text:
Methods and apparatus for examining tissue in vivo using the decay characteristics of scattered electromagnetic radiation
Methods and apparatus using the principles of time-resolved spectroscopy are disclosed. The present invention employs incident light pulses of sufficiently short duration to permit the rate of the rise and decay of such pulses to be measured. Consequently, the rate of decay, u, permits a determination of the concentration of an absorptive pigment, such as hemoglobin. The present invention also allows the precise path length the photons travel to be determined. Using this path length information and by measuring changes in optical density using known continuous light (CW) spectrophotometry systems, the methods and apparatus disclosed allow changes in the concentration of an absorptive pigment to be correctly be measured. From these data, the oxygenation state of a tissue region, such as the brain, can be accurately determined in real time.
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This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/287,847, filed Dec. 21, 1988, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,119,815.
This application is related to co-pending applications, Ser. No. 266,166, filed Nov. 2, 1988, in the name of Britton Chance, entitled, "Optical Coupling System for Use in Monitoring Oxygenation State Within Living Tissue", which is hereby incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein; and Ser. No. 266,019, filed Nov. 2, 1988, in the name of Britton Chance, entitled, "A User-Wearable Hemoglobinometer For Measuring the Metabolic Condition of a Subject", which is hereby incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to methods an apparatus for determining the concentration of tissue pigments, such as hemoglobin, using time-resolved pulses of light. The present invention relies upon the decay characteristics associated with absorptive pigments to derive their concentrations.
The utility of optical methods for studying metabolism and oxidative processes in cells and tissues was significantly enhanced in the early 1950's when time-sharing dual-wavelength systems were developed for the quantitation of small changes in the absorption of light in the visible and near-infrared (NIR) regions in highly scattering media, such as cell suspensions or muscle tissues. See Chance, B. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 22,619-627 (1951); Chance B. Biochemistry of Copper, ed. Peisach, J. (Academic, New York), pp. 293-303 (1966), which are incorporated by reference as if fully reproduced herein. Fluorescence signals from mitochondrial NADH complemented the absorption method for studies of the surface of heart, brain, and skeletal tissue. See Chance, B., et al., Nature (London) 195, 1073-1075 (1962) and Chance B. Science 120, 767-775 (1954). NIR spectroscopy has been used to detect the redox state of the copper component of cytochrome oxidase in mitochondria and yeast cells. See Chance, B. Biochemistry of Cooper, ed. Peisach, J. (Academic, New York), pp. 293-303 (1966); Chance, B. J. Biol. Chem 234, 3036-3040 (1959). Jobsis-Vander Vliet and coworkers pioneered the study of NIR absorption in tissue by transillumination. See Jobsis-Vander Vliet, F. F. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 191, 833-842 (1985); Jobsis-Vander Vliet, F. F., et al., J. Appl. Physiol. 113, 858,872 (1977); see also Rosenthal, M., et al., Brain Res. 108, 143-154 (1976). Algorithms have been developed to compensate for the interference from hemoglobin and myoglobin with cytochrome copper, as the latter may constitute as little as 5% of the total signal at 830 nm. See vanderZee. P. & Delpy, D. T. (1988) Oxygen Transport to Tissue X, eds. Mochizuki, M., et al., (Plenum, New York), pp. 191-197); see also Tamura, M. H., et al., Chemoreceptors and Reflexes in Breathing, ed. Lahiri, S. (Oxford, New York), in press.
An application of the principles of spectrophotometry is the use of continuous light (CW) illumination to determine the attenuation characteristic of light in systems containing localized deoxyhemoglobin (Hb) and to observe hypoxia in the brain. However, although CW systems can be used to quantify changes in optical density, they cannot quantify the concentration of an absorptive pigment.
The change in intensity of light, or the optical density (log Io/I), in an absorbing medium generally follows the Beer-Lambert Law:
log Io/I=ECL
where I is the intensity of light, E is the extinction coefficient, C is the concentration of an absorptive pigment in the medium, L is the optical path length, and the absorption per unit length is defined as u=EC=1/L (log Io/I). This law is the basis for modern spectrophotometry and, as well known to those of ordinary skill, has been repeatedly verified by both research and in industrial applications. The Beer-Lambert Law requires the determination of at least one of two quantities—specific absorption or path length—in addition to intensity. Since CW systems can only quantify changes in intensity, only the product uL can be determined.
When light is directed into an absorptive medium such as a tissue region, it is scattered, reflected, or it migrates from one point to another by a random walk or other diffusion process. The actual length traversed may be the distance between the light input and output in a rectilinear direction, since little or no light is believed to move in an orthagonal direction, except where florescence or other processes may be involved. Under these conditions, CW systems thus cannot independently quantify the specific absorption for a given medium. Therefore, the determination of the concentration of an absorptive pigment must necessarily be carried out by arbitrary calibrations using media of known values of CE in order to determine the relationship between optical density (OD) and path length (L). After L has been determined, the system can then be used to determine subsequent variations in the concentration of the absorptive pigment within a tissue region. This is the general method by which CW absorption spectrometry is carried out with scattering materials. Often, information concerning L is obtained at an adjacent wavelength, such as an isosbestic point. This method is particularly effective when two values of L are similar leading to what is termed precise dual wavelength spectrophotometry of biological tissue. See, for example, the system disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 266,166, filed Nov. 2, 1988, entitled, "Optical Coupling System For Use In Monitoring Oxygenation State Within Living Tissue", which is incorporated herein by reference as if fully reproduced herein.
Difficulties arise, however, when C for an absorptive material cannot be varied in a rational or known manner. For example, in living tissues, a known change in concentration, C, of an absorptive pigment such as hemoglobin may be difficult to impose, and if imposed, may result in traumatic consequences to the subject. In the case of limbs, tourniquet ischemia can be used to cause a known change in the concentration of hemoglobin, but individual variations and physiological adaptations may falsify any calibrations made. In the brain and heart, where oxygenation data are most needed, it is not possible to calibrate by large perturbations of the system, since damage or death might result. Under these conditions, it is difficult to calibrate the meaning of the trends in observations that may occur in some diseases such as neonatal hypoxia or adult stroke. Thus, the calibration method described loses its force and reliability. Similarly, although animal models have been resorted to for purposes of calibration, since the boundary conditions for photon migration—which are crucial—are likely to differ between the animal model and a human subject, these methods have also generally proven unsatisfactory.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Accordingly, it has now been found that the concentration of an absorptive pigment in a scattering medium can be quantitatively determined, thereby allowing the path length within the medium to be calibrated. The present invention discloses methods of determining the concentration of a tissue pigment with a known absorption spectrum by illuminating a portion of a tissue region at a first location with a pulse of light having a known duration. The migration of the pulse of light through the tissue region to a second location remote from the first location is then detected, and occurs as a rise to a maximum value and thereafter a decay in the intensity of light at the second location. The rate of decay of the light at the second location is determined; and is expressed as: −1/(L (log I)). This quantity is proportional to the concentration of a tissue pigment with a known absorption spectrum. Finally, the rate of decay, u, is divided by the extinction coefficient (E) to determine the concentration (C) of a particular tissue pigment with a known absorption spectrum.
The present invention is preferably used to determine the concentration of tissue pigments with known extinction coefficients such as hemoglobin, oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, or myoglobin.
In a preferred embodiment, the duration of the input pulse of light is less than about one nanosecond, and most preferably is about 6 picoseconds.
The methods of the present invention are useful for determining the concentration of tissue pigments in living tissue, and further, allow the concentration to be determined substantially instantaneously.
In use, the methods of the present invention preferably place the input pulse and output detector in proximity with the outer surface of the tissue region being studied. Most preferably, the location of the output detector is displaced from the location of the input pulse by a distance of at least several centimeters. Thus, the input pulse enters the tissue region and migrates to the adjacent output detector.
The methods of the present invention preferably include displaying the concentration of a tissue pigment with a known absorption spectrum as an absolute value from which the oxygen content of said region of tissue is determined.
The present invention also discloses apparatus comprised of a laser system capable of generating short pulses of light, transmitting them to the subject, detecting the photons after they have migrated through the subject, determining the rate of decay of the photons and processing the data collected into a final data set representing the concentration of an absorptive pigment having known absorptive characteristics.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of preferred apparatus for carrying out the methods of the present invention.
FIGS. 2 and 3 depict a plot of data describing intensity vs. time for light pulses collected from a human brain using the methods and apparatus of the present invention.
FIGS. 4 and 5 represent: a plot of intensity vs. time of light pulses in a cat brain before and after an infusion of hemoglobin.
FIGS. 6 and 7 represent a plot of intensity vs. time for a cat brain illustrating the effect of wavelength on decay kinetics.
FIG. 8 is a partially schematic depiction of a continuous light spectrophotometer.
FIG. 9 is a schematic of a cat's head, showing the relative angles at which excitation and detection ports are located.
FIG. 10 depicts the effect of distance between the light input and the hemoglobin containing compartment, derived using the apparatus illustrated in FIG. 8.
FIG. 11 compares inspirated oxygenation and EEG data from a human brain, as measured by different systems.
FIG. 12 compares inspirated oxygenation and pulse oximeter data with results obtained from both continuous and time resolved systems.
FIG. 13 illustrates an example of the derivation of the path length from time-resolved data.
FIG. 14 is a table containing data derived from models and experiments.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The time resolved or pulsed light spectroscopy of the present invention differs fundamentally from the continuous light (CW) spectroscopy described above. When the pulse duration of light entering a subject is sufficiently short compared to the time of traverse between input and exit, the distance travelled by the photons may be measured quantitatively. Under such conditions L, the distance traversed to the exit, and u, the absorption per unit length, can be determined.
By arranging the expression of the Beer-Lambert Law set forth above with the known quantities on the left, an equation for u results:
1/L log Io/I=u
This equation simply states that the absorption coefficient of a scattering medium which follows the Beer-Lambert Law is directly determined from the logarithm of Io/I with the change in the path length, L. A simple case occurs at a time long after the decay of the input pulse, where the output photons are only those which have been migrating within the tissue region being studied and are exiting therefrom.
The methods and apparatus of the present invention are based on the concept that path length can be measured when incident light pulses of sufficiently short duration are employed, and the measurements of u mentioned above are made. Analysis of experimental data has resulted in the conclusion that for a given set of conditions, the L values of the "tail end" of exiting photons increase in nearly exact proportionality to the increased optical density. It is observed that over 50% of the exiting photons from the human brain observe this law of proportionality. Thus, this law is directly applicable to living tissues, showing that a change of u is equal to the product of the change in extinction coefficient, E, exhibited at a particular wavelength and the change in the concentration, C, of a particular pigment. Thus, a change in concentration &Dgr;C can be calculated from: Δ   C = 1 Δ   EL  Δ  ( log  I o I )
Therefore, the determination of the absolute concentration of absorptive pigments requires a knowledge of u at an isosbestic wavelength where no absorption change is observed, as in the wavelengths chosen for the dual wavelength system described above. If, for example, u is the same at a pair of closely spaced wavelengths at which the tissue pigment exhibits a detectable value of &Dgr;u, the concentration can be determined for a pigment such as deoxyhemoglobin, in which the spectrum has a number of isosbestic points. The value of u at an isosbestic point is taken as representative of a baseline value, while the value of u at an adjacent wavelength, where the change in absorption between oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin is detectable, gives the concentration from the difference of the two u values:
u lambda2−u lambda1=(&Dgr;E(lambda2−&Dgr;E lambda1)×C
where lambda1 and lambda2 are two different wavelengths, and E is the extinction coefficient, from which C is determined on an absolute basis.
Many permutations, known to those of ordinary skill, of the derivation of the absolute concentration of an absorptive pigment set forth above are feasible. For example, multi-wavelength techniques in which the mixtures of absorptive pigments are deconvoluted appropriately may be employed.
Referring to FIG. 1, there is illustrated a block diagram showing the major components of a preferred embodiment of apparatus for carrying out the methods of the present invention. Initially, a 2 MHz signal is input to a mode-locking circuit to achieve short pulse widths. The signal from the mode locking circuit is in turn connected to a cavity dumped neodymium yttrium-aluminum-garnet (YAG) laser 10 to determine the pulse characteristics. The cavity dumped neodymium YAG laser 10 is used to excite a liquid dye laser 20 and generate short light pulses by cavity dumping. A 4 MHz signal is injected into the output pulse of the YAG laser 10 prior to its introduction into the liquid dye laser 20. Thus, in a preferred embodiment, the YAG laser 10 acts as a mode-locked exciter which is frequency doubled to 532 nm and excites a flowing stream of Syril dye (LDF 751, Exciton, Inc.) resulting in the activation of the liquid dye laser and producing a pulse having a wavelength of 760 nm with a repetition rate of 4 MHz. Depending upon the desired output frequency, the liquid dye laser also may preferably contain dyes ranging from styryl (760 nm) to Rhodamine 6G (630 nm). In a most preferred embodiment, a pulse train about 6 picoseconds (6×10−12 sec) in duration, and of an average intensity of about 30 milliwatts (mW) is generated.
The light pulses are coupled to the subject 30 via input light guide 22 and output light guide 24. In FIG. 1, the light guides 22, 24 are shown affixed to the head of a subject 30 in order to determine the oxygenation state of the brain, however, the methods and apparatus of the present invention are also useful for determining the oxygenation state of other tissue regions and for determining the concentrations of other tissue pigments, such as myoglobin, which have known absorptive characteristics. In a preferred embodiment, the light guides 22, 24 are flexible fiber optic guides, about 3 millimeters (mm) in diameter. It has been found through experimentation that exiting photons can be accumulated from points 2-10 centimeters (cm) apart on the circumference of the head, particularly the forehead. Therefore, when used on the forehead of a subject, as shown in FIG. 1, the distance between the input light guide 22 and the output light guide 24 should be between about 2 to 10 cm.
A detector 26 is connected to the output light guide 24. Preferably, the detector employed is a micro-channel plate detector. The detector 26 is in turn connected to a photomultiplier 40, for intensifying the signal. As will be understood by those of ordinary skill, the micro-channel plate detector 26 will have adequate gain, and preferably has time resolution on the order of about 50 picoseconds. Since the rise and fall times of the observed light pulse occur between 1.5 and 3.5 nanoseconds (ns) following the input pulse, in a preferred embodiment a 12 micro-channel plate, two-stage photomultiplier (e.g., Hamamatsu) provides an appropriate time resolution of approximately 100 picoseconds (0.1 ns), as required for these studies. A photomultiplier tube high voltage source 70 is also connected to the photomultiplier 40.
The output of the photomultiplier 40 is connected to a photon counting system in which roughly 100 "time bins" are employed, to accumulate the number of photons received over a period of between about 30 to 60 seconds. While in this mode of operation, only a single photon can be accepted per bin at any given time, thus total count rates of up to 40,000 per second are feasible without significant loss due to "pile up" or overburdening of the queue waiting to be received. The time course of the input/output pulse amplitude is thereby obtained. The output of the photomultiplier 40 is then fed to a photon counting system, preferably comprised of a constant fraction discriminator 50, which is a pulse amplitude discriminator in which the threshold for acceptance of a pulse is a constant fraction of the peak amplitude of the pulse. The signal is next input to a time to amplitude converter or scintillation counter 60, which produces an output pulse whose amplitude is proportional to the time difference between start and stop pulses. A multi-channel analyzer 70 and a personal computer 80 perform the final processing to convert the signal into a display format 90 or other data set.
The input pulse waveform is obtained by coupling the two fibers together through a simple optical attenuator. The output obtained by coupling the fibers to the forehead, for example, may be plotted graphically, the number of counts per channel preferably displayed on a time scale of about 1-5 nanoseconds (1-5×10−9 sec); the attenuation of the signal to 10−4 or 10−5 (40-50 dB) of initial intensity reached at about 5 nanoseconds following the input of the first pulse.
Thus, the pulsed light system of the present invention inputs a near-instantaneous light pulse into a tissue region and then detects the waveform of the "output" light intensity. This output rises to a maximum and then decays. In the presence of light absorptive materials, including tissue pigments such as hemoglobin and myoglobin, the decaying portion of the detected output is dominated at relatively long times by an exponential form:
I(t)≅Io exp(−2.303 kt) (1)
which is another expression of the generalized Beer-Lambert Law:
I(t)=Io exp(−2.303 E[C]L) (2)
or more simply:
u=1/L log Io/I=EC (3)
where E is the extinction coefficient, C is the concentration of the absorber, u is the specific absorption per unit length and L is the path length. The path length is simply related to t, the time required for light to traverse a given length, i.e., the "time of flight", by the equation:
L=ct/n (4)
where c is the velocity of light in the medium of interest and n is the medium's average refractive index. For example, for water these values are about n=1.33 and c=23 cm/ns.
In a semi-logarithmic plot of the detected light intensity, a approximately straight line with a negative slope is obtained. Since:
log Io/I=ECL=EC ct/n
This slope, u, is defined as:
u=1/L log Io/I=n/ct log Io/I=EC (5)
In order to observe changes of absorption, for example, due to deoxygenation of oxyhemoglobin (HbO2), then the concentration of the absorber may be calculated from the change in slope u:
&Dgr;C=&Dgr;u/&Dgr;E (6)
From the Beer-lambert Law, an expression relating the optical density (OD) of the light to the concentration of the absorber may be derived:
OD=log Io/I=E[C]L (7)
And accordingly, from equation (6), the concentration of an absorptive pigment, C, may be calculated:
Thus, it is now possible to determine the path length the photons travel by measuring changes in optical density and changes in concentration of an absorptive constituent in accordance with the methods and apparatus of the present invention. The following Examples illustrate both applications of the present invention and its use in conjunction with a CW system. See also, Chance, B. et al., "Comparison of time-resolved and -unresolved measurements of deoxyhemoglobin in brain", 88 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (Biochemistry) 4971-75 (July 1988), which is incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein.EXAMPLE I
The performance of the apparatus described above is shown in FIGS. 2 and 3. These results are taken from a human brain. The display of the waveform of the initial pulse excitation, as shown in FIG. 2, is obtained by coupling the fibers together through a 10−4 (40 dB) attenuator; the waveform of the response is plotted on an amplitude vs. time on a linear scale. In FIG. 3, the same data are shown, however, the absorption data are now plotted on a logarithmic scale (log1o). These results indicate that:
u=1/L log Io/I
is constant for the larger part of the decay intensity of the exiting photons, i.e., between about 2-5 ns.EXAMPLE II
FIGS. 4-7 depict the results of data taken from a preserved cat brain which has had hemoglobin injected into the contralateral hemisphere. FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 show that the value of u is increased by the injection of hemoglobin into the contralateral hemisphere. FIG. 6 and FIG. 7 illustrate that an increment of absorption is much greater in the injected cat head when a wavelength of about 760 nm is used instead of about 790 nm, the absorption being much greater at the former wavelength.
To measure penetration depths in the brain, the time resolution of the photon migration within various tissues and the models was evaluated. The absorption of visible and NIR light in highly scattering material has been described in the literature. See Duysens, L. Prog. BioPhys. Mol. Biol. 14, 1-104) (1964); Chance, B., et al., Nature (London) 195, 1073-1075 (1962); Chance B. Nature (London) 169, 215-230 (1952); Blumberg, W. E. Biophys. J. 51, 288 (1987) (abstr.); vanderZee, P. & Delpy, D. T. Oxygen Transport to Tissue X, eds. Mochizuki, (Plenum, New York), pp. 191-197 (1988) and Bonner, R. F., et al. J. Opt. Soc. Am. Sec. A 4, 423-432) (1987). Light is multiply scattered so that directionality is lost after a few scattering lengths. See Blumberg, W. E. Biophys. J. 51, 288 (1987) (abstract). Thus, the duration of a short pulse of radiation introduced into a highly scattering object, such as the brain, is observed to be greatly prolonged because of the long path of photon migration to the receiver site. When there is a specific absorber such as Hb (measured at 760 nm), the number of photons detected will be appropriately diminished.
In this Example, two synchronously pumped, tunable dye lasers (Coherent Laser Products Division), operating at 760 and 790 nm and pumped by the second harmonic of a CW NdYAG (neodymium/yttrium/aluminum-garnet) mode-locked laser, were used as the light source. The pulse length was about six picoseconds (6.0 ps), the pulse energy was 1.3 nJ per pulse, and the average power was 100 mW at 77 MHz. The decay of the radiation was recorded with a 0.2-cm fiber-optic probe coupled to a streak camera (Hamamatsu). The fibers were placed at various positions with respect to the input light to record the migration of light to the exit fiber. The velocity of light, c/n, in the brain tissue is taken to be 0.023 cm/ps for a refractive index of 1.3. The signal-to-noise ratio was adequate for 3 decades of logarithmic plot. The time-difference determinations are accurate to 10 ps.
The geometry of the cat-head model used in this Example is illustrated in FIG. 9, which indicates the point of input 100 of the laser light and the points 110, 120, at which a 0.2 cm diameter fiber probe was attached to obtain output signals. The points 110, 120 were chosen to correspond to the 2.0 cm separation of the milk model illustrated in FIG. 8 and three additional 3.0, 5.0, and 6.5 cm points at angles of 45 degrees, 60 degrees, and 90 degrees and 110 degrees, respectively.
To evaluate the changes of photon migration that occur when a known concentration (0.15 mM) of Hb is added to a localized region of a brain, the model used met the following requirements: (i) the brain was initially hemoglobin free, (ii) there was a portion of brain into which Hb could be injected and in which Hb would be stable, (iii) the brain could be observed without or with the skull, and (iv) it could be transported readily. This model involves redistribution of K+, Na+, and H2O that occur on death. However, the values of the logarithmic slope do not differ greatly from the in vivo condition; 0.08 as compared to 0.07 cm−1.
The animal was anesthetized with ketamine and heparinized (400 units/kg of body weight). The head was cleared of blood by exchange transfusion with Ringer's solution, which was followed by 10% (vol/vol) glycerol. Experimental observations were made before and after perfusion of one hemisphere (via the cannulated carotid artery) with Hb in blood cells at a normal hematocrit (40%). Subsequent analysis of the distribution of the hemoglobin showed 0.035 mM and 0.063 mM in the two hemispheres after reperfusion with blood.
FIGS. 4 and 5 show data obtained from a cat head before and after Hb injection at an angle of 90 degrees, which corresponds to a 4.2-cm distance between light input and output. In the absence of Hb, the half-width or scattering-time constant was 450 ps. When Hb was added to the contralateral hemisphere, a value of 360 ps was obtained. Referring to FIG. 5, the values of the logarithmic slope are 0.068 cm−1 and 0.081 cm−1, and L½ values were 6.7 and 4.8 cm, respectively.
FIGS. 6 and 7, the effect of wavelength upon the decay kinetics was measured at 760 and 790 nm. The angle between incidence and recording was 90 degrees. The specificity of wavelength dependence is shown; it is observed that the waveform decays more rapidly with 760-nm light than with 790-nm light. The scattering time constant at 790 nm is 430 ps, which decreases to 350 ps at 760 nm. Referring to FIG. 7, the logarithmic slope values are 0.072 and 0.084 cm , and the L½ values are 5.8 and 4.2 cm, respectively.EXAMPLE III
In order to compare the results achieved by the present invention with other systems, a continuous wave system, as illustrated in FIG. 8 was used. In this system, continuous wave excitation at 760 and 800 nm was time-shared through a single fiber-optic light guide 200. The detectors 210, 220 (Hamamatsu R928) have a high signal-to-noise ratio because of their measurement of light emitted from a large area (2 cm2 per detector). Light input and output were separated by 2 cm. A barrier 230 was used to minimize specular and short path reflections. See, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 266,166, filed Nov. 2, 1988, entitled, "Optical Coupling System For Use In Monitoring Oxygenation State Within Living Tissue", which is incorporated herein by reference as if fully reproduced herein.
The important spectral parameters of HbO2 and Hb required are the differences between their extinction coefficients at 760, 790, and 800 nm. These are 0.25, 0.086, and greater than 0.01 cm−1 mM−1, respectively. At a typical brain Hb value of 0.15 mM, a logarithmic slope of 0.038 cm−1 at 760 nm would be expected in a cat brain on deoxygenation with normal hematocrit and no light scattering. Therefore, u=0.25×0.15=0.038 cm−1.
To simulate the presence of the skull and to quantify the detection of HbO2 deoxygenation within a light-scattering volume, a model as shown in FIG. 8 was used. The use and verification of this type of model for these studies can be found in the literature, See vanderZee, P. & Delpy, D. T., Oxygen Transport to Tissue X, eds. Mochizuki, M., et al. (Plenum, New York), pp. 191-197 (1988) and Tamura, M. H., et al., Chemoreceptors and Reflexes in Breathing, ed. Lahiri, S. (Oxford, New York),(1987), in press. The larger vessel 240 (5.5-cm diameter) is filled with a tissue substitute 250 (artificial milk derivative) adjusted to mimic the NIR light-scattering property of the skull. Inside this container is a second vessel 260 containing 0.10-0.20 mM Hb and bakers' yeast 270 with an equivalent scattering power to simulate the blood-perfused brain tissue, 5-10% by weight. The yeast respiration causes a continuous deoxygenation of HbO2 so that determination of its absorption changes simulates anoxia in the brain. The internal vessel 260 is moveable with respect to the external one 240 so that a scattering volume of variable depth is interposed between the two.
Since the effect of distance between the light input 100 and the hemoglobin-containing compartment can be varied in the model system shown in FIG. 8, a plot of the signal caused by deoxygenation of 0.20 mM HbO2 can be displayed as a function of optical path through the milk substitute. The Hb/HbO2 signal decreases logarithmically as the length of the optical path through the milk substitute-containing vessel 240 was increased from 2 to 7 cm. This result can be observed by referring to FIG. 10. The slope is 0.014 cm−1, and the change in optical density extrapolated to zero thickness of the milk layer was 0.06. This may be compared with a logarithmic slope value of 0.050 cm−1 as calculated from the increment of the extinction coefficient (0.25 cm−1, mM−1) with 760 nm as a measuring wavelength and 800 nm as a reference wavelength. (see Table 1, discussed below)EXAMPLE IV
Further results were derived using a system constructed in accordance with the present invention applied to the temporal region of the head of a volunteer human subject. Breathing graded decreases of oxygen caused the subject's HbO2 to become partially deoxygenated, as shown in FIG. 11A. The subject's electroencephalogram (EEG) was also monitored and showed corresponding changes as oxygen delivery decreased, as seen in FIG. 11D. The EEG began to show altered activity as the inspired oxygen (FiO2) decreased to 0.10. The changes became marked at an FiO2 of 0.065, and this corresponds to the lowest degree of hemoglobin saturation. Immediately upon the subject's breathing room air, all parameters returned rapidly to normal. The total change in optical density at 760 nm with respect to that at 800 nm, was 0.18. The concentration change cannot be calculated without an estimate of L, the effective path length. For the expected value for 0.15 mM Hb, the apparent optical path as measured by the time-resolved spectroscopy methods of the present invention is about 9.6 cm, corresponding to a concentration change of 0.18/(0.25×9.6)=0.076 mM.
FIG. 11 shows that the results derived from data collected using continuous light spectrophotometry systems correlate well with physiological and biochemical parameters. As illustrated by FIGS. 12 and 13, the time-resolved spectroscopy methods of the present invention have the capability to determine the optical path length for a given application of a continuous light spectrophotometry system. The data shown in FIGS. 12 and 13 were collected from a patient undergoing hypoxia by breathing nitrogen, as indicated by the mass spectrographic recording of the fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2). The breathing of nitrogen impacts upon the pulse arterial saturation only mildly, as illustrated by FIG. 12B. Thus, merely viewing the pulse oximeter data by itself, the brain would be expected to be normally oxygenated. However, the direct measurements which are indicated in FIGS. 12C and 12D reveal that, in fact, an entirely different situation exists. FIG. 12C depicts the results obtained from the application of a continuous light system to the left forehead. These data show a continuous deoxygenation of the brain as the hypoxia becomes more severe. Continuous light spectrophotometry, see FIG. 12C, shows a change of absorption of 0.04 OD units as compared with FIG. 11C, a less severe, but significant hypoxia. FIG. 12D illustrates results obtained on the right hemisphere by the time-resolved spectroscopy system of the present invention. The values of u, in this case measured at 630 nm, are exemplary of the ability of the present invention to operate effectively in a wide range of wavelengths. In addition, FIG. 12D shows decreases which become more abrupt as the hypoxia increases. &Dgr;u is 0.03 cm−1.
One of ordinary skill will note the general parallelism between the two spectrophotometry methods, although the initial phase is less impacted upon, as measured by the longer migration distances of the pulsed light system. Knowing the extinction coefficient of hemoglobin at 630 nm, a total concentration change of 0.029 mM may be calculated. It is noteworthy that a greater degree of hyperemia is detected by continuous light than pulsed light; it is suspected that this is because the hypermia may be more prominent in the superficial layers to which the continuous method responds, while the pulses of light used in the time-resolved system probe the brain to greater depths.
Referring now to FIG. 13, there is illustrated a plot having the absorptive changes (changes in OD) measured by the continuous light system as the ordinate, and the concentration changes measured using the pulsed light system of the present invention also placed along the ordinate. These correlate well in the region of rapid change, and the slope of the line is calculated to be about 9.6 cm. Thus, the mean path length of the continuous light system may also be calculated to be about 9.6 cm and the concentration change , &Dgr;C, measured over this region is 0.020 mM.SUMMARY OF MODEL SYSTEMS
The results obtained from the models and systems discussed above are collected in Table 1. Table 1 provides a number of properties of the light-pulse output of several models to a picosecond-light-pulse input. The outputs are evaluated by several criteria: the pulse width; the angle between light input and output (Table 1, column 3; and FIG. 9); the logarithmic slope, and L½. The short pulse observed in reflection from a surface in water (40 ps) was broadened to 110 ps in the milk model, to nearly 500 ps in the preserved cat brain and in the adult human brain. The criterion of interest here is the slope of the experimental decay (Table 1, column 6).
In Table 1, values of logarithmic slope for a variety of angular positions and distances on the circumference on the brain, all measured with respect to the input pulse are summarized. In the cat brain of Example II, 45 degrees and 60 degrees gave the same result, and 90 degrees gave a 20% increase of lifetime (a 20% decrease of slope). The corresponding separations are 2.0, 3.0, and 5.0 cm. Thus, the decay rate of light observed does not depend critically upon the location of the fibers. This validates that the 2.0-cm separation of input and output used with the continuous illumination of the human brain, gives a penetration of 50% of the emitted light to several centimeters.
The studies with pulse-light illumination establish the potential of the two wavelength approach to in vivo NIR reflectance spectroscopy. FIG. 11 demonstrates that the CW measurements correlate with changes in the EEG, which also a measure of brain oxygen availability during hypoxia. The difference between NIR spectroscopy of the human head and visible spectroscopy of the finger (pulse oximeter) is consistent with the above suggestion that the NIR data represent brain arteriole-venule capillary hemoglobin, while the pulse oximeter measures peripheral arterial saturation. Deoxygenation in the adult gives a change in optical density of at least 0.18. The high rate of oxygen utilization of the brain affords a high sensitivity of brain capillary oxygen content for the detection of early ischemia.
The NIR CW signals (2.0 cm2 area for each detector in the milk model) give an apparent logarithmic slope of 0.06 cm−1 for the detection of hemoglobin signals in the model of FIG. 8. However, the hemoglobin concentration is underestimated by interposing the non-hemoglobin containing barrier—a loss of about 25% per cm. The pulsed-light data for the milk model give a logarithmic slope of 0.083 cm−1. The cat brain gives a logarithmic slope equal to 0.081 cm−1, a value similar to that of the milk model. The latter values change only 20% when the spacing of the light input and output is increased from 2.0 to 5.0 cm. The human head gives a logarithmic slope of 0.07 cm−1 and L½ equal to 4.0 cm. These values suggest the applicability of the milk model and the cat brain model to the CW data of FIGS. 10 and 11. Thus, it appears that a simple dual-wavelength CW spectrometer, as shown in FIG. 8, can measure the state of hemoglobin oxygenation within the brain, once the path length has been calibrated.
It ha been found that boundary conditions have a large effect upon the apparent length of photon diffusion. Surprisingly, the effect of reflections from the skull is large and prolongs the half-time from 290 to 470 ps at 90 degrees, producing an increase in the L½ values from 3.3 to 5.6 cm. Artifactual reflections, due to the frontal sinuses are readily observed, and fast passage through the subarachnoid space, is observable. In fact, when the spacing of input and output exceeds 10 cm, the L½ appears to decrease, suggesting that "transcranial" geometries may be suboptimal and artifactual. See Jobsis, et al. J. Appl. Physiol. and Jobsis, et al. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., supra.
The present invention allows quantitative results to be obtained in scattering tissues. Table 1 shows two types of perturbations of the logarithmic slope, by the presence or absence of concentration of hemoglobin (Hb and HbO2), and, by a change of wavelength. In the center portion of the milk model shown in FIG. 8, the Hb/HBO2 (0.15 mM Fe) change at 760 nm gives a change in logarithmic slope of 0.022 cm−1. In the contralateral portion of the brain shown in FIG. 9, the injection of 0.15 mM Hb gave a logarithmic slope of 0.023 cm−1. That these are specific absorption effects is supported by the change of wavelength from 760 to 790 nm; the change in the logarithmic slope is 0.017 and 0.002 cm−1 mM Hb and HbO2, respectively. In the cat brain, the change in the logarithmic slope is 0.011 cm−1 corresponding to a concentration of 0.44 mM as compared with 0.35 and 0.65 mM in the two hemispheres, or 0.50 mM. Since the goal of these experiments is to ensure the diffusion of light into the center of the milk model and into the contralateral hemisphere of the cat-brain model, it would be expected that only a fraction of the Hb added would be found. In the milk model, 0.09 mM is found (the change in extinction coefficient is equal to 0.25 cm−1, mM−1), and in the cat brain, 0.050 mM is found.
Thus, one would expect at least 0.15 mM hemoglobin would be found in FIG. 11 and that the path-length estimate of 5.0 cm is a good approximation for the 4.0 cm2 aperture hemoglobinometer. The wavelength dependence of the scattering is too small to be detected when the wavelength is changed from 790 to 760 in the cat brain. Thus, the dual-wavelength determination of hemoglobin seems unaffected. It appears that the time-resolved method greatly increases the usefulness of optical spectroscopy in tissue.
The pulse-light study affords key information on the penetration obtained with the simpler CW method and validates input/output spacings of 2.0 cm and upwards for the simpler system. The detection of tissue volumes containing Hb is demonstrated by using time-resolved spectroscopy. In large objects, the requirements of a system may be relaxed to permit 20- to 50-ps input light pulses (available from NIR laser iodes in the IR region) to obtain the scattered light decay over 3 decades of intensity. Highly significant information appears to be available in the Beer-Lambert law dependence of the relaxation times, particularly for the detection of the concentration of the absorber and the value of the extinction coefficient. It appears that a deconvolution theorem based upon multiple wavelengths and multiple input/output sites may also shed light on the imaging problem.
1. A method of spectroscopic examination of biological tissue for determining a selected property, the tissue lying between an optical input port and an optical detection port of a spectrophotometer applied to the subject, an optical path length between said ports being determined by scattering and absorptive properties of the tissue, the improvement comprising the steps of:
- (a) introducing into the tissue, at said input port, pulses of at least two wavelengths of visible or near infrared electromagnetic radiation, said wavelengths selected for the determination of said tissue property, each pulse having an input waveform of duration of a nanosecond or less,
- (b) detecting over time, at said detection port, at each of said wavelengths, radiation of a pulse waveform formed by photons that have migrated over scatter paths in said scattering and absorptive tissue from the input port located several centimeters from the detection port,
- (c) storing over time signals corresponding to detected photons that have migrated over said scatter paths and representing a detected pulse waveform, change in shape of the detected pulse waveform at each wavelength relative to the input pulse waveform being attributable to the absorptive and scattering properties of said tissue in the path over which said radiation migrates,
- (d) and comparing, over time, the detected pulse waveform at said wavelengths and the introduced pulse waveform in manner to determine said selected tissue property.
2. The method of claim 1 in which said wavelengths are selected respectively such that radiation of a first wavelength is absorbed by a constituent of interest that may be present in the tissue and radiation of the second wavelength is absorbed much less by said constituent than radiation of the first wavelength, said second wavelength selected to serve as baseline, in obtaining a quantitative measure of the absorptive property of said constituent.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein rates of decay of the detected waveforms are compared to determine the absorptive property of said constituent of interest.
4. For use in method of spectroscopic examination of a substance that lies in a path between an optical input port and an optical detection port of a spectrophotometer, the substance having scattering and absorptive properties, the method comprising the time-dependent steps of:
- (a) introducing to the scattering and absorptive substance, at said input port, at least one selected wavelength of visible or near infrared electromagnetic radiation pulse having an input waveform of duration of a nanosecond or less,
- (b) detecting over time, at said detection port, at said selected wavelength, radiation of a pulse waveform formed by photons that have migrated over scatter paths in said scattering and absorptive substance from the input port located several centimeters from the detection port,
- (c) storing over time signals corresponding to detected photons that have migrated over said scatter paths and representing a detected radiation pulse waveform, change in the detected radiation pulse waveform from the input pulse waveform being attributable to the absorptive and scattering properties of said substance in paths through which photons said radiation migrate, and
- (d) determining the effective length of said paths over which said detected radiation migrates, said length being dependent on degree of scattering and absorption in the light-scattering substance, by determining change between the input pulse waveform and the detected pulse waveform measured over time for said wavelength.
5. A method of spectroscopic examination of biological tissue of a subject lying between an optical input port and an optical detection port of a spectrophotometer applied to the subject, optical pathlength between said ports being dependent upon scattering and absorptive properties of the tissue, the method comprising the steps of:
- (a) introducing into the tissue at the input port a pulse having an input waveform of duration of a nanosecond or less of a selected wavelength of visible or near infrared radiation,
- (b) detecting over time, at the detection port, radiation of a pulse waveform formed by photons that have migrated over scatter oaths in the tissue from the input port located several centimeters from the detection port,
- (c) storing over time signals corresponding to detected photons that have migrated over said scatter paths and representing a detected pulse waveform,
- (d) determining change in shape of the detected pulse waveform at said wavelength relative to the input pulse waveform, and
- (e) based upon said change, determining a desired spectroscopic parameter related to a constituent of the tissue in which said radiation has migrated.
6. The method of claim 5 wherein said spectroscopic parameter is an optical pathlength of photons migrating between said input port and said detection port, said pathlength is changing with change in said constituent of the tissue.
7. A method of spectroscopic examination of biological tissue of a subject lying between an optical input port and an optical detection port of a spectrophotometer applied to the subject, an optical pathlength between said ports being determined by scattering and absorptive properties of the tissue, the method comprising the steps of:
- (a) introducing into the tissue at the input port a pulse having an input waveform of duration of a nanosecond or less of a selected wavelength of visible or near infrared radiation,
- (b) detecting over time, at the detection port, radiation of a pulse waveform formed by photons that have migrated over scatter paths in the tissue from the input port located several centimeters from the detection port,
- (c) storing over time signals corresponding to detected photons that have migrated over said scatter paths and representing a detected pulse waveform,
- (d) determining change in shape of the detected pulse waveform, at said wavelength, relative to the input pulse waveform, said change being attributable to said absorptive and scatter properties of the tissue in which the radiation migrates, and
- (e) based upon said change in shape of the detected pulse waveform, characterizing the tissue in which the radiation migrated.
8. The method of claim 5 or 7 wherein the determined change in the shape of the detected pulse waveform is in a rate of decay of the detected pulse waveform, said rate of decay being indicative of the absorptive property of the tissue.
9. The method of claim 5 or 7 wherein the determined change is a scattering-time constant that is indicative of the scattering property of the tissue.
10. The method of claim 5 or 7 wherein pulses of at least two different wavelengths of visible or near infrared radiation are introduced into the tissue at the input port and detected over time at the detection port, and the change in the detected pulse shape at each wavelength relative to the respective input pulse shape is determined, and said changes are compared in a manner to produce a quantitative indication of a property of a constituent of the tissue.
11. The method of claim 10 wherein said wavelengths of said pulses are selected respectively such that radiation of a first wavelength is absorbed by said constituent of interest that may be present in the tissue and radiation of the second wavelength is absorbed much less by said constituent than radiation of the first wavelength, said second wavelength selected to serve as baseline for quantitative measurement of concentration of said constituent.
12. The method of claim 11 wherein the method is employed to determine hemoglobin deoxygenation of living tissue.
13. The method of claim 7 or 4 further comprising the step of selecting different distances said between input port and said detection port to change the paths through which photons of said radiation (migrates) migrate.
14. The method of claim 13 wherein said step of selecting different distances between said input port and said detection port to change the paths through which photons of said radiation migrate comprises using at least one said optical input port and at least one said optical output port, said optical ports being applied at varying locations of the examined biological tissue.
|September 11, 1979
|December 3, 1985
|Hiruma et al.
|June 23, 1987
|May 23, 1989
|Cho et al.
|May 23, 1989
|Cho et al.
|February 18, 1992
- "Comparison of... " Chance et al; Biochemistry, vol. 85, Jul 1988 pp 4971-4975.
- "Model for Photon Migration in Tirbiel Biological Media" by Bonner et al; Japt Soc. Am; vol. 4, No. 3 Mar. 1987.
- Delpy et al., "Estimation of optical pathlength through tissue from direct time of flight measurement," Phys. Med. Biol., 33:1433-1442 (1988).
- Chance, B. (1951) Rev. Sci. Instrum. 22, 619-627.
- Chance, B. (1966) Biochemistry of Copper, ed. Peisach, J. (Academic, New York), pp. 293-303.
- Chance, B., Legallais, V. & Schoener, B. (1962) Nature (London) 195, 1073-1075.
- Chance, B. (1954) Science 120, 767-775.
- Chance, B. (1959) J. Biol. Chem. 234, 3036-3040.
- Jobsis-VanderVliet, F.F. (1985) Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 191, 833-842.
- Jobsis, F.F., Keizer, J.H., LaManna, J.C. & Rosenthal, M. (1977) J. Appl. Physiol. 113, 858-872.
- Rosenthal, M., LaManna, J.C., Jobsis, F.F., Levasseur, J.E., Kontos, H.A. & Patterson, J.L. (1976) Brain Res. 108, 143-154.
- vanderZee, P. & Delphy, D.T. (1988) in Oxygen Transport to Tissue X, eds. Mochizuki, M., Honig, C.R., Koyama, T., Goldstick, T.K. & Bruley, D.F. (Plenum, New York), pp. 191-197.
- Tamura, M.H., Hazeki, O., Nioka, S., Chance, B. & Smith, D.S. (1987) in Chemoreceptors and Reflexes in Breathing, ed. Lahiri, S. (Oxford, New York), in press.
- Duysens, L. (1964) Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 14, 1-104.
- Chance, B. (1952) Nature (London) 169, 215-230.
- Blumberg, W.E. (1987) Biophys. J. 51, 288 (abstr.).
- Bonner, R.F., Nossal, R., Havlin, S. & Weiss, G.H. (1987) J. Opt. Soc. Am. Sec. A 4, 423-432.
- Galeotti et al. (Eds.), Membrane in Cancer Cells, 551 N.Y. Acad. Sci (1988) (preface).
Type: Grant
Filed: Apr 30, 1992
Date of Patent: Feb 20, 2001
Assignee: Non-Invasive Technology, Inc. (Philadelphia, PA)
Inventor: Britton Chance (Marathon, FL)
Primary Examiner: David M. Shay
Attorney, Agent or Law Firm: Fish & Richardson P.C.
Application Number: 07/876,364
International Classification: A61B/310;


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COLUMBUS, Ohio (AP) -- The president of Somalia says the group claiming responsibility for the weekend terrorist attack at a Kenyan mall presents a threat not just to Africa but to the entire world.
Kenyan authorities say dozens of people have died in the attack. Somali militant group al-Shabab (ahl-shah-BAHB') has claimed responsibility.
Somali President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud (hah-SAHN' SHAYKH' moh-HAH'-muhd) says reports that some of the attackers may have been Somalis who lived in the United States illustrate the global nature of al-Shabab.
Mohamud said after a Monday speech at Ohio State University in Columbus that he has spoken with the president of Kenya and plans to visit the country.
Mohamud says his government is committed to uprooting al-Shabab. He says maintaining security is his top priority as Somalia rebuilds after decades of civil war and terrorist threats.

subset: commoncrawl


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Property TypeLand – Homesite
SubdivisionCordillera F27 - Settlers Wood
Listing Date06/07/19
AreaCordillera - The Summit
Lot Size2.02 Acres (87,991 SqFt)
Property Description
Fire Sale! 2+ acres on the Lower Summit with views of the Gore Range for $50,000! Gently sloping lot with access road already paved and ready to go. Creek runs along the lower side of the property in this neighborhood that is growing - the properties are so large that there is plenty of privacy. Two minutes to the Summit Athletic Center, 7 minutes to the front gates of The Ranch. Beautiful, bucolic views of meadow and mountains. Come quick and see! Call Pam/Brooke for plat map.
Presented By
- See Remarks
- Mountains
- Valley
- Clubhouse
- Club Membership Avai
- Fitness Center
- Pool
- Racquetball
- Tennis
- District Water
- Snow Removal
- Trash Pickup
Financial Information
4 Beds 5 Baths
We get asked this question a lot. Below is a tool that gives you the ability to see what the market is like in your community. Find out what homes like your own are selling for right in your back yard. Simply enter in your address, choose the proximity of the search and find out market data for other homes that are selling near you.
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Welcome to Watch List, where we identify five things on TV to watch while you stay at home and up your Vicodin dosage. LET'S GO!
AMERICAN IDOL – 8:00PM (FOX) Here we go. "Idol" either rebounds this season or falls completely into the abyss. No more Simon. No more Ellen. No more… uh… what was that girl's name? You know, the one who didn't matter? Her name and face and personality and usefulness completely escape me. Oh well. No worries. Tonight producers unveil their newest judging panel, which includes Jennifer Lopez, who I presume demanded her seat be covered in rose petals and misted with Echinacea, and Steven Tyler, who is barely there at this point.
"Idol" people will tell you the show has always been about the singers and not the judges, but you and I know better, don't we? It's always been about the judges. And last year, the judges (including Simon) did an awful job of both identifying talent and calling out that talent when it was lousy. If "Idol" has any hope of avoiding the TV dustbin, the new judges better be candid, and they better seem genuinely interested in how this thing turns out. Also on hand will be Jimmy Iovine, the dude who runs Interscope and who will presumably be there to help the singers suck less. It's a total overhaul, which is what this show needed. But if it turns out to have been done wrong, there won't be a second overhauling. ANTICIPATION: HIGH!
RETIRED AT 35 – 10:30PM (TVLand) TVLand has plotted an ingenious strategy by creating new sitcoms that have the look and feel of the very same old reruns they air for the rest of the day. So following "Hot in Cleveland" tonight will be this new show, which features a very sitcommy plot (dude moves into his parents retirement village), one very sitcommy dad (George Segal), and the incomparable Jessica Walter. Will it feel stale? If the network has its way, the answer to that will be a most definite yes. ANTICIPATION: RETRO!
JAMES ELLROY'S LA: CITY OF DEMONS – 10:00PM (ID) The legendary author hosts his own true crime docuseries. The first crime he profiles? The murder of his own mother. Holy smokes. This man really knows how to cut to the bone. There's also this:
As he explores the L.A. underworld in City of Demons, technology-phobe Ellroy is accompanied onscreen by a computer-generated, talking bull terrier K-9 cop named Barko, whose personal quirks include dealing drugs and planting guns on suspects.
That's either gonna be awesome or horrible. Not sure which. ANTICIPATION: ELLROY!
BLUE BLOODS – 10:00PM (CBS) CBS has moved this show off the weekend beat and placed it dead center in the middle of the week. And so the pendulum swings in Bridget Moynahan's favor. Karma's a beeyotch, Tom Brady! ANTICIPATION: MUSTACHES!
EXTRA VIRGIN – 10:00PM (Cooking) Actress Debi Mazar gets her own cooking show. Why? Well, I didn't see you volunteering for the gig. ANTICIPATION: HEAT!
Wednesday Watch List: NEW IDOL IDOLNESS!
Welcome to Watch List, where we identify five things on TV to watch while you stay at home and up your Vicodin dosage. LET'S GO!


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Bobcat Company leads the industry in the design, manufacture, marketing and distribution of compact equipment for construction, rental, landscaping, agriculture, grounds maintenance, government, utility, industry and mining. We strive to empower our customers to do their jobs more efficiently and effectively.
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Birth Year
I was lucky enough to be a part of Impulsion Unlimited as a working student for almost three years. Working with Sue and Jeff was an amazing experience that has opened many doors for me as a rider as well as giving me great tools for building a successful business. Sue is a great training and instructor. She stays positive when teaching and allows time for you to understand the concepts on your own. I learned so much about training from un-started young horses through FEI. She also always has great horses to ride!
Jeff has developed a wonderful approach to successful horse sales and is very open to sharing his system. It was great to work with a business minded, honest professional in the horse industry. Every customer receives open and honest information about each horse and it was rewarding being a part of some of the great matches that have been made.
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Impulsion Unlimited is great place for horses and riders to learn what is needed for the next stage of their careers!


text:
PARIS (Reuters) - Societe Generale, France's second-biggest listed bank, has received a new request for information from U.S. authorities investigating the Libor rate-fixing scandal, a banking source told Reuters on Friday.
SocGen has already said publicly it is cooperating with probes into whether banks manipulated the Libor rate - the benchmark for $300 trillion of contracts and loans across the world - and is conducting its own internal inquiry.
"The request is not a subpoena to appear in a court but a request for more information from U.S. regulators," the source said.
SocGen declined to comment. Chief Executive Frederic Oudea reiterated last month that the bank had not received any allegation or charge linked to the probe.
Earlier press reports said SocGen was among nine banks to have received subpoenas in connection with the probe in August and September.
The ongoing rate-rigging probe led by regulators in the U.S. and U.K. has already ensnared major banks like Britain's Royal Bank of Scotland, Bank of America and Switzerland's UBS. Barclays, the first bank to settle charges, lost its chief executive over the scandal.
Shares of the bank were down 2.7 percent to 24.21 euros ($31.38), broadly in line with other French banks following a downgrade of BNP Paribas, France's No. 1 listed bank, by Standard & Poor's.
Reporting by Lionel Laurent and Matthias Blamont; Editing by James Regan and Christian Plumb


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Mastercut Tool Corp.
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Geeks, gamers, friends, family, wholehearted GANG supporters.. It's time for some #RealTalk. I have an urgent message: I need you (and I do not say that lightly)!
I am not one to ask for hand-outs or "sell out". I try to avoid excessive monetization of content because it can detract from the message and overall experience… But I realize things do not happen unless you ask. Here I am asking humbly and wholeheartedly:
I need your help. Bloo needs your help. If you're ready to donate right away to help a precious little life, here is the widget. You can also use the ImRaising donation page.
…This Is Bloo:
Bloo is the GANG mascot but that makes light of our relationship. She is one of my dearest friends and family members. Some may find this weird but I feel a strong bond towards this creature of God. Of course, I love my family but Bloo is a helpless creature.. And she is not doing well.
Bloo is one of the many animal rescues we have nursed back to health. She was left to fend for herself inside a mailbox in our community. Every month I encounter two or three stories like this. It angers me that people can be so careless, heartless, and just plain EVIL. Usually, we help abandoned pets recover and find them loving homes with responsible families. I have grown particularly attached to this lil gal. That is why it hurts me to know that the rough patch we have hit prevents me from taking her to the vet now that she could really use a good check-up, just to be safe.
What's Wrong With Bloo?
Well, it seems like it is just a sprained leg or, at worst, a dislocated hip. The pet community has been reassuring but most pet lovers have told me what I already know: "Take her to a vet already!" It seems others have encountered similar symptoms with no complications but seeing Bloo hobble along and struggle with basic functions.. It hurts me deeply.
I am choking back tears as I write this. Those that know me on a very personal level know that, when I let someone in, I love you fully.. without hesitation.
I am not a proud person but I feel like such a scrub for not being able to provide for my family fully right now. Between unexpected car repairs, increases in utility costs, and other bills, money is being spent faster than I can make it right now. Many of you have donated in countless ways without my asking. I truly appreciate that.. but now I must ask for more.. Just a bit more.


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We're still helplessly dreaming of the moment we'll get to dust off and debut our summer duds, but in reality we know all too well that those chances are slightly slim (until September and October). Instead of lamenting our longing to sport skirts sans tights, we've been channeling our energy into equally eye-catching accessories. And thanks to S.F.-based brand The 2 Bandits, we've been on a jewelry-copping streak as of late (turquoise bow-tie choker? don't mind if we do!). Designer Tamar Wider crafts whimsical, expressive, Cali-cool jewels that draw influence from the scenic settings in San Francisco to the dusty, Texas terrain.
The company's latest holiday lookbook definitely exudes those Western-meets-woodland vibes. "I am heavily inspired by my Southern Texas roots combined with the laid-back style that is so true to San Francisco," says designer Tamar Wider. "I try to paint a picture of Woodstock in Texas and Southwestern bohemian — that's The 2 Bandits." We're digging everything about this lookbook — and it kind of makes us want to take a road trip. Who's with us?
Photo: Courtesy of Zoey Grossman


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Though Sochi's Alpine events don't kick off until Sunday, American Bode Miller has already fired the opening salvo in his quest for a second Olympic gold medal by winning Thursday's first downhill training run.
The 36-year-old New Hampshire native and five-time Olympian proved he's the man to beat in Sunday's main event by taking an aggressive line down the challenging Rosa Khutor course, edging out Switzerland's Patrick Kueng by a scant 0.03 seconds.
So does this mean Miller is a shoe-in for gold in Sunday's downhill? Not quite.
Miller's been fast in training on Alpine Skiing's World Cup tour all season long, but those fast times haven't always translated into results on race day. During training on Kitzbuhel, Austria's famed Hahnenkamm downhill last month, Miller scorched the field by nearly a full second in the event's sole training run, only to fall short on race day and settle for third.
On paper, a series of critical mistakes before that course's crucial gliding section (where carrying speed is vital) cost Miller the Hahnenkamm title. But, ironically enough, Miller's perfection in training also contributed to his downfall. By taking a higher, tighter line through the course's twisty upper section, Miller essentially laid down a blueprint for success. Meaning all his competitors had to do was study video of his training run, then emulate his tactics on race day.
Therein lies the dilemma of training runs — does a skier give it everything they've got in the hopes of perfecting their line but risk revealing too much, or do they play their cards a bit closer to the vest? Because training runs don't serve as qualifications for top skiers (some national teams, including the U.S., use training runs to determine the fourth and final spot on the downhill team) or have any effect on overall time, most skiers are free to experiment. Over the next two days in Sochi (where there are a total of three training runs) you'll see a mix of skiing, with some racers laying down the gauntlet and others playing possum, tackling certain sections aggressively and others easily.
And then some, like 2013 downhill World Champ Aksel Lund Svindal of Norway, will use training to see how hard they can push it and just what they can get away with. Svindal—the 2010 downhill silver medalist and arguably Miller's biggest rival for gold—used Thursday's opening training run to see how straight a line he could take through the course's tightly set gates and paid the consequences. He was forced to slow down in order to complete the run and finished well over a second behind Miller.
"I'm not surprised but I also think I can catch up a lot of that time. Because I made some mistakes," a cool-headed Svindal told reporters at the finish. If the big Norwegian discovers the fastest line down the course over the next two training runs, he'll be a major threat on Sunday.
Of course having a good training run is never a bad thing, and Miller—not one to hold back—will gain a lot of confidence from his performance on Thursday. But it also puts the American in the hot seat for Sunday, as now all eyes will be squarely on him to replicate the run when it counts. In other words, the pressure is on.
Fortunately, Miller—a 2010 Olympic gold medalist and a consummate big event skier—has been in positions like this before. In the meantime, watch for the Alpine veteran to continue laying it on the line, trimming time as he builds for Sunday's main event.
Bode Miller Wins First Downhill Training Run — Now What?
Clocking the fastest time is great for Bode Miller's confidence, but it does not guarantee he'll win Sunday's medal event. Here's why…
Though Sochi's Alpine events don't kick off until Sunday, American Bode Miller has already fired the opening salvo in his quest for a second Olympic gold medal by winning Thursday's first downhill training run.


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So, we've got some new speculative science fictional motion pictures coming out, involving Giant Things Crashing Into Or On Top Of Each Other, and they all released trailers this week.
That is goddamn insane, to ask me to have opinions about Superman AND The Lone Ranger in the span of a day. Be more considerate, Hollywood.
But what amused me the most about After Earth (which is bafflingly named, since the Will Smith informs his son that the harsh alien landscape they have crashed into is, in fact, Earth, so don't piss on my head and tell me it's raining, movie!) and Pacific Rim (probably the most relaxing name a film about giant robots fighting monsters can have) were the character names.
Will Smith's character, you see, is named Cypher Raige.
A screenwriter who was possibly not M. Night Shyamalan sat down, wrote something like, "Ext. – Earth Not Earth?, Night: CYPHER RAIGE looks on at his clone son, forlornedly…" and saw NOTHING THAT MIGHT NEED EDITING.
So yes, I've just been laughing at that name in my head all week.
Then came Pacific Rim, and…well, here: (more…)


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Many Women Do Noble Things Card - Proverbs 31:29
by Treasured Creativity
Taken from the Proverbs 31, this dainty watercolour painted card would make for a lovely message to encourage, uplift and cheer on the women in your life.
Ships from United Kingdom
Ready for dispatch in 1-3 Business Days
- International - £8.00
Product description
Many women do noble things, but you surpass them all - Proverbs 31:29
Taken from the Proverbs 31, A Wife of Noble Character passage. This dainty watercolour painted card would make for a lovely message to encourage, uplift and cheer on the girls in your life.
Card size 155mm x 155mm
All our cards are blank on the inside so that you have space to write your own personal message.
Each card from Treasured Creativity is hand drawn and professionally printed on white 330gsm card and comes with a kraft envelope wrapped inside a cellophane sleeve.
Please note that colours may vary slightly due to monitor settings.
You can like/follow us on:
Facebook: www.facebook.com/treasuredcreativity
Instagram: @treasuredcreatvity
Thank you for looking and may God bless you.
Meet the Maker
Treasured Creativity
Designing Scripture cards, Bible verse prints & gifts all to bless and encourage you with the Word of God.
Hello and welcome!
My name is Beth and I am the face behind Treasured Creativity.
I create and sell Christian greeting cards, prints, bookmarks and other creations all promoting the Word of God. Every one of these products have been hand drawn, painted using watercolour and professionally printed in Wales.
Treasured Creativity started in July 2017 after God placed on my heart a passion for painting and calligraphy and a real desire to pursue being creative with His Word. My heart for Treasured Creativity is that people would receive a card and be encouraged to spend more time with Him. Or for someone who doesn't yet know Jesus to walk into a home with walls decorated in Biblical truth (with amazing Christian artwork) and be intrigued to find out more. My prayer is that it would glorify the name of God and in some small way contribute in bringing more people to Him.
We have brand new products and designs in the making, so make sure to keep an eye out for those.
In the meantime, I would love to connect with you. You can find me on Instagram @treasuredcreativity


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The Inn At Dickens House
Not many buildings in Florida can make that claim, and for the last 14 years, it has served Tampa Bay as a bed and breakfast. Relax in the skillful 5 year restoration of this former 8 apartment slum, now an award winning 1912 Arts and Crafts, 5 room B&B. Marvel at the warm natural woods – comfortable and rich in detail, but without clutter and fuss. Artfully hidden within this restored St. Petersburg Bed and Breakfast is everything necessary to accommodate modern business and vacation needs. Recognized for our multi course gourmet breakfasts, the "breakfast" is as important here as the "bed". We are expert hosts, whether for you, your visiting family, friends or while on business.


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[First published July 28, 2005] Not all Muslims are terrorists. Dictators do not rule not all Muslims in these nations. Some live in democracies, although one wouldn't know it from the commentators who exclaim that the Muslim religion is inconsistent with democracy. Although this often appears a sally against the Bush foreign policy in the Middle East, I think many of them believe it. It is helpful, therefore, to look at the status of Muslim nations in what is considered the hard-core, anti-democratic region, of North Africa, including the Horn of Africa. The map below shows the region to which I'm referring.
Now, lets look at these nations in detail. Below are two statistical tables on them, with their freedom status added. All those labeled free are liberal democracies, and those partly free with an asterisk are electoral democracies. As you can see, there are four liberal democracies out of 25 Muslim nations, and eight democracies when the electoral democracies are counted. This is far below the global proportion 44 percent liberal democracies and of 61 percent democratic.
So, for Africa it is clear that the Muslim religious culture appears as a hindrance to democracy. But, this is misleading. For the implication is that Muslims then oppose democracy, which is not true. I went into this on my Freedomist Blog (link here). Muslims place a higher value on democracy than do some people of the democracies. See the chart below
As I concluded my Freedomist Blog, what most clearly distinguishes democracy from nondemocracies is that in nondemocracies people live in fear. We see this in the Arab and North African Muslim countries. Therefore, if the democratization the Muslims value is to come, it must come from pressure from the outside. In this, the Forward Strategy of Freedom of President Bush is well aligned with our understanding of Muslim nations, and it is working.
Link of Note
"Talk By Radwan Masmoudi: "Islam & Democracy: Between The Past, The Present & The Future"
Dr. Radwan Masmoudi is the Executive Director of Center for the Study of Islam and Democracy. He says:
The old methods of oppression are simply outdated. More than 50% of the population of Muslim countries is under 30 years old. They did not witness colonization, and do not care about the independence struggle. They are highly educated, they speak several languages, and they watch CNN and al-Jazeera. Many of them even have access to the internet. They see how other people live, in terms of prosperity and freedom, and they want the same. They watch other peoples vote and elect their new leaders, while they are stuck with the same rulers for what seems like eternity. The new generation is fed up with the status quo. Change is inevitable. The only question that remains is: What kind of change?
Our answers should be direct and unambiguous: democratize and we will help you in the process and afterwards.


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The Reality of the "Runner's High"
by Karen Asp
Exercise is a powerful drug. It seduces many with its zen-like state, a feeling that was coined the "runner's high" in the 1970s. The lure of exercise can even turn enthusiasts into addicts.
"I'm addicted to the high of exercising," says 22-year-old Vanessa. "I can't wait to ride the bike so I can start feeling good. I'm not sure why it happens, but it's like a feeling of relief."
It is common knowledge that exercise produces many mental benefits in addition to all the physical benefits. There is something about exercise that makes us feel better. But what causes that feeling? Can we really become addicted to it?
The Mythical Endorphin Rush
For years the rush has been thought to be caused by endorphins (endogenous hormone-like substances that act like opiates and are produced in response to stress or pain). Because exercise is a form of stress, our bodies release endorphins when we exercise. Proponents of the endorphin rush believe that these molecules change the way we feel, thus giving us that high after working out.
Endocanniboids may be another chemical involved in the high. A study published in the Journal of Experimental Biology found that some animals who participate in endurance exercise regularly tend to release more endocanniboids during exercise than others animals that live a more sedentary existence.
Some researchers believe that a runner's high helped our ancestors run longer distances to find food. Although we may not have to hunt or gather to find food anymore, many of us still feel the primal urge to run to achieve that feeling of exhilaration.
Is It All in Your Head?
Research indicates that psychological factors may be a cause of the exercise high. In one study 46 undergraduate women were divided into two groups. None of these women had exercised more than once a week.
All 46 women underwent fitness tests on a stationary bike. No matter how they had performed, women in one group were told they had excellent test results. Women in the other group were told they had below average results.
Several days later, researchers asked the women to exercise again. Each woman was reminded of her previous performance. Then, every 20 minutes during a workout on the Stairmaster, researchers asked the women how they felt. Women who had been told they had done well on their first test responded more positively than women who had been told they had done poorly. That confidence, researchers concluded, may contribute to the high people feel after exercising.
Addicted to the High
Whether brain chemicals or psychological factors are to blame, some people can become addicted to exercise.
Psychology may play a larger role than physiology in causing people to abuse exercise. Certain personalities may predispose people to developing an addiction to exercise. People with obsessive-compulsive disorder or addictive personalities, for example, may be more prone to developing a heavy reliance on exercise. For others, exercise becomes a coping mechanism.
When Exercise Becomes Unhealthy
Exercise addiction or abuse was first analyzed by Dr. William P. Morgan in 1979. Morgan studied runners and discovered that excessive exercise can cause physical and mental harm. Since then, researchers have learned that recreational and serious athletes in any sport can abuse exercise.
People who abuse exercise typically exhibit three common characteristics:
Essentially, exercise becomes the number one priority in life for exercise addicts, and all activities are scheduled around working out. They often ignore careers, friends, spouses, and children. In fact, exercise abusers may even lie about their workout patterns.
The more involved they get with exercise, the deeper their addiction grows. Because they are never satisfied with the amount of exercise they get, they continue to increase the dose. They often feel a loss of control, and they become so dependent on their workouts that they cannot and will not stop, no matter what the cost. In many cases, their dependency on exercise is not evident until something like work, family, or injury interferes with their daily routine.
They also disregard warning signs of physical ailment. Even when they are sick or injured, they continue to push themselves. Sometimes the consequences of exercising while injured can lead to permanent physical disability that prohibits future exercise.
A Healthy Habit Overall
Unfortunately, there are no estimates about how many people abuse exercise. There is also little recognition of the problem, largely because exercise is a healthy habit.
Fortunately, though, the majority who work out will not abuse exercise. Everyone who exercises, no matter what their level of fitness, can experience that rush from being active and living life to its fullest.
American Council on Exercise
American Psychological Association
Canadian Psychological Association
Public Health Agency of Canada
Landolfi E. Exercise addiction. Sports Med. 2013;43(2):111-119.
McAuley E, Talbot HM, Martinez S. Manipulating self-efficacy in the exercise environment in women: influences on affective responses. Health Psychol. 1999 May;18(3):288-94.
Morgan WP. Negative addiction in runners. The Phys and Sports Med. Feb 1979:57-70.
Raglin J. The endorphin hype. IDEA Health & Fitness Source. March 1999:61-63.
Raichlen D, Foster A, Gerdeman GL, Seillier A, Guffrida A. Wired to run: exercise-induced endocannabinoid signaling in humans and cursorial mammals with implications for the 'runner's high'. J Exp Biol. 2012;215(Pt8):1331-1336.
Runner's high is real and evolved to help us survive. American Council on Exercise website. Available at:
...(Click grey area to select URL)
Accessed April 29, 2016.
Last reviewed April 2016 by Michael Woods, MD
Last Updated: 4/29/2016
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Faculty Directory
- Title
- Distinguished Professor of History
- Division Humanities Division
- Department
- History Department
- Affiliations East Asian Studies, Feminist Studies Department
- Phone 831-459-4041 (office)
- Fax 831-423-4780
- Website
- Office Location
- Humanities Building 1, 533
- Office Hours Spring 202 on Zoom Wednesday 1:45-3:15 https://ucsc.zoom.us/j/807092419 and by appointment; email in advance to set up Zoom meeting by appointment outside of office hours
- Mail Stop Humanities Academic Services
- Mailing Address
- 1156 High Street
- Santa Cruz CA 95064
- Faculty Areas of Expertise Asian Studies, China, Communism, Cultural Studies, Pacific Rim, Gender Studies, Oral History, History, Labor and Social Movements, Sexuality
- Courses HIS 140C, Revolutionary China 1895–1960; HIS 140D, Recent Chinese History; HIS 140E, Women in China's Long Twentieth Century; HIS 194G, China Since the Cultural Revolution: Histories of the Present; HIS 194H, Gender, Family, and State in China: 1600–Present; HIS 230B, Engendering China; HIS 238A, Research Methods: China; HIS 238B, Research Methods: China; HIS 230C, Readings in Modern Chinese History
Summary of Expertise
history of modern China
labor history, China
gender and sexuality, China
Research Interests
Modern Chinese social and cultural history, labor history, women's history, history of sexuality, feminist theory; history, oral narratives, and memory
Biography, Education and Training
B.A. Hampshire College
M.A. Stanford University
Ph.D. Stanford University
Honors, Awards and Grants
2012-13 Faculty Research Lecturer
2011-12 President, Association for Asian Studies (currently Past Past President)
2008 Distinguished Professor of History
2007 Guggenheim Fellowship award recipient
2007 Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Fellowship, Stanford University
2003 John Dizikes Teaching Award
1997 Joan Kelly Memorial Prize in Women's History, American Historical Association
Selected Publications
- The Gender of Memory: Rural Women and China's Collective Past. University of California Press, 2011
- "Chinese History: A Useful Category of Gender Analysis", American Historical Review 113, no. 5 (Dec. 2008), 1404-1421 (with Wang Zheng).
- Women in China's Long Twentieth Century (University of California International and Area Studies Project, in conjunction with the University of California Press and the California Digital Library, 2007).
- "Birthing Stories: Rural Midwives in 1950s China", Jeremy Brown and Paul G. Pickowicz, Dilemmas of Victory: The Early Years of the People's Republic of China, Harvard University Press,2007, 337-358.
- "Forget Remembering: Rural Women's Narratives of China's Collective Past", Ching Kwan Lee and Guobin Yang, Re-envisioning the Chinese Revolution: The Politics and Poetics of Collective Memories in Reform China, Woodrow Wilson Center Press and Stanford University Press, 2007, 69-92.
- "What's in a Field? Women, China, History, and the '˜What Next?' Question," Jindai Zhongguo funüshi yanjiu/Research on Women in Modern Chinese History 13 (December 2005), 167-195.
- "Virtue at Work: Rural Shaanxi Women Remember the 1950s," in Gender in Motion, ed. Bryna Goodman and Wendy Larson, Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005.
- "State of The Field: Women in China's Long Twentieth Century," Journal of Asian Studies 63.4 (November, 2004).
- "Making the Visible Invisible: The Fate of 'the Private' in Revolutionary China." Women, Nation, and Society in Modern China (1600-1950). Taipei: Institute of Modern History, 2003.
- "The Gender of Memory: Rural Chinese Women and the 1950s." Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 28:1 (2002).
- Guide to Women's Studies in China, ed. with E. Honig, S. Mann, and L. Rofel. Berkeley: University of California, Institute of East Asian Studies, 1998.
- Dangerous Pleasures: Prostitution and Modernity in 20th-Century Shanghai. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997. (Winner of American Historical Association's Joan Kelly Memorial Prize in Women's History.) Chinese translation: Weixian de yuyue, trans. Han Minzhong and Sheng Ning, Jiangsu renmin chubanshe, 2003.
- Remapping China: Fissures in Historical Terrain. Ed. with Emily Honig, Jonathan Lipman,and Randall Stross. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1999.
- Engendering China: Women, Culture, and the State. Ed. with Christina Gilmartin, Lisa Rofel, and Tyrene White, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1994
- Personal Voices: Chinese Women in the 1980s. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1998 (with Emily Honig).
- The Workers of Tianjin, 1900-1949. Stanford University Press, 1986.
- "Disquiet in the House of Gender." Journal of Asian Studies 71.4 (November), 873-894.
- "Getting a Life: The Production of 1950s Women Labor Models in Rural Shaanxi," in Hu Ying and Joan Judge, eds., Beyond Exemplar Tales: Women's Biography in Chinese History University of California Global, Area, and International Archive, Print ed. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 36-51.
- co-editor and co-compiler, Prosperity's Predicament (Rowman and LIttlefield 2013)


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One of my entries:
As the sun rose, only one was standing...The Part Counter.
Well The Part Counter is a VERY odd job. He is supposed to count every single piece of a person left on the battlefield that he can. When he finds out which side was cut into the most pieces, he reports it to the King and gets 1 bronze coin for every piece.
EDIT: EDIT: Ok thank you Bluesecrets!


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I am still here. Just lurking in the weeds...you know...waiting for Mel to show up at the orthodontist...Then I'm going to bust him a good one...Do him a favor and knock out those Mr. Ed teeth. Damn...with all that money...fix the chicklets!
Actually, still waiting for Mel to repay the 50K loan!!!! He's was almost there on Wed...but took a big chunk back yesterday. Now I'm pissed!!!
Glad you guys are making some cash!!!! Me, I'm still waiting!!!
Have a great day tomorrow!
ps Thought I was getting close in having to deliver that Makers to you, hence, Mel took my money back...said he needed it alittle longer!


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Currently, I'm working on a rapid e-Learning solution for teaching probability. I was able to quickly use PowerPoint and some clipart to put both the storyboard and the template for the interactivity. I use the animation features in both PowerPoint and Captivate to create the effects and interactive features for the piece. I'd like to spend more time explaining my process for this, but I will save that for a future post.
I created two presentations:
- Probability and Dependent Events
- Probability and Independent Events
Actually, the text of both of the presentations comes almost directly from text written by the Subject Matter Expert who intended to have it read online as one would read a print document. Somehow, it didn't seem engaging enough to me so I went about creating these visual multimedia presentations. Unfortunately I can't share the finished product up here, but I can share the images of the storyboards. Both presentations are included in the gallery below.


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Jon Dawson takes a healthy look at The Flaming Lips' 'The Terror' and Miles Davis' 'In a Silent Way'
New album: The Terror
Artist: The Flaming Lips
Label: Lovely Sorts of Death/Warner Bros.
Rating: 4 stars out of 5
As its title suggests, The Flaming Lips� latest album �The Terror� is not a continuation of the sunny-yet-skewed avant garde rock they�ve churned out at an amazingly prolific rate since the early 1990s. This is not a collection of limp emo ballads, but a foray into the feelings that turn everyone inside out at one time or another.
While the times we�re living in aren�t all that rosy, the anxieties that fuel �The Terror� seem to be of a personal nature. Lead Lip Wayne Coyne�s marriage has reportedly busted up, and instrumental wizard Steven Drozd has just in the last few years emerged from a long stint as a junkie. No matter the cause, the fears/anxieties/worries explored on the sublime space rock of �Be Free, a Way� and �Butterfly� are as universal as sunlight and air.
Much of the musical landscape is filled with the thick, treated sounds of vintage analog keyboards and big, open room drumming. In the case of the 13-minute �You Lust,� Coyne�s vocals and lyrics have never been more emotive.
Even though Coyne delivers the words to �You Lust� in a floating, hypnotic fashion, there�s a bit of rage in the mix. Avoiding the urge to rant is one choice that set the Flaming Lips apart from their angst-y competition. That being said, to hear Coyne address an honest strain of anger is refreshingly unexpected.
On �The Terror,� the Flaming Lips still sound like themselves, albeit an uber-serious version that�s at odds with the tripped-out whimsy of their most recent major work, the �Christmas on Mars� film/soundtrack.
Whether they were trying to shuffle their personae or actually going through some stuff, �The Terror� is a significant album that deserves investigation.
Classic album: In a Silent Way
Artist: Miles Davis
Label: Columbia/Sony
Rating: 5 stars out of 5
�In a Silent Way� was one of the first works that caused noted jazz critic Stanley Crouch to lose his ever-loving mind.
Crouch (and a few other misguided purist critics) viewed albums such as �In a Silent Way,� �Bitches Brew� and �On the Corner� as sellout moves. While it�s true these albums explored rock influences and in turn introduced Davis to a whole new generation of music lovers/consumers, the music itself is blisteringly genius.
Maybe Crouch would have been happier if Davis had stopped progressing and simply played nothing but �So What� for the last 30 years of his life.
Idiotic critiques from non-musicians aside, �In a Silent Way� has stood the test of time and today is regarded by most sane people as one of the great Miles Davis albums. Surrounding himself with the best musicians of the day (Chick Corea, Joe Zawinul, Herbie Hancock, Tony Williams, John McLaughlin, Wayne Shorter, Dave Holland), Davis leads the band through many jam sessions that were later reconstructed into 39 minutes of flawless, otherworldly music.
The 18-minute opening salvo of �Shh/In a Silent Way� doesn�t so much begin as it morphs into being. Nearly half of the song is over before everyone figures out what to do with and around the melody, but like a good episode of �Columbo,� observing how the mystery is solved is half the fun. Davis, Corea, Hancock, Shorter and McLaughlin throw in solos that are often incendiary.
Much like Richard Wright did for Pink Floyd, keyboardist Zawinul knits everything together with brilliant chord work while Williams� symphonic drumming drives the proceedings on side two like a jet down a hill.
Even though there is a spacial, dreamlike quality to �In a Silent Way/It�s About Time,� the momentum never lets up. Side two of �In a Silent Way� is in some ways the calmer but equally beautiful sister of later works, such as �Bitches Brew� and �On the Corner.�
No matter the motivation for making �In a Silent Way,� the end result was/is a stunning piece of work.
Jon Dawson�s album reviews appear every Thursday in The Free Pres. Contact Jon at 252-559-1092 or email@example.com. Purchase books, music and Ken Burns hair-care kits at jondawson.com.