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That feeling only became stronger when I looked back through my records of previous years' reading and discovered--to my utter astonishment--that the last time I reread Pride and Prejudice was in 2003. It seemed impossible that a novel that was so fresh in my mind when I sat down with it a week ago is also one that I haven't revisited in a decade (in comparison, during that same period I reread Sense and Sensibility twice and Persuasion three times). But then, it's not as if I've lived a Pride and Prejudice-free life during that period. There have been the adaptations--flawed ones like Bride and Prejudice and Joe Wright's Wuthering Heights-style film, as well as more viewings than I could count of Andrew Davies's excellent miniseries (one adaptation I haven't gotten to yet is the increasingly interesting-sounding Lizzie Bennet Diaries--being a completist, I'm waiting for the series to be over before I start). Even more than that, Pride and Prejudice has been so present in the conversation--about Austen and pop culture in general--during all that time, never allowed to fade from my consciousness. Unlike Austen's other novels, it felt like a work that had been fully processed and digested, one that, for all the enjoyment I still took from it, no longer had the power to surprise me.
But of course, Pride and Prejudice did end up surprising me. Sometimes in the ways that strike me anew every time I reread it, like how well-paced is the first half of the novel, which is essentially about setting up quite a few characters and subplots in preparation for the first proposal, and how comparatively overloaded are its final chapters, in which one almost seems to feel Austen panting as she squares away every single subplot before finally being allowed to finish the story. And sometimes in ways that I'd never noticed before, such as the fact that until the very moment of Darcy's fateful slight against her, Elizabeth isn't singled out as a point of view character--before that moment she is one of the five Bennet daughters, discussed by their parents and treated by the narrative as a single entity. Or the realization that though a lot of commenters have noted the similarities between Elizabeth and Darcy and Much Ado About Nothing's Benedick and Beatrice, one of Austen's cleverest choices in the novel is to split the savory and unsavory aspects of that play's secondary couple between two different pairings--Lydia and Wickham are Hero and Claudio as the mercenary, opportunistic match, forced to marry in order to save her from the reputation-destroying effects of his actions, while Jane and Bingley are Hero and Claudio, the young, innocent lovers nearly torn apart by the evil designs of those around them.
None of this, however, was something I could build an essay on, and it wasn't until about a quarter of the way into the novel, when Elizabeth and Darcy were brought into constant contact with each other during her stay at Netherfield to nurse Jane, that something new occurred to me about Pride and Prejudice. It's generally accepted (note how I avoided the obvious joke there) that the pride and prejudice of the title refer, respectively, to Darcy and Elizabeth. He's proud of his birth and intelligence, which leads him to behave dismissively towards anyone not deemed worthy of his company, and to interfere in their lives. And she's prejudiced because of his slight against her in their first meeting, which leads her to interpret his behavior in the worst possible light even when he's trying to be ingratiating. There is some truth to this, obviously. Pride is of course the defining trait through which Darcy is discussed throughout the novel, and for all of Elizabeth's rationally stated reasons for disliking him--the ones that are justified, such as his interference in Jane and Bingley's affairs and his behavior during the first proposal, the ones that turn out to be false, such as his alleged disinheriting of Wickham, and the ones that she ends up sympathizing with while still decrying, such as his openly disdainful attitude towards her uncouth family and neighbors--there is an irrational core to her actions that has no real justification.
There's a reason, I think, why the famous slight at Elizabeth and Darcy's first meeting, for all that it looms over the novel (and over the common perception of it) is never brought up again after it occurs, as if even Elizabeth realizes that you can't actually decide to hate a person for unwittingly insulting you that one time (and especially in a way that even the novel treats as the thoughtless, peevish expostulation of an introvert desperately trying to tamp down their anxiety at being forced into company with so many strangers). Elizabeth even seems to go out of her way to avoid mentioning the insult. It's not in the laundry list of Darcy's faults she lays at his feet during the first proposal, when they both seem to be going out of their way to hurt each other's feelings. And a few days earlier, when Darcy and Colonel Fitzwilliam jokingly solicit her for an example of Darcy's bad behavior among strangers--when, at a point where her dislike of him is nearly at its highest (she hasn't yet learned how much Darcy did to break Jane and Bingley up), Elizabeth has the chance to make him look genuinely bad--she instead says archly
The first time of my ever seeing him in Hertfordshire, you must know, was at a ball--and at this ball, what do you think he did? He danced only four dances! I am sorry to pain you--but it was so. He danced only four dances, though gentlemen were scarce; and, to my certain knowledge, more than one young lady was sitting down in want of a partner.And yet, in her unguarded moments, there is a profound bitterness that underpins Elizabeth's attitude towards Darcy. "I like her appearance," she says when catches sight of Miss de Burgh, whom she believes to be intended as Darcy's wife. "She looks sickly and cross.--Yes, she will do for him very well. She will make him a very proper wife." It's in moments like this that we catch a glimpse of the genuine nastiness that lies at the root of Elizabeth's humor, and particularly her needling of Darcy and refusal to take him seriously--a nastiness that can't be explained by any single act on Darcy's part (and again, at this point the worst that Elizabeth knows of him is that he deprived Wickham of his inheritance) as much as it can be by a determination on Elizabeth's part to dislike him.
For all that the spark that ignites Elizabeth's dislike of Darcy can be described as prejudice, however, the further I read into the novel the more it seemed to me that Elizabeth and Darcy's flaws and failings were actually much more similar than the conventional wisdom surrounding the novel would have it, and that they both end up at the nadir of the first proposal through very similar behavior. It's not that Darcy is pride and Elizabeth is prejudice, so much as that they are both pride, and that the novel's plot is the narrative of those two egos first clashing against each other, and then learning to accommodate one another.
When you think about it, there's something almost shockingly self-regarding about Elizabeth's behavior in the first half of the novel. Not many of us would be able to convincingly laugh off as bald-faced an insult as she receives from Darcy in the novel's opening chapters (for all that, as I've discussed, it's clear that that insult does rankle her deep down), and throughout the novel's first half she continues to laugh off his and his friends' disapproval of her choices, behavior, and general person, even when she's surrounded by that disapproval at every turn--when she stays at Netherfield, and later when she's a guest of Lady Catherine de Burgh at Rosings. It's hard not to feel that Caroline Bingley has a point when she describes Elizabeth as possessing a "conceited independence." Caroline, of course, means this as a criticism, whereas we might take it as a compliment, but either way there's no denying that Elizabeth's belief in her own worth, especially in the face of disapprobation from people like Darcy and Lady Catherine, whom the rest of her acquaintance treats with obsequiousness and servility, is surprising and unusual in someone of her age, gender, era, and class.
That Elizabeth's ego is healthy enough to allow her to ignore the criticism of those she deems unworthy makes her a very similar type of person to Darcy, for all that their respective senses of pride are treated very differently by the characters around them--Darcy, as a wealthy man from a highly connected family, is considered justified in his pride, while Elizabeth, an unmarried woman with little money, few connections, and relatives in trade, is not. Austen herself, however, takes a very similar approach, of mingled criticism and approval, to both characters' pride. Darcy's belief that his birth and station justify his pride is punctured throughout the novel, not only by Elizabeth's pointing out how un-gentlemanly his behavior towards her has been, but by the realization that his upper class social circle offers no more guarantees of good company than Elizabeth's crass Meryton crowd--after rolling his eyes at Mrs. Bennet and her younger daughters' behavior, Darcy is shown to be justly embarrassed when Lady Catherine turns out to have equally bad manners, and the relatives that he and Elizabeth turn out to love and admire the most are the Gardiners, a lawyer and his wife. But at the same time, the novel, through Elizabeth's changing perspective on Darcy, slowly comes to validate his sense of worth. By its end, though Darcy has learned to be more circumspect and tolerant of Elizabeth's aggravating relatives, Elizabeth has learned some of his disapproval of her family--including her father--and is actively shielding him from their presence.
At the same time, though much of Elizabeth's point of view in the second half of the novel, and particularly after she receives Darcy's letter, is focused on her shame at her past behavior, and particularly her realization that she has put too much stock in her ability to judge and evaluate character, the end result of this is by no means to diminish her pride. She speaks to Lady Catherine in their final confrontation with the same tone of independent self-regard with which she confronted Darcy during the first proposal. "You are mistaken, Mr. Darcy, if you suppose that the mode of your declaration affected me in any other way, than as it spared me the concern which I might have felt in refusing you, had you behaved in a more gentleman-like manner," she tells him, and "you are not entitled to know [my concerns]; nor will such behavior as this, ever induce me to be more explicit," she tells Lady Catherine. In both cases, Elizabeth has too much of an awareness of her own worth to be willing to tolerate those who ignore it, and the novel validates that behavior.
