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Understand Your Brain and How Addiction Works
Your brain is who you are. It's what allows you to think, breathe, move, speak, and feel. It's just 3 pounds of gray-and-white matter that rests in your skull, and it is your own personal "mission control." Information from your environment—both outside (like what your eyes see and skin feels) and inside (like your heart rate and body temperature)—makes its way to the brain, which receives, processes, and integrates it so that you can survive and function under all sorts of changing circumstances and learn from experience. The brain is always working, even when you are sleeping. (Learn more about the brain-body connection.
The brain is made up of many parts that all work together as a team. Each of these different parts has a specific and important job to do.
When drugs enter the brain, they interfere with its normal processing and can eventually lead to changes in how well it works. Over time, drug use can lead to addiction, a devastating brain disease in which people can't stop using drugs even when they really want to and even after it causes terrible consequences to their health and other parts of their lives.
Drugs affect three primary areas of the brain:
- The brain stem is in charge of all the functions our body needs to stay alive—breathing, moving blood, and digesting food. It also links the brain with the spinal cord, which runs down the back and moves muscles and limbs as well as lets the brain know what's happening to the body.
- The limbic system links together a bunch of brain structures that control our emotional responses, such as feeling pleasure when we eat chocolate. The good feelings motivate us to repeat the behavior, which is good because eating is critical to our lives.
- The cerebral cortex is the mushroom-shaped outer part of the brain (the gray matter). In humans, it is so big that it makes up about three-fourths of the entire brain. It's divided into four areas, called lobes, which control specific functions. Some areas process information from our senses, allowing us to see, feel, hear, and taste. The front part of the cortex, known as the frontal cortex or forebrain, is the thinking center. It powers our ability to think, plan, solve problems, and make decisions.
The brain is a complex communications network of billions of neurons, or nerve cells. Networks of neurons pass messages back and forth thousands of times a minute within the brain, spinal column, and nerves. These nerve networks control everything we feel, think, and do. Understanding these networks helps in understanding how drugs affect the brain. The networks are made up of:
- Neurons
Your brain contains about 100 billion neurons—nerve cells that work nonstop to send and receive messages. Within a neuron, messages travel from the cell body down the axon to the axon terminal in the form of electrical impulses. From there, the message is sent to other neurons with the help of neurotransmitters.
- Neurotransmitters—The Brain's Chemical Messengers
To make messages jump from one neuron to another, the neuron creates chemical messengers, called neurotransmitters. The axon terminal releases neurotransmitters that travel across the space (called the synapse) to nearby neurons. Then the transmitter attaches to receptors on the nearby neuron.
- Receptors—The Brain's Chemical Receivers
As the neurotransmitter approaches the nearby neuron, it attaches to a special site on that neuron called a receptor. A neurotransmitter and its receptor operate like a key and lock, in that a very specific mechanism makes sure that each receptor will forward the right message only after interacting with the right kind of neurotransmitter.
- Transporters—The Brain's Chemical Recyclers
Once neurotransmitters do their job, they are pulled back into their original neuron by transporters. This recycling process shuts off the signal between the neurons.
Drugs are chemicals. When someone puts these chemicals into their body, either by smoking, injecting, inhaling, or eating them, they tap into the brain's communication system and tamper with the way nerve cells normally send, receive, and process information. Different drugs—because of their chemical structures—work differently. We know there are at least two ways drugs work in the brain:
- Imitating the brain's natural chemical messengers
- Overstimulating the "reward circuit" of the brain
Some drugs, like marijuana and heroin, have chemical structures that mimic that of a neurotransmitter that naturally occurs in our bodies. In fact, these drugs can "fool" our receptors, lock onto them, and activate the nerve cells. However, they don't work the same way as a natural neurotransmitter, and the neurons wind up sending abnormal messages through the brain, which can cause problems both for our brains as well as our bodies.
Other drugs, such as cocaine and methamphetamine, cause nerve cells to release too much dopamine, which is a natural neurotransmitter, or prevent the normal recycling of dopamine. This leads to exaggerated messages in the brain, causing problems with communication channels. It's like the difference between someone whispering in your ear versus someone shouting in a microphone.
The "High" From Drugs/Pleasure Effect
Most drugs of abuse—nicotine, cocaine, marijuana, and others—affect the brain's "reward" circuit, which is part of the limbic system. Normally, the reward circuit responds to feelings of pleasure by releasing the neurotransmitter dopamine. Dopamine creates feelings of pleasure. Drugs take control of this system, causing large amounts of dopamine to flood the system. This flood of dopamine is what causes the "high" or intense excitement and happiness (sometimes called euphoria) linked with drug use.
The Repeat Effect
Our brains are wired to make sure we will repeat healthy activities, like eating, by connecting those activities with feeling good. Whenever this reward circuit is kick-started, the brain notes that something important is happening that needs to be remembered, and teaches us to do it again and again, without thinking about it. Because drugs of abuse come in and "hijack" the same circuit, people learn to use drugs in the same way.
After repeated drug use, the brain starts to adjust to the surges of dopamine. Neurons may begin to reduce the number of dopamine receptors or simply make less dopamine. The result is less dopamine signaling in the brain—like turning down the volume on the dopamine signal. Because some drugs are toxic, some neurons also may die.
As a result, the ability to feel any pleasure is reduced. The person feels flat, lifeless, and depressed, and is unable to enjoy things that once brought pleasure. Now the person needs drugs just to bring dopamine levels up to normal, and more of the drug is needed to create a dopamine flood, or "high"—an effect known as "tolerance."
Watch our video below: Why Are Drugs So Hard To Quit? for more.
Long-Term Effects
Drug use can eventually lead to dramatic changes in neurons and brain circuits. These changes can still be present even after the person has stopped taking drugs. This is more likely to happen when a drug is taken over and over.
Addiction is a chronic brain disease that causes a person to compulsively seek out drugs, despite the harm they cause. The first time a person uses drugs, it's usually a free choice they've made. However, repeated drug use causes the brain to change which drives a person to seek out and use drugs over and over, despite negative effects such as stealing, losing friends, family problems, or other physical or mental problems brought on by drug use—this is addiction.
Although we know what happens to the brain when someone becomes addicted, we can't predict how many times a person must use a drug before becoming addicted. A combination of factors related to your genes, environment, and development increase the chance that taking drugs can lead to addiction:
- Home and family. Parents or older family members who abuse alcohol or drugs, or who are involved in criminal behavior, can increase young people's risks for developing their own drug problems.
- Peers and school. Friends and acquaintances who abuse drugs can sway young people to try drugs for the first time. Academic failure or poor social skills can also put a person at risk for drug use.
- Early use. Although taking drugs at any age can lead to addiction, research shows that the earlier a person begins to use drugs, the more likely they are to progress to more serious use. This may reflect the harmful effect that drugs can have on the developing brain. It also may be the result of early biological and social factors, such as genetics, mental illness, unstable family relationships, and exposure to physical or sexual abuse. Still, the fact remains that early use is a strong indicator of problems ahead—among them, substance abuse and addiction.
- Method of use. Smoking a drug or injecting it into a vein increases its addictive potential. Both smoked and injected drugs enter the brain within seconds, producing a powerful rush of pleasure. However, this intense "high" can fade within a few minutes, taking the person down to lower levels. Scientists believe that this low feeling drives individuals to repeat drug use in an attempt to recapture the high pleasurable state.
Learn about addiction risk, Anyone Can Become Addicted to Drugs.
Yes, deaths from drug overdose have been rising steadily over the last decade. In 2015 alone, more than 52,400 people died from a drug overdose. More than three out of five drug overdose deaths involve some type of opioid, either prescription pain reliever, heroin, or man-made opioids like fentanyl. Among young people, just over 4,200 deaths from a drug overdose occurred that year.1 Young males were two times more likely to die from a drug overdose than were females. Learn more about drug overdoses in youth.
In addition, death can occur from the long-term effects of drugs. For example, use of tobacco products can cause cancer, which may result in death.
1 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Underlying Cause of Death 1999-2015 on CDC WONDER Online Database, released 2016. Available at: http://wonder.cdc.gov.
Yes, there are treatments, but there is no cure for drug addiction yet. Addiction is often a disease that is long-lasting (sometimes referred to as chronic). As with other chronic diseases, like diabetes or heart disease, people learn to manage their condition. Scientific research has shown that 13 basic principles are the foundation for effective drug addiction treatment. Find out more in NIDA's Principles of Drug Addiction Treatment: A Research-Based Guide or from Principles of Adolescent Substance Use Disorder Treatment: A Research-Based Guide.
Types of Treatment
Treatment will vary for each person, depending on the type of drugs used and the person's specific circumstances. Generally, there are two types of treatment for drug addiction:
- Behavior change, in which people learn to change their behavior
- Medications, which can help treat addictions to some drugs, such as tobacco, alcohol, heroin, or other opioids
Length of Treatment
Like diabetes and even asthma, drug addiction typically is a long-lasting disorder. Most people who have become addicted to drugs need long term treatment and, many times, repeated treatments—much like a person who has asthma needs to constantly watch changes in medication and exercise. The important point is that even when someone relapses and begins abusing drugs again, they should not give up hope. Rather, they need to go back to treatment or change their current treatment. In fact, setbacks are likely. Even people with diabetes may go off their diet or miss an insulin injection, and their symptoms will recur—that's a cue to get back on track, not to view treatment as a failure.
Motivation for Treatment
Most people go into drug treatment either because a court ordered them to do so or because loved ones wanted them to seek treatment. The good news is that, according to scientific studies, people can benefit from treatment regardless of whether or not they chose to go into treatment.
There are questions people can ask to gauge whether or not a person has a drug problem. These may not mean that someone is addicted, but answering yes to any of these questions may suggest a developing problem, which could require followup with a professional drug treatment specialist. These include:
- Have you ever ridden in a car driven by someone (including yourself) who had been using alcohol or drugs?
- Do you ever use alcohol or drugs to relax, to feel better about yourself, or to fit in?
- Do you ever use alcohol or drugs when you are alone?
- Do you ever forget things you did while using alcohol or drugs?
- Do family or friends ever tell you to cut down on your use of alcohol or drugs?
- Have you ever gotten into trouble while you were using alcohol or drugs?
If you see or hear about someone misusing opioids, talk to a coach, teacher, or other trusted adult.
If you, or a friend, are in crisis and need to speak with someone now, please call:
- National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-TALK (they don't just talk about suicide—they cover a lot of issues and will help put you in touch with someone close by).
If you need information on treatment and where you can find it, you can call:
- Substance Abuse Treatment Facility Locator at 1-800-662-HELP or visit www.findtreatment.samhsa.gov.
For more information on how to help a friend or loved one, visit our Have a Drug Problem, Need Help? page.
Drug Facts
- Drugs, Brains, and Behavior: The Science of Addiction
- Research Report Series: Comorbidity: Addiction and Other Mental Illnesses
- The Brain: Understanding Neurobiology Through the Study of Addiction, Educator Curriculum
- The Brain: Understanding Neurobiology Through the Study of Addiction, Teen Activities
- DrugFacts: Treatment Approaches for Drug Addiction
- Principals of Drug Addiction Treatment: A Research-Based Guide
Statistics and Trends
Monitoring the Future (University of Michigan):
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration:
The National Institute on Drug Abuse Blog Team. "Brain and Addiction." Drugs & Health Blog, , National Institute on Drug Abuse, https://teens.drugabuse.gov/drug-facts/brain-and-addiction. Accessed 13 Aug. 2017.


