text:
Galak-Z just got some free DLC
Sci-fi shooter Galak-Z has been updated with its free 'Season 5' DLC pack, which adds 'The Void'.
17-BIT headlines
GALAK-Z comes to PC next week with new mode to make things easier
GALAK-Z is heading to PC very soon.
GALAK-Z coming to mobile devices in 2016
GALAK-Z: The Dimensional will spawn its own mobile version next year.
Galak-z trailer emphasises one-life-only approach
Galak-Z is a top-down rogue-like shooter in which players have just one chance to conquer the universe. This latest trailer hammers home the message that you need more than just reflexes to survive.
Galak-Z heading to PlayStation Vita this year
17-BIT have announced Galak-Z for PS Vita. The randomly-generated adventure title had been previously confirmed for PlayStation 4.
Skulls of the Shogun out now on iPad and iPhone
Skulls of the Shogun developer 17-Bit has launched its turn-based strategy title on iPad and iPhone.
Galak-Z: watch 30 minutes of the PS4 shooter here
Galak-Z developer 17-Bit has published a 30-minute gameplay stream of its timed PS4-exclusive shooter on Twitch. Watch it here.
Skulls of the Shogun trailer warns against risk of skeletal transformation
Skulls of the Shogun is not intended for players with a history of turning into skeletons. If you have concerns about your medical history, please consult a doctor before checking it out on Steam.
Skulls of the Shogun releasing on Steam next week
Skulls of the Shogun will be released on Steam next week, and if you are interested in 17-BIT's strategy title, you can get it for $11.99 if you pre-order it. Otherwise, come July 29, it will run you $14.99. Hit up the link for more details.
Skulls of the Shogun: Bone-A-Fide Edition announced for Steam
17-BIT has announced Skulls of the Shogun for non-Windows 8 users called Skulls of the Shogun: Bone-A-Fide Edition. It will be released on Steam and includes all the content from the original, along with a four-chapter episode taking place after the original's ending. It also comes a new character, the Tanuki, which uses taunts and […]
Oddworld New 'n' Tasty, Don't Starve, more indies confirmed for PS4
Oddworld New 'n' Tasty was confirmed for PS4 along with Secret Ponchos, Octodad: Dadliest Catch and other indie titles.
Skulls of the Shogun price reduction hits XBLA, PC
17-Bit has announced that Skulls of the Shogun has had its price marked down on Xbox Live, PC, and Surface tablets. Previously, the title cost 1,200 MS Points/$9.99 but you can now pick it up for 800 MS Points/$6.99. The price of the mobile phone version has not been cut.
Skulls of the Shogun invites you to battle development team today
Skulls of the Shogun developer 17-BITis bringing the fight to the community. Between 4:00PM and 6:00PM PST, log onto Xbox Live and issue a challenge to the following gamertags to participate: SOTSDev1, SOTSDev2, SOTSDev3, SOTSDev4 and SOTSDev5. The combat-centric title is also available on PC.Thanks, GameInformer.
Skulls of the Shogun releasing worldwide this month
Skulls of the Shogun will be released worldwide on Xbox 360, Windows 8 PC, Microsoft Surface, and Windows Phone at the end of the month. 17-BIT said the title will run you 1200 MS Points, $14.99 in the Microsoft Store, and $6.99 for the mobile version. Releasing on January 30, the game will be localized […]
17-BIT "shooting for a day one release," for Skulls of Shogun with Windows 8
17-BIT has said it's "shooting for a day one release," with Windows 8 for Skulls of Shogun. Microsoft announced yesterday Windows 8 would release on October 26.
Skulls of the Shogun features cross-platform play between 360, Windows 8
17-Bit has announced Skulls of the Shogun will feature cross-platform between Xbox 360, Windows 8 tablets and Windows 8 PCs. This will allow you to start on playing on one of the formats and finish up on the other. This will also allow you to play with friends on any of the aforementioned platforms in […]
Skulls of Shogun goes cross-platform, E3 trailer released
Skulls of Shogun developer 17-BIT has announced that the quirky turn-based strategy title will be launching simultaneously on Xbox Live Arcade, Windows 8, and Windows Phone.
17-BIT latest
GALAK-Z comes to PC next week with new mode to make things easier
Skulls of the Shogun trailer warns against risk of skeletal transformation
Skulls of the Shogun: Bone-A-Fide Edition announced for Steam
Oddworld New 'n' Tasty, Don't Starve, more indies confirmed for PS4
Skulls of the Shogun invites you to battle development team today
17-BIT "shooting for a day one release," for Skulls of Shogun with Windows 8
Skulls of the Shogun features cross-platform play between 360, Windows 8


text:
I can't believe that it is already the 20th of June and time to post the latest cake from Sky High: Irresistible Triple Layer Cakes.
This month we go a bit tropical with the flavors of the Pina Colada: Rum, Pineapple, Coconut, Lime melded together in a flavorful cake.
The cake layers are 'brown sugar' cake; dense and moist. In between the layers is a pineapple filling with lime and vanilla bean. A coconut butter cream is frosted upon the cake with coconut sprinkled over the top. Flavorful!
The recipe stated it would make 3 9" layers so I didn't increase the ingredients. I was only able to get two layers full. My cake is only a double. I didn't bother doubling the frosting or filling with only two layers. Of course I could have cut each layer in half and had a four layer cake..but then I would be called extreme..again.
This cake will be Father's Day dessert. The boys couldn't resist and wanted slices tonight. They liked the cake but weren't crazy for it. There was not a crumb left upon their plates though!
Here is a link to the recipe