But then, Pride and Prejudice is full of people who think they know their own worth, whose behavior is guided by pride. People like Lady Catherine, Mr Collins, and Caroline Bingley, who take the most profound pleasure in the belief that they are better than some meaningful segment of their acquaintance. There are, in fact, more of these than there are genuinely humble characters like Bingley or Jane. Darcy and Elizabeth are singled out for Austen's authorial approval of their pride because, unlike many of the novel's other characters, it is rooted in more than their social status, and because they take it seriously. Unlike characters like Mr Bennet and Charlotte Lucas, who know that they are better than their surroundings but ignore that knowledge in order to get along or get ahead, Darcy and Elizabeth aren't willing to sell out their pride for the sake of convenience (this is more obvious in Elizabeth's case, but Darcy too is faced with situations where it would be easier to fall back on his social status than to reach for what he knows himself to deserve--as Elizabeth thinks when she considers that Lady Catherine might appeal to Darcy's pride to prevent him from connecting himself with the Bennets and with Wickham, "If he is satisfied with only regretting me, when he might have obtained my affections and hand, I shall soon cease to regret him at all"). Charlotte in particular is a character that readers often feel is treated too harshly by her author for her decision to marry Mr Collins. Wright's adaptation even includes a scene in which she angrily and tearfully chastises Elizabeth for her disapproval of that decision, exclaiming that this is her last chance for a future and financial stability, but this strikes me as getting it backwards. If anything, Elizabeth is the one who should be desperate to get married. She's the one who has no financial future except as a wife (something that she seems almost unrealistically unconcerned with throughout the novel), while Charlotte is the daughter of a wealthy minor baronet whose recently purchased estate is not entailed away from his daughters as Mr Bennet's is. Charlotte doesn't need to get married; she wants to, and to achieve that goal she is willing to put up with a husband she despises, and to kowtow to Lady Catherine and her daughter. Both Charlotte and Elizabeth know that there is more intrinsic value in being Miss Lucas or Miss Bennet than in being Mrs. Collins, and that nevertheless society will always attach greater status to a Mrs than a Miss. Only Charlotte chooses the social construction of value over what she knows to be its true form, which is why both Elizabeth and Austen disapprove of her.
Still, you can get into a lot of trouble with that notion of intrinsic value, and especially in a novel published 200 years ago. How can Elizabeth and Darcy be justified in feeling their own worth so strongly, if they alone are the determiners of that worth? Austen's answer is that as well as having well-developed egos, Elizabeth and Darcy have strong superegos. They may not be guided by convention, but they do have a sense of right and wrong. We see this, of course, when they're both confronted by their bad behavior at the novel's midpoint, and instead of retreating into their pride, acknowledge their own faults and seek to correct them. Elizabeth, for example, believes that Darcy will never renew his advances towards her because his pride would be too wounded by her refusal to allow him to humiliate himself in a second attempt, but Darcy is more affected by his realization that a lot of her accusations towards him were justified; his pride is satisfied not by forgetting Elizabeth but by seeking to become a man she'd approve of. But we also see it in the moments where Elizabeth and Darcy's flouting of convention stops short--at the point where, to their mind, convention ends, and morality begins.
Elizabeth is often compared to Mary Crawford, another character who is lively and has a tendency to poke fun at social mores, and like Pride and Prejudice, Mansfield Park's final crisis takes the form of an elopement between two morally bankrupt characters. The crucial difference between Elizabeth and Mary is that Mary treats this failing too as a social convention--her response to her brother's elopement with a married woman is to begin to scheme how to restore their social status, while giving no thought to the possibility that they might have actually done something wrong. Elizabeth, meanwhile, is morally horrified by her sister Lydia's elopement with Wickham, and embarrassed by Lydia's lack of embarrassment over it--"I do not particularly like your way of getting husbands," she tartly informs the self-satisfied Lydia.
The problem here is that, no matter how expertly Austen stacks the deck, as readers in 2013 we can be reasonably expected to be more sympathetic towards Mary's stance than Elizabeth's, and particularly in the case of Lydia and Wickham, in which a young girl is punished for being led on by an older, unscrupulous man by being forced to spend the rest of her life with him. In the chapters dealing with Lydia and Wickham's marriage, Austen juxtaposes Mary Bennet's pronouncement that "loss of virtue in a female is irretrievable--that one false step involves her in endless ruin" with Jane's comforting reply to Elizabeth's castigating herself for not exposing Wickham once she learned the truth about him (including the fact that he had once tried to seduce and elope with Darcy's sister Georgianna) that "to expose the former faults of any person, without knowing what their present feelings were, seemed unjustifiable." Though we're clearly meant to view Mary as a blowhard (and along with her, Mr Collins, who writes to Mr Bennet to self-importantly pronounce that "The death of your daughter would have been a blessing in comparison of this"), it was hard for me not to be reminded of very recent incidents in which the presumption that sexual predators (which, in the circumstances of the novel, Wickham most certainly is) feel bad about their past indiscretions and deserve a clean slate was treated as more important than the right of women not to be thrown, unsuspecting, into their company. If the most blatant example of Elizabeth's intrinsic value is the fact that she largely agrees with this stance (though, in fairness to her, she continues to feel guilty for not exposing Wickham, and upon learning of his upcoming marriage to Lydia exclaims "Yet he is such a man!"), that value can seem hard to accept.
On the other hand, maybe the most blatant example of Elizabeth's (and Darcy's) intrinsic value isn't what they do, but what they don't do. As much as it is a novel about pride, self-regard, and knowing your own worth, Pride and Prejudice also reminded me of Persuasion, a novel about being part of a community. Like Anne Elliot in Persuasion, Elizabeth is an intelligent, refined woman in a community that is beneath her. Darcy, too, is spending a lot of his time among people, like Bingley's sisters, who are merely flatterers and posers. (If I like both of these characters better than Anne, it is because Austen acknowledges their tendency towards self-gratifying superiority, while in Persuasion I felt that I was reading it into the character against her author's intention.) Their journey over the course of the novel is not only about finding each other, but forming a new society, with Jane and Bingley, Georgianna, and the Gardiners. But Pride and Prejudice is not only about knowing when to detach yourself from company that is beneath you; it is also about knowing when not to choose detachment. Elizabeth and Darcy both start the novel as people who take the greatest pleasure from standing back and observing others, often with satirical intent. But as we and they soon come to realize, there's no such thing as being completely detached from society--the novel's characters are divided into those, like Mrs Bennet and Lydia, who don't care that they are making a spectacle of themselves, and those who think that they are standing back, observing and judging everyone else, but don't realize that they are being observed and judged in turn--as Darcy clearly doesn't realize that while he was falling in love with Elizabeth, he was creating a terrible impression on her and her friends. The sole exceptions are the cynics, people like Mr Bennet, who cuts himself off from the world in his study and only emerges to comment on the silliness of everyone around him, and Charlotte Lucas, who is a much more clear-eyed observer of humanity than Elizabeth, seeing, for example, that Jane is being too reserved in her expressions of affection towards Bingley, and realizing Darcy's feelings for Elizabeth sooner than any other character in the novel (including Darcy himself). If there's an illustration of their intrinsic worth in Elizabeth and Darcy's behavior, it is perhaps in the fact that they once they realize that they must be part of society even when it disgusts them, they don't give in to that cynicism.
It would have been very easy for both Elizabeth and Darcy to fall into the same trap as Mary and Henry Crawford--two people who so flatter each other's sense of worth, and their belief in being superior to everyone around them, that they exaggerate each other's worst qualities and become fit for nobody else's company. To an extent, Elizabeth and Darcy are spared this fate through luck--his sister is too young and nervous to amplify his pride the way Mary does Henry's and vice versa, and her sister is the sort of person who hates to think ill of anyone, and instead encourages Elizabeth's better nature. But throughout the novel Elizabeth and Darcy are repeatedly confronted with the opportunity to form that sort of alliance of snideness with a potential romantic partner--Caroline Bingley and Wickham both try to encourage Darcy and Elizabeth's sense of superiority, and try to bond with them over the shared joy of poking fun at others' foibles. Both characters indulge in this sort of mean girl cattiness for a time--Darcy's "I should as soon call her mother a wit"--but ultimately they recoil from it, and learn to take more pleasure in the company of people they can respect. And as Elizabeth says to Darcy when he laments his bad behavior at the end of the novel, it's in that refusal to fully give in to bad impulses that their own value is best expressed. The fact that they can recognize the intrinsic value of others, and learn to seek out their company without regard to social class or convention, is the best proof of Elizabeth and Darcy's own worth.