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Rule #1 - Be Patient - Rule #2 - Don't ask when, if you don't contribute - Rule #3 - You have coding skills - LinuxMCE's small brother is available: http://www.agocontrol.com
Quote from: tschak909 on December 22, 2007, 11:25:08 pmby the MD's CPU. The core merely serves the files.A gigabit LAN could probably let the Core serve cheap MDs with decoded streams, maybe encoded with something really lightweight like HuffYUV (~60% as big). ffmpeg and MPlayer support HuffYUV, even a 2:1 YV12 version. The Core would have to be faster to accommodate. There's got to be a way to harness multiple videocards on the core without just using VNC, because that has no sound and has extra overhead for all the other VNC features - and the VNC client isn't really that lightweight.
by the MD's CPU. The core merely serves the files.

subset: commoncrawl


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Buy-out companies are tapping non-traditional funding avenues to overcome difficult IPO and bank loans markets? TPG Capital, which has around US$52bn in assets under management globally, is considering an expensive high-yield bond for precision engineering firm United Test & Assembly Centre. TPG had in June 2011 looked at an S$500m IPO.
KKR, which has around US$62bn in assets under management globally, became the first private equity fund to use a high-yield bond to refinance a buyout loan in Asia when it took out a US$300m five-year bond for Singapore technology company MMI International, in February this yr. KKR had in March 2011 looked at an IPO exit for MMI worth S$1bn (then US$785.7m).
In April, it spun that it was planning an IPO for MMI worth raise between US$400m to US$500m. The IPO was expected to take place in the third quarter. More.
Given market conditions, not likely.


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Peter Wynne-Thomas looks back on past meetings between Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire at Trent Bridge.
Derbyshire's trips to Trent Bridge have produced more than their fair share of oddities. Even the boring statistics are curious. Since the Second World War, Derbyshire have played 52 Championship matches at Trent Bridge. Exactly half of those have been drawn and half ended in a definite result - with both sides on 13 wins each.
The post-war sequence of matches began with an unusual record. The number of batsmen who have scored only one Championship hundred, and for that innings to be a double century, is very rare.
To do that and have your innings posted as the highest made in English cricket in that specific summer is unique. But we can top that by saying the batsman involved was born in Nottingham, had played Championship cricket for Notts, but had deserted his native county in favour of Derbyshire - scoring this tremendous innings against Notts! The batsman was Pat Vaulkhard and his innings was 264.
We can even add to this bizarre state of affairs by pointing out that Vaulkhard was dropped before he reached double figures (not unusual), with the offending fielder being Guy Willatt, who was born in Nottingham, but is known to most in the cricket world as the captain of Derbyshire and more recently the Chairman of the Derbyshire Cricket Committee! Rain washed out most of the final day of the 1946 game – it was drawn.
I must mention the 1948 match, I was there, as were about 10,000 other spectators. It was Joe Hardstaff's benefit game. The dark green and yellow striped brochure still lurks on my bookshelf. The second morning opened with the two most elegant batsmen in England, Hardstaff and young Reg Simpson moving toward a double century partnership.
Gothard, the white-haired bespectacled Derby captain, then asked Denis Smith, who never bowled, to have a go. The umpire had the audacity to judge Simpson out leg before – Simpson made 129. Then complete catastrophe, Smith had the affront to bowl Hardstaff on 97. The world nearly came to an end. Mind you, Notts had the last laugh. In Derby's second innings, Notts introduced the occasional left arm spinner, Harry Winrow into the attack. He took 5-18 and Notts won by an innings. It should be added that Winrow's only double hundred had been at Trent Bridge the previous year – against Derbyshire.
Mick Newell will remember the 1988 match. He and Derek Randall added 325 for the fourth wicket, with Randall going on to make the highest score of his career - 237. Notts made 614 and won by an innings, despite a fast hundred from John Morris. No one else could cope with Franklyn Stephenson, whose 'slower' ball that season, his first with Notts, confused not only the Derbyshire batsmen, but virtually everyone else.
Dare we mention 1989? This is not for younger readers. Tim Robinson won the toss. All seemed well as openers Chris Broad and Paul Pollard took the total to 87. Out of the blue, five wickets went down for 27. One end was taking spin while the other was tailor-made for the faster bowlers, as Devon Malcolm discovered. Notts were all out for 185 in 56.5 overs.
Derbyshire went in and just as the clock showed time, they were all out for 165 in 47 overs. Stephenson and Hemmings shared the wickets. Next morning, Broad and Pollard began Notts' second innings, Broad was poking the pitch and acting suspiciously. He was out for 11. One of the umpires walked back to the pavilion with him. The game stopped abruptly. After a short break, the spectators were told that the game would continue on another pitch and the groundsmen began to sweep the Test wicket.
After lunch the players and umpires returned, but without the famous Derbyshire overseas star, Michael Holding. It emerged that he didn't believe in such shenanigans, got in his car and drove home! On the new pitch, Notts were bowled out for 112, but Derbyshire could only make 64, Hemmings taking 5-20. Notts gained 21 points, but the Lord's experts arrived and took 25 points away – for an unsatisfactory pitch. I suppose Notts were lucky not to receive the penalty twice for pitch number two.
Pitch inspectors hadn't been invented in 1912, when at Trent Bridge, Tom Wass took 10-70, removing Derbyshire for 79 and 38. Notts won that encounter by an innings and 147 runs. To rub salt into the wound, mention should be made of the 1879 game. Notts, batting first, made 159. The full report on Derbyshire's first innings reads: "Before a run had been scored, Rigley and Cook were both caught at cover-point; Mr Smith returned the ball at 3 (a quaint expression for 'caught and bowled'), Platts was stumped at 4, and at 11 Mr Wallroth was caught at long-field. Now came a complete collapse. At 16 the last four wickets fell for nothing – Osborne was clean bowled, Hay was caught at cover-point, Mycroft at wicket and the Rev E.Forman clean bowled."
All out for 16, Derbyshire were invited to follow on. Their first two wickets went without adding to the score. Play ended for the day. On the second morning Derbyshire were all out 44. Fred Morley's first innings figures were 10.2-7-7-7.
Having started this with a curiosity, I'll end with one. In 1961 Notts played Derbyshire twice at Trent Bridge, both games being three-day and first-class. Unique. Why and what happened as a result?


