text:
A Historical Timeline of Electronic Cigarettes
1930s – 1970s 2003 – 2008 2009
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
1930s – 1970s
1930: The first documented reference to an electronic cigarette is a patent granted to Joseph Robinson in 1930 (filed in 1927). It was never commercialized and it is not entirely clear that even a prototype of this primitive device was manufactured.
1960s: Herbert A. Gilbert is generally credited with the creation of the first device that closely resembled the modern e-cigarette. He reports receiving a patent in 1965 (filed in 1963) and created prototypes (possibly never including nicotine), but failed to commercialize it. He attributes this failure the companies who might have commercialized it preferring to wait for the patent to expire rather than license it, though it is not clear whether it had commercial potential at the time.
1979-80s: Starting in 1979, Phil Ray, one of the pioneers of computers, worked with his personal physician Norman Jacobson to create the first commercialized variation on the e-cigarette (which was not actually electronic; it relied on evaporation of the nicotine). They performed the first known formal research in the field on nicotine delivery. The commercialization of the product reached major retailers. But the device was never a promising technology for nicotine delivery; Jacobson attributes its failure to it being inherently faulty. While the device proved to be a dead-end, the inventors did contribute the verb "vape" to the language.
1990s: Numerous patents for nicotine inhaler devices were filed throughout the 20th century and early 2000s by both tobacco companies and individual inventors, with a flurry of activity in the 1990s. Many relied on evaporation or physical propulsion, but a few were fairly similar to modern e-cigarettes. One chemical-reaction based system that was invented in the 1990s is still in the pipeline. Reynolds brought to market the Eclipse "heat-not-burn" device, whose functioning falls somewhere in between that of a pure nicotine inhaler and a combusted cigarette. (See also Philip Morris's Accord.) Products closely resembling modern e-cigarettes moved toward commercialization in the 1990s (example). A major U.S. tobacco company requested permission from FDA (which did not then regulate tobacco products, but did regulate drug delivery devices) to bring a version of an e-cigarette to market c.1998. FDA denied the request on the basis of it being an unapproved drug delivery device. This may explain the disappearance of the attempts to bring an e-cigarette to market, though the history of what happened is rather murky, and the U.S. ruling does not fully explain the disappearance of the technology elsewhere.
2003 – 2008
2003: What would become the first commercially successful electronic cigarette is created in Beijing, China by Hon Lik, a 52 year old pharmacist, inventor and smoker. He reportedly created the device after his father, also a heavy smoker, dies of lung cancer. (It is not clear the extent to which his was a de novo rederivation of the technology and to what extent he was drawing upon prior art; he failed to cite much prior art in his patent applications.) The company Lik worked for, Golden Dragon Holdings, developed the device and changed its name to Ruyan, which means "like smoke."
April 2006: Electronic cigarettes introduced to Europe.
2006-2007: Electronic cigarettes introduced to the U.S. (The first import ruling locatable in the U.S. Customs and Border Protection website database is dated August 22, 2006. NY M85579)
March 2008: Turkey's Health Ministry suspends the sale of e-cigarettes. Health Ministry Drugs and Pharmacy Director, Mahmut Tokaç, claims electronic cigarettes are just as harmful as regular cigarettes. The vice president of the Foundation Combating Smoking in Turkey, Kiyas Güngör, claims that "nicotine is the most dangerous element among 4,800 poisonous chemicals in cigarettes." (See discussion here re 2008 decision. Currently, e-cigarettes cannot be sold in stores in Turkey although they can be purchased online. Actual legal status at present is unclear.)
September 2008: The World Health Organization (WHO) proclaims that it does not consider the electronic cigarette to be a legitimate smoking cessation aid and demands that marketers immediately remove from their materials any suggestions that the WHO considers electronic cigarettes safe and effective. (See WHO September 19, 2008 press release here.)
October 2008: In a study funded by Ruyan, Health New Zealand conducts a detailed quantitative analysis and concludes that carcinogens and toxicants are present only below harmful levels. On the basis of the findings, the e-cigarette is rated several orders of magnitude (100 to 1000 times) less dangerous than smoking tobacco cigarettes. The nicotine dose is comparable to that of a medicinal nicotine inhaler. Overall, the product tested was deemed a "safe alternative to smoking."
January 2009:
- Australia bans the possession and sale of electronic cigarettes which contain nicotine, citing that "every form of nicotine except for replacement therapies and cigarettes are classified as a form of poison." (See NDPSC record of reasons, 54th meeting, 14-15 October 2008 and download provided here.)
- Jordan's Ministry of Health bans the import of the electronic cigarettes, citing World Health Organization's health concerns. (See discussion here.) In a February 2012 review of the ban, Malek Habashneh, director of the ministry's awareness and communication directorate, claims that "e-cigarettes contain toxic chemicals that cause more health problems than the nicotine in normal cigarettes."
March 2009:
- FDA adds electronic cigarettes to Import Alert 66-41 and directs the U.S. Customs and Border Protection to reject the entry of electronic cigarettes into the United States on the basis of them being unapproved drug delivery devices. (See pp. 12-13 here.) (At this time FDA had gained authority over tobacco products, but this ruling came not from their nascent Center for Tobacco Products, but from their Center for Drug Evaluation and Research.)
- Canada bans the sale, advertising and import of electronic cigarettes. Health Canada advises Canadians not to purchase or use them, claiming they contain a "known irritant" (propylene glycol). (See Health Canada's advisory here.)
- Hong Kong Department of Health bans electronic cigarettes. The maximum penalty for possessing or selling e-cigarettes is a HK$100,000 fine and two years' imprisonment. Since smoke-free tobacco is prohibited in Hong Kong, the ban on e-cigarettes continues to leave high-risk cigarettes as the only legal tobacco product available. (Information on current legal status of e-cigarettes in Hong Kong can be found here.)
- FDA notifies electronic cigarette company "Smoking Everywhere" that its shipments have been refused entry into the U.S. The FDA maintains that electronic cigarettes "appears to be a combination drug-device product" that require pre-approval, registration and listing with the FDA. (See pp. 10-11 here.)
April 2009:
- Smoking Everywhere files a federal complaint on April 28, 2009 seeking an injunction against the FDA with respect to the FDA's attempts to ban the import of electronic cigarettes. Smoking Everywhere contends that the FDA has no authority over electronic cigarettes, as they are a "tobacco product," and the FDA's attempt to regulate them infringes on Congress's intent to withhold FDA jurisdiction over tobacco products. Smoking Everywhere contends that electronic cigarettes are not "drugs," "drug delivery systems," or "drug device combinations" under 21 U.S.C 321(g).
- In a study funded by Ruyan, Health New Zealand conducts a detailed quantitative analysis and concludes that carcinogens and toxicants are present only below harmful levels. Bench-top test results presented as a poster at SRNT poster at SRNT in Dublin April 30, 2009. (Click here to download the poster.)
May 2009:
- Action on Smoking and Health in the United States (ASH-US) files a petition to the FDA calling for FDA regulation of electronic cigarettes.
- NJOY (Sottera) joins Smoking Everywhere's lawsuit against FDA.
- The Electronic Cigarette Association (ECA) is formed. The ECA (now defunct) is a trade association made up of electronic cigarette producers, distributors and retailers; whose aim is to speak on behalf of the electronic cigarette industry, especially in response to health concerns, and to help institute industry standards. The group is headquartered in Washington, D.C. Its president and spokesman is former United States congressman Matt Salmon. (See video statement from ECA here and ECA's brochure on e-cigarettes here. Tobacco Vapor Electronic Cigarette Association (TVECA) claims to be ECA's successor.
- FDA files memorandum in opposition to Smoking Everywhere's complaint on May 11, 2009.
- FDA tests 2 brands of electronic cigarettes, NJOY & Smoking Everywhere. 18 cartridges are tested. Tests reveal trace amounts of tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) in the liquid in levels comparable to those found in FDA-approved nicotine cessation products. The liquid of one cartridge is found to contain a non-toxic amount (approximately 1%) diethylene glycol. TSNAs nor diethylene glycol is detected in the vapor. Some cartridges labeled as 0mg nicotine are shown to contain trace amounts of nicotine.
June 2009:
- President Obama signs into law the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act, giving the FDA the power to regulate the tobacco industry. Although nicotine and cigarettes as a whole cannot be banned outright, flavoring such as fruit or mint can. Additionally, new tobacco products seeking to enter the market will be required to meet FDA pre-market standards, which could affect electronic cigarette regulation.
- Panama bans the importation, distribution and sale of electronic cigarettes.
July 2009:
- FDA files a supplemental brief in the Smoking Everywhere lawsuit referencing the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act. The FDA contends that it still has authority over electronic cigarettes and FDA stands behind the decision to label it a drug-device combination. "FDA found, after examining the product, the claims made in the product labeling, and information SE submitted to FDA, that SE's product met the definition of both a drug and device under the FDCA."
- Two months after testing, the FDA issues a press release discouraging the use of electronic cigarettes and repeating previously stated concerns that electronic cigarettes may be marketed to young people, lack appropriate health warnings and that they contain carcinogens and toxic chemicals such as diethylene glycol, an ingredient used in antifreeze. The FDA did not reveal that the carcinogens found were similar to those found at the same levels in FDA-approved nicotine cessation products, nor that the amount of diethylene glycol found would not be toxic. The FDA also did not disclose that neither substance was found in the actual vapor to which the user is exposed.
- FDA's May 2009 study is reviewed by scientific consulting firm Exponent, Inc., in a report commissioned by NJOY. Some of the criticisms of the FDA study, as set forth in Exponent's report, are poor standards of documentation and analysis and failure to perform relevant comparisons to FDA-approved nicotine replacement therapy products, which Exponent claims contain TSNA levels comparable to those of electronic cigarettes. The study concludes that the FDA's claims of potential adverse health effects were not supported by the study.
- Israeli Health Ministry considers banning e-cigarette sales and importation. (The ban discussed here in 2009 was never implemented, although in 2013, it was reported that Israel was considering either a ban or tobacco classification.)
