text:
September 2003
What is Conflict Escalation?
Escalation refers to an increase in the intensity of a conflict and in the severity of tactics used in pursuing it. It is driven by changes within each of the parties, new patterns of interaction between them, and the involvement of new parties in the struggle.[1] In the conflict stage diagram, it is the next step after conflict emergence that pushes the conflict up towards, eventually, a hurting stalemate.
When conflicts escalate, more people tend to become involved. Parties begin to make bigger and stronger threats and impose harsher negative sanctions. Violence may start, or if violence has already occurred it may become more severe and/or widespread as the number of participants involved in the conflict increases, and a greater proportion of a state's citizens actively engage in fighting.[2]
Conflict theorists Dean Pruitt and Jeffrey Rubin list five changes that occur as a conflict escalates. First, parties move from light tactics to heavy tactics. Light tactics include such things as persuasive arguments, promises, efforts to please the other side, while heavy tactics include threats, power plays, and even violence. Second, the conflict grows in size. The numbers of issues in contention expands, and parties devote more resources to the struggle. Third, issues move from specific to general, and the relationship between the parties deteriorates. Parties develop grandiose positions, and often perceive the other side as "evil." Fourth, the number of parties grows from one to many, as more and more people and groups are drawn into the conflict. Fifth, the goal of the parties changes from "doing well" to winning, and finally, to hurting the other.
Under certain circumstances, escalation is the rational thing to do. If a party has overwhelming power over its opponent, it makes sense to use this power to overcome the opponent's resistance.[3] Parties might also intentionally escalate the conflict in order to pressure the other side, involve third parties, or rally more people to their cause. In many cases, this sort of tactical escalation can have positive effects and help move parties toward a mutually beneficial relationship.[4]
However, a great deal of conflict escalation is inadvertent, and occurs without the parties having fully considered the implications of their actions. Sometimes this is a result of perceived crises and time pressures that compel the parties to act before they have considered alternative courses of action or have a full understanding of the situation. The use of force and threats, if regarded as too extreme, can ultimately backfire and provoke retaliation.[5] It is in these cases that conflicts have the potential to spiral out of control and have terribly damaging effects. Destructively waged conflicts typically involve great losses for one or more of the contending parties, and tend to persist for a long time.[6] To avoid these negative consequences, a better understanding of the dynamics of escalation is needed.
As the initial conflict between the Soviets and the West grew, more and more issues were drawn into the conflict.
After WWII, the USSR attempted to gain control of adjoining nations in order to increase its security. This made East-West cooperation difficult and increased the parties' mutual suspicion and mistrust.
In response to expanding Soviet influence, the United States attempted to strengthen Western European states and rebuild West Germany. Worried that Germany would return to power, the Soviets brought stronger tactics to bear.
Already the conflict was escalating into what is now known as the Cold War. -- Pruitt and Rubin, 88-89
Conditions that Encourage Escalation
Some conflict escalation is driven by incompatible goals. Many note that destructive social and inter-personal conflicts always begin with the emergence of contentious goals of two adversaries. If the parties do not see a possibility of finding a mutually beneficial solution, and one believes that it has the power to substantially alter the aspirations of the other, it may try to bully the other side into submission.[7] As the adversaries begin to pursue their incompatible goals, they may issue threats or otherwise attempt to coerce the opposing side into giving them what they want.[8] Each side typically believes that the other is driven by power and will increase its coercive behavior unless it is prevented from doing so by greater coercion.[9] But if one party is harmed or threatened by another, it is more likely to respond with hostility. The greater number of issues in contention and the more intense the sense of grievance, the more fuel there is to encourage escalation.[10]
In many instances, the parties view each other as having relatively high aspirations or regard the issues under dispute as ones that cannot be compromised. For example, matters regarded by adversaries as being integral to their personal or collective identities are more prone to conflict escalation. When faced with groups that exhibit radically different attitudes, values, and behaviors, parties may feel criticized, demeaned, or threatened.[11] Threats to identity tend to arouse feelings of anger and fear, which can in turn fuel conflict escalation. Similarly, moral conflicts often lead to conflict escalation because the opponent is viewed as wrong in principle and not merely on the wrong side of some specific issue.[12] Disputes involving ideological or moral issues tend to attract more parties and be resistant to compromise.
Past grievances, feelings of injustice, and a high level of frustration may also provoke escalation. Hostility-driven escalation is typically caused by grievances or a sense of injustice, and may ultimately be rooted in events of the distant past. One party feels that it has been treated unfairly by its opponent, and angrily blames its opponent for the suffering it has endured.[13] Deprivation, inequitable treatment, and pain and suffering thereby lead to a desire to punish or injure the other.[14] If there are no "norms of redress" in place, the aggrieved party may feel compelled to strike back in response to this perceived provocation.[15] However, their feelings of anger and frustration may lead them to overreact. And if their actions are seen as overly severe and exceed the normative expectations of the other side, these actions may provoke outrage and simply intensify the struggle.[16]
Indeed, hostility-driven conflicts tend to escalate for trivial reasons, and also become unnecessarily violent.[17] Once victims have made exaggerated assessments of the severity of the harm they have suffered, they are likely to seek revenge. Their hostile actions often simply lead to further injustice, which grants victim status to the original wrongdoer.[18] This not only generates new conflict issues, but also provokes fresh feelings of anger and injustice. Both parties may come to view revenge as an end in itself.[19]
Three Process Models
Various frameworks can be used to better understand the dynamics of conflict escalation. Pruitt, Rubin, and Kim discuss three broad models of escalation: the aggressor-defender model, the conflict-spiral model and the structural-change model.[20] Taken together, these three accounts of what occurs during escalation can help to make sense of a wide variety of conflicts.
Aggressor-Defender Model
Jannie Botes says journalists frequently escalate conflicts. This can be positive or negative, depending on the situation.
