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Hindsight bias
Hindsight bias, also known as the knew-it-all-along effect or creeping determinism, is the inclination, after an event has occurred, to see the event as having been predictable, despite there having been little or no objective basis for predicting it.[1][2] It is a multifaceted phenomenon that can affect different stages of designs, processes, contexts, and situations.[3] Hindsight bias may cause memory distortion, where the recollection and reconstruction of content can lead to false theoretical outcomes. It has been suggested that the effect can cause extreme methodological problems while trying to analyze, understand, and interpret results in experimental studies. A basic example of the hindsight bias is when, after viewing the outcome of a potentially unforeseeable event, a person believes he or she "knew it all along". Such examples are present in the writings of historians describing outcomes of battles, physicians recalling clinical trials, and in judicial systems trying to attribute responsibility and predictability of accidents.[4]
- History 1
Factors and effects 2
- Affected bias 2.1
- The role of surprise 2.2
- The role of personality 2.3
- The role of age 2.4
- Auditory distractions 2.5
- Cognitive models 2.6
- Memory distortions 2.7
- Motivated forgetting 2.8
- Elimination 3
Related disorders 4
- Schizophrenia 4.1
- Post-traumatic stress disorder 4.2
Examples 5
- Health care system 5.1
- Judicial system 5.2
- See also 6
- References 7
- External links 8
The hindsight bias, although not thitherto named as such, was not a new concept when it emerged in psychological research in the 1970s. In fact, it had been indirectly described numerous times by historians, philosophers, and physicians.[4] In 1973, Baruch Fischhoff attended a seminar where Paul E. Meehl stated an observation that clinicians often overestimate their ability to have foreseen the outcome of a particular case, as they claim to have known it all along.[5] Baruch, a psychology graduate student at the time, saw an opportunity in psychological research to explain these observations.[5]
In the early seventies, investigation of heuristics and biases was a large area of study in psychology, led by Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman.[5] Two heuristics identified by Tversky and Kahneman were of immediate importance in the development of the hindsight bias; these were the availability heuristic and the representativeness heuristic.[6] In an elaboration of these heuristics, Beyth and Fischhoff devised the first experiment directly testing the hindsight bias.[7] They asked participants to judge the likelihood of several outcomes of US president Richard Nixon's upcoming visit to Beijing (then romanized as Peking) and Moscow. Some time after president Nixon's return, participants were asked to recall (or reconstruct) the probabilities they had assigned to each possible outcome, and their perceptions of likelihood of each outcome was greater or overestimated for events that actually had occurred.[7] This study is frequently referred to in definitions of the hindsight bias, and the title of the paper, "I knew it would happen", may have contributed to the hindsight bias being interchangeable with the phrase "knew it all along" hypothesis.
In 1975, Fischhoff developed another method for investigating the hindsight bias, which at the time was referred to as the "creeping determinism hypothesis".[4] This method involves giving participants a short story with four possible outcomes, one of which they are told is true, and are then asked to assign the likelihood of each particular outcome.[4] Participants frequently assign a higher likelihood of occurrence to whichever outcome they have been told is true.[4] Remaining relatively unmodified, this method is still used in psychological and behavioural experiments investigating aspects of the hindsight bias. Having evolved from the heuristics of Tversky and Kahneman into the creeping determinism hypothesis and finally into the hindsight bias as we now know it, the concept has many practical applications and is still at the forefront of research today. Recent studies involving the hindsight bias have investigated the effect age has on the bias, how hindsight may impact interference and confusion, and how it may affect banking and investment strategies.[8][9][10]
Factors and effects
The hindsight bias is defined as a tendency to change a recollection from an original thought to something different because of newly provided information.[11] Since 1973, when Fischhoff started the hindsight bias research, there has been a focus on two main explanations of the bias: distorted event probabilities and distorted memory for judgments of factual knowledge.[12]
Hindsight bias has been supported in tests done with examples of medical procedure and the outcome for the patient. Subjects are given the procedure and a randomly assigned patient outcome, either neutral or bad, to interpret the level of malpractice by the doctors. Results showed that higher levels of malpractice were reported by the subjects when they were told there was a bad patient outcome than a neutral patient outcome, even when presented with exactly the same procedure. This supported the hypothesis of the experiment that bias would increase when an adverse outcome was presented, even if it was false, and it was thought that treatment was overlooked only when the outcome was bad. During the experiment, subjects used the phrase "it should have been obvious" multiple times, which is reminiscent of one of the hindsight bias' other names: the "I knew it all along" phenomenon.[13]
Affected bias
Hindsight bias is not only affected by whether or not the outcome is favorable or unfavorable, but also the severity of the negative outcome. In malpractice suits, the more severe the negative outcome the more dramatic the juror's hindsight bias. In a perfectly objective case, the verdict would be based on the physician's standard of care instead of the outcome of the treatment; however, studies show that cases that end in severe negative outcomes such as death result in higher levels of hindsight bias. In 1996, LaBine proposed a scenario where a psychiatric patient told a therapist that they were contemplating harming another individual who the therapist did not warn of possible danger. Three participants were given three possible outcomes where the threatened individual received no injuries, minor injuries, and serious injuries and then were asked to determine if the doctor would be considered negligent. Participants who received the serious injuries category not only rated the therapist as negligent but also rated the attack as more foreseeable. Participants in the no injuries and minor injury categories were more likely to see the therapist's actions as reasonable.[14]
In tests for hindsight bias, a person is asked to remember a specific event from the past or recall some descriptive information that they had been tested on earlier. In between the first test and final test, they are given the correct information about the event or knowledge. At the final test, he or she will report that they knew the answer all along when they truly have changed their answer to fit with the correct information they were given after the initial test. Hindsight bias has been found to take place in both memory for experienced situations (events that the person is familiar with) and hypothetical situations (made up events where the person must imagine being involved).
More recently, it has been found that hindsight bias also exists in recall with visual material.[12] When tested on initially blurry images, the subjects learn what the true image was after the fact and they would then remember a clear recognizable picture. There has been very little research on the phenomenon of visual hindsight bias. One experiment performed by Muhm et al. occurred over a six-year period and had over 4,618 participants. Each participant received a chest radiograph every 4 months. Each radiograph was reviewed by two radiologists and a respiratory physician to determine if there were any problems. Over the course of the experiment, 92 chest tumors were found in several of the participants. When physicians reviewed the previous radiographs of the participants who developed tumors, they determined that evidence of the tumor was present even before it had been identified. In other words, after finding the tumor, physicians determined the presence of the tumor was obvious in previous radiographs, even though they had not noticed it before.[15]
The role of surprise
The role of surprise can help explain the malleability of hindsight bias. Surprise influences how the mind reconstructs pre-outcome predictions in three ways:
- Surprise is a direct metacognitive heuristic to estimate the distance between outcome and prediction.
- Surprise triggers a deliberate sense-making process.
- Surprise biases this process by enhancing the retrieval of surprise-congruent information and expectancy-based hypothesis testing.[16]
Pezzo's sense-making model supports two contradicting ideas of a surprising outcome. The results can show a lesser hindsight bias or possibly a reversed effect, where the individual believes the outcome wasn't a possibility at all, or the outcome can lead to the hindsight bias being magnified to have a stronger effect. The sense-making process is triggered by an initial surprise. If the sense-making process does not complete and the sensory information is not detected or coded, the sensation is experienced as a surprise and the hindsight bias has a gradual reduction. When there is a lack of a sense-making process, the phenomena of reversed hindsight bias is created. Without the sense-making process being present, there is no remnant of thought about the surprise, therefore leading to a sensation of not believing the outcome as a possibility.[16]
The role of personality
Along with the emotion of surprise, personality traits affect hindsight bias. A new integrative lens model is an approach to figure out the bias and accuracy in human inferences due to their individual personality traits. This model integrates on accurate personality judgments and hindsight effects as a by-product of knowledge updating.
During the study, three processes showed potential to explain the occurrence of hindsight effects in personality judgments:
- Changes in an individual's cue perceptions
- Changes in the use of more valid cues
- Changes in the consistency with which an individual applies cue knowledge
After two studies, it was clear that there were hindsight effects for each of the "Big Five" personality dimensions. Evidence was found that both the utilization of more valid cues and changes in cue perceptions, but not changes in the consistency with which cue knowledge is applied account for the hindsight effects. During both studies, participants were presented with target pictures and were asked to judge each target's levels of the Big Five.[17]
The role of age
It is more difficult to test for hindsight bias in children than adults because the verbal methods used in experiments on adults are too complex for children to understand, let alone measure bias. There have been some experimental procedures created with visual identification to test children in a way they can grasp. Methods with visual images start by presenting a blurry image that becomes clearer over time. In some conditions, the subjects know what the final object is, and in others they don't. In cases where the subject knows what the object shape will become when the image is clear, they are asked to estimate the amount of time other participants of similar age will take to guess what the object is. Due to hindsight bias, the estimated times are often much lower than the actual times because the participant is using their knowledge while making their estimate.[18]