It occurs to me that these three novels--Mansfield Park, Pride and Prejudice, and Persuasion--are ultimately explorations of different aspects of the same question--the dilemma of being smart, sensitive, and observant among people who are, for the most part, none of these things. Where is the line between refusing to participate in the stupidity and crassness of the people around you, and just being disdainful and rude? Where is the line between convention and morality? Where is the line between detaching yourself from society in order to find your own level, and doing so in order to bask in your own superiority? To sum it all up, where is the line between knowing your own worth, and being too wrapped up in it? (It may or may not be a coincidence that these are also the three of Austen's novels in which the hero, as well as the heroine, undergoes a process of change and growth, though of the three, Pride and Prejudice is the only one in which the hero can be said to have his own point of view.) I don't think I'm reading too much into it by assuming that this is also a question that would have occupied Austen in her own life, and I think that, in Pride and Prejudice, she may have given it her most complete (if, perhaps, too neat) answer. Unlike Mansfield Park, it's not a novel that gets bogged down in the question of style versus substance, in somewhat piously decrying the kind of flashy wit that made Austen the writer she was. And unlike Persuasion, it is a novel willing to expose its heroine's faults and even leave them in place--if somewhat counteracted by her situation--at its end. And it's a romance that still feels the most satisfying, the most heartfelt, the most equal, and the most uplifting to both of its partners, than any other in her novels. As much as it sometimes seems that I am too steeped in Pride and Prejudice to learn anything new about it, it's good to be reminded--if only once every ten years--of just how fine a novel it is.


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Software Development at EDAG – more than just Programming
Blood group C++ and passionate about the automotive industry?
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Learning from the know-how in our own ranks
How young talents become managers.
Leadership is not everyone's thing. And talent certainly no guarantee of automatic success. Despite their abilities, junior staff need guidance and orientation to develop good leadership qualities. This requires a great deal of experience, knowledge and, most importantly of all, interpersonal skills, because the important thing is to coordinate corporate objectives with the personal targets and characters of employees and supervisors.more
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subset: commoncrawl


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After discovering abnormal human footprints near their house, a Gadsden County family believes Bigfoot exists on their property. Bigfoot expert, Matt Moneymaker, and his team from the Animal Planet's "Finding Bigfoot" help the family discover the truth behind this oddity.
The dubbed "Swamp Ape" episode of the show "Finding Bigfoot" premieres on Animal Planet this Sunday, June 5, at 9 p.m. CT/10 p.m. ET.
Join Moneymaker and his team as they visit Gadsden County, whose citizens have an alleged history with this mythical creature that goes back hundreds of years.
NEWS ALERT - Bigfoot in Gadsden County?
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Subaru has finally pulled the trigger on its EE20 Boxer Diesel in a big way here at the 2008 Paris Motor Show. They've seen fit to lay down a copious supply of cross sectioned and exploded-view engines for a sufficient supply of engine porn and have thrown them into some cars to boot, namely the Subaru Forester 2.0D, the Subaru Impreza 2.0D, and the Subaru Legacy 2.0D. As you might have guessed, they're all outfitted with the same 2.0 liter horizontally opposed boxer diesel, a common rail, turbocharged oil burner good for 144 HP in the Forester and 147 HP in the Legacy and Impreza. All engines make 259 lb-ft of torque between 1800 and 2400 RPM while returning about 40 MPG on the European combined fuel cycle. Definitely some nice numbers, now if only we could get 'em in the States. Complete, and we do mean complete, details on the Boxer Diesel engine, galleries on the lineup and nearly-NSFW engine pics below.
SUBARU BOXER DIESEL: Features & Benefits Low vibrations and noise - The movements of the horizontally-opposed pistons work in unison to effectively cancel out the second harmonic vibration (vibration at double the frequency of the engine's revolution) that causes discomfort in drivers. Thanks to this structural advantage, the SUBARU BOXER DIESEL does not need balancer shafts which are commonly used in conventional in-line and V-type engines. The compactly designed crankshaft sandwiched by the highly rigid cylinder blocks helps minimizing an uncomfortable noise and vibration up to high rpm's. Superior engine response and good fuel economy - No need for balancer shafts leads to low rotational inertia and friction within the engine itself. The result is exceptional accelerator response and good fuel economy. Contribution to the handling performance - The bore pitch has been shortened and the left and right blocks holding the crankshaft provide a highly rigid design compared to the conventional in-line engines, which has also allowed use of an aluminium alloy cylinder block for weight savings. - In addition to the low centre of gravity provided by the structure of the Horizontally-Opposed Engine, the placement of the turbocharger unit at the lower part of the engine functions to maintain a low centre of gravity for the diesel engine, which tends to be quite heavy in weight. - These engine features contribute to excellent handling performance. SUBARU BOXER DIESEL: Mechanisms 1. Cylinder block - Cylinder block An aluminium alloy cylinder block has been used to maximise the potential of the highly rigid Horizontally-Opposed Engine layout. To obtain ideal diesel combustion, the stroke was extended by 11 mm and the bore was shortened by 6 mm compared to the SUBARU BOXER four-cylinder 2.0-litre petrol engine (EJ20). The bore pitch has been shortened to 98.4 mm, which is similar to that of SUBARU BOXER 6-cylinder petrol engine (EZ30), while the petrol engine (EJ20) has 113.0 mm. This has led to a 61.3 mm reduction in engine block length for even more compact design. Semi-closed deck: The block design uses the semi-closed deck type that has proven its durability in the turbocharged petrol models. This increases rigidity around the head gasket mating areas. Metal matrix composite journal: All 5 main bearings (journals) in the cylinder block incorporate metal matrix composite journals (which are inserted during the casting process), resulting in superior levels of quietness due to high rigidity and similarity in thermal expansion ratio to that of crankshaft. Extra cooling channels: Cooling slits have been given between the cylinder bores to operate as water cooling channels, thus improving cooling performance. - Pistons High strength materials have been used to withstand the high combustion pressures of the diesel engine. Cooling channels within the pistons have been incorporated, with engine oil squirted via oil jets, which enhances piston cooling. - Connecting rods The large ends of the connecting rods feature an asymmetrical profile, which increases precision during assembly and in roundness of the surface connecting the crankpin for reduced friction. It has also contributed to minimizing the rotational path, thus allowing an extended piston stroke inside the compact cylinder block. - Crankshaft The high strength crankshafts have undergone surface treatment to withstand the high combustion pressures that are found in a diesel engine. Since the Horizontally-Opposed engine layout allows for shorter journal pitch, high rigidity is maintained in a diesel engine that is dramatically lighter in weight than conventional in-line engines. 2. Valve system / intake and exhaust system - Cylinder head High strength cylinder heads have been used to withstand the high combustion pressures. Roller rocker arms: compact and low friction end pivot type roller rocker arms have been used in combination with the double overhead cam (DOHC) system. Valve System: The diameter of the intake valves have been optimised for enhanced breathing performance and swirl ratios, resulting in improved combustion efficiency. - Intake ports The combination of an intake swirl pot system and optimised intake valve diameter results in ample swirl performance. - Cam Drive System A highly durable chain system has been used to drive the camshaft to handle the variations in torque produced by the diesel engine. 3. Common rail system A common rail system has been used for fuel delivery for better performance. The fuel is pressurised to 180 MPa before being fed into the common rail. - Solenoid injectors Specially designed injectors have been used. A shorter overall length of the injector has contributed to maintain overall engine width as that of the regular petrol engine despite the longer piston stroke. 4. Turbocharger A variable nozzle type turbocharger has been specially designed to deliver ample turbocharged performance across the entire engine range. The turbocharger itself has been positioned under the engine and mounted directly to the catalytic converters for increased environmental friendliness. Response has been improved while also helping to lower the centre of gravity. 5. Exhaust The exhaust system has been fine tuned for use with the diesel engine. 6. Exhaust Emission Control System A closed-type of diesel particulate filter (DPF) has been adopted for the exhaust emission control system of the Impreza in order to further enhance environmental friendliness. The DPF has been positioned together with the turbo charger at the lower part of the engine. This not only improves exhaust gas purification performance, but also helps keeping the centre of gravity low, thus further enhancing the superb handling performance of the symmetrical AWD. This system complies with European EURO 4 exhaust gas regulations. - Oxidation catalytic converter The catalytic converter separates un-burnt fuel into water and carbon dioxide. The unit has been made compact enough to be activated soon after the engine has been started. If the temperature rises to 300°C under certain driving conditions, the oxidation catalytic converter generates NO2, which oxidises collected diesel particulates inside the DPF. - Closed Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) The adoption of a closed DPF functions to improve engine combustion efficiency and reduce particulate matter (PM) in the exhaust in order to further enhance environmental friendliness. The closed DPF features a honeycomb shaped filter made of silicon carbide. The filter channels are blocked on alternating ends of each side and there are also microscopic pores on the inner filter wall, thereby functioning to effectively collect the PM as the exhaust gas passes through these microscopic pores. The collected PM is combusted inside of the filter, which reaches 600°C and higher depending on operating conditions, and repeatedly regenerated, processed, and emitted as exhaust. Conversely, if the internal filter temperature is low with a continuous load operation, the temperature within the layers is controlled to cause combustion of the PM, which is then repeatedly generated, processed, and emitted as exhaust. - EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation) system An EGR system has been used to comply with European EURO 4 exhaust gas regulations. The cooled exhaust gas is fed back into the combustion chamber to lower the combustion temperature and reduce NOx emissions. 7. Engine mounting system A liquid-filled engine mounting system has been employed for even less vibration and better handling performance.