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Weeks after the weird June 29 windstorm that swept the Mid-Atlantic, I can't shake the feeling of being in an episode of "The Twilight Zone," the 1960s TV series that warned of living selfishly. A dash of Rod Serling spiking a large dollop of Catholic guilt.
With a mighty crack, a piece of the giant maple that has reigned in my front yard since Abe Lincoln lived in a log cabin nearly crushed my house during the derecho. Meanwhile, the rest of the country looked like it was burning up.
In fact, the whole abused planet seems in desperate need of relief. The only real question is if anyone in charge is paying attention.
No matter what happens, though, I'm not getting rid of what's left of my trees.
I let the trimming go too long; that's why I'm feeling the need for penance. Trees are good for the soul and, not incidentally, vital for the Chesapeake Bay. The message I get from Rod Serling is that we have to be very careful during this current frenzy to cut them down. These leafy guardians cool our air, give us oxygen to breathe, limit pollution runoff into the waterways, and, oh gosh, let us hang a swing from their boughs.
But maintaining the status quo is not nearly enough. Since 1980, developers have replaced some 750,000 acres of forestland in the bay watershed with houses, shopping centers and offices. The watershed continues to lose 100 acres of forest every day, according to a 2006 study by the Conservation Fund.
And, most of the forests that remain are fragmented, crossed by roads or power lines and sandwiched between developments. That makes their job of cleaning the air, absorbing rainwater and providing wildlife habitat so much harder.
Trees don't get nearly enough respect. Just last year, the city of Baltimore allowed Grand Prix organizers to cut down dozens of trees near the city center to give race fans a better view. But of course, it was city officials who were short-sighted. The Grand Prix went bust and the taxpayers are now footing the tab to plant new trees.
What's more frightening is that the aggressive environmental action needed to mitigate our selfish ways is now politically out of fashion.
Don't blame Republican Mitt Romney alone; neither of the major presidential contenders is talking about trees, or clean water or clean air.
The last time the nation really got worried about the environment was 1969, when Cleveland's Cuyahoga River caught fire. Rivers aren't supposed to burn. The nation was so scared that Republican President Richard Nixon created the Environmental Protection Agency, which gave rise to the national Clean Air Act and Clean Water Act. No president has done more for the environment since.
But 40 years later, it's not enough. Sewage treatment is much improved, but water quality remains poor. The Clean Water Act needs to be tightened to include the runoff from farmland, and urban and suburban streets. The Clean Air Act needs to do a better job of curbing smokestack and auto emissions.
Sadly, no relief will be coming from the federal government any time soon. Even though there have been lots of folks out on the streets lately cleaning up debris, trimming trees and otherwise performing what might be called "green" jobs, they don't seem to make it into the statistics of a political jobs bill.
Our presidential contenders and their political backers seemed to be obsessed with some other kind of economic measure.
What we really need is a modern-day Johnny Appleseed — a guy who just travels around the country planting trees. They're cheap, they're easy, they're clean and they cool the air and water for nothing.
But while we're waiting for Johnny, here's a thought: We've got a presidential contest tied at dead center. What if each of the candidates was asked to address a real problem like climate change or scarce energy resources and pledge to win support for probably painful potential solutions?
OK, OK, too much "Twilight Zone." Look for me under my maple tree.
Karen Hosler, a former editorial writer for The Baltimore Sun, is a reporter, commentator and talk show host in Baltimore. This article is distributed by the Bay Journal News Service.


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The John G. Tower Center for Political Studies offers the Colin Powell Global Order and Foreign Policy Fellowship. The purpose of this award is to increase research and scholarship and to provide seed monies that may lead to outside funding. The award is up to $5000 for individuals and up to $10,000 for teams.
This fellowship is open to members of the SMU faculty whose work broadly bears on issues such as the structure of what former President George H.W. Bush called the New World Order and the role of the US in this New Order.
In addition to individual projects, the Tower Center encourages applications from research groups or teams that are seeking seed money for a larger project with the prospect of external funding. Team projects will be evaluated on the basis of their potential for matching grants.
Applications must include a 5 to 10 page proposal outlining the goals of the research to be undertaken, the methodology to be used, a time schedule to be followed, and a detailed budget. Powell Fellowship funds are generally not awarded for domestic or international conference travel as such funds are available elsewhere in the University. The application should be accompanied by a current C-V or C-Vs in the case of group applications. Applications for research support should include a list of other agencies or institutions to which the applicant/s has/have applied or from which the applicant/s is/are receiving funding. The award cannot be used to purchase computer hardware or to supplement salary.
The proposal should discuss plans for disseminating the results of the research. Each award recipient will be asked to submit a final report at the end of the project, and to present the results in a Tower Center seminar.
The deadline for application is October 20, 2013.
This Fellowship will be awarded after a competitive review of the proposals by the Fellowship Committee of the Tower Center, chaired by the Director, and to include two members of the Faculty Board.
Powell Fellows are asked to cite the Tower Center for Political Studies at SMU in any publications resulting from work done during the grant and to provide the Tower Center with copies of the work.
Please submit applications and any inquiries to Ray Rafidi, Associate Director of the Tower Center, 233 Carr Collins Hall.


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I'm trying to learn how to compute stalks of IC sheaves, and I was wondering about the following example:
Fix $n$. Let $X \subset \mathbb{C}^n$ be the variety cut out by the equation $x_1 \cdots x_n =0$, i.e. the coordinate hyperplanes. What are the stalks of $\mathrm{IC}(X)$ at the various points of $X$, in particular at the origin?
This seems like a natural toy example, but if the general answer is difficult, I'd be happy to know how to compute this for small $n$.


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The motif in the birth of Krishna, where his mothers brother wished to take his life, and his wounded feet as a result of his fight with the snake, are known in different myths, within the same time frame, for Zarathustra, Oedipus, Dan, and Isak. I am not making a deep interpretation, which Steiner does better than I, but I just want to emphasize the motif:
Hence the legend relates how the child Krishna, even at his birth, was surrounded by miracles, and that Kansa, the brother of his mother, wished to take the life of the child. In the uncle of the child Krishna we see the continuance of the old, and Krishna has to defend himself against him; for Krishna had to bring in the new, that which kills the third epoch and does away with the old conditions for the external evolution of mankind.
That was the twofold deed of Krishna, He acted as a world-historical hero, in that he crushed the head of the serpent of the old knowledge and compelled man to re-enter the physical body, in which alone the ego could be won as free and independent ego, whereas formerly all that made man an ego streamed in from outside.
I am wounded in the feet, but with my own body I tread under foot the head of the serpent," that is to say, the serpent with its head ceases to be the instrument of thought. The physical body and especially the physical brain, kills the serpent, and the serpent revenges itself by taking away from one the feeling of belonging to the earth. It bites one in the heel.
There may also be a relation to Orpheus [Orphan] and Eurydice. Orpheus could charm animals by his music, as Zarathustra could charm the animals when people would kill him as child, and also Eurydice was bitten in the heel like Krishna. Both Zarathustra and Orpheus was killed at the Holy place of Apollo/Ahura Mazdao.
Poets like Simonides of Ceos said that, with his music and singing, he could charm birds, fish and wild beasts, coax the trees and rocks into dance.
While fleeing from Aristaeus (son of Apollo), Eurydice ran into a nest of snakes which bit her fatally on her heel.
He uses the word agurteuonta (αγυρτεύοντα), a term used by Sophocles in Oedipus Tyrannus to characterize Teiresias as a trickster with an excessive desire for possessions.
Zoroaster appears as "Sarastro" in Mozart's opera Die Zauberflöte, which has been noted for its Masonic elements, where he represents moral order (cf. Asha) in opposition to the "Queen of the Night."
Oedipus was set out in the wood to die, with his feet mutilated. He was found by shepherds after an attempt to get rid of him. Teiresias was a blind prophet, as in the story about Krishna. Oedipus goes through life with clubbed feet. Steiner relates the story of Oedipus and the Sphinx with Faust and the clubfooted Mephistopheles of Goethe (Steiner).
In Apocalypse of Moses chapter 26 states:
1 But he turned to the serpent [in great wrath] and said: "Since thou hast done this, and become a thankless vessel until thou hast deceived the innocent hearts, accursed art thou among all beasts.
2 Thou shalt be deprived of the victual of which thou didst eat and shalt feed on dust all the days of
3 thy life: on thy breast and thy belly shalt thou walk and be robbed of hands and feet. There shall not be left thee ear nor wing, nor one limb of all that with which thou didst ensnare them in
4 thy malice and causedst them to be cast out of paradise; and I will put enmity between thee and his seed: he shall bruise thy head and thou shalt bruise his heel until the day of Judgement."
Jacob says the following words about his son Dan:
"Dan shall judge his people, as one of the tribes of Israel. Dan shall be a serpent by the way, an adder in the path, that biteth the horse heels, so that his rider shall fall backward. I have waited for thy salvation, O LORD."
Wikipedia have a good reference article on the symbolism of serpents:


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A Guide to the UT Texas Union Records
Historical Note
Located near the center of the University of Texas at Austin campus, the Texas Union serves as a focal point for lectures, speeches, meetings, entertainment, music, dining, and other activities within the University of Texas community.
The Texas Union opened its doors in 1933, the fiftieth anniversary year of the University of Texas. A massive fund-raising campaign conducted by the Ex-Students' Association had provided the impetus as well as half the funds for construction of the building. The goal was to provide co-curricular activity space for the university's students.
As enrollment continued to climb, students and staff worked to raise the Union fee to fund the construction of an addition. In 1956, their efforts were successful, and construction of a 76,000 square foot addition got underway. The addition opened in October, 1960.
As student unrest grew in the latter part of the 1960s, the Texas Union became the focus of another kind of activity. Public debates on social issues attracted large crowds, and controversial speakers drew demonstrators. The Union arch became the scene of anti-war protests.
By the late 1980s, the advanced age of the Union building's internal operating systems necessitated another extensive renovation. Students supported a fee increase to pay for the repairs, and the $9.1M project was completed in August 1993. Major phased interior renovations continue.
[from the Texas Union website]
Return to the Table of Contents
Scope and Contents
Official records of the Texas Union at the University of Texas at Austin. Includes correspondence, planning files, financial records, annual reports, committee reports, program files, publications, surveys, and other associated documents.
Return to the Table of Contents
Most of these records are stored off-site. Advance notice required for retrieval. Please contact repository.
Return to the Table of Contents
Administrative Information
Preferred Citation
UT Texas Union Records, 1928-2003, Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, The University of Texas at Austin.
Return to the Table of Contents
Detailed Description of the Collection
Return to the Table of Contents