These types of studies have presented results that show that the hindsight bias affects children as well as adults. Hindsight bias in adults and in children shares a core cognitive constraint. That constraint is a tendency to be biased on one's current knowledge when attempting to recall or reason about a more naïve cognitive state—regardless of whether that more naïve state is one's own earlier naïve state or someone else's. Children have a theory of mind, which is their mental state of reasoning. Hindsight bias is a fundamental problem in cognitive perspective-taking. After reviewing developmental literature on hindsight bias and other limitations, it was found that some of children's limitation in the theory of mind may stem from the same core component as hindsight bias. This key factor brings forth underlying mechanisms. A developmental approach is necessary for a comprehensive understanding of the nature of hindsight bias in social cognition.[19]
Bernstein et al. ran an experiment that determined that hindsight bias was more prevalent in preschool aged children, decreased in older childhood and adulthood, and then increased again older adulthood. Results indicated that preschool aged children often exhibited hindsight bias by confusing their original answer with information that was presented to them at a later date. This led them to believe that they had known it all along. Older adults exhibited hindsight bias by forgetting their original answers and using the information presented at a later date to construct a new answer. Older children and adults displayed a different type of hindsight bias when presented with an identical task. After being presented with new information, older children and adults often adjusted their answers but did not formulate or adopt an entirely new idea. Regardless of age, all participants claimed to know more answers than they actually did.[8]
Auditory distractions
Another topic that affects the function of hindsight bias is the auditory function of humans. To test the effects of auditory distractions on hindsight bias, four experiments were completed. Experiment one included plain words, experiment two included words with warning, experiment three included full sentences, and experiment four included less-degraded words. By using these different techniques, it offers a different range of detection. Knowing the identities of words caused people to overestimate others' naïve ability to identify moderately to highly degraded spoken versions of those words. People who know the outcome of an event tend to overestimate their own prior knowledge or others' naïve knowledge of the event. Speakers tend to overestimate the clarity of their message while listeners overestimate their understanding of communication. This hindsight bias creates a feeling of inevitability. This auditory hindsight bias occurs despite people's effort to avoid it.[20]
Cognitive models
To understand how a person can so easily change the foundation of knowledge and belief for events after receiving new information, three cognitive models of hindsight bias have been reviewed.[21] The three models are SARA (Selective Activation and Reconstructive Anchoring), RAFT (Reconstruction After Feedback with Take the best) and CMT (Causal Model Theory). SARA and RAFT focus on distortions or changes in a memory process, while CMT focuses on probability judgments of hindsight bias.
The SARA model, created by Rüdiger Pohl and associates, explains hindsight bias for descriptive information in memory and hypothetical situations.[21][22] SARA assumes that people have a set of images to draw their memories from. They suffer from the hindsight bias due to selective activation or biased sampling of that set of images. Basically, people only remember small, select amounts of information—and when asked to recall it later, use that biased image to support their own opinions about the situation. The set of images is originally processed in the brain when first experienced. When remembered, this image reactivates, and the mind can edit and alter the memory, which takes place in hindsight bias when new and correct information is presented, leading one to believe that this new information when remembered at a later time is the persons original memory. Due to this reactivation in the brain, a more permanent memory trace can be created. The new information acts as a memory anchor causing retrieval impairment.[23]
The RAFT model[24] explains hindsight bias with comparisons of objects using knowledge-based probability then applying interpretations to those probabilities.[21] When given two choices, a person recalls the information on both topics and makes assumptions based on how reasonable they find the information. An example case is someone comparing the size of two cities. If they know one city well (e.g. because it has a popular sporting team or through personal history) and know much less about the other, their mental cues for the more popular city increase. They then "take the best" option in their assessment of their own probabilities. For example, they recognize a city due to knowing of its sports team, and thus they assume that that city has the highest population. "Take the best" refers to a cue that is viewed as most valid and becomes support for the person's interpretations. RAFT is a by-product of adaptive learning. Feedback information updates a person's knowledge base. This can lead a person to be unable to retrieve the initial information, since the information cue has been replaced by a cue that they thought was more fitting. The "best" cue has been replaced, and the person only remembers the answer that is most likely and believes that they thought this was the best point the whole time.[21]
Both SARA and RAFT descriptions include a memory trace impairment or cognitive distortion that is caused by feedback of information and reconstruction of memory.
CMT is a non-formal theory based on work by many researchers to create a collaborative process model for hindsight bias that involves event outcomes.[21] People try to make sense of an event that has not turned out how they expected by creating causal reasoning for the starting event conditions. This can give that person the idea that the event outcome was inevitable and there was nothing that could take place to prevent it from happening. CMT can be caused by a discrepancy between a person's expectation of the event and the reality of an outcome. They consciously want to make sense of what has happened and selectively retrieve memory that supports the current outcome. The causal attribution can be motivated by wanting to feel more positive about the outcome, and possibly themselves.[25]
Are people liars or are they tricking themselves into believing that they knew the right answer? These models would show that memory distortions and personal bias play a role.
Memory distortions
Hindsight bias has similarities to other memory distortions, such as misinformation effect and false autobiographical memory.[11] Misinformation effect occurs after an event is witnessed; new information received after the fact influences how the person remembers the event, and can be called post-event misinformation. This is an important issue with eyewitness testimony. False autobiographical memory takes place when suggestions or additional outside information is provided to distort and change memory of events; this can also lead to false memory syndrome. At times this can lead to creation of new memories that are completely false and have not taken place.
All three of these memory distortions contain a three-stage procedure.[11] The details of each procedure are different, but all three can result in some psychological manipulation and alteration of memory. Stage one is different between the three paradigms, although all involve an event, an event that has taken place (misinformation effect), an event that has not taken place (false autobiographical memory), and a judgment made by a person about an event that must be remembered (hindsight bias). Stage two consists of more information that is received by the person after the event has taken place. The new information given in hindsight bias is correct and presented upfront to the person, while the extra information for the other two memory distortions is wrong and presented in an indirect and possibly manipulative way. The third stage consists of recalling the starting information. The person must recall the original information with hindsight bias and misinformation effect, while a person that has a false autobiographical memory is expected to remember the incorrect information as a true memory.[11]
Cavillo (2013) tested whether there is a relationship between the amount of time the experimenters gave the participants to respond and their level of bias when recalling their initial judgements. The results showed that there is in fact a relationship; the hindsight bias index was greater among the participants asked to respond rapidly than among participants allowed more time to respond.[26]
To create a false autobiographical memory, the person must believe a memory that is not real. To seem real, the information must be influenced by their own personal judgments. There is no real episode of an event to remember, so this memory construction must be logical to that person's knowledge base. Hindsight bias and misinformation effect recall a specific time and event; this is called an motivated forgetting.
Motivated forgetting
Following a negative outcome of a situation, people do not want to accept responsibility. Instead of accepting their role in the event, they might either view themselves as caught up in a situation that was unforeseeable with them therefore not being the culprits (this is referred to as defensive processing) or view the situation as inevitable with there therefore being nothing that could have been done to prevent it (this is retroactive pessimism).[28] Defensive processing involves less hindsight bias, as they are playing ignorant of the event. Retroactive pessimism makes use of hindsight bias after a negative, unwanted outcome. Events in life can be hard to control or predict. It is no surprise that people want to view themselves in a more positive light and do not want to take responsibility for situations they could have altered. This leads to hindsight bias in the form of retroactive pessimism to inhibit upward counterfactual thinking, instead interpreting the outcome as succumbing to an inevitable fate.[29]
This memory inhibition that prevents a person from recalling what really happened may lead to failure to accept mistakes, and therefore may make someone unable to learn and grow to prevent repeating the mistake.[28] Hindsight bias can also lead to overconfidence in decisions without considering other options.[30] Such people see themselves as persons who remember correctly, even though they are just forgetting that they were wrong. Avoiding responsibility is common among the human population. Examples are discussed below to show the regularity and severity of hindsight bias in society.
Research shows that people still exhibit the bias even when they are informed about it.[31] Researchers attempts to decrease the bias in participants has failed, leading one to think that hindsight bias has an automatic source in cognitive reconstruction. This supports the Causal Model Theory and the use of sense-making to understand event outcomes.[21] The only observable way to decrease hindsight bias in testing is to have the participant think about how alternative hypotheses could be correct. This makes the participant doubt correct hypothesis and report that they would not have chosen it. However, this only decreases the hindsight bias, and there is not a solution to eliminate it.[30]