In the "aggressor-defender" model, the "aggressor" is viewed as having a goal that places it in conflict with the "defender." The "aggressor" begins with mild tactics and moves on to heavier tactics if these don't work. The defender reacts, escalating its efforts in response to the aggressor's escalatory actions.[21] While this model reflects some cases of escalation, it suggests that escalation moves simply in one direction, with the defender always reacting to the action of the aggressor. In many cases, escalation is better understood as a circular process, in which each side reacts to the other's behavior.
Conflict Spiral Model
According to the conflict-spiral model, escalation results from a vicious circle of action and reaction. Because each reaction is more severe and intense than the action that precedes it, each retaliation or defensive action in the spiral provides a new issue or grievance.[22] These dynamics explain the movement from lighter tactics to heavier tactics, as well as the expansion of issues in conflict. As the spiral rises, each party's list of grievances grows longer, producing a growing sense of crisis.
Conflict spirals can be either retaliatory or defense. In a retaliatory spiral, each party punishes the other for actions it finds hurtful. Retaliation may be in response to events of the distant past, or to the opponent's most recent atrocious acts.[23] These events lead one party to blame the other for harm suffered, and to desire punishment. Central to this desire for retaliation are feelings of anger and the perceived need to "teach" the other a lesson. In addition, it is common for one party to miscalculate the likely reaction of the other, and inadvertently commit acts that result in further escalation.[24] For example, one side may try to intimidate its opponent, and instead provoke a harsh counteraction.
In a defensive spiral, on the other hand, each party reacts so as to protect itself from a threat it finds in the other's self-protective actions.[25] While retaliatory spirals are typically driven by blame and anger, defensive spirals are driven by fear. Though one side may simply wish to protect itself, its actions may be perceived as threatening by its opponent. One example of this sort of spiral is the arms race. (This is called the security dilemma and is discussed in the essay on security.)
Structural Change Model
Carolyn Stephenson says that both escalation and de-escalation are needed to resolve conflicts.
Finally, according to the structural-change model, the experience of conflict and the tactics used to pursue it produce residues that affect and change the parties and communities involved.[26] As a fight escalates, the means of waging it become more and more removed from the substantive issues that first gave rise to conflict.[27] The psychology of the adversaries, as well as the relationship between them, undergoes fundamental changes. These enduring structural changes encourage further contentious behavior and fuel escalation. Thus, the structural-change model has the unique ability to explain why escalation tends to persist and recur.[28]
Psychological Dynamics
Escalation is both a cause and a result of significant psychological changes among the parties involved. In addition to anger and fear discussed above, negative attitudes, perceptions, and stereotypes of the opponent can drive escalation, as well as being caused by it (another spiral). Parties have a tendency to blame the other side for any harms suffered, and want at least restitution, if not retaliation. They may also form ideas about the dispositions, basic traits, and motives of the other side. For example, each side may believe that the other is fundamentally selfish, unfriendly, and hostile to its welfare.[29] As a result, actors often come to regard revenge and punishing the other side as an end in itself. Discussions about substantive issues and grievances give way to personal attacks upon the other.
Another psychological process that drives escalation is the sacrifice trap, also commonly known as entrapment. In some conflicts, a party may expend seemingly unjustified amounts of time, energy, and resources because they cannot admit they were wrong in what they did. So they continue or even increase their commitment to a failing course of action in order to justify their previous investments.[30] As time passes, the cost of continuing increases, but so do the prospects of reaching one's goal.[31] In addition, because they do not regard total withdrawal as an option, they come to regard total commitment as the only choice. Combatants thereby become trapped into an escalatory path of ever-increasing commitment.
Another psychological process that contributes to negative attitudes is selective perception. Once parties have expectations about the other side, they tend to notice the behavior that fits these expectations. But this tendency to make observations that fit their preconceptions simply makes those preconceptions stronger.[32] As a result, the actions of distrusted parties are seen as threatening, even when their actions are ambiguous. There is a tendency to misinterpret their behavior, and to give them little benefit of the doubt.[33] This may give rise to fear and defensive escalation. Even when an adversary makes some conciliatory actions, this conduct is likely to go unnoticed, or to be discounted as deceptive.[34] Not surprisingly, selective perceptions often get in the way of effective negotiation and problem-solving processes.
This process of selective perception is further enforced by attributional distortion. Once one party has formed preconceptions about the other, any information that supports this hypothesis will be attributed to the opposing side's basic disposition. Any observations that do not fit their expectations, such as friendly behavior, will be attributed to situational causes or regarded as a fluke.[35] As a result, there is almost nothing that the opponent can do to dispel the party's negative expectations. These negative evaluations allow parties to rationalize their own hostile behavior, which simply intensifies the conflict.
Selective perception is likewise reinforced by self-fulfilling prophecies. One party's negative views about the other may lead that party to behave in hostile ways towards its opponent. This typically evokes a hostile response from the opponent, and in effect prods the opponent to behave in ways that fulfill the party's initial expectations.[36] In this way, parties' worst suspicions of each other lead them to act in ways that confirm their negative views.
Changes in Relations
Mari Fitzduff suggests that the violent way a struggle is waged often simply perpetuates conflict.
After conflict has begun, the relations between the adversaries change in certain fundamental ways. In light of the psychological changes discussed above, their interaction becomes contentious, the number of issues in contention expands, and the parties become polarized.[37] The adversaries become increasingly isolated from each other, and their harsh actions tend to reinforce each other's negative stereotypes.
Development of hostile goals increases the divergence of interest among parties. As one side imposes negative sanctions upon another, any harm suffered become new issues of contention. New issues come to the fore as a result of each side's desire to defeat the other. The number of issues in conflict is likely to expand, and deep conflicts over values may surface.[38] Legitimate distrust develops among the adversaries, and what might otherwise be a relatively minor issue takes on great symbolic significance.
In many cases, groups are bifurcated into "us" versus "them," and differences between the "in-group" and the "out-group" are emphasized. Psychological or physical barriers may be put up to reduce interaction.[39] Group members define themselves by their joint opposition to a common enemy, which increases group solidarity and polarization.