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Discharging purified wastewater to a sensitive area or using it for irrigation requires tertiary treatment such as filtration and/or disinfection, in what is called the polishing phase for waste water. Grundfos can supply pump systems for the varying demands of this stage of wastewater treatment.
Sand filters are the most commonly used technology but other technologies such as drum filters and membranes can also be used for filtration. Whatever the filter technology applied, reliable flow and pressure must be maintained by the pumps system for both feeding and backwashing the filters. Particulate matters are retained in the filter through straining, adhesion and interception. The retained matter will increase the pressure loss in the filter and has to be removed either continuously or when the pressure drop reaches a given limit.
Centrifugal pump systems available in a range of flow capacities and for dry or submerged installation ensure the correct feeding of the filters. The Grundfos Hydro MPC range of multistage pressure boosting systems means sufficient pressure for backwashing is available.
Following filtration, the water can be disinfected before discharge. Grundfos can supply complete dosing systems for large or small volumes and based on different disinfection technologies. Grundfos disinfection systems can be tailored to your needs and dosing requirements.
Disinfection is used in the treatment of wastewater to substantially reduce the number of microorganisms and thereby increase effluent quality. Used today in most wastewater treatment plants, chemical treatment is highly effective for the job at hand.
With a range of electronic accessories Grundfos offers a complete control of your dosing and disinfection processes can be seamlessly integrated into your system. Grundfos has the specialist knowledge to do this and can tailor a dosing station utilising chemicals as either concentrates or ready-to-use solutions, according to your requirements, the relevant safety procedures, chemical storage, and your existing system.
Traditionally, chlorine compounds are the most widely used method for chemical disinfection of wastewater. Grundfos can advise and supply disinfection solutions using chlorine compounds such as chlorine gas (Cl2), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), and chlorine dioxide (ClO2). Control and monitoring systems increase the potential for improving both efficiency and reliability.
Grundfos can supply the specialist expertise to help meet your performance objectives, from the initial identification of needs, to the selection, installation, operation, and maintenance of the pumping solution and dosing system. Grundfos commissioning agreements ensure correct installation and service agreements cover all eventualities, from routine maintenance to spare parts.


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We went through a Beatles revival last summer with the whole Rock Band Beatles game and remastered back catalog. Well, now it's time for the Rolling Stones to have their turn. It's a Stones revival this year (they're not actually dead, or even retired, but let's ignore that for now).
The band just released a deluxe reissue of "Exile On Main St." which is one of the greatest albums of all time and anyone who says otherwise is stupid and shouldn't be your friend. The reissue comes with a whopping 10 bonus tracks culled from the original recording sessions. And now, documentary filmmaker Robert Frank is set to unveil a one-hour documentary about the recording of that same album. It's called "Stones In Exile," and the Hollywood Reporter has all the details of the film's Cannes debut:
The exile in question, appropriately enough, was right here on the French Riviera since the band members had to leave England right after the swinging '60s in order to avoid taxes. They set up shop on the Mediterranean coast, lived a version of the French provincial life (plus sex, drugs and rock-'n-roll) for several years in the early 1970s, and produced one of their best albums, "Exile on Main Street," in the offing.
The doc culls from 40 hours of musty outtakes shot by American docmeister Robert Frank for his own opus (the banned but bootlegged "C--------r Blues"), hidden in vaults for almost 40 years, as well as from stills done by the French photographer Dominique Tarle, who hung out with the band. There are also a few interviews and voiceovers and all the band members are present and accounted for in the piece.
U.S. & World
The day's top national and international news.
The Stones already got the documentary treatment two years ago with Martin Scorsese's "Shine A Light." But that was a concert flick and it showcased the band as they are now. This doc takes you back to that grimy, seedy era where Keith was feuding with Mick and shuttling drug dealers and winos in and out of the studio. It's rich terrain (there's even a book about it), and seeing original footage from those glorious times is bound to make any Stones fan weep with joy.
There's no set date for when this doc will show in the US (one presumes it'll be on TV, since it's only an hour long). But when it shows up, be quick with the DVR, Sweet Virginia.


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Toronto: Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper urged President Obama on Thursday to work with the US Congress to resolve the "fiscal cliff."
Harper's office said the prime minister called Obama to offer his congratulations and used "the opportunity to convey to the President the importance of the White House and Congress working together to tackle the U.S. fiscal situation."
A package of tax increases and government spending cuts will occur unless Congress acts by Jan. 1. Investors see it as a serious threat to the global economy.
The prime minister and the president spoke on the phone for 10 minutes. Harper is in India on a trade mission.
Canada and the U.S. have the largest trading relationship in the world. Mark Carney, the head of Canada's central bank, called the so-called fiscal cliff the most imminent threat facing the Canadian economy. Finance Minister Jim Flaherty said if there is no agreement it would push the U.S. into recession quickly and the Canadian economy would be sure to follow.


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Happy New Year's Eve.....
This past Christmas we enjoyed a couple bottles of champagne with family. My husband was going to throw the corks away until the crafter in me came out and said, "I Don't Think So"! I immediately thought of magnets and what I could do to embellish them. Let me show you how easy it was....a quick and easy 30 minute project.
I started with two plain champagne corks and glued magnets to the bottom of them. Make sure when you glue the magnets, that you are gluing the correct side..I always place my magnet on the refrigerator to make sure I will be securing the right side, otherwise it will not work.
I chose to add jute to one of the corks. I used hot glue to adhere the jute all around the cork. Super easy...
Here it is completely wrapped it jute...cute huh!!
Here is a picture of a before and after....
I embellished the top of it with a cute button. I just clipped off the hook off the back of the button and secured it with hot glue...
|This cute New Years printable is from The 36th Avenue...isn't it cute!!
I wanted to keep the natural look of the cork for the second magnet. I have alot of scrapbooking keys laying around and decided to tie it to the cork with some string and added a quote that I glued to some brown burlap.
These were super easy to pull together and I didn't have to buy anything....everything I used I already had in my stash...
If you come across some champagne corks tonight make sure to save them and re-use them.
Happy New Year!!!
Linking to:


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Oakland battles back for 7-3 win
December 1, 2012 | Rochester Hills, Mich.
The Flames came out strong in the first period of play in game two with the Oakland University Grizzlies Saturday night, but weren't able to keep the momentum, handing the victory to Oakland 7-3 to break its seven-game losing streak.
The Flames put down the first points of the game, taking a 2-0 lead with goals from Andrew McCombe on a powerplay and Ryley Egan on a backhand from a rebound. Oakland struck back with two goals of its own, ending the period tied at 2-2.
Liberty's Rick Turner got the first goal of the second period, banking a shot off the Grizzlies goaltender from behind the net, picking up the one-goal lead. But Oakland powered back, putting in a goal on a powerplay and an even strength tally to take the lead at 4-3. The Flames were outshot 19 to 5 in the period.
Despite building steam and putting up 21 hits, the Flames went scoreless in the third period. Oakland forged ahead, putting up three more goals, one of which came on the powerplay, securing the win at 7-3.
Liberty won the first game in the series Friday night 5-3, coming off a win over Davenport in the first game on its three-game Michigan road trip. The Flames will get another chance to battle the Grizz when they host Oakland at home Feb. 8 and 9.
The Flames return to action next weekend when they host Stony Brook University in a two-game series Friday and Saturday.


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By Maggie Fox, Health and Science CorrespondentThu Jul 27, 2:34 PM ET
People who ate a low-fat vegan diet, cutting out all meat and dairy, lowered their blood sugar more and lost more weight than people on a standard American Diabetes Association diet, researchers said on Thursday.
They lowered their cholesterol more and ended up with better kidney function, according to the report published in Diabetes Care, a journal published by the American Diabetes Association.
Participants said the vegan diet was easier to follow than most because they did not measure portions or count calories. Three of the vegan dieters dropped out of the study, compared to eight on the standard diet.
"I hope this study will rekindle interest in using diet changes first, rather than prescription drugs," Dr. Neal Barnard, president of the Physician's Committee for Responsible Medicine, which helped conduct the study, told a news conference.
An estimated 18 million Americans have type-2 diabetes, which results from a combination of genetics and poor eating and exercise habits. They run a high risk of heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, blindness and limb loss.
Barnard's team and colleagues at George Washington University, the University of Toronto and the University of North Carolina tested 99 people with type-2 diabetes, assigning them randomly to either a low-fat, low-sugar vegan diet or the standard American Diabetes Association diet.
After 22 weeks on the diet, 43 percent of those on the vegan diet and 26 percent of those on the standard diet were either able to stop taking some of their drugs such as insulin or glucose-control medications, or lowered the doses.
The vegan dieters lost 14 pounds (6.5 kg) on average while the diabetes association dieters lost 6.8 pounds (3.1 kg).
An important level of glucose control called a1c fell by 1.23 points in the vegan group and by 0.38 in the group on the standard diet.
A1c gives a measure of how well-controlled blood sugar has been over the preceding three months.
In the dieters who did not change whatever cholesterol drugs they were on during the study, LDL or "bad" cholesterol fell by 21 percent in the vegan group and 10 percent in the standard diet group.
The vegan diet removed all animal products, including meat, fish and dairy. It was also low in added fat and in sugar.
The American Diabetes Association diet is more tailored, taking into account the patient's weight and cholesterol. Most patients on this diet cut calories significantly, and were told to eat sugary and starchy foods in moderation.
All 99 participants met weekly with advisers, who advised them on recipes, gave them tips for sticking to their respective diets, and offered encouragement.
"We have got a combination here that works successfully," said Dr. David Jenkins of the University of Toronto, who worked on the study. "The message that we so often get with diet is that it is no good because nobody follows it for very long."
Dr. Joshua Cohen, George Washington University associate professor of medicine, said everyone diagnosed with diabetes is told to start eating more carefully.
"That may be among the hardest things that any of us can do," Cohen told the news conference.
The vegan diet "is at least as good, if not better than traditional approaches," Cohen said.
Vance Warren, a 36-year-old retired police officer living in Washington, said he lowered his a1c from 10.4, considered uncontrolled diabetes, to 5.1, considered a healthy level, over 18 months. "My life is much better being 74 pounds (34 kg) lighter," Warren told the news conference.