Related disorders
Schizophrenia is an example of a disorder that directly affects the hindsight bias. Schizophrenic individuals are more strongly affected by the hindsight bias than are individuals from the general public.[32]
The hindsight bias effect is a paradigm that demonstrates how recently acquired knowledge influences the recollection of past information. Recently acquired knowledge has a strange but strong influence on schizophrenic individuals in relation to information previous learned. New information combined with the lack of acceptable influence of past reality-based memories can disconfirm behaviour and delusional belief, which typify in patients suffering from schizophrenia.[32] This can cause faulty memory, which can lead to hindsight thinking and believing in knowing something they don't.[32] Delusion-prone individuals suffering from schizophrenia can falsely jump to conclusions.[33] Jumping to conclusions can lead to hindsight, which strongly influences the delusional conviction in schizophrenic individuals.[33] In numerous studies, cognitive functional deficits in schizophrenic individuals impair their ability to represent and uphold contextual processing.[34]
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is the re-experiencing and avoidance of trauma-related stressors, emotions, and memories from a past event or events that has cognitive dramatizing impact on an individual.[35] PTSD can be attributed to the functional impairment of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) structure. Dysfunctions of cognitive processing of context and abnormalities that PTSD patients suffer from can affect hindsight thinking, such as in combat soldiers perceiving they could have altered outcomes of events in war.[36] The PFC and dopamine systems are parts of the brain that can be responsible for the impairment in cognitive control processing of context information. The PFC is well known for controlling the thought process in hindsight bias that something will happen when it evidently does not. Brain impairment in certain brain regions can also affect the thought process of an individual who may engage in hindsight thinking.[37]
Cognitive flashbacks and other associated features from a traumatic event can trigger severe stress and negative emotions such as unpardonable guilt. For example, studies were done on trauma-related guilt characteristics of war veterans with chronic PTSD 8.[38] Although there has been limited research, significant data suggests that hindsight bias has an effect on war veterans' personal perception of wrongdoing, in terms of guilt and responsibility from traumatic events of war. They blame themselves, and, in hindsight, perceive that they could have prevented what happened.
Health care system
Accidents are prone to happen in any human undertaking, but accidents occurring within the healthcare system seem more salient and severe due to their profound effect on the lives of those involved, sometimes resulting in the death of a patient. Hindsight bias has been shown to be a disadvantage of nearly all methods of measuring error and adverse events within the healthcare system.[39] These methods include morbidity and mortality conferences, autopsies, case analysis, medical malpractice claims analysis, staff interviews, and even patient observation. Furthermore, studies of injury or death rates as a result of error and virtually all incident review procedures used in healthcare today fail to control for hindsight bias, severely limiting the generalizability and integrity of the research.[40] Physicians who are primed with a possible diagnosis before evaluating the symptoms of a patient themselves are more likely to arrive at the primed diagnosis than physicians who were only given the symptoms of the patient.[41] According to Harvard Medical Practice Studies, 44,000–98,000 deaths in the United States each year are a result of safety incidents within the healthcare system.[39] Many of these deaths are considered preventable after the fact, clearly indicating the presence and importance of a hindsight bias in this field.
Judicial system
Hindsight bias results in being held to a higher standard in court. The defense is particularly susceptible to these effects, since their actions are the ones being scrutinized by the jury. Due to the hindsight bias, defendants are judged as capable of preventing the bad outcome.[42] Though much stronger for the defendants, hindsight bias also affects the plaintiffs. In cases where there is an assumption of risk, hindsight bias may contribute to the jurors perceiving the event as riskier due to the poor outcome. This may lead the jury to feel that the plaintiff should have exercised greater caution in the situation. Both of these effects can be minimized if attorneys put the jury in a position of foresight rather than hindsight through the use of language and timelines. Encouraging people to explicitly think about the counterfactuals was an effective means of reducing the hindsight bias.[43] In other words, people became less attached to the actual outcome and were more open to consider alternative lines of reasoning prior to the event. Judges involved in fraudulent transfer litigation cases were subject to the hindsight bias as well, resulting in an unfair advantage for the plaintiff,[44] showing that jurors are not the only ones sensitive to the effects of the hindsight bias in the courtroom.
See also
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- ^ a b c d e Fischhoff, B. (2003). "Hindsight ≠ foresight: The effect of outcome knowledge on judgment under uncertainty", Quality & Safety in Health Care, 12, 304-312. doi:10.1136/qhc.12.4.304
- ^ a b c Fischhoff, B. (2007) "An early history of hindsight research". Social Cognition, 25, 10-13. doi:10.1521/soco.2007.25.1.10
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- ^ a b Fischhoff, B., and Beyth, R. (1975). "'I knew it would happen': Remembered probabilities of once-future things. Organizational Behaviour and Human Performance, 13, 1-16.
- ^ a b Bernstein, D.M.; Erdfelder, E.; Meltzoff, A. N.; Peria, W.; Loftus, G. R. (2011). "Hindsight bias from 3 to 95 years of age".
- ^ Marks, A. Z., and Arkes, H. R. (2010). "The effects of mental contamination on the hindsight bias: Source confusion determines success in disregarding knowledge". Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 23: 131-160.
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- ^ a b c d e Mazzoni, G., & Vannucci, M. (2007). "Hindsight bias, the misinformation effect, and false autobiographical memories". Social Cognition, 25(1), 203-220.
- ^ a b Blank, H., Musch, J., & Pohl, R. F. (2007). "Hindsight Bias: On Being Wise After the Event". Social Cognition, 25(1), 1-9.
- ^ Hugh, Thomas B.; Tracy G.D. (2002). "Hindsight bias in medicolegal expert reports". Medicine and the Law 176: 277–278.
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- ^ Harley, E.M.; K. A., & Loftus, G. R. (2004). "The 'Saw-It-All-Along' Effect: Demonstrations of Visual Hindsight Bias". Journal Of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, And Cognition 30 (5): 960–968.
- ^ a b Müller, Patrick A., Stahlberg, Dagmar. "The role of surprise in hindsight bias: A metacognitive model of reduced and reversed hindsight bias". Social Cognition. Vol. 25 (1). February, 2007. Retrieved 14, February, 2013.
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- ^ Bernstein, Daniel M., Wilson, Alexander Maurice, Pernat, Nicole L. M., & Meilleur, Louise R. "Auditory hindsight bias". Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. Vol. 19 (4). August, 2012. Retrieved 6, March, 2013. Accessible at http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/337/art%253A10.3758%252Fs13423-012-0268-0.pdf?auth66=1403928752_2db86d22281bb00622612b3d68ad752b&ext=.pdf
- ^ a b c d e f Blank, H., & Nestler, S. (2007). "Cognitive Process Models of Hinsight Bias". Social cognition, 25(1), 132-147.
- ^ Pohl, R., F., Eisenhauer, M., & Hardt, O. (2003) "SARA: A Cognitive Process Model to Stimulate the Anchoring Effect and Hindsight bias". Memory, 11 337-356.
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- ^ Nestler, S., Blank, H., & von Collani, G. (2008). "A Causal Model Theory of Creeping Determinism". Social Psychology, 39(3), 182-188.
- ^ Cavillo, Dustin. "Rapid recollection of foresight judgements increases hindsight bias in a memory design". Journal for Experimental Psychology. Vol. 39 (3). May, 2012.
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- ^ a b Pezzo, M., & Pezzo, S., P. (2007). "Making Sense of Failure: A Motivated Model of Hindsight Bias". Social Cognition, 25 (1), 147-165
- ^ Tykocinski, O., E., & Steinberg, N. (2005). "Coping with disappointing outcomes: Retroactive pessimism and motivated inhibition of counterfactuals". Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 41, 551-558.
- ^ a b Arkes, H., Faust, D., Guilmette, T., J., & Hart, K. (1988). "Eliminating Hindsight Bias". Journal of Applied Psychology, 73(2), 305-307.
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- ^ a b c Woodward, T. S., Moritz, S., Arnold, M. M., Cuttler, C., Whitman, J. C., Lindsay, S. (2006). "Increased hindsight bias in schizophrenia". Neuropsychology. 20: 462-467.
- ^ a b Freeman D, Pugh K, Garety PA. (2008). "Jumping to conclusions and paranoid ideation in the general population". Schizophrenia Research. 102:254–260.
- ^ Avram J. Holmes, Angus MacDonald III, Cameron S. Carter, Deanna M. Barch, V. Andrew Stenger and Jonathan D. Cohen. (2005). "Prefrontal functioning during context processing in schizophrenia and major depression: An event-related fMRI study". Schizophrenia Research, 76(2-3):199-206.
- ^ Brewin, C., Dalgleish, R. & Joseph, S. (1996). "A dual representation theory of posttraumatic stress disorder". American Psychological Association. 103(4):670-68.
- ^ Richert, K. A., Carrion, V. G., Karchemskiy, A. and Reiss, A. L. (2006). "Regional differences of the prefrontal cortex in pediatric PTSD: an MRI study". Depression and Anxiety. 23: 17–25.
- ^ Braver, Todd S.; Barch, Deanna M.; Keys, Beth A.; Carter, Cameron S.; Cohen, Jonathan D.; Kaye, Jeffrey A.; Janowsky, Jeri S.; Taylor, Stephan F.; Yesavage, Jerome A.; Mumenthaler, Martin S.; Jagust, William J.; Reed, Bruce R. (2001). "Context processing in older adults: Evidence for a theory relating cognitive control to neurobiology in healthy aging". Journal of Experimental Psychology. 130(4):746-763.
- ^ Beckham, Jean C., Feldman, Michelle E., Kirby, Angela C. (1998). "Atrocities Exposure in Vietnam Combat Veterans with Chronic Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Relationship to Combat Exposure, Symptom Severity, Guilt, and Interpersonal Violence". Journal of Traumatic Stress. 11:777-785.
- ^ a b Hurwitz, B., & Sheikh, A. (2009). Healthcare Errors and Patient Safety. Hoboken, NJ: Blackwell Publishing.
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- ^ Starr, V. H., & McCormick, M. (2001). Jury Selection (Third Edition). Aspen Law and Business
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- ^ Simkovic, M., & Kaminetzky, B. (2010). "Leverage Buyout Bankruptcies, the Problem of Hindsight Bias, and the Credit Default Swap Solution". Seton Hall Public Research Paper: August 29, 2010.
External links
- . New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994, pp.15-19.Exploring Social PsychologyExcerpt from: David G. Myers, (More discussion of Paul Lazarsfeld's experimental questions.)
- Forecasting (Macro and Micro) and Future Concepts Ken Fisher on Market Analysis (4/7/06)
- Iraq War Naysayers May Have Hindsight Bias. Shankar Vedantam. Washington Post.
- Why Hindsight Can Damage Foresight. Paul Goodwin. Foresight: The International Journal of Applied Forecasting, Spring 2010.