August 2009:
- In a Washington Times op-ed, Dr. Elizabeth Whelan, president of the American Council on Science and Health, calls the FDA press statement about electronic cigarettes "distorted, incomplete and misleading" and meant to "scare Americans" to stay "away from these newfangled, untested cigarette substitutes — better to stick with the real ones."
- The State of Oregon announces two settlements have been reached that prevent two national travel store chains, Pilot Travel Centers and TA Operating, from selling NJOY electronic cigarettes. In addition, the company must give the Attorney General advance notice that they intend to sell electronic cigarettes in Oregon, provide copies of all electronic cigarette advertising, and provide copies of the scientific studies they maintain substantiates their claims. NJOY voluntarily stops all sales in Oregon.
- Oregon Attorney General John Kroger announces a lawsuit against Smoking Everywhere, alleging that the Florida-based company made false health claims about its nicotine delivery device and targeted children with sweet flavors. Smoking Everywhere refuses to settle. (Smoking Everywhere eventually settled in August 2010.)
- Brazil bans the sale, importation and advertisement of electronic cigarettes. (See resolution here.)
- Suffolk County, NY passes first legislation banning indoor use of electronic cigarette in areas where smoking is also prohibited and bans sales to persons under age 19.
- Saudi Arabia bans sales of electronic cigarettes based on the statement made by the US Food and Drug Administration which had said [e-cigarettes] "contain harmful carcinogenic and toxic substances, notably diethylene glycol, a toxic chemical used in antifreeze." (This ban continues today, as discussed here.)
September 2009:
- Amicus curiae brief filed by Alliance of Electronic Smokers (AES) in support of the plaintiff in the Smoking Everywhere v. FDA lawsuit.
- Amicus curiae brief filed by ASH (US) in support of defendant FDA.
- California passes a bill to ban the sales of electronic cigarettes in the state. Governor Schwarzenegger vetoes the bill stating, "If adults want to purchase and consume these products with an understanding of the associated health risks, they should be able to do so unless and until federal law changes the legal status of these tobacco products."
September/October 2009: Amazon.com prohibits sale of electronic tobacco products on its website. (See discussion here.)
October 2009:
- Consumer Advocates for Smoke-free Alternatives Association (CASAA) forms and board members elected. The organization is made up of both consumers and retailers, with the mission to ensure the availability of effective, affordable and reduced harm alternatives to smoking by increasing public awareness and education; to encourage the testing and development of products to achieve acceptable safety standards and reasonable regulation; and to promote the benefits of reduced harm alternatives. In order to ensure CASAA is first and foremost a consumer-based organization, the number of vendors elected to the board is limited so that consumer board members control a super majority.
- UK ASH recognizes that products should be made available that deliver nicotine in a safe way, without the harmful components found in tobacco, but those attempting to quit should use conventional NRTs. (For a copy of UK ASH's October 2009 briefing, click here. The current flyer, updated February 2016, can be found here.)
- PayPal freezes accounts of electronic cigarette vendors in the U.S. and prohibits them from using the service; however, vendors outside of the U.S. are allowed to continue using PayPal for electronic cigarette sales. (See discussion here and here.)
November 2009: New Jersey State legislators pass a bill including electronic cigarettes in the state's public smoking ban.
December 2009: NJOY announces it is discontinuing, in the U.S., the availability of all flavors except its traditional tobacco flavor and menthol. The move aligns the flavors offered by NJOY with those allowed for combustible tobacco cigarettes under the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act. (NJOY's corporate policy on flavors changed in 2014 with, among other things, its release of a premium line of e-liquid, as discussed here.)
January 2010: On January 14, 2010, Judge Leon grants the injunction sought by Smoking Everywhere/Sottera prohibiting the FDA from seizing e-cigarettes as drug or drug/device combinations. Judge Leon issues a 32-page memorandum opinion explaining the ruling.
March 2010:
- Appellate Court grants the FDA's request for a stay of Judge Leon's injunction pending appeal. (See discussion here.)
- The American Association of Public Health Physicians submits two Citizen Petitions to the FDA, one asking for reclassification of e-cigarettes to "tobacco product" and the other asking for a follow up statement to the July 2009 press conference. (See here and here for Citizen Petitions.)
- First Vapefest™ is held in Richmond, VA
- Ministry of Public Health bans the import and sale of electronic cigarettes in Thailand. It warns "the cigarettes contained more nicotine than normal ones." (See discussion here on the issue and also see 2014 ban on import by Ministry of Commerce.)
April 2010: CASAA and others help persuade Illinois legislators not to pass SB 3174, a law which would ban the sale of e-cigarettes in the state.
May 2010:
- FDA files appellant brief in Smoking Everywhere v. FDA case (U.S. Court of Appeals for District of Columbia).
- Coalition files amicus brief in the Smoking Everywhere v. FDA case supporting FDA's position. Coalition members include American Academy of Pediatrics, American Cancer Society, American Cancer Society Cancer Action Network, American Heart Association, American Legacy Foundation, American Lung Association, American Medical Association, and Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids.
June 2010:
- American Medical Association (AMA) House of Delegates (HOD) passes a policy urging the FDA to regulate e-cigarettes as drug delivery devices.
- Sottera (NJOY) files Appellee brief in Smoking Everywhere v. FDA (U.S. Court of Appeals).
July 2010:
- Singapore bans e-cigarette importation, distribution and sales. Fine is of up to $5,000 upon conviction. (See here for current policy, which remains the same.)
- Marine Corps Base in Quantico bans e-cigarette use in its facilities. (See discussion here.)
- FDA files appellant reply brief in Smoking Everywhere v. FDA case (U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit).
- CASAA joins other e-cigarette and reduced-harm smokeless alternative proponents in filing an amicus brief in the Smoking Everywhere v. FDA case. Other amicus curiae named on the brief include Smokefree Pennsylvania, The American Council on Science and Health, National Vapers Club, Midwest Vapers Group, Michael Siegel, MD, MPH, and Joel Nitzkin, MD, MPH, DPA.
- Washington Legal Foundation (WLF) files amicus brief in the Smoking Everywhere v. FDA case.
August 2010:
- Oregon's Attorney General John Kroger announces a settlement preventing the two national travel store chains from selling e-cigarettes. (The settlement with Smoking Everywhere can be viewed here.)
- Air Force surgeon general's office categorizes e-cigarettes as "tobacco products" and prohibits their use in most Air Force facilities. (See discussion here.)
September 2010: Oral arguments before the U.S Court of Appeals in SE vs. FDA. (Transcript available here.)
October 2010: First VapeFest is held in UK.
December 2010: Smoking Everywhere v. FDA, U.S. Court of Appeals in Washington rules the FDA can only regulate e-cigarettes as a tobacco product, unless therapeutic claims are made. (The order is here and the 25-page decision is here.)
February 2011: Study is published in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine reporting that electronic cigarettes are a promising tool to help smokers quit, producing six-month abstinence rates that are better than those for traditional nicotine replacement products.
April 2011: FDA announces it will regulate e-cigarettes as it currently regulates traditional cigarettes and other tobacco products under the Food Drug and Cosmetics Act. However, any e-cigarette products advertising claims of helping the user to stop smoking or providing any other health benefit will be more strictly regulated as a drug or medical device.
May 2011: Argentina passes resolution 3226/2011 banning the importation, distribution, commercialization and advertising of e-cigarettes and paraphernalia related to them. (See here for an unofficial translation followed by a copy of the original untranslated document.)
June 2011: First Vapestock held in Clearwater Beach, FL.
August 2011: Study published in the journal "Addiction" provides strong evidence that electronic cigarettes are being used with success by many smokers to quit smoking or cut down substantially on the number of cigarettes they consume, and that e-cigarettes are being used with success by many ex-smokers to remain off cigarettes.
September 2011:
- The Obama administration proposes banning the use of electronic cigarettes on airline flights, saying the "new rule would enhance passenger comfort and reduce any confusion." The Department of Transportation says that although it considers electronic cigarettes to be covered under the existing law banning smoking on airplanes, it intends to adopt a rule specifically banning them in the summer of 2012. (See Joint Comment filed by CASAA and Competitive Enterprise Institute, filed November 2011.)
- Petition to the White House filed. While CASAA did not create the petition, CASAA urged its members to sign in order to reach the minimum threshold of 5,000 signatures, which it did. Response received December 15, 2011 which was largely non-responsive.
October 2011:
- The British Cabinet Office's Behavioural Insights Team (BIT) strongly endorses tobacco harm reduction in its first annual report. E-cigarettes are cited as potentially effective substitutes because of their behavioral attributes. (See news article here and actual report here.)
- First VaperCon is held in Richmond, VA
- The results of the first clinical trial of electronic cigarettes, reported in the journal BMC Public Health, suggests e-cigarettes may be more effective than traditional NRT products for smoking cessation and may be particularly effective in smokers who are not motivated to quit.
November 2011:
- CASAA and Competitive Enterprise Institute file a comment regarding the Department of Transportation proposal to amend its existing airline smoking rule to explicitly ban the use of electronic cigarettes on all aircraft in scheduled passenger interstate, intrastate and foreign air transportation. This regulation would impose fines of up to $3,300 for "smoking" an e-cigarette on an airplane. Those who use an e-cigarette would be treated exactly as if they were smoking a combusted tobacco product. See also comment from Smoke-free Pennsylvania.
December 2011:
- Holland's Minister of Health, announces that the sale and import of electronic cigarettes is banned. E-cigarette sales will require a pharmaceutical license. (See discussion here.)
- The health minister of the State of North Rhine-Westphalia announces that the state government has determined that e-cigarettes and their cartridges fall under regulations concerning medicines and medical products. She states that the state government is planning to adopt regulations to ban their sale unless approved for sale in pharmacies.
March 2012:
- First VapeBash is held in Chicago, IL.
- United Tobacco Vapor Group Inc., a branch of TVECA, wins a lawsuit challenging the Dutch Ministry of Health's ban on e-cigarette sales.
- Consumer groups including CASAA, ECCA UK, Stelda NL (Netherlands), IGED (Germany) and ATACA (Australia) organize the first World Vaping Day.
- Smoke-Free Alternatives Trade Association (SFATA), a trade association representing a wide cross section of the vapor products industry, is formed.
- Nearly 200 of Germany's estimated 1.2 million electronic cigarette users march peacefully in Düsseldorf in protest of "lies, missinformation [sic], raids at [e-cigarette] liquid stores by the police and a witch hunt against German vapers."
April 2012:
- Venezuela's government threatens to punish with fines up to $8,400 for those who distribute or promote electronic cigarettes banned in the country for not having permits or corresponding health records.
- Lorillard Inc. purchases blu eCigs for $135 million.
June 2012: U.S. Inspector General's office issued an "Early Alert" letter to Thomas Frieden, director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) regarding whether the CDC was illegally using federal funds tied to wellness programs to encourage local communities to adopt a bevy of tobacco restrictions. (Original letter extracted from a file found on the CauseOfAction.org site, the full file which can be downloaded here.)
September 2012: R.J. Reynolds, through its pharmaceutical subsidiary Niconovum, launches Zonnic gum (a nicotine-replacement therapy) in test markets in Des Moines, IA.
October 2012:
- American E-Liquid Manufacturing Standards Association (AEMSA), a trade association specifically dedicated to creating/maintaining self-regulating standards for the manufacturing of its members' e-liquids used in e-cigarettes, announces its launch.
- Smoke-free Alternatives Trade Association (SFATA) debuts at 2012 NACS Trade Show.
December 2012: FDA holds a public hearing, and several members of industry as well as consumers and consumer representatives made presentations. CASAA issues a Call to Awareness as well as a Call to Action in connection with this hearing. FDA delayed publishing many of the comments for more than a year, which comments can be viewed here.
January 2013: A petition to the White House is created to "prevent the FDA from regulating or banning the sale and use of electronic cigarettes, accessories and associated liquids." While not created by CASAA, CASAA urged its members to sign the petition. The petition gained the required number of signatures (25,000), and a response from FDA was published in April 2014, which advocates characterized as largely non-responsive. (FDA's response can be seen here.) This is the second community-supported White House petition effort, the first being in 2011 when the threshold for signatures was 5,000.
March 2013: American E-Liquid Manufacturing Association (AEMSA) attends its first listening session with FDA.
April 2013: Senators Dick Durbin (D-IL), Frank Lautenberg (D-NJ), Richard Blumenthal (D-CT), Sherrod Brown (D-OH) and Jack Reed (D-RI) send a letter to FDA urging FDA to issue deeming regulations to exert regulatory authority over cigars, pipe tobacco, electronic cigarettes, and dissolvable tobacco products.
May 2013: CASAA launches its Testimonials Project to collect success stories from smokers who used smoke-free alternatives to quit or reduce their smoking. This public collection of success stories was created as a powerful response to those who want to restrict access to e-cigarettes and other smoke-free products. CASAA's goal is to present a large collection of compelling individual reports that will make it impossible for anyone to claim that substitution of low-risk alternatives (e-cigarettes, snus, and other smoke-free tobacco/nicotine products) is not a proven method for quitting smoking.
June 2013:
- R.J. Reynolds announces new vapor product, VUSE, will be launched in July in Colorado as the first state in an eventual nationwide rollout.
- The U.K. Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency announces it will regulate e-cigarettes as medicines when new European tobacco laws come into force. (Note that this position has since changed.) See Clive Bates' analysis here and here and also CASAA's analysis.
July 2013:
- Vape A Vet, a nonprofit 501(c)(3) organization, forms to provide active and former military service members with the equipment and knowledge necessary to switch to a healthier alternative at no cost to them.
- French consumer group AIDUCE issues "The Future of Vaping in the European Union."
- American E-Liquid Manufacturing Association (AEMSA) attends its second listening session with FDA.
August 2013:
- Dragonite International Limited (formerly Ruyan Group (Holdings) Limited), and its wholly-own subsidiaries, sold its vapor business for $75 million to Fontem Ventures B.V., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Imperial Tobacco Group plc.
- CASAA gives presentation in FDA listening session.
September 2013:
- Four members of the U.S. House of Representatives (Henry A. Waxman, Diana DeGette, Frank Pallone, Jr., and John D. Dingell) send a letter to the FDA calling on the Obama administration to issue new rules for cigars and electronic cigarettes and also sent a letter to House Energy and Commerce Committee chairs urging them to call hearings.
- E-cigarette opponents sent a coalition letter to President Obama urging him to impose FDA deeming and other regulations on electronic cigarettes, cigars and other tobacco products.
- National Association of Attorneys General sent a letter to FDA urging the issuance of proposed regulations.
- Germany, Higher Administrative Court of North Rhine-Westphalia upheld three previous decisions that electronic cigarette products containing nicotine were not medicines, unless presented as such. See news report here.
- Government Accountability Office Report finds FDA needs to set time frames for its review process of Substantial Equivalence (SE) applications for tobacco products, noting FDA that on June 25, 2013—about 3 years after FDA's receipt of the first SE submission—the Center for Tobacco Products (CTP) made a final decision on only 6 of the 3,788 SE submissions.
October 2013:
- CASAA calls out various legislators, state attorneys general, as well as the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), for launching a bad-faith campaign against electronic cigarettes, a low-risk alternative to smoking.
- A press release is issued by a dozen legislators regarding letters they sent to various companies demanding information about marketing to children.
- European Union issues a press release rejecting a wholesale ban on the sale of e-cigarettes: "E-cigarettes should be regulated, but not be subject to the same rules as medicinal products unless they are presented as having curative or preventive properties. Those for which no such claims are made should contain no more than 30mg/ml of nicotine, should carry health warnings and should not be sold to anyone under 18 years old. Manufacturers and importers would also have to supply the competent authorities with a list of all the ingredients that they contain. Finally, e-cigarettes would be subject to the same advertising restrictions as tobacco products."
- Proposed amendments to EU Tobacco Products Directive (e-cig Amendment 170) approved by 362-298 vote) (See Clive Bates' analysis. See also communication from World Health Organization (WHO) the day before the vote urging EU parliamentarians to approve proposed Tobacco Products Directive.)
- E-cigarettes declared illegal in Punjab, India.
- Altria sends letter to FDA supporting FDA exerting regulatory authority ("deeming") over all currently unregulated tobacco products.
- SFATA sends letter to the Office of Management and Budget/Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OMB/OIRA) requesting a meeting and asking that OMB/OIRA reject FDA's proposed deeming.
- Association of State and Territorial Health Officials (ASTHO) sends letter to FDA urging FDA to issue proposed regulations addressing advertising, ingredients and sales to minors before October 31, 2013.
November 2013:
- First E-Cigarette Summit was held at the Royal Society in London to provide a platform to present and scrutinize the available science and evidence on electronic cigarettes with the aim to help inform public health and policy debates that were being held in the run up to the vote on the European Tobacco Products Directive.
- First three electronic cigarette commercials banned in the U.K. "In their efforts to comply with the ad codes, the marketers were guilty of lack of clarity. All three spots are pretty obscure because they try so hard not to promote smoking that they neglect to mention what the product does. While they were condemned for being misleading, the ads were cleared by the ASA of being 'irresponsible and harmful.'" (See here for full article.)
- SFATA hosts its first "day on the Hill" fly-in for SFATA members to meet with senior and staff legislators in Washington, D.C.
- Letter from Reps. Waxman, DeGette and Pallone to FDA re dangers of e-cigarette advertising. To see the accompanying slideshow, click here.
- Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids (CTFK) issues press release demanding FDA regulation of electronic cigarettes.
- Ban on vaping in public lifted in Italy.
December 2013:
- FDA hosts a webinar entitled "20 Years Later-Returning to FDA to Regulate Tobacco." Presentation (including slides) can be viewed here.
- Six Senators send letter to Federal Trade Commission (FTC) urging an investigation of e-cigarette marketing practices.
- American E-Liquid Manufacturing Standards Association (AEMSA) attends third listening session with FDA.
January 2014:
- CASAA provides testimony to OMB Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs re FDA's proposed deeming regulations (which proposed regulations hadn't been publicly released at the time of the meeting).
- Burstyn's "Peering through the mist: systematic review of what the chemistry of contaminants in electronic cigarettes tells us about health risks" published in BMC Public Health. By reviewing over 9,000 observations about the chemistry of the vapor and the liquid in e-cigarettes, Dr. Burstyn determined that the levels of contaminants e-cigarette users are exposed to are insignificant, far below levels that would pose any health risk. Additionally, there is no health risk to bystanders. (CASAA provided a grant to Dr. Burstyn to fund this study.)
- Surgeon General issues, "The Health Consequences of Smoking—50 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General, 2014."
February 2014: Altria announces it will launch its MarkTen vapor product nationwide in the second quarter of 2014. Also announces its purchase of Green Smoke, Inc. for $110 million in cash (subject to closing adjustments) and up to $20 million in incentive payments.
March 2014:
- Various state attorneys general send letters to the CEOs of Wal-Mart, Walgreens, Rite-Aid, Safeway and Kroger.
- New York City C.L.A.S.H. (CLASH) filed a lawsuit against the City of New York and the New York City Council seeking to overturn a ban on e-cigarette use wherever smoking is prohibited. See here and here for more information on the lawsuit. CASAA donates $1,000 to support the effort.
April 2014:
- FDA releases proposed regulation attempting to exert regulatory authority of e-cigarettes as tobacco products. (See also the Preliminary Regulatory Impact Analysis, Initial Regulatory Flexibility Analysis, Unfunded Mandates Reform Act Analysis.)
- Western Australia – The Magistrate's Court ruled in Hawkins v. Van Heerden (October 2013) that Van Heerden did not violate S106(a) of the Tobacco Products Control Act 2006 (WA) (the "Act"). The matter was appealed by Hawkins, a compliance officer with the Department of Health, to the Supreme Court of Western Australia, which court ruled in April 2014 that Vince Van Heerden violated the Act by selling products (electronic cigarettes) designed to resemble a tobacco product. Van Heerden appealed that decision to the Court of Appeal, but the appeal was dismissed in March 2016, meaning that it remains illegal in Western Australia to sell vapor product devices, regardless of whether they contain nicotine. (We note that the vapor products in question were described as "510-T" and "eGo-T," which one would not describe as looking like traditional combustible cigarettes or cigars.) (In November 2014, CASAA made a donation of $500 to help fund the legal battle in an effort to help preserve consumer access to vapor products in Western Australia.)
- American Vaping Association (AVA), a nonprofit vapor industry advocacy organization, formed in December 2014 announces that Gregory Conley as its president. AVA champions the use of of vapor products and e-cigarettes to help smokers quit.
May 2014: CASAA releases an overview of its Action Plan regarding proposed FDA regulations
- CASAA issues the First Call to Action (encouraging consumers to request an extension of time to comment) and the Second Call to Action (encouraging consumers to comment on the Paperwork Reduction Act).
- CASAA submits a comment to OMB Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs regarding Paperwork Reduction Act and FDA deeming regulation.
- European Union adopts Tobacco Products Directive (TPD), Directive 2014/40/EU, to be implemented by member states by May 20, 2016.
June 2014:
- CASAA issues Third Call to Action as part of its Action Plan, encouraging consumers to demand a congressional hearing involving CDC's and FDA's actions.
- Smoke-Free Alternatives Trade Association (SFATA) announces its Age to Vape™ program, which will distribute free age-restriction signs to brick-and-mortar vapor product retailers across the nation.
- First Global Forum on Nicotine (GFN) took place in Warsaw, Poland, in June 2014. The event attracted around 200 people from 26 countries and featured presentations from many of the world's leading nicotine researchers and policy analysts. (See here for for Conference Report.)
July 2014:
- On July 15, 2014, Reynolds American agrees to buy Lorillard Tobacco Company for $27.4 billion. The deal also includes the sale of the Kool, Winston, Salem, and blu brands to Imperial Tobacco for $7.1 billion.
- CASAA issues Fourth Call to Action as part of its Action Plan, encouraging consumers to submit a comment in response to FDA's proposed regulations. (See also streamlined version of Fourth Call to Action here.)
August 2014:
- Organizations submit comments involving FDA proposed regulations.
- CASAA comment filed August 7, 2014
- SFATA comment filed August 8, 2014
- AEMSA comment filed August 8, 2014
- Smokefree Pennsylvania comment filed August 8, 2014
- Free To Vape project hand-delivered to FDA more than 40,000 comments from individual consumers and business owners ON August 8, 2014.
- Lorillard commented filed August 7, 2014.
- American Council on Science and Health comment filed June 27, 2014.
- National Hookah Alliance comment filed August 8, 2014.
- Three Altria companies file comments:
- Middleton comment filed August 8, 2014.
- Nu Mark comment filed August 8, 2014.
- Philip Morris USA comment filed August 7, 2014.
- RAI Services Company (Reynolds) comment filed August 8, 2014.
- Anti-e-cigarette organizations submit comments involving FDA proposed regulations.
- Oregon Health Authority comment filed August 7, 2014.
- Various organizations file joint comment August 7, 2014.
- 29 State Attorneys General file joint comment August 8, 2014.
- Public Health Seattle and King County file comment August 8, 2014.
- FDA opens a docket for public comment on modified risk tobacco product applications (MRTPAs) submitted by Swedish Match North America Inc. for 10 tobacco products. (Swedish Match's actual application downloadable here.)
- CASAA's comment filed on November 25, 2014.
- Public Health Agency of Sweden filed on February 23, 2015.
- RAI Services Company (Reynolds) filed November 21, 2014.
- Smokefree Pennsylvania filed November 25, 2014.
- Lorillard filed February 11, 2015.
- Clive Bates and other tobacco harm reduction experts filed November 18, 2014.
September 2014:
- FDA announces the first (December 10 and 11, 2014) of a series of three workshops on e-cigarettes and the public health.
- CASAA files comment on NIOSH proposed recommendations regarding workplace tobacco use.
October 2014:
- Six senators call for FDA to adopt aggressive warning labels for e-cigarettes.
- Launch of E-Research Foundation, a nonprofit 501(c)(3)organization established to further advance the scientific study of e-vapor products (aka electronic cigarettes), related products and their use.
- Pillbox 38 (UK) Limited (Totally Wicked) wins the right to formally challenge the validity of the EU Tobacco Products Directive (TPD) at the Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU) in Luxembourg.
- Third community-based effort to petition the White House regarding regulation of e-cigarettes. The minimum threshold of 100,000 signatures was obtained, and the response was again largely nonresponsive. (Response can be viewed at petition link.)
November 2014:
- Letter from Speaker of the House John Boehner, Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy, and Chair of Energy & Commerce Committee Fred Upton to Sylvia Burwell (Secretary Department of Health and Human Services) asking that the grandfather date for newly deemed tobacco products be moved from February 15, 2007 to April 25, 2014 (date the proposed deeming regulation was published) or the date the regulation is finally published. (See also CASAA Call to Action issued December 2014 requesting legislators consider a different regulatory scheme for e-cigarettes and support a change in the grandfather date.)
- Oxford Dictionaries announces the word of the year is "vape."
December 2014: First of three FDA workshops held, this one being on the physical characteristics of e-cigarettes. (You can find the transcript of that workshop here.) CASAA issues Call to Action March 2015.
January 2015: CASAA relaunches its testimonials project and creates new website for its tobacco harm reduction success stories collection.
February 2015: Center for Environmental Health announces it is initiating legal action against 19 companies for alleged California Proposition 65 violations. (See here for analysis of the lawsuit.)
March 2015:
- Second of three FDA workshops held, this one being about issues related to individual health. (You can find the transcript of that workshop here.) CASAA issues Call to Action April 2015.
- California Department of Public Health (CDPH) announces its premiere of "a series of television, digital, and outdoor ads in a new campaign called 'Wake Up,' as part of its educational effort to inform the public about the dangers of e-cigarettes." CDPH promotes the website stillblowingsmoke.org as part of that effort, which effort was promptly derailed by a campaign developed by Stefan Didak entitled "Not Blowing Smoke" (NBS) at a cost of less than $100. Within days, NBS dominated Twitter, almost completely eclipsing the CDPH's multi-million dollar effort. (NBS was later incorporated in August 2015 as a California nonprofit.)
April 2015: Tobacco Products Scientific Advisory Committee (TPSAC) holds a public hearing on Swedish Match's modified risk tobacco product application (MRTP filed August 2014). TPSAC could not reach a consensus. Among other things, Swedish Match proposed replacing the warning that "This product is not a safe alternative to cigarettes" with the statement, "No tobacco product is safe, but this product presents substantially lower risks to health than cigarettes." Four of the eight TPSAC members felt that the evidence presented did not support the alternate warning label.
May 2015: Indiana passes HB 1432, which, among other things, prohibits e-liquid manufacturers (whether in-state or out-of-state) from selling products to retailers and distributors in Indiana without a permit. (See CASAA Indiana Call to Action issued in March 2015 for more details.) The permit would require compliance with burdensome and expensive manufacturing and security protocols that may be impossible to meet. Of particular concern, these requirements only apply to e-cigarette refill liquid used in open-system products and specifically do not apply to closed-system products (i.e., cigalikes). In response, a federal lawsuit was filed in May of 2015 by two out-of-state manufacturers and an in-state vendor. In September of 2015, The Right to be Smoke-Free Coalition filed a motion to intervene and its complaint. December 2015, Hoosier Vapers, Inc. and five other plaintiffs filed a lawsuit at the state level.
June 2015: Third of three FDA workshops held, this one being about issues related to population health. (You can find a transcript of that workshop here.) CASAA issues Call to Action June 2015.
August 2015: Public Health England announces its expert independent review concludes that e-cigarettes are significantly less harmful to health than smoking and have the potential to help smokers quit smoking.
September 2015:
- The Right to be Smoke-Free Coalition filed a motion to intervene and its complaint in the Indiana federal lawsuit filed in May of 2015 involving HB 1432.
- FDA issues proposed rule "Clarification of When Products Made or Derived From Tobacco Are Regulated as Drugs, Devices, or Combination Products."
- Comment filed by CASAA.
- Comment filed by SFATA.
- Comment filed by Smokefree Pennsylvania.
- Comment filed by AEMSA.
- Comment filed by Altria Client Services.
October 2015:
- Final deeming regulations delivered by FDA to OMB Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) for review.
- TVECA announces it has a copy of the final deeming regulations and industry guidance and promises to release them to the public. TVECA only publishes what they claim to be a draft industry guidance document and the table of contents for the final deeming regulations. Center for Tobacco Products (CTP) releases a special statement, noting that FDA's policy is not to release draft documents or negotiate with outside groups while documents are under review and refuse to confirm or deny that TVECA has authentic or current documents. "It is our understanding based on recent conversations between the FDA and TVECA, that the group will not be releasing the document in question."
- Eleven U.S. Senators deliver a letter to OIRA, stating, among other things, "We urge OMB to work quickly to finalize review of the final deeming rule, ensuring that the rule gives FDA authority over all tobacco products including e-cigarettes and cigars, explicitly bans the use of flavorings and marketing that appeals to children, and mandates child-proof packaging of e-liquids (liquid nicotine). We also implore that the final rule not move the 'grandfather date' for new products (set at February 15, 2007). Altering this grandfather date would exempt a wide range of e-cigarettes and related products from any premarket review to determine whether they constitute threats to public health."
November 2015:
- FDA grants PMTA approval to eight Swedish Match smokeless tobacco products. According to the FDA press release, "This action permits the tobacco products to be sold in the U.S., but does not mean that they are safe or 'FDA approved.'" (See analysis by Carl Phillips here.)
- Several lawsuits filed, including (1) a class action lawsuit against Five Pawns, Inc. involving the presence of diacetyl and acetyl propionyl in their e-liquids and alleged failure to disclose or properly warn consumers, and (2) two lawsuits (here and here) filed by Center for Environmental Health (CEH) against various e-cigarette companies alleging California Proposition 65 violations. CEH reports that it has filed lawsuits against a total of 60 e-cigarette companies, only one of which was settled. (See analysis by Carl Phillips here.)
- Paper published in Tobacco Control wherein the authors alleged "brandalism" of CDC materials and claim that e-cigarette advocates with close ties to industry are misleading and deceiving the public and infringing on the government's copyright. See commentary by Dr. Michael Siegel here, Not Blowing Smoke's press release here, and Dr. Carl Phillips' discussion here of the base inappropriateness of CDC's campaign.
December 2015:
- CASAA meets with OMB/OIRA and presents 57-page report regarding the devastating impact of potential FDA deeming of electronic cigarettes. In addition, CASAA delivers more than 7,600 testimonials regarding consumer success stories and results from its survey of more than 20,000 members.
- Smokefree Pennsylvania submits 158-page report to OMB/OIRA calling for FDA's proposed deeming regulation to be withdrawn.
- American E-Liquid Manufacturing Stands Association (AEMSA) meets with, and submits report to, OMB/OIRA.
- Nine Senators send a letter to the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) asking it to investigate unfair or deceptive acts of e-liquid retailers. In addition, these senators sent letters to various e-liquid retailers regarding possible marketing of nicotine-containing products using recognizable brand names of various foods and drinks. Letters were also sent to companies informing them that their brand names/images were being used in connection with e-liquid marketing and asking them what steps they were taking to prevent this kind of use.
- Iowa Attorney General Tom Miller issues a press release noting, "The harm of the combustible cigarette is dramatically greater than the harm of the e-cigarette." Mr. Miller also corrects some of the misinformation regarding youth use of e-cigarettes and says, "adults misleading kids to get them to do what we want has always been a failed strategy."
- City of Chicago Department of Public Health launched a campaign, which has been roundly criticized by tobacco harm reduction advocates. (See, for example, here and also CASAA's Call to Action.)
- December 2015, Hoosier Vapers, Inc. and five other plaintiffs file a lawsuit in Indiana state court in connection with HB 1432.
- German Federal Court of Justice (Bundesgerichtshof (BGH)) holds that the nicotine-containing liquids used in electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) qualify as tobacco products and that their distribution and sale without a permit are therefore illegal.
- Advocate General (UK) issues nonbinding opinion upholding Article 20 of the Tobacco Products Directive (TPD) against the challenge launched by Pillbox 28 (UK) Limited (Totally Wicked).
January 2016:
- Vapor Technology Association (VTA), a national trade association, announces its launch.
- SEVIA USA, an association of Chinese e-cigarette manufacturers, forms in order to commit resources to fight against "unfair and burdensome FDA regulations." SEVIA USA's founding members include Aspire, Kangertech, Innokin, and SMOK.
- The country of Turkmenistan is reported to have banned the sale of all tobacco products.
- President Obama signs S 142, the Child Nicotine Poisoning Prevention Act of 2015, which requires the packaging of "liquid nicotine containers" to be subject to existing child poisoning prevention packaging standards, effective date of July 26, 2016.
- Appeal filed in New York City C.L.A.S.H. (CLASH) lawsuit against City of New York challenging City's ban of e-cigarette use wherever smoking is prohibited. (This appeals the grant of summary judgment in favor of the City May 2015.)
February 2016:
- Coalition letter sent to members of Congress opposing FDA's deeming regulation.
- National Centre for Smoking Cessation and Training (UK) issues a briefing making recommendations for stop smoking practitioners and services, providing common questions and suggested answers about e-cigarettes, and summarizes the evidence upon which these recommendations are drawn. See also commentary by Clive Bates on the import of this document here.
March 2016:
- Van Heerden had been previously convicted in April of 2014 by the Supreme Court (Western Australia) for violating S106(a) of the Tobacco Products Control Act 2006 (WA) (the "Act"). He sold electronic cigarettes (without nicotine), which the Supreme Court determined were products designed to resemble a tobacco product. Van Heerden appealed the conviction to the Court of Appeal (Western Australia), which appeal was dismissed in March 2016. It remains illegal in Western Australia to sell vapor product devices, regardless of whether they contain nicotine. (We note that the vapor products in question were described as "510-T" and "eGo-T," which one would not describe as looking like traditional combustible cigarettes or cigars.)
- U.S. Department of Transportation bans e-cigarette use on planes. (For more detailed information, see here.)
April 2016:
- The Royal College of Physicians (UK) issued a 200-page report entitled "Nicotine without smoke: tobacco harm reduction, examining the science, public policy, regulation and ethics surrounding e-cigarettes and other non-tobacco sources of nicotine, and addressing these controversies and misunderstandings with conclusions based on the latest available evidence. Significantly, the report notes that "[s]mokers can . . . be reassured and encouraged to use them, and the public can be reassured that e-cigarettes are much safer than smoking." (To download the full report, click here.)
- A 25 year old shopkeeper in Mohali (Punjab, India) sentenced to 3 years in jail for selling e-cigarettes in violation of the The Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA). (Letter from Food & Drug Administration Punjab re e-cigarettes can be found here, and a copy of the court's judgment dated April 7, 2016 can be found here.)
- Competitive Enterprise Institute (CEI) and CASAA filed a lawsuit challenging the Department of Transportation's (USDOT) recent regulation extending the existing statute prohibiting smoking aboard aircraft to cover electronic cigarettes, maintaining that USDOT was exceeding the scope of its congressional grant of authority. (See also the comment filed by CEI and CASAA in November 21, 2011 in response to USDOT's proposed rule and also this for further analysis of the legal underpinnings of the case. See also statement of issues filed May 2016 and brief filed August 2016.)
May 2016:
- FDA's final deeming regulations issued.
- FDA's press release.
- The final deeming regulations officially published May 10, 2016, effective 90 days later on August 8, 2016.
- Deeming Final Rule Redline Changes (OMB/OIRA changes primarily involving flavors).
- Retailer Overview of FDA Regulations for Selling Tobacco Products
- Communication Resources for Final Rule Extending Authorities to All Tobacco ProductsSmall Entity Compliance Guide: FDA Deems Certain Tobacco Products Subject to FDA Authority, Sales and Distribution Restrictions, and Health Warning Requirements for Packages and Advertisements.
- Premarket Tobacco Product Applications for Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS).
- Tobacco Product Master Files.
- Requirements for the Submission of Data Needed to Calculate User Fees for Domestic Manufacturers and Importers of Cigars and Pipe Tobacco.
- Small Entity Compliance Guide: Requirements for the Submission of Data Needed to Calculate User Fees for Domestic Manufacturers and Importers of Tobacco Products.
- Final Regulatory Impact Analysis, Final Regulatory Flexibility Analysis, Unfunded Mandates Reform Act Analysis issued by FDA.
- Guidance on deeming regulations issued by industry groups:
- Lawsuits filed challenging the deeming regulations:
- Nicopure Labs files complaint in federal court (DC District) challenging the deeming regulations.
- Lost Art Liquids files complaint in federal court (Central District CA) challenging the deeming regulations.
- John Middleton Company LLC files complaint in federal court (DC District) challenging FDA's authority to ban the use of the word "mild" to describe/brand their Black and Mild cigars.
- 17 U.S. Senators (Democrats) send letter to FDA demanding additional regulations on flavoring and marketing.
- Coalition (R Street Institute, Americans for Tax Reform, Campaign for Liberty, Competitive Enterprise Institute, Council for Citizens Against Government Waste, FreedomWorks, Heartland Institute, Jeffersonian Project, Less Government, Log Cabin Republicans, National Taxpayers Union, and Taxpayers Protection Alliance) sends letter to Committee on Energy and Commerce requesting that Congress pass HR 2058 to change the predicate date for newly deemed tobacco products (which would include e-cigarettes).
- Sen. Ron Johnson (R-WI), chairman of the Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee, sent a letter to FDA raising concerns about the agency's recent e-cigarette regulation, which could create undue burdens on small businesses and possibly lead to negative unintended health consequences.
- European Court of Justice upholds Article 20 of the Tobacco Products Directive (TPD), dismissing several lawsuits, including one by Totally Wicked (Pillbox 38) which claimed Article 20 was a disproportionate impediment to the free movement of goods and the free provision of services, placed electronic cigarettes at an unjustified competitive disadvantage to tobacco products, failed to comply with the general EU principle of equality, and breached the fundamental rights of electronic cigarette manufacturers.
- The documentary "A Billion Lives" makes its world premiere at the 2016 Doc Edge Film Festival in New Zealand.
June 2016:
- Sen. Ron Johnson (R-WI), chairman of the Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee, sent a second letter to FDA raising concerns about new e-cigarette regulations, a follow-up to his previous letter to FDA Commissioner Robert M. Califf on May 17, 2016.
- Global Premium Cigars files complaint in federal court (Southern District of FL, Miami Division) challenging the deeming regulations.
- Right to be Smoke-Free Coalition (RSF) files lawsuit in federal court (DC District) challenging the deeming regulations, and court orders it consolidated with the Nicopure Labs lawsuit.
July 2016:
- Pennsylvania enacts a 40% wholesale tax on "other tobacco products" (smokeless tobacco, roll-your-own tobacco, pipe tobacco, and e-cigarettes). The tax, effective October 1, 2016, is on not on e-liquid, but also devices, batteries, and most accessories. It also includes a crippling 40% floor tax on all inventory assessed October 1, 2016 and payable 90 days later. (You can see the Pennsylvania Department of Revenue's guidance here.) Pennsylvania is also assessing the tax on consumers who purchase products out of state. More information about the devastating impact of the tax can be found here.
August 2016:
- CEI and CASAA file a brief in lawsuit challenging DOT's authority to redefine "smoking" to ban e-cigarette use on planes.
- World Health Organization (WHO) issues a report entitled "Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems and Electronic Non-Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS/ENNDS)" in response to a request made by the Conference of the Parties to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.
September 2016:
- FDA issues first warning letters for sales to minors of newly deemed tobacco products (e-cigarettes/e-liquids and cigars).
- NJOY files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. In his declaration to the court, interim President Jeffrey Weiss blames the company's troubles in part on (1) failure of King 2.0 brand , (2) increased relaunch expense and research and development costs, (3) governmental regulation and increased legal expense associated with FDA regulation and state restrictions, (4) expenses related to intellectual property litigation and prosecution (primarily involving lawsuit with Fontem Ventures BV), (5) limited liquidity and capital resources.
- Anti-vaping groups send letter to Senators Thad Cochran, Jerry Moran, Barbara Mikulski, and Jeff Merkley asking that they deny attempts to allow policy riders that would modernize the predicate date for newly deemed products or exempt cigars.
October 2016:
- Right to Vape Tour launched as a joint effort by CASAA, SFATA, and AVA. The Right to Vape coalition is urging Congress to change the "predicate date" of the Tobacco Control Act from February 15th of 2007 to August 8th of 2016, a recognition that a new industry selling products that are at least 95% less harmful than combustible cigarettes should not be treated more harshly than cigarettes ever were. Without a change in the predicate date, an estimated 99% of the vapor products currently on the market will be eliminated, thousands of businesses will close, and millions of consumers will lose access to these low-risk products.
- UK Centre for Tobacco & Alcohol Studies issues response to WHO's report on electronic nicotine delivery systems and electronic non-nicotine delivery systems. (Response can be downloaded here.)
- ASH publishes Fact Sheet – Use of electronic cigarettes among children in Great Britain detailing statistics on youth (ages 11-18).
- Tom Miller, Iowa Attorney General and Chairman of the Board of Directors of Truth Initiative, spoke about the promise vapor products hold for millions of smokers and of the importance of regulating based on comparative risk. Text of his powerful remarks at the FDLI tobacco conference can be found here. See also Clive Bates' commentary on AG Miller's talk (and text of talk) at November 17, 2016 E-Cigarette Summit.
November 2016:
- CASAA issues its first voting guide.
- Tobacco Harm Reduction Expert Group (Konstantinos E. Farsalinos M.D.; Professor Riccardo Polosa; Christopher Russell Ph.D.; Amir Ullah Khan Ph.D.; Julian Morris; and Prof. Rajesh N. Sharan) issues its mission statement. Among other things, the group notes its support of government policies that seek to remove barriers to the availability of better, safer, non-combustible nicotine delivery products, with appropriate quality standards and regulations, and the group urges the World Health Organization (WHO) to apply harm reduction strategies in connection with its tobacco control efforts.
- Senator Ron Johnson (Chairman of Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs) sent a letter to FDA Commissioner Califf, noting, "In light of the significant economic costs on the e-cigarette industry and the substantial likelihood that the incoming Administration and the 115th Congress will unwind this burdensome regulation, I call on the FDA to cease its implementation of the current regulation over e-cigarettes."
- Final briefs filed in CEI v. DOT lawsuit re DOT redefining "smoking" to include vaping. See here for CEI's final reply brief, here for CEI's final opening brief, and here for DOT's brief.
- U.S. Housing and Urban Development (HUD) bans smoking in public housing, but specifically declines to ban vaping, noting that, "Unlike with products that involve burning of substances, there is little evidence that ENDS significantly increases fire risks, and there is no conclusive evidence that the vapors emitted by ENDS cause damage to the units themselves. Therefore, prohibiting ENDS will not necessarily reduce the risk of catastrophic fires or maintenance costs for PHAs, and this rule does not prohibit the use of ENDS."
- In California, Proposition 56, which was sold to voters as a necessary hike in cigarette taxes, passed, enacting an equivalent tax of 60-70% wholesale on vapor products sold in the state. Colorado (Amendment 72) and North Dakota (Measure 4) both voted down ballot initiatives that dealt with taxation of vapor/tobacco products.
December 2016:
- New Nicotine Alliance (NNA) issues briefing paper entitled, "Revision of the Tobacco Excise Directive, Implications for Low-Risk Nicotine Products." Among other things, NNA maintains that there should be no excise tax on e-cigarettes, vapor products, or smoke-free tobacco products (i.e., smokeless tobacco and heated tobacco products).
- Vapor Technology Association issues guidance on FDA registration and product listing.
- FDA issues industry guidance on tobacco health document submission.
- Philip Morris International (PMI) announces it has filed a modified risk tobacco product (MRTP) application with FDA for its heated tobacco product (IQOS). Altria announces it will have exclusive rights to market this product in the U.S. (For more information on the MRTP process, see here.)
- U.S. Surgeon General releases a report entitled, "E-Cigarette Use Among Youth and Young Adults," along with an accompanying website. Tobacco harm reduction advocates were sharply critical of the report. (You can view CASAA's response, as well as the response of other tobacco harm reduction advocates, here.)
- Senator Ron Johnson (R-WI) and Representative Duncan Hunter (R-CA) send a letter to Vice President-elect Pence calling for FDA overreach to be reigned in, noting, "As we continue to pursue legislative options that will protect the thousands of small businesses that rely on producing and selling e-cigarettes, we respectfully urge the new Administration to consider repealing or suspending the FDA's burdensome deeming regulation over e-cigarettes."


text:
Read this article in: English | French | Gujarati | Hindi | Marathi | Spanish | Tamil
In today's world of global communication, we encounter a multiplicity of views about the nature of man on a regular basis. At one extreme, each human being is inherently weak, imperfect, sinful and--without divine redemption--will remain helplessly so. At the other extreme, each human is inherently divine.
This is one of the themes I talked about with Hindus in the Caribbean in August of 2011. I was told in Trinidad last year that this message--"You are a sinner in need of redemption"--is being promoted strongly in an effort to convert Hindus. I am often asked, "What should we say when confronted with this argument by strong-willed evangelists? What is the Hindu view?" Let's explore three quotations from prominent swamis to define our perspective.
The first is from Swami Vivekananda's address to the World's Parliament of Religions in 1893, in the bold manner in which he affirmed truth as he saw it: "Being and becoming are different aspects of the same reality and are only relative to our intelligence. Man has the promise and potentiality of divine realization, of spiritual perfection, and therefore is God in the making; for even his humanity is intelligible only if regarded as an individualized self-expression of God. It is derogatory to human nature, therefore, to attribute sin to man. Besides, God being the sole and supreme Reality, how could a foreign element like sin invade the sanctuary of being? The Hindus refuse to call you sinners. Ye, divinities on earth, sinners? It is a sin to call man so! It is a standing libel on human nature."
Swami Chinmayananda, founder of Chinmaya Mission, explained: "Man is essentially divine. But the divinity in him is veiled by the unbroken series of desires and thoughts arising in his bosom. A variety of these grades and concentration of these create the variety of human beings. To remove the encrustation of desires and thoughts, and unfold the divinity inherent in man, is the ultimate goal envisaged by the scriptures."
Satguru Sivaya Subramuniyaswami, my Gurudeva and founder of Hinduism Today, gave a succinct description of our divine nature: "Deep inside we are perfect this very moment, and we have only to discover and live up to this perfection to be whole. We have taken birth in a physical body to grow and evolve into our divine potential. We are inwardly already one with God. Our religion contains the knowledge of how to realize this oneness and not create unwanted experiences along the way."
These opposite perspectives on man's nature--sinner and divinity--were candidly juxtaposed during a 2012 interfaith panel discussion in Midland, Texas, at which I represented Hinduism. The issue arose as clergy from five faiths responded to the question "In your faith, is humanity considered a one family?"
My answer was: "The Hindu belief that gives rise to tolerance of differences in race and nationality is that all of mankind is good; we are all divine beings, souls created by God. Hindus do not accept the concept that some individuals are evil and others are good. Hindus believe that each individual is a soul, a divine being, who is inherently good. Scriptures tell us that each soul is emanated from God, as a spark from a fire, beginning a spiritual journey which eventually leads back to God. All human beings are on this journey, whether they realize it or not."
The next speaker, Dr. Randel Everett of the Baptist Christian faith, put forth a distinctly different perspective. "The idea of the oneness of humanity--this is where Christianity would differ from some of the religions. We do believe in the oneness of humanity but that the oneness of humanity is that we are a fallen people. We do not believe that we are inherently good. We believe we are inherently selfish and self-centered, and that's why we need to be rescued or redeemed--that Christ rescues us from the domain of darkness." (You can view the entire 2-hour interfaith panel discussion here.)
Looking more closely at the Hindu belief that man is not inherently sinful--rather, the essence of man is divine and perfect--a further question arises: "What is the Hindu view of sin?" Gurudeva responds in Dancing with Siva: "Instead of seeing good and evil in the world, we understand the nature of the embodied soul in three interrelated parts: instinctive or physical-emotional; intellectual or mental; and superconscious or spiritual.... When the outer, or lower, instinctive nature dominates, one is prone to anger, fear, greed, jealousy, hatred and backbiting. When the intellect is prominent, arrogance and analytical thinking preside. When the superconscious soul comes forth, the refined qualities are born--compassion, insight, modesty and the others. The animal instincts of the young soul are strong. The intellect, yet to be developed, is nonexistent to control these strong instinctive impulses. When the intellect is developed, the instinctive nature subsides. When the soul unfolds and overshadows the well-developed intellect, this mental harness is loosened and removed."
This understanding of man's three-fold nature--instinctive, intellectual and spiritual--explains why people act in ways that are clearly not divine, such as becoming angry and harming others. There is more to man than his essence or inner nature. We also have an outer nature. However, man's actions, whether beneficial or harmful, sinful or divine, are all expressions of a one energy. That energy finds expression through the chakras, fourteen centers of consciousness within our subtle bodies.
Many of us have seen the system for water usage at temples in India: a long pipe with faucets along its length from which many people draw water to wash their hands and feet before entering the temple. That's a nice analogy to energy and the chakras. Our subtle body is like a pipe with fourteen spigots. Water is water; it can come out of any of the spigots. It's still water. Energy can come out through any of our chakras; it's still energy.
Energy flowing through the higher chakras expresses the superconscious or spiritual nature. How do we control or direct our energy to keep it flowing through the higher chakras? Gurudeva used to say, "Energy goes where awareness flows." We control our energies through consistent meditation and devotional activities in the home shrine, chanting, performing puja, attending puja and going to the temple on a regular basis. Listening to and playing refined music and performing traditional dance and other creative arts are also ways of channeling the energies through the higher chakras.
Our regular activities determine how our energy flows. If we are engaged in spiritual pursuits, occasionally we might get up to the chakra of divine love. And hopefully we frequent the chakra of direct cognition, in which we are able to look down on our mind and understand what we like and don't like about ourselves, and work steadily to change what we don't. And we get into the chakra of willpower. These are the qualities we tend to manifest if we are engaged in regular spiritual/religious activities.
If we are not elevating the energies, we are just living an ordinary life in the force centers of willpower, reason, memory, maybe fear and occasionally anger. If we see the flow of energy impersonally, then we can control it through the activities we choose to engage in.
I like to say that we have an inner perfection and an outer imperfection. We can take heart in identifying more with the inner perfection, our soul nature, and realize the outer has its problems, which we can work on--and that is the purpose of our life on earth, to work on ourselves, to learn, evolve and ultimately know God. With this attitude, born of the belief in our divinity, we are more detached from our shortcomings and difficulties. It's just energy flowing through our various chakras, more water flowing through one spigot or another. It is not who we are. We realize that we can control that energy flow. "Which spigot shall I turn on today? How do I want my energy to flow? Which negative habit do I want to improve today?" It all becomes easier to tackle because we look at it in an impersonal way.
The concept of the fourteen chakras can help us put our failings into perspective so that we do not become discouraged by them. Shortcomings, such as occasionally being hurtful toward others, do not at all change the fact that our essence is divine. We can deepen our experience of inner divinity and overcome shortcomings by consistently following the various practices found in the Hindu religion. When we feel good about ourselves, we can more readily identify negative patterns and change them. If we have a negative concept of our self, believing that we are inherently flawed and sinful, we are not in such a good position to advance on the spiritual path. And one thing we can all feel good about is that Hinduism assures us not only that we are not sinners, but that every human being, without exception, is destined to achieve spiritual enlightenment and liberation.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
by Wes Ratko
Near neighbors said they were opposed to Green Woods Charter School's move to the Greylock Manor property at 209 West Chestnut Hill Ave. Those neighbors and a large number of school supporters were out in force Tuesday night at the Chestnut Hill Community Association's Development Review Committee's monthly meeting at Chestnut Hill Hospital.
The charter school, which is currently located at the Schuylkill Center for Environmental Education, has entered into an agreement of sale with the owners of the mansion and has asked the Chestnut Hill Historical Society to amend easements the society has owned on the property since 1999. Those easements were purchased by the Historical Society to restrict development, preserve the mansion and its open space.
The school needs those easements changed in order to alter the property as part of a three-phase expansion plan. When completed, the school will have a student body of 675 students.
Speaking to the crowd, Jeff Hammond, representing the school's Board of Trustees, said he was "excited to share the school with the community." Hammond said the school needed to move in to accommodate a tremendous demand for the school.
"We turn away 90 percent of the students who apply to the school," he said " When rejected, many leave the city for the suburbs."
A group of near neighbors, however, was not eager to welcome the school to the community, citing traffic and open space concerns.
Near neighbor Chris Gadsden presented a 100-signature petition of Hill residents he said are opposed to the charter school's relocation. He was particularly concerned that the Historical Society would consider amending easements that would restrict development.
"These easements are not just bumper stickers that get slapped on," Gadsden said. "They are carefully crafted legal documents."
Greg Woodring, Co-Chair of the DRC disagreed.
"The spirit of the easement documents allows for them to be changed," he said.
Regarding neighbor concerns about traffic, Wallace explained that the charter schools operate on hours and not days like regular public schools. It gives Green Woods the flexibility to change the start and finish times of the school day to accommodate additional traffic. A traffic study is currently being performed, with counts being taken on area roads this week.
Gadsden also expressed neighbor concerns that additional cuts to educational funding would force the school to sell the property in the future, leading to further development not in keeping with the school's intentions.
Councilman Frank Rizzo, also a near neighbor suggested that Fairmount Park might buy the property
"The issue is this: If the deal falls through — and I'm not saying that it will — there will be an effort made to acquire the property for Fairmount Park," he said.
The Charter School has not filed an application with The Department Licenses and Inspection and has, therefore, received no variance refusals from the Zoning Board of Adjustments. The Chestnut HIll Community Association's committees generally only review zoning matters that have received zoning refusals from the city. Those refusals require zoning applicants to hold meetings and seek approval from local civic associations.
The DRC tabled the proposal.


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Great Product Idea? What to do Next.
Did you just come up with a great idea? What do you do next?
Myra Per-Lee developed, manufactured, and marketed about a dozen products in a ten year period, most on her own with very little start-up capital. The most successful of her inventions, massage tools for adults, animals and infants, known as Nukkles®, Nuzzles®, and Snukkles®, is still going strong after eight years on the market. Myra lets us in on the secret of what to do after you've come up with the next best idea.
Here's her article:
* * * * * * * * * * *
When you get a brilliant idea for a new product, don't you wish you could just write it down and drop it into Wal-Mart's suggestion box and, then in a week, receive a big fat check? Boy, I do!
I have a colleague, though, who is fond of reminding me that "ideas are cheap." This comment is always meant to burst my bubble when I've come up with something simply smashing. But, bottom line, he's right; very few companies pay for ideas. Most of them just pay for your proven, marketable, hot product! So, let's get going....
You're excited about an idea, but you don't know if it's a good one, and you don't have a clue what to do with it if it is a good one!
Let's explore. For today, we'll cover three steps in the exploratory process that you should conduct, even if you have the opportunity to sell just your idea. (Oh, how I envy you!)
1. Draw Your Product.
Diagram and describe your product, keeping all your creativity channels open. Draw your vision of the idea before you conduct a product search, so that you don't limit your originality. Graph paper can help the dimensionally-impaired draw their products in relative perspective.
Make drawings from all angles with as many details as you can. I recommend you keep all diagrams, descriptions, and research in one notebook and date each entry, because you will be expanding your product vision as you get more information. And, if your idea is ever challenged (for example, someone accuses you of stealing his or her idea), the notebook can serve as chronology of your creative process.
2. Describe Your Product.
Write a description of your product as an entry in your notebook. What does your product do? What problem(s) does it solve? How does it function, and how does the design contribute to its function? What materials are used to make it? How are they manufactured?
Answer as many of the questions as you can. Don't worry if you don't know all the answers; if you decide to pursue your idea further, you will find people who know the answers. I don't know how to magnetize my walls. I don't even know if that's such a good idea; I mean, imagine the possible results! But if I really wanted to pursue that idea, I would find the experts in that field and work out some sort of agreement with them. (By the way, this idea is a give-away, if anyone is interested in pursuing it. Hint: magnetic spray for tiled and cement walls.)
Have you seen anything like your product on the market? Something designed differently, but used for the same function? How and why does your idea work better? Does it do more things? Realistically, even if you have not yet conducted an active product search, you may already be familiar with products that are functionally or visually similar to yours.
For example, when I got the idea for a new backscratcher, I already knew about one, the little "hand on a stick." In comparing my idea to the hand on a stick, I recorded that my backscratcher would feel like real fingernails, scratch in all directions, and have an ergonomically designed handle to enable more pressure to the middle of one's back. My drawing also showed these features.
Once you have diagramed and described your idea, it's perfectly all right to go look for it. So... let's go shopping!
by Angela (not verified)
Hello, I have 2 ideas I think are great and will help. Im a CNA at a nursing home and I have came up with a couple ideas that could make my residents feel better and make our job alittle easier at the same time. I have asked a few people about my idea and the residents so far all of them think its a wonderful idea. The probeblem is thats all I got is the idea. Now what do I do I did read your article but should I get a patient and how do I make a proto type and who do I show or tell this to im totaly lost.Please help if you can.
by Myra Per-Lee
Hi Angela... I am writing a series on the invention process. Read: Need Help? Try Inventors Anonymous and Be Like Sherlock In Your Patent Search.
I would not build a prototype until you have conducted your market search (to make sure your invention is not already in use somewhere else) and patent search (to make sure your invention or something very similar has not already been patented).
There's a lot to do before trying to obtain a patent. I'm familiar with the excitement you're feeling right now, but relax a bit and take one step at a time. And keep reading my series, I'll have the next column up any day now under my name.
Myra Per-LeeFeatured Bloggerwww.AmericanInventorSpot.com
by Anonymous (not verified)
My wife came up w/ a great idea for a certain market. The problem is that this idea has been patented but in a different market. The concept and design are the same though. We researched the specific stores that would apply to this new product and this product is not being carried. Can I still be able to profit from something that is already patented that is used generally but not targeted to a specific group?
by Myra Per-Lee
If the patent covers all of your features, I would contact the patent holder and see if I could license the patent to market it to your specific target group. Maybe you could get an exclusive licence for your market if you have all your ducks lined up, like manufacturer, distributor, etc. Your experience in your market counts for a lot when negotiating an exclusive license.
If you have new elements (substantial as opposed to market) to add to the patent that are not obvious from the original patent, you might be able to patent those elements.
Best of luck to you.
Myra Per-Lee
Featured Blogger
by Anonymous
I have an idea that could save lives but I dont know how to start a search to see if it is already out there and has a patten? any suggestions.???


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Second Life Marketplace Direct Delivery and how it will possibly work…
I found a nice first Direct Delivery Impression Article from the Beta Grid. Second Life Resident "Couldbe Yue" wrote a two Parts Article Series about Direct Delivery Beta and you defenetly should check it out as it will concern us Merchants real soon now.
Part 1: Basic process of creating a new Direct Delivery only listing.
Part 2: Direct Delivery. How to migrate existing Magic Box Content.


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Add a retro finish to your on-the-go get-up with our Baseball Cap. The six-panelled, 100% cotton design and adjustable strap delivers style, ventilation and a snug fit for each and every workout.Finished with our iconic Myprotein branding embroidered onto the crown, it's time to step-up the style in and out of the gym.
Note: currency is in GBP


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JW Fisher, Waterproof, Headphones, JW Fishers Metal Detecting Headphones
- JW Fisher Remove This Item
- Waterproof Remove This Item
- Headphones Remove This Item
- JW Fishers Remove This Item
JW Fishers Dual Underwater Headphones$199.00
In Stock 10
Why Do I Need Metal Detecting Headphones?
While you certainly don't have to have headphones to have a successful metal detecting trip, there are definitely some benefits you will experience when you use them. Not only will they help drown out surrounding noise like people talking, kids playing, passing traffic, and the sound of the surf on beaches, they will also help you to hear the nuances in different alerts, so you can identify specific signals.
Wearing headphones while you hunt isn't just beneficial to you, it's also beneficial to people around you. While it may be exciting for you to hear alerts every time your detector swings over a target, the people around you may not find it so enjoyable. It's courteous to wear headphones so that you aren't interrupting anyone else's activities.
If you are hunting an area where there are other detectorists searching too, it helps to have headphones on so that you aren't hearing alerts from other metal detectors while trying to listen to your own. Also, some detectorists are competitive and don't want other hunters to know when they have located a target.
What Are the Types of Metal Detecting Headphones?
Headphones for metal detectors are varied in appearance, and available at a wide range of prices, but there really are only a few different types to choose from. Most pairs come with a cord that connects to your metal detector. You will see some that have a normal, straight cord, and others that have a coiled cord. While the straight cords might be slightly less expensive, the coiled cords are convenient because when you bend down to dig, they don't get all tangled up.
Another option in metal detecting headphones is wireless pairs. By far, these are the most convenient, as there is no cord to content with at all. Wireless headphones are a bit more expensive, but they are worth the extra dollars with the hassle they save you.
We also offer waterproof headphones to use when you are detecting in the water. Be sure to check the depth levels that you can use these sets for, and check that they are compatible with your underwater metal detector.
What Features Should I Look for in Headphones?
There are definitely some things to consider when you are purchasing metal detecting headphones. First and foremost, you have to consider comfort. Detectorists are famous for setting out for a short hunt only to end up staying out swinging their detector for hours longer than intended. That means that you have to have headphones that are comfortable – even when you wear them much longer than you expected. How lightweight the pair is, and the size of the ear cup are factors to consider.
Some additional features and considerations include:
- - Plug size – Most metal detecting headphones come with a ¼" plug, but that isn't the case all the time. When you are narrowing down your choices of headphones to buy, make sure that they have the right size plug for your metal detector, or that they come with an adapter.
- - Volume controls – Some headphones have a volume control on each side, making it convenient to just lower the volume on one side when you need to hear what is going on around you.
- - Sound quality – The quality of sound can be different depending on the specific pair of headphones. Look for pairs with high-quality sound, so you never miss a target.
- - Budget – You don't have to go all out with your headphones, but like with metal detectors themselves, it's always recommended to get the best headphones that your budget allows.


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Old School Clip Of The Week: Breakdancing In The 1930's! (Where It All Started)
Proof that breakdancing was in fact around in the 1930's.. Shouts to Nicole
Please click the "Report" button below if the video on this page is not working properly.
Comments will only be displayed by verified emails. No Spamming or Racism.


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Twintech OC'ed GeForce 8600GT with HDMI (Page 15)
Shawn Baker | Sep 27, 2007 at 11:00 pm CDT
Rating: 92%Manufacturer: TwinTech
Company of HeroesVersion and / or Patch Used: 1.7Timedemo or Level Used: Built-in TestDeveloper Homepage: http://www.relic.comProduct Homepage: http://www.companyofheroesgame.comBuy It Here
Company of Heroes, or COH as we're calling it, is one of the latest World War II games to be released and also one of the newest in our lineup of benchmarks. It is a super realistic real-time strategy (RTS) with plenty of cinematic detail and great effects. Because of its detail, it will help stress out even the most impressive computer systems with the best graphics cards - especially when you turn up all the detail. We use the built-in test to measure the frame rates.
Finally we leave with COH which sees the 8600GT again slightly up on the competition.
Last updated: Apr 7, 2020 at 12:26 pm CDT
PRICING: You can find products similar to this one for sale below.
United States: Find other tech and computer products like this over at Amazon.com
United Kingdom: Find other tech and computer products like this over at Amazon.co.uk
Australia: Find other tech and computer products like this over at Amazon.com.au
Canada: Find other tech and computer products like this over at Amazon.ca
Deutschland: Finde andere Technik- und Computerprodukte wie dieses auf Amazon.de
- Page 1 [Introduction]
- Page 2 [The Package]
- Page 3 [The Card]
- Page 4 [Test System Setup and 3DMark05]
- Page 5 [Benchmarks - 3DMark06]
- Page 6 [Benchmarks - Half Life 2 (Episode One HDR)]
- Page 7 [Benchmarks - Prey]
- Page 8 [Benchmarks - F.E.A.R.]
- Page 9 [Benchmarks - Company of Heroes]
- Page 10 [Benchmarks - World in Conflict]
- Page 11 [High Quality AA and AF]
- Page 12 [Benchmarks - 3DMark06 - Vista]
- Page 13 [Benchmarks - Call of Juarez (DX10) - Vista]
- Page 14 [Benchmarks - Lost Planet (DX10) - Vista]
- Page 15 [Benchmarks - Company of Heroes (DX10) - Vista]
- Page 16 [Temperature and Sound Tests]
- Page 17 [Power Consumption Tests]
- Page 18 [Final Thoughts]
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I have come across the following Canadian websites, social media websites, and newspaper articles this past week that were of interest to me, and I thought you might be interested in them, too
Souvenir of Toronto: Announcing the Robert MacIntosh Collection on the History of Toronto http://library.ryerson.ca/asc/2013/11/souvenir-of-toronto-announcing-the-robert-macintosh-historical-toronto-collection/ Ryerson Polytechnic University Archives has just acquired the personal collection of 141 books of long time Toronto resident, Robert M. MacIntosh.
They rang from the date 1807 to 1988 and the topics include "historical accounts, biographies of notable Torontonians (including John Toronto himself, Bishop Strachan), tourist keepsakes through the years, maps, centennial publications, and TTC brochures".
FamilySearch Wiki - Category:Charts and Forms FamilySearch has forms of the following -
1861 Canada Census
1871 Canada Census
1881 Canada Census
1891 Canada Census
Social Media
Membership Renewal
http://saskgenealogy.blogspot.com/2013/11/membership-renewal_23.html Membership fees will be increasing for all membership renewals in 2014
News Articles
Oil-industry money won't influence exhibits, museum of civilization CEO vows http://www.ottawacitizen.com/travel/Canadian+Museum+Civilization+gets+sponsorship+deal+from+Canadian+Association+Petroleum/9210141/story.html Because of this investment, the Museum of History will be able to mount a special exhibit called 1867 which will show how the new country called the Dominion of Canada evolved from the colonies of British North America. The exhibit will be on from November 2014 to September 2015, and then it will tour the country.
Record $15-million donation to Calgary Stampede Foundation http://www.calgaryherald.com/business/Stampede+Foundation+create+heritage+centre+with+record+donation/9214611/story.html A new western heritage centre will be built with the donation by Don Taylor and it will be the future home of the Stampede Archives.
Discover the Humanity in History with New Novel http://www.choosecornwall.ca/eng/news/743/57/Discover-the-Humanity-in-History-with-New-Novel/The novel Shadows in the Tree, tells the story of Maria Catrina Eamer who came with her children over the Adirondack Mountains as they fled to Canada to escape the American Revolution.
737 takes off from City Centre Airport, lands safely at new home http://globalnews.ca/news/999859/737-takes-off-from-city-centre-airport-lands-safely-at-new-home/The Alberta Aviation Museum will be the new home for the Boeing 737. It was with the Pacific Western Airlines, and was retired from Air Canada's service in 2005.
Story of the Week
There are many website staring to appear celebrating Canada 150th anniversary in 2017.
If you want background information on Canada's 150 Birthday, you can read about it at the PARLIAMENT of CANADA site at http://www.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?DocId=5614610&File=84
2017 starts now The CBC has started the celebrating Canada's 150 birthday already on their website http://www.2017startsnow.ca/
Local app celebrates Canadian heritage
http://www.castanet.net/news/Kelowna/103621/Local-app-celebrates-Canadian-heritage Well a Kelowna company has developed a new app that is all about having fun and learning about our amazing country at the same time.
Reminder: Check the Canadian Week in Review next Monday for the latest in Genealogy, Heritage, and History news in Canada. It's the ONLY news blog of its kind in country! The next post will be on 09 December 2013.


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Electra Soft Serve 1 16-inch
This item is currently not available.
Let kids be kids and enjoy all the quality and design details of our adult bikes, plus the benefits of Electra's patented Flat Foot Technology.
- Cruiser hi-ten steel frame
- Single-speed w/coaster brake
- Alloy rims, front hub, seat clamp and stem
- Training wheels
- 16"x 2.125" custom tires
- Matching bells and valve caps


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Say goodbye to those low quality ribbons and trim youll find elsewhere with our latest addition -- officially licensed NCAA ribbons! Made from 100% high quality polyester, these ribbons colors never fade or bleed.
Combine different styles and sizes for colorful trim, key-chains, hair-bows, holiday decorations and crafting of all sorts. All logos and colors have been approved by the NCAA, for a perfect match every time. Set your imagination free with the endless possibilities!
Our exclusive University of Miami Hurricanes 4 Pack of Ribbons includes 4 spools (12 total yards) of coordinating ribbon: 1 spool of 9/16, 1 spool of 7/8 and 2 spools of 2 ½ ribbon.
Stored in a smoke and mildew free environment. Officially licensed by the NCAA.


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Anxiety is an uncomfortable feeling of fear, uneasiness, or concern
that something bad may happen. Anxiety can cause physical symptoms such as
trembling, shaking, muscle aches, restlessness, insomnia, rapid heartbeat,
sweating, and clammy hands.
If anxiety interferes with your daily activities, you may need
treatment with medicines (such as antidepressants or antianxiety medicines)
and/or professional counseling.
Last Revised:
August 29, 2012
Healthwise Staff
Medical Review:
William H. Blahd, Jr., MD, FACEP - Emergency Medicine & David Messenger, MD
This information does not replace the advice of a doctor. Healthwise, Incorporated disclaims any warranty or liability for your use of this information. Your use of this information means that you agree to the Terms of Use. How this information was developed to help you make better health decisions.
To learn more visit Healthwise.org
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