In addition, people have a tendency to stop interacting with those that they do not like or respect. Once communication has been interrupted, it becomes very difficult to resolve the substantive issues that first gave rise to the conflict. This absence of communication may lead to the embellishment or distortion of facts, and damaging rumors may provide more fuel for escalation.[40]
As a result of escalation, formerly neutral or moderate parties are pulled toward one side or the other, and communities become severely polarized. Third parties who would otherwise urge moderation and attempt to mediate the controversy disappear and are forced to take sides.[41] Such polarization further reduces the opportunities for communication and contributes to the general deterioration of the relationship between the adversaries.
Parties may also begin to deindividuate persons from the opposing side. Through deindividuation, persons come to be seen as members of a category or group rather than as individuals.[42] This state of mind makes it easier for parties to take more severe measures against their opponents and to view them as less than fully human. In some cases, parties humiliate their enemies to make them appear less than human, and thus further justify their degradation.[43]
This process of dehumanization makes any moral norms against harming other human beings seem irrelevant. Those excluded from moral norms can be viewed simply as inferior or as evil, perverted, or criminal.[44] Harsh and violent action not only becomes psychologically plausible, but also may seem necessary.[45] There is a disengagement of morals, and restraints against harming or exploiting certain "kinds" of people are reduced. This can lead to severe violence, human rights violations, sometimes even genocide.
Such severe violence and hatred produces negative attitudes and perceptions that tend to persist even after the substantive issues of the conflict are settled. These "residues" then encourage the development of further conflict and the use of severe tactics when conflict arises again in the future.[46]
Group Dynamics
Internal changes that groups undergo during escalation include not only the social-psychological changes discussed above, but also changes at the group or collective level. Dynamics at the individual level are often accentuated by collective discussion and tend to become group norms. Collective goals of defeating the enemy develop, as well as increased group cohesiveness.[47] Once people realize that others share their views and hear new arguments favoring them, their own perceptions are validated and reinforced. Group discussion can in this way cause individual members to become more extreme in their hostile attitudes. The number of moderates in the group thus begins to diminish as more and more people come to hold extreme views.[48]
The development of group solidarity, or cohesiveness, can likewise contribute to escalation. Many note that groups with little internal diversity tend to escalate conflicts rapidly.[49] This is in part because cohesiveness encourages conformity to group norms and strengthens negative perceptions among group members.[50] With group cohesiveness also comes heightened commitment to the goal and a stronger conviction that is attainable. Individuals typically become more invested in the conflict, and look to other members of the group to justify their violence and reinforce their beliefs. Without a diversity of views, no one questions the advisability of extreme actions. This may also contribute to an effect whereby groups become convinced that glorious victory is assured and attempt to mobilize the community for conflict.
As conflict escalates, new, more militant leadership often develops. Leaders who fear that they will be replaced by challengers will not want to be seen as weak or submissive. As a result, they will often refuse to admit that any past actions were mistaken and are likely to grow in militancy and become more "hardline."[51] Furthermore, conflicts that already involve contentious activity are likely to fall into the hands of militants who have strong negative attitudes and tend to use extreme tactics.[52] In many instances, these leaders seek to ritualize the conflict and exhibit a complete lack of interest in resolution.[53] All of this contributes to conflict escalation.
In addition, new and more militant subgroups sometimes develop, as well as committees or departments to deal with the struggle. Radical spokespersons and extremists emerge, and participation widens to include those who are willing to use more intense means.[54] These newly aroused will tend to form less moderate struggle groups that grow rapidly in size and form goals to defeat their opponent. This social endorsement of aggression can increase the likelihood that severe tactics will be used.
These competitive goals and aggressive actions tend to outlive the reasonable purposes for which they were intended.[55] Norms of contentious interaction develop, and any individuals who challenge these norms tend to be ostracized by other group members. Those who doubt the legitimacy of certain tactics may stay quiet out of fear of being labeled traitors. Or, any "dissident murmurs" will simply be drowned out by the majority.[56] Leaders are likely to foster such homogeneity by portraying the enemy as a grave threat and instituting policies that build support for the struggle.
Militant subgroups may also endure as a result of vested interests. Group membership and participation in the struggle can give individuals status, wealth and even a sense that life is meaningful.[57] Members may not wish to surrender these benefits, and therefore work hard to ensure that their group lives on. Similarly, leaders who have gained their positions because of their militancy and military men who gained status as generals and admirals have a vested interest in the perpetuation of conflict. Such individuals have incentives to resist conflict resolution and make sure that the war effort continues.
Finally, the involvement of other parties may increase a group's capacity to escalate conflict. Outside parties may see an opportunity to gain some benefit or weaken an old enemy if they join the conflict.[58] In other cases, parties will join a struggle out of obligation to their friends or allies. They may become directly engaged, or simply provide weapons or extra funds. Such aid often enables combatants to escalate their level of fighting. During the Cold War, for example, many local conflicts were exacerbated by the larger conflict between the USSR and the United States. Each superpower would lend support to its favored side and thereby provide more fuel for local conflict.
These changes among individuals, groups, and communities result from prior escalation and contribute to further escalation. Once these transformations have taken place, escalation tends to persist and recur, and there is lasting damage to the relationships between the parties. In order to limit the destructive effects of escalation, parties must find a way to limit or reverse this process. Strategies to limit escalation or de-escalate conflict are needed and are discussed at length in the essays on those topics.
[1] Louis Kriesberg, Constructive Conflicts: From Escalation to Resolution. (Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield, Inc., 1998), 152. New version of this book (2012) <http://books.google.com/books?id=qhuwiOmaVDIC>.
[2] Kriesberg, 152.
[3] Otomar Bartos and Paul Wehr, Using Conflict Theory. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 99. <http://books.google.com/books?id=dXMVsAW9bD8C>.
[4] Kriesberg, 152.
[5] Bartos and Wehr, 99.