text:
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We want you to be 100% satisfied with your MICHELIN® passenger or light truck replacement tires so they are backed by the Michelin® Promise Plan™.
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- Excludes DOT-approved competition tires (e.g., MICHELIN® Pilot® Sport Cup tires). Mileage warranties vary by tire line. See your tire retailer or click here for more details on specific mileage warranties, including those for split fitments.

subset: commoncrawl


text: boss 0 Posted November 3, 2012 Hello, I've got a problem regarding freight! One of my close friends from interstate has offered me his treadmill. His got gym membership now and doesn't use it anymore. The treadmill is 2years old commercial grade (it's pretty big and weights around 230kg) He lives in a small town. The freight company I'm talking to (it's one of the only company's which serves this area). Says they can only send one driver who drives a large truck, which uses a long ramp (it does not have a hydraulic ramp!!!). His doesn't have access to a forklift. My friend (who giving me the treadmill). Think it might be impossible to load the treadmill on the truck due to the size and weight. Any ideas???? Share this post Link to post Share on other sites


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Denon Launches the DA-300USB High-Definition USB Digital Audio Converter and Headphone Amplifier for Audiophile-Quality Playback of Digital Music Files
Feb 18, 2014
Kleinburg, Ontario February 19, 2014—Denon® Electronics, a premier manufacturer of high-quality home and personal audio products, announces the DA-300USB, the company's first stand-alone USB digital to analog converter (DAC) that dramatically improves audio quality from computers and other digital sources. The DA-300USB is a major hi-fi upgrade that enables audiophile playback of computer music libraries and streaming audio (from any PC or Mac) via a user's stereo system or headphones. It radically amps up the sound quality of other digital audio devices—like media players, CD and DVD players, televisions, Apple TV, and game consoles—by connecting them to the additional coaxial and optical digital inputs. The DA-300USB ($549) is expected to be available at select electronics dealers in March.
The new DA-300USB DAC boasts Denon's advanced AL32 processing along with high-precision, 32-bit, 192-kHz digital-to-analog conversion technologies that delivers astounding sound quality.
Users simply connect the minimalist DAC via its USB-B port to receive top-quality computer audio—via headphones like the Denon Music Manic AH-D600, powered speakers or directly to their stereo system—for computer-stored music files or streaming audio over the Internet.
Key Features of Denon's DA-300USB High Definition Audio USB Compact DAC
- High-definition DAC with one USB-B, one coaxial two optical digital inputs
- High-quality audio components for rich, open, detailed sound
- Denon advanced AL32 processing and high-precision 32-bit, 192-kHz digital-to-analog conversion for exceptional high-definition audio quality
- DAC master clock design for distortion-free, fully transparent sound stage
- Noise-isolating circuit design prevents distortion via USB connection from computer-generated digital noise; ensures fully transparent and spatially accurate sound stage
- Universal bit-transparent, asynchronous playback of digital audio file formats and streaming audio from PCs via USB-B; up to 24 bit, 192 kHz and DSD2.8 and DSD5.6 native support by DoP (DSD audio over PCM frames)
- 3x SPDIF (coaxial/optical) inputs for upgrading sound from other digital audio devices (up to 24 bit, 192 kHz) with the DA-300USB's advanced high-definition signal processing
- High-quality analog signal (line level) output and headphone amplifier stage for connection to hi-fi amplifiers or desktop speaker systems and superb listening with all kinds of headphones.
- Simple plug-and-play operation for connection to PCs and other devices with digital audio outputs
Universal Audiophile-Quality Playback
The USB-B input allows computer-stored music files or streaming audio from Internet music, video and film services to be processed and played via the DA-300USB for the best-possible sound quality. The computer recognizes the DA-300USB as an external soundcard, and bypasses its own lower-quality audio electronics. Any digital audio format that can be played from the computer's own media player can be processed by the DA-300USB—including MP3/MP4, AAC, ALAC, WAV and FLAC HD (up to 24 bit, 192 kHz) and DSD (the native file format for SACD; in 2.8MHz and 5.6MHz resolution).
The digital audio stream from the computer to the DA-300USB is transferred in bit-transparent, asynchronous mode to ensure a bit-perfect data stream for high-definition advanced AL32 processing and high-precision digital-to-analog conversion.
High-Definition Signal Processing and Digital-to-Analog Conversion
Denon's advanced AL32 processing and high-precision 32-bit, 192-kHz digital-to-analog conversion delivers audio quality that far exceeds usual high-definition, wide-bandwidth conversion techniques. In the same way that advanced Blu-ray players can deliver full HD video from standard-definition DVD, the advanced AL32 processor up-converts and up-samples all input signals to a 32-bit, 192-kHz high-definition data stream that is interpolated, using a highly advanced proprietary algorithm, to provide a full-scale, accurate reproduction of the original sound recording.
The advanced AL32 processor is matched with a high-precision 32-bit, 192-kHz digital-to-analog conversion circuit to fully exploit the advanced AL32 high-definition processing. Quantization noise, inherent in standard-resolution digital-to-audio conversion, is rendered inaudible. Digital processing and filtering artifacts are moved beyond the range of human hearing to reproduce pure, high-quality analog output signal.
Stylish Minimalist Design, Plus Small Footprint and Easy Operation
The DA-300USB is an attractively styled, ultra-compact unit. Measuring approximately 7 x 7 x 2 inches, it can be positioned either horizontally or vertically (using the supplied clip-on stand) for compatibility with any desktop audio or hi-fi system. The minimalist front panel has a power button, headphone output and volume control, a touch input selector switch, and an OLED display that shows the selected input, headphone volume and input signal resolution. Orientation of the display changes with horizontal or vertical positioning of the unit.
About Denon Electronics
Denon is a world leader in the manufacture of the highest-quality home theater, audio and software products. Denon is recognized internationally for innovative and groundbreaking products and has a long history of technical innovations, including the development and groundbreaking commercialization of pulse-code modulation (PCM) digital audio. Denon Electronics is owned by D+M Group. For more information visit www.ca.denon.com.
About D+M Group
D+M Group is a global company dedicated to enhancing life through inspired sound solutions delivered anytime, anywhere. With a strong belief that "Performance is everything," D+M is focused on innovation to meet the needs of customers in an increasingly digital world. Serving the consumer, professional and automotive markets, D+M Group brands include Boston Acoustics®, Denon®, Denon DJ, Denon Professional, Marantz®, and Marantz Professional. D+M Group has approximately 2,000 employees worldwide, with products and services marketed in more than 45 countries. D+M Group is a Bain Capital portfolio company.
All product and brand names with a trademark symbol are trademarks or registered trademarks of D+M Group or its subsidiaries.
Statements in this news release that are not statements of historical fact include forward-looking statements regarding future events or the future financial performance of the company. We wish to caution you that such statements are just predictions and that actual events or results may differ materially. Forward-looking statements involve a number of risks and uncertainties surrounding competitive and industry conditions, the ability to launch products on time and enable new features sets, market acceptance for the company's products, risks of litigation, technological changes, developing industry standards and other factors related to the company's businesses. The Company reserves all of its rights.
Press Contact:
Stacia Kirby
Kirby Communications
[email protected]


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Unit: crashes per year
View Legend
Why this is important? Numbers of crashes are indicators of the safety of county and township roads, city streets, as well as state and interstate highways. Tracking and examining the crash contributing factors to crashes allows planners, engineers, law enforcement, as well as emergency responders to identify problems and work to reduce the incidence of these events.
Maintained by: Lima Allen County Regional Planning Commission
Site Developed By: CorpComm Group, Inc.
The Planning Commission will carry out all planning, programs and activities in such manner that no person shall, on the grounds of race, color, creed, religion, sex, age, disability, or national origin, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination with respect to such planning, programs or activities. The Planning Commission is an equal opportunity employer and promotes a continuing affirmative action program.


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Jan Thompson
(408) 924-4337
Doctor of Philosophy in Art History, emphasis in American Art, Rutgers University,
Master of Arts in Art History, emphasis in American Art, Rutgers University, NJ
Master of Fine Arts in Printmaking, State University of New York at Buffalo, NY
Bachelor of Fine Arts in Graphic Design, State University of New York at Buffalo, NY
Dr. Jan Thompson was the fourth doctorate in Art History that was granted by Rutgers
University. She has held such exciting jobs as: Cataloguing Librarian, Fogg Art Museum,
Harvard University;
Curator of Exhibitis at the Buffalo and Erie County Historical Museum; Lecturer to Docents at both the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art and the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco. She has been teaching at SJSU since summer, 1987. Her teaching positions have included Canisius College, Union College, Santa Clara University, and Stanford University, Continuing Studies. Courses she has taught includes the Survery of Western Art, Prehistoric to Contemporary, Contemporary Art, History of Women in Art, Nineteenth Century Art, Survey of the History of Design, Early Modern and Later Modern Art, and "Fashionology" - A History of Dress in Art.
When not cleaned up and at SJSU, Dr. Thompson is riding, feeding, and otherwise tending to her two horses, who are both scary smart and like to sit on laps.


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With zombies currently in vogue and robots always au courant, a battle between the two camps was bound to happen.
"Zombies vs. Robots," the comic book series developed by Chris Ryall and Ashely Wood, is being turned into a feature film titled "Inherit the Earth," reported Deadline. The story is set in a post-apocalyptic world where one little girl is the lone human survivor, and she's being protected by a robot army from a hoard of flesh-hungry zombies.
We say this all the time, but done properly... This project feeds Hollywood's recent obsession with girl-centric adventures, and is loaded with robots and zombies, which appeal to every demographic.
U.S. & World
And yes, Michael Bay is among those producing.


