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Product code: CF-285-NG-BLK
£33.00 incl. VAT.
colorFabb nGen Black 2.85mm filament is made with Eastman Amphora™ AM3300 3D polymer. It is a low-odour, styrene-free high quality 3D printing material. The chemical make-up of AM3300 also makes the material less sensitive to moisture.
colorFabb nGen Black has good flow properties, a low processing temperature, good bridging capabilities and a high glass transition temperature of 85°C making it an ideal material for engineering applications in form, fit and function testing of parts and prototypes.
Each colorFabb nGen spool contains approx. 750g of filament and is available in 2.85mm and 1.75mm diameters in a range of colours.
Due to the large variation of monitors, video cards, operating systems & Internet browsers and the effects each has on each other, the colours on this page may not exactly match the materials.
colorFabb nGen
Eastman Amphora 3D Polymer AM3300
40 - 60mm/sec
Tensile Stress @ Yield D 638: 50 MPa (7210 psi)
Tensile Stress @ Break D 638: 35 MPa (6240 psi)
Elongation @ Yield D 638: 4.5%
Elongation @ Break D 638: 193%
Compatible with wide range of FDM / FFF 3D printers which accept 2.85mm or 1.75mm filament
For best results, store in air-tight container
NB: Properties and settings may vary depending on printer type and setting.
Download colorFabb nGen technical data sheet.pdf
Download colorFabb nGen material safety data sheet.pdf
The colorFabb testlab features a wide range of popular 3d printers. colorFabb continuously test their products on a range of 3D printers to check the quality of the materials produced and to develop exciting new materials.
The following printers are used in the colorFabb lab: Ultimaker Original, Ultimaker Original Dual Extrusion, Ultimaker 2, Makerbot Replicator 2, Delta Tower (E3D hot-end), Felix 20, Leapfrog Creator, Beethefirst.
As such, colorFabb nGen can be used for most commercially available leading brands 3D FDM/FFF printers. Please check your specific printer set up, specification and operation of your 3D printer for compatibility.
colorFabb nGen (Eastman Amphora AM3300 3D Polymer) is a low-odour, styrene-free material specifically developed for 3D printing. nGen has good flow properties, a low processing temperature, good bridging capabilities and a high glass transition temperature of 85°C making it an ideal material for engineering applications in form, fit and function testing of parts and prototypes.
Recommended extruder temperature: 220-250°C
Recommended platform temperature: 65-85°C
Recommended print speed: 40 - 60mm/s
colorFabb use laser measurement systems to check the diameter of their filament real time during production. It's measured over 1000 times per second and helps guarantee that each spool of colorFabb 3D printing filament is produced within tolerance. colorFabb can guarantee 0.05mm +/- on both 2.85mm and 1.75mm colorFabb 3D printing filament.
nGen works best with a heated bed, with temperatures around 65-85°C.
We would recommend using your normal adhesion, as you would for any other print, for example a little glue stick on an Ultimaker 2.
Yes, colorFabb advise you may need to experiment / adjust your fan cooling when using nGen material. Some 3D printers have aggressive cooling, which can affect layer adhesion. You might find it best to reduce your fan cooling speed, or perhaps only using fan cooling for perimeter lines.
nGen has good bridging capabilities, but will perform best with reduced print bridge speeds.
colorFabb nGen Dark Green 2.85mm
colorFabb nGen Gold Metallic 2.85mm
colorFabb nGen Grey Metallic 2.85mm
colorFabb nGen Light Green 2.85mm
© Copyright 2020 CREAT3D Ltd. All rights reserved. CREAT3D™ and its associated logo are trademarks of CREAT3D Ltd and are the subject of trademark applications or registrations in various countries around the world. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
Company no. 08416238.
0800 689 1011
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UC Davis Health System researchers who are working to speed therapies to patients suffering from critical limb ischemia, osteoporosis and Huntington's disease received approval today for three separate research grants from the state's stem cell agency totaling more than $53 million. Each of the research studies that can now begin at UC Davis are specifically designed to lead to U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval of human clinical trials using stem cells and regenerative therapies.
At today's meeting of the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM) in San Francisco, the agency's 29-member governing board approved five other grant proposals as part of its $150 million Disease Team Research Awards program. Funding goes to a highly select group of scientific collaborations to accelerate the state's most promising stem cell research.
"Today's Disease Team awards reflect the expertise and experience that UC Davis brings to the world of regenerative medicine," said Jan Nolta, professor of internal medicine and director of the UC Davis Stem Cell Program and its Institute for Regenerative Cures in Sacramento. "Our teams are as eager as patients and families themselves to begin the type of clinical research that will allow us to discover new therapies and cures for people suffering from chronic and life-debilitating diseases. These generous grants allow our researchers to focus as never before on finding the best answers to the most challenging questions in regenerative medicine."
The three UC Davis grants that were funded "are breathtaking in their size, scope and potential," said Nolta.
Critical limb ischemia (CLI)
Armed with their new $14.1 million CIRM grant, Nolta and John Laird, professor of cardiovascular medicine and director of the UC Davis Vascular Center, lead a team that plans to launch human clinical trials for critical limb ischemia, a vascular disease affecting about 2 million people around the country. The condition, which is often present in individuals with diabetes and severe peripheral artery disease, is caused by severe obstructions of the arteries, seriously decreasing blood flow to the feet and legs. It is associated with pain, debilitating foot ulcers, gangrene, and increased risk of leg amputation and death. Despite the best surgical revascularization efforts, at its end stages, this disease lacks effective therapies.
Bolstered by their recent preclinical studies in critical limb ischemia that showed stem cell safety and efficacy, Nolta and Laird plan to use mesenchymal stem cells from healthy bone marrow donors that are bioengineered to produce a revascularizing factor. The cells will be injected into the legs of CLI patients and are expected to migrate to oxygen-low areas in a patient's diseased limbs.
"Our combination stem cell strategy is analogous to a paramedic vehicle that can deliver emergency care directly to a patient," said Laird, who has been investigating different stem cell approaches as possible vascular therapies for several years. "We've seen that the special growth factors produced by our engineered stem cells can rapidly restore blood flow in the limbs of animal models that had no leg circulation whatsoever. Our CIRM grant now enables us to completely focus on finalizing safety and efficacy tests for humans so we can move this candidate therapy into clinical trials that will hopefully save people from amputation."
Joining the UC Davis team in developing the novel mesenchymal stem cell therapeutic for CLI will be research partners at Reina Sofia University Hospital in Cordoba, Spain. The collaboration is a part of the Andalusian Initiative for Advanced Therapies, which was created by the regional government of Andalusia to sponsor non-commercial clinical trials in the field of cellular therapy.
Treatment for osteoporosis
Nancy Lane, professor of internal medicine, will use her $20 million CIRM grant to lead her research team to optimize the use of a small molecule (LLP2A-Ale) to direct endogenous mesenchymal stem cells to the bone surface for the treatment of osteoporosis. The novel approach has the potential to promote new bone growth and provide an effective answer for men and postmenopausal women and who suffer from a disease that causes increased bone fragility and often leads to bone fractures and a significantly decreased quality of life.
Osteoporosis results from estrogen deficiencies and aging. It is the most common type of bone disease, and is expected to affect more than 61 million Americans by 2020. The disease occurs when the equilibrium between the formation of new bone and the reabsorption of old bone is disrupted in the body. In the U.S., 40 percent of women and 13 percent of men over the age of 50 will suffer an osteoporosis-related fracture in their lifetimes, with resulting pain and limitations on activity. Lane's proposal to CIRM noted that California has one of the nation's largest over-age-65 populations and can expect to experience greatly increased fracture rates because of the disease.
"The only currently approved therapy for osteoporosis that increases bone formation requires costly and inconvenient daily injections for two years," said Lane, who also serves as director of the UC Davis Musculoskeletal Diseases of Aging Research Group. "I'm very optimistic that with our Disease Team grant from CIRM, we will be able to successfully, and fairly quickly, develop a bone-building treatment of osteoporosis that only requires an occasional infusion."
In addition to research that will be done on UC Davis' Sacramento campus, Lane's CIRM grant represents economic-development opportunities for California businesses. It will contract with several companies to perform the crucial, preclinical studies that will ensure the small-molecule drug used to direct the bone-forming mesenchymal stem cells is safe. UC Davis will work with another company to synthesize and package the novel small-molecule compound for clinical trials. And yet another company will assist the university's disease team in working with FDA as the osteoporosis clinical trial gets under way, which is expected to occur in 2014. These collaborations are valued at approximately $3.5 million per year over the next four years.
Huntington's disease (HD)
The research that will lead to clinical trials for Huntington's disease (HD) represents one of the most exciting developments in regenerative medicine. Armed with a new CIRM grant, Vicki Wheelock, clinical professor of neurology and director of the HDSA Center of Excellence at UC Davis, will be working with Nolta on a $19 million push to launch the first FDA-approved cellular therapy for HD patients. Their plan is to infuse specially engineered mesenchymal stem cells into the brain tissue of Huntington's disease patients. The stem cells, which will be engineered to secrete brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), are designed to restore the health of brain cells damaged by the mutant Huntingtin (htt) protein that is the hallmark for the devastating neurodegenerative disease. This therapy has been shown to be effective in animal models of HD.
"About 1 in 10,000 Californians has Huntington's disease," said Wheelock. "It touches all races and socioeconomic levels. The financial burdens are in the billions, the emotional costs are immeasurable, and right now there is no cure. HD patients and family members have been tireless advocates for stem cell research. The CIRM grant enables us to work toward the first ever FDA-approved stem cell therapy for the disease. For physicians who have witnessed the tragedy of this illness over and over again, today we have hope for developing a disease-modifying treatment for HD and optimism for finding a cure."
Huntington's disease is an inherited disorder passed down through families in which brain cells waste away, or degenerate. While most patients develop symptoms as adults, children and teens can develop juvenile HD. Movement, judgment, thinking and speech decline, and psychiatric symptoms are very disabling. Over the course of the disease, patients suffer painful involuntary movements and loss of independence. Many people who are at risk are reluctant to be tested for fear they may lose health insurance or their jobs, and families of HD victims face the added challenges and costs of long-term caregiving.
The UC Davis trials for treating HD are targeted for earlier phases of the disease, when patients are younger and before the illness's full impact can take its toll. Wheelock said that mesenchymal stem cells represent remarkably effective delivery vehicles because they move well through tissue and can produce high levels of growth factor for uptake by the damaged neurons.
In preparation for a phase I clinical trial, the Huntington's disease team is carefully testing its proposed cellular infusion therapy for safety and effectiveness. In HD mouse models, the team has demonstrated that the delivery of brain-derived neurotrophic factors via mesenchymal stem cells significantly reduces behavioral deficits back to nearly normal levels.
"What's also exciting about our study is that our biological delivery system shows great promise for treating other neurodegenerative disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig's disease), spinocerebellar ataxia, Alzheimer's disease, and even some forms of Parkinson's," said Wheelock. "Moreover, because HD patients have few other options, the benefit-to-risk ratio for our planned clinical trial is very high, and today's CIRM grant will enable us to move forward."
The state's latest round of stem cell grants to UC Davis represent the largest single-day amount ever earmarked for regenerative medicine research at the university, and nearly equals the total amount of funding it has received from CIRM over the past six years.
"We know that one of CIRM's primary goals with its awards is to enable teams of laboratory scientists, clinicians and junior investigators to tackle the most clinically relevant treatment issues and overcome potential safety problems as early in the research process as possible," said Frederick J. Meyers, executive associate dean for UC Davis School of Medicine, who oversees the school's research, teaching, clinical care and community engagement. "We are honored to receive the agency's support."
Meyers emphasized the role many people, including donors, have played in expanding the stem cell research program at UC Davis.
"Along with talented teams and state grants, our research success also is the result of visionary private donors who have been catalysts for funding our scientists and projects that will have far-reaching benefits for improving human health," he said.
from http://www.ucdmc.ucdavis.edu/publish/news/heart/6808