[6] Kriesberg, 152.
[7] Rubin, Pruitt, and Kim Social Conflict: Escalation, Stalemate, and Settlement. New York: McGraw Hill, 1994. p. 48.
[8] Kriesberg, 24.
[9] Kriesberg, 157.
[10] Kriesberg, 166.
[11] Jessica Jameson, "The Escalation and De-escalation of Intractable Conflict." Communicating War and Terror, N.C. State University Department of Communication <http://www.ncsu.edu/chass/communication/www/cwt/jameson.htm>.
[12] Kriesberg, 166.
[13] Susan Opotow, "Aggression and Violence," in The Handbook of Conflict Resolution: Theory and Practice, eds. Morton. Deutsch and Peter Coleman, (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers, Inc., 2000), 411. New version of this book <http://books.google.com/books?id=rw61VDID7U4C>.
[14] Rubin, Pruitt, and Kim, 15.
[15] Opotow, 413.
[16] Kriesberg, 169.
[17] Bartos and Wehr, 102.
[18] Sung Hee Kim and Richard Smith, "Revenge and Conflict Escalation," in Negotiation Journal, (9:1) 37-44. (New York: Plenum Press, 1993), 41.
[19] Kriesberg, 157.
[20] Rubin, Pruitt, and Kim, 73.
[21] Rubin, Pruitt, and Kim, 73.
[22] Rubin, Pruitt, and Kim, 74.
[23] Bartos and Wehr, 100.
[24] Kriesberg, 158.
[25] Rubin, Pruitt, and Kim, 79.
[26] Rubin, Pruitt, and Kim, 82.
[27] Kriesberg, 160.
[28] Rubin, Pruitt, and Kim, 83.
[29] Rubin, Pruitt, and Kim, 85.
[30] Kriesberg, 153.
[31] Rubin, Pruitt, and Kim, 113.
[32] Rubin, Pruitt, and Kim, 102.
[33] Rubin, Pruitt, and Kim, 86.
[34] Kriesberg, 153.
[35] Rubin, Pruitt, and Kim, 105.
[36] Rubin, Pruitt, and Kim, 100.
[37] Kriesberg, 157.
[38] Kriesberg, 158.
[39] Jameson <http://www.ncsu.edu/chass/communication/www/cwt/jameson.htm>.
[40] Rubin, Pruitt, and Kim, 108.
[41] Rubin, Pruitt, and Kim, 110.
[42] Rubin, Pruitt, and Kim, 88.
[43] Kriesberg, 158.
[44] Opotow, 417.
[45] Kriesberg, 158.
[46] Rubin, Pruitt, and Kim, 110.
[47] Rubin, Pruitt, and Kim, 90.
[48] Rubin, Pruitt, and Kim, 93.
[49] Kriesberg, 167.
[50] Rubin, Pruitt, and Kim, 94.
[51] Kriesberg, 155.
[52] Rubin, Pruitt, and Kim, 95.
[53] Jameson <http://www.ncsu.edu/chass/communication/www/cwt/jameson.htm>.
[54] Kriesberg, 155.
[55] Rubin, Pruitt, and Kim, 108.
[56] Kriesberg, 167.
[57] Rubin, Pruitt, and Kim, 108.
[58] Kriesberg, 159.
Use the following to cite this article:
Maiese, Michelle. "Destructive Escalation." Beyond Intractability. Eds. Guy Burgess and Heidi Burgess. Conflict Information Consortium, University of Colorado, Boulder. Posted: September 2003 <http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/escalation>.


text:
We've all run into stereotyping. I'm a tall blonde with large boobs, so we don't even want to discuss all the things I've run into as we'd explode the blog. But lately I've run into a form of stereotyping that I find most annoying - it's a "woman" thing. Now, one would think since women have done every job in this country except President or VP that men would have figured out that there's little we can't do if we set our mind to it, but that is simply not the case with some things.
Right now I am doing some home improvement. I'm hanging crown molding in my living room, dining, office, and kitchen/breakfast nook areas. As well, I'm installing some chair rail and some picture frame molding in key locations. Now, I want to say two things up front:
1. I've never hung any form of molding before now and never actually paid attention to it being installed - but I have the right tools and can read.
2. My dad is an engineer and most things in my family were done by family, so it was not uncommon for me to be assisting with framing a building or roofing a house growing up. So I know how to use tools, I simply never got into "finish work."
So I figure I'm as qualified (or more so) than most to do my own trim work, and I head down to Home Depot to select my molding. Now, understand that if you're a woman in HD and standing in lawn and garden, or wallpaper, or lighting, and need some help, you might as well pack a lunch. And don't even go in there to have a key made - you'd probably spend less time changing the entire lock.
But if you're a woman standing in the lumber section, you're practically molested before you can get out of the store.
So I was there last week choosing molding and no less than five workers came by to ask if they could help me. I declined all of their offers and they didn't look convinced but went away. I was pulling the long molding down from the racks, placing it on the floor and looking for any imperfections or twists in the wood. Now, seeing me do this, one might "think" I knew what I was doing, but oh no, the Fabulous Five were just gearing up for round two.
When I started to cut wood, I thought they might have a coronary.
Now, mind you, it's not like they put out the good equipment for the customers. Can you imagine the liability of turning just anyone loose with a table saw? So when I say I'm cutting wood, I mean with a hack saw...by hand. I had about three pieces out of the thirteen I needed done when the last of the Fab Five came by to ask if I needed help. I finally gave up, and since this guy was old, I didn't want to give him a heart attack by refusing again. Here's how that conversation went:
Him (picking up one molding from floor): Do you know how much you need of this one?
Me: (pulling out a diagram of my rooms on graph paper): Yes, 11 feet, but I want it cut from the far end because the near end is bowed.
Him: (nods and puts wood on table - reaches for cheap HD tape measure that they leave at the table and frowns when tape measure won't extend - I watch out of the corner of my eye) I need to run get a better tape measure. This one's had it.