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This is a wonderful social experiment that shows true compassion during these difficult times!
At the recent TED Fellows Retreat in Whistler, Canada, artist Candy Chang set up an interactive art piece called Confessions that invited the 185 Fellows at the event to share. The installation asked each Fellow to write down a confession on a slip of paper and pin it up on a bulletin board, creating a public wall of admissions and fears.
[ted_talkteaser id=1553]"These anonymous confessions were all written by people we know. I think it made it more profound," says Chang. "The TED Fellows family is bursting with overachievers, and it's easy to feel like everyone has got it all worked out. The Confessions wall helped us see we're all imperfect human beings full of anxieties, longings, hurt and confusion. Anonymity can be a safe and gentle first step towards honesty, vulnerability, trust and understanding."
Among the posts on the wall was an admission of financial insecurity — to which Fellows responded with a display of…
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Today, Thursday 22nd May 2013, marks the 80th birthday of Golden Globe winner and Emmy-nominee, Joan Collins O.B.E (Happy Birthday Joan!) and as we were reminiscing over Joan's extensive filmography over the years, we were reminded about the time Joan Collins stayed at Low Wood Bay on the shores of Windermere.
The star, most recently famous for the catchphrase "zip it, shrimpy" in the Snickers advert actually visited the hotel to film a thriller "The Pike" set on Windermere. Pictured above with "The Pike", we think the catchphrase would have been the perfect ending to the Jaws-like film. Continue reading "Zip It, Shrimpy! A tribute to "The Pike" on Joan Collins Birthday"


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For years I've had the pleasure of participating in one way or another in New York Fashion Week. (Ever since my college days when I worked as volunteer with my bff setting up shows and dressing models backstage.) Since then I usually attend a show, party and/or event here and there. This season however, for the fall 2012 collections, I was honored to be invited to a handful of events and was even hired to create some illustrations. It was a fabulous fashion-filled week and although I'm a little late here I wanted to share some my highlights.
Fashion week began for me at a tweet-up in the Amex Skybox with the lovely Samantha Yanks, Editor in Chief of Gotham and Hamptons Magazine. Its always a treat to speak with editors and hear what they're excited about but especially so when its one so in tune with New York, and who also has an insanely impressive resume. Samantha previously worked for Vogue and O Magazine, so she's a fellow former Hearst girl. I also learned that she is a fashion illustration enthusiast. Samantha kindly shared a instagram snapshot of my cards with her followers while we gabbed about our obsession with Pinterest.
Immediately after the Skybox I headed downstairs in the tents (yes, fashion week tents are large enough to have a stairs and a second floor viewing lounge) to attend what was possibly one of the best fashion week parties I've ever gone to, "Fashion Night In" sponsored by Mercedes-Benz and P.S. I made this. Why was this party so fantastic you may ask? At first glance it seemed like any other fashion party with cocktails and horderves abound and countless well dressed fashion-folk. But then, in the center of the space was a huge crafting table! And what did we get to craft with, actual Mercedes leather that's normally used to upholster cars!
I was in fashion-diy-heaven sipping champagne while punching studs into leather. I made a collar necklace of leather and tulle, a studded wrap bracelet, and even took some leather home to make tassel keychains for my bags (shown above.) Then after my crafting bliss I got to meet the one and only Jonathan Adler! My dad is an avid potter, and I've been a huge fan of Jonathan's since he opened his first store in 1998. I was so excited to finally meet him, have a little chat and take a photo (above) with him. (Jonathan chose my Eva sketch.)
Another exciting aspect to this soiree was the coat check, it was a "Barbie's Dream Closet" sponsored coat check, which got me even more excited for my Barbie sketches to make their appearance the next day at Barbie's Dream Closet event. The Fashion Night In party was simply wonderful and the icing on the cake was the fantastic swag bag I got to leave with, with a Naeem Kahn silk scarf and 8 new bottles of Essie nail polish created just for NYFW. (Gotta love a great swag bag!)
The next afternoon was my most personally exciting NYFW event because my sketches were displayed for Barbie's Dream Closet at Lincoln Center. (Which I already gushed about and shared more pictures in a previous post.) What I didn't mention, was that aside from the Barbie "headshots" they also had me draw Barbie hands for their manicure bar that featured the different mani options that editors, celebs, and VIP guests such as Nigel Barker (above) and their little girls could choose from, like a Barbie a glitter french mani or a Barbie pink ombre manicure.
The following day I headed back to Lincoln Center bright at early for the 8AM Nicole Ferrari show. Between shows while strolling around the tents and I ended up bumping into an old friend (below) whom I interned with at Saturday Night Live a million years ago, as well as Robert Verdi, my very first boss post college. After some catching up it was time for Vera Wang!
Like Barbie, the Vera Wang show was another star-studded event, Renee Zellweger and Leighton Meester were directly across the runway from me. Also front row was Anna Wontour, Oscar nominee Viola Davis, and Maria Sharapova. Vera showed a lovely collection of gauzy separates in neutral tones with pops of orange and ice blue. I've been searching for some Vera sketches from the collection to share, but it seems like Vera Wang gang hasn't released any.
Later that afternoon I stopped by the Accessories Council Accessory Lounge to support my friend, publicist and Moxie tastemaker, Jono. I chowed down on these adorable cupcakes made by Dana Herbert, TLC's Next Great Baker Winner, and ended up reconnecting with another old friend, "Curvy Girl" Patty Hughes. Needless to say it was a very eventful NYFW day.
The last highlight of my fashion week was the Levi's fashion show. This one was off-site, down in Soho loft, which was a nice change of scenery. The event opened with a Levi's themed art installation followed by the runway show. It was a fun show with a very downtown retro vibe. After the show I once again bumped into Patty which was a great surprise. We were having such a nice time mingling and gabbing that we decided to hit up C Wonder (my new favorite store, thank you Patty!) in lieu of rushing uptown for the next show. I mean there will always be another show and another fashion week right?


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Cliff Shaw in his blog at Mocavo is offering all Mocavo Basic members free access to all of the premium Mocavo Gold features until Sunday at midnight.
Over the past few months, he says, "we received so much positive feedback about our free access weekends is offering that we decided to do it again!
Back by popular demand, all Mocavo Basic members can now access all of the premium Mocavo Gold features for free until Sunday at Midnight. This means you can search our entire collection to your heart's content, upload your tree to receive new discovery alerts, download and print any document you find, and much more"!
During their last free offer, I found a marriage notice of my g-g-aunt Aunt Louisa Barclay (daughter of Andrew Barclay from Shelburne, Nova Scotia) to Caleb Haley of California (formerly of Yarmouth, Nova Scotia) in a New York newspaper. I had been looking for a notice of her marriage for years, because I had been lead to believe they were married in Yarmouth, even though I had known she had taken frequent trip to New York. There is a lesson here -
The details of the blog is at http://blog.mocavo.com/2014/03/open-access-mocavo-gold-sunday-midnight


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The mere mention of stem cells for multiple sclerosis conjures up a dreamy future free of MS where we all dance among the flowers with harps playing in the background. But that's not realitythat's just the side effects of the stem cell hookah too many people have been smokin'.
After undergoing a stem cell transplant in March, I wanted to answer common questions that will hopefully clear up some misconceptions and better explain the risks (and hope) of SCTs. (Details of my experience will come later.)
What kind of stem cell transplant did you get?
I received an autologous transplant, which means they used my own stem cells, which they harvested from my bone marrow. This is safer than using stem cells from a donor, but may not be as effective as using, say, embryonic cells, which has ethical concerns and so is not being studied at this time.
What kind of time commitment is necessary to get an SCT?
Expect to spend 3-4 weeks in the hospital, and several weeks before and after for prep and follow-up. When all is said and done, I will have spent 3 months in Houston, all the while missing my home in Albuquerque.
How dangerous is getting a transplant?
The consent form I signed listed the risk of death as high as 5%. In actuality, it is closer to 1 percent, perhaps even lower when done at an experienced facility like MD Anderson.
What makes it so risky?
Because chemotherapy wipes out the immune system, your body will struggle to defend itself against even a minor infection. My immune system won't return to normal for about a year. The next six months will be risky, but the first three months will be riskiest: I will have to avoid crowds and wear a mask in public. And because I got chemo, the risk of blood diseases (like leukemia) are much higher over the next decade... um, and it makes you sterile.
How expensive is a typical SCT?
A boatload, or should I say yachtload. In the US, expect to pay $150,000+. Few insurance companies will pay because it is considered experimental. I know of others who have gotten it done in Europe for under $100,000.
What hospitals in the US offer SCTs for MS?
None. To get an SCT, you need to participate in a clinical trial.
I still may be interested. What would make me a good candidate?
You need to be fit and be able to walk at least a little bit. Successful recovery is tied to exercise and getting out of bed. Early SCT studies focused on those more disabled (including those with PPMS and SPMS) and the risk of death and serious complications soared. Hopefully safer SCT treatments will be available in the future, but it's not there yet.
I've heard of people going to Costa Rica or Israel for stem cell treatment. Is it the same?
No. Those are stem cell infusions. The immune system is not ablated by chemotherapy, meaning it is far safer and much cheaper ($30,000 or so). But the effectiveness of such treatment is highly questionable and there have been no studies on infusion-only therapy.
What's the benefit of an SCT?
Researchers theorize that by "resetting" the immune system with chemotherapy and cleaning the stem cells of the potentially MS-causing T-cells before reintroducing them to the patient, MS will be stopped in its tracks. No more damaging T-cells, no more relapses, no need for any MS therapy. There have also been frequent reports of repair (in some cases dramatic repair) but that is not necessarily a typical result of the treatment.
I almost forgot about the risk of blood diseases due to the chemo and the fact that it makes you sterile. Oh, joy.
I wasn't planning on having kids, so no biggie there. Another disease, though? No thank you.
Dave Bexfield
I look forward to reading more about your journey. I particularly want to know why you decided to take this route for your MS.
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text: As part of Nike Japan's "Run Like Me" marketing campaign, British expat Joseph Tame will jog 100 meters for every "like" that he receives via the campaign's special Facebook page/app. You might remember Joseph as that earnest mobile-tech evangelist who rose to Internet fame by using GPS to turn his runs into massive urban scribbles, as well as broadcasting his start-to-finish performances in past Tokyo Marathons. A true original, he would appear to be the right poster boy for Nike's highly customizable LunarGlide+ 4. How far will he have to run? That's up to you. It should be noted that while the campaign might inspire consumers to buy a pair of cool shoes and run like Joseph, as a large-scale social media campaign that taps into collective sadism, this might be a first.