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Sunday School
to inspire your Spirit
As a Christian, I choose not to work on Sunday. Although my blog is scheduled and I am not actually creating this post today; I still have a strong belief that we all need to take a break for the Sabbath Day. Each week my Sunday post will change from inspiring your creativity, to inspiring your spirit. I hope you enjoy the messages presented here each week.
Today's Message is from: The Mormon Tabernacle Choir
Come back again for more
creative Stampin' ideas . . .


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Lady Flames net just one goal in two games against Pride
March 23, 2014 | Lynchburg, Va.
It was difficult enough for Liberty University's ACHA Division I women's hockey team to regroup and get back up for last Sunday's consolation final against Rhode Island the morning after losing to eventual ACHA DI national champion Miami (Ohio) University in the semifinals.
As Lady Flames Head Coach Paul Bloomfield discovered this weekend, it is even harder to keep players motivated for back-to-back exhibition games against a U-19 travel team from Maryland when their goals have been accomplished and their season is essentially done.
Three weeks after losing a 2-0 lead in the third period of a 4-2 defeat in Rockville, Md., Liberty (17-13-5), which beat Rhode Island 2-1 in overtime to clinch third place in the ACHA DI National Championships, was swept decisively by the Washington Pride, losing 7-0 on Saturday afternoon and 4-1 on Sunday morning at the LaHaye Ice Center.
Junior Chantal Lischynski, who was named to the all-tournament first team after a stellar showing in the ACHA DI National Championships, played all 120 minutes in the cage. That's because sophomore goalie Kristina Toppazzini, who started in the Lady Flames' 3-0 upset of Robert Morris Illinois in the third round of pool play, was nursing a knee that she sprained in a Feb. 23 exhibition game against the Tri-City (N.C.) Selects, Liberty's sixth straight win.
Washington's Veronica Petty scored the game's first goal midway through the first period off assists from fellow forwards Madison Farrand and Dara Wais.
Liberty responded to tie the game with 3:37 left in the first when sophomore forward Catharine Burrell finished off feeds from sophomore forward Carrie Jickling and junior forward Jenny MacArthur, but the Pride went back up for good on the first of two goals by forward Anna Streifel off the first of three assists from forward Karen Hudson with 49 seconds to play in the period.
Wais netted the third goal for the Pride midway through the second period and had the secondary assist on Washington's fourth score midway through the third.
With the season officially behind them, the Lady Flames will try to forget this weekend and focus on their run of success in the playoffs before gearing up for next season.


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Free Mountain Bike Races
Sports & Recreation
Date: Thursday, 9th August 2018 07:00 PM - 06:30 PM
Venue: Pocatello Outdoor Recreation | City: Pocatello, United States
Come ride for fun or challenge in these free races on Thursdays throughout the summer. You can pre-register online then grab your number at the trailhead and go out as hard or easy as you want. Races are 'sprint' distances, averaging around 5-7 miles. Trails are well marked and you might discover a new favorite. All skill levels are welcome- just be on time. Dates: June 21st 6:30 pm Upper City Creek Parking Lot July 26th 7:00 pm Cusick Creek trailhead August 23rd 7:00 pm Centennial Park September 27th 6:30 pm Centennial park- Ladies only
(208) 234-6232
144 Wilson Ave, Pocatello
ID 83201, United States
ID 83201, United States
All Dates
- From Thursday, 26th July 2018 07:00 PM to Thursday, 27th September 2018 06:30 PM
↳ Thursday


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"An intelligent and original thriller that displays as much wit as it does muscle . . . Lapidus skillfully weaves together the narratives of characters from every level of the Swedish criminal underworld . . . [He's] a fantastic writer of action, but he also knows when to leave the guns holstered and build suspense." —The Daily Beast
"[A] searing debut…This sprawling novel, full of offensive language, exposes moral degradation of every stripe while relentlessly depicting Sweden's underworld and the reasons it exists and grows."
—Pubishers Weekly (starred review)
"At last: an epic European thriller to rival the Stieg Larsson books. It's an entirely new criminal world, beautifully rendered—and a wildly thrilling novel."
—James Ellroy
"Jens Lapidus, with his dazzling book, Easy Money, is the new Swedish thriller writer everyone's been waiting for."
—Reggie Nadelson, author of Londongrad
"A solid, rich, and witty page-turner about the criminal world of Stockholm, where cocaine is the prime mover . . . Lapidus shows much literary promise—no one else in Sweden does what he does here."
—Sydsvenskan (Sweden)
"A raw and rebellious thriller . . . Lapidus's writing sweeps you along with short, rhythmic sentences that are fast and engaging. [An] utterly captivating read. Sharp and entertaining."
—De Morgan (Denmark)
"A cornucopia of sex and violence, hookers and pickpockets in a Stockholm both good and bad . . . A staggering gangster novel."
—Politiken (Denmark)
"A terrific book about the underworld of Stockholm . . . An absolute must-read."
—Het Parool (Netherlands)
"Without a doubt a debut to take seriously."
—Helsingsborgs Dagblad (Sweden)


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Directorate of Studies
ICWAI Website
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Intermediate Course
Financial Accounting-5
Commercial and Industrial Laws and Auditing-6
Applied Direct Taxation-7
Cost & Management Accounting-8
Operation Management & Information System-9
Applied Indirect Taxation-10
Final Course
Capital Market Analysis & Corporate Laws-11
Financial Mgmt. & International Finance-12
Management Accounting- Strategic Management-13
Indirect & Direct Tax Management-14
Mgmt. Accounting Enterprise Performance Mgmt.-15
Advanced Financial Accounting & Reporting-16
Cost Audit and Operational Audit-17
Business Valuation Management-18
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Little is more satisfying than cooking a classic to perfection - Sarah Cook gives us a lesson in how to make lasagne
Nutrition and extra info
- Freezable
Nutrition: per serving
- kcal794
- fat38g
- saturates17g
- carbs63g
- sugars16g
- fibre4g
- protein48g
- salt2.74g
For the meat sauce
- 3 tbsp olive oil
Olive oilol-iv oyl
Probably the most widely-used oil in cooking, olive oil is pressed from fresh olives. It's…
- 2 celery sticks, finely chopped
A collection of long, thick, juicy stalks around a central, tender heart, celery ranges in…
- 1 onion, finely chopped
Onions are endlessly versatile and an essential ingredient in countless recipes. Native to Asia…
- 1 carrot (about 100g/4oz) finely chopped
The carrot, with its distinctive bright orange colour, is one of the most versatile root…
- 3 garlic cloves, crushed
- 140g pack cubetti di pancetta
Pancetta is Italian cured pork belly - the equivalent of streaky bacon. It has a deep, strong,…
- 500g pack beef mince (we used 10% fat)
The classic choice of meat for a British Sunday roast. Beef is full of flavour, as…
- 500g pack pork mince or British veal mince
- 200ml milk
One of the most widely used ingredients, milk is often referred to as a 'complete' food…
- 2 x 400g cans chopped tomatoes
A member of the nightshade family (along with aubergines, peppers and chillies), tomatoes are in…
- 2 bay leaves
- 1 rosemary sprig
Rosemary's intense, fragrant aroma has traditionally been paired with lamb, chicken and game…
- 2 thyme sprigs
This popular herb grows in Europe, especially the Mediterranean, and is a member of the mint…
- 2 tsp dried oregano
Closely related to marjoram, of which it is the wild equivalent, oregano has a coarser, more…
- 2 beef stock cubes
- 500ml red wine
For the lasagne
- about 400g dried pasta sheets
Pasta is the Italian name for Italy's version of a basic foodstuff which is made in many…
- 50g parmesan, finely grated
Parmesan is a straw-coloured hard cheese with a natural yellow rind and rich, fruity flavour. It…
For the white sauce (béchamel)
- 1½ l milk
One of the most widely used ingredients, milk is often referred to as a 'complete' food…
- 1 onion, thickly sliced
Onions are endlessly versatile and an essential ingredient in countless recipes. Native to Asia…
- 3 bay leaves
- 3 cloves
A clove is the dry, unopened flower bud of the tropical myrtle tree family used to flavour a…
- 100g butter
Butter is a dairy product made from separating whole milk or cream into fat and…
- 100g plain flour
- good grating of nutmeg
One of the most useful of spices for both sweet and savoury…
First infuse the milk to make the béchamel sauce. Put the 1 ½ litres milk, 1 thickly sliced onion, 3 bay leaves and 3 cloves into a large saucepan and bring very gently just up to the boil. Turn off the heat and set aside for 1 hr to infuse.
For the meat sauce, put the 3 tbsp oil, 2 finely chopped celery sticks, 1 finely chopped onion, 1 finely chopped carrot, 3 crushed garlic cloves and 140g cubed pancetta in another large saucepan. Gently cook together until the veg are soft but not coloured.
Tip in 500g pork mince and 500g beef mince, 200ml milk and 2 cans of chopped tomatoes. Using a wooden spoon, stir together and break up and mash the lumps of mince against the sides of the pan.
When the mince is mostly broken down, stir in 2 bay leaves, 1 rosemary sprig, 2 thyme sprigs, 2 tsp dried oregano, 2 beef stock cubes and 500ml red wine, and bring to a simmer.
Cover and cook for 1 hr, stirring occasionally to stop the bottom catching.
Uncover and gently simmer for another 30 mins-1 hr until the meat is tender and saucy. Taste and season.
To finish the béchamel sauce, strain the milk through a fine sieve into one or two jugs.
Melt 100g butter in the same pan then, using a wooden spoon, mix in 100g plain flour and cook for 2 mins.
Stir in the strained milk, a little at a time – the mix will thicken at first to a doughy paste, but keep going, adding milk gradually to avoid lumps.
When all the milk is in, bring to a gentle simmer, stirring constantly (if you have lumps, give it a quick whisk). Gently bubble for a few mins until thickened.
Season with salt, pepper and a good grating of nutmeg.
Heat oven to 180C/160C fan/gas 4.
Spread a spoonful of the meat sauce over the base of a roughly 3.5 litre baking dish.
Cover with a single layer of dried pasta sheets, snapping them to fit if needed, then top with a quarter of the béchamel. Spoon over a third of the meat sauce and scatter over a little of the finely grated parmesan.
Repeat the layers – pasta, béchamel, meat and parmesan – two more times to use all the meat sauce. Add a final layer of pasta, the last of the béchamel and remaining parmesan.
Sit the dish on a baking tray to catch spills and bake for 1 hr until bubbling, browned and crisp on top.
Recipe Tip
Prepare aheadAssemble the lasagne completely, then cool. Wrap well in cling film and freeze for up to 3 months. Transfer to the fridge 48 hrs before you want to cook it to defrost, then bake as directed, checking after 1 hr in case it needs an extra 10-15 mins. (If you've frozen any leftovers, defrost in the fridge, then reheat in the microwave until piping hot).
Recipe Tip
Make it differentAdd a thin layer of ham on top of each layer of béchamel sauce. Or swap the carrot for 2 finely chopped fennel bulbs to add an aniseed note to the meat sauce.


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Drink Ingredients:
- 1.75 oz. of Sagamore Rye.
- .5 oz. of Tamarind Syrup.
- .5 oz. of Lemon Juice.
- .75 oz. of Cilantro Ginger Shrub.
- Top with fever tree club soda.
Drink Preparation:
- Add the ingredients listed above except for the club soda to a shaker.
- Shake and strain into a Collins Glass.
- Top with Club Soda.
- Garnish with with Lemon peel and fresh Cilantro.
- Cheers!
Tamarind Syrup:
- De-shell a dozen Tamarindo bean pods. Simmer in 4 cups of water for 45 minutes or until Tamarindo dissolves completely into water.
- Strain liquid through a chinois and coffee filter.
- Add 4 cups of sugar, stir until sugar is dissolved.
- Allow to cool and enjoy.
Cilantro Ginger Shrub:
- Peel fresh Ginger (about 2 cups worth) and mince in a blender.
- Take ginger and finely chopped stalk of Cilantro and add it to 4 cups of Apple Cider Vinegar in a sealed non reactive container.
- Allow to rest in cool place for 3 days.
- Strain Ginger and Cilantro.
- Add 4 cups of sugar, stir until it dissolves.
- Enjoy!
Ouzo Bay is located in Harbor East, which is a great little area of shops, restaurants and hotels. Ouzo Bay specializes in Greek Cuisine and an assortment of Signature Cocktails that should suit everyone's taste. They go that extra mile by serving you an after dinner cocktail, Ouzo of course.
William Escalante is the head bartender at Ouzo Bay and obviously enjoys his trade by adding a little flair to his service. This is not the first time we have seen Will behind the bar, he has participated in a wonderful event for Cystic Fibrosis. Rye's Up Against Cystic Fibrosis. This event has some of the finest bartenders in Baltimore, so you are pretty much guaranteed a great cocktail from William. This year William won "Judge's Choice at the 2015 Rye's Up Against Cystic Fibrosis".
This Signature Cocktail is a refreshing glorified whiskey highball. Perfect for your summer cookouts. If you live in horse country like I do, perfect for the horse races.


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sequences of disturbing violence and terror
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The Conjuring
Before there was Amityville, there was Harrisville. Based on a true story, "The Conjuring" tells the horrifying tale of how world-renowned paranormal investigators Ed and Lorraine Warren were called upon to help a family terrorized by a dark presence in a secluded farmhouse.
Forced to confront a powerful demonic entity, the Warrens find themselves caught in the most terrifying case of their lives.
Starring Patrick Wilson, Vera Farmiga, Ron Livingston, Lili Taylor, Mackenzie Foy
Directed by James Wan
Running Time - 1:52
Genre - Horror
Opened in Theaters - Friday, July 19th, 2013 (7 years ago)
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Riesling Report: Markus Molitor, Zeltinger Sonnenuhr, Riesling Spätlese 2008
We're celebrating the Summer of Riesling by trying a different bottle every weekday. Got a favorite riesling? Recommend it in the comments!
Make some butternut squash-filled ravioli, drizzle them with brown butter and a grating of fresh nutmeg, and serve this wine alongside. You can thank me later.
This Mosel wine is lush and rich but not at all cloying, balancing notes of crystallized ginger, cinnamon sticks, and cloves with veins of slate, yellow plums, peaches, and powdered sugar. It's kept lively and bright with delicate limelike acids. There's a malty note, too, a little candlewax and what reminded us of plantain. Apple skin flavors dry out the finish.
It's the balance and clarity of this wine that's most impressive, and if you don't have butternut squash (or pumpkin) ravioli on hand, a pork chop or cheese plate will do.
Around $21, sample provided for review.
All products linked here have been independently selected by our editors. We may earn a commission on purchases, as described in our affiliate policy.


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How Automating the Development Pipeline, Security and Infrastructure Leads to Real Business Benefits
With the growth of cloud-based deployment and more agile workflows in today's software industry, companies are increasingly looking for new ways to manage the complexity. In rapidly changing industries, speed to market with new features and improvements is critical to keeping up with the competition. Luckily, most companies can automate a large portion of their development pipeline, security and infrastructure, allowing new updates to reach users quickly as they're developed. Download our paper to see how automation can have huge impacts on your business's bottom line.
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60ft Nautical Aluminum Flagpole
60' Tapered Nautical Aluminum Flagpole
This commercial grade60' nauticalflag pole is made of high quality spun aluminum and features a single shaft with yardarm.
The kit includes all you need to make your waterfront flagpole complete, even a FREE 10' x 15' American flag!.
Don't forget all of our flags and commercial flagpoles are 100% made in the U.S.A.!