Me: (I pull my truly excellent tape measure off the band of my yoga pants) I brought my own. Use this one.
Him: (takes tape measure and raises his eyebrows before beginning to measure and cut) So what are you working on?
Me: I'm doing all the trim work in my house.
Him: (still skeptical, despite the truly excellent tape measure) How you planning on cutting this - miter box? (and he's meaning the manual type miter box - not a power saw)
Me: (shaking my head) God no! I have a laser cut compound miter box saw, a TrueAngle protractor, finish nailer (nail gun for those that don't know tools), and a portable air compressor.
Him: (eyebrows go into hairline - which is receding) You do contract work?
Me: (trying not to grin) No. I'm a romance author.
Him: (has no idea what to say at this point so cuts wood instead)
So my next project is building built-in cabinets and bookshelves for my office. I'm taking a cabinet-making class this coming weekend. What do you think is going to happen when I go to HD selecting the lumber for my cabinet panels? I shudder to think. Heck there might even be a call to the police or a straight-jacket involved.
But at least now I know...the next time I need a key made, I'm going to stand around the lumber aisle.
So what about you - ever run into stereotyping that you got to set straight?
Deadly (the Toolwoman) DeLeon
Monday, March 02, 2009
Stupid Stereotypes
We've all run into stereotyping. I'm a tall blonde with large boobs, so we don't even want to discuss all the things I've run into as we'd explode the blog. But lately I've run into a form of stereotyping that I find most annoying - it's a "woman" thing. Now, one would think since women have done every job in this country except President or VP that men would have figured out that there's little we can't do if we set our mind to it, but that is simply not the case with some things.
Posted by Jana DeLeon at 6:26 AM
21 comments:
- Christie Craig said...
Love it Jana!!!
I'd paid to have been there when you told him you were a romance writer. LOL!
- March 2, 2009 at 7:24 AM
- Terri Osburn said...
You are my hero, but I'm pretty sure I've told you that before.
I hate when guys assume I know nothing about cars. My dad was a mechanic for years and I used to help him out. Not that I could physically fix too much, but I know enough not to get swindled. Thank goodness.
For the record, I've met lots of men who know a lot less than I do about cars.
- March 2, 2009 at 7:54 AM
- Keri Ford said...
Oh, jeepers yes, always stand in the lumber yard. I swear the men will all but run you over looking to assist.
2nd best spot? The Loading Zone. It never fails, I have my lumber or whatever else nicely tied down for me. Which suits me just fine cause then Hubs can't complain about the way *I* tied it down.
Anyway, sterotyping, ugh. I run into this a lot with Hubs. He'll point at a big tank in an refinery and say, "You see all those little bumps on that tank?"
- March 2, 2009 at 8:00 AM
- Keri Ford said...
Crap, don't know what happened.
I'll say, "Yeah, the rivets. What about them."
You'd think after knowing me for 8 years he'd have figured out I'm not totally clueless.
- March 2, 2009 at 8:02 AM
- Gemma Halliday said...
I love the Fab Five at Home Depot! I dress all in pink and wear heels every time I shop there just so I don't have to carry anything out to my car myself or lift anything heavy off a shelf. Hey, if they're gonna stereotype me anyway, I might as well reap the benefits, right? ;)
P.S. We want pics of the finished project!
- March 2, 2009 at 9:36 AM
- LuAnn said...
Ya know, whether it's a man or a woman, the first time they tried something new, they had to learn how to do it. The difference is ... men refuse to look at the directions!
- March 2, 2009 at 10:32 AM
Jana, you are my hero. :)
- March 2, 2009 at 11:04 AM
- Keri Ford said...
Gemma, we'd get along swell. Heck, when Hubs has a flat and has to use the spare, he'll send ME to the tire place because he knows they'll put the new on as I ask and also remount the spare under the truck! First time I took his truck him, his family of mostly men were just shocked. All I could say was, "That's not normal?"
I agree, if they think I'm stupid and only good to be looked at, then let them labor for their foolish thinking.
- March 2, 2009 at 11:57 AM
- Suzan Harden said...
Oh, Jana, darling! Stereotyping can go both ways.
Mutual friends introduced DH and me. He sees a *ahem* sophisticated computer consultant about to start law school. Then I took him home to visit my family. My hillbilly-to-the-max family. The best part of the whole weekend was when DH went in search of ice cream in Mom and Dad's freezer. He pulls out a ziploc bag and says "What the f*** is this?" I said, "Rabbit." I should have told him, "Dinner."
- March 2, 2009 at 1:19 PM
- Estella said...
If you think Home Depot is bad, you should go to an automotive parts place for a car part..
- March 2, 2009 at 3:20 PM
- Jana DeLeon said...
LOL Christie - it was a beautiful thing. :)
- March 2, 2009 at 3:36 PM
- Jana DeLeon said...
Thanks so much, terrio!!!! I've always wanted to be a hero, and I promise you will never see a photo of me smoking pot (ala Michael Phelps). :)
I'm the same with you on cars. I wouldn't climb in and work on an engine but I definitely know how they work, and I've had many an eye-opener chat with service advisors who tried to screw me.
- March 2, 2009 at 3:37 PM
- Jana DeLeon said...
LOL Keri - what a great idea! I love shifting "the blame."
- March 2, 2009 at 3:38 PM
- Jana DeLeon said...
Oh definitely, Gemma! Pink is a must in Home Depot. And I'll post pics as soon as I'm finished. Of course, who knows when that will actually be......
- March 2, 2009 at 3:39 PM
- Jana DeLeon said...
LuAnn - so true!!!!!! That's why I'm convinced instructions are written for women. We're the only ones using them.
- March 2, 2009 at 3:39 PM
- Jana DeLeon said...
Suzan - I sooooooo understand. I'm from a town in Lousiana that's not even on the map. I often tell people I speak two languages - English and redneck. :)
- March 2, 2009 at 3:41 PM
- Jana DeLeon said...