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Science internships give street-credibility
Press Release – HMC Communications
1 February 2013
Science internships give street-credibility in a competitive job market
Spending your summer holidays testing mycotoxin levels and reorganising filter samples may not sound like most people's idea of fun, but for five university science students the chance to work in a commercial analytical laboratory in Hamilton over summer is the career break they've been dreaming of.
Hill Laboratories, New Zealand's largest independent laboratory, is a strong advocate of the Government's drive to support future scientists. In 2012, in partnership with the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (formerly the Ministry of Science and Innovation), the laboratory offered five undergraduate science students paid summer internships.
Marketing manager Martin Brock said Hill Labs was overwhelmed by the response it received from students wanting the internships.
"We processed 65 applications from across the country, including Dunedin, Wellington and Christchurch. In the end though we could only give five internships, and based on the calibre of their applications we chose two students from Waikato University, two from Auckland University and one from AUT."
The five interns are being paid to work at a laboratory to gain commercial experience and the opportunity to apply their university learning. They also have to undertake a project for Hill Laboratories which it has to report back to the Ministry as part of the programme.
Intern Jason Kirkham is studying for a Bachelor of Science at Waikato University. From Nelson, Jason was originally studying at Canterbury but moved to Hamilton last year after finding the impact of the earthquake was affecting his studies through reduced contact time with his tutors and classes being cancelled for building checks.
Jason said science has always fascinated him, particularly biology and chemistry.
"Learning science can be difficult. Everyone has their strong and weak points, but it's the applicability that's exciting and once you understand the science and start applying it – that's when things get really interesting."
Jason is working at Hill Labs' Clyde Street laboratory in the Environmental division. His project is the optimisation of sample filtration for nutrient analysis. Essentially, under the guidance of his supervisor, he is helping the lab look at its process for testing water samples and finding ways to improve it, particularly the filtration aspect of the test, where the water is filtered before it is tested to ensure it doesn't block the testing instruments, which are extremely sensitive to foreign bodies.
Hill Laboratories processes hundreds of thousands of water samples every year for large and small clients including farmers, councils and consultants.
"To improve water filtration, we're looking at everything from the minute the sample is received to the time it is processed by the instrument. From the psychology behind the process to the physical process itself, everything is being evaluated to see what is working, what's not and where it can be improved without jeopardizing quality," said Jason.
He said the internship would strengthen his CV, and he hoped give him an edge in the marketplace by making him stand out from the crowd when it came time to get a full-time job.
"It's a very competitive student environment and there are only so many jobs out there. This internship has helped me get real experience, make valuable contacts and have a great reference in my CV. I feel very lucky to have been given this opportunity."
Cindy Wan from China has been studying for a Bachelor of Science at the AUT for the past three years.
With a food science career in mind, Cindy jumped at the chance to put theory into practice in Hill Laboratories' Food and Bioanalytical division, based at Waikato Innovation Park. The division tests dairy, kiwifruit and honey samples for some of New Zealand's largest food producers.
Cindy's project is to create a mycotoxin screening method. Mycotoxin is a toxin from mould and fungus that can get into animal feed. It's harmful to animals – and very hard to detect in the feed.
"We know they are there, so it's not about finding the residues. The project needs to find an effective way to test for them that will also be affordable, fast and of the highest quality for Hill Lab's clients," said Cindy.
Hill Laboratories has some of New Zealand's most sophisticated testing equipment, including a $650,000 Applied Bio systems LCMS (liquid chromatograph mass spectrometry) machine, imported from the USA. Only the third such machine in use in New Zealand, it's used to analyse extremely minute traces of pesticides and contaminants in a wide range of foods.
Cindy said it was a privilege to be working in such a high-tech environment, because university equipment is often a lot older.
"I'm getting commercial experience, applying my knowledge and learning something new every day, I'm working with super modern machinery and meeting a lot of new people through this internship. The opportunity has been so beneficial."
Founder and managing director of Hill Laboratories Dr Roger Hill said in the last 20 years the number of students studying pure science had declined as other career and training opportunities had emerged, resulting in a drive by the Government to revive the science and innovation sector.
"These internships are a win-win for everyone involved. They introduce students to the scientific community so that they can better understand where their aspirations lie, whether that is in the analytical or research environment, and it helps them direct their career focus."
While he said there were no guarantees any of the students would secure full-time employment beyond the internships, he said it wasn't completely out of the question and that Hill Labs had in the past continued to employ interns during holidays or for project-specific work.
"Interns are certainly one of our first choices for future employees because we've had the opportunity to see them in action, understand their strengths and get to know them first before we hire. Any employer knows how valuable that opportunity is and that sometimes you'll find your future star performers."
Content Sourced from scoop.co.nz
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DETROIT – The committee that hired Turkia Mullin as Detroit Metro Airport's CEO may have met illegally, according to new evidence uncovered by attorney Carl Marlinga.
"You had a group of people getting together deciding Turkia Mullin is going to get this job. Legalities were ignored. The Open Meetings Act was ignored," said Marlinga, attorney for Robert Davis, a Wayne County activist.
Marlinga attained an email sent to one CEO candidate by Jack Krasula, the president of Trust in Us, the company hired to help find the new airport CEO. The message told the applicant he had not been hired. Another person had filled the position, wrote Krasula.
The email was dated before the airport board met to nominate its CEO, violating the requirement that decisions be made before the public.
Airport Board Chair Renee Axt, who has resigned since the FBI began investigating Mullin's hiring, selected the three person search committee from airport board members.
That committee was made up of Sam Nouhan, whose law firm was contracted for $1 million of work for Wayne County, Charlie Williams, who mediated the sale of Greektown Casino's parking garage, earning $420,000, and Sue Hall, who is employed by the Wayne County Sheriff's Department.
Nouhan, Hall and Williams would decide who would be Metro Airport's director.
Another email obtained by Marlinga showed that the group had withheld Mullin's name from a report to Delta Airlines, Metro Airport's largest carrier.
Board member Nouhan wrote in the email that Delta is qualified to critique candidates with airport experience, but that it is not in regards to non-airport candidates, such as Mullin.
"That is why I didn't reveal (Mullin's) identity," Nouhan wrote.
Marlinga said that he believes withholding Mullin's name is another deliberate attempt to hide the board's fait accompli selection of the ex-CEO.
On Friday, a judge will decide the legality of Mullin's hiring. If in violation of Michigan's open meetings law, her contract and the $750,000 severance salary granted to her would be nullified.


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Brandon Florida Mold Removal Services
We know the importance of proper Mold Removal Brandon Florida services at Able Builders. Various types of Mold can impact your health, where you live and your office. This bacteria is a harmful micro-organism that can grow within organic material when water is present. It is also able to grow on dry in-organic material using organic material and moisture found in the air and on its surfaces.
Generally throughout Brandon Florida mold will grow in areas that contain high humidity. These places include such locations as closed up houses or condos where the A/C system broken or turned off. If Water Damage occurs and the property is not properly dried out, mold generally will develop.
Mold growth and bacteria is due in part from moisture damage. Moisture damage in buildings is caused by the moisture exceeding the tolerance of building materials and structures. This helps produce the growth of mold. After prolonged exposure to mold, building materials can become damaged or weakened. Organisms will have permanent effects and the requirements for repairing the problems and damages may increase the longer you wait before making the necessary repairs.
Our Mold Removal Brandon Florida team at Able Restoration, Inc can inspect your home or office for mold and if needed, provide the necessary Mold Remediation services. Call our office (866) 331-3770 24 Hours a Day, 7 Days a Week
What are Mycotoxins?
(WHO), The World Health Organization defines mycotoxin as:
- A Toxin- A naturally produced poison
- Mycotoxin- A naturally produced byproduct of Fungi (Mold) that evoke a toxic response when introduced in low concentrations to Vertebrates (e.g. humans, dogs, cats, etc.) by a natural route.
Mycotoxins are produced by several different toxin producing fungi found in indoor water damaged environments, and their impact may be LIFE-THREATENING!
Are Your Aware…
- Trichothecenes produced by Stachybotrys (Black Mold), often found in homes with water damage, are so lethal that they have been used in the manufacture of chemical warfare agents.
- Aflatoxins, produced by mold found in many homes are, are the most potent agent known to man for natural cancers, and its Ingestion is known to cause liver cancer in humans
- Animal studies with mycotoxins have proven that inhalation may be the most toxic route of exposure. Death rapidly occurs when certain lab animals are exposed to mycotoxins by inhalation.
- Ochratoxins, also produced by fungi living indoors, are reported by the National Toxicology Program as: "Reasonably Anticipated to be Human Carcinogens".
- Further studies on mycotoxins produced by black mold have shown that the toxins can be transfer from mother to infant through breastfeeding.
Licensed Mold Removal Brandon Florida Company
When your home or office is requiring Mold Removal Brandon Florida remediation & restoration services, you should always hire a licensed Mold Remediation Specialist who is certified by the State of Florida. The best Mold Restoration contractors, like Able Builders, can take care of everything from A to Z. Only a licensed contractor with a license for mold removal is qualified to perform mold remediation and then rebuild.
At Able Restoration Brandon Florida we are licensed for Mold Removal and as a General Contractor to ensure that the structural integrity of your home is never compromised.
Our Emergency Brandon Mold Remediation Process
The process in your home for Mold Removal BrandonFlorida consists of multiple items including:
- Establishing containment around the affected area
- The removal of damaged materials
- Cleaning and HEPA vacuuming to remove mold spores on surfaces
- Running air scrubbers with HEPA filters to eliminate or drastically reduce airborne mold spores.
Our Mold Removal services are performed by The Able Logistic Emergency Response Team, or ALERT, and performs a variety of additional emergency restoration services 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. The ALERT team is trained in mold removal by the IICRC and follows S-520 standards for the removal of microbial growth. Proper removal also always includes clearance testing from a license industrial hygienist or laboratory to assure the work has been completed successfully.
Once the Mold Removal job passes the clearance test, it is time to put your home back together again. Able Restoration in Belleair has a great reputation for both, mold removal and home remodeling services. If you are experiencing problems with mold, or think you may, call Able Builders today at (866) 331-3770.
Water, Leak and Mold Resources
Able Builders, Inc is committed to helping homeowners & property managers understand the causes & potential damage that could arise from water leaks. Visit a few of the links below to learn about Leak Detection and Water Damage.
What to do When a Home Suffers Water Damage
Visit your Local BBB for Reviews & Information
5 Principles of Mold Remediation
Request Immediate Service
Local Mold Removal Companies Pinellas County Including
Able Restoration serving Brandon Florida helps homeowners, property managers and commercial building owners with Mold Restoration & Removal throughout these following cities:
Mold Removal Pinellas County Including:
Belleair | Belleair Beach | Belleair Bluffs | Belleair Shore | Clearwater | Dunedin | Gulfport | Indian Rocks Beach | Indian Shores | Kenneth City | Largo | Madeira Beach | North Redington Beach | Oldsmar | Palm Harbor | Pinellas Park | Redington Beach | Redington Shores | Safety Harbor | St. Pete Beach | St. Petersburg | Seminole | South Pasadena | Tarpon | Tarpon Springs | Treasure Island
Mold Removal Hillsborough County Including:
Apollo Beach | Balm | Bealsville | Bloomingdale | Brandon | Cheval | Citrus Park | Dover | Egypt Lake-Leto | Fort Lonesome | Gibsonton | Greater Carrollwood | Greater Sun Center | Gulf City | Hopewell | Keysville | Lake Magdalene | Lithia | Lutz | Mango | Orient Park | Palm River-Clair Mel | Pebble Creek | Plant City | Progress Village | Riverview | Ruskin | Seffner | Sun City | Tampa | Temple Terrace | Thonotosassa | Town 'N Country |Turkey Creek | Valrico | Westchase | Wimauma | Ybor City
Mold Removal Pasco County Including:
Aripeka | Bayonet | Point Crystal Springs | Dade City | Elfers | Gulf Harbors | Holiday | Hudson | Jasmine Estates | Lacoochee | Land O' Lakes | New Port Richey | Odessa | Port Richey | San Antonio | Shady Hills | Trinity | Wesley Chapel l Zephyrhills


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I have a question for you all. I was reading this article about our terribly violent cultural surroundings, which includes both the Bible and American movies.
Whether history or mythology or some fusion of the two, the Bible stories, when tallied, include an estimated 25 million violent deaths. And yet, like any people, the internal narrative of God's Chosen Ones is one of yearning for peace and prosperity, the dream of an idyllic past in which the lion lay down with the lamb; an idyllic future in which men will beat their swords into plowshares and the lamb and lion will lie down together again.
The Bible is a collection of stories about nasty genocidal people, with a message of peace that they pay lip service to while slaughtering their foes. American movies are all about brave heroes killing people to protect the good and kind.
So, the question: have you ever in your entire life settled a personal problem with violence? Have you resolved any conflicts by taking out your opposition, just destroying them to remove the obstacle to your life or happiness?
If you did use violence to fix a personal problem, did it work?
Just curious. I can think of only one time that I tried it; I hauled off and punched a grade-school bully in the face. It didn't change anything, but it did make it worse, because a teacher (one who was a bullying jerk himself) decided to discipline me with a little corporal punishment — an hour of deep knee bends that left me barely able to walk afterwards.
Ever since, though, I've experienced nothing where I was tempted to resort to violent action, and nothing where I could believe that violence would help. There's no situation that can't be made worse by adding a gun, no opponent who will respond to a normal civic conflict by being cowed by the guy with a baseball bat.
Second question: so why is our media so saturated with bloody-minded simple solutions to problems? Arnold Schwarzenegger blowing up buildings with two-fisted cannons, Liam Neeson smashing heads and knifing evil-doers, superheroes solving every difficulty by applying force…it's ludicrous that anyone imagines that these are effective answers to anything.


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Ask an Electronics Question, Get an Answer ASAP!
The Expert's number of "Accepted Answers" is a good indication of how many satisfied customers he or she has helped.
Joel Kalman's Electrical Engineering was verified on or about March 2014 by a leading third-party verification service.View the Terms of Service section on verifications
Like this Expert? Spread the word!
Like this Expert? Spread the word!


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China Glaze Stone Cold was part of the Hunger Games collection - I haven't watched the movie or read the book, but this is the most beautiful matte charcoal polish with silvery shimmer particles. It looks like dark lead pencil, and dries super quick. I wasn't expecting to love it so much, but I do!
Annoyingly, the black matte base rubs off over a few days, and by the third day my nails were noticeably more silvery than I would've liked (if you look closely near the cuticles, you can see where cleanup has gotten rid of the darker base and left the silver shimmer behind). But a quick 10 minute touchup fixed that and it was back to gorgeous graphite glory. Definitely my favourite matte polish so far!
What's your favourite matte polish?
Like this? Click below to let us know!


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Chris Brown was sentenced to an additional 1,000 hours of community service and had his probation reinstated yesterday (August 16), according to TMZ.com.
The Los Angeles County District Attorney accused the singer of violating his probation in his 2009 Rihanna assault case by submitting phony community service reports, leading the judge to sentence Brown to more community service, according to the site.
Given the dispute over whether or not Brown actually did community service he was ordered to complete initially, the singer must now complete 1,440 hours of community service because he was not given any credit for the community work he may have already completed, TMZ says.
Using one example of what they said were Brown's bogus service claims, the Los Angeles County District Attorney said that Brown said he was picking up trash in Virginia while he was actually on a private jet to Cancun, Mexico, TMZ reports.
In February, Bryan Norwood, Chief of the Richmond, Virginia Police Department, removed himself from his post after the Los Angeles County District Attorney claimed in a report that Norwood was involved in certifying Brown's false community service documents.
Brown's work must be must be supervised by L.A. County officials, according to TMZ. Brown has the option of doing highway cleanup, beach cleanup, probation alternative work services (PAWS) and graffiti removal in order to fulfill his obligations, TMZ says.
Brown also has to report to a probation officer within 48 hours of the ruling, TMZ reports. He will remain on probation until August 2014, according to TMZ.com.
In July, a judge revoked Chris Brown's five-year probation stemming from his 2009 assault on then-girlfriend Rihanna.
RELATED: Police Chief Resigns After Being Accused Of Involvement In Chris Brown Scandal


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The Office of Applied Sciences identifies potential applications of the Sciences and Exploration Directorate's discoveries, scientific observations, data analyses, and technology that could benefit other government agencies, industry, and the public. The Office works with directorate scientists to identify scientific activities that may have potential use, and with external organizations to explore need, feasibility, and benefits. Where potential applications exist, the Office works with directorate scientists and engineers and with the potential users to prototype and demonstrates the concept, evaluate the results, and support the transfer to operational use.
NRT Global MODIS Flood Mapping
Water Balance Tool (WABAT) (password protected)


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Location: Rush Ranch, Eastern Oregon
Wx: Summer (85F)
Listening to: Purring cat
The smoke from distant forest fires fills our skies here in Eastern Oregon. The Substation Fire was a difficult one for firefighters to control. Fields of wheat fed the fury. Wheat, dry and ready for harvest, was no match for the flames. Farmers lost their crops, their homes, their farming equipment. One kind gentleman died – he was trying to save the neighbors crops because that's what neighbors do for each other. It's hard to see these multi-generational farmers standing there watching the wall of flames take their world and turn it into smoking ash. And although most had insurance, insurance never covers the financial part of losing it all. The emotional toll is heartbreaking. There are weather tragedies happening all over the world, so let's keep them all in my thoughts and prayers.
The last few weeks of July were difficult for my precious husband – His "Most Bestest" buddy passed away on July 15th, after a difficult struggle with cancer. The friend was a good man, with a good and kind heart. He will be missed greatly. I am making sure to be EXTRA kind and gentle to my husband this week, as he adjusts. Sometimes, the only thing you can do is just sit quietly and hold their hands………
I love to work on my family's Genealogy. I find interesting stories or blank holes that interest me. For example, this week I found out that the first black man to ever hold the Priesthood in the Mormon Church, Elijah Able, born in 1810, was a distant ancestor. We descend from the same set of Grandparents (x6). I descend from the son of these GGGGGG-Parents, and he descends from the daughter. The daughter married and had a son named Andrew Curtis. They had a son named Andrew Curtis, Jr. THAT son is Elijah's father. Apparently, he impregnated a servant named Delilah and was promptly sent off to join the Army at the age of 18. Military records indicate that Andrew deserted the military shortly thereafter. What a scallywag! Anyway, the family's records indicate that Andrew died at the tender age of 18 – but…….. I think that Andrew deserted the Army, and never returned home! I believe that he knew that he would disgrace his family further by coming home a deserter – so he set out to establish a new life for himself in a distant area. I wonder if Andrew ever regretted leaving his family, or if he knew that Elijah had attained a priesthood……Just supposition on my part. I don't belong to the Mormon church, but my sister does, so she was interested to hear the latest. I had my DNA tested several years ago, and it has been an interesting source of connections!
I have two blog trains and two other kits for you this week, The first one is for the Pixelscrapper Blog Train, and the theme is "Kids Ahead". Please visit the Pixelscrapper Blog Train Forum for access to all the offerings in the train.
I also participated in the Pixelscrapper Designer Challenge "Brought to you by the Letter M" – a Masculine themed kit. I enjoyed learning how to make marbled papers, so I was happy with the papers that I made – I can't always say that because there are times that I just don't come up with papers that I am satisfied with enough to post! I have posted this kit link before at the Scraptwist Freebies Facebook Page, but just in case you missed it, here it is:
Download Elements
Download Papers
The Theme for August for the Scraptwist Free4All Blog Train is "Garden of Your Mind". I had so much fun making the seed saver packets for you! I checked to ensure that the images from Beatrix Potter were in the public domain. And, as usual, I couldn't help throw in a few pieces of jewelry images, too! There is just something elegant about a jewelry piece when you place it with a cluster.
Please visit the blog role below. The designers work hard to bring you their best designs, so show them some love, please.
Dancing Tiger Designs
Nellie Bell
Songbird Scraps Designs
Marniejo's House of Scraps
The Brown Owl
LEA Art Designs
Lady DGScraps
I am also the "Designer Of The Month" over at Scraptwist Free4All, and I have a free kit for you to download:
Download Elements
Download Patterned Papers
Download Solid Papers
Download Watercolors


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EC Credit Control can look after your consumer debt collection in Sydney and Australia wide in a prompt, professional manner that won't endanger the working relationships you have with your clients.
- Are you losing money with a pile of old debtors?
- Do you have more than enough to do running your business without having to worry about collecting old debts?
- Do you still want to maintain a healthy trading relationship with your customers?
A prompt recovery service
Unpaid debt is is increasingly causing severe cashflow problems for businesses, and is a serious cause of their loss (not necessary). Luckily, EC Credit Control can recover what is owed to you whilst still maintaining a professional relationship with your customers. We have one of the highest rates of successful consumer debt recovery in Sydney and throughout Australia.
EC Credit Control was established in 1989 and has considerable experience in retrieving your debts quickly and efficiently. With our consumer debt recovery services, the whole collection process can be as short as 15 days. We will employ every means possible to recover the balance – including from people that have travelled overseas – in a professional and sensitive manner and without the need for legal proceedings.
We maintain contact with you
Our consumer debt collectors in Sydney and Australia wide take meticulous records of every contact we make with your customers, and you can log in to view the progress of tracing and retrieval at any time. Our website is secure and has easy-to-view records of the process. We make sure we have detailed records of each step so you can see what we have done to collect your debt.
Easy collection process
EC Credit Control uses a quick (delete) voucher system to lodge a debt that you need to be recovered. Filling out and sending in the voucher is a simple process – and you can even do it online. Our consumer debt collection company gives you 24×7 access to our lodging system so you can do it immediately at a time that's convenient to you.
No Up-front costs
EC Credit Control is a consumer debt recovery company dedicated to giving our clients a cost-effective service. Loading a debt to start the collection process only involves a single set fee charged at the end of the month following debt load – you are charged no additional fees no matter how often we contact your client. If we can't collect your debt then there will be no commission fee charged.
Have a debt to load already?Load Debt Now! Sign up with EC Credit Control Sign up with EC Credit Control via Xero
Ask about our free service
At EC Credit Control, we don't just believe in recovering your debts – we can also help you set your Terms of Trade before you start. If you have appropriate Terms of Trade in place our collection service could actually be free.
Contact us to discuss how we can help start your business off on the right foot.


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Snoopy clip art free
You can get acquainted with the presented collection of Snoopy clip art free to choose suitable ideas for your business or design interface.
Today we have 23 cliparts and vectors for this category.
Advice on how to make a good presentation
One slide - one image
Images are fun to use but let's use some of the following guidelines when we are using one.
- No matter if it's a photo or a different sort of an image only use one per slide
- Remember people are to view your slide from afar too. Using more images on one slide would make the slide confusing and useless per se
- Using more than one image on one slide is highly unprofessional
- Make sure the image you are to use is easy to view even from further and easy to comprehend to.
- In addition to this, your image should always make sense with respect to your presentation.
Snoopy is a typical extravert. Flamboyant, daring, and outgoing to a fault, he tries to join in every activity and conversation.


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The University of Colorado Boulder and its educational partners are seeking K-12 teachers, students and life-long learners around the world interested in how the low gravity on the ISS, which makes astronauts float, may affect the behavior of ants up there. Dubbed "Ants in Space," the educational ant payload was designed and built by CU-Boulder's BioServe Space Technologies and launched to the space station Jan. 9. The project involved shipping ants in specially built containers developed by BioServe, a part of the university's aerospace engineering department, to the ISS using a commercial Cygnus spacecraft.
While previous CU-Boulder educational space station experiments have included spiders, butterflies and ladybugs, the new experiment will examine foraging patterns of the common pavement ant, said BioServe Business Development Manager and Education Program Director Stefanie Countryman. After the ants arrived on the ISS, NASA astronauts Mike Hopkins and Rick Mastracchio manually activated eight ant habitats by lowering a barrier in each that allowed the ants to move out of the small nest area and into a larger forage area.
Hopkins and Mastracchio videotaped and took photographs of ants meandering about in their special space homes, then provided the HD video and snapshots to BioServe. The video and photos were passed on to colleagues at the Baylor College of Medicine Center for Education Outreach, who designed the curriculum for the experiments.
The hope is that thousands of students around the world will participate in the space station experiments by constructing their own ant habitats on Earth, making scientific observations of the ant behavior, then comparing classroom results to videotape of the ants in space. In one of the videos, ants in the space flight habitats appear to be spinning around as they attempt to find their footing.
Previous research by Stanford University Professor Deborah Gordon, principal investigator on the Ants in Space project, has shown that some ant species have the ability to search areas collectively without individual communication. When ant densities are high, each ant thoroughly searches one small area in a circular, "random" walk. When ant densities are low, each ant searches by walking in a relatively straight line, allowing it to cover more ground.
"Ants assess their own density at the rate at which they meet," said Countryman, who said the individual ant habitats were loaded with 80 ants each before launch. "The experiment examines whether ants will use the rate at which they meet to assess density in microgravity, using straighter paths in the larger habitat areas," Countryman said. "The results will be compared to ground controls, which in this case will include ant habitats in K-12 classrooms around the world."
Countryman estimates the previous BioServe K-12 education experiments involving the behavior of butterflies, ladybugs and spiders in space reached hundreds of thousands of students around the world in the past two decades.
In addition to Gordon, Associate Professor Michael Greene of the University of Colorado Denver is a research partner on the effort. The experiment is sponsored by NASA's National Lab Education Office as well as the Center for the Advancement of Science in Space, a nonprofit group headquartered in Cape Canaveral, Fla.
Teachers interested in participating can visit http://www.bioedonline.org for the curriculum or contact Countryman at email@example.com.
In the past 26 years, BioServe has designed, built and flown microgravity life science research experiments on more than 40 space missions. BioServe has a full suite of space flight hardware, both on ISS and on the ground, which supports its own research as well as research conducted by its customers and partners. Past BioServe partners include large and small pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, universities and NASA-funded researchers.


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TWO years ago, recreational fisherman Steve Downs was deep-sea fishing near Rottnest Island when he caught two sharks he was unable to identify.
It turns out the species had never been seen in Australian waters before.
Mr Downs contacted the Department of Fisheries, which then brought in shark biologist Ryan Kempster, of the University of Western Australia's oceans institute, to try to determine what type of shark it was and whether or not it was a new species.
Fisheries experts in WA have previously spoken about how much there is still to be learnt about sharks, which, in addition to the recent five fatal shark attacks in the state, is why the government has put millions of dollars into shark research.
What followed was a two-year investigation that included DNA sequencing.
Mr Kempster said this process proved difficult.
''DNA sequencing between closely related sharks can be tricky, as it can be so similar,'' he said. ''When I saw them, they had characteristics of many different sharks but not all the characteristics of one species.''
The mystery sharks were a male that was just under a metre long and a pregnant female that was about 1.2 metres long.
The sharks have now been identified as Mandarin dogfish (Cirrhigaleus barbifer), pictured above, a species previously found only between Indonesia and Japan, and also in New Zealand.