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Serviços Personalizados
Links relacionados
- Citado por Google
- Similares em Google
South African Journal of Animal Science
versão On-line ISSN 2221-4062
versão impressa ISSN 0375-1589
S. Afr. j. anim. sci. vol.41 no.3 Pretoria Jan. 2011
Comparison of analyses to predict ruminal fibre degradability and indigestible fibre in temperate grass silages
F. Jancík*; V. Koukolová; P. Homolka; J. Haman
Institute of Animal Science, Prague Uhríneves, Prátelství 815, 10400, Czech Republic
The objective of this study was to compare the ruminal degradability of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and indigestible NDF (INDF) between silages (n = 24) that originated from three different temperate grass species, i.e. Dactylis glomerata L., Festuca arundinacea L. and hybrid, Felina - Lolium multiflorum L. × Festuca arundinacea S. The data is used to create prediction equations for the effective degradability of NDF (EDNDF), assuming ruminal solid outflow rates of 0.02 (low), 0.05 (medium) and 0.08/h (high), and INDF. The highest values for the potentially degradable fraction of NDF (b), EDNDF2, EDNDF5 and EDNDF8 (874, 560, 366 and 272 g/kg NDF, respectively) and the lowest for INDF (73.1 g/kg DM) were found for F. arundinacea. These parameters were significantly different from the hybrid Felina, which presented the lowest rate of NDF degradation (c), EDNDF5 and EDNDF8 (0.033/h, 341 and 250 g/kg NDF, respectively). The highest for c (0.038/h) and INDF (86.9 g/kg DM) and the lowest for b (847 g/kg NDF) were detected for D. glomerata. The combination of acid detergent fibre (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) (R2 = 0.844) were identified by a backward, stepwise, multiple regression analysis as the most accurate to predict INDF. Crude protein, ADF and NDF were found as the most suitable combination for predicting EDNDF2 (R2 = 0.715), EDNDF5 (R2 = 0.669) and EDNDF8 (R2 = 0.648). Calculated equations found practical application in laboratory analyses to evaluate the nutritional quality of feeds for ruminants.
Keywords: Grass silage, neutral detergent fibre, rumen degradation, prediction equations
Grass is one of the most important sources of nutrients for domesticated ruminants during a large part of the year (Taweel et al., 2005). Yan & Agnew (2004) noted that despite being a major feed for ruminants across the world, the nutritive value of grass silage is extremely variable. The digestibility of the different grass species could be distinctly different, and is also influenced by area of origin, including temperature, light intensity, total rainfall, soil type, fertilization level, and by stage of maturity and preservation method (Huhtanen et al., 2006; Jancík et al., 2009). This is especially evident in the rate and extent of ruminal degradation of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) (Hoffman et al., 1993). Several authors have compared the chemical composition and NDF degradability of different grass species (Cherney et al., 1993; Hoffman et al., 1993; Jensen et al., 2003). However, comparisons of NDF degradability and indigestible neutral detergent fibre (INDF) of grass silages, made from Dactylis glomerata, Festuca arundinacea and grass hybrids (Lolium multiflorum L. × Festuca arundinacea S.) grown under the same conditions, are lacking.
The extent and rate of digestion of structural carbohydrates of the cell wall, which is mainly degraded in the rumen with the aid of ruminal microorganisms (Zhang et al., 2007), are highly related to the nutritive value of ruminant feeds (Andrés et al., 2005). The NDF concentration, which represents cell walls of feeds, could be affected by several factors such as temperature, light intensity, water availability, latitude, maturity, and harvesting and storage methods (Van Soest, 1994). Furthermore, the intrinsic characteristics of the carbohydrate fraction, such as the proportion of starch or cellulose and lignification of the cell wall, could have an influence on the rate of fermentation of feeds (Nagadi et al., 2000). Indigestible neutral detergent fibre is a part of the cell wall that is unavailable to microbial digestion in ruminants, even when the total tract residence time of the fibre could be extended to an infinite time period (Van Soest, 1994). Lund et al. (2004) showed that the NDF concentration and potential digestibility of NDF are important factors to be included in new feed evaluation systems. If the incorporation of degradation characteristics into a forage quality prediction system seems promising, methods to replace laborious conventional in situ or in vitro procedures to estimate these characteristics on a routine basis, should be evaluated (Hackmann et al., 2008).
The objectives of the present study were to (1) compare ruminal degradability parameters of NDF and indigestible NDF (INDF) among silages made from three different grasses, and (2) to develop prediction equations for ruminal degradability parameters of NDF and INDF from their chemical composition.
Materials and Methods
Twenty four silage samples made from three different temperate grasses, i.e. orchardgrass - Dactylis glomerata L. cv. Dana; fescue - Festuca arundinacea L. cv. Prolate and the hybrid Felina - Lolium multiflorum L. × Festuca arundinacea S. cv. Felina were evaluated in the present study. The grass was harvested from the primary growth of monocultured grasses on 19 and 26 May of 2004 and 27 May and 10 June of 2005 at the Vetrov Breeding Station, Tábor region, Czech Republic (49º 31' 2.04" N lat, 14º 28' 4.9" E long; 620 m altitude). The growth stages of the grass used for silage making are presented in Table 1. The annual mean temperatures in 2004 and 2005 were 8.4 and 8.3 ºC, and the annual rainfall 1020 and 1047 mm, respectively. The grass was wilted for up to 4 h on a table drier with cool air ventilation for 300 to 400 g/kg dry matter (DM), whereafter it was cut with a cutting machine (RP03, OPP Policka a.s., Czech Republic) to a theoretical length of 1.0 to 1.5 cm and ensiled, without additives, in hermetic glass vessels (3 L capacity). For each grass species and harvest time, two vessels were stored in a dark room at a temperature of 15 ºC for storage periods of 10 and 20 weeks, respectively. At the opening the silages were analyzed for fermentation quality, i.e. pH (measured with a pH meter, WTW Level 1) and concentration of lactic, acetic and butyric acids, determined by isotachophoresis (Kvasnicka, 2000) using an Ionosep 2001 apparatus (RECMAN - Laboratory Systems, Ostrava, Czech Republic). Isotachophoresis is one of the basic electrophoretic techniques used based on injecting a sample solution between leading and terminating solutions present in the separation compartment. The leading electrolyte solution contains an anion or cation which has a higher effective mobility than those of the sample constituents to be analyzed. The terminating electrolyte solution contains an anion or cation of a lower effective mobility. The electric field was applied to separate the sample constituents (Kvasnicka, 2000). The silage samples were subsequently oven-dried at 50 ºC for 48 h and milled to pass a 1 mm screen.
All ensiled samples (n = 24) were analyzed for DM, crude protein (CP), ash, ether extract (EE), NDF, acid detergent fibre (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL). The residual moisture of the samples was determined at 105 ºC for 12 h of oven-drying, and ash content was determined after combustion at 550 ºC for 4.5 h (Regulation No. 497/2004, 2004). The EE level was determined, using the Soxtec extraction method with petroleum-ether (AOAC Official Method 920.39; AOAC, 2005). The Kjeldahl method was used for determining of nitrogen (N) (AOAC Official Method 976.05; AOAC, 2005), with the CP content calculated as N x 6.25. Ash-free ADF and ADL were analyzed according to the AOAC Official Method 973.18 (AOAC, 2005). The NDF concentration (Van Soest et al., 1991) of samples and digested residues were analysed in the presence of sodium sulphite, but without α-amylase treatment, and is presented as ash-free. All fibre analyses were performed in an ANKOM 220 Fiber Analyzer (ANKOM Technology Corporation, NY. USA).
In situ experiments complied with the guidelines of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic (Act No 246/1992 Coll.) in respect of animal experimentation and the care of animals under study. For in situ analyses, two Holstein steers (live weight 800 kg) fitted with rumen cannulas (120 mm in inside diameter), were used. The animals had ad libitum access to meadow hay, and were fed twice a day with 1 kg of barley meal per animal. The meadow hay was made from growth, containing orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.; 30%), timothy (Phleum pratense L.; 20 %), meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis H.; 25%), ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.; 10%), white clover (Trifolium repens L.; 10%) and herbs (5%). For the in situ determination, the silage samples were oven-dried at 50 ºC for 48 h and milled to pass a 1 mm screen. The rumen degradability of the NDF, in the experimental silages, was determined by incubating 1.5 g of each silage (in triplicate) in nylon bags (pore size 42 µm, internal dimensions 50 × 120 mm, Uhelon 130 T, Silk and Progress Moravská Chrastová, Czech Republic) for 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h in the rumen of the steers.
Indigestible NDF contents of the silage samples were determined by using a 288 h rumen incubation period (Rinne et al., 1997; Nousiainen et al., 2004). Nylon bags (Swiss Silk Bolting Cloth Ltd., Zurich, Switzerland; external dimensions 60 x 120 mm) with a small pore size (17 µm), which minimize particle inflow and outflow but still ensure sufficient microbial activities inside the bags (Huhtanen et al., 1998; Nousiainen et al., 2003b), were used. Three grams of each sample were weighed into a bag and incubated in three replicates per animal. After incubation, the bags were rinsed by hand with cold water for 30 minutes and dried at 50 ºC for 48 h.
Parameters of NDF ruminal degradability (Deg (t)) and effective degradability of NDF (EDNDF) were calculated according to equations adapted from Ørskov & McDonald (1979):
Deg (t) = b × (1 - exp -ct); EDNDF = b × [c / (c + k)]
where b = fraction of NDF potentially degradable in the rumen, c = rate constant of degradation of fraction b, t = time of incubation and k = ruminal outflow rate. EDNDF was estimated for each sample assuming ruminal solid outflow rates of 0.02, 0.05 and 0.08/h (EDNDF2, EDNDF5 and EDNDF8, respectively), which represent low, medium and high feed intakes, respectively (Petit & Tremblay, 1992). The soluble fraction was omitted from the equations, as NDF is by definition insoluble.
The results for chemical composition (ash, EE, CP, NDF, ADF and ADL), rumen degradation parameters (c, b, EDNDF2, EDNDF5 and EDNDF8) and INDF were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS (SAS, 2002-2003). For the evaluation of rumen degradation parameters and INDF, grass species, year, storage period and animal were used as fixed effects, and harvest time nested within year used as a random effect. The grass species × year, grass species × storage period, year × storage period, grass species × animal, year × animal and storage period × animal interactions were included in the model. The data for chemical composition was analyzed with a similar model as described above, but with the animal effect excluded. Differences in mean values were evaluated by Scheffe's tests (Scheffé, 1953).
Correlation and simple linear regression were used for the evaluation of relationships within the parameters of chemical composition and utilization of NDF of the grass silages. Backward, stepwise, multiple regression analysis was applied to determine the best combination of chemical components for the prediction of EDNDF and INDF.
Results and Discussion
The chemical composition, fermentation quality, NDF ruminal degradation parameters and INDF of grass silages evaluated are presented in Table 2. The values found in the present study showed a high variability in the chemical composition and degradability parameters, reflecting a wide range in NDF quality in the experimental silages. A wide variability is desired for developing prediction equations. The values of chemical composition are comparable to the results obtained by Huhtanen et al. (2002), Koukolová et al. (2004) and Nousiainen et al. (2004). Wilman et al. (2000) reported mean b and c values of 741 g/kg NDF and 0.048/h, respectively, for NDF degradability of grass silages that contained 68 g/kg DM of lignin, whereas Spanghero et al. (2007) found EDNDF values of grass hay to vary from 239 to 483 g/kg NDF (k = 0.03/h). A mean value of 860 g/kg NDF for the potential digestibility of NDF, and 71.8 g/kg DM for INDF, was obtained for grass silage by Oba & Allen (1999). According to Rinne et al. (2002), the INDF contents of grass silages harvested from 13 June to 4 July in Finland ranged from 48 to 124 g/kg DM, and Lund et al. (2007) reported values of 49 and 137 g/kg DM INDF for early and late cut grass silages, respectively.
The differences in chemical composition of grass species are indicated in Table 3. The highest CP content was found in F. arundinacea and the lowest (P <0.05) in the hybrid Felina. The highest NDF content was detected in hybrid Felina (P <0.05). A significantly higher mean value of ADF was detected in hybrid, Felina compared to F. arundinacea. No significant differences in content of ADL and EE were found in the different grass species. D. glomerata had the lowest (P <0.05) level of ash. Similar to current results, Skládanka et al. (2008) detected a higher NDF content in the hybrid Felina, compared to D. glomerata. The same authors, however, stated a better quality (according to chemical composition) for the hybrid Felina, than for F. arundinacea. With the interactions between grass species × storage period and year × storage period being non-significant, both year and storage period, as main factors, did not present any differences (P >0.05). The interactions between grass species × year were different for ash, CP, NDF and ADF (P <0.05) (Table 6).
No significant interactions in grass species × storage period, grass species × animal, year × animal, storage period × animal and the animal effect were found for any of the parameters. Significant differences have been found in grass species regarding NDF degradation parameters (b, c, EDNDF) and INDF content (Table 4). Dactylis glomerata presented the lowest (P < 0.05) value for b in comparison with F. arundinacea and hybrid Felina. The lowest c value (P <0.05) was found for hybrid Felina. The rate of NDF degradation (c) presented differences between year (P <0.0001) (Table 5) and storage periods (P = 0.019) (Table 5). The EDNDF2, EDNDF5 and EDNDF8 were significantly higher after 20 weeks compared to 10 weeks of storage (P <0.001) (Table 5). At outflow rates of 0.05 and 0.08/h, hybrid Felina presented the lowest (P <0.05) EDNDF. The lowest (P <0.05) content of INDF was found in F. arundinacea, whereas D. glomerata showed the highest numerical INDF content. However, it only differed significantly from F. arundinacea (Table 4).
A faster rate of NDF degradation (c) detected after the longer storage period (20 weeks) (P = 0.001; SE = 0.0006) influenced the calculated EDNDF values (P = 0.0005, 0.0003 and 0.0003; SE = 16.6, 11.4 and 8.7 for EDNDF2, EDNDF5 and EDNDF8, respectively) (Table 5). This could be attributed to the shortening of the cellulose chain length as a result of extra-cellular cellulase activity from silage microflora and hydrolysis of hemicellulose by organic acids produced during fermentation (Yahaya et al., 2001). Cell walls, subjected to silage processing and microorganisms, may be more susceptible to enzymatic attack, mainly in early periods of fermentation in the rumen. Comparable to current results, NDF digestibility of F. arundinacea was found by Pozdíšek et al. (2003) to be higher than for the festulolium hybrid Hykor. Presented differences of EDNDF in the different grass species are in agreement with our results on the in situ degradation of DM (Jancík et al., 2009), where F. arundinacea had higher mean values of DM effective degradability than D. glomerata and hybrid Felina. Differences in grass species might be related to the differences in maturity of the observed grass (Table 1). D. glomerata and hybrid Felina are early maturing grass species, whereas F. arundinacea is a late-maturing grass. In the present study differences were found for interactions between grass species × year and year × storage period. The differences for interactions between grass species × year detected for all degradability parameters and INDF (P <0.0001) are presented in the Table 6. The interactions between year × storage period were different for parameter c, EDNDF2, EDNDF5 and EDNDF8 (P <0.001) (Table 7).
The correlation coefficients (r) of the relationships between chemical composition and parameters of NDF degradation (b, c, EDNDF2, EDNDF5 and EDNDF8) and INDF are given in Table 8. Parameter b was the highest (P <0.05) correlated to ADL, and the lowest to ash. The lower ash content was found for silages made from younger grasses. It means that these silages had a higher OM content, and a higher OM content can lead to faster digestibility of feeds, especially with regard to the lower lignification of younger grasses. The correlation coefficient between c and ash (r = -0.73) shows that faster degraded silages had a lower ash content. In contrast, parameter c was the highest (P <0.05) correlated to ash, and the lowest to EE. The highest correlations of EDNDF and INDF were found in ADF (P <0.05), whereas these measurements presented low correlations with EE.
In agreement with the current study, Hoffman et al. (1993) presented r-values of -0.32, 0.60 and 0.50 between ADL and CP, EDNDF and CP, and EDNDF and ADL, respectively. Andrés et al. (2005) found a high correlation between b and CP (r = 0.65), and NDF degradability after a 96-h incubation period and CP (r = 0.80). Significant correlations of -0.82, -0.78, -0.78 and 0.88 were reported (Koukolová et al., 2004; Jancík et al., 2008) between b and ADL, c and NDF, c and ADF, and INDF and ADL, respectively. Several authors (Traxler et al., 1998; Jancík et al., 2008) used ADL content as the most reliable variable to predict the INDF content of grass. According to Grenet & Besle (1991) and Nagadi et al. (2000) degradability of cell wall carbohydrates is mainly limited by lignin content, accentuating its influence on feed utilization (Ahmad & Wilman, 2001). Bosch & Bruining (1995) confirmed that grass silages, with a high lignin content, have a lower digestibility compared to silages that contained low levels of lignin. Traxler et al. (1998) found an important relationship (r = 0.81) between INDF and the lignin content in the different type of grass. This was confirmed by a high negative r value (-0.80) between the NDF digestibility and ADL content of legumes and grasses by Jung et al. (1997).
The most reliable combinations of chemical components (CP, NDF, ADF, ADL) to predict EDNDF2, EDNDF5, EDNDF8 and INDF, calculated by backward, stepwise, multiple regression analysis, are presented in Table 9. A multiple regression analysis was used because of the low predictability of equations determined with simple linear regression and one predictor (R2 = 0.272 to 0.689) (Table 10). For EDNDF5, EDNDF8 and INDF the lowest residual mean square error (RMSE) was obtained with a combination of three or four predictors. The EDNDF2 had the lowest RMSE when a combination of four predictors was used. However, the RMSE value derived from the use of two predictors for INDF and three predictors for EDNDF2 did not differ substantially from the use of four predictors. The combination of CP, ADF and NDF was identified as the most suitable predictor for EDNDF2, EDNDF5 and EDNDF8, whereas ADF and NDF also predicted EDNDF2, EDNDF5 and EDNDF8 with an acceptable degree of accuracy. The combination of ADF and ADL was found to predict INDF accurately. However, an R2 -value of 0.689 showed that ADF can be used as a single predictor for INDF. Jancík et al. (2010) reported that the combination of ADF and NDF was the most suitable predictor for EDNDF of dried F. arundinacea (R2 = 0.941, RMSE = 18.3).
Chemical parameters as predictors of digestion become complicated when plant types such as legumes or gramineae are studied (Khazaal et al., 1995). Although empirical equations have not been proven to be successful in determining DM digestibility (Khazaal et al., 1995) or OM digestibility (Huhtanen et al., 2006) from fibre components, the current study shows that prediction equations based on chemical components can produce equations with acceptable accuracy for NDF digestibility. However, it should be emphasized that equations have to be restricted to forage type and harvest stage.
The content of ADF was the best single predictor of EDNDF and INDF (Table 10). However, a better prediction equation for INDF was found when using a combination of ADF and ADL (Table 9). This could be attributed to the fact that lignin is regarded as the principal factor limiting digestibility, although it does not affect all feed components. Non-cell wall components are not influenced by lignin, but they can often be highly correlated. Therefore, lignin concentration affects mainly the availability of cell wall polysaccharides (Van Soest, 1994). Cellulose, which along with lignin forms ADF, reduces the digestion rate and extent of digestion which are related to the lignin content. Hemicellulose (presenting NDF along with cellulose and lignin) is closely associated with lignin, and the digestibility of hemicellulose is directly related to that of cellulose and inversely related to lignification (Van Soest, 1994). In the present study, a combination of CP, ADF and NDF gave the best equations for EDNDF based on three predictors. The higher effect of CP on EDNDF was caused by the influence of parameter c in the calculation of EDNDF . A high correlation between CP and parameter c most likely occurred because of a co-association when protein declines as grass matures and lignification proceeds (Van Soest, 1994; Nousiainen et al., 2003a). Neutral detergent fibre represents the total insoluble matrix fibre, and it is better related to rumination and passage compared to other chemical components. Acid detergent fibre does not represent all insoluble fibre, but it is frequently better correlated with digestibility than NDF (Van Soest, 1994).
According to parameters describing NDF utilization, all tested types of grass are suitable forages to be ensiled for ruminant nutrition. However, D. glomerata and hybrid Felina, should be harvested earlier because of their rapid maturing rate. F. arundinacea matures more slowly and thus provides a high-quality forage for a longer vegetative period. This study confirmed that the EDNDF and the INDF content of grass silages could be effectively predicted from a combination of two or three chemical components. Based on the current results, the use of a combination of CP, ADF and NDF for prediction of EDNDF , and ADF and ADL for prediction of INDF, can be suggested. These equations could replace laborious and time-consuming in situ and in vivo techniques to evaluate the nutritional quality of feeds for ruminants. However, more research is needed on the relationships between NDF rumen degradation parameters (including INDF) and chemical components for silages made of legumes, maize, regrowth grass and whole grain cereals.
This work was supported financially by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic (Project No. MZE0002701404).
Ahmad, N. & Wilman, D., 2001. The degradation of the cell walls of lucerne, Italian ryegrass and wheat straw when fed to cattle, sheep and rabbits. J. Agric. Sci. 137, 337-349. [ Links ]
Andrés, S., Giráldez, F.J., González, J.S., Paláez, R., Prieto, N. & Calleja, A., 2005. Prediction of aspects of neutral detergent fibre digestion of forages by chemical composition and near infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 56, 187-193. [ Links ]
AOAC, 2005. Official Methods of Analysis, AOAC International. 18th ed. Gaithersburg, USA, ISBN 0-935584-75-7. [ Links ]
Bosch, M.W. & Bruining, M., 1995. Passage rate and total clearance rate from the rumen of cows fed on grass silages differing in cell-wall content. Br. J. Nutr. 73, 41-49. [ Links ]
Cherney, D.J.R., Cherney, J.H. & Lucey, R.F., 1993. In vitro digestion kinetics and quality of perennial grasses as influenced by forage maturity. J. Dairy Sci. 76, 790-797. [ Links ]
Grenet, E. & Besle, J.M., 1991. Microbes and fibre degradation. In: Rumen Microbial Metabolism and Ruminant Digestion. Ed. Jouany, J.P., Institut national de la recherche agronomique, Paris, France, 107-129. [ Links ]
Hackmann, T.J., Sampson, J.D. & Spain, J.N., 2008. Comparing relative feed value with degradation parameters of grass and legume forages. J. Anim. Sci. 86, 2344-2356. [ Links ]
Hoffman, P.C., Sievert, S.J., Shaver, R.D., Welch, D.A. & Combs, D.K., 1993. In situ dry matter, protein, and fiber degradation of perennial forages. J. Dairy Sci. 76, 2632-2643. [ Links ]
Huhtanen, P., Vanhatalo, A. & Varvikko, T., 1998. Enzyme activities of rumen particles and feed samples incubated in situ with differing types of cloth. Br. J. Nutr. 79, 161-168. [ Links ]
Huhtanen, P., Khalili, H., Nousiainen, J.I., Rinne, M., Jaakkola, S., Heikkilä, T. & Nousiainen, J., 2002. Prediction of the relative intake potential of grass silage by dairy cows. Livest. Prod. Sci. 73, 111-130. [ Links ]
Huhtanen, P., Nousiainen, J. & Rinne, M., 2006. Recent developments in forage evaluation with special reference to practical applications. Agric. Food Sci. 15, 293-323. [ Links ]
Jancík, F., Homolka, P., Cermák, B. & Lád, F., 2008. Determination of indigestible neutral detergent fibre contents of grasses and its prediction from chemical composition. Czech J. Anim. Sci. 53, 128-135. [ Links ]
Jancík, F., Koukolová, V., Kubelková, P. & Cermák, B., 2009. Effects of grass species on ruminal degradability of silages and prediction of dry matter effective degradability. Czech J. Anim. Sci. 54, 315-323. [ Links ]
Jancík, F., Koukolová, V. & Homolka, P., 2010. Ruminal degradability of dry matter and neutral detergent fibre of grasses. Czech J. Anim. Sci. 55, 359-371. [ Links ]
Jensen, K.B., Waldron, B.L., Asay, K.H., Johnson, D.A. & Monaco, T.A., 2003. Forage nutritional characteristics of orchardgrass and perennial ryegrass at five irrigation levels. Agron. J. 95, 668-675. [ Links ]
Jung, H.G., Mertens, D.R. & Payne, A.J., 1997. Correlation of acid detergent lignin and klason lignin with digestibility of forage dry matter and neutral detergent fiber. J. Dairy Sci. 80, 1622-1628. [ Links ]
Khazaal, K., Dentinho, M.T., Ribeiro, J.M. & Ørskov, E.R., 1995. Prediction of apparent digestibility and voluntary intake of hays fed to sheep: comparison between using fibre components, in vitro digestibility or characteristics of gas production or nylon bag degradation. Anim. Sci. 61, 527-538. [ Links ]
Koukolová, V., Weisbjerg, M.R., Hvelplund, T., Lund, P. & Cermák, B., 2004. Prediction of NDF degradation characteristics of grass and grass/clover forages based on laboratory methods. J. Anim. Feed Sci. 13, 691-708. [ Links ]
Kvasnicka, F., 2000. Application of isotachophoresis in food analysis. Electrophoresis 21, 2780-2787. [ Links ]
Lund, P., Weisbjerg, M.R., Ahvenjärvi, S., Huhtanen, P., Uden, P., Olafsson, B. & Volden, H., 2004. Nordic ringtest on INDF content and NDF degradation characteristics in three feeds. J. Anim. Feed Sci. 13, 139-142. [ Links ]
Lund, P., Weisbjerg, M.R., Hvelplund, T. & Knudsen, K.E.B., 2007. Determination of digestibility of different forages in dairy cows using indigestible NDF as marker. Acta Agric. Scand. 57, 16-29. [ Links ]
Nagadi, S., Herrero, M. & Jessop, N.S., 2000. The effect of fermentable nitrogen availability on in vitro gas production and degradability of NDF. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 87, 241-251. [ Links ]
Nousiainen, J., Rinne, M., Helämäki, M. & Huhtanen, P., 2003a. Prediction of the digestibility of the primary growth of grass silages harvested at different stages of maturity from chemical composition and pepsin-cellulase solubility. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 103, 97-111. [ Links ]
Nousiainen, J., Rinne, M., Helämäki, M. & Huhtanen, P., 2003b. Prediction of the digestibility of the primary growth and regrowth grass silages from chemical composition, pepsin-cellulase solubility and indigestible cell wall content. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 110, 61-74. [ Links ]
Nousiainen, J., Ahvenjärvi, S., Rinne, M., Hellämäki, M. & Huhtanen, P., 2004. Prediction of indigestible cell wall fraction of grass silage by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 115, 295-311. [ Links ]
Oba, M. & Allen, M.S., 1999. Evaluation of the importance of the digestibility of neutral detergent fiber from forage: Effects on dry matter intake and milk yield of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 82, 589-596. [ Links ]
Ørskov, E.R. & McDonald, I., 1979. The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen from incubation measurements weighed according to rate of passage. J. Agric. Sci. 92, 499-503. [ Links ]
Petit, H.V. & Tremblay, G.F., 1992. In situ degradability of fresh grass and grass conserved under different harvesting methods. J. Dairy Sci. 75, 774-781. [ Links ]
Pozdíšek, J., Loucka, R. & Machacová, E., 2003. Digestibility and nutrition value of grass silages. Czech J. Anim. Sci. 48, 359-364.
Regulation No. 497/2004, 2004. Requirements of samples taking, methods for estimation of the feeds, supplements and premixes and way of samples storage. Collection of Law 2004. Czech Republic, part 172. (in Czech). [ Links ]
Rinne, M., Huhtanen, P. & Jaakkola, S., 1997. Grass maturity effects on cattle fed silage-based diets. 2. Cell wall digestibility, digestion and passage kinetics. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 67, 19-35. [ Links ]
Rinne, M., Huhtanen, P. & Jaakkola, S., 2002. Digestive processes of dairy cows fed silages harvested at four stages of grass maturity. J. Anim. Sci. 80, 1986-1998. [ Links ]
SAS, 2002-2003. SAS System for Windows, Release 9.1 (TS1M3), SAS Inst., Inc., Cary, N.C., USA. [ Links ]
Scheffé, H., 1953. A method for judging all contrasts in the analysis of variance. Biometrika 40, 87-104. [ Links ]
Skládanka, J., Dohnal, V. & Ježková, A., 2008. Fibre and ergosterol contents in forage of Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata and Festulolium at the end of the growing season. Czech J. Anim. Sci. 53, 320-329. [ Links ]
Spanghero, M., Gruber, L. & Zanfi, C., 2007. Precision and accuracy of the NDF rumen degradability of hays measured by the Daisy fermenter. Ital. J. Anim. Sci. 6, 363-365. [ Links ]
Taweel, H.Z., Tas, B.M., Smit, H.J., Elgersma, A., Dijkstra, J. & Tamminga, S., 2005. Improving the quality of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) for dairy cows by selecting for fast clearing and/or degradable neutral detergent fiber. Livest. Prod. Sci. 96, 239-248. [ Links ]
Traxler, M.J., Fox, D.G., Van Soest, P.J., Pell, A.N., Lascano, C.E., Lanna, D.P.D., Moore, J.E., Lana, R.P., Velez, M. & Flores, A., 1998. Predicting forage indigestible NDF from lignin concentration. J. Anim. Sci. 76, 1469-1480. [ Links ]
Van Soest, P.J., 1994. Nutritional Ecology of the Ruminant. Cornell University. ISBN 0-8014-2772-X, 476 p. [ Links ]
Van Soest, P.J., Robertson, J.B. & Lewis, B.A., 1991. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 74, 3583-3597. [ Links ]
Wilman, D., Field, M., Lister, S.J. & Givens, D.I., 2000. The use of near infrared spectroscopy to investigate the composition of silages and the rate and extent of cell-wall degradation. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 88, 139-151. [ Links ]
Yahaya, M.S., Kimura, A., Harai, J., Nguyen, H.V., Kawai, M., Takahashi, J. & Matsuoka, S., 2001. Effect of length of ensiling on silo degradation and digestibility of structural carbohydrates of lucerne and orchardgrass. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 92, 141-148. [ Links ]
Yan, T. & Agnew, R.E., 2004. Prediction of nutritive values in grass silages: I. Nutrient digestibility and energy concentrations using nutrient compositions and fermentation characteristics. J. Anim. Sci. 82, 1367-1379. [ Links ]
Zadoks, J.C., Chang, T.T. & Konzak, C.F., 1974. A decimal code for the growth stages of cereals. Weed Res. 14, 415-421. [ Links ]
Zhang, Y.Q., Gao, W. & Meng, Q., 2007. Fermentation of plant cell walls by ruminal bacteria, protozoa and fungi and their interaction with fibre particle size. Arch. Anim. Nutr. 61, 114-125. [ Links ]
Copyright resides with the authors in terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 South African Licence.
See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/za
Condition of use: The user may copy, distribute, transmit and adapt the work, but must recognise the authors and the South African Journal of Animal Science.
* Corresponding author: email@example.com


text:
Bone Plates
Top leading Manufacturer and supplier of RO Plant, Water Treatment Plants, Industrial Waste Water Treatment Plant and Industrial RO Plant.
Motorised Wheelchair, Multiparameter monitor, All types of medical equipments Medical Equipments.
Cranes hoists, EOT Cranes, EOT Crane, Manufacturer in India
Advance Rubber Industries – Leading Manufacturer of Rubber Roller, Industrial Rollers, Industrial Rubber Roller, Rubber Sleeve Manufacturer. We are exporting Rubber Roller, Bow Rollers and Expander Rollers in 32 Countries from India.
industrial instrumentation valves & pipe fittings, pressure gauge, pneumatic fitting & valves, etc. We are widely supplying our products in every corner of India.
Grab Bucket
Earth Moving Hydraulic Cylinder
Hydraulic Excavator Bucket
Earthmoving M/C Cylinder
All Type Industrial Cylinder
Telescopic Cylinder
Tipper Cylinder
Pest Control
Pipe Polishing Machine
Free Article Submission only at : Article Submission


text:
You can still fry this recipe if that's your thing, but I thought it was easier, faster, and healthier to just bake them. My daughter loves these and they make a great snack or meal- whichever you're in the mood for!
I tried baking it straight on a greased cookie sheet and using a Silpat/Silicone Linerand the ones straight on the sheet turned out a little better (crispier) but either will definitely work. You can make either links or patties out of these and the cooking time is the same.
Sweet Potato & Black Bean Sausage
(gluten free/grain free, soy free, dairy free, nut free, egg free)
1 1/2 cup sweet potato, cooked
2 cups cooked black beans
2 cups cooked black beans
2 tsp grapeseed oil
1/4 cup chia seed meal (ground seeds)
4 tsp onion powder
2 tsp rubbed sage
1 tsp fennel seed, ground (I used a mortar and pestle)
2 tsp rubbed sage
1 tsp fennel seed, ground (I used a mortar and pestle)
1/2 tsp granulated garlic
1 tsp salt
1/2 tsp black pepper
1/2 tsp cumin
1 tsp salt
1/2 tsp black pepper
1/2 tsp cumin
-Pre-heat your oven to 375 degrees and prepare a baking sheet.
-Combine the black beans, sweet potato, and oil in a food processor. Pulse until all items are well combined - you will need to stop it and scrape down the sides a few times. Should be a creamy mixture.
-Scoop the bean mixture into a mixing bowl and add the chia meal and spices. Stir well to combine.
-To make the patties and/or links, divide the bean mixture into 24 pieces and rolleach piece into a ball and place them onto your baking sheet. If you want patties, gently smash them down onto the tray. If you want a link, roll the ball between your two palms until it is a log shape.
-Bake in the oven for 12 minutes, remove, flip them over, and place back in the oven for another 10 minutes. Remove from oven and let cool in pan for a few minutes then enjoy!
**These can be stored covered in the refrigerator and eaten warm or cold or frozen and re-heated at a later time.Pin It Now!
|Before Baking


text:
Yuliya Fedorinova
Thursday, 01 August 2013 11:06 AM
For the first time in eight years, the $20 billion global market for the crop nutrient potash is set to become freely traded.
In a surprise announcement yesterday, OAO Uralkali, the biggest supplier of the commodity, said it decided to end production restrictions that underpinned global prices and suspend a venture with a Belarusian miner that controlled exports from the former Soviet Union.
Shares of Uralkali and its biggest competitors, Potash Corp. of Saskatchewan Inc., Mosaic Co. and Israel Chemicals Ltd., fell for a second day. They tumbled as much as 24 percent yesterday as investors anticipated supply overwhelming demand.
The venture that Uralkali is abandoning is one of two that until now have controlled most of the world's supply by negotiating fixed-term supply contracts on behalf of their members. That means the potash companies don't compete with each other individually in export markets, helping them to match production with demand.
The change may drive down prices as much as 33 percent, according to Elena Sakhnova, a VTB Capital analyst in Moscow. Lower fertilizer costs promise to cut farmers' expenses and spur demand from India to China. That in turn may increase the size of crops from corn to soybeans and lower food prices around the world.
"This effectively brings about a transformation of the entire potash industry, shifting it away from what has been a de facto duopoly," Matthew Korn, an analyst at Barclays Plc in New York, said in a note. "This is one of the few occasions of a market truly undergoing a sudden game-changing event, with impacts that cannot be overstated."
Uralkali will no longer sell potash through Belarusian Potash Co., the Minsk-based marketing company it established in 2005 with rival miner Belaruskali. Until yesterday, BPC controlled about 40 percent of global potash exports.
The other group dominating the market is Canpotex Ltd., which since 1972 has exported potash for Canada's Potash Corp. and Agrium Inc. and Plymouth, Minnesota-based Mosaic. Leah Laxdal, a Canpotex spokeswoman, didn't immediately return a call seeking comment,
Potash Corp., Uralkali and other producers have faced a lawsuit in the U.S. court in Chicago from purchasers claiming the companies violated the federal Foreign Trade Antitrust Improvement Act, which can be used to extend the reach of American antitrust laws to foreign anticompetitive conduct that affects U.S. imports.
Lowest Cost
U.S. District Judge Ruben Castillo on June 6 granted final approval to a $10 million settlement between the suing direct purchasers and producers Uralkali and Silvinit. Six days later, he approved a separate $17.5 million pact with defendants Agrium, Mosaic and Potash Corp.
Uralkali said yesterday in a statement it broke with BPC after the Belarus government canceled the group's exclusive right to export the nation's potash.
The decision also came after record crop prices last year failed to translate into higher fertilizer prices, Chief Executive Officer Vladislav Baumgertner said. Too much capacity was added in recent years and rivals started behaving "aggressively" in competing for more market share, he said.
"Uralkali is most favorably positioned being the lowest-cost producer," Baumgertner said yesterday in an e-mailed response to questions. "High capacity utilization will result in economy of scales and enable us to increase our share in all key markets."
Belarus Feud
Uralkali stock was today cut to sell by analysts at HSBC Plc, Credit Suisse Group AG and Barclays and to hold at Citigroup Inc. Potash Corp. was cut to hold by analysts at BGC Partners Inc., Macquarie Group Ltd. and UBS AG.
The Russian company was concerned that Belaruskali, which had started selling independently to China, would try to win a bigger share of the Chinese potash market, VTB's Sakhnova said.
"We've been aware that there's been a feud of sorts under way between Uralkali and Belaruskali," Mosaic Chief Financial Officer Larry Stranghoener said yesterday in a phone interview. "We didn't know it would escalate to this level."
Russia is likely to put pressure on Belarus President Aleksandr Lukashenko to repair the situation, said Raymond Goldie, an analyst at Salman Partners Inc. in Toronto. Filipp Gritskov, a BPC spokesman, and Olga Dolgaya, a spokeswoman for the government of Belarus, declined to comment.
Mining Costs
Baumgertner said that from August, Uralkali will use all of its 13 million metric tons of production capacity. The company sold 9.4 million tons of potash last year. Global sales were 51 million tons in 2012, according to the company.
A few potash supply contracts that set global benchmark prices are typically settled each year. The last accord BPC signed, for sales into China, was agreed at $400 a ton. That's one of three price agreements whose terms were published in 2013, according to data compiled by Bloomberg. Prices may now fall as low as $270, VTB's Sakhnova said yesterday by phone.
For Paul Jeschke, who farms soybeans and corn on 4,000 acres (1,619 hectares) in Mazon, Illinois, such a reduction would be welcome as grain prices decline while supply recovers from last year's drought. A $100-a-ton drop would cut farming costs by as much as $10 an acre, he said yesterday by phone.
"We need to begin to see input costs decrease if we are going to remain profitable," Jeschke said.
Marginal Mines
For some potash miners, the concern is that prices may fall close to, or less than, the marginal cost of production. Uralkali has costs of $62 a ton, compared with more than $100 for North American miners and almost $240 in Europe, according to the company's July presentation.
K+S AG, Europe's biggest producer, dropped 8 percent in Frankfurt. It slumped 24 percent yesterday, the most in 14 years. Israel Chemicals fell 4 percent in Tel Aviv today; Potash Corp. declined 4.3 percent in New York; Mosaic slid 5.3 percent; Agrium fell 2.1 percent; and Uralkali dropped 5 percent in Moscow.
Sinofert Holdings Ltd., a Chinese distributor 22 percent owned by Potash Corp., fell 7.6 percent in Hong Kong today, the lowest in a year. Sinofert is one of the two potash distributors for BPC in China, according to Citigroup.
Mosaic's Stranghoener said his company doesn't plan any specific actions in response to Uralkali's announcement. Potash Corp. and Agrium said in separate statements there shouldn't be an overreaction to the move.
'Price War'
"It is not the first time that Russian producers have had disagreements," Calgary-based Agrium said.
Uralkali's decision to start a potash "price war" could be a "game-changer" for BHP Billiton Ltd.'s proposed Jansen mine in Canada, Heath Jansen, an analyst at Citigroup in London, said yesterday in a note. A BHP spokeswoman declined to comment on Jansen, which is projected to cost as much as $15 billion to build.
Uralkali itself will delay its Polovodovskoye mine project, Baumgertner said. K+S's Legacy project in Saskatchewan looks "increasingly unviable," Sophie Jourdier, a Liberum Capital Ltd. analyst in London, said in a note.
"Uralkali's decision will affect every potash producer on the globe and will completely change the market," VTB's Sakhnova said.
© Copyright 2020 Bloomberg News. All rights reserved.
Newsmax Comment Policy
Keep discussions on topic, avoid personal attacks and threats of any kind. Links will not be permitted.
Newsmax, Moneynews, Newsmax Health, and Independent. American. are registered trademarks of Newsmax Media, Inc. Newsmax TV, and Newsmax World are trademarks of Newsmax Media, Inc.


text:
Even though "Green Lantern" hasn't been living up to its box office expectations, plans are apparently still on for a sequel.
This weekend, its second, the movie dropped two-thirds in its box office haul from its opening weekend. That's disappointing to Warner Bros. execs, sources told the Hollywood Reporter—but not so disappointing that a follow-up to the superhero flick won't happen.
That might be because now that the Harry Potter saga is wrapping up, the studio is hunting for another lucrative franchise and hopes to find it in the comic book adaptaion, according to the Reporter.
U.S. & World
It might also be because the sequel is largely written already. Speaking with MTV recently, star Ryan Reynolds dropped hints about what might happen in the follow-up, including a showdown between his character and his erstwhile ally.
Meanwhile, the movie's prospects haven't been helped by the drubbing it has taken from critics. The Associated Press called it "a joyless amalgamation of expository dialogue and special effects that aren't especially special." The New York Times said simply, "'Green Lantern' is bad."
Selected Reading: The Hollywood Reporter, MTV, The New York Times


text:
What about an angry and …hungry huge Troll ecaped from goblins' prison?!
Troll's Rage is our first side scrolling brawler where you control a Troll that escapes from the prison where Orcs and Goblin keep him as their special heavy-weapon for the battle versus humans.
Release all your brutal violence and rage against Orcs and Goblins first and then against the human army you'll find on your way to freedom.
Some game features:
Fantasy mood with orcs, goblins, soldiers and mages
Humor and gore in a User friendly gameplay with easy controls
7 game-levels with intermediate checkpoints
Special attacks like acid vomit & devouring RAGE
All 3D graphic characters and background
Dynamic particle system for blood, arrows and magic spells fx
In-Game achievements for special bonus
Automatic savegame at the end of each level
Original soundtracks and sound fx
Enjoy your rage and …Eat'em all!


text:
/ blobdiff
| inline |
side by side
sha256t.c: make sure unrolled loop is tested.
diff --git
--- a/
+++ b/
- Heres a few comments about building OpenSSL in Windows environments. Most of
- this is tested on Win32 but it may also work in Win 3.1 with some
- modification. See the end of this file for Eric's original comments.
+ [Instructions for building for Windows CE can be found in INSTALL.WCE]
+ [Instructions for building for Win64 can be found in INSTALL.W64]
- You will Perl for Win32 (available from http://activestate.com/ActivePerl)
- and one of the following C compilers:
+ Here are a few comments about building OpenSSL for Win32 environments,
+ such as Windows NT and Windows 9x. It should be noted though that
+ Windows 9x are not ordinarily tested. Its mention merely means that we
+ attempt to maintain certain programming discipline and pay attention
+ to backward compatibility issues, in other words it's kind of expected
+ to work on Windows 9x, but no regression tests are actually performed.
+ On additional note newer OpenSSL versions are compiled and linked with
+ Winsock 2. This means that minimum OS requirement was elevated to NT 4
+ and Windows 98 [there is Winsock 2 update for Windows 95 though].
+ - you need Perl for Win32. Unless you will build on Cygwin, you will need
+ ActiveState Perl, available from http://www.activestate.com/ActivePerl.
+ - one of the following C compilers:
* Visual C++
* Borland C
- * GNU C (Mingw32 or Cygwin32)
+ * GNU C (Cygwin or MinGW)
+- Netwide Assembler, a.k.a. NASM, available from http://nasm.sourceforge.net/
+ is required if you intend to utilize assembler modules. Note that NASM
+ is now the only supported assembler.
If you are compiling from a tarball or a CVS snapshot then the Win32 files
may well be not up to date. This may mean that some "tweaking" is required to
Visual C++
- Firstly you should run Configure and build the Win32 Makefiles:
+ If you want to compile in the assembly language routines with Visual
+ C++, then you will need already mentioned Netwide Assembler binary,
+ nasmw.exe or nasm.exe, to be available on your %PATH%.
+ Firstly you should run Configure with platform VC-WIN32:
+ > perl Configure VC-WIN32 --prefix=c:\some\openssl\dir
+ Where the prefix argument specifies where OpenSSL will be installed to.
+ Next you need to build the Makefiles and optionally the assembly
+ language files:
+ - If you are using NASM then run:
+ > ms\do_nasm
+ - If you don't want to use the assembly language files at all then run:
- > perl Configure VC-WIN32
- > ms\do_ms
+ > perl Configure VC-WIN32 no-asm --prefix=c:/some/openssl/dir
> ms\do_ms
If you get errors about things not having numbers assigned then check the
- troubleshooting section: you probably wont be able to compile it as it
+ troubleshooting section: you probably won
t be able to compile it as it
Then from the VC++ environment at a prompt do:
> nmake -f ms\ntdll.mak
- If all is well it should compile and you will have some DLLs and
- in out32dll. If you want to try the tests then do:
+ If all is well it should compile and you will have some DLLs and
in out32dll. If you want to try the tests then do:
- > cd out32dll
- > ..\ms\test
+ > nmake -f ms\ntdll.mak test
+ To install OpenSSL to the specified location do:
+ > nmake -f ms\ntdll.mak install
- There are various changes you can make to the Win32 compile environment. If
- you have the MASM assembler 'ml' then you can try the assembly language code.
- To do this remove the 'no-asm' part from do_ms.bat. You can also add 'debug'
- here to make a debugging version of the library.
+ There are various changes you can make to the Win32 compile
+ environment. By default the library is not compiled with debugging
+ symbols. If you use the platform debug-VC-WIN32 instead of VC-WIN32
+ then debugging symbols will be compiled in.
+ By default in 1.0.0 OpenSSL will compile builtin ENGINES into the
+ separate shared librariesy. If you specify the "enable-static-engine"
+ option on the command line to Configure the shared library build
+ (ms\ntdll.mak) will compile the engines into libeay32.dll instead.
The default Win32 environment is to leave out any Windows NT specific
- If you want to enable the NT specific features of OpenSSL (currently
only the
- logging BIO) follow the instructions above but call the batch file do_nt.bat
- instead of do_ms.bat.
+ If you want to enable the NT specific features of OpenSSL (currently
+ only the logging BIO) follow the instructions above but call the batch
file do_nt.bat
instead of do_ms.bat.
You can also build a static version of the library using the Makefile
+ Borland C++ builder 5
+ ---------------------
+ * Configure for building with Borland Builder:
+ > perl Configure BC-32
+ * Create the appropriate makefile
+ > ms\do_nasm
+ * Build
+ > make -f ms\bcb.mak
Borland C++ builder 3 and 4
* Run make:
> make -f bcb.mak
- GNU C (Mingw32)
- ---------------
+ GNU C (Cygwin)
+ --------------
+ Cygwin implements a Posix/Unix runtime system (cygwin1.dll) on top of
+ Win32 subsystem and provides a bash shell and GNU tools environment.
+ Consequently, a make of OpenSSL with Cygwin is virtually identical to
+ Unix procedure. It is also possible to create Win32 binaries that only
+ use the Microsoft C runtime system (msvcrt.dll or crtdll.dll) using
+ MinGW. MinGW can be used in the Cygwin development environment or in a
+ standalone setup as described in the following section.
- To build OpenSSL
, you need the Mingw32 package and GNU make.
+ To build OpenSSL
using Cygwin:
- *
Compiler installation:
+ *
Install Cygwin (see http://cygwin.com/)
- Mingw32 is available from <ftp://ftp.xraylith.wisc.edu/pub/khan/gnu-win32/
- mingw32/egcs-1.1.2/egcs-1.1.2-mingw32.zip>. GNU make is at
- <ftp://agnes.dida.physik.uni-essen.de/home/janjaap/mingw32/binaries/
- make-3.76.1.zip>. Install both of them in C:\egcs-1.1.2 and run
- C:\egcs-1.1.2\mingw32.bat to set the PATH.
+ * Install Perl and ensure it is in the path. Both Cygwin perl
+ (5.6.1-2 or newer) and ActivePerl work.
+ * Run the Cygwin bash shell
+ * $ tar zxvf openssl-x.x.x.tar.gz
+ $ cd openssl-x.x.x
+ To build the Cygwin version of OpenSSL:
+ $ ./config
+ [...]
+ $ make
+ [...]
+ $ make test
+ $ make install
+ This will create a default install in /usr/local/ssl.
+ To build the MinGW version (native Windows) in Cygwin:
+ $ ./Configure mingw
+ [...]
+ $ make
+ [...]
+ $ make test
+ $ make install
+ Cygwin Notes:
+ "make test" and normal file operations may fail in directories
+ mounted as text (i.e. mount -t c:\somewhere /home) due to Cygwin
+ stripping of carriage returns. To avoid this ensure that a binary
+ mount is used, e.g. mount -b c:\somewhere /home.
+ "bc" is not provided in older Cygwin distribution. This causes a
+ non-fatal error in "make test" but is otherwise harmless. If
+ desired and needed, GNU bc can be built with Cygwin without change.
+ GNU C (MinGW/MSYS)
+ -------------
+ * Compiler and shell environment installation:
+ MinGW and MSYS are available from http://www.mingw.org/, both are
+ required. Run the installers and do whatever magic they say it takes
+ to start MSYS bash shell with GNU tools on its PATH.
+ N.B. Since source tar-ball can contain symbolic links, it's essential
+ that you use accompanying MSYS tar to unpack the source. It will
+ either handle them in one way or another or fail to extract them,
+ which does the trick too. Latter means that you may safely ignore all
+ "cannot create symlink" messages, as they will be "re-created" at
+ configure stage by copying corresponding files. Alternative programs
+ were observed to create empty files instead, which results in build
+ failure.
* Compile OpenSSL:
- Run ms\mw.bat
+ $ ./config
+ [...]
+ $ make
+ [...]
+ $ make test
- This will create the library and binaries in out.
+ This will create the library and binaries in root source directory
+ and openssl.exe application in apps directory.
+ It is also possible to cross-compile it on Linux by configuring
+ with './Configure --cross-compile-prefix=i386-mingw32- mingw ...'.
+ 'make test' is naturally not applicable then.
libcrypto.a and libssl.a are the static libraries. To use the DLLs,
link with libeay32.a and libssl32.a instead.
- See troubleshooting if you get error messages about functions not having
- a number assigned.
+ See troubleshooting if you get error messages about functions not
+ having a number assigned.
+ Installation
+ ------------
+ If you used the Cygwin procedure above, you have already installed and
+ can skip this section. For all other procedures, there's currently no real
+ installation procedure for Win32. There are, however, some suggestions:
- * You can now try the tests:
+ - do nothing. The include files are found in the inc32/ subdirectory,
+ all binaries are found in out32dll/ or out32/ depending if you built
+ dynamic or static libraries.
+ - do as is written in INSTALL.Win32 that comes with modssl:
+ $ md c:\openssl
+ $ md c:\openssl\bin
+ $ md c:\openssl\lib
+ $ md c:\openssl\include
+ $ md c:\openssl\include\openssl
+ $ copy /b inc32\openssl\* c:\openssl\include\openssl
+ $ copy /b out32dll\ssleay32.lib c:\openssl\lib
+ $ copy /b out32dll\libeay32.lib c:\openssl\lib
+ $ copy /b out32dll\ssleay32.dll c:\openssl\bin
+ $ copy /b out32dll\libeay32.dll c:\openssl\bin
+ $ copy /b out32dll\openssl.exe c:\openssl\bin
+ Of course, you can choose another device than c:. C: is used here
+ because that's usually the first (and often only) harddisk device.
+ Note: in the modssl INSTALL.Win32, p: is used rather than c:.
- > cd out
- > ..\ms\test
> perl util\mkdef.pl crypto ssl update
- then ms\do_
should not give a warning any more. However the numbers that
+ then ms\do_
should not give a warning any more. However the numbers that
get assigned by this technique may not match those that eventually get
assigned in the CVS tree: so anything linked against this version of the
library may need to be recompiled.
- If you get errors about unresolved externals then this means that either you
- didn't read the note above about functions not having numbers assigned or
- someone forgot to add a function to the header file.
+ If you get errors about unresolved symbols there are several possible
+ causes.
- In this latter case check out the header file to see if the function is
- defined in the header file.
+ If this happens when the DLL is being linked and you have disabled some
+ ciphers then it is possible the DEF file generator hasn't removed all
+ the disabled symbols: the easiest solution is to edit the DEF files manually
+ to delete them. The DEF files are ms\libeay32.def ms\ssleay32.def.
+ Another cause is if you missed or ignored the errors about missing numbers
+ mentioned above.
If you get warnings in the code then the compilation will halt.
One final comment about compiling applications linked to the OpenSSL library.
If you don't use the multithreaded DLL runtime library (/MD option) your
- program will almost certainly crash: see the original SSLeay description
- below for more details.
-The orignal Windows build instructions from SSLeay follow.
-Note: some of this may be out of date and no longer applicable. In particular
-the Crypto_malloc_init() comment appears to be wrong: you always need to use
-the same runtime library as the DLL itself.
-The Microsoft World.
-The good news, to build SSLeay for the Microsft World
-Windows 3.1 DLL's
-perl Configure VC-WIN16
-nmake -f ms\w31dll.mak
-Windows NT/95 DLL's
-perl Configure VC-WIN32
-nmake -f ms\ntdll.mak
-Now the bad news
-All builds were done using Microsofts Visual C++ 1.52c and [45].x.
-If you are a borland person, you are probably going to have to help me
-finish the stuff in util/pl/BC*pl
-All builds were made under Windows NT - this means long filenames, so
-you may have problems under Windows 3.1 but probably not under 95.
-Because file pointers don't work in DLL's under Windows 3.1 (well at
-least stdin/stdout don't and I don't like having to differentiate
-between these and other file pointers), I now use the BIO file-pointer
-module, which needs to be linked into your application. You can either
-use the memory buffer BIO for IO, or compile bss_file.c into your
-application, it is in the apps directory and is just a copy of
-crypto/buffer/bss_file.c with #define APPS_WIN16 added.
-I have not yet automated the makefile to automatically copy it into 'out'
-for a win 3.1 build....
-All callbacks passed into SSLeay for Windows 3.1 need to be of type
-_far _loadds.
-I don't support building with the pascal calling convention.
-The DLL and static builds are large memory model.
-To build static libraries for NT/95 or win 3.1
-perl util/mk1mf.pl VC-WIN32 > mf-stat.nt
-perl util/mk1mf.pl VC-WIN16 > mf-stat.w31
-for DLL's
-perl util/mk1mf.pl dll VC-WIN32 > mf-dll.nt
-perl util/mk1mf.pl dll VC-WIN16 > mf-dll.w31
-Again you will notice that if you dont have perl, you cannot do this.
-Now the next importaint issue. Running Configure!
-I have small assember code files for critical big number library operation
-in crypto/bn/asm. There is, asm code, object files and uuencode
-object files. They are
-x86nt32.asm - 32bit flat memory model assember - suitable Win32
-x86w16.asm - 16bit assember - used in the msdos build.
-x86w32.asm - 32bit assember, win 3.1 segments, used for win16 build.
-If you feel compelled to build the 16bit maths routines in the windows 3.1
-perl Configure VC-W31-16
-perl util/mk1mf.pl dll VC-W31-16 > mf-dll.w31
-If you hate assember and don't want anything to do with it,
-perl util/mk1mf.pl no-asm VC-WIN16 > mf-dll.w31
-will work for any of the makefile generations.
-There are more options to mk1mf.pl but these all leave the temporary
-files in 'tmp' and the output files in 'out' by default.
-The NT build is done for console mode.
-The Windows 3.1 version of SSLeay uses quickwin, the interface is ugly
-but it is better than nothing. If you want ugly, try doing anything
-that involves getting a password. I decided to be ugly instead of
-echoing characters. For Windows 3.1 I would just sugest using the
-msdos version of the ssleay application for command line work.
-The QuickWin build is primarily for testing.
-For both NT and Windows 3.1, I have not written the code so that
-s_client, s_server can take input from the keyboard. You can happily
-start applications up in separate windows, watch them handshake, and then sit
-there for-ever. I have not had the time to get this working, and I've
-been able to test things from a unix box to the NT box :-).
-Try running ssleay s_server on the windows box
-(with either -cert ../apps/server.pem -www)
-and run ssleay s_time from another window.
-This often stuffs up on Windows 3.1, but I'm not worried since this is
-probably a problem with my demo applications, not the libraries.
-After a build of one of the version of microsoft SSLeay,
-'cd ms' and then run 'test'. This should check everything out and
-even does a trial run of generating certificates.
-'test.bat' requires that perl be install, you be in the ms directory
-(not the test directory, thats for unix so stay out :-) and that the
-build output directory be ../out
-On a last note, you will probably get division by zero errors and
-stuff after a build. This is due to your own inability to follow
-instructions :-).
-The reasons for the problem is probably one of the following.
-1) You did not run Configure. This is critical for windows 3.1 when
- using assember. The values in crypto/bn/bn.h must match the
- ones requred for the assember code. (remember that if you
- edit crypto/bn/bn.h by hand, it will be clobered the next time
- you run Configure by the contents of crypto/bn/bn.org).
- SSLeay version -o will list the compile options.
- For VC-WIN32 you need bn(64,32) or bn(32,32)
- For VC-W31-32/VC-WIN16 you need bn(32,32)
- For VC-W31-16 you need bn(32,16) or bn(16,16)
- For VC-MSDOS you need bn(32,16) or bn(16,16).
- The first number will be 2 times bigger than the second if
- BN_LLONG is defined in bn.h and the size of the second number
- depends on the 'bits' defined at the start of bn.h. Have a
- look, it's all reasonably clear.
- If you want to start messing with 8 bit builds and things like
- that, build without the assember by re-generating a makefile
- via 'perl util/mk1mf.pl no-asm'.
-2) You tried to build under MS-DOS or Windows 3.1 using the /G3
- option. Don't. It is buggy (thats why you just got that
- error) and unless you want to work out which optimising flag
- to turn off, I'm not going to help you :-). I also noticed
- that code often ran slower when compiled with /G3.
-3) Under NT/95, malloc goes stupid. You are probably linking with
- the wrong library, there are problems if you mix the threaded
- and non-threaded libraries (due to the DLL being staticly
- linked with one and the applicaion using another.
-Well hopefully thats most of the MS issues handled, see you in ssl-users :-).
-eric 30-Aug-1996
-SSLeay 0.6.5
-For Windows 95/NT, add CRYPTO_malloc_init() to your program before any
-calls to the SSLeay libraries. This function will insert callbacks so that
-the SSLeay libraries will use the same malloc(), free() and realloc() as
-your application so 'problem 3)' mentioned above will go away.
-There is now DES assember for Windows NT/95. The file is
-crypto/des/asm/win32.asm and replaces crypto/des/des_enc.c in the build.
-There is also Blowfish assember for Windows NT/95. The file is
-crypto/bf/asm/win32.asm and replaces crypto/bf/bf_enc.c in the build.
-eric 25-Jun-1997
+ program will almost certainly crash because malloc gets confused -- the
+ OpenSSL DLLs are statically linked to one version, the application must
+ not use a different one. You might be able to work around such problems
+ by adding CRYPTO_malloc_init() to your program before any calls to the
+ OpenSSL libraries: This tells the OpenSSL libraries to use the same
+ malloc(), free() and realloc() as the application. However there are many
+ standard library functions used by OpenSSL that call malloc() internally
+ (e.g. fopen()), and OpenSSL cannot change these; so in general you cannot
+ rely on CRYPTO_malloc_init() solving your problem, and you should
+ consistently use the multithreaded library.
+ Linking your application
+ ------------------------
+ If you link with static OpenSSL libraries [those built with ms/nt.mak],
+ then you're expected to additionally link your application with
+ WS2_32.LIB, ADVAPI32.LIB, GDI32.LIB and USER32.LIB. Those developing
+ non-interactive service applications might feel concerned about linking
+ with the latter two, as they are justly associated with interactive
+ desktop, which is not available to service processes. The toolkit is
+ designed to detect in which context it's currently executed, GUI,
+ console app or service, and act accordingly, namely whether or not to
+ actually make GUI calls. Additionally those who wish to
+ /DELAYLOAD:GDI32.DLL and /DELAYLOAD:USER32.DLL and actually keep them
+ off service process should consider implementing and exporting from
+ .exe image in question own _OPENSSL_isservice not relying on USER32.DLL.
+ E.g., on Windows Vista and later you could:
+ __declspec(dllexport) __cdecl BOOL _OPENSSL_isservice(void)
+ { DWORD sess;
+ if (ProcessIdToSessionId(GetCurrentProcessId(),&sess))
+ return sess==0;
+ return FALSE;
+ }
+ If you link with OpenSSL .DLLs, then you're expected to include into
+ your application code small "shim" snippet, which provides glue between
+ OpenSSL BIO layer and your compiler run-time. Look up OPENSSL_Applink
+ reference page for further details.
OpenSSL source code


text:
A Win-Win Partnership
By Tim Walker
One of the most pressing issues facing the nation's schools— though often ignored in the national conversation over education reform—is the shortage of qualified teachers in disadvantaged communities. Staffing problems in these communities are due primarily to a "revolving door," where many teachers don't go on to complete their certification, lack opportunities for professional development, and end up leaving the teaching profession completely.
In February 2008, NEA President Reg Weaver and Tom Joyner, the nationally syndicated radio personality and philanthropist, announced the renewal of a joint effort to reverse this trend. Joyner and the NEA will distribute a new $1.1 million grant to boost the number of fully certified teachers in minority and hard-to-staff schools across the country. The initiative is a continuation of the Tom Joyner Foundation-National Education Association Teacher Licensure Scholarship Program, which began in 2005 with a $700,000 grant.
Weaver credits the partnership with moving the "teacher testing gap" to the forefront of educational issues. Furthermore, he says, creating a more diverse teaching force advances significant educational goals—preparing students for the workplace they will encounter, and making sure students of both genders and all racial and ethnic backgrounds are taught by people they can identify with.
"As public schools in the U.S. become more ethnically diverse, the teacher population becomes less diverse," said Weaver. "For minorities, one of the greatest barriers to earning a teaching license is the requirement to pass a state teacher licensure test."
The Tom Joyner Foundation was founded in 1998 and has raised more than $55 million and helped some 80 colleges and thousands of deserving students who attend Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs). Joyner welcomes the expansion of his foundation's partnership with NEA.
"What we're trying to do," said Joyner, "is to make sure there are plenty of minority teachers out there. This partnership with NEA is a big step in making a difference in these teachers' lives, and the lives of the children they teach."
More than 60 percent of the minority teachers in this country are educated at HBCUs. The scholarship targets these institutions in selected areas and provides hundreds of educators with the proper technical support, workshops, professional development, and resources to help them pass state licensing examinations. The first phase of the scholarship program served hundreds of educators; the expansion is projected to assist more than 1,000 teachers in obtaining their licenses.
The scholarship program will continue on the campuses of Cheyney University of Pennsylvania, Clark Atlanta University in Georgia, Harris-Stowe State University in Missouri, and Johnson C. Smith University in North Carolina. The expansion brings six new HBCUs into the mix: Alabama A&M University, Howard University in Washington, D.C., LeMoyne-Owen College in Tennessee, Mississippi Valley State University, Norfolk State University in Virginia, and Prairie View A&M University in Texas.
To earn a scholarship, candidates must commit to teach for a minimum of three years in identified low-income communities. They must be currently employed as a teacher in a K–12 public school or currently enrolled in an accredited school of education to be eligible for participation. The program is committed to assisting those teachers who are not fully licensed by the state in the subject area and grade that they teach because they have failed to pass a state licensure exam.
"Until now, no national organizations have put a plan into action to deal with this issue," said Weaver. "Fortunately, the Foundation had the foresight to address this critical need in teacher preparation. NEA is inspired and grateful to be a part of this venture. By investing in our teachers, the Foundation will help us create great public schools for every child."


text:
Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy
This Is Spinal Tap
Fifty Shades of Black
Russell Madness
Planes: Fire & Rescue
Dealin' With Idiots
First Family
The Magic of Belle Isle
Youth in Revolt
The Model Shop
I'll Believe You
All Fred Willard photos
All Fred Willard films
Movies.com, the ultimate source for everything movies, is your destination for new movie trailers, reviews, photos, times, tickets + more! Stay in the know with the latest movie news and cast interviews at Movies.com.
Copyright © 2020 FANDANGO MOVIES.


text:
From: San Jose Pride President <firstname.lastname@example.com>
Date: December 11, 2012, 5:53:12 AM PST
Tuesday, December 11, 2012
San Jose PRIDE Invites All of Whomanity! to a Who-riffic Holiday Extrvaganza
Come Chanuukkah. Come Kwanza. Come all … to join the Who-riffic Holiday Extravaganza on 12.12.12 from 6 to 10 PM at Cabrito's Mexican Bistro in Downtown San Jose.
This is event is off the Who! with performances by singing sensation Xavier Toscano, comedian-homie-writer Sqweeks Morales, local band Tehya, and party beats by DJ Joseph Z.
Bring your Who! Bring your Grinch! Bring your WTF Holiday Sweater!
At the door, donate gifts for youth and/or non-perishable food or $5. FOOD & GIFTS BENEFIT the Health Trust Holiday Food Basket and YOUTH 12-16 (Suggestions: gift cards, clothes, music, movies, games, holiday food items, baking supplies, etc.).
Get gifts for that special Who in your life at our Whovillation Gift Shop. Artisans, candy makers, and crafty vendors can download a booth application at www.sanjosepride.com or
click Whovilation Gift Shop Booth Application for vendor information.
In spirit of the Grinch, "It came without ribbons. It came without tags. It came without packages, boxes, or bag." Maybe the holiday season, "… means a little bit more."
This event is brought to you by San Jose PRIDE and Cabrito's Mexican Bistro.
"Welcome, all Whos…Far….And…Near."
There is dancing, photos with the Grinch, a fancy and a WTF holiday sweater contest, and drink specials, so wear a fabulous outfit or your ugliest holiday sweater while sipping a Grinch cocktail or Cindy Lou Who-tini. Feast on $2 Who-tacos and bring along the little Whogirls and little Whofellas, this event if for entire family.
Visit our Facebook for updates.
For Whos not able to attend and wish to make donations for Youth can be dropped off at the Billy De Frank LGBTQQ Community Center now through Dec. 21 phone (408) 293-3040. Also FOOD and gifts for YOUTH can be delivered to The Health Trust of Silicon Valley Food Basket Program phone (408) 297-1294.
# # #
Event Flier: click to download
Event Web Ad: click to download


text:
I'm getting a VB6 "Out of Memory" error when reading contents from a large file (80MB) into memory to be streamed to a web service using the Microsoft INet Control. The web service only accepts a single "POST" call from the VB6 application to process the entire contents of the file. Below is the code snippet that I am using. The line in red is where I get the "Out of Memory" error. It is happening with "TSO.Read(FileName.Size - 1)". Can anyone help me resolve this issue?
Dim FSO As FileSystemObject
Dim TSO As TextStream
Dim FileName As File
Dim strImportFile As String
strImportFile = GetImportFileName() ' gets the import filename
HttpRequestHeader = GetRequestHeader() ' gets the http request header (25 character string)
If Trim(strImportFile) <> vbNullString Then
Set FSO = New FileSystemObject
Set FileName = FSO.GetFile(strImportFile)
Set TSO = FileName.OpenAsTextStream(ForReading, TristateFalse)
'stream the data from the file to a webservice using Microsoft INet Control
m_Inet.Execute , "POST", TSO.Read(FileName.Size - 1), HttpRequestHeader
TSO.Skip FileName.Size
End If
Set TSO = Nothing
Set FSO = Nothing


text:
Our musician acquaintance converses with the gentlemen (gentleman?) of Air Raid:
"Pod" cast interviews Roderick, warns of strafing run.
Photos, links, media appearances.
Moderators: Moderators Emeritus, Moderators
1 post • Page 1 of 1
1 post • Page 1 of 1
Who is online
Users browsing this forum: No registered users and 7 guests


text:
Amber Room: 'GMA's' First Stop on Mystery Tour
Missing for decades, Russia's legendary Amber Room is restored to full splendor.
Jan. 30, 2008 -- It was a chamber fit for a queen. A fairy tale of a room, crafted almost entirely of six tons of glowing, translucent amber.
This lavish chamber, estimated to be worth $150 million today, was born from the hedonistic desire of Prussian King Frederic the First, for a room made completely of amber.
In the 300 years since Frederic built the Amber Room for his home at Charlottenburg Palace, it has dazzled kings and queens, trading hands between Russian and Prussian rulers.
During World War II, the Amber Room, dubbed the "Eighth Wonder of the World," was looted by the Nazis. Today, the fate of the original Amber Room remains one of Europe's great mysteries.
Checkered Past
Never fully completed, the room's honeyed panels were sent to Russian Czar Peter the Great as a gift in 1716. The Amber Room soon became a gem inside the Catherine Palace, that rivaled Versailles.
The gesture sealed the Prussian-Russian alliance against Sweden, and over the centuries, it continued to be transferred back and forth, as a symbol of friendship between the two empires.
During World War II, Germany's Third Reich decided that the German-made Amber Room should be brought back to Germany, as a symbol of German greatness.
"It was of supreme importance to repatriate this gift, or rescue it from a subculture they viewed [as] Russia," explained Robert Alexander, author of "The Romanov Bride."
As the Germans approached, the terrified Russian curators were unable to dismantle or hide the Amber Room. The Nazis soon found it, returned it to Germany, and put it on proud display at Konigsberg Castle.
As the tide of war turned, and the Germans started losing ground, they grew worried about the Amber Room's safety, and boxed it up. Except for a few traces, no one has seen it since.
Unsolved Mystery
Before he died, the museum director who looked after the Amber Room during the war assured the people of Berlin that the room had survived heavy allied bombings, but gave no further clues.
The 65-year obsession with solving this mystery and finding the remains, has pulled in everyone from billionaire art lovers to the Stasi (East Germany's former secret police) to the KGB (the old Soviet Union's security force).
One conspiracy theory suggests that it is still buried somewhere beneath the castle.
"How would they know the Amber Room was down there, how would they know its value? They were just coming in to destroy the fascist army," said Alexander, who suggests that answer could be plausible.
Others say the Amber Room probably simply burned as the Red Army battled back against the Nazis. Skeptics say the whole city would have smelled the stench of burning amber, though.
Some historians say that the boxes were put on a German cruiseliner, which was sunk by Soviet torpedoes, but multiple dives have yielded no amber.
A recent tip led German investigators to an abandoned silver mine, south of Berlin, and to the shores of the Baltic, to dredge a murky lagoon. No luck in either case.
Though the hunt continues, and the mystery remains unsolved, a dazzling re-construction has now been built in its place.
"It captures the imagination and a certain hope against hope. The Amber Room is gone and nobody wants to believe that it's gone for good," said Alexander.
Grandeur Restored
Today, a lavish replica is open to the public, glowing in gold just like the original in the Catherine Palace, outside St. Petersburg.
The Russian government embarked on the painstaking re-construction in 1979, and finally finished it in 2003, with help from German donations, re-opening the room for the city's 300th birthday.
Those who visit the new Amber Room say it feels like stepping inside a life-size jewelry box.
There seems to be no end to the spectacular detail, with every inch covered in scallops, garlands and cherubs.
Re-Creating Magic
Many, who believe that amber heals, describe a feeling of light and heat coming from the walls. In fact, the tsars and tsarinas, and their guests who spent time in the Amber Room, all swore they felt an energy field.
A thin layer of gold foil, hanging behind the translucent amber panels, radiates a golden luminance. The room sparkles brilliantly in both daylight and candle light, just as it would have in the 18th century, filled with 500 candles.
Just re-creating these effects was practically a feat of magic.
Thousands of individual slivers in 20 hues, carved to perfection, including the monogram of King Frederick the First of Prussia, and the coat of arms of the Russian Empire, decorate the walls.
To do all this, craftsmen were retrained in artistic techniques, lost for centuries. For example, artisans spent 10 years trying to recover the most basic techniques used in the original constructionn — 230 experiments on just glues, alone.
They worked from old black and white photographs, analyzing them in terms of shades.
Photographs taken before the war guided the re-construction.
In the room's centerpiece are copies of four intricate Florentine mosaics that adorned the walls in extravagant amber frames. One of these is the original, stolen from the Amber Room crates during the war, discovered and returned in 2002. The long-laboring artisans were ecstatic to find their copy almost exactly matched!
One More Mystery
As the Nazis advanced on Russia, the museum workers, charged with protecting the room, failed to do so.
Were they worried the amber was too fragile to move, or did they think it would incur the wrath of Stalin if it stayed?
All we know is that they covered the walls in cotton and paper — a disguise the Nazis quickly saw through.
The Nazis removed the panels, packed them up and took them away. They had the technology, the equipment, and all the resources, so they brought museum experts to Russia to remove the Amber Room in the middle of the war.
Tourist Attraction
Today, thousands of visitors flock to the palace every year.
The floor, a mix of richly colored wood, inlaid in an intricate pattern, fit for royalty, needs to be protected, so, visitors to the museum have to don little booties, similar to those a surgeon wears.
For more about the Amber Room's re-opening, click here.
For more on visiting St. Petersburg, click here to go to Fodor's travel Web site.


text:
This year's matric results are wretched, yet another indictment of the mismanagement of the education system by the ANC regime. Understand firstly what 'matric' today actually means. It is a fraction of the standard of 10-15 years ago. That's the first point. This is a system that spat out Julius Malema for fu*k sakes, need I say more? The next point is that 40% of pupils drop out before matriculating. What happens to those kids? 40% is a HUGE percentage.
Of the remaining kids, it is largely an exercise in producing a generation of under-educated, under-achievers. If only 20% of those pupils achieve university exemption, what does the other 80% do, that's assuming all 20% with university exemption actually go to university?
The focus of this variation of OBE (Outcomes Based Education) is to leave no-one behind, again, exhibit A is Julius Malema with his marks of Es, Gs and H, one of these for woodwork! We've dumbed down our standards in order to let as many through the system otherwise there would be hordes of 21-year-old matriculants (refer Julius Malema once more).
And the final point to remember is that we risk our universities losing international accreditation due to the low entry standards into university, all in our haste to meet race quotas where the requirements for whites, blacks, Indians and coloureds are very different.
For example, UCT's "Guidelines for Admission to UCT in 2009 for holders of a National Senior Certificate" states that people that want to enrol to study medicine are classified into racial categories. To be admitted to study for medicine at UCT black students should have an average school mark of 74%, coloured students 78%, Indians 88% and white students 91%.
What are we saying here? That blacks are naturally stupid and need a hand-out in order to be able to compete with their peers from other races? That's what it says to me. This system is not means tested so even black kids that attended the best private schools only need to attain the same 74% school mark. If we continue along this route, pretty soon, our degrees and diplomas won't be worth the paper it is written on.
Read also;
The wrecking of a university
State of our nation
Pass rate 'unacceptable'- Readers' Letters to News24
6 out of 10 matrics have passed
The country's 2008 matric class received a pass rate of 62.5 percent, Education Minister Naledi Pandor has announced. Out of this group, 20% achieved a Varsity Pass.
Of the 533,561 candidates with a full set of results, 333,681 candidates or 62.5 percent met the requirements for a National Senior Certificate, she told a press briefing in Pretoria.
Overall 589,912 candidates had written the 2008 examinations but the Minister was reporting on the results of only 533,561 candidates.
Pandor said that there were 56,810 candidates with incomplete results. This, she said, was due to "outstanding internal marks, oral or practical requirements or pending irregularity investigations". "The failure to provide results for all candidates is extremely worrying," Minister Pandor said.
The minister pointed out that it was important to avoid the temptation to make simple comparisons between the previous exam and the new one.
She said that while she would indeed signal comparisons, she did so with the caution "that we have entered a new phase of school leaving examinations in South Africa".
Pandor said that in 2008, 107,462 candidates - or 20.2% - achieved the minimum pass rate required for entry to undergraduate study at university.
This compared to 16% (85,000 pupils) in 2007. The requirement was a minimum of four subjects at 50 percent or above and a maximum of two subjects below 50 percent.
Pandor said that 124,000 candidates had achieved the minimum pass required for entry to a diploma or a non-degree programme at university or a university of technology.
The requirement was four subjects at 40 percent or above and a maximum of two subjects below 40 percent.
The minister added that 102,130 had achieved the requirements for entry to higher certificate programmes.
For this, the requirement was three subjects at 40 percent and three subjects below 40 percent.
The South African Democratic Teachers' Union expressed its concern that the matric pass rate had dropped from 65 percent last year to 62.5 percent this year.
"We... have to understand and address the factors which lead to drop out and failure," Sadtu president Thobile Ntola said in a statement.
"Our sense is that issues of historical disadvantage and poverty associated with race, class and the rural-urban divide, and uneven support and poor management, especially in some districts and provinces are crucial here, and we would expect the Department of Education to deepen its analysis in this respect," he said.
Pointing out that more than 40 percent of pupils never even reached matric, Sadtu asked who made up this group, whether they joined the ranks of the unemployed and what could be done to turn around the situation.
It also asked what support there was for the 200,000 pupils who failed matric this year, demanding that adequate resources be made available to them for rewriting.
Sadtu did, however, express encouragement at the number of candidates this year and that a higher percentage of them qualified for tertiary education than last year.
"Higher education institutions need to gear up to accept these increased numbers," said Ntola in congratulating successful candidates, their families, teachers and examiners.
"For those students from poor communities who pass and achieve endorsements, much more needs to be done to assist access to tertiary institutions," he said.
Sadtu also praised the new Outcomes Based Education (OBE) curriculum -- the matriculants who wrote this year were the first educated under OBE -- as "a necessary break with apartheid education". (???!!!)
The union said it made education more relevant to the needs of society.
"The union opposes any attempt to destabilise the education system by scrapping the current national curriculum," Ntola warned.
Although the improved maths and maths literacy results were encouraging, Sadtu said there were still uneven results across the provinces, with pupils in large rural provinces still at a disadvantage. This was primarily because of problems with resources, which led to over-large classes and a lack of permanent appointments.
Also in need of attention was the development and support of teachers, the promotion of home language instruction in previously disadvantaged schools and improving the quality of education.
"To this end, Sadtu is joining with other stakeholders to form local education committees. "We are also participating in the quality learning and teaching campaign with the understanding that teachers must be on time, in class, on task and well-prepared," said the union, which represents 235,000 teachers.
"By the same token, the Department of Education needs to provide basic infrastructure and learning materials and training and local support to teachers," it said.
What the readers to News24 said:
The Eastern Cape MEC released a statement concerning the matric results for his province, and while he tried finding some good out of it using percentages and other fuzzy stats, he could not resist the temptation to deflect the blame on the previous government.
Refer the paragraph: "At this point it is crucial that we note the historical structural weaknesses that still prevail in our system that is invariably to the detriment of our learners from formerly disadvantaged schools".
When are these people going to take responsibility and accountability for their jobs? I can no longer accept such garbage. We all know the EC government is the worst managed and most wasteful province in the country. They have also had 14 + years & billions of rands to get their house in order. What have they done with it? Zip, zero, nada and bugger all. Neall
I must say that the unacceptable level of matriculants passing is a reflection on the government that they can ill afford. Don't they know that education is the only way to buy South Africa out of poverty and create real sustainable economic growth over the long term? The current levels of dedication and failure to correct the culture in schools is so unacceptable that I think the minister should not even be given the opportunity to resign. She should be fired as she is responsible for the state of education in our schools.
If the schools not directly under government control can excel it shows me it is a management issue. Thus like in any other business get the managers in place to get this bankrupted business back on the road to success, our future as a nation depends on it. But unfortunately as usual it will be brushed off and the incompetent minster and associates responsible will get increases above the national average for totally failing in the basic competencies of the job descriptions. - Willie Bosman
Here we go again, as the end of year Matric results come out: Clearly disparity from one region to another and the old chant of blame on the apartheid days. Who continues to dream up such utter crap? I say face the facts that those kids were just out of nappies in 1994 so using a historical excuse falls away. Look at the real self and the parents (more so) who continue to live in yester-years. All children want to succeed and not be left behind by the rest - they thrive on challenges, yet the older generation lives in the past and fails to see into the future. It's all about mindsets - and some people have their mind set in the wrong place. - Dave Rolfe
We have again seen poor results from our learners. Let's accept that there are under-resourced schools and let's concede that this is a legacy of the past. Let's also stop being politically correct and apportion blame where it belongs. It is an indisputable fact that education is dependent on the quality of the teacher more than on the physical environment. Great people have graduated from poor schools.
There seems to be one common factor that needs to be examined. Schools producing the poorest results appear to have more teachers involved in the Democratic Teachers Union. Is this coincidence? Teachers who have, as their priority, the well being of members of the union as opposed to the well being of the learners are never going to achieve the results we need. Minister Pandor should look at this very carefully. It may well be in the interests of our people to look at sacrificing these incompetent teachers for the good of the majority. Leave teaching to those who take pride and joy in their profession and say good riddance to those who think it's a "job". - Lloyd Macklin
For the fifth year in a row - our matric pass rate has dropped. South Africa used to be noted for its high education levels and was one of the best in the world. Now it is an embarrassment. What is happening? We are supposed to be uplifting our nation - not dragging it through the mud. Education - of any kind - is a major key role in a country progression. Quite frankly I think it is time to trade in our minister of education for somebody who knows what they are doing. This new system is even worse than the old system which was worse than the system it replaced.
Maybe it is time to dig up some of the dinosaur education systems that actually worked and bring them back. It is also a time to push for the education of teachers. I think under-qualified teachers are also a major contributing factor. If we continue to produce results like this our whole country is going to slide into the quagmire and turn into nothing but another poverty stricken African dump.
All our educated people who have any qualifications are leaving South Africa - mostly due to the crime rate or lack of job opportunities. I think it is time our government took a serious look at the major mistakes they are making and realise that they need to implement a whole new system - if not a whole new government. This is proof that you have to run a system with skilled people and not nepotism. Ginger


text:
How long does it take for a hacker's computer to randomly guess your password?
Well, if your password is, for example, "dragon" – the seventh-most popular password – about 10 minutes.
Add one character, as in "8675309″ – Jenny's number in the '80s Tommy Tutone song and the 371st most popular password – and you make the hacker program work 3 hours and 50 minutes longer.
As these numbers from Bloomberg Businessweek show, size matters when it comes to cracking passwords, as does mixing in numbers and symbols:
Length: 6 characters
Lowercase: 10 minutes
+ Uppercase: 10 hours
+ Nos. & Symbols: 18 days
Length: 7 characters
Lowercase: 4 hours
+ Uppercase: 23 days
+ Nos. & Symbols: 4 years
Length: 8 characters
Lowercase: 4 days
+ Uppercase: 3 years
+ Nos. & Symbols: 463 years
Length: 9 characters
Lowercase: 4 months
+ Uppercase: 178 years
+ Nos. & Symbols: 44,530 years
Harder-to-crack passwords tend to be harder to remember, which could partly explain why 30 percent of help desk calls are password-related. Businessweek notes that it costs companies an average of $10 to field a call requesting a password reset.
About half of us use common words or key patterns for passwords. We're making it easy for the criminals.
The Problem with Passwords (Bloomberg Businessweek)
The 500 Worst Passwords of All Time (What's My Pass?) Warning, includes obscene words.