subset: commoncrawl


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Everton defender Sylvain Distin believes the club has an inherent winning mentality which is impossible to ignore.
And the Frenchman admits if, as a player, you do not grasp it within a couple of weeks of arriving, manager David Moyes is quick to point it out to you. The players' never-day-die attitude was exemplified in their last-gasp 2-1 win over Tottenham when Steven Pienaar and Nikica Jelavic scored within 88 seconds of each other to secure the three points.
"We always believe we can win and we proved it again," said the centre-back, who stressed they were not happy to settle for a draw after Pienaar's 90th-minute equaliser. "We were unfortunate with the goal we conceded but we never stopped believing and we always kept fighting."
He added: "We don't have to think about it, that is the mentality at Everton and after two weeks at the club that is how you behave because you follow the rest of the squad.
"Whether we are 1-0 down or 2-0 up, we play from the first second to the last second. Personally I've always been like that but if you are a player who is not too much like that you change your attitude pretty quickly and you follow everyone going in the same direction.
"When you join a club like Everton it feels like home after two weeks and it comes naturally - if not you have the gaffer on your back at the end of the game and you don't want that."
The win was only the second in 10 matches but it restored Everton's place in the top four.
Distin insists their position is not something the squad currently think about but their Champions League dreams may start to materialise if they still occupy a top-four slot in a month's time.
"It doesn't mean a lot to us now," he added. "It is obviously better to be there than in the bottom four but it is too early. The more time goes and more you stay in this position then the more you start to believe.
"But we have to get through the Christmas period and see where we are and then we can start dreaming. But I can't see any easy games. Every game is important and we are really focused on what we want to do."


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We got back from our mini-vacation Saturday. Emily said she really felt like she just came back from a vacation. I think I did, too. But I also had to be reminded of it, so I don't think it was the same vacation for me as it was for her. But regardless it was amazing. We did the math and figured out of the five places we stayed, we were in no place longer than 3 nights. 3 nights in Rye, NY. We [heart] Hiltons. 3 nights in Manhattan. We [heart] pretending to live in midtown and Tribeca is our new jam. But Bubby's, you don't accept AmEx?! Bobby would be very unhappy with you. Three nights in Western Maryland. We [heart] marrying our two good friends. What an unforgettable experience. 3 nights in OC with Em's mom and boyfriend. We [heart] OC. One can never window shop for air-brushed t-shirts enough on the boardwalk. And 3 nights in Duck, NC with the in-laws in a 10 bedroom hizzouse on the Atlantic Ocean. OBX is the new (and closer) Cape Cod. I can dig it.
I tell you, vacations with Emily are perfection. I am the driver and Emily is the navigator. Who needs a GPS when you have Emily and a good U.S. map?! We make the best team ever. And Lily is definitely our co-pilot these days. She did, for the most part, wonderfully the whole trip through. She's incredible. It's amazing how many states she's already been to. More than I had been to when I started college. MD. PA. NY. NJ. OH. VA. WV. NC. That's almost 20%. And did I mention she's 3 months?! Holy crap.
And today, I decided to check how my site rendered in IE. I sort of apologize for not really checking. Well. Er. Not really. I actually thought to ask a few friends to double check it. But after looking at my iChat list, few of my friends even have PC's anymore. It's a great state of affairs, but sure makes it hard to cross-check for the 51% of my visitors who still use IE, not to mention a Windows-based machine. Um. Remind me again why people still use IE? For drizzle.


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I have a confession to make. When I get home from work, my favorite channel to tune in to is TBS. All those reruns of Friends, Seinfeld, King of Queens and The Big Bang Theory are somehow therapeutic after the end of a long day. I've seen them over and over, but I like the familiarity.
I also have a strange fascination with "Tainted Love Tuesday" movie nights on Lifetime. I can't explain that one. I'm just glad my life isn't that dramatic.
Yes, I cried when Friends ended. Its tenth season coincided with my last year living in China, and my friends and I watched the final episodes just weeks before the end of the school year. I bawled like a baby.
One of my favorite Seinfeld episodes is the "yada-yada-yada" episode. Know the one I mean?
Elaine: We went out to dinner, I had the bisque, we went back to his place, yada-yada-yada... (or something to that effect...)
Jerry: You just yada-yada-d over the best part!
Elaine: No, I mentioned the bisque.
Well, speaking of bisque... this seafood bisque really is worth talking about, so no yada-yada-ing over it. I read that authentic French bisque, typically made from crustaceans not good enough to sell on their own, was traditionally made with even the shells, which were ground to a fine paste and added to the soup.
I didn't use the shells, but I think my own version is pretty delicious, even if it's not totally authentic. It also came together very quickly, and I was so pleased at how creamy and rich it tasted, even though it doesn't contain any butter or cream. I've discovered that low-fat evaporated milk is a wonderful substitute for cream in cream-based soups. I wish I'd thought of it when I made that potato and kale soup the other day.
While I made the bisque and some Parmesan crisps (that to my disappointment, didn't actually get crispy), Jamie roasted asparagus, and wrapped bits of prosciutto around scallops to sear them at the last minute.
We finished everything with a little fresh lemon zest and juice.
Shrimp and Crab Bisque
printable recipe
- 1 tablespoon olive oil
- 1 stalk celery, diced
- 1/4 sweet yellow onion, diced
- 1 clove garlic, minced
- 2 tablespoons all-purpose flour
- 1/4 cup dry white wine
- 1/4 cup fat-free, low-sodium chicken broth
- 2 tablespoons tomato paste
- 1 cup skim milk
- 2 cans (12 ounces each) low-fat (2%) evaporated milk
- 1/4 teaspoon ground thyme
- 1/4 teaspoon Old Bay seasoning
- 1/4 cup grated Parmesan
- 1/4 cup fresh, chopped parsley
- 1/2 pound lump crab meat
- 1 pound fresh or frozen raw shrimp, peeled, cleaned and thawed
- salt and pepper
- lemon wedges and zest
In a large stockpot, heat the olive oil over medium heat. Add the celery and onion with a pinch of salt and cook for 4-5 minutes until softened. Add the garlic and cook for 1 minute. Sprinkle the flour into the pot, and stir to combine. Add the white wine to deglaze the pot, and scrape up any brown bits from the bottom. Add the chicken broth, tomato paste, skim milk and evaporated milk. Use an immersion blender to puree the mixture until smooth.
Stir in the thyme, Old Bay, Parmesan and parsley. Bring to a boil over medium heat, then reduce to medium low to simmer, stirring frequently, for 20 minutes. Taste and season with salt and pepper. Just before serving, add the crab and shrimp to the pot, and allow the shrimp to poach in the soup until cooked through, about 5 minutes. Serve immediately, garnishing each serving with a little more fresh parsley and some lemon zest. A spritz of lemon juice right on top is delicious.
Although the bisque is actually very light with no heavy cream or butter, it tastes rich, so serve small portions along with a salad, vegetables or other main dish.
Yields 6 servings.
WW Points Plus Value: 6 points per serving
Recipe from Curly Girl Kitchen


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The federal government wants millions of Americans to enroll in the new state healthcare exchanges available as a key part of the Affordable Care Act. The challenge is to make sure that the 1,000-page law doesn't overwhelm people with its complexity.
Use the following FAQ as a starting point to answer your ACA-related questions.
In addition, the government has set up a website, HealthCare.gov, to explain the law's provisions and answer many of the most pressing questions from consumers and employers.
U.S. & World
For consumers, the place to start is the Individuals and Families page. Business owners should go straight to the Small Businesses page.
The government site also includes a launch page that leads consumers to their state's online marketplace.
The Affordable Care Act's goal is to slash the ranks of the uninsured by making it easier for people to find reasonably priced coverage. The major provision -- that most Americans must have health insurance -- goes into effect Jan. 1. To make that happen, the law provides for the creation of online marketplaces, where consumers can shop for insurance that meets their needs and budget. Those exchanges began operating Oct. 1.