- 10' x 15' Nylon Flag
- Gold Anodized Aluminum Ball
- Aluminum Single Revolving Truck Assembly
- Truck Assembly Aluminum Pulley
- Two Eye Hook mounted Single Pulleys on Yardarm
- Complete External Halyard Assembly
- Three #10 Polypropylene Rope Halyards
- 6 Heavy-Duty Stainless Steel Swivel Snap Hooks
- 6 Neoprene Snap Hook Covers
- Three 9" Heavy-Duty Aluminum Cleats
- Spun Aluminum Flash Collar
- Galvanized 16-Gauge Steel Ground Sleeve
- Steel Grounding Spike
1 Year Limited
Installation Diagram


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Our betters in government have pinned the constitutionality of Obamacare on the Commerce Clause. No case law exists that supports the notion that Congress, through the Tax Clause, the Commerce Clause or Necessary and Proper Clause, can regulate INactivity.
When Obamacare was being debated, its advocates—including the president—sternly insisted that the mandate was not a tax. In one memorable exchange, President Obama arrogantly chastised George Stephanopoulous for calling the fine assessed for failing to purchase health insurance pursuant to the individual mandate a "tax." FN1 "George, the fact that you looked up Merriam's Dictionary, the definition of tax increase, indicates to me that you're stretching a little bit right now," the president lectured, "Otherwise, you wouldn't have gone to the dictionary to check on the definition… My critics say everything is a tax increase. My critics say that I'm taking over every sector of the economy. You know that. Look, we can have a legitimate debate about whether or not we're going to have an individual mandate or not, but... I absolutely reject that notion (that the mandate penalty is a tax)."
Now, the government wants the I.R.C. Section 5000 - the health care penalty - penalty to be a tax. It argues that the "penalty" is a mere excise tax levied by the Congress of the United States under its broad power of taxation conferred by Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution. According to Bouvier's Law Dictionary, a tax is a pecuniary burden imposed for the support of the government. The enforced proportional contributions of persons and property levied by the authority of the state for the support of the government and for all public needs. FN1
The Court, in City of New York v. Feiring, 313 U.S. 283 (1941), established a test to be utilised in making the determination of whether an assessment is a tax or a penalty has been described as a four-part test incorporating the following criteria:
(1) an involuntary pecuniary burden, regardless of name, laid upon individuals or property; and,
(2) imposed by, or under authority of the legislature; and,
(3) for public purposes, including the purposes of defraying expenses of government or undertakings authorised by it; and,
(4) under the police or taxing power of the state.
The individual mandate is NOT a tax. The Obama administration CANNOT make the argument that the FDR administration relied upon (Taxing and Spending powers) when it argued for the constitutionality of Social Security. In Helvering v. Davis, 301 U.S. 619 (1937), the Court said that Congress had the authority to tax income to provide for Social Security BECAUSE IT WAS A TAX PAID TO THE GOVERNMENT. Blue Cross/Blue Shield is not an arm of the Federal government; thus, paying premiums to it CANNOT be viewed as a form of taxation.
The other argument that the administration has made concerns that monetary sum one must pay in the event he fails to obtain insurance. Most would call it a penalty. The Obamacare legislation does not have the section on the "penalty" in the revenue-raising section. It is no referred to as a tax, but the administration is arguing that it is a tax. So, the Court will have to decide whether it is a tax or a penalty. Fortunately, the precedent is not on the government's side.
As the Court noted in a somewhat different context, "a tax is an enforced contribution to provide for the support of the government; a penalty…is an exaction imposed by statute imposed for an unlawful act." United States v. La Franca, 282 U.S. 568, 571 (1931).
As the Court explained as recently as 1996 in United States v. Reorganized CF&I Fabricators of Utah, Inc., et al., 518 U.S. 213 (1996) distinguishing between taxes and penalties, "a tax is a pecuniary burden laid upon individuals or property for the purpose of supporting the government." In contrast, the Court went on to say that, "if the concept of penalty means anything, it means punishment for an unlawful act or omission, and a punishment for an unlawful omission." The Court could not have been more clear in enunciating the difference between a tax and a penalty. It would be very difficult to arrive at a better example of a penalty than the fine imposed on Americans for failing to purchase mandated and government-approved health insurance.
The labeling of an exaction as a tax by Congress is not determinative of its character for all purposes. In New Jersey v. Anderson, 203 U.S. 483 (1906), the Court held that the name given to an exaction by the state legislature is not conclusive.
To be a constitutional tax, a levy must be an excise tax, an income tax, or a proportional capitation tax. The penalty is none of these. An excise tax may be defined broadly as an inland tax (as opposed to a customs duty, etc.) on the production for sale, or sale, of specific goods, or narrowly as a tax on a good produced for sale, or sold, within the country. An example would be a sales or VAT tax. An income tax is based on, obviously, income. It is not assessed based on activity or inactivity. Finally, it is not a proportional capitation tax, which is an equal tax on all individuals. A poll tax, for example, is a proportional capitation tax. Even if the penalty was a tax, it would still violate the Constitution Article I, Section 9 because it would be an unapportioned capitation tax. FN3
Despite being labeled an excise tax by Congress, the penalty is unlike any existing excise tax because it applies to the failure to act by an individual. Existing failure-to-act excise taxes differ because they apply to entities which have chosen to partake in particular activities. The provision thus fails the historic requirements of an excise tax, namely that it apply to an activity, transaction, or the use of property. The tax also fails the traditional "pass-on" nature of excise taxes. If the Court were to approve it as a uniform excise tax, the direct tax apportionment requirement would be eviscerated. FN4
The Commerce Clause has been coupled with the Necessary and Proper Clause to provide a constitutional basis for a wide variety of Federal laws. "The Congress shall have Power - To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof." - Article I, Section 8, Clause 18. Just because Congress has the power to enact measures that are necessary and proper to the execution of its power to regulate commerce – in the case of Obamacare, health care markets – that does not mean that Congress has the power to do anything and everything that, on the margin, facilitates or makes more efficient other federally enacted regulatory measures. This argument is no less untenable if one takes seriously the notion that there are judicially enforceable limits on the federal government's enumerated powers. FN3
In McCulloch v. Maryland, 17 U.S. 316 (1819), the Court held that, while the Constitution did not explicitly give permission to create a federal bank, it had the implied power to do so under the Necessary and Proper Clause in order to realise or fulfill its express taxing and spending powers. This fundamental case established the following two principles:
1. The Constitution grants to Congress implied powers for implementing the Constitution's express powers, in order to create a functional national government.
2. State action may not impede valid constitutional exercises of power by the Federal government.
"We admit, as all must admit, that the powers of the Government are limited, and that its limits are not to be transcended. But we think the sound construction of the Constitution must allow to the national legislature that discretion with respect to the means by which the powers it confers are to be carried into execution which will enable that body to perform the high duties assigned to it in the manner most beneficial to the people. Let the end be legitimate, let it be within the scope of the Constitution, and all means which are appropriate, which are plainly adapted to that end, which are not prohibited, but consistent with the letter and spirit of the Constitution, are constitutional," C.J. John Marshall, writing for the majority in McCulloch.
McCulloch does not stand for the proposition that Congress has plenary power over citizens and the several states nor has its powers been granted to a body in absolute terms, with no review of, or limitations upon, the exercise of the power. "Should Congress, in the execution of its powers, adopt measures which are prohibited by the Constitution, or should Congress, under the pretext of executing its powers, pass laws for the accomplishment of objects not entrusted to the Government, it would become the painful duty of this tribunal, should a case requiring such a decision come before it, to say that such an act was not the law of the land." McCulloch, supra.
In Lambert v. Yellowley, 272 U.S. 581 (1926, the Court upheld a law restricting medicinal use of alcohol as a necessary and proper exercise of power under the Eighteenth Amendment establishing Prohibition in the United States. The Federal government was empowered to act against the possession or consumption of alcohol. The law was both necessary and proper to carry out its powers authorised under the Eighteenth Amendment. On the other hand, in New York v. United States, 505 U.S. 144 (1992), the Court recognised that it was proper for Congress to address the problem of what to do with radioactive waste and that this national issue was complicated by the political reluctance of the states to deal with the problem individually; however, it ruled that the "take title" incentive of the Low-Level Radioactive Waste Policy Amendments Act of 1985 was an attempt to "commandeer" the state governments by directly compelling them to participate in the federal regulatory programme. THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT "CROSSED THE LINE DISTINGUISHING ENCOURAGEMENT FROM COERCION." The distinction was that, with respect to the "take title" provision, the States had to choose between conforming to federal regulations or taking title to the waste. Since Congress cannot directly force States to legislate according to their scheme, and since Congress likewise cannot force States to take title to radioactive waste, Justice O'Connor, writing for the majority, reasoned that Congress cannot force States to choose between the two. Such coercion would be counter to the federalist structure of government, in which a "core of state sovereignty" is enshrined in the Tenth Amendment. FN4
With the challenges to the individual mandate, however, Congress is explicitly asserting that the individual mandate is "necessary and proper" to execute its power under the Commerce Clause. Moreover, the argument for "necessity" is reasonably straight-forward: it is necessary to compel all uninsured persons into the insurance pool to pay for the increased costs being imposed on insurance companies by the Act. Under the Court's normal deferential approach, finding "necessity" won't be hard. FN2
The problem with the mandate is whether it is a "proper" means to achieve a constitutional end. The Court has previously held that mandating state legislatures, New York v. United States, 505 U.S. 144 (1992) and executive officials, Printz v. United States, 521 U.S. 898 (1997.) is an "improper" commandeering of states and therefore violates the Tenth Amendment's reservation of powers "to the states." FN3
It is not contestible that the Constitution established a system of "dual sovereignty." Gregory v. Ashcroft, 501 U. S. 452, 457 (1991); Tafflin v. Levitt, 493 U. S. 455, 458 (1990). Although the States surrendered many of their powers to the new Federal Government, they retained "a residuary and inviolable sovereignty," The Federalist No. 39, at 245 (J. Madison). This is reflected throughout the Constitution's text, Lane County v. Oregon, 7 Wall. 71, 76 (1869); Texas v. White, 7 Wall. 700, 725 (1869), including (to mention only a few examples) the prohibition on any involuntary reduction or combination of a State's territory, Art. IV, § 3; the Judicial Power Clause, Art. III, § 2, and the Privileges and Immunities Clause, Art. IV, § 2, which speak of the "Citizens" of the States; the amendment provision, Article V, which requires the votes of three-fourths of the States to amend the Constitution; and the Guarantee Clause, Art. IV, § 4, which "presupposes the continued existence of the states and . . . those means and instrumentalities which are the creation of their sovereign and reserved rights," Helvering v. Gerhardt, 304 U. S. 405, 414-415 (1938). Residual state sovereignty was also implicit, of course, in the Constitution's conferral upon Congress of not all governmental powers, but only discrete, enumerated ones, Art. I, § 8, which implication was rendered express by the Tenth Amendment's assertion that "[t]he powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people." FN4
In Printz, state officials objected to being pressed into federal service, and contended that congressional action compelling state officers to execute federal laws was unconstitutional. FN6 The Court held that the Brady Act purported to direct state law enforcement officers to participate, albeit only temporarily, in the administration of a federally enacted regulatory scheme. FN4 The Court overturned the portions of the Brady Act that attempted to dictate to and use the labour of state officials as an unconstitutional commandeering.
The challenges to the individual mandate raise the issue of whether mandating all persons to enter into a contract with a private company is "improper" commandeering of the people and therefore violates the Tenth Amendment's reservation of powers "to the people." FN5 Because such a commandeering has never been previously been attempted, the Court will have to address whether it is an "appropriate", McCulloch v. Maryland, 17 U.S. 316 (1819), means to achieving an enumerated end, however "necessary" it may be. Deciding this question return the Court to the scope of the Commerce Clause.
In Comstock, No. 08-1224 (2010), nothing about the incarceration of sexually dangerous persons was alleged to be an "improper" means of pursuing an enumerated end. The issue was whether or not the statute was enacted pursuant to an enumerated power. The majority held it was–all the enumerated powers for which the original criminal incarceration was the means–while the dissent disagreed. One encouraging aspect of the case was Justice Kennedy's denial that the Commerce Clause required only the sort of rational basis scrutiny described in the Due Process case of Lee Optical. But even this has no bearing on the challenge to the individual mandate as the mandate would likely satisfy even heightened scrutiny for necessity or means-ends fit. Once again, the issue is not necessity, it is propriety. In this regard, it is very encouraging to see Justice Scalia joining Justice Thomas's dissenting opinion in which Justice Thomas reiterates Justice Scalia's characterization in Printz , supra, of the Necessary and Proper Clause as "the last, best hope of those who defend ultra vires congressional action." FN5
Identifying the line to distinguish between permissible and impermissible exercises of the federal government's power under the Necessary and Proper Clause is the task at hand, and existing precedent is only of limited use. The Court's decisions, from McCulloch to Comstock, only go so far in addressing this question. They clearly confirm that Congress can take some steps beyond the scopes of the other enumerated powers, but also reaffirm that federal power is limited, and none of the relevant cases stand for the proposition that it is for Congress, and Congress alone, to determine what may be enacted as necessary and proper to the execution of other constitutional measures. FN5
This is why the individual mandate presents a difficult question. It is beyond dispute that, on the margin, requiring all Americans to purchase health care will reduce the costs of seeking to expand coverage by, for instance, prohibiting health insurers from denying coverage for preexisting conditions. The same can be said for any measure, however, that increases the participation of relatively healthy people in health insurance pools or that increases the average health of those that are insured. So unless one wants to adopt the view that any provision adopted as part of some broader legislative scheme is necessary and proper just because Congress says it is so long as there is some plausible justification for it's relation to the broader scheme, one needs to identify some alternative limit. This is something the individual mandate's defenders have yet to do. FN7
How the Court will decide will depend on whether they take the Wickard v. Filburn, 317 U.S. 111 (1942), and Gonzales v. Raich (previously Ashcroft v. Raich), 545 U.S. 1 (2005) approach to the Commerce Clause or the United States v. Alfonso Lopez, Jr., 514 U.S. 549 (1995) and United States v. Morrison, 529 U.S. 598 (2000) route.
The Court recognised in identified the three broad categories of activity that Congress could regulate under the Commerce Clause, United States v. Alfonso Lopez, Jr.,:
* the channels of interstate commerce,
* the instrumentalities of interstate commerce, or persons or things in interstate commerce, and
* activities that substantially affect or substantially relate to interstate commerce
The failure to purchase health insurance is an INactivity. It doesn't affect commerce nor is it economic in nature. The Violence Against Women Act, United States v. Morrison, 529 U.S. 598 (2000), Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990, United States v. Alfonso Lopez, Jr., 514 U.S. 549 (1995), and The Child Pornography Prevention Act of 1996, Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition, 535 U.S. 234 (2002) were all struck down because Congress had attempted to use the Commerce Clause to regulate inactivity and activity not economic in nature.
As the CBO and CRS told Hillary Clinton in 1994, the individual mandate is unprecedented and unconstitutional. "A mandate requiring all individuals to purchase health insurance would be an unprecedented form of federal action," the CBO report stated. FN6 "The government has never required people to buy any good or service as a condition of lawful residence in the United States. An individual mandate would have two features that, in combination, would make it unique. First, it would impose a duty on individuals as members of society. Second, it would require people to purchase a specific service that would be heavily regulated by the federal government." Never in the history of the United States had the Federal government mandated American citizens purchase a governmentally-approved good or service as a condition of good citizenship.
In the course of dismissing the plaintiff's Commerce Clause challenge, the Judge Steeh has vindicated an important element of all such pending challenges: this claim of power by the government is without any precedent in experience or in law. In Judge Steeh's words:
"The Court has never needed to address the activity/inactivity distinction advanced by plaintiffs because in every Commerce Clause case presented thus far, there has been some sort of activity. In this regard, the Health Care Reform Act arguably presents an issue of first impression."
He's right! Never before in American history has the Federal Government imposed an economic mandate commanding that persons engage in economic activity. Given that there is no current Supreme Court doctrine recognising such power in Congress, the appropriate stance of a district court judge is to follow Court precedent and deny this claim of power until the Court decides in due course to expand its doctrine.
Instead, Steeh accepted the government's expansion of Congressional power beyond regulating economic activity to regulating economic "decisions:
"While plaintiffs describe the Commerce Clause power as reaching economic activity, the government's characterisation of the Commerce Clause reaching economic decisions is more accurate."
But this was not "plaintiff's description." It was how the Supreme Court itself described its own doctrine in each and every Commerce Clause case that allowed Congress to reach wholly intrastate activity because it was necessary and proper (N&P Clause) to the regulation of interstate commerce.
By inventing a new "economic decisions" doctrine FN5, Steeh has gone beyond the Commerce and Necessary and Proper Clause doctrines established by the Supreme Court. He made it up. He disregarded every single Supreme Court case on the Commerce Clause.
Only the Supreme Court is authorised to expand its own interpretation of the scope of Congressional power.
Of course, judges in other challenges are having their opportunity to opine on whether Congress has the power to regulate any "economic decision" that may substantially affect interstate commerce. The "economic decision" not to buy a car, the "economic decision" not to buy or sell your home, or even the "economic decision" not to have a physical exam. For make no mistake, if the Court ever accepts the government's "economic decision" theory, then there is nothing it cannot mandate in the future in the name of regulating "commerce . . . among the several states. FN7
Allowing the federal government to force citizens to buy a private product would "invite unbridled exercise of federal police powers'' and Congress will then have the general police power that both the Constitution and the Supreme Court have always denied it.
Finally, let's slay this silly auto insurance analogy that "constitutional scholars" in DC continue to trot out at every opportunity. This is such a bad argument that it staggers the imagination why the administration would *still* be making it. In fact, I am embarrassed that these people even think that they have the knowledge and experience to make life and death decisions over American citizens.
The Federal government CANNOT force you to purchase auto insurance. Driving is a privilege not a right and the ability of states to regulate it is very broad. (For those that want to claim that driving is a right, the Court has been very clear that states can regulate driving and, as long as the state presents a compelling interest in encumbering driving, whether right or privilege, it is acting within its constitutional powers. See: Bell v. Burson, 182 F.2d 46 (1971), Hendrick v. Maryland, 235 U.S. 610, 622; Kane v. New Jersey, 242 U.S. 160, 167, Packard v. Banton, 264 U.S. 140 (1924)). States impose the insurance requirement, not the Federal government because states licence drivers and vehicles. If you are blind or a user of public transportation or just refuse to drive, a state is not going to force you to purchase auto insurance. Drivers carry required insurance to cover *damage done to others,* not themselves. Driving is, after all, a voluntary activity conducted on public property (roads); there is no requirement for licencing or insurance for those who drive only on their private property. People who don't drive on public roads aren't required to buy a licence or the insurance.
There are additional problems with this analogy as well. Those who *do* have auto insurance only file claims when significant damage occurs. Auto insurance doesn't pay for routine maintenance, like oil changes, lube jobs, and tire rotation. That's why auto insurance is relatively affordable.
Unlike Obamacare, auto insurance is priced to risk. If a driver lives in a high-crime area, then the premiums will rise to cover the risks associated with theft. If a driver has moving violations and accident, his premiums will go up, or in some cases, the insurer will cancel the policy. Other risk factors are factored into price, as well. Due to their propensity for causing losses, the youngest and oldest drivers pay more. Those who drive well and present a lower risk get rewarded with lower premiums. Right now, the federal government is preventing insurers in some instances from risk-pricing health insurance to impose government-approved *fairness.* Or, since the Obama administration loves the auto insurance analogy, your premiums will rise to compensate for the 18 year-old kid with 6 moving vehicle violations and 2 totaled automobiles. We will all pay more because the incentives for good behaviour, defencive driving, and reasonable maintenance have been removed.
Finally, can we please direct the extinguisher and put out the fire insurance analogy? If there is any analogy worse than the auto insurance dog, it is fire insurance laugher. If we forced insurers to write comprehensive policies on burning homes, we would have no insurers left in the market. In fact, IT IS NO LONGER INSURANCE. IT IS A COMPENSATION POLICY. Obama, Holder and Sebelius want health insurers, however, to do the same thing — and need the mandate to force all of us to assume that risk through the higher premiums that subsidise it. And, by the way, the government is doing *exactly* what they derogate — forcing insurers to write policies after the accident/fire/illness. Of course, this is what they want.
Now, I loathe government-run or even government-directed health care. I hate the NHS and would ONLY wish it on my worst enemies. If we get stuck with this lemon a/k/a Obamacare, I have only one, small favour to ask of you socialists, please put in a good word for me. I want a seat on the Comparative Effectiveness Board. You won't have to worry about paying or even insuring me. I'll take care of everything. Just, please, give me that seat because I would love to ration you nuts right out of existence!
FN1 : Barnett, Randy, http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=10942
FN2: Cassidy v. Dumle, 983 F.2d 161 (1992)
FN3: Harrison v. Merrimac, No. 05-1010
FN4: The "Elastic" Clause - The Necessary and Proper Clause, http://emp.byui.edu/MarrottR/101_ElasticClause.pdf
FN5: Preliminary Thoughts on Comstock, Constitutional Decapitation and Health Care, http://papehttp://volokh.com/2010/05/17/preliminary-thoughts-on-comstock/rs.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1589190
FN6: The 1.5 Trillion Dollar Fraud, http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=10944
FN7: Further Thoughts on the Virginia Health Care Ruling and the Necessary and Proper Clause, http://volokh.com/2010/12/13/further-thoughts-on-the-virginia-health-care-ruling-and-the-necessary-and-proper-clause/
FN8: http://volokh.com/author/randy/page/2/
FN9: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=410542&http://www.bing.com/search?FORM=DMDTDF&PC=VEOH&q=randy+barnett+%26+necessary+and+proper
FN10: White House Concedes Mandate is Unconstitutional, http://volokh.com/author/randy/page/2/


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yes they did make this gun, I have one of my own Wilmot Gun Co was a trade name sold in the US, but the actual manufacturer was Henri Pieper or Anciens Etablissments Pieper(1877-1957) in Belgium. With damascus barrels and external hammers, the gun was probably made c 1885-1900.
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Noticias comerciales
Pasir Gudang, Johor, 31 March 2011 – MOX-Linde Gases Sdn Bhd, a member of The Linde Group, today officially opened its new RM200 million (EUR 47 million) air separation plant (ASU) in Pasir Gudang, Malaysia.
The plant which started operations in November last year, was officially opened by Professor Dr Wolfgang Reitzle, Chief Executive Officer of The Linde Group, in a ceremony held earlier today. Also present at the launch was Tan Sri Dr Ahmad Tajuddin Ali, Chairman of MOX-Linde, Mr SY Wong, Managing Director of MOX-Linde, and Members of the Linde Executive Board, Dr Aldo Belloni and Mr Sanjiv Lamba. Mr Lamba is also the Regional Business Unit Head for Linde's gases business in South & East Asia.
Professor Dr Reitzle said, "This RM200 million plant is Linde's single largest investment in Malaysia, and demonstrates Linde's long term commitment to growing its business here. Asia is key in our company's strategy and we remain prepared to invest further in Asia and Malaysia to meet the growing demand for industrial gases in this region."
Mr Wong said, "This facility, which is capable of producing over 500 tonnes per day of gases and liquid, is one of the largest ASUs in Malaysia and the largest and only merchant plant strategically located in the south."
"From this site, MOX-Linde serves the steel and chemical industries in the area, including the world's largest palm-based edible oils and oleo-chemical cluster and also one of the largest petrochemical complexes in Malaysia located in the vicinity. It will also further strengthen MOX-Linde's leading position as the largest industrial gases company in Malaysia, and complement and strengthen The Linde Group's business operations in neighboring Singapore," Mr Wong added.
MOX-Linde operates 55 major plants and installations across the country, and is also executing its plans to set up the country's biggest carbon dioxide plant with an investment of RM60 million (EUR 14 million) in Kertih, Terengganu to increase on its existing production capability.
Over the past four years, MOX-Linde also brought on stream five new plants with an investment of approximately RM200 million (EUR 47 million). Its Shah Alam plant was commissioned at the end of 2007, and its Penang plant was commissioned the year after in 2008. In 2009, despite the weaker economic conditions at the time, MOX-Linde brought on-stream three major plants in Banting, Kulim and Kuantan.
About MOX-Linde Gases Sdn Bhd:
MOX-Linde Gases Sdn Bhd, a member of The Linde Group, is the leading industrial gas supplier in Malaysia since 1960. MOX-Linde manufactures and distributes industrial, specialty and medical gases, and provides a range of related services including the installation of gas equipment, pipelines and associated engineering services. In addition, MOX-Linde also offers packaged chemicals and welding products.
For more information, please see MOX-Linde's website at:
About The Linde Group:
The Linde Group is a world-leading gases and engineering company with around 48,500 employees working in more than 100 countries worldwide. In the 2010 financial year it achieved sales of EUR 12.9 bn. The strategy of The Linde Group is geared towards sustainable earnings-based growth and focuses on the expansion of its international business with forward-looking products and services. Linde acts responsibly towards its shareholders, business partners, employees, society and the environment – in every one of its business areas, regions and locations across the globe. Linde is committed to technologies and products that unite the goals of customer value and sustainable development.
For more information, see The Linde Group online at http://www.linde.com
Press Contact:
Cammie Leong
Corporate Services Manager
Phone: +60.3.7959-2181
E-Mail: firstname.lastname@example.com