Thanks Tori!!!!
- March 2, 2009 at 3:41 PM
- Jana DeLeon said...
Estella - I have. Maybe I'll tell yall about my experience concerning cars next week. :)
- March 2, 2009 at 3:42 PM
- Jenyfer Matthews said...
That is just too funny - you really should have had a spy camera with you to catch the expression on his face when you told him you wrote romance!
I get a lot of crap from people when they hear that I stay at home - mostly along the lines of "must be nice to shop / socialize / drink coffee all day." Yeah, because that's what I do. I wrote a long ranty blog post about it yesterday :)
- March 3, 2009 at 5:28 AM
[url=http://www.ile-maurice.com/forum/members/wetter-vorhersage.html][b]schlechtes wetter strauss[/b][/url]
[url=http://www.ile-maurice.com/forum/members/wetter-vorhersage.html][b]wetter 3[b][/url]
- February 7, 2010 at 5:43 PM
- February 16, 2010 at 11:10 AM

subset: commoncrawl


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M&S trading update: What the analysts say
Marks & Spencer would seem to have turned a corner after recording a 1.3% increase in fourth-quarter clothing sales. But analysts believe the retailer's story remains the same - and that much more radical reforms are still needed.
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As a child of New York City during the 1960s, Jim Larranaga gazed south and thought ACC basketball the nation's best. As a Virginia assistant coach during the 1980s, he saw the likes of Michael Jordan, Ralph Sampson, Len Bias, Hawkeye Whitney and Mark Price. As Miami's second-year head coach, he now guides the league's first-place team.
And he absolutely wants his conference to take its tournament to his hometown.
The possibility emerged last week during the ACC's winter meetings in Fort Lauderdale, Fla.
In considering venues for the 2016-21 tournaments, ACC officials eliminated four that had submitted bids: Pittsburgh, Miami, Orlando and Atlanta's Georgia Dome.
Among bids, that left Greensboro, N.C., Charlotte, N.C., Tampa, Fla., Washington, D.C., and Atlanta's Philips Arena, site of last year's event.
But as ESPN.com's Brett McMurphy first reported and sources later confirmed, the ACC wants to also consider two New York arenas, the venerable Madison Square Garden in Manhattan and the new Barclays Center in Brooklyn.
Neither building bid on the ACC tournament before last year's deadline, and neither has since. But the ACC would welcome late entries to the race.
Last week's ACC-New York discussions were more conceptual than detailed, but that doesn't dampen Larranaga's enthusiasm.
"If we go to Madison Square Garden, it will be the greatest exposure we've ever gotten as a league in the New York metropolitan area, where the recruiting ground is very fertile," he told me Friday. "Playing in the Mecca of college basketball, Madison Square Garden, is a thrill for every college player."
Larranaga, whose Hurricanes are 18-3, 9-0 ACC, knows. As a player at Providence, he competed in the 1968 Holiday Festival at the Garden against No. 1 UCLA and Holy Cross.
"And the fans will absolutely love a long weekend in New York, where you can go to a basketball game in the afternoon and a Broadway show at night," Larranaga continued. "Or, if your team is playing at night, you can go shopping in the afternoon.
"There's just so much to do in New York City that I think our fans from all over, not just the Syracuses and Notre Dames who have been in the Big East and playing there, … would thoroughly enjoy going to Manhattan for a four- or five-day trip."
The tournament's northern-most outpost was Landover, Md., and the late, once-great Capital Centre. Virginia won its lone championship there in 1976, followed by North Carolina in 1981 and North Carolina State in 1987. Washington's Verizon Center hosted in 2005.
The following season, Boston College joined the ACC. Syracuse and Pittsburgh arrive in 2013-14, Notre Dame and Louisville in 2014-15.
"With more Northeast schools, I'm sure that's something that needs to be looked at," Clemson coach Brad Brownell said of New York. "You always think of the ACC tournament in Greensboro, but this isn't the old ACC."
No doubt, and it's not just the Northeast schools. Notre Dame has long enjoyed considerable New York support, while ACC staples such as Virginia, Duke and North Carolina have sizable alumni groups in the region.
The Big East has staged its tournament at Madison Square Garden since 1983 and last year extended that partnership through 2026. But with the so-called Catholic 7 — Providence, St. John's, Seton Hall, Georgetown, DePaul, Marquette and Villanova — exiting the Big East, most likely after next season, will that arrangement hold?
A future Big East with the likes of Cincinnati, Temple, South Florida, Connecticut, Central Florida, Houston, Tulane, Memphis and Southern Methodist might not be appealing to the Garden. Though the Catholic 7 might.
Meanwhile, the Barclays Center is booked through 2017 with the Newport News-based Atlantic 10 Conference tournament.
"The major media markets like NYC, Wash DC, ATL have to be on the table," Virginia athletic director Craig Littlepage said via email. "All of our schools have a good alumni presence in metro NY, and the city itself generates so much enthusiasm. … A lot more study needs to go into the tournament future site discussion."
Atlanta (8), Washington (9) and Tampa-St. Petersburg (14) were the largest media markets to bid, and all made the cut. New York is No. 1.
The ACC is losing its primary D.C. presence with Maryland moving to the Big Ten, but again, many conference schools, Virginia and Virginia Tech particularly, have considerable alumni bases in the region.
Greensboro, home to the conference office and central to the league's four North Carolina schools, is the tournament's most frequent home. But the city can not match the centralized lodging and entertainment offered in downtowns such as Atlanta, Washington, Charlotte and New York.
That said, led by New York, those destinations are far pricier and would preclude some from attending.
Commissioner John Swofford last publicly addressed future tournament sites in October at the ACC's preseason media gathering in Charlotte.
"My guess is in listening to the athletic directors (that) the next eight or 10 years will probably look somewhat similar to the past decade in which we had the tournament in North Carolina as its home base, in Greensboro and Charlotte, and bounced it out periodically to other parts of our footprint," he said. "We've got some attractive opportunities."
Including, perhaps, the occasional visit to New York.
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The Golden Age
Virtually all of Matisse's important early patrons and collectors were foreigners: Americans, Russians, Scandinavians, Germans. It was not until 1922, when Matisse was in his fifties, that the French government purchased a work for the Musée du Luxembourg, choosing the somewhat conventional Odalisque with Red Trousers. But Matisse had still not had the critical attention he deserved. Apollinaire, who had done so much to keep Matisse's name before the public in the years before 1914, was dead. Breton, who was about to succeed Apollinaire as the most effective artistic impresario in France, had as a youth admired Matisse's work but was now coming to regard it with suspicion. Reviewing a Matisse exhibition in 1919 Cocteau spoke of "le fauve ensoleillé devenu un petit chat de Bonnard."
Matisse's popular reputation grew steadily throughout the 1920s, but Derain, his closest collaborator during the heroic years of Fauvism, and fourteen years his junior, was held in greater esteem by influential critics such as André Salmon and Roger Allard; the former saw Derain as the greatest French artist of his generation. In the early Thirties Ozenfant was writing of Matisse's art as "a prolongation of the superficial painting of the Eighteenth Century." Most of the best writing on Matisse—and for that matter on French nineteenth- and twentieth-century art in general—has been in English. Roger Fry's short monograph of 1935 was the first attempt to demonstrate analytically why Matisse's achievement as a painter was unique. And Matisse literature today is still dominated by Alfred Barr's Matisse, His Art and His Public, first published in 1951, and in many respects still the most satisfactory monograph on any major twentieth-century artist.
It was only after the Liberation that the Musée d'Art Moderne in Paris began systematically to build up its Matisse holdings, and these today rival those of New York's Museum of Modern Art, the Barnes Foundation's, or the large group of pre-1914 masterpieces currently shared between Moscow and Leningrad. Since World War II the US has continued to lead the field in promoting Matisse's reputation, but in 1970 the Exposition du Centenaire brought together in the Grand Palais a large proportion of the greatest Matisses in France, America, and Russia to make the finest display of Matisse's art to date in what the American critic Thomas B. Hess called "the most beautiful exhibition in the world." The exhibition was organized by Pierre Schneider who has now produced the only book—if we leave aside Louis Aragon's imposing but somewhat idiosyncratic two-volume collection of essays of 1971 entitled Henri Matisse, Roman—to rival Barr's in importance. The two books complement each other well, for while Barr's approach was detached and objective, Schneider has produced a work that is, in the best Baudelairean tradition, "partial, passionné, politique." "My work consists of steeping myself in things. And afterwards, it all comes out," Matisse said to Père Couturier in 1949, and this is…
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Leave it to lawyers, not to be left out. Over 17 million people have viewed JK Wedding Entrance Dance, a wonderful part of "Jill and and Kevin's Big Day," as posted on YouTube. Have you seen the JK Divorce Entrance Dance, a lighthearted parody posted in the past week featuring a cast of dancing divorce lawyers, law clerks, and court officers, not to be outdone by the judge? The video of the courtroom entrance on what is billed , all in fun, as "Jill and Kevin's Last Day," was created by New York City based Indigo Productions.
A hat tip to Legal Blog Watch.
Ernster, the Virtual Library Cat
Above the Law - A Legal Tabloid - News, Gossip, and Colorful Commentary on Law Firms and the Legal Profession


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10th Birthday PartyJuly 23rd, 2009 - 2 Comments
To mark the event of MQTT's 10th birthday, we had a bit of a party for those that have been involved over the years. Arlen Nipper and Andy Stanford-Clark, the fathers of MQTT were there to tell the tale of how it all came to be.
All photos by Tony Whitmore.


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Out on Rugby: Gay fraternity faces vote
UVA prides itself on its growing diversity. However, the typical definitions of "diversity" refer to the ethnic and gender varieties.
Not quite a year since its inception, one group is trying to redefine mainstream diversity– and Greek life. The group, 10 members of UVA's Queer Student Union, have formed Out on Rugby, and they're currently about two-thirds of the way to becoming UVA's first gay fraternity.
The group has already become one of the University's Contracted Independent Organizations with probationary status from UVA's Multicultural Greek Council (MGC), a governing council parallel to the more well-known IFC. Out on Rugby moves toward the final step to becoming a sanctioned UVA fraternity next week.
On Tuesday, February 10, the members of Out on Rugby will make their bid for inclusion in the MGC as a proposed chapter of the National Gay Fraternity, Delta Lambda Phi.
"It's not just an organization for gay men," says education student and fraternity organizer Anthony Whitten, "but one that pays special service to what it means to be a gay man and also acknowledges that there are other people in the world who aren't gay."
According to Whitten, the group finally agreed upon Delta Lambda Phi because "It's a fraternity structured around service, brotherhood, and leadership."
Following the presentation to the MGC, the presidents of the seven member organizations will vote on whether to grant Out on Rugby fraternity status and accept the group as the eighth member of the organization.
The outcome of this vote promises to be a landmark decision in the history of the University.
According to Whitten, "The number of openly gay brothers on Rugby Road is very few."
Although UVA fraternities do presently include openly homosexual members and may not reject candidates on the basis of either race or sexual orientation, they are still often revered as one of the surviving strongholds of straight, predominantly white, male interaction.
With this reputation comes a certain degree of anxiety involving possible correlations between fraternal life and homosexuality.
In a recent interview in the Cavalier Daily, IFC President Ryan Ewalt acknowledged that attempts to formally integrate openly gay individuals into mainstream Greek life may encounter hurdles.
"I think that because the majority of men in IFC fraternities are not homosexual, I could see that as being an uncomfortable situation for both homosexual and heterosexual men. But I think that's reflective of society," Ewalt says.
Traditionally, in an attempt to thwart any homosexual accusations, fraternities have implicitly defined themselves as a space in which close male interactions can occur without members having to fear being regarded as homosexual.
"There's that tension within homosocial groups," says another Out of Rugby founder, Luke Ward. "Like fraternities," Ward says, homosocial groups "have to avoid the stigma of homosexuality, so they have to repress all of those aspects of their sexuality that might be homosexual, and that's a great strain on people in these groups."
Now, with their attempt to "go Greek," Out on Rugby is annihilating distinctions integral to these traditional social definitions of masculinity in relation to fraternity life and, by doing so, Ward hopes they are making things easier for all involved.
"I guess," says Ward, "having a group of openly gay people who can be homosocial with each other, but not sexual, admit that they are homosexual, might give these people some courage to acknowledge their complete sexuality."
If nothing else, it will encourage homosexual university students to take a more active role in rush, thus furthering the diversity that, as the reams of statistics on the UVA homepage indicate, the University holds so dear.
They won't sing "not gay."


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The 1000th Ferrari to be delivered to Hong Kong was presented to its owner on a faux Chinese junk ship. The Ferrari 612 Scaglietti was delivered via Victoria Harbor to owner Didier Li.
Despite the otherwise nasty downturn in global auto sales, Ferrari has seen a 20% increase in Hong Kong sales in the last year and this gray 612 represents the 1000th Hong Kong sale, so to celebrate, the car was delivered on a junk ship. We don't particularly know why, equating a shiny new Ferrari with junk doesn't seem like the message you'd want to send. It may have been a silly publicity stunt, but you cant argue with the visual. [iMotorMag]


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Most people who've done time on Riker's Island can't wait to get away.
But on Friday, authorities accused one former inmate of the massive New York City jail of sneaking back in.
Yonkers resident Matthew Matagrano was arrested at a Bronx courthouse and charged with impersonating a Department of Corrections investigator.
Officials say that for at least a week, Matagrano used a badge and ID card to get into the Rikers complex and roam the jail.
U.S. & World
A spokesperson for the Department of Corrections said authorities discovered Thursday that someone had gained unauthorized access to the jail by impersonating an employee and that within hours officials were able to identify Matagrano througsneakh surveillance cameras.
The 36-year-old has a lengthy rap sheet that includes a conviction for sodomy and sexual abuse that landed him on the state's sex offender registry.
He had also previously been caught posing as a Board of Education worker to enter schools.
It wasn't immediately clear if Matagrano had a lawyer yet.


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Find secluded swimming holes, waterfalls and hidden pools throughout the United States.
Even though Arizona is a desert state, it's got a ton of great swimming holes. Throughout tributaries of rivers and near mountain springs, these natural spas are extremely popular with picnickers, hikers, and just about everyone else who likes soaking it up al fresco... Read more


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The Spa at Flamingo Las Vegas
The Spa at the Flamingo has a co-ed workout room populated with a collection of the most advanced exercise machines available today. We invite you to enjoy our Men's and Women's Spas, equipped with multi-temperature whirlpool tubs, wet and dry saunas, Eucalyptus steam rooms, showers, and lockers. While inside, treat yourself to a professional massage, or relax with an aroma therapy session. Whichever service you choose, our spa provides a soothing retreat after a day in the desert sun.


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You might have heard that Japanese food is all about delicate flavor; that seasoning tends to be muted to allow the flavors of the main ingredients to shine. Despite this, according to J-Cast, the current food trend is all about rich, strong flavors. These days packages of instant ramen, potato chips, happoshu (a beer-like beverage) and puddings are often emblazoned with the words "noukou" (rich) or "koi" (strong flavored).
A recent program on TV Asahi presented by Yohei Onishi demonstrated that in supermarkets there are now 38 products labelled noukou or koi. Out of these Koi Stew, by S&B Foods, has been a hit among consumers. There are two varieties of Koi Stew, one beef flavored and one béchamel cream. Dense, creamy sauces are the reason many Japanese shy away from French cuisine, citing the fact that they are just too rich and difficult to digest, so it's interesting that S&B's product has been so successful.
Richer flavors are found not only in processed foods. There's been a trend in restaurants in recent years for ramen broths to be thicker and richer. We asked Brian MacDuckston, author of the blog Ramen Adventures for his thoughts on this trend: "It's true, there has been a recent trend to make stronger flavors in ramen. In the past, the soup was simply a vessel to keep the noodles hot. Now, the noodles are a vessel to deliver the soup, often motor-oil-thick, to your mouth. Chefs have a difficult task, though, as the long boiling times required for thickness can easily result in a bitter broth."
So why the change in attitudes? Economic analyst Kazuyuki Hirano states that in this bad economic climate when salaries are taking a hit, people want to indulge in small luxuries or small extravagances. In summary, the recession is pushing this boom for richer flavors. Consumers on the Asahi show commented, "If it costs the same, I'd prefer a rich taste" and "I feel deep flavors are tastier."
Photo by Mekkjp via Flickr


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StaffPad is a revolutionary new music notation application for Windows 8.1 and Surface.
StaffPad allows composers, musicians, students, teachers – anyone interested in music – to write notation by hand directly onto virtual manuscript. StaffPad features advanced handwriting recognition, and will convert your music into a beautifully typeset score. Experience the magic of writing with StaffPad by getting it exclusively from the Windows Store.


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Technical Support
In our collection of frequently asked questions on our products you find a lot of existing solutions.
Latest driver
Please update your driver first and check if the problem is solved.
Support request
If you still got problems after the installation of the latest driver, please use our support form. To use this service, you need a 3Dconnexion account.
If you prefer telephone support, please find here a list of our support lines.


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Foundation Module 2: Child Protection Conferences, Plans and Core Groups
Date & Time:
Notify me of future occurences of this event
Participants must have:
- Completed Foundation Module 1: Multi-Agency Safeguarding Training - Family Resilience and Family Safeguarding.
Target Group: The course is aimed at practitioners and managers in voluntary, independent and statutