
In Canada, minimum sentences are fairly rare. The fact that so many of the offenses described above do carry minimum sentences indicates that Parliament has taken extraordinary steps to protect children. In addition to creating a number of offenses that are designed specifically to punish persons who exploit or abuse minors, Parliament has also provided that abusing a person under the age of eighteen is to be viewed as an aggravating factor by judges in sentencing persons convicted of offenses against children.[43]
Juvenile Justice
In 2002, Parliament enacted a Youth Criminal Justice Act[44] to replace the Young Offenders Act.[45] The Preamble to this statute signals that it was intended to create a far more lenient system for juvenile justice by declaring that:
Canadian society should have a youth criminal justice system that commands respect, takes into account the interests of victims, fosters responsibility and ensures accountability through meaningful consequences and effective rehabilitation and reintegration, and that reserves its most serious intervention for the most serious crimes and reduces the over-reliance on incarceration for non-violent young persons.[46]
The Preamble also notes that Canada is a party to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and that young persons have rights and freedoms, including those set out in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and have "special guarantees of their rights and freedoms. The Declaration of Principle then contains the following statements:
The criminal justice system for young persons must be separate and apart from that of adults and emphasize: 1) rehabilitation and reintegration: 2) fair and proportionate accountability; 3) enhanced personal protection to ensure that young persons are treated fairly and that their rights, including their rights to privacy, are protected.[47]
Special considerations apply in respect of proceedings against young persons and in particular … young persons have rights and freedoms in their own right, such as a right to be heard in the course of and to participate in the process, other than the decision to prosecute, that lead to decisions that affect them, and young persons have special guarantees of their rights and freedoms.[48]
Young persons are thus guaranteed the right to be presumed innocent and to prompt notification of charges brought against them. The Act also has provisions for prompt trials and, in this connection, recognizes that young persons have a different perception of time.[49] The applicability of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms to youth criminal justice means that they are guaranteed the right against self-incrimination and the right to use French or English in legal proceedings.[50] The right to a fair trial also guarantees young persons the right to have an interpreter.[51]
The Youth Criminal Justice Act encourages the use of extrajudicial measures by the police and the courts to address youth crime. Extrajudicial measures are designed to be timely, to repair harm, to encourage families to become involved, to give victims an opportunity to participate, and to respect the rights and freedoms of young persons.[52] The Act also provides for the imposition of extrajudicial sanctions such as placing young offenders in special programs.[53]
In Canada's youth courts, defendants have the right to counsel. Defendants found guilty of an offense are liable to a youth sentence if the judge finds that all the alternatives allowed for by the Youth Criminal Justice Act are inappropriate. Judges must consider pre-sentence reports. The maximum sentence a juvenile under the age of eighteen can receive for one crime is two years and the maximum sentence for multiple crimes is three years.[54] However, for first degree murder, a juvenile can be sentenced to up to ten years in custody, and for second degree murder, he or she may be sentenced to up to seven years in custody.[55] Also, for certain violent offenses, a youth can be sentenced to an adult sentence of more than two years in custody if the judge in the case finds that a youth sentence would not be sufficient to hold a young person accountable for his or her behavior.[56]
The Youth Criminal Justice Act contains protections for the privacy of young persons. Section 110 of the Act generally prohibits the publication of the names of young persons or information respecting them, except where they have been convicted of certain very serious offenses or have been given an adult sentence.[57] Exceptions are allowed to identify young persons who may be a danger to others or for the purpose of apprehending a young person.[58]
Concluding Remarks
In 2003, the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child concluded its Thirty-Fourth Session by adopting reports on Canada and several other countries. The Committee stated that it "was encouraged by the numerous initiatives undertaken by" Canada. The Committee praised Canada's National Action Plan for Children and made only a few recommendations. Among these were that the federal government work more closely with the provinces on legislation and policy, prohibit reasonable force in the disciplining of children, and offer more assistance for child care. The Committee was also concerned with the relatively high rate of suicide among Canadian youths, particularly in aboriginal communities. To address this problem, the Committee recommended improvements in the quality of education. The fact that Canadian law did not come under more extensive scrutiny attests to the high level of regard for and adherence to the rights of children in Canada.[59]
Prepared by Stephen Clarke
Senior Foreign Law Specialist
August 2007
[1] Government of Canada, Canadian Embassy in France, Age of Majority by Province or Territory (2007), http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/canada-europa/france/canadaaz/agemajorite-en.asp (external link) (last visited Aug. 10, 2007).
[3] The Convention on the Rights of the Child, with a Preamble and fifty-four articles, was adopted by the U.N. General Assembly Nov. 20, 1989, and entered into force Sept. 2, 1990. G.A. Res. 44/25, annex, 44 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 49) at 167, U.N. Doc. A/44/49 (1989); 28 I.L.M. 1448 (1989). For an online text, see the OHCHR Web site, http://www.ohchr.org/english/law/crc.htm (external link) (last visited July 23, 2007); it includes the 1995 amendment to art. 43, para. 2 (G.A. Res. 50/155 (Dec. 21, 1995)), which entered into force Nov. 18, 2002. For an in-depth analysis of Part I of the Convention (articles 1-41), see Sharon Detrick, A Commentary on the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (1999); see alsoConvention on the Rights of the Child, Amnesty International USA, http://www.amnestyusa.org/Children/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child/page.do?id=1101777&n1=3&n2=78&n3=1272 (external link) (last visited July 24, 2007).
[4] The Child Soldiers Protocol, comprising a Preamble and thirteen articles, entered into force Feb. 12, 2002. G.A. Res. A/RES/54/263 of 25 May 2000. For an online text, see the UNHCHR Web site, http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu2/6/protocolchild.htm (external link) (last visited July 23, 2007).
[5] The Sex Trafficking Protocol comprises a preamble and seventeen articles. G.A. Res. A/RES/54/263, May 25, 2000. It entered into force Jan. 18, 2002. For an online text, see the UNHCHR Web site, http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu2/dopchild.htm (external link) (last visited July 23, 2007).
[6] Statistics Canada, Infant Mortality, by Province and Territory, http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/health21a.htm (external link) (last visited August 7, 2007).
[7] Constitution Act, 1867, R.S.C. No. 5, s. 93 (Appendix 1985).
[8] Education Act, c. E-2, s. 21 (1990), as amended by 2006 S.O. c. 28, s. 5(1).
[9] Ontario, Ministry of Government Services, McGinty Government Helps, Students Stay in School, http://ogov.newswire.ca/ontario/GPOE/2007/01/16/c6146.html?lmatch=%E2%8C%A9=_e.html (external link) (last visited Aug. 6, 2007).
[10] Education Act, R.S.O. c. E-2, s. 2 (1990).
[11] Ontarians With Disabilities Act, S.O. c. 32, s. 2.
[12] Id. S. 15.
[13] Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act, 2005 S.O. c. 11.
[14] Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Part I of the Constitution Act, 1982, being Sched. B. s. 12 to the Canada Act, 1982, c. 11 (U.K.).
[15] Peter Hogg, Constitutional Law of Canada, 50-2 (1997).
[16] Ontario, School District Policies, Code JGA, http://www.ontario.k12.or.us/District/NewDistrictPolicies/ Section_J.html (external link) (last visited Aug. 7, 2007).
[17] Canadian Labour Law Reporter, para. 5112 (C.C.H. Can 2007).
[18] Canada Labour Standards Regulations, C.R.C. c. 986, s. 10, as amended (1985).
[19] Industrial Establishments Regulation. R.R.O. No. 851 (1990).
[20] Mines and Mining Plants Regulation, R.R.O. No. 854, s. 8 (1990).
[21] Canada Labour Standards Regulations, C.R.C., c. 986 , s. 20 (1978), as amended.
[22] Canadian Labour Law Reports, para. 6771 (C.C.H. Can. Para. 6771).
[23] Id.
[24] Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) - Cadest, Cadets Canada, Apr. 10, 2007, available at http://www.cadets.dnd.ca/recruit/faq-cadet_e.asp (external link).
[25] United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Declarations and Reservations to the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict; http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu2/6/crc/treaties/declare-opac.htm (external link) (last visited Aug. 9, 2007).
[26] National Defence Act, R.S.C. c. N-5, s. 34, as amended by 2000 S.C., c. 13, s. 1.
[27] Criminal Code, R.S.C. c. C-46 (1985) and c. 19, s. 1 (3d Supp. 1988), as amended by 2005 S.C. c. 32, s. 3.
[28] Id. S. 152.
[29] Id. S. 153.
[30] R. v. Sharp, {2001] 1 S.C.R. 45.
[31] Criminal Code, R.S.C. c. C-46, s. 163.1(6), as amended by 1993 S.C. c. 46, s. 2, c. 13, s. 5, and 2005 S.C. c. 32, s. 7.
[32] Id. S. 163.1(7).
[33] Id. S. 170.
[34] Id. S. 171.
[35] Id. S. 172.
[36] 2002 S.C. c. 13, s. 8.
[37] Criminal Code, R.S.C. c. C-46, s. 281 (1985).
[38] Id. S. 283.
[39] Id. S. 212.
[40] Id. S. 273.3
[41] Id.S. 279.01.
[42] Id. S. 486.
[43] Id. S. 718.2(a)(ii.1).
[44] Youth Criminal Justice Act, S.C. 2002, c. 1.
[45] Young Offenders Act, R.S.C. c. Y-1 (1985).
[46] Youth Criminal Justice Act, S.C. 2000, c. 1, Preamble.
[47] Id. S. 3.
[48] Id.
[49] Id.
[50] Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Part I of the Constitution Act, 1982, being Sched. B. s. 12 to the Canada Act, 1982, c. 11, §§ 11(c) & 19 (U.K.).
[51] Id.
[52] Youth Criminal Justice Act, S.C. 2000, S. 5.
[53] Id. S. 6.
[54] Id. S. 42(14).
[55] Id.
[56] Id. S. 72.
[57] Id. S. 110.
[58] Id.
[59] Press Release, United Nations, Committee on Rights of Child Concludes Thirty-Fourth Session (Mar. 10, 2003), available at http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2003/hr4698.doc.htm (external link).
Last Updated: 09/05/2017


text:
A congenital heart disease that often leads to death in newborns is significantly more common during the summer, leading researchers to believe that the environment, and not just genes that affect the heart, may play a role in causing "mini-epidemics" of this disease.
A cardiac surgeon from Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center presents this research today at the annual American College of Cardiology Meeting in Orlando, FL. The study is a finalist in the ACC's Best Poster Awards Competition.
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome is one of the most complex cardiac defects seen in newborns and remains probably the most challenging to manage of all congenital heart defects. In a child with HLHS, all of the structures on the left side of the heart (the side which receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it out to the body) are severely underdeveloped. This results in the left side of the heart being completely unable to support the circulation needed by the body's organs.
The most common treatment for HLHS is "staged reconstruction," in which a series of operations, usually three, are performed to reconfigure the child's cardiovascular system to be as efficient as possible despite the lack of an adequate left ventricle. Current management at major pediatric heart centers has resulted in survival rates of 75 percent or better.
Pirooz Eghtesady, MD, PhD, a cardiothoracic surgeon at Cincinnati Children's, led a study of nearly 1,500 newborns from 38 children's hospitals in the United States who had left-sided congenital heart diseases. Dr. Eghtesady and his colleagues found a seasonal occurrence of HLHS, but not other left-sided diseases, over a 10-year period, 1996 to 2006. Seasonal differences in HLHS occurred each year, with peaks between April and July and low points in January.
"Strong seasonality is a clue that environmental factors may play an important role in this disease, as we see, for example, with such common childhood illnesses as asthma and croup," says Dr. Eghtesady. "The study augments some prior epidemiologic studies and points the finger at the possibility of additional factors. It also opens the window for genetic studies to consider candidate genes not directly related to cardiac maldevelopment, such as those involved in immune responses, which really have not been considered in the past."
One potential environmental factor being studied by Dr. Eghtesady and colleagues is recurrent maternal exposure to the common agent strep throat, which is also responsible for the devastating condition known as rheumatic heart disease. Numerous studies have indicated that an immune reaction against strep in rheumatic heart disease can lead to injury on the left side of the heart, which is the side also affected in HLHS. Dr. Eghtesady's preliminary study suggests that many mothers whose newborns had left-sided heart injury had a significant history of problems related to strep throat.
Cincinnati Children's is involved in an ongoing clinical trial looking at maternal history of strep exposure compared to mothers with normal hearts and mothers affected by other cardiac defects. Researchers at Cincinnati Children' also are studying whether there are antibodies in the blood of mothers exposed to strep similar to ones found in patients with rheumatic heart disease

subset: commoncrawl


text:
|Courtesy: MILB.com
It's been a while since the Reds had two legitimate southpaw starting pitching prospects, but Ismael Guillon joins Tony Cingrani to give the organization just that. Guillon is younger and less polished, which gives him significantly higher development risk than Cingrani, but his current performance level is strong and his future upside is considerable.
The Reds signed Guillon out of Venezuela back in 2008 for $220,000. A subsequent physical exam revealed an elbow injury requiring Tommy John surgery. The Reds voided the original contract and re-signed him to a second contract for less money (a point well worth remembering as we move through this write-up). Some organizations were considering him as a position player, but the Reds saw him as a pitcher and were content to wait out the rehab process. Guillon didn't take the mound until 2010, but immediately rewarded the Reds for their judgment and patience. He spent 2010 in the Arizona rookie league and 2011 with the Billings Mustangs, acquitting himself fairly well at both stops, though his control was problematic for the Mustangs. The Reds sent him back to Montana for a return engagement to start out the 2012 season.
In 2012, Guillon split time between the rookie Pioneer League Billings Mustangs and low-A Dayton. He was equally effective at both stops, maintaining a high performance level throughout the season.
For the Mustangs, Guillon worked 51.0 innings during which he posted a 4-1 W/L record, 2.29 ERA, 1.24 WHIP, 0.81 GB/FB ratio, .210 BAA, and a 63/24 K/BB ratio. He appeared in 11 games, including 10 starts. His strikeout and walk rates were 11.1 K/9 and 4.2 BB/9 respectively. His FIP was a stellar 2.51, while his BABIP was .309, so the peripherals support his performance level. His performance earned him a selection to the Pioneer League Post Season All Star team and a promotion to low-A ball.
For the Dragons, Guillon tossed 24.2 innings, which included a 2-0 W/L record, 2.55 ERA, 1.18 WHIP, 0.91 GB/FB ratio, .247 BAA, and a 27/7 K/BB ratio. He posted a 9.9 K/9 rate and 2.6 BB/9 rate. Once again, his 2.92 FIP and .323 BABIP support his overall performance level. He started 4 games and averaged a little over 6 innings per start. His final start of the season may have been his best. On September 3rd against West Michigan, he worked 7.0 full innings, giving up 6 hits, 2 earned runs, and posting a 9/1 K/BB ratio. It's impressive to see a 20-year old with his injury history work so deep into games, which is a sign of durability and pitch efficiency.
Prior to the 2012 season, Guillon had already made some refinements to his mechanics to smooth out some of the rough edges, including reducing (though not entirely eliminating, see photo below) a wrist wrap that he previously utilized.
In his pre-pitch stance, Guillon stands tall on the rubber with his feet close together. His hands are up high in front of his face as he peers in for the sign. He starts his windup with a step back towards second base (for ease of reference, let's call it the "Rocker Step", a term I am borrowing from the excellent "The Physics of Pitching" by Solesky and Cain), while simultaneously bringing his hands up over his head. When his Rocker Step back towards second base finishes and the weight is fully transferred, the knee of his stride leg actually straightens and locks, which is unusual. The completion of the weight transfer allows him to shift his left foot down onto the rubber. He then brings the right leg up into the leg kick, which comes up past parallel and includes body coil from turning the front hip inward. His movements are effective in generating force to transfer to the baseball.
The modern trend in pitching mechanics is towards efficiency in movement. For example, you no longer see the extreme windmill arm action in the windup that was typical of the Satchel Paige era. Obviously, there was wasted movement in that extreme type of motion and there certainly are benefits to be reaped from economy of movement. These benefits include fewer moving parts to control and coordinate, as well as improved stamina from reduced physical exertion. However, I do wonder if we have now gone too far in that direction, possibly sacrificing improved generation of force in favor of more economical movements.
For example, the Rocker Step back towards second base (as opposed to a Rocker Step that simply shifts the leg-kick foot down in front of the rubber) and bringing the hands up over the head (as opposed to bringing them only up in front of the chest) are likely more effective in generating force than their more economical counterparts. A Rocker Step back towards second base and bringing the hands up over the head both operate to shift the center of mass of the body farther back, which creates a greater distance to travel when driving to the plate. The greater distance to travel means that there is a better opportunity to generate and gather force prior to the apex of the leg kick. There's a reason why cricket bowlers utilize a running start in their deliveries, as it enables them to more effectively create force through better incorporation of their bodies in the delivery. For my money, Guillon's Rocker Step and hands-over-the-head movements are more advantageous in the generation of force.
From the apex of the leg kick, he begins to impart the generated force to the baseball. He drives towards the plate with a solid stride, which is of good length and aggression. While his stride length isn't quite ideal, it's long enough to permit full and complete rotation of the hips. Further, any attempt to lengthen his stride to reap added benefits in force could potentially be undone by an inability to get out over his stride leg. He may already be using the longest stride that his athleticism can handle.
|Courtesy: Bob Zellar/Billings Gazette
The differential between the rotation of the hips and upper body is a key to the effective and efficient generating and imparting of force. The differential used by Guillon is acceptable, but short of optimal (see photos below). He doesn't delay the upper body rotation quite long enough to maximize the force, which creates more work for the arm.
There are two potential issues with Guillon's stride. First, he lands in a closed off position, which causes him to throw slightly across his body. Second, he lands on the heel of his foot, which can cause instability and inconsistency. The ball of the foot cushions the impact in ways that the heel does not, as a result landing on the heel can lead to an erratic release point and problems with control. In addition, the combination of these two issues means that he frequently spins out on his heel in his follow-through, falling off to the third base side to finish (see photo below). Obviously, such a finishing position creates problems for properly fielding the position.
Guillon throws from an over-the-top arm slot with a quick arm action. His elbow maintains good position relative to the shoulder throughout the delivery. Further, his arm gets up into proper position by the time the stride foot lands, which keeps the arm in sync with the body. In his delivery, Guillon uses a quick tempo, which creates an appearance of both high energy and looseness in his movements. The quicker tempo may be unsettling to hitters and increase the deception on his pitches, but may also be part of his struggles to find consistency. At times, his quick tempo makes it appear that he is rushing his delivery and not consistently repeating his movements.
Overall, Guillon does a nice job in both phases of the delivery. He generates force well in the first phase and imparts it to the baseball efficiently in the second phase. Here's a look at Guillon in action, including a slo-motion view at the very end, courtesy RedsMinorLeagues on YouTube:
Guillon has already knocked some of the rough edges from his mechanics, which are now fundamentally sound and provide him with a solid pitching foundation, but he still has refinements to make. If he can tighten up a few aspects of his delivery, then he may be able to find the consistency he needs in order to achieve sustainable success.
Guillon features a three-pitch mix, including a fastball with minimal movement that sits 89-92 mph and touches 94, a legitimate plus-change-up, and a below average curve ball. His change-up is a legitimate swing-and-miss pitch and it helps his fastball play up. I am always encouraged when a pitcher features a plus change-up, as it's a pitch that requires both good feel and fundamental understanding of how to effectively change speeds. A lot of young pitchers simply want to throw hard, harder, hardest, but a change-up is evidence of a different mindset.
Currently, Guillon's repertoire is plagued by inconsistency, including in both fastball velocity and command of his curve ball. Unlike Tony Cingrani, who only has to develop an effective breaking ball, Guillon has to refine two pitches. While Guillon clearly needs to improve his arsenal, time may not be on his side.
Unfortunately, as of now, Guillon's development is in a race with his option years. The Reds were forced to add Guillon to the 40-man roster early as a result of voiding his original professional contract. By rule, because he signed a second contract with his original team, Guillon was eligible for the Rule 5 draft every year until he was added to the 40-man roster. The Reds left him unprotected for as long as they could, but in November 2012 they added him to the 40-man roster prior to the Rule 5 draft.
Accordingly, from this point forward, sending Guillon to the minors will burn an option year. Players typically have three option years, though in some select circumstances a fourth option year is awarded. As a result, Guillon, who has four levels to master and only three years to do so, will have to pick up the development pace to avoid running out of option years prior to being polished enough for the majors. It's certainly feasible, but any setbacks could become very problematic. If his option years outrun his development, then the organization might be tempted to shift him to the bullpen to speed the development process.
The 2013 season will provide a telling data point for Guillon's career path. He's an interesting prospect with a solid current performance level and enough upside to project as an impact pitcher if all goes well in his development. At the same time, there is some development risk, a risk that's heightened by his injury history and truncated development period. In fact, he brings more risk to the table than I anticipated heading into this write-up.
So, the risk of flaming out is high, but the ceiling is considerable. If everything breaks right, he could be a #2/3 starter down the road. For now, Guillon's combination of upside projection and downside risk lands him at #8 on the list, though that combination also creates greater potential for rising/falling on next year's prospect list. It would be encouraging to see him both reach high-A in 2013 and log some quality innings.


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How can my muse want subject to invent,
While thou dost breathe, that pour'st into my verse
Thine own sweet argument, too excellent
For every vulgar paper to rehearse?
O! give thy self the thanks, if aught in me
Worthy perusal stand against thy sight;
For who's so dumb that cannot write to thee,
When thou thy self dost give invention light?
Be thou the tenth Muse, ten times more in worth
Than those old nine which rhymers invocate;
And he that calls on thee, let him bring forth
Eternal numbers to outlive long date.
If my slight muse do please these curious days,
The pain be mine, but thine shall be the praise.
Sonnet 38: Translation to modern English
How could I lack a subject to write my poems about while you are alive; you who pours your own sweet self – too excellent a subject for lesser poets to deal with – into my verse? Oh give yourself the credit if anything of mine strikes you as being worth reading. For who is so inarticulate that he can't write to you when you yourself provide the creative spark? You could be the tenth muse, worth ten times more than the usual nine invoked by poets. And let whoever calls on you write eternal verses that will outlive the ages. If my poor efforts please the demanding readers of these modern times the hard work of that will be mine but you will have the praise.


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Experimental Evidence of Slow Spiking Rate in a Semiconductor Laser by Electro-optical Feedback: Generation and Control
We report on experimental evidence of generation and control of low spiking events in a semiconductor laser. An experiment has been carried on a semiconductor laser with an electro-optic feedback, set in a parameter range where chaos occurs. The feedback is modulated by 1 kHz and 10 kHz, frequencies, 50mV amplitudes. The dependence of the injected current on the feedback fraction is observed.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Applied Physics Research ISSN 1916-9639 (Print) ISSN 1916-9647 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
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text: 公和我做好爽The National Aquarium, with its breathtaking views of the Baltimore Inner Harbor and five levels of award-winning exhibits, provides a magical and memorable backdrop for your special occasion. A number of spacious locations are available for you and your guests, making the Aquarium the ideal place for weddings, corporate events, meetings, team-building sessions, fundraising galas, holiday parties or any occasion! Event Venue Photos 360 Tour FAQ What types of private events can I have at the Aquarium? Holiday parties, corporate events, wedding ceremonies, wedding receptions, private dinners, proms, reunions, lectures, presentations, social gatherings, bar/bat mitzvahs, picnics and more. How do I check availability and/or reserve rental space to host an event at the National Aquarium? To start planning your event at the National Aquarium, please fill out a request for information form. 公和我做好爽Due to the large amount of incoming requests, please allow 3-5 business days for response. How much does it cost to "hold" a date for my event at the National Aquarium? Once you select a date and confirm availability with our manager of meetings and events, we will guarantee a hold on your date and rates for a two-week period at no cost. A scheduled site visit is highly recommended, and a quote for space rental fees will be provided to you in writing. Once confirmed, a space rental contract will be issued and 50% of the base rental fee due. The guarantee and remaining balance is due five days prior to the event date. We ask that you wait to send out any invitations for the event until all parties have signed the contract. What does my National Aquarium space rental include? 公和我做好爽Space rental fees include a four-hour private rental, access to the aquarium exhibits (unless otherwise specified), aquarium staff, to include: on-site day-of manager, security and hosts (as needed), plus use of our existing tables and chairs, + podium with mic. 公和我做好爽For weddings, your one-hour rehearsal is also included during normal business hours (9:00am to 4:30pm) the week prior to your event. If your rehearsal needs to take place after 4:30 pm or on a Saturday, there may be an additional fee. Who are the approved caterers at the National Aquarium? The Aquarium provides a choice of two exclusive caterers: and . Our caterers handle food/beverage/bar, linens, and any specialty rentals needed for your event. The National Aquarium holds a liquor license—all alcohol for private events must be supplied and served by one of our exclusive caterers. Exceptions can be made for Kosher or Halal food items (additional fee applies). Can I bring my own cake to an event at the National Aquarium? Our caterers are happy to get a cake for you; however, you are able to bring your own as long as it's from a licensed commercial baker (proof required). Our team will arrange the drop-off times directly with the bakery prior to the event. Unfortunately, due to limited storage, cakes cannot be dropped off early. When can I tell my vendors to arrive for setup and breakdown for an event at the National Aquarium? Because the Aquarium and catering staff have a very short two-hour time period to turn the building from day to evening, our staff will arrange all vendor deliveries, setup and pickup directly. We will need the names/contact information to coordinate load-in, as we have no on premise parking available. 公和我做好爽Breakdown at the end of the evening is allotted one hour after the conclusion of the event. 公和我做好爽Additional set up time is not guaranteed, and additional fees may apply. Can the National Aquarium accommodate early drop-offs or deliveries the day of my event? Because the Aquarium is a working museum, open to the public, we are not able to accept early vendor deliveries and have limited storage space for event décor. Is there parking available for my guests at a National Aquarium private rental? Although the Aquarium does not operate its own parking facility, we have two official parking partners nearby. Tickets pulled from both Parkway Lockwood Place & the Inner Harbor Garage, can be validated for a discount to Aquarium guests. Aquarium members公和我做好爽 receive an even bigger discount. 公和我做好爽Please note that there is an early-bird parking discount for those who park in either of these garages before 9 am, Monday through Friday. If you arrive before this time, we recommend you do not validate your parking ticket at the Aquarium, as that will override the early-bird parking cost. Are there any restrictions for decorations for a scheduled private event at the National Aquarium? 公和我做好爽The Aquarium's mission is to inspire the conservation of the world's aquatic treasures. Because of this, we cannot allow any live animals, balloons, streamers, confetti, glitter or pyrotechnics as decorations for private events. Does the National Aquarium host daytime birthday parties? Yes, we do host daytime birthday parties for children, which include lunch in our Harbor Market Cafe and group admission. Please visit our Birthday Parties page for more details. Can I have music during my private event at the National Aquarium? There are no limitations on types of music in the Blue Wonders building. In Pier 4 Pavilion, the limitations concern the sensitivity of the dolphins to certain types and decibel levels of music. No steel drums are allowed in the dolphin building, and no amplified music is permitted in the underwater viewing area of Pier 4. Can I have candles at the National Aquarium private rental? Yes. Candles are permitted as long as they are surrounded by glass (e.g., votive, hurricanes, etc.). Do you have any special add-ons or extras available for my private event at the National Aquarium? 公和我做好爽Added value programming (including dolphin presentations, small group VIP Tours, etc) is available and contingent upon your space rental agreement. Additional fees will apply. The National Aquarium also works with 2 amazing partners that can add that extra something-special to your event: Sharp Shooters Imaging – providing green screen photos, photo booths, and photographers for your event Event Network – Our Aquarium store can remain open for your event and/or your event favors can be purchased directly from our in-house store Do you provide any special rates for active members of the Aquarium? Select corporate membership levels公和我做好爽 receive discounted private rental rates. Please consult our membership department to see if you qualify. Back to the Top


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photo exhibit*
*Based on an exhibit, curated by Ms. Winddancer and with photos by Mr. Myers, at the William and Anita Newman Library, 3rd fl.
©1999 by the William and Anita Newman Library and Baruch College, City University of New York, Louis B. Meyers (photographs), and Eve Winddancer (text). Reproduction or redistribution, except for use in accordance with the Fair Use provisions of U.S. copyright law, is permitted only with the express written permission of one of the copyright holders.


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The Illinois Department of Children and Family Services had multiple contacts with Freund's family over reports of neglect and abuse in the months and years before the 5-year-old was found dead.
In research released on Friday, Nobel winning astronomer Adam Riess calculates the cosmos is between 12.5 and 13.0 billion years old - about 1 billion years younger than previous estimates.
Jason Van Dyke told a psychologist that "time froze" when he shot Laquan McDonald 16 times, according to a newly released report.
The National Weather Service has issued a winter storm watch Saturday for a storm system that could bring up to 8 inches of snow to the Chicago area.
Transforming Herman Melville's 1851 classic is no easy feat. This opera not only captures the pivotal characters in the novel, but also illuminates its major themes with impressive emotional directness.
Mayor Rahm Emanuel said in a statement that Chicago Symphony Orchestra management and striking musicians "have reached an agreement in principle to bring the music back to the symphony center."
J.B. Pritzker faces a federal investigation into his property taxes. Mayor Emanuel brokers a deal between striking musicians and the Chicago Symphony Orchestra.


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Because we went to try Tortilla Café recently, we also had a chance to walk around Eastern Market in Southeast D.C. which is right across the street.
Eastern market has a little of everything – mostly food and handicrafts. It's an excellent place for people watching, photography, spending an afternoon, and shopping, of course. The mix of scents; sliced apples to sample, fresh popped kettle corn, spicy incense, and a dozen other things, reminded me of the market in El Salvador. You could also hear a mix of languages, music, and a man selling newspapers on the corner.
There is a building that houses the indoor market which is mostly butchers/meat counters, fresh produce, baked goods and a few other things mixed in. (This is also where the restrooms are.) At one end of the indoor market there is plenty of seating if you want to eat something you've purchased right there, while listening to live music.
The market spills out onto 7th Street which is closed to traffic. Vendors line the sidewalks under canopies selling everything from candles, handmade toys, scarves, jewelry, paintings, and wind chimes, to apples, salsa, handbags, hats, antique furniture and more. Across the street in a fenced lot are even more vendors.
Peruvian vendors were my favorite, of course.
While we were walking around, I kept seeing this little dog. She was so adorable and I wanted to take her photo but I didn't want the owners to see me do so. Since they never looked away from my general direction, I decided I wanted the photo badly enough to ask them.
"Is that a Chihuahua mixed with Dachshund?" I asked.
"That's exactly what she is! She's a Chiweenie!" she said.
I can't think of a sweeter mix than that. I asked the owner if I could take the dog's photo and she very willingly agreed.
Tips If You Go:
• Bring cash. There's an ATM in the indoor market, but if it's not your bank, you'll pay a fee.
• Bring toilet paper. The women's bathroom didn't have any. I made Carlos steal me a roll from the men's.
• Bring your appetite. There's plenty to eat, including free samples.
• Bring the kids. This market is very family friendly.
For directions, hours of operation and more, visit EasternMarket-DC.org.


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"Does reparations offender Andrew Stephenson think he's a 'good white' or that he's not responsible for his kind's racist denial of restitution for their generational race crimes? You are just as guilty as those who owned slaves, Andrew. You are guilty & being held accountable."
South Carolina Black Foot Soldier Saxe Joiner


text:
Yesterday Teresa Giudice wrote an open-letter to the tabloids lambasting them for making accusations about Jr. Mafia Jailbird Joe's alleged cheating ways. Proving that Stand By Your Man is on repeat on the iPod, the Real Housewives of New Jersey star insists there is no truth to the rumors and furthermore threatened to sue organizations making accusations!
Several media outlets – from the littlest to the hugest – have reported on Joe's purported adultery, a situation not helped by some seriously unflattering footage of him in Napa last season and Jacqueline Laurita's accusations at the reunion. There's also been photos of Joe with other women, although nothing incriminating!
It's speculated that Teresa is attempting some damage control before a really juicy (pun intended) tabloid story emerges later this week that will contain further allegations and photographs of Joe in a compromising situation.


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I have noticed a great deal of confusion regarding how to use the report feature and what is expected regarding reports, so I am making a clarification announcement to users who may be unfamiliar with how the report feature works.
Please note we have this rule regarding reports:
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b. Don't waste the mods' time. Report people for breaking the rules, otherwise don't report.
[Rules in their entirety can be found here.]
We also have a wonderful tutorial on how to use the report feature created by one of our former moderators which you can find here.
In essence, we enforce the rules as they are written. In a rare occasion there may not be a direct violation but the user is still conducting themselves inappropriately and how we handle that is up to the moderators discretion. We do our best.
We also encourage you to use the report feature to report posts that have been edited down to nothing or if you double posted and would like your double post hidden.
Also, please note that we do not provide updates on reports. We get far too many to be able to keep up with every one. You are welcome to message a moderator to ask about your report, but please know that we cannot and will not divulge any information on whether we banned the user you are reporting. Simply that we have taken appropriate action.
I hope this helps provide further clarification on how to use the report feature.
Should you have any questions not clear in these instructions, please feel free to message me or Nyx.
Thank you.
*Please allow up to 3 business days (as we tend to be slower on weekends) for a response and for reports to be cleared.


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Note :My mom adds G&G paste. But we don't like it.So i add pieces of G&G.If u want u can add garam masala powder at the end to make it more flavourful. The same can be used as a stuffing for masala dosa, stuffed buns etc. It tastes good with roti..
Woww... looks lovely and delicious.. awesome shot too.. thanks for sharing dear :)
Indian Cuisine
Thats so quick. thanks dear :)ReplyDelete
I love it too..I make it the same way minus lime juice..ReplyDelete
I also make this curry quiet frequently!! Looks so delightful!!
Ongoing event CC:Spring Seasonal Food
Quick and delicious potato curry,comfort food..ReplyDelete
Quick and delicious potato curry,comfort food..ReplyDelete
this is my son's fav too.ReplyDelete
Potato is an wonder vegetable to me.....curry looks yum...ReplyDelete
All time fav veg, this curry sounds so yummy...wonderful preparation too!!ReplyDelete
looks wonderful deliciously done potatoReplyDelete
wow delicious recipe,nothing can beat this comfort side dish...yummy.ReplyDelete
yummy comfort food...ReplyDelete
yummyyyyy I too make this, now I am hungry!ReplyDelete
love this a lot....
looks perfect and very tempting chitra :)
Looks incredible and super tempting..ReplyDelete
Like this a lot ...with anything ...looks perfectReplyDelete
simple curry looks inviting!!ReplyDelete
Simple n yummy curry...ReplyDelete
This curry is always a hit at home.... my son is also a fan of potato curry :)Nice picture.ReplyDelete
it's my fav. too. looks so tempting. Nice click.ReplyDelete
Oh yum! Potatoes are my absolute FAVORITE, I'm always looking for more recipes with them, this looks great!ReplyDelete
Sounds finger licking good :)ReplyDelete
My kids favorite dish, Potato curry looks so yummy n tempting too....ReplyDelete
How come I'm not getting any updates despite following your space. Loved the curry so much.
Tickling Palates
Nice way to make aloo with ginger and garlic added to it...looks superbReplyDelete
Superb... http://www.gujaratonnet.comReplyDelete
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According to Stern, the owners were ready to strike a deal at 50-50 but that seems to be a clear cut lie. The players still want to remain at 53.
I hope they can strike a deal by Tuesday. They aren't that far off honestly. They just need to get their penis and ego out of the way.
I honestly do not know at this point. I thought they made progress and we could see a deal done this week and cancelation of games was just something they had to do but this is just sounding like two sides that are stubbord, igorant and do not give a **** about the fans.
I responded...
Na I'm good, I'm sure you just said something insulting anyway lol.
Change? Not really


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So, Thursday was a much needed planning day for my team. We met in our parenting center equipped with standards, unit books, and other planning resources. Substitutes took our unruly children and we were free to hold conversations at leisure instead of on the run in the hallway. We were able to go out to lunch like real people do during the workday.
Part of our time together was spent creating a rough framework for culminating assessments for a few of our social studies and science units. Our system supports the Backwards by Design method so these assessments are not necessarily paper and pencil tests but rather opportunities for students to show us what they have in their heads. We brainstormed great ideas that will measure mastery of specific standards. I'll post some of the social studies ideas soon.
I teach with a wonderful group of ladies. Three members of our team are veteran teachers in the most extreme way….one has 27 years experience, another has 30 years, and the third has 35. I don't try and kid myself…I'm not team leader because I am so organized or knowledgeable. I'm low man on the totem pole compared to my capable teammates. I'm paying my dues by serving them as team leader.
During our brainstorm session as we were coming up with ideas for the culminating assessments my experienced colleagues' conversation went something like this:
"Remember when we used to teach?" said teacher one.
"No! Remember when we were trusted to teach?" countered teacher two.
Teacher three said, "I remember when we didn't have to all be doing the same thing or something very similar."
"Yeah, you could walk down the hall and hear different things being done instead of the same lesson, the same graphic organizer, or the same projects hanging in the hallway," teacher one agreed.
They continued to lament that the creativity has been sucked out of education due to NCLB and the accompanying testing mentality. I agree somewhat. I mean, I think I'm fairly creative…sometimes. I still think the number one problem in education has to do with consistency. However, I feel I need to elaborate on what I mean.
We need consistency with discipline. Children need a firm hand with clearly defined limits and teachers need administrators who have support from the system level to do what is need to have order in the classroom. Too many of our violent, disruptive students have too many rights while our students who want to learn seem to have none.
We need consistency with curriculum. I've written and rewritten units too many times in the last seven years all in the name of conforming to the latest 'be all and end all' method to get those scores up. Don't even get me started on the consistency of the state mandated assessments. How can students be successful if the state monkeys with the test as well as the standards we teach every year?
We need consistency with parents. It's a two way street. We need to contact parents consistently as well as have them contact us. Some of my parents were going like gangbusters in August, September and October. By Thanksgiving break they were virtual strangers to my email inbox and I never could seem to get them on the phone. One of my goals for the upcoming year is to attempt to build a personal relationship with every parent. I didn't say I would….just that I was going to make an attempt. I need their help. I cannot do the job I'm expected to do with it.
We need consistency with administrators. Too often they tell us one thing and a colleague another. Too often they will discipline one student with in school suspension when out of school suspension is more appropriate. A few weeks ago I read a post over at Alpha Shrugged called 'Dark Clouds, Silver Lining' that fits well with my rant. By way of Dan McDowell at A History Teacher, Al was making the observation that the "ever expanding bureaucracy seems dominated by entrepreneurs." He stated further,
"We're living in an age wherein teachers, much as they might want to make, as much as they might hope to make, as much as they might actually succeed in making a difference with individual students, are viewed as interchangeable steps on an invisible ladder by the people who revolve through the leadership door. We want to be consistent. We need to be consistent. Because when you get right down to the bottom line, none of it works without us. We are the school.
And then every two or three years the wind changes direction…"
The longer I teach the more his words ring true to me.


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Every fashion week, a few colors crop up among all the big name designer collections. This spring, that elite group of hues included nectarine, poppy red and bright yellow. You'll see these colors all over clothing stores, but you can also apply the fresh pigment to your home. Here are some ways of incorporating the fiery colors in your interior design.
What rhymes with orange? Luckily, decorating with the color is easier than rhyming with it. Citrus may clash with a lot of other hues, but, paired with the right accents, it can invigorate a room. Better Homes and Gardens recently�put together a collection of the best looking rooms that feature orange. In the spread, a lively take on the classic dining room pairs�chairs with bright nectarine cushions in�natural materials, white walls and yellow flowers in shades of varying oranges. The lesson here is to let the color stand on its own and keep the other fixtures in the room quiet. White walls keep the room looking clean, and the wooden table and floors add texture without competing with the orange. Bright yellow buds bring some variety to the space and lend some interest. Rather than flowers, you can�use your window treatments as an accent - one that you don't have to water. Cellular shades in golden leaf would have the same effect in this room as a subtle bridge between the nectarine and the white.
Poppy red
Rather than featuring this daring color on large fixtures, focus it on the accent. The pigment itself is brought to the forefront of the room on its own in small doses. HGTV pictures a kitchen with white and black fixtures, forest green backsplash tiles and poppy-colored chandeliers and chairs. The pieces that you choose to be red should either be small, or should only have the shade on one part. This sort of restraint keeps the room from being overpowered by color, and the use of red in more than one place takes the eye across the room, rather than arresting your attention. The accent in the room shouldn't be an equally bright color, but one that blends into the neutral colors seamlessly while still adding depth.�When using such an exciting color, details should be kept to a minimum elsewhere. This is achieved with white roman shades, clean-looking tiles, solid colors and sparing use of nonessential decor. Throw a bit of poppy red into an already black-and-white room by painting the legs of tables or hanging a stand-out piece of art that uses the pigment.�
Lemon zest
Although�yellow packs a punch equal to that of nectarine and poppy red, the hue can easily be used from ceiling to floor. Red and orange can make people feel passionate and overexcited, but lemon zest evokes a pleasant feeling of cheerfulness. Throw restraint out the window when decorating with this shade. Paint your walls the bright yellow pigment of your choosing, and choose a few other lemon-colored pieces like throw pillows, cellular shades and floral arrangements. Decorate the rest of the room in shades of grey and beige and an accent color like robin's egg blue or fern green. The advantage of yellow is that it's not as jarring as red or orange, and can be matched with a�wider range of hues. In order to retain�the full impact of the color and keep your room from looking busy, stick to one accent color and try to keep the other colors consistent (only shades of grey or beige).


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TEMPLE HILLS, Md. (AP) — Metro police say a man was kidnapped at gunpoint at a Metro station and forced to withdraw cash from several ATMs.
Officials say the man was taken by train from the Naylor Road station in Temple Hills on Friday night to the Waterfront station.
Metro officials say the kidnapper's gun was apparently covered by a sweatshirt as they rode the train. The pair left the Waterfront station in southwest Washington and the victim was forced to withdraw money from several ATMs.
The men returned to the Waterfront station, where Metro officials say they boarded separate trains. Police say they believe that the kidnapper rode back to Naylor Road. The victim was not injured.
(Copyright 2013 by The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved.)


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Mulching tree leaves: an alternative to disposal
Few things are more beautiful than the changing colors of tree foliage in the fall. Unfortunately, enthusiasm for this autumn splendor is tempered by the knowledge that homeowners, professional grounds managers and golf course superintendents will soon face the inevitable task of leaf disposal.
There's no question that you have to do something with leaves. Tree leaves can shade the turf, robbing it of precious photosynthetic activity in the late fall. Even thin layers of tree leaves trap humidity at the turf surface and increase the chance of snow mold during winter. Thicker layers of leaves can smother and completely kill the turf. Removing the interference from fallen tree leaves also allows your late season nitrogen applications to reach the turf more effectively, and improves the efficacy of late-season broadleaf herbicide applications. Therefore, for optimum turf health, it is critical to remove the tree leaves, or at least break them up.
Dwindling options Years ago, we raked leaves into piles and either burned them, moved them to the curb for garbage pick-up or hauled them to the local landfill. Today, burning tree leaves is banned or at least restricted in most municipalities. Yard-waste bans prevent us from hauling tree leaves to landfills and garbage haulers often no longer take tree leaves left on the curb. If you are lucky, you have your own compost pile or a composting center where you can still dispose of leaves, but this still requires a lot of labor and expense. Land-applying leaves-spreading them on agricultural land and tilling them in-is good method of disposal, but it is expensive.
The easiest and cheapest way to dispose of leaves is to mulch them into the turf. This is not a new idea, but universities have only recently compiled enough data to determine that tree-leaf mulching has no long-term negative effects on the turf. Studies at Michigan State, Cornell, Rutgers and Purdue have concluded that mulching tree leaves is an excellent disposal method that does not harm healthy turf.
The Purdue study * Methods. At Purdue, we are just finishing up a 5-year study looking at the effects of mulching maple leaves into turf. Every October since 1994, we collected maple leaves, ran them through a garden shredder to facilitate handling and applied them to a low-maintenance perennial ryegrass stand.
We applied the leaves at 2,000 and 4,000 pounds per acre in a single application and set aside check plots where we applied no leaves. We selected these rates because a typical forested area will drop about 3,000 pounds of tree litter per acre each year, including twigs and leaves. Our 4,000-pound rate was the equivalent of about 6 to 8 inches of piled leaves. After application to the plots, we immediately mowed the leaves with a mulching mower.
Because we felt that the high carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C:N) in the tree leaves would eventually limit nitrogen in the turf stand, we annually applied nitrogen using three different rates. Beginning in the spring of 1995, we applied 1.3 or 2.6 pounds of nitrogen per 1,000 square feet per year, and left some plots unfertilized. However, by summer 1996, the ryegrass receiving no nitrogen had declined dramatically. Therefore, we adjusted the rates to 1.3, 2.6 and 3.9 pounds per 1,000 square feet per year.
The turf plots received regular irrigation to prevent drought stress, and herbicide applications to limitbroadleaf and annual weeds. We collected data monthly for clipping weights, visual quality and color ratings, and annually evaluated the turf mat, soil pH and soil nutrient concentrations. We also checked soil microbial biomass and activity, and water infiltration.
* Results. We found that even the high rate of tree leaves had no effect on turf visual quality, color or growth. Although we expected tree leaves to tie up nitrogen in the soil, we saw no long-term effects of tree leaves on turf growth regardless of the nitrogen rate we applied (other than the original plots that received no nitrogen at all). Other studies have shown short-term nitrogen depletion as the tree leaves break down. However, we feel this would not be a problem in most areas because fall fertilization of the turf will almost certainly ensure adequate nitrogen for the grass plants.
We also suspected long-term nitrogen depletion would increase diseases such as red thread, pink patch and dollar spot, but we saw no increase in these diseases regardless of leaf or nitrogen treatment. No differences in weed infestation occurred, regardless of treatments.
No substantial buildup of leaf mat occurred in the soil, though you might expect this to occur after many years of leaf mulching. However, we did see an increase in microbial activity caused by mulching the tree leaves, which apparently prevented the leaf mat from accumulating.
The increased microbial activity is perhaps the most interesting finding of this study. Increased soil microbial activity indicates improved soil quality. Therefore, we expect that the heavy clay soils on which many new subdivisions are now built should improve as the trees mature and their leaves are mulched into the turf.
Our data suggested an increase in water-infiltration rates. This data was not conclusive but, combined with the increased soil microbial activity, suggests mulching tree leaves improves soil properties.
We observed no effect on nutrient availability or pH in the soil. However, we were applying maple leaves with a basic pH to a fertile silt-loam soil with significant buffering capacity. Theory and practical experience tell us that if low-pH leaves, such as oak, are mulched into a poorly buffered soil, such as sand, the pH may decrease significantly after many years of leaf mulching. Of course, corrective measures such as lime applications can counteract this.
But is it practical? Professional turf managers tell us that mulching tree leaves saves tremendous amounts of time for their crews, allowing them to take on more important or profitable jobs. One person can mulch tree leaves on an entire property where it might have taken a crew of four or five to pick up the leaves. Mulching tree leaves minimizes expenses for equipment such as large vacuums and specialized trailers or trucks for hauling. It also eliminates disposal fees at compost sites or landfills.
For some in-house operations, this might be a "no-brainer." However, revenue is an issue that inevitably comes up with contractors whenever a new labor-saving strategy is devised. Why should maintenance contractors eliminate leaf pick-up and disposal when it can be a good source of revenue? This is an important question, and one that may have different answers, depending on the property and the maintenance operation. Isn't mulching tree leaves with mulching mowers still a leaf-disposal service? Your company could still offer a leaf management service, but it could take the form of late-season mulching rather than leaf pick-up and disposal.
Leaf mulching can even be an effective bidding tool, because an overall maintenance program that includes fall leaf disposal could be performed for less money if you employ leaf mulching. Further, maintenance practices perceived as environmentally responsible hold great weight with some clients, so this could be a way to portray yourself as an "eco-friendly" operator.
Is tree leaf mulching for everyone? Probably not--every situation is different. A heavily wooded lawn, already thinned from shade, might not be able to withstand the extra abuse of mulching the tree leaves. Homeowners set in their ways may not be comfortable with the idea of mulching tree leaves when they've always been raked in the past. It is not realistic to expect every property to adopt a leaf-mulching program. However, it is reasonable to evaluate each account and recommend mulching where appropriate. Saving time and money without harming turf makes leaf mulching a winning strategy.
Dr. Zac Reicher is a turfgrass extension specialist and Glenn Hardebeck is a research technician, both at Purdue University (West Lafayette, Ind.).
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SAP Cloud Inside : Build and Run Applications in the Cloud
Last week I was invited to present eXo Cloud IDE during the SAP Cloud Inside. This SAP Community event was a great opportunity to discuss about the cloud with an interesting point of view: the impact of the cloud for SAP customers (especially administrators and developers).
During this presentation I have introduced the eXo Cloud IDE, and I did a demonstration in which O have built and deployed applications : Open Social Gadgets, Ruby on Rails and Java/Spring, and explain how it could be extended to SAP business services.
Here the slides that I have used during this presentation:
Remember that you can register yourself to the eXo Cloud IDE Service and start develop application from your browser.


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Faith Over Fear Short Sleeve Tee
Super soft cotton and excellent quality print makes one to fall in love with it over and over again.
.: Relaxed fit
.: 100% Soft cotton (fibre content may vary for different colors)
.: Light fabric (4.2 oz/yd² (142 g/m²))
.: Runs true to size
ShippingThe Praying Woman Boutique Merchandise can be purchased and shipped worldwide. The United States Postal Service takes care of the shipment for all the orders. Orders take 3-5 business days for processing and printing before being shipped and then 2-3 business days for delivery once shipped. Average delivery time is 5-7 business days from the time order is placed.
Email updates will be sent at each stage of processing to keep you informed. Please make sure to designate an alternate shipping address at the time of your order if you are using one.
Items that are in stock are shipped within 5 business days and a notification will be sent to the email on file. The prices are based on USPS Priority Mail shipping and the handling cost from the warehouse noted below.
United States Domestic Shipping Domestic Shipping: $4.95 Parcels are mailed USPS Priority Mail with USPS Tracking and insurance for the value of your order.
ReturnsOur return policy is 30 days from delivery date.
To be eligible for a return, your item must be unused and in the same condition that you received it. It must also be in the original packaging.
To complete your return, we require a receipt or proof of purchase.
***Please contact us before returning your package.***
Refunds (if applicable)
Refunds are given if there is an error on our end where we sent out the wrong product, wrong size, or damaged item. Just email us and we will offer a refund or replacement.
Once your return is received and inspected, we will send you an email to notify you that we have received your returned item.
Your refund will be processed, and a credit will automatically be applied to your credit card or original method of payment.
Exchanges (if applicable) We only replace items if they are defective or damaged. If you need to exchange it for the same item, send us an email at firstname.lastname@example.com.