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Understanding Your Water Test Report
Bob Broz
Extension Water Quality State Specialist
Division of Food Systems and Bioengineering
?This publication summarizes information to help you interpret a report from a water testing laboratory and to decide what action to take. It is intended primarily for homeowners with private water supplies (home wells), but environmental organizations, health departments, water testing laboratories and those on public water supplies may find this material of interest.
Regular water tests are recommended for all household water systems. Public water supplies are tested regularly in accordance with state and federal regulation. However, there is no law or regulation requiring testing or establishing water quality standards for private supplies. Owners and users of private water supplies are advised to test their water regularly and to interpret the results using the safe drinking water standards for public systems except as noted here.
Tests for household water include microbiological, inorganic chemicals, organic chemicals — such as pesticides, synthetic organic chemicals (SOCs), volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) — and radiological components. Tests also measure physical/chemical or nuisance contaminants such as water hardness and iron. This publication discusses the standards and health consequences for microbiological, inorganic chemicals and nuisance contaminants. Water testing is expensive so try to narrow down or identify what you need to test for. MU Extension publication WQ100 Water Testing: What to Test For provides more information.
Much scientific work has been and is being directed toward obtaining or setting sound criteria for water in domestic, industrial, agricultural and other uses. Where health is involved and where scientific data are sparse, professional judgments based on best available information have sometimes been established on an interim basis. Also, water quality standards change as scientific knowledge of contaminants and their effects on health increases.
Drinking water standards
Drinking water standards (Table 1) are established for contaminants that may have adverse effects on people's health and for contaminants that have aesthetic effects, such as taste, odor or staining. Standards for contaminants that could impact health are called primary drinking water standards and are enforceable by law for public water systems.
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has responsibility for setting public drinking water standards through the Safe Drinking Water Act. These standards also can be used as a guide for monitoring levels in private well water.
Table 1
Safe drinking water standards terminology.
|Acceptable daily intake
|Maximum contaminant level (primary standard, health effects)
|Maximum contaminant level goal
|Secondary maximum contaminant level (non-health effects)
|Secondary maximum contaminant level (non-health effects)
Milligrams per liter (mg per liter) = parts per million (ppm)
Micrograms per liter (µg/L) = 0.001 µg/L or parts per billion (ppb)
Primary standards
Primary standards are usually established through maximum contaminant levels (MCL) but may be established through a mandatory treatment technique requirement.
Officials set standards using a figure calculated from animals studies called the acceptable daily intake (ADI) for chemicals that cause adverse health effects other than cancer. The ADI is the daily dose of a substance that a person can ingest over a lifetime without suffering any adverse health effects, and it includes a conservative safety margin.
The MCL is the maximum level of a contaminant allowed in a public water system, and customers must be notified when it is exceeded. The MCL must be set as close to the maximum contaminant level goal (MCLG) as application of best technology will allow. The MCLG is the level at which no known or anticipated health effects will occur and must include an adequate margin of safety. The MCLG is set at zero for known human carcinogens.
Secondary standards
Standards for aesthetic contaminants are called secondary maximum contaminant levels (SMCL). These secondary standards are not enforceable. Water meeting secondary standards should not have unpleasant taste, odor, appearance or side effects. In Missouri, the SMCL may be exceeded with little concern; for example, total dissolved solids (salts) may exceed twice the secondary standard.
The Safe Drinking Water Act amendments of 1986 require drinking water standards to undergo extensive review and revision. The present standards have been accepted by EPA as levels that should not pose negative health effects.
Microbiological contaminants
Microbiological contaminants include the living organisms in water that are capable of reproducing or growing either in water or in the host, once ingested. These contaminants include bacteria, protozoa (may be in cyst form), viruses and parasitic worms. Microbiological contaminants have been responsible for the majority of illness and disease associated with polluted water. Entry into the body is normally through drinking water, but breaks in the skin and other body openings may also be avenues of entry. Many diseases can be transmitted through water, and some are transmitted primarily by water. Food and objects (such as fingers) put in mouths are other possible means of exposure. Filtration and disinfection are the primary methods for control of microbiological contaminants.
Bacteria, coliform (MCL: 0 colonies per 100 milliliters)
EPA proposes an alternate presence/absence test for coliform bacteria.
The test for coliform bacteria has been the standard test for microbiological safety for several decades. It is an excellent indicator of possible contamination in disinfected public water supplies. The test evaluates for coliform bacteria, which are widely distributed in the environment in soil, on plants, on animals and in very large numbers in the feces of mammals. When coliform are present, it means water has been exposed to one or more of these sources. In disinfected systems, this means the water has been recontaminated or disinfection is inadequate and the water may contain pathogens (disease-causing organisms).
Illness caused by pathogens commonly transmitted by water include typhoid, cholera, dysentery, hepatitis, giardiasis, polio, Legionnaires disease and several gastrointestinal and influenza-like illnesses. Coliform bacteria are not considered pathogens, though some strains are opportunistic pathogens, which means they may cause disease among people whose local or general natural defense mechanisms are impaired, such as the elderly, the very young and the ill (such as burns or immunosuppressive therapy).
The presence of coliform also means the water may contain pathogens.
The coliform test has also been widely used to evaluate the microbiological safety of private water systems. Interpreting the health significance of the coliform test is quite difficult in this application. If the findings of no coliform is interpreted to mean the water supply is safe, a false sense of security can result. Especially a single sample may not be representative of water quality at other times or location.
Interpreting the finding of coliform in a water sample to mean the water is unsafe, or unfit to drink, may create a false sense of alarm. Although undesirable, the presence of some total coliform may be inevitable in some private water systems because the systems are not normally disinfected. Coliform bacteria are virtually everywhere in the environment. Their presence does not necessarily indicate contamination by human or animal waste or pathogens. However, all water systems should be free of all fecal coliform to be considered safe.
The difficulties in interpreting the meanings of coliform tests for private water supplies can be overcome by first ensuring the safety of the supply and distribution system against contamination, and then establishing a long record of test results. Quarterly sampling — four times a year —is recommended at least until a record of consistent results is obtained. Public systems are tested a minimum of once every two weeks (26 times per year). At this time, the EPA does not accept any coliform bacteria levels in public drinking water.
Coliform bacteria in a water supply means the water has been affected by the environment and disease-causing organisms may be present. Therefore, the presence of any coliform is cause for concern, and corrective action should be taken. Fluctuation in coliform count, such as increases after a rain, or seasonally, indicate direct contamination of the water source. Poor well construction is a common cause.
Steps to ensure safe water and correct bacteria problems
- Ensure safety of the water source. Is the well or spring located upslope and away from possible contamination sources? Is it safely constructed? Is it tightly sealed, clean and well-maintained?
- Verify integrity of the distribution system. (Is it free of cross connections with non-potable water? Do all outlets always have adequate air gaps or backflow preventers? Are in-line treatment devices clean and well-maintained?
- Disinfect the water source and distribution system and re-test after a couple of weeks.
If following these steps does not remove bacteria, there is probably some overlooked cross connection or problem with the water source. A recent contamination of the supply by a large quantity of water that has carried bacteria into the aquifer — or continued contamination of the aquifer because of shallow soil cover, an abandoned well or other sources — are possibilities. In cases of persistent coliform bacteria problems, seek further help from your local MU Extension center, local health departments or the Missouri Department of Health in evaluating the problem. In extreme cases, construction of a new well, continuous disinfection or connection to an alternate supply may be necessary.
A laboratory reporting the results of a bacteriological test on water may use such terms as satisfactory or unsatisfactory for human consumption.
Because the coliform test will detect bacteria strains not of fecal origin from air, soil and our hands, it is critical to sample correctly and from an acceptable location. Take care not to contaminate the sterile sample container or lid. Any locations following a water treatment device (cartridge or tank filter or softener) or open storage container, such as a cistern, have high probability of coliform contamination. Many coliform positive samples are traced to an unsatisfactory sampling location or poor care in sample collection. Other sample locations likely to produce meaningless results are single lever faucets, a frost-proof hydrant, hose bib, hose or any hot-water outlet.
Bacteria, other than coliform (no standard)
When bacteria other than coliform are present in large numbers, it means the water is of poor quality. Presence of any bacteria suggests that the water supply or the water system is or has been open to the environment. Fluctuations in the number of bacteria likely depend on how recently the contamination occurred. These bacteria do not indicate a high probability of pathogens (disease-causing organisms) as expected with coliform bacteria. However, like coliform bacteria, some of these bacteria are themselves opportunistic pathogens.
When bacteria other than coliform are present in large numbers (more than 100 per 100 milliliters) or are too numerous to count (TNTC), they may crowd out or inhibit the growth of coliform bacteria. When this situation occurs, the result of the test is invalid and the quality of the water supply is suspect. The same steps should be taken to ensure a safe water supply as previously identified for coliform bacteria and the water re-sampled after a couple of weeks.
Inorganic chemical contaminants
Inorganic chemicals regulated by drinking water standards are widespread in the environment. Concentrations of inorganic chemicals which exceed the MCLs may be due to human activities or natural conditions or both. Levels of most inorganic chemicals are greatly influenced by types of soil, rock, and minerals present.
Inorganic chemicals may enter the body through food, drinking water and the air we breathe. When the drinking water standard is exceeded, it may be necessary to treat a small amount of water for cooking and drinking. The treatment method can be identified by calling the local health department.
Aluminum (Proposed secondary maximum contaminant levels, or SMCL: 0.05 milligram per liter)
Aluminum is widespread in the environment. Intake occurs through food, water and air. Aluminum has been suspected of contributing to Alzheimer's disease, but inadequate scientific data exist to substantiate a cause-effect relationship.
Arsenic (Maximum contaminant levels, or MCL: 0.01 milligram per liter)
The high toxicity of arsenic and its widespread occurrence in the environment necessitates the limit on arsenic concentrations in drinking water. At one time, arsenic compounds were used extensively as pesticides and herbicides, but their use for these purposes has been dramatically reduced. Chronic health effects may include weight loss, depression, lack of energy and cancer.
Asbestos (Proposed MCL and MCLG: 7 million fibers per liter over 10 microns long)
Asbestos occurs naturally in the environment and has been used in asbestos-cement pipes in water distribution systems and in well casings. It has been introduced into drinking water through the corrosion of asbestos-reinforced cement pipes by water with a low pH. Water that has high pH and low corrosivity should prevent the deterioration of pipes that would introduce asbestos into water.
Barium (MCL: 2.0 milligram per liter)
Barium is fatal to humans in high doses (more than 550 milligrams). No study appears to have been made of the amounts of barium that can be tolerated in drinking water, but because of its toxic effects on the heart, blood vessels and nerves, a level with a large safety factor has been set. Barium can accumulate in the liver, lungs and spleen. It can cause nervous system disorders, heart disease and circulation impairment.
Cadmium (MCL: 0.01 milligram per liter)
EPA proposes to reduce the MCL to 0.005 milligram per liter and add an MCLG of 0.005 milligram per liter.
As far as is known, cadmium is biologically a nonessential, non-beneficial element of high toxic potential. Evidence for the serious toxic potential of cadmium is provided by:
- Poisoning from cadmium-contaminated food and beverages
- Epidemiological evidence that cadmium may be associated with renal arterial hypertension under certain conditions
- Epidemiological association of cadmium with "Itai-itai" disease in Japan
- Long-term oral toxicity studies in animals
The health effects of long-term exposure in the United States appear to be from diet, cigarette smoking and seepage into the groundwater from industrial plants, especially wastewater. Cadmium is believed to be mutagenic but not carcinogenic.
Chloride (SMCL: 250 milligrams per liter)
The SMCL of 250 milligrams per liter for chloride is the level above which the taste of the water may become objectionable. In addition to adverse taste, high chloride concentrations in the water contribute to the deterioration of domestic plumbing and water heaters and municipal waterworks equipment. Chloride is suspected of being a contributor to high blood pressure. High chloride concentrations may also be associated with the presence of sodium in drinking water. See sodium discussion.
Chromium total (MCL: 0.1 milligram per liter)
Chromium is toxic to humans, produces lung tumors when inhaled and causes skin irritations. Long-term exposure may cause skin and nasal ulcers. Chromium accumulates in the spleen, bones, kidneys and liver. It occurs in some foods; in air, including in cigarette smoke; and in some water supplies. The level of chromium that can be tolerated over a lifetime without adverse health effects is still undetermined. Chromium is involved in use of blood sugar and is considered an essential nutrient.
Copper (MCL: 1.3 milligram per liter)
Copper in drinking water normally is not a concern, as the levels required to produce health effects in most people exceed the maximum possible concentrations. Experience indicates that copper at concentration levels exceeding 2 milligrams per liter causes blue-green staining of plumbing fixtures and an off taste. To many people, copper imparts a detectable taste at a concentration level of 1 milligram per liter. In instances where high copper concentration levels in the drinking water are observed, it is likely that other heavy metals are also present. Water containing 4 milligrams per liter copper was found to impart a green tint to dyed hair.
Fluoride (MCL: 4 milligrams per liter, MCLG: 4 milligrams per liter, SMCL: 2 milligrams per liter)
A fluoride concentration of approximately 1 milligram per liter helps prevent dental cavities and osteoporosis. At concentrations below 0.7 milligram per liter, fluoride would likely not be of benefit. This is most commonly a problem for children up to about 10 years old. Because this is the only effect, EPA recently increased the MCL for fluoride. Crippling bone changes may occur in some people if drinking water is above 8 milligrams per liter fluoride. There is no conclusive evidence that fluoride or fluoridation causes cancer in humans.
At concentrations above 1.8 milligrams per liter, fluoride may cause staining of enamel of permanent teeth.
Iron (SMCL: 0.3 milligram per liter)
Iron occurs naturally in many groundwater supplies throughout Missouri. It is essential in human and animal diets, but levels above the SMCL may impart an objectionable taste or odor to water and cause red staining of porcelain fixtures and laundry.
Animals may be sensitive to changes in iron concentrations in their drinking water. Dairy cows may not drink enough water to maintain optimum milk production if the water is high in iron. Dissolved iron in water used for washing and sanitizing milk-handling equipment may impart an oxidized or cardboard-like flavor to the milk.
Iron-contaminated water often causes reddish-brown stains to develop on bathtubs, sinks and toilet bowls. It can also stain laundry a pink or reddish color. These stains are very difficult to remove with ordinary cleaning compounds.
Frequently, water with dissolved iron also shows evidence of iron bacteria. These organisms use the iron as a source of energy and accumulate in masses that may plug well screens, pumps and pipelines. In time, a rust-colored, jelly-like mass will break loose and enter the plumbing system. Iron bacteria coat nearly everything, including toilet tank, pipes and storage tank. Decaying dead bacteria impart a bad taste to the water and leave stains that are very difficult to remove.
Lead (MCL: 0.15 milligram per liter)
Exposure to lead in water, either brief or prolonged, can seriously injure health. Prolonged exposure to relatively small quantities (more than 0.05 milligram per day) may affect health. Lead exposure occurs from air, food and water sources. All exposure is additive. Lead accumulates in the bones, resulting in elevated levels in the blood. Known effects range from subtle biochemical changes at low levels of exposure to severe neurological and toxic effects — even death — at much higher levels.
As with several other water contaminants, children, infants and fetuses are especially vulnerable to lead. Infants and children absorb a much greater portion of lead intake than adults. Their immature, developing bodies and central nervous systems are much more sensitive to its effects. A child's mental and physical development can be irreversibly stunted by over-exposure to lead. Health effects include reduced mental capacity (even intellectual developmental disorders), interference with kidney and neurological functions and hearing loss in children. The EPA-proposed MCL should be followed whenever pregnant women, infants or children are consuming water.
Water may be contaminated by lead from rocks and soil. However, most of Missouri has little lead in these sources, and most of the water's pH is above neutral, where lead is less soluble. There is little reason to expect lead in water supplies from these natural sources.
Lead pipe was used for service connections from water mains to homes or businesses as late as the 1960s. The use of solder containing lead has been made illegal for potable water plumbing systems. Industry standards now prevent the use of lead as an additive in solder used for plumbing.
Manganese (SMCL: 0.05 milligram per liter)
Excess manganese may produce a black or gray color in laundered goods and may impair the taste of tea, coffee and other beverages. Concentrations above the standard may also cause a dark stain on porcelain plumbing fixtures. As with iron, manganese may form a coating on distribution pipes which may slough off, causing dark stains on laundered clothing or black particles in the water. Manganese stains can be even more difficult to remove than iron stains.
Mercury (MCL: 0.002 milligram per liter)
EPA proposes to add an MCLG of 0.002 milligram per liter.
Mercury is distributed throughout the environment as a result of industrial and agricultural applications. Large increases in concentrations above natural levels in water, soils and air may occur in localized areas, though significant mercury problems are rare in Missouri. Outside of occupational exposure, food is typically the greatest contributor to total mercury intake, particularly fish. Poisoning is characterized by major changes in the brain, including loss of vision and hearing, intellectual deterioration and even death.
Nitrate (MCL: 10 milligrams per liter as nitrogen)
EPA proposes to add an MCLG of 10 milligrams per liter nitrate-nitrogen.
Nitrate has caused methemoglobinemia (infant cyanosis) or blue baby disease in infants less than 6 months old who have been given water or formula mixed with water high in nitrate. Approximately 200 cases have been reported since it was first discovered in 1945. Children under 1 year of age and pregnant women are at risk for adverse effects.
Nitrate test results are usually expressed as nitrate-nitrogen (Table 2). However, laboratories may report the amount of nitrate in a water sample. Nitrate-nitrogen is just the nitrogen portion of the nitrate ion. Because of the difference between the number expressed as nitrate-nitrogen or as nitrate, it is essential to use the correct scale to interpret your water test report. If your test report is unclear whether the number reported is nitrate or nitrate-nitrogen, check with the laboratory.
Total nitrate intake is the important factor. Nitrate in food or feed is just as important as nitrate in water. High nitrate is common in some foods such as leafy green vegetables and cured meats. Drought-stressed livestock feeds and lush green growth from legumes or crops under high nitrogen fertility are common sources of high nitrates in livestock feeds.
The nitrate standard is established to protect infants less than 1 year old who consume water in formula or directly. There is little or no margin of safety for some infants. In rare cases, illness and even death have occurred with concentrations just above this level after only a day or two of exposure. Pregnant women should also avoid water above this standard. As with other environmental factors, there is a wide range in sensitivity between individuals, so not all would develop the same symptoms from exposure to high amounts of nitrate.
Children above 1 year of age and adults, who are not nitrate-sensitive, can safely drink water with nitrate concentrations above the standard, even much higher, for short periods. As nitrate levels in water have risen over several decades, there is growing concern about long-term health consequences. Unfortunately, there is not much definitive information on which to base recommendations. It is believed that the higher the concentration, the greater the risk of adverse health consequences.
Livestock as a rule are less sensitive to poor water quality than are people. However, livestock are more likely to receive continued high nitrate from feed. For people, nitrate in food is seldom a concern because of a greater variety in their diet.
Nitrates less than twice the drinking water standard for humans should be of little concern for livestock health. Risk increases with concentration, as with most contaminants. Usually, the young and pregnant, ruminants, milking animals and horses are most at risk for adverse effects.
Table 2
Guidelines for use of water with known nitrate content.
|Nitrate-N (NO3-N)mg per liter
|Nitrate (NO3) mg per liter
|Risks and recommendations
|Below 10
|Below 45
|Acceptable for all uses (below the standard). Recommend making a nitrate test each year until a consistent record of low nitrate is established.
|10 to 20
|45 to 90
|Infants less than 1 year of age and pregnant women are at risk and should use an alternate water supply. Recommend regular nitrate tests at least yearly and alternate water supply low in nitrate for those at risk. Eliminate excess nitrate sources close to the well.
|20 to 40
|90 to 180
|People and some livestock at risk, especially young or those in high-risk category. Recommend an alternate water supply or water treatment to reduce nitrate for drinking or cooking. Test nitrate in water for people and animals at least twice a year and check nitrate in livestock feed. This condition (two to four times the standard) indicates nitrate contaminants that should be corrected.
|Over 40
|Over 180
|Hazardous to people and much livestock (over four times the standard). Proceed immediately to correct this hazard. Do not use this water for drinking or cooking without treatment. This condition indicates severe nitrate contaminants that should be corrected or water use discontinued immediately.
Nitrite (Proposed MCL and MCLG: 1 milligram per liter as nitrogen)
This standard is closely linked to the nitrate standard because the problem really occurs when nitrate is chemically changed to nitrite in the digestive system. Nitrite is readily absorbed by blood in the digestive tract. It attaches to the hemoglobin and interferes with the blood's capacity to carry oxygen to body cells. Because nitrite does not have to be chemically changed in the body to exhibit its effect, the reaction is direct and is similar in infants, children and adults. Fortunately, nitrite is not very stable, so high concentrations are rarely found in the environment.
Nitrate plus nitrite (Proposed MCL and MCLG: 10 milligrams per liter as nitrogen)
Nitrite and nitrate levels should be combined to determine the effect on people and animals. The health effect of nitrite is considered 10 times as important as nitrate. To estimate the combined effect of nitrite and nitrate, multiply the nitrite level by 10 and add it to the nitrate level. If the sum is 10 milligrams per liter or above, the sample does not meet the proposed drinking water standard.
Selenium (MCL: 0.05 milligram per liter)
There is considerable difficulty in determining the toxic levels of selenium intake in humans because the diet contains an unknown variety of selenium compounds in varying mixtures. Signs of toxicity have been seen at an estimated intake of 0.7 to 7 milligrams per day. Possible health effects include growth inhibition, skin discoloration, dental and digestive problems, liver damage and psychological disorders. Some studies have raised concern over the possible carcinogenic properties of this element, but at this time it is not believed to be carcinogenic.
Silver (MCL: 10 milligram per liter)
The need to set a water standard for silver arises from its intentional addition to waters as a disinfectant. Note that no public water system in Missouri uses silver as a disinfectant. The chief effect of silver on humans is a condition called argyria or argyrosis, an unsightly, permanent blue-gray discoloration of the skin, eyes and mucous membranes. Because silver, once absorbed, is held indefinitely in the body tissue, a maximum level has been set. However, because skin discoloration is the only known health effect and because it is considered an aesthetic effect, EPA has proposed making it a secondary standard.
Sodium (Suggested MCL: 20 milligrams per liter)
Sodium is present in almost all surface water and groundwater. The amount varies widely, from less than 10 to several hundred milligrams per liter for public supplies across the state. Home water softeners — such as cation exchange type, using sodium chloride for recharge — add significantly to sodium in the water because they exchange sodium for the hardness minerals. Because of the increase in sodium and reduction in calcium and magnesium, unsoftened water is recommended for drinking purposes. The American Heart Association guidelines suggest no more than 2,300 milligrams per day of sodium intake to reduce the risk of hypertension for some individuals. For most persons, the sodium content of water is unimportant because the body eliminates the excess. The amount of sodium in the water may be important for those on a low-sodium diet because of heart, kidney and circulatory ailments. The usual low-sodium diets allow only about 20 milligrams per liter sodium in drinking water. When this limit is exceeded, the person should seek a health specialist's advice. Sodium is also a concern for irrigation water.
Sulfate (SMCL: 250 milligrams per liter)
Sulfate has no known health effects at concentrations up to about twice the standard, so it has a secondary standard. High concentrations of sulfate in drinking water have three effects:
- Water containing appreciable amounts of sulfate tends to form hard scales in boilers and heat exchangers
- Sulfate affects taste
- High sulfate can cause laxative effects for those not used to it
The laxative effect of sulfates is usually noted in transient users of a water supply because people who are accustomed to high sulfate levels in drinking water have no adverse response. Diarrhea can be induced at sulfate levels greater than 500 milligrams per liter but more typically near 750 milligrams per liter.
While sulfate imparts a slightly milder taste to drinking water than chloride, the taste threshold may be as low as 300 milligrams per liter.
Total dissolved solids or TDS (SMCL: 500 milligrams per liter)
Total dissolved solids (TDS) is a measure of all dissolved inorganic material in water. TDS higher than about 1,000 milligrams per liter is objectionable because of the mineral taste and possible health effects. Additionally, water with TDS above a typical household level of 400 milligrams per liter has been found to decrease the average life of home hot water heaters approximately one year for each additional 200 milligrams per liter of TDS in the water. High TDS values may be an indication of the presence of excessive concentration of some specific substance, not addressed by other parameters in the Safe Drinking Water Act, which could make the water aesthetically objectionable to the user.
Zinc (SMCL: 5 milligrams per liter)
Zinc is found in some natural waters, most frequently in areas where it is mined. It is not considered detrimental to health unless it occurs in very high concentrations. However, it does give an undesirable taste and appearance to drinking water, which is the reason for the secondary standard classification.
Other water quality parameters
This category includes alkalinity and several other items, some of which are considered nuisance contaminants. Standards generally do not exist. Unlike many of the inorganic chemicals that cannot be detected by the senses, these contaminants are usually recognized directly or indirectly through the observed effects.
Alkalinity (recommended greater than 60 milligrams per liter)
The alkalinity of water is a measure of its capacity to neutralize acids. Bicarbonates and carbonates are the major contributors to alkalinity, but borate, silicate, hydroxide and phosphate also contribute. A complex relationship of pH, hardness, alkalinity, dissolved oxygen and total dissolved solids determines whether water will cause corrosion or deposits. Water with low alkalinity is more likely to be corrosive, which could cause deterioration of plumbing and an increased chance for lead in water, if present in pipe, solder or plumbing fixtures.
Corrosivity (SMCL: non-corrosive; Goal: Langelier index at zero or slightly positive)
The Langelier index is commonly used as an indicator of corrosivity. Public systems usually monitor and adjust the water's physical/chemical properties if necessary to help minimize corrosion of the water distribution system. This helps ensure a long life and a minimum of problems for the plumbing system.
Foaming agents (SMCL: 0.5 milligram per liter)
Water contaminated by foaming agents is not usually a problem today because of the adoption of low-foaming detergents many years ago. At one time, foaming agents were a significant problem in water because of widespread use of non-degrading, high-foaming detergents.
Hardness (No standard but various measurement scales)
Water readily dissolves calcium and magnesium from the soil and rocks. This is a widespread problem in Missouri. Hardness of 15 to 40 grains per gallon (gpg) is common, and greater than 50 grains per gallon is not unusual. In addition to calcium and magnesium, iron and manganese also contribute to hardness.
Hardness minerals react with soaps and detergents producing scums and deposits that make unsightly rings in the bathtub and wash basin and leave deposits on clothes. Hardness also precipitates in appliances, water heaters and water pipes, which reduces their capacity and eventually contributes to their early failure. The hardness minerals may also precipitate in a glass of water. Hardness minerals give water flavor and have no known health effect; they may even contribute to better cardiovascular condition.
The following scales in Table 3 may help interpret water hardness. To convert grains per gallon to parts per million multiply hardness (gpg) by 17.1.
Table 3
Measures of water hardness.
|Mg per liter
|Grains per gallon
|0 to 60
|0 to 3.5
|Soft — no hardness problems
|60 to 120
|3.5 to 7
|Moderately hard — increased hardness problems
|120 to 180
|7 to 10.5
|Hard — selection of detergents helps solve cleaning problems
|180 to 350
|10.5 to 20.5
|Very hard — select detergents and use some non-precipitating softening agent to cope with cleaning problems
|More than 350
|More than 20.5
|Extremely hard — select detergents, use non-precipitating softening agent and consider ion-exchange softening to cope with hard water problems
Hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen sulfide, a gas, is called the rotten egg gas because of its odor. It is one of a few water contaminants that can be detected at low concentration by the senses. In fact, our ability to smell this gas as it is released to the atmosphere is more sensitive than equipment to measure it. The gas readily dissipates when the water is exposed to the atmosphere.
Hydrogen sulfide may be produced during the decay of iron bacteria. However, bacteria that use sulfate as an energy source are the primary way that large quantities of hydrogen sulfide are generated.
Odor (SMCL: 3 threshold odor number)
Odor is caused by gaseous or volatile materials that are released from the water. Odors tend to increase with warmer water. Most people readily detect odor, so there is little reason to monitor this parameter.
pH (SMCL: 6.5 to 8.5)
The term pH indicates whether water is acidic or basic. The scale is 0 to 14 with 7 being neutral. Acids (less than 7) include acids, soda pop, vinegar and many fruits and fruit juices such as citrus, tomatoes, grapes and apples. Bases (greater than 7) include antacids, bicarbonate of soda and many laundry detergents. Lower pH tends to make many substances, such as metals and hardness minerals, more soluble.
High concentrations of lead in water are usually the result of low pH which dissolves lead from soil or rock or from the plumbing system if present.
Turbidity is a measure of light transmission and indicates the presence of suspended material such as clay, silt, finely divided organic material, plankton and other inorganic material. Turbidities in excess of 5 are usually objectionable for aesthetic reasons. If turbidity is high, be aware of possible bacterial contamination.
Treatment options
Treatment choices for water that contains contaminants above the safe drinking water standard, or for other water quality problems, are varied and must be carefully selected only after water tests. Table 4 identifies the most common problems and recommended treatment methods.
Table 4
Recommended solutions to water quality problems
|1 = First choice or best treatment option
2 = Second choice
3 = Third choice
4 = Fourth choice
|Contaminantor problem: Bacteria
|1. Locate and remove source of contaminants
2. Alternate water supply
3. Chemical feeder (Continuous disinfection: chlorination)
3. Distillation
|Contaminant or problem: Acidity/alkalinity/pH
|1. Chemical feeder
1. Neutralizing filter
|Contaminant or problem: Sediment/asbestos
|1. Sediment filter
2. Reverse osmosis
2. Distillation
|Contaminant or problem: Common inorganic chemicals
|1. Reverse osmosis
1. Distillation
|Contaminant or problem: Heavy metals such as cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, silver, etc.
|1. Reverse osmosis
1. Distillation
2. Chemical contaminant filter (Removes small amounts of some contaminants.)
2. Activated carbon, or a taste and odor, filter is an ideal medium for bacteria growth. Use only on water supplies that are continuously disinfected or known to be free of bacteria. Iron removal capacity of softening depends on amounts of iron, filter capacity and type of exchange media, usually a two-stage carbon filter. Higher concentrations require use of special iron treatment equipment, i.e., iron filter. Removes small amounts of some contaminants.
|Contaminant or problem: Nitrate/nitrite
|1. Locate and remove source of contaminants
2. Alternate water supply
3. Distillation
3. Reverse osmosis (Requires a semi-permeable membrane, pressure over 60 psi and regular monitoring of salts to ensure effective removal. Reverse osmosis reduces but does not remove all nitrates.)
|Contaminant or problem: Sodium
|1. Alternate water supply
2. Reverse osmosis
2. Distillation
|Contaminant or problem: Total dissolved solids (salts)
|1. Reverse osmosis
1. Distillation
|Contaminant or problem: Iron and manganese
|1. Zeolite-ion exchange softening (Iron removal capacity of softening depends on amounts of iron, filter capacity, and type of exchange media. Higher concentrations require use of special iron treatment equipment, i.e., iron filter)
2. Resin-ion exchange softening (Iron removal capacity of softening depends on amounts of iron, filter capacity, and type of exchange media. Higher concentrations require use of special iron treatment equipment, i.e., iron filter
|Contaminant or problem: Hardness
|1. Resin-ion exchange softening
2. Zeolite-ion exchange softening
|Contaminant or problem: Odor/taste
|1. Activated carbon filter, also called a taste and odor filter, is an ideal medium for bacteria growth and should be used only on water supplies that are continuously disinfected or known to be free of bacteria. Iron removal capacity of softening depends on amounts of iron, filter capacity, and type of exchange media. Usually a two-stage carbon filter. Higher concentrations require use of special iron treatment equipment, i.e., iron filter)
1. Chemical contaminant filter (Iron removal capacity of softening depends on amounts of iron, filter capacity, and type of exchange media. Higher concentrations require use of special iron treatment equipment, i.e., iron filter.)
|Contaminant or problem: Pesticides/VOCs
|1. Alternate water supply
2. Chemical contaminant filter
3. Reverse osmosis
3. Distillation (A vented distiller is necessary for this process.)
4. Activated carbon filter (A carbon filter — also called a taste and odor filter — is an ideal medium for bacteria growth and should be used only on water supplies that are continuously disinfected or known to be free of bacteria. Usually a two-stage carbon filter.)
|Contaminant or problem: Turbidity
|1. Sediment filter
2. Activated carbon filter (A carbon filter — also called a taste and odor filter — is an ideal medium for bacteria growth and should be used only on water supplies that are continuously disinfected or known to be free of bacteria. Usually a two-stage carbon filter.)
3. Alternate water supply


text:
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Soil Fertility Team
a diversity of interests in soil health, soil fertility and nutrient management, perennial grain cropping ... joined the Soil Fertility lab in January 2020, and has been working on no-tillage research. She ... firstname.lastname@example.com The main focus of Theresa's research in the Soil Fertility lab revolves around documenting ...
Welcome to Our New Graduate Students: Theresa and Louceline!
fertilization programs to decrease nutrient run-off, ecological weed control using interspecific competition and ... seed bank monitoring. Current research interests involve developing and improving soil health ... methodologies and exploring how different management practices affect soil health and ecosystem services, ...
Soil Fertility and Soil Health in Hops
focused on soil health and nutrient management for Midwest hopyards Our initial research is a small ... PROJECT SUMMARY Research in hop production has primarily focused on integrated pest management ... However, soil fertility and health have consistently been identified by North Central hop growers as ...
Yet another major award for Rattan Lal
CFAES researcher Rattan Lal, Distinguished University Professor of Soil Science in the School ... management and conservation of agriculture's most cherished natural resource, the soil, set him apart," said ... his efforts to increase the global food supply by helping small farmers improve their soil. "Every ...
Moderate summer harmful algal bloom predicted for western Lake Erie
working relationships between our state agencies and our research institutions. Addressing nutrient ... research partners predict that western Lake Erie will experience a moderate harmful algal bloom this ... National Ocean Service. "It is our hope that these science-based tools will help local leaders plan for the ...
Farm Science Review will be a virtual show in 2020
meet the needs of our growers and partners through access to exhibitors, virtual demonstrations, and ... hold a virtual show," said Nick Zachrich, Farm Science Review manager. "We have worked diligently to ... plan for another incredible show demonstrating the newest developments in equipment, research, and ...
Ohio State soil scientist awarded World Food Prize
Alayna DeMartini COLUMBUS, Ohio—A soil scientist at The Ohio State University whose research spans ... work on management and conservation of agriculture's most cherished natural resource, the soil, set him ... control soil erosion, and enrich soil by managing a critical element in the soil: organic carbon. His ...
Meet the Program Excel Staff
Manager I'm described as a good listener, a person who helps others find solutions and someone who plans ... big picture ideas with realistic outcomes. These help me work behind the scenes so our team can ...
CFAES Time & Change Alumni Webinar Series: Managing in Today's Global Grain and Feed Environment
Join us for the CFAES Time and Change Alumni Webinar, a monthly series that engages our alumni and ... calendar for the third Thursday of each month! In our second session, three industry thought leaders—all ...
The Second Pandemic: Understanding and Challenging the Rise in Anti-Asian Racism in the Wake of COVID-19
experienced heightened levels of verbal and physical aggression and attacks. Nationally, our country is seeing ... Engagement, Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity Dr. Leo Taylor (he/him), Program Manager for ...


text:
MANILA, Philippines —One month after Typhoon Haiyan, UNFPA, the United Nations Population Fund, calls on the international community for greater support to meet the needs of 3.7 million women and girls of childbearing age who need special assistance in the aftermath of the disaster.
There are at least 900 deliveries per day in the typhoon-hit areas, and the figure is expected to rise. Out of these, almost 140 will experience life-threatening complications. The Capiz provincial hospital reported two maternal deaths because blood transfusion units were not available following the typhoon. To prevent deaths and morbidity, UNFPA is supporting government efforts to rebuild and re-equip birthing facilities that have been damaged or totally destroyed.
See UNFPA video: Making Delivery Safe Again After Haiyan
"Women and girls are carrying the burden of this tragedy," said Genevieve Ah Sue, UNFPA's Representative in the Philippines. "Targeted support to women is one of the best ways to ensure the health, security and well-being of families."
As Tacloban City is rebuilding itself, UNFPA equipped the two remaining functional hospitals and three rural health units with equipment and medicines to ensure safe deliveries and for the clinical management of rape for up to 60,000 women. Medical equipment turned over to the two hospitals will allow them to perform Caesarean section deliveries.
Similar equipment and supplies, including clean delivery kits for women in the last trimester of pregnancy and delivery kits for midwives, have been turned over to public health facilities in Eastern Samar and Roxas City. Reproductive health medical missions have been conducted in evacuation camps and continue to take place in communities in the hardest-hit areas.
UNFPA is also concerned about the increased vulnerability of women and girls, especially those without adequate shelter, to domestic violence, rape and other forms of sexual violence, and trafficking.
Prior to the disaster, in the eight affected provinces, an estimated 375,000 women and girls between ages 15 and 49 would have experienced sexual violence at least once in their lifetime. Without adequate protection measures after Haiyan, this number could increase by nearly 20 per cent, or about 65,000.
Female police officers play a vital role in the prevention and management of cases of gender-based violence. In Tacloban, for example, of the 1,300 police officers deployed to the city after the typhoon, only two are women. Humanitarian agencies are working with government authorities to increase the number of female police officers in all affected areas.
UNFPA requires $16.6 million for lifesaving reproductive health care, including prevention of gender-based violence, to respond to the needs of women and girls in 22 priority municipalities. Approximately $30 million is necessary to provide assistance in all affected areas.
This plan includes the creation of "women-friendly spaces" in temporary shelters that will serve as a venue for women to access information and services related to gender-based violence. The training and deployment of female police officers in 196 municipalities will also be prioritized.
For more information or media inquiries please contact:
In Manila:
Arlene Calaguian Alano; Tel: +63 920 928 6471; firstname.lastname@example.com
Alexandra Sicotte-Levesque; Tel: +63 917 5151 547; email@example.com
In Bangkok:
William A. Ryan, Tel: +66 89 897 6984; firstname.lastname@example.com
In New York:
Omar Gharzeddine; Tel: +1 212 297 5028; email@example.com


text:
I loved his speech and wanted to share it with you. (I'm not including the ad-lib funny parts, because you had to be there for those ;) I know it meant a lot to the kids & parents there...
"Ladies and Gentlemen, Distinguished Colleagues and Guests, Principal Bates and of course Class of Two Thousand and Ten, it is a great honor to be here before you speaking today.
Eleven years ago I sat where you are now, looking up at some old, bald guy telling me that he once sat where I was sitting... But I all I could think about was when is his speech going to end so I can get to beach week at where else? The Jersey Shore.
The moral of this story is that by the age of twenty-one this attitude had me bald with a terrible GPA and nothing but a couple of Beer-Pong Trophies to show for it. I made a lot of bad choices in my youth and I've spent the past seven years working harder than I'd ever thought possible to remedy them. Immanual Kant says 'the only thing that can bring you morals are the starry sky above and the moral law within" and Saba (a student) has fallen asleep. Just like class.
Fine, I get it, no Kant. But seriously listen… you are the result of the choices you make. How about a Batman Quote? It's not who you are inside but your actions that define you. Better? It's not who you are inside but your actions that define you. The scary thing about this is that half the time you don't even realize the choices you're making because you're just doing what you always do- what you've always done. When you're in a situation for the first time- that's when you think about what you're going to do and why. The first time you get too much change back at McDonald's: Are you thinking, "Sweet, I'm sure I've overpaid before," or are you thinking about that worker's register coming up short at the end of his shift and that money coming out of his paycheck? Say you take the money, no biggie, fine- but the next time you're given too much change, that money just goes right into your pocket; you don't need to think about it. You've already had this conversation with yourself, why have it again? You're on auto-pilot. How about the first time someone calls you a bad name in elementary school? You have to think about how you will react- you can:
A) call them one back – even though mom said not to call names
B) punch them in the face – they do have it coming
C) walk away – everyone's going to make fun of you
You choose your action. But no need to think about it next time. Next time you're just going to react. Get it? Re- Action- Repeat your Action. Eventually we all are faced with enough situations that we stop thinking about why we are doing something and just do what we've always done in that situation. This is now who we are. Sometimes people will observe our behaviors and label us. What a "Pyscho!" What an "Idiot!" She is such a "blank." He such an "blank." (My speech got edited ;) But you know what kind of labels are out there. And more importantly, what kind of behavior gets you those labels. The sad part is, when you got that label you probably didn't even think about what you were doing, you were just reacting, doing what you always do in that situation. That's why those initial choices are so important.
At twenty-one years old, I realized I didn't like who I was. I met this girl who kept telling me "that's not ok," when I would do something morally wrong, and the funny thing was, deep down I knew she was right: How I was acting didn't reflect who I was inside. I had to figure out why. I started thinking about why I was doing the things I was doing (like punching people in the face) and then I had to change how I handled those situations... (Actually she stills tells me when I'm not doing the right thing, but it's way less often now.)
I want to do the same favor for you. Class of 2010, you've made many achievements and accomplishments in your four years here at Herndon and I have truly enjoyed teaching you.... but… not all of you have been the model of good behavior. Secretly, I think that's why you picked me to make this speech. You knew you would get honesty.... So some of those choices you've made these past four years: "That's not ok." So think about how you came to those decisions.
All of you are going to be faced with many new situations in college and in the "real world" and you are going to be in some familiar situations. When someone asks you to go out drinking what are you going to say? What about Sex? or Drugs? What happens if you say 'yes' to the first one, do you answers to the second two change? How about Cheating? Plagiarizing? Speeding? I'm just saying… think about where you stand on these things and why. I'm telling you this because nobody told me this. College is the chance to start over. You can change that label - You can change your answers to those questions, or if you like them, keep them the same. Just take this opportunity, Class of 2010, and think about who you've been the past four years. Do you want to be the same person? You are the only one who can answer this and you know deep down there is something you want to change.
Do it.
Make it happen.
Be BOLD.
Be who you want to be, not who you're friends want you to be.
Let your actions define you proudly.
...And oh yeah- Congratulations! "
I'm so proud of him and won't go on about my feelings to save you from my cheesiness. But Congratulations to all of you moms with graduating seniors and YAY FOR SUMMER VACATION!!!


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dressing(redirected from warm moist dressing)
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical.
1. a covering for a wound, sore, etc.
2. size used for stiffening textiles
a therapeutic and diagnostic procedure in the treatment of wounds that consists of removing old, contaminated dressings, examining and treating the wound and surrounding skin, and applying medication and a fresh bandage.
Aseptic and antiseptic methods must be strictly followed during the dressing procedure. The frequency of dressing and the type of medications used depend on the condition of the wound, which is dressed until completely healed.
Manure or compost used as a fertilizer.
(civil engineering)
The process of smoothing or squaring lumber or stone for use in a building.
The sharpening, repairing, and replacing of parts, notably drilling bits and tool joints, to ready equipment for reuse.
Application of various materials for protecting a wound and encouraging healing.
Material so applied.
dressing, dressings
1. Projecting ornamental moldings and carved decorations of all kinds.
2. Masonry or molding of better quality than the facing brick; used around openings or at corners of buildings; often made of gauged brick.
3. Smoothing a stone surface.
4. Bossing.


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Plans for a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers project to mine Big Pass for Lido Beach sand made their public debut at a Wednesday meeting of the Sarasota County Coastal Advisory Board (CAC).
With about 40 people in attendance, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Project Manager Milan Mora presented the estimated $22.7 million project to the public for the first time.
Mora outlined the project's key features and addressed several concerns the project is likely to generate among area residents.
Mora said the project intends to construct an 80-foot-wide berm along a 1.6-mile stretch of Lido Beach. The 1.3 million cubic yards of sand needed for the project will likely have to come from Big Pass, Mora said.
"The city and the county have spent a lot of time, effort and funds to find offshore sources," Mora said. "The only logical solution is to recycle sand in Big Pass."
Mining New Pass has not been completely ruled out, however, Mora said. But a sand-sharing agreement between the city of Sarasota and Longboat Key excluded New Pass from the project's first round of sand mining.
Mora called other proposed sources for Lido Beach sand, such as Egmont Key and offshore shoals, "impractical."
Mora acknowledged concerns about the inclusion of three erosion-control jetties, known as groins, in the Army's plans.
Mora said the three groins, between 250 to 500 feet in length, would impede the erosion of Lido Beach and extend the renourishment cycle from three years to five years — potentially saving the county millions of dollars in the long run.
"Groins are not meant to stop the flow of sediment at the expense of downstream beaches," Mora said, acknowledging concerns among Siesta Key residents that the groins will impede the southerly flow of sand down Sarasota's beaches, potentially cutting off Siesta Beach from its natural source of renourishment.
In response to a question about the necessity of the groins in the project's plans, Mora said excluding the groins from the plans would "send the whole project back to the drawing board," potentially delaying its implementation by 12 to 15 years.
"Our modeling depends on the groins," Mora said.
Mora also said the proposed dredging of Big Pass will not affect nearby beaches.
"The computer model gives no indication of increased erosion on Siesta Key," Mora said, referencing computer modeling of potential impacts of mining Big Pass shoals for sand.
Mora added that the dredging of the Big Pass shoals would have "minimal" impacts on the navigability of the pass.
To receive congressional approval, the Army Corps justified to Congress that the project was financially prudent and environmentally sound. Mora said the project was initially authorized in 1999, and a congressionally authorized feasibility study was completed in 2004.
Mora said he hopes to start the permitting process in one to two months, and the project could break ground as early as 2015, depending on what funding Congress is willing to provide.
The project will next be presented Oct. 22 to a joint meeting between the Sarasota City Commission and the Sarasota County Commission.


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Henri Matisse, who knew something about color, had a wary regard for one in particular. "Black," he once said,"is a force." At "Bill Brandt: Shadow and Light," the voluptuous retrospective organized by curator Sarah Hermanson Meister at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, you find out just how powerful a force it can be. In Brandt's inky photographs, the sky can be a tar pit. Lovers in an illicit room can take on the gray scale and density of anthracite. Darkness has more than an aesthetic appeal for Brandt. For him, its charms are metaphysical. It stabilizes a haphazard world and pays due respect to its mysteries.
One of those mysteries was Brandt. Born in Hamburg in 1904 to a German mother and a British father, he claimed to have been born in London. When he was in his teens, tuberculosis led to four years in Swiss sanatoriums. Later, as a photographer's apprentice in Vienna, he met Lyena Barjansky and Eva Boros, women who would live and travel with him for years — a menage that lasted even after Brandt married Boros in 1932. By that time, the trio was in Paris, where Brandt was an assistant to the Surrealist artist Man Ray. Plainly, he learned something from the master, because a whiff of the uncanny hangs over so much of his work, from the cryptic semaphores of five men at the Ascot races to the market porter balancing a huge fish across his hat like a crescent moon to the disembodied head in one of Brandt's powerfully strange late figure studies. An even greater influence was the Hungarian-born photographer Brassai. When camera flashbulbs first appeared around 1930, Brassai made the most of them, exploding pockets of light inside the sexy urban darkness for his great book Paris by Night. Brandt moved to London to become something similar, an intimate portraitist of that city — its high life and lowlife. It was those pictures, published in two classic books, The English at Home and A Night in London, that he launched his career.
But those documentary photos aren't as real as they seem. Brandt often recruited friends and family to playact as Londoners, and not always in roles they played in life. He was less interested in nailing pure realities than in creating his own. In the later '30s, when he traveled around the industrial north of England, the bleak beauty he could conjure out of the actually dreary towns captivated him as much as the living conditions of the coal miners. Maybe more. It was during the wartime blitz that Brandt found his darkest materials. London's blackouts offered him darkness as the ordinary condition of the world. And the German air raids that disemboweled whole neighborhoods produced a landscape of found Surrealism in which the entrails of bombed-out apartments hung weirdly in midair.
After the war, Brandt applied his sober disposition to almost everything he did. His best portraits are depth charges. Francis Bacon, a painter whose every other canvas was a cold-eyed face-off with anguish, must have fascinated Brandt, who made him out as a bereft, solitary wanderer — Lear on the heath. Around 1945 he also began the triumphant series of nudes that would consume him for 15 years. Like Picasso, he simply exploded the human form, disassembling it across the picture and turning our most constant companion, the body, into terra incognita. At other times, he just photographed naked women in dark rooms staring brazenly into the camera, resisting the confines of dreary postwar London.
Brandt's work has influenced everything from the street scenes of Robert Frank to the belligerent nudes of Helmut Newton. If its weight and gravitas seem out of sync in an era of Instagrams and pixels, not to worry. The contest is entirely in his favor.
Bill Brandt: Shadow and Light is on view at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, March 6 - Aug. 12, 2013.
Richard Lacayo is an art critic and editor-at-large at TIME.


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Ink Print
Ink Printing is a form of post-printing which utilizes a flexible "relief" plate, and is often referred to as "flexo printing". The flexible, often rubber, plate is dipped in liquid ink and stamped onto the paper or plastic bag or apparel box.
The Process:
Ink Printed products are made by first creating resilient relief image plate out of rubber or a photo polymer material. This plate is then affixed to plate cylinders and is inked by an ink-metering roll that carries a fast-drying fluid ink to the plates. Flexography is a rotary printing method - for every revolution of the printing plate cylinder, which the plate is attached to, one imprint is produced.
Flexographic ink printing can be done on a wide variety of absorbent and non-absorbent substrates The process uses fast-drying inks, and can print wet ink over dry ink, allowing for tight registration on images Can PMS match a specific color - $75.00 per color; use PMS Match plate charges
Some paper substrates or uncoated surfaces absorb the ink differently, so the overall ink color appearance may vary. For these difficult substrates, we recommend hot stamping
ink printing charges
stock colors
Up to 1,000 impressions, flat charge of:
greater than 1,000, per impression charge of:
pms match per color:
ink printing plates
|size of plate
|ink print
|pms match
|1" to 25"
|26" to 50"
|51" to 75"
|76" to 100"
|101" to 150"
Additional pricing info
- Add printing & plate charges to stock product total to get estimated total cost
- No set-up fees! Minimal art fees for proofing will apply
- Additional art fees may apply if artwork is not sent in appropriate format (see art submission). All art is subject to review by art department
- Does not include taxes or shipping
Color Options:
Paper Ink Colors
Rhodamine Red
Red 186
Burgundy 208
Purple 527
Purple 259
Brown 463
Process Blue
Reflex Blue
Dark Blue 282
Teal 327
Light Green 347
Kelly Green 355
Dark Green 3425
Charcoal 431
Plastic Ink Colors
Rhodamine Red
Red 199
Purple 527
Burgundy 208
Brown 497
Process Blue
Reflex Blue
Teal 328
Kelly Green 355
Dark Green 342
Charcoal 431


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DHAKA, Bangladesh (AP) — Bangladesh's government agreed Monday to allow the country's garment workers to form trade unions without prior permission from factory owners, the latest response to a building collapse that killed more than 1,100 people and focused global attention on the industry's hazardous conditions.
The Cabinet decision came a day after the government announced a plan to raise the minimum wage for garment workers, who are paid some of the lowest wages in the world to sew clothing bound for global retailers. Both moves are seen as a direct response to the April 24 collapse of an eight-story building housing five garment factories, the worst disaster in the history of the global garment industry.
Government spokesman Mosharraf Hossain Bhuiyan said the Cabinet approved an amendment to the 2006 Labor Act lifting restrictions on forming trade unions in most industries. The old law required workers to obtain permission before they could unionize.
"No such permission from owners is now needed," Bhuiyan told reporters after the Cabinet meeting presided over by Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina. "The government is doing it for the welfare of the workers."
Local and international trade unions have long campaigned for such changes.
Though the 2006 law technically allowed trade unions — and they exist in many of Bangladesh's other industries — owners of garment factories never allowed them, saying they would lead to a lack of discipline among workers.
Trade union leaders responded cautiously.
"The issue is not really about making a new law or amending the old one," said Kalpana Akter of the Bangladesh Center for Workers Solidarity, a group campaigning for garment workers' rights. "In the past whenever workers tried to form associations they were subjected to beatings and harassment," she said. "The owners did not hesitate to fire such workers."
In recent years the government has cracked down on trade unions attempting to organize garment workers. In 2010 Hasina's government launched an Industrial Police force to crush street protests by thousands of workers demanding better pay and working conditions.
That year police arrested at least six activists, including Akter, on charges of instigating workers to vandalize factories. They were later freed, but some charges are still pending.
The activists are also angry that police have made no headway in the investigation of the death of a fellow union organizer, Aminul Islam, who was found dead a day after he disappeared from his home in 2012.
"Islam's case is going nowhere even though police say they are investigating," said Akter.
On Sunday, the government set up a new minimum wage board that will issue recommendations for pay raises within three months, Textiles Minister Abdul Latif Siddiky said. The Cabinet will then decide whether to accept those proposals.
The wage board will include representatives of factory owners, workers and the government, he said.
The collapse of Rana Plaza has raised alarm about conditions in Bangladesh's powerful garment industry.
Bangladesh is the third-biggest exporter of clothes in the world, after China and Italy. There are 5,000 factories in the country and 3.6 million garment workers.
But working conditions in the $20 billion industry are grim, a result of government corruption, desperation for jobs, and industry indifference. Minimum wages for garment workers were last raised by 80 percent to 3,000 takas ($38) a month in 2010 following protests by workers.
Since 2005, at least 1,800 garment workers have been killed in factory fires and building collapses in Bangladesh, according to research by the advocacy group International Labor Rights Forum.
In November, 112 workers were killed in a garment factory in Dhaka, the Bangladeshi capital. The factory lacked emergency exits, and its owner said only three floors of the eight-story building were legally built.
The Rana Plaza owner and eight other people, including garment factory owners, have been detained in the collapse investigation. Authorities say the building owner added floors to the structure illegally and allowed the factories to install heavy equipment that the building was not designed to support.
As of Monday, rescue workers said 1,127 bodies had been recovered from the ruins of the fallen building, where thousands were working at the time of the disaster. Teams were using hydraulic cranes, bulldozers, shovels and iron cutters to uncover bodies.
"We are still removing the rubble very carefully as dead bodies are still coming up," said Maj. Moazzem Hossain, a rescue team leader.
Hossain said they are trying to identify badly decomposed bodies by their identity cards.
On Friday, the search teams received a much-needed morale boost when they found a seamstress who survived under the rubble for 17 days on dried food and bottled and rain water.
The Textiles Ministry has also begun a series of factory inspections and has ordered about 22 closed temporarily for violating safety and working standards.


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5th Annual GM Performance Parts LSX Shootout Coming Soon!
The biggest LS event of the year the LSX Shootout is around the corner and promises to bring all the crazy LS excitement youve come to expect. This special event, brought to you once again by NMCA and GM Performance Parts, will take place at Lucas Oil Raceway Park in Indianapolis, Indiana, the weekend of October 6-9, 2011. Held in conjunction with the FueLab NMCA World Finals and NMCA Flowmaster Muscle Car Nationals, the LSX Shootout features awesome heads-up racing for the fastest LS-powered cars in the world, index-style and True Street racing for competitors of all levels, and a giant all LS-powered car show. This is the LS event of the year, with over $50,000 in cash and prizes, and its brought to you by GM Performance Parts. Presenting sponsor, GM High-Tech Performance magazine, has already published the official LSX Shootout Fan Guide and their staff will be at the Shootout participating and providing awesome event coverage.
The LSX Shootouts heads-up classes include JE Pistons Drag Radial, ERL Performance All Motor, and Holley EFI Real Street all of which are wheels-up and hardcore. The LSX Shootout also features three classes for mild to wild street-type LS-powered vehicles: Proform LSX Rumble, Nitto Tire 5th Gen Camaro presented by Camaro Performers magazine, and TREMEC True Street Challenge. LSX Rumble and 5th Gen Camaro allow racers to pick their index, matching their street machine up against some of the fastest cars in the country. All racers competing in LSX Rumble and 5th Gen Camaro may also compete for free in the True Street Challenge class on Saturday. Travel through the countryside then bring your LS-powered musclecar, truck or SUV back to the track for a three-run showdown to determine who has the baddest LSX-powered True Street car in the world! All class winners will receive big bucks, an LSX block, and the coveted winners jacket courtesy of GM Performance Parts and their host dealer, Scoggin -Dickey Parts Center.
GM Performance Parts will also present special cash and prizes to the fastest LS-powered individual makes and models with their Worlds Fastest LSX Challenge. Who has the worlds fastest Camaro, Firebird, Corvette, GTO, G8, Cadillac, or Truck/SUV? GM Performance Parts wants to find out and will award each winner $250, a custom LSX Shootout winners jacket, and a bonus $250 prize if the car has a GM Performance Parts LSX Bow-Tie block. GM High-Tech Performance will take the two fastest 5th Gens and race them heads-up in a special match race for bonus cash and prizes.
Camaro5.com once again join forces with the GM Performance Parts LSX Shootout in to help celebrate the all-new Camaros huge success by sponsoring the 5th Gen Camaro car show class. The LSX Shootouts special 2-day car show will also have classes for all other factory LS-powered muscle cars and trucks/SUVs with over 40 awards. Awards include: best 5th Gen Camaro, best LS-powered 4th Gen Camaro, Firebird, GTO, Corvette, Cadillac, truck/SUV and vintage LS-powered specialty vehicle; best paint, interior, engine, and detail; NMCA will also give away 20 special recognition awards courtesy of GM High-Tech Performance, FSC, Camaro Performers, and Camaro5.com; LSX Best of Show award on Sunday only. The huge TREMEC LSX car show is just one more way you can participate with your LS-powered vehicle at the GM Performance Parts LSX Shootout.
For more information, specific class rules & purses, car show questions, event information, ticket pricing, vendor space, and hotel arrangements, log on to www.nmcadigital.com/lsxshootout or call 714-444-2426.


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