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Green is the New Gray
When 725 Ponce opens in 2019, the new 15-level high rise will be the largest structure ever built with ... READ MORE
Green is the New Gray
When 725 Ponce opens in 2019, the new 15-level high rise will be the largest structure ever built with CarbonCure.
Eco-friendly concrete measures help construct 725 Ponce high rise in Atlanta
STURTEVANT, WISCONSIN (October 29, 2018) – A new mixed-use development in one of Atlanta's trendiest neighborhoods – 725 Ponce – is a real-life example of the impact of building a high rise with eco-friendly concrete measures. Atlanta-based companies Thomas Concrete supplied a "green" carbon neutral concrete, and Pioneer Concrete Pumping pumped it using a strategic selection of Putzmeister concrete placing system, which also offered environmental benefits.
Carbon Footprint
Concrete is the most abundant man-made material on earth. However, it has an emissions problem. The process of making cement, its essential ingredient, requires superheating calcium carbonate, or limestone, which releases carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere. As a result, cement is responsible for up to seven percent of global man-made greenhouse emissions. However, new technology creates concrete that traps CO2 emissions forever.
A few companies provide variations of this technology. The type used for 725 Ponce is CarbonCure™, which ready mixed supplier Thomas Concrete has been using since 2016. The propriety system takes captured and recycled CO2 and injects it into concrete as it's being mixed. Once the concrete hardens, the carbon is sequestered forever. The gas will never be re-emitted into the air because it's been chemically converted into a solid calcium carbonate mineral embedded in the concrete. Plus, the mineral itself improves the compressive strength of the concrete. However, the same compressive strength of traditional concrete can be achieved by simply using less cement.
To create the green concrete, Thomas pays a fee to use CarbonCure's signature system and then buys captured CO2 from a fertilizer plant where it's emitted, but the company says those costs can even out with what they save by using less cement. On 725 Ponce, it was between five to 12 percent less cement depending on the specific mix, which ranged from 3,000 to 8,000 psi.
"After discussions with the project's owner to the structural engineer, everyone was on board to pump this project with CarbonCure technology, and everything went off like clockwork, from the mix design to pumping it without any issues," said Justin Lazenby, Manager of Technical Services at Thomas Concrete. An external test lab monitored the results.
When 725 Ponce opens in 2019, the new 15-level high rise will be the largest structure ever built with CarbonCure. The mix was incorporated into the three-level underground parking structure and 12-story 360,000-square-foot (33,445m²) Class A office building that will include a 60,000-square-foot (5,574m²) Kroger grocery store on the first floor.
Looks the Same
Brasfield and Gorri is the general contractor. They, in turn, selected Pioneer to pump the concrete, as they have relied upon the pumping company's services for numerous projects over the years. Pioneer offers 40 years of experience in the concrete industry, provides ACPA-certified operators and features an expansive fleet of truck-mounted boom pumps, trailer-mounted pumps, truck-mounted line pumps (City PumpsTM), and separate placing booms – with almost every size available.
"Our Putzmeister pumps can handle the harshest mixes, so we're prepared to pump tough mixes when our equipment shows up at a pour. However, the concrete dispatched to this job didn't look any different than traditional concrete, and we had no issues pumping it," says Dan Inglese, Pioneer's National Sales Manager for the Atlanta and Dallas markets.
Jump Start
When starting the project, various sizes of truck-mounted boom pumps handled concrete placement on the lower levels. Jobsite congestion meant equipment setup was challenging. When required to position a boom pump in tight spots, Putzmeister's exclusive one-sided support (OSS) outrigger system on the boom pumps allowed the operator to reduce the outriggers on the non-working side of the unit. This feature removes the option for operators to 'short-rig' machines without the proper safety systems employed.
When the climb up the high rise began, two Putzmeister MX 36/40Z separate placing booms were selected for their maximum horizontal reach of 115' 2" (35.10m). They were attached to two RS 750 pin towers. To get a jump start on the project, a 50-foot (15.24m) tower and two 10-foot (3.05m) tower sections were combined to attain a 70-foot (21.34m) height. The tower was bolted to the slab using four corner plates.
"This approach offered the ability to start placing concrete sooner on the project," says Lee Bentley, a project sales rep for Pioneer with more than 35 years of experience in the concrete pumping industry. The setup allowed for concrete placement on the first deck while avoiding dragging hose over the post tension cables. The 70-foot (21.34m) tower was used for the first four levels, at which point, the crane then lifted and removed the two 10-foot (3.05m) sections.
"The process of removing the tower sections was so easy – just pop out four pins and lift," said Bentley. Once the sections were removed, the tower was converted to a standard 50-foot (15.24m) self-jacking tower, the same as the other tower on the project.
Pump it
When pumping the concrete, scaffolding in the basement was in the way so crews turned to a 40Z-meter truck-mounted boom pump to set up on the congested site and extend its boom to reach an open section on the podium level. At this point, the boom hooked into five-inch (125mm) delivery line, which travelled 80 foot (24.38m) to one placing boom tower, and 120 foot (36.58m) to the other tower in the opposite direction. A 90-degree elbow was used to switch the delivery line from one direction to the other.
When the scaffolding was removed, a City Pump line pump was positioned inside the building on the lower parking deck to pump the concrete. "The line pump never missed a beat," says Inglese. "The contractor wanted 80 cubic yards an hour (60m³/hr) and the machine easily delivered." The line pump is capable of a maximum output of 139 yd³/hr (106m³/hr) and maximum pressure of 2,176 psi (150 bar) – on the rod side.
The City Pump CP 2100 HP-D model is a recent addition to Pioneer's fleet and has a Kenworth T880 chassis with a Tier 4 diesel engine designed to reduce emissions. The vehicle used a Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF), which was sprayed into the exhaust stream of the diesel vehicle to break down dangerous Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) emissions into harmless nitrogen and water.
"Using this model made a really big difference," said Bentley. "It was extremely quiet; and although the contractor vented the exhaust stack, it wasn't necessary because the diesel burned cleaner. Exhaust did not come out like big black bursts of smoke that would spot the structure above and require extensive power washing and cleanup afterwards."
Eco-Friendly Future
The overall placing system setup helped accomplish three pours per floor to finish a floor a week, handling 400 cubic yards (305m³) per pour. Meanwhile, the crew worked five days a week to keep the process moving on a fast track.
Construction of the $200 million building consumed 48,000 total cubic yards (36,700m³) of concrete made with CarbonCure. Ultimately, 725 Ponce will save 1.5 million pounds (680 metric tons) in CO2 from being released into the air – the same amount 800 acres of forest would need to sequester (or absorb) in a year to help reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Lazenby notes, "We feel this technology will become more common," and CarbonCure claims that by realizing the full potential of their portfolio of technologies, up to 700 megatons of CO2 emissions could be saved annually, which is the same as taking 150 million cars off the road every year.
Also assisting in the green initiative, Tier 4 compliant engines, as found on today's newer concrete pumps, are also significantly reducing emissions. Consequently, 725 Ponce is a step in an environmentally conscious direction, and more of that gray concrete and the equipment placing it are showing major signs of going green.
Architect: Cooper Carry, Inc. —Atlanta, Georgia
General Contractor: Brasfield & Gorrie—Kennesaw, Georgia
Concrete Supplier: Thomas Concrete—Buckhead, Georgia
Concrete Placing Company Pioneer Concrete Pumping—Smyrna, Georgia (Atlanta) headquarters with locations in Dallas, San Antonio and Nashville
Equipment: Putzmeister MX 36/40Z separate placing booms (2), Putzmeister RS 750 pin towers (2) with floor plate set, City PumpTM CP 2110 HP-D truck-mounted line pump, and various truck-mounted boom pump models
725 Ponce is a real-life example of the impact of building with eco-friendly concrete measures.
As scaffolding in the basement was in the way, a 40Z-meter boom pump was used to pump concrete to each placing boom tower, extending its boom to hook into five-inch (125mm) delivery line that traveled distances up to 120 feet (36.58m).
A 70-foot (21.34m) tall Putzmeister placing boom tower, bolted tot the slab with a floor plate set, allowed crews to start placing concrete sooner.
The high pressure and high input of the City PumpTM line pump was used for pumping concrete for the upper levels of 725 Ponce.


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Praise for Arms Wide Open
"There are more honest, revealing moments here than in many memoirs. Harman, whose prose is sparse but not simple, covers a span of decades, deftly revealing her own youthful struggles with identity through the children we witnessed her raising earlier in her book, revealing, in short, a full life." —Publishers Weekly
"The heart of Arms Wide Open is birthing, but its soul is sustainable living and a spirit of environmentally friendly management of resources. Harman's commitment to this theme permeates her book, and with similar focus on other contemporary issues, it is relevant for a vast array of readers."—Rain Taxi
"This new memoir is a peek at midwife Patsy Harman's early hippie days, a world where idealism and compassion never cease to matter, where her commune mates struggle—sometimes successfully, sometimes not—against an unjust/unwinable war with a limitless sense of personal commitment and self-sacrifice. It's good to hear these stories, good to remember the fervor against the Vietnam War and our collective voices raised in protest. It's heartening to know that the indomitable Midwife Harman still carries on the legacy of those years with a message that is still vital and necessary all these years later."—Carol Leonard, Midwife and author of Lady's Hands, Lion's Heart, a Midwife's Saga
"Patricia Harman's unflinching honesty and soaring poetry unfold the dream and the reality of the rural communes, political activism, and urban counterculture in the 1970s, and what we, the veterans of that particular era of bohemian life, have become today. She weaves in the telling details—the songs we sang, the clothes we wore, the glories of nature we witnessed, and, most especially, the causes for which we organized and the austerities we endured willingly, for the sake of the earth and all her children."—Alicia Bay Laurel, author and illustrator of Living on the Earth
"A sparkling, vivid story of how a midwife is born—and survives. This story takes you places you never expect to go."—Tina Cassidy, author of Birth: The Surprising History of How We Are Born
Praise for The Blue Cotton Gown
"This luminescent, ruthlessly authentic, humane, and brilliantly written account of a midwife in rough-hewn Appalachia, a passionate healer plying her art and struggling to live a life of spirit, stands as a model for all of us, doctors and patients alike, of how to offer good care."—Samuel Shem, MD, author of The House of God, Mount Misery, and The Spirit of the Place
"Harman has a gift for storytelling, and The Blue Cotton Gown is a moving, percipient book."—Karen R. Long, Cleveland Plain Dealer
"As the mother of seven children and veteran of eight pregnancy losses, I knew when I ran my bath that I would be unable to resist Patricia Harman's memoir of midwifery, The Blue Cotton Gown. What I didn't realize was that it would cause me, a sensible person, to get into her bath with one sock still on and rise from it when the candle was gone and the water cold. Utterly true and lyrical as any novel, Harman's book should be a little classic."—Jacquelyn Mitchard, author of The Deep End of the Ocean and Cage of Stars
"Arms Wide Open is more than a book about delivering babies and bringing new life into the world; it's about the deterioration of the optimism once so prevalent in the cracks and crevices of this country. It's about the human spirit, and the desire to do good unto others. But most importantly, it's about Mother Earth, the time we spend here, the things we plant, the mark we leave and the power she has over all of us."—Hippocampus Magazine


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BillionGraves - Puerto Rico Cemeteries
BillionGraves provides an app for smartphones so that users can take photos of gravestones at any cemetery worldwide and upload the photos to the BillionGraves web site. Users can then transcribe the gravestone information from the photos online. Use of the site is free. You can either earn or purchase extra features such as the "Record Watch" that will alert you when a specific search term of yours comes online. Earn some of these features through participation in the BillionGraves project by uploading and transcribing photos.
Find A Grave - Browse by State: Puerto Rico
Graves of famous people from around the world.
Find A Grave - Browse Cemeteries by US County - Puerto Rico
Information for over 300,000 cemeteries in over 170 different countries. Find the graves of ancestors, create virtual memorials, add 'virtual flowers' and a note to a loved one's grave. You can also try the Find A Grave Search Form.
United States » Puerto Rico » Cemeteries & Funeral Homes
5 Links


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Rosetta Mission's Probe Lands on Comet
European Space Agency's Philae Is First Craft to Land on Comet in Historic Moment for Space Exploration
DARMSTADT, Germany—A robotic probe has become the first craft to land on a comet, a historic moment for space exploration and one that offers the promise of fresh insights into what comets are made of and how they behave.
Rocket scientists at the European Space Agency's mission control here erupted in cheers as they received the first signal that the Rosetta mission's probe, called Philae, had touched down on the forbidding landscape of a small comet known as 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko.
It is still not clear where exactly the probe has landed or if it was damaged. Philae, which is about the size of a small fridge, was aimed for a relatively flat elliptical landing area about 550 yards in diameter, away from deep crevices, large boulders and sharp peaks.
If it landed intact, Philae is expected to quickly snap a few photographs and beam them back to Earth—in the first images ever taken from the surface of a comet. (It takes nearly half an hour for a signal from the comet to reach earth.)
The comet has extremely low gravity. To prevent the probe from bouncing back into space, it carries a pair of harpoons designed to fire immediately and fix the probe to the ground. A thruster on the top was simultaneously expected to push the probe downward to help in the anchoring, but scientists discovered overnight that the thruster couldn't be activated and that the harpoons would have to do the job alone.
Made of ancient ice, dust and other materials, comets are objects of scientific curiosity because they have survived virtually intact from the earliest days of the solar system, more than 4.6 billion years ago.
Because comets carry water and organic molecules, scientists also hope that the Rosetta mission will provide insights into whether comets could have brought water to Earth and possibly kick-started life here.
After a decadelong trek through the solar system, the spacecraft Rosetta made a rendezvous with the comet in August.
- Webcast: Live From ESA Mission Control
- Video: A Decade of the Rosetta Mission in 90 Seconds
- Seven Questions With Rosetta Project Scientist Matt Taylor
- Video: William Shatner Wishes Rosetta Good Luck
- Scientists Gear Up for Bid to Land Probe on Comet (Nov. 11, 2014)
- The Numbers: How Probes Get 'Gravity Assists' (Aug. 29, 2014)
- Rosetta Mission Reaches Comet (Aug. 11, 2014)
Corrections & Amplifications
Confirmation of the Rosetta probe's successful touchdown on the comet is expected in a one-hour window around 1602 GMT (11:02 a.m. ET). An earlier version of this article and a headline incorrectly said confirmation is expected around 1702 GMT (12:02 ET). (Nov. 12, 2014)


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I am inspired by the stories I have read and thought that I should share. People that know me will tell you that I have an extremely positive attitude about everything. In June 2012, my son and I were on a mountain bike ride as we often do and I ran in to a tree and fell on my back. I laughed off the mistake until about 2 days later a large lump appeared in my armpit. It felt about the size of a golf ball or maybe an egg. I went to the doctor about 5 days later and he prescribed an antibiotic and then the lump seemed to wake up and I started experiencing pain. I was sent in for a CT Scan and was told that from the scan, lymphoma could not be ruled out so I was scheduled for a biopsy.
The surgeon told me that he would remove it. Once removed, he was encouraging that this did not look like cancer. When I returned for the results, he was very serious and explained that the pathology returned the results of metastatic malignant melanoma. I asked if that was worse than lymphoma because like so many people, I did not have a clue. He explained the situation further and I went through a barrage of tests(MRI's, PetScan, Dermatologist and Opthamologists visits to determine the origin). It was determined that the origin was of an unknown primary.
With the encouragement of my girlfriend, I made a decision to check out Duke Cancer Treatment Center. Duke is only an hour from where I live. I have to say that if not for my girlfriend I would not have learned as much about melanoma. She has been an absolute Angel from Heaven. She always asks a lot of good questions and she nursed me back to health after the two surgeries. In September 2012, I had several surgeries at the same time. One procedure was to do a lymph node dissection and 17 nodes were removed from under my arm. The other procedure involved an incision on the back of my leg to remove a suspicious lesion. The good news is that the suspicious lesion was not melanoma and the 17 nodes came back with no melanoma. I have been placed at stage IIIc.
What's next? I tried to participate in a clinical trial which is a three arm trial. The trial is trying to prove that Yervoy(IPI) has some form of preventative effect on post operative Stage III patients. You will be randomly selected from the 3 arms which are either Interferon, Yervoy 3-mg(low dose) or Yervoy 10-mg(high dose). I was praying that I would be selected for the Yervoy low dose or high dose but was selected for Interferon.
During the last few months, I have learned how important it is to savor every sweet moment. I became a grandfather during all of this to a beautiful little girl named Sophia. I need to be there for her. During this same timeframe, my mother suffered a heart attack and suffered a serious infection related to her gall bladder. We almost lost her but she is also a fighter and is back home watching football and enjoying life. My sons have been supportive and encouraging. Each one helps me in a different way.
I am amazed at how little we know about melanoma. I am amazed that there hasn't been more money spent on research. I am encouraged after finding MRF and reading about all of the brave patients and loved ones that support these brave patients. I look forward to sharing my journey in hope that it might help someone.
After doing interferon infusions the month of November 2012, I moved to the self injections. I received clear scans in January 2013 and in April 2013, I decided to stop interferon. The side-effects were pretty manageable but fatigue was terrible and I was getting no exercise and was starting to lose weight. After clear scans in April 2103, I consulted with my oncologist and decided to stop interferon. In January 2013, I changed my diet to the anti-cancer diet and started drinking Xango which is mangosteen. My energy level is now much better and my outlook remains positive and hopefully ready for any other challenges.
Re: Wolverine(3/2/2013 - 12:03am)
i read ur post on here, i just joined this March 1, 2013
i was diagnosed about that same way as you and am on the heavy dose of yervoy, currently 6 of 8 treatments
my next 2 come in april and june of this year, i am currently at stage 3B and am 1 year into this now, hagd
i am here to learn what is there after treatment


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Part Number:CHECK-MOA-XHC-S
Item Size:4.875" x 3.375" (folded)
Summer Sweet Folded Informal Note Card by Checkerboard
Perfect for spring, this top fold informal note is printed on ivory card stock and features a tall foxglove floral design along the left border of the card. Includes ivory unlined envelopes.
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Printing Method:Thermography
Min. Order Quantity:25


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Live interview with Adnan Oktar on The Rusty Humphries Show (Talk Radio Network, USA) (June 3, 2010)
TALK RADIO: This is the Rusty Humphries Show. Our phone number is 1-800-449-TALK. We are going to do something different tonight. We are going to go all the way to Turkey and talk with a guy who is considered one of the most influential Muslims in the world. His name is Mr. Adnan Oktar. He also writes under a different name, I will have to give a different pronunciation on that properly in a second. He has written over 300 books including one called Islam Denounces Terrorism. His works are available in 63 languages and these have been translated in 12 different languages and 84 million copies of his books have been sold. Mr. Adnan Oktar, welcome to the Rusty Humphries Show. How are you Sir?
ADNAN OKTAR: Thank you. And welcome to you.
TALK RADIO: Thank you very much. Now you mention in your book that Islam denounces terrorism. I'd like to hear more because we have so many people that think Islam is sponsoring most of the terrorism around the world.
ADNAN OKTAR: No.I have described this in great detail in my book also, Islam is a religion of affection, compassion, forgiveness and friendship. It commands people beauty, goodness and peace. I have set this out and proved this quite explicitly, in details, though verses of the Qur'an and the hadiths. In the Qur'an, Allah even wishes us to forgive someone who has committed murder. This multilateral, compassionate and forgiving mentality prevails in the Qur'an.
TALK RADIO: I recently travelled to England and met with a number of people in the London Central Mosque, they told me that the Qur'an says that Jews and Christians hate all Muslims and so Muslims are not allowed to be friends or to like them. Do they misunderstand the Qur'an?
ADNAN OKTAR: Of course that is wrong. This is an established fact through the actual practices of our Prophet (saas), in his own time. Our Prophet (saas) treated both the Christians and the Jews with affection. We are now awaiting the Prophet Jesus(pbuh) in the End Times. When the Prophet Jesus(pbuh) comes, the whole world will convert to Islam, insha'Allah. The Qur'an explicitly states in three verses that the Prophet Jesus(pbuh) will perform this task. Christians and Jews are entrusted to us by Allah. Our Prophet (saas) treated them with affection. One would marry their daughters and women. That is still the case, we can marry them. How a person would love his wife, how he would feel close to her, won't he? He won't want to insult, beat nor kill his spouse, he would want her to live under the best conditions possible. Since they could marry women from the People of the Book, and show them love, then we must draw the relevant evidence from that. Insha'Allah.
One's spouse is one's beloved.
TALK RADIO: Right. And those women if they marry a man of Islamic faith, they would have to convert, wouldn't they?
ADNAN OKTAR: No, no. One can marry as the People of the Book. The name People of the Book makes it clear already.
TALK RADIO: Right now between Turkey and Israel, what do you think should happen?
ADNAN OKTAR: There should be friendship, brotherhood, union and unity. Insha'Allah, this will come about in the time of Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh), known as the King Messiah(pbuh) in the Torah. Little time remains for this. We will see this unity in the next 10 years or so. But our Prophet (saas) has told us that there will be such troubles before that unity is established, that Muslims will be fragmented, that Christians and Jews will be divided among themselves and that there will be much suffering. This is mentioned in the Torah, too, and also in the Gospel. But in the End Times people will coalesce around a single religion, around Islam and be brothers.
TALK RADIO: If the whole world is going to become Muslim, I'm sorry I'm a Christian and I don't want to become a Muslim. How is that going to happen? Is that with the violence going all around the world, people being forced to convert to Islam?
ADNAN OKTAR: No, no. It will happenthrough the emergence of the Prophet Jesus(pbuh) in the flesh. People will embrace the Prophet Jesus(pbuh) with love and passion and they will become voluntarily Muslims with love, fervor. One cannot compel anyone to be a Muslim. There is a verse of the Qur'an stating; "There is no compulsion in the faith." People will convert through love, only because they want to.
Jesus(pbuh) is also our prophet.
TALK RADIO: Do you think... By the way, my guest is author Adnan Oktar. He has written a number of books including Islam Denounces Terrorism and a book that is widely known around the world called the Atlas of Creation. We'll talk about creationism in just about a moment. One more question about the subject Mr.Oktar and that is, do you feel it is appropriate for a large mosque to be built right across the street from the World Trade Center, the 9/11 location?
ADNAN OKTAR: That will be wonderful. It would be really, really great. It would be very useful in terms of reinforcing the brotherhood between Christians and Muslims.
TALK RADIO: You don't think that might be offensive to Americans and Christians?
ADNAN OKTAR: No, why should it be? Mosques and churches are opened beside one another in the same places in Turkey as well. Everyone loves and respects churches. They are places where Allah is remembered, and that is a very good thing. A Christian can also come and worship Allah there. Mosques are the houses of Allah.
TALK RADIO: Mr. Adnan Oktar here on the Rusty Humphries Show. I'd like to talk about something; you are very famous in believing that Darwinism is the root of evil in the world today, is that correct?
ADNAN OKTAR: Of course. That is because Darwinism is a theory which claims that the whole universe came into being by chance. It is therefore a theory that rejects belief in the Hereafter. It therefore rejects the Qur'an, the Gospel and the Torah. The Torah, the Gospel and the Qur'an are sources of love, peace and brotherhood. This is a false theory that seeks to dry up these springs of love, peace and brotherhood. It is a pagan religion. A pagan religion left over from the Sumerians.
TALK RADIO: Why is it then all of the, most of the terrorism around the world is being caused by Muslims around the country and not Darwinists? And I'm not a Darwinist, I'm a creationist like you. But why are so many murder attacks are being committed by Muslims?
ADNAN OKTAR: They are Darwinists, people who have received a Marxist education, though their ID documents describe them as Muslims. When asked they say, "We are Muslims." But we see their true faith is Darwinist, Marxist thinking. In other words, they are people who have adopted the terror methods of Lenin and Trotsky and even of Ho Chi Minh. It is impossible for anyone who really loves and fears Allah to hurt and kill people. It is impossible for them to commit terrorist acts, oppression, murder and torture.
TALK RADIO: So these people are not Muslims, they are socialists or communists?
ADNAN OKTAR: A person's ID document may describe him as a Christian, or a Jew or a Muslim. But then there are also his real beliefs. If his true beliefs are Darwinist, materialist and Marxist, and if he then goes on to insist he is a Muslim, then that is a dishonest language. That is because if he believes in the Qur'an, he should act accordingly. But if he believes in Marxism, then he has a totally different way of thinking.
TALK RADIO: Should the Shariah law be the law of the world?
ADNAN OKTAR: This exact equivalent of that is the moral values of the Qur'an. So of course love, peace and brotherhood must rule the world. The alternative is the system of shaytan.
TALK RADIO: But does that include stoning? Does that include the burqa? Does that include the violence that comes along with some of that, the female castration?
ADNAN OKTAR: I have told you before. The Qur'an teaches us affection, compassion, love, friendship and democracy. It teaches forgiveness, loyalty and virtue. That is the idea, the belief that pervades the Qur'an.
In the time of Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) and the Prophet Jesus(pbuh), the King Messiah in other words, we are told that not a drop of blood will be spilled, that nobody's nose will even be made to bleed and that wars will come to a complete end and that the weapons will be completely abated. This is explicitly referred to in the Gospel and the Torah. It is described comprehensively and in detail in the hadiths.
In essence, trust in the Mahdi (pbuh) and the Prophet Jesus(pbuh). They will do what is best for the world.
TALK RADIO: Mr. Adnan Oktar, there is one more thing before I let you go. There are 5 million Americans listening to you right now. What is your message for America?
ADNAN OKTAR: I love the Americans much, much more than you imagine. They are joyous, democratic, fine and loving people. I beg Allah to grant them successful and luxuriant lives. I beg Allah to allow them to see the Prophet Jesus(pbuh). I express my fervent love for them. I love all Jews in the same way. I love all my Muslim brothers more than my very soul. My love and respects to them all.
Insha'Allah, we will go there too with the Prophet Jesus, the Messiah(pbuh). We will embrace one another there and eat and perform our prayers together, insha'Allah. Those will be most excellent days.
TALK RADIO: Well, I look forward to that day. It was a pleasure meeting you Mr. Adnan Oktar. The name of his books, well he has 300 books; but the Atlas of Creation is the big one available in all languages. He has also written the best seller Islam Denounces Terrorism. Mr. Adnan Oktar from Istanbul, Turkey. Thank you so much for being on the Rusty Humphries show.
OKTAR BABUNA: You can have more detailed information through his website. www.harunyahya.com.
TALK RADIO: HarunYahya.com. HarunYahya.com. Thank you so much Sir. We appreciate it. We've got to take a quick break, and we will be right back, right on the Rusty Humphries show.
ADNAN OKTAR: Very well, thank you.
TALK RADIO: Thank you very much, I appreciate your time.
TALK RADIO: Thank you. Bye bye.
OKTAR BABUNA: Masha'Allah.
ADNAN OKTAR: Masha'Allah.
OKTAR BABUNA: He said he looks forward to those days, as you said you would go there with the Prophet Jesus(pbuh). Masha'Allah. May Allah be pleased.
ADNAN OKTAR: Insha'Allah These things are temporary. It is by Allah's law that there will be a time of suffering, and nobody can stop it. But eventually, a good age will dawn. We will caress the lovely face of Jesus the Messiah(pbuh) with our own hands, insha'Allah. We will caress his beard, insha'Allah. We will embrace Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh), insha'Allah. By Allah's leave, the enemies of Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) and the Prophet Jesus(pbuh) will all say in embarrassment: "My! May Allah forgive us. What have we done? How did we follow such a mentality, such a logic? How did Shaytan deceive us." But they are our brothers too, of course. Everyone will forgive everyone else, and that will be that, insha'Allah.
OKTAR BABUNA: Insha'Allah. Masha'Allah. May Allah be pleased with you. Today 5 million people were listening in Spain and America, insha'Allah. You have imparted great good news. You have said that Islam will rule the world and that Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) and the Prophet Jesus(pbuh) will soon appear.
ADNAN OKTAR: By Allah's leave. I would not say that if I were not certain. It is totally clear. There are some people, some adolescent slow witted types, we state that it is mentioned in the Gospel, in the Qur'an, in the Torah and in the hadiths. But no matter what we tell them, they still act according to their own minds. Look, we say that all the portents have come about and this is coming about, it is going on we say, but they still do not believe. They will believe when it fully comes about. What are we to say, we will then forgive them. May Allah forgive them insha'Allah.
OKTAR BABUNA: This is among the 100 most popular programs in America. This program being broadcasted is number 38. They have never been so opposed to Darwinism before. They never knew that Darwinism is the root of evil. All this has happened through you. He says he agrees with you completely, masha'Allah.
ADNAN OKTAR: Masha'Allah. We will thus be allied together. Bediüzzaman says, "he will forge an alliance with Christian spiritual leaders." He says, "he will strive to perform that great duty." The Mahdi (pbuh) will forge an alliance with Christians. And as his vanguard, his followers, we must follow that same path, insha'Allah.
OKTAR BABUNA: Your name is all over the world, masha'Allah. You have been instrumental in the end of the corruption of Darwinism and the spread of evil, masha'Allah.
ADNAN OKTAR: Look, by Allah's will, even a student of the Mahdi (pbuh) can move the earth and sky. So let them imagine what will happen when Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) himself appears. Right?
OKTAR BABUNA: You said that people would faint from joy, insha'Allah.
ADNAN OKTAR: By Allah's leave. Of course there will be people getting very excited insha'Allah. There will be intense nerve releases, occurring from the intensity of the incident, the intensity of the excitement. There will be nerve releases in thousands of people, you will see that there will be people getting blackouts. There will be people fainting. May Allah forbid, there will also be those who lose their lives. There will be many people passing away. Insha'Allah, they will be martyrs. That is because, it will happen through love of Allah. Okay. So what shall we do? Let's have a break. The internet broadcast is still going on, isn't it? If I am not mistaken. Then we can carry on later.
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The 2012 Judge Dredd film starring Karl "Éomer Bones" Urban has a new title — Dredd — and a new plot synopsis. Also, Olivia Thirlby of Juno has signed on as the psychic Judge Anderson.
Here's the synopsis of the $45 million film from IM Global:
DREDD takes us to the wild streets of Mega City One, the lone oasis of quasi-civilization on Cursed Earth. Judge Dredd (Karl Urban) is the most feared of elite Street Judges, with the power to enforce the law, sentence offenders and execute them on the spot - if necessary. The endlessly inventive mind of writer Alex Garland and the frenetic vision of director Pete Travis bring DREDD to life as a futuristic neo-noir action film that returns the celebrated character to the dark, visceral incarnation from John Wagner and Carlos Ezquerra's revered comic strip
Pre-production for the film began August 23 in Capetown Africa. In other news, Olivia Thirlby, who played Juno's best friend Leah and Johnathan Ames' ex-girlfriend on Bored to Death, will portray Judge Anderson of the Mega-City One Psi Division. In the comics, Anderson's psychic gifts helped ward off the malicious undead Judge Death. Does her presence indicate that we'll see everyone's favorite evil ghost cop as the baddie?
The new title seems to imply that the filmmakers are making a clean break with the Rob Schneider buddy movie antics of the first film. The movie wasn't 2000 AD-caliber, but its candy-coated dystopia did have its moments. Like so:


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Editor's note: Mel Robbins is a CNN commentator and legal analyst. Robbins is the founder of Inspire52.com, a positive news website and author of "Stop Saying You're Fine," about managing change. She speaks on leadership around the world and in 2014 was named Outstanding News Talk Radio Host by the Gracie Awards. Follow her on Twitter @melrobbins. The opinions expressed in this commentary are solely those of the author.
(CNN) -- Ever feel like you're losing the cell phone battle with your teenager? I did, too. But I'm about to share a genius move with you that will help you win it again.
When we first gave our daughters (now 13 and 15) cell phones for "emergencies," we made them sign a contract, monitored every text and restricted where and when they could use their phones. In less than a year, we lost control of the situation.
There is the search activity for starters, and then the Snapchat stories, Vines, Instagram posts, Facebook messages, Ask.fm questions and Twitter feeds. There is the stunning reality that the average teen sends between 50 to 100 texts a day -- some as many as 300 -- and 70% of them admit hiding their online behavior from parents.
Add to this that 84% of teenagers sleep with, next to or on top of their cell phones, according to a Pew Research Internet Study, and we get into the realm of health concerns. We may not be able to monitor our kids every online move, but this we could do something about. And here comes the genius move:
We recently adopted a "check in at tuck in" rule at our house, an idea I stole from a parenting expert. It is simple, and you must try it. At bedtime, when you "tuck in" your kids for the night, they must "check in" their phone for charging with you.
Why? Turns out it's a horrible idea to let your teens sleep with their cell phones. It deprives them of sleep, makes them feel obligated to be "on-call" for their friends at all hours of the night and prevents them from creating healthy boundaries with technology.
The research is indisputable that teens needs "as much sleep or more" than they got as children -- that's between 9 and 10 hours of sleep a night -- and only 20% of them are getting it, thanks to their sleeping with their cell phones!
When they don't get sleep, they perform poorly in school, feel ravenous, get acne, are more susceptible to the flu and are overly emotional.
Even though most teens turn their phones to vibrate at night, with every buzz and incoming text, their sleep is disrupted. Sleep researchers say that the blue light from the time display on a smartphone sets off the brain receptors that are designed to keep us awake.
Before we implemented the "check in at tuck in" rule, I'd often find our 13-year-old passed out in her bed, music still cranking away on her headphones. Our 15-year-old still had several hours of homework to finish so I'd kiss her goodnight and remind her to set the alarm clock on her cell phone for 6 a.m.
Now our 13-year-old "checks in" her phone at 9 p.m. when she heads to bed. Our 15-year-old "checks in" her phone at 10 p.m. The phones get powered off and plugged into a power strip on the floor of our bedroom -- where they charge all night.
By taking the phone, you'll also be rescuing your kids from needing to be "on call" for their friends.
Dr. Orfeu Buxton, a neuroscientist and assistant professor in the division of sleep medicine at Harvard Medical School, has found 10% or 15% "of teens in middle school are hardened insomniacs that not only sleep with their cell phones on but feel they have to be responsible to intrusion, in case a friend is in need."
As one high school girl in the Pew study explained, "Our friends are texting constantly, and the people will wake me up at like midnight and I have to like wake up and talk to them or like they'll think I'm mad at them or something."
You'll catch flak, but you can handle it. Nothing good will come from a teenager, alone in his or her room, late at night with a cell phone.
"But I use it for my alarm clock."
"I'll wake you up."
"My friends might need me."
"Blame me. If it's an emergency, they can call the house and I'll wake you up."
We've had the "check in at tuck in" rule for about three months at our house and the difference is amazing. The sleep-deprived and grouchy wildebeests that used to arrive in the kitchen (phone in hand) have been replaced by half-awake teenagers who sometimes even talk to us. They get their phones after breakfast is finished and backpacks are ready.
A few weeks ago, driving my daughter to a friend's house for a sleepover, she handed me her phone. "I guess I should check this in now, since you won't be there to tuck me in tonight. I'll call you from Ellie's phone if I need you."
For a fleeting moment, I actually felt like I was back in control of this parenting thing.
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NBA Star Of The Week: Stephen Curry Doing Work! (Faking The Hell Of The Bobcats Not Once.. But 3 Times)
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Band of Brothers: E Company, 506th Regiment, 101st Airborne, from Normandy to Hitler's Eagle's Nest
Band of Brothers: E Company, 506th Regiment, 101st Airborne, from Normandy to Hitler's Eagle's Nest4.35 530 5 Author: Stephen E. Ambrose Narrator: Cotter Smith
As audiobook.
They came together, citizen soldiers, in the summer of 1942, drawn to Airborne by the $50 monthly bonus and a desire to be better than the other guy. And at its peak—in Holland and the Ardennes—Easy Company was as good a rifle company as any in the world.
From the rigorous training in Georgia in 1942 to the disbanding in 1945, Stephen E. Ambrose tells the story of this remarkable company. In combat, the reward for a job well done is the next tough assignment, and as they advanced through Europe, the men of Easy kept getting the tough assignments.
They parachuted into France early D-Day morning and knocked out a battery of four 105 mm cannon looking down Utah Beach; they parachuted into Holland during the Arnhem campaign; they were the Battered Bastards of the Bastion of Bastogne, brought in to hold the line, although surrounded, in the Battle of the Bulge; and then they spearheaded the counteroffensive. Finally, they captured Hitler's Bavarian outpost, his Eagle's Nest at Berchtesgaden.
They were rough-and-ready guys, battered by the Depression, mistrustful and suspicious. They drank too much French wine, looted too many German cameras and watches, and fought too often with other GIs. But in training and combat they learned selflessness and found the closest brotherhood they ever knew. They discovered that in war, men who loved life would give their lives for them.
This is the story of the men who fought, of the martinet they hated who trained them well, and of the captain they loved who led them. E Company was a company of men who went hungry, froze, and died for each other, a company that took 150 percent casualties, a company where the Purple Heart was not a medal—it was a badge of office.
More information about the audiobook:Publisher: Simon & Schuster Audio
Published: 1998-11-01
Length: 4H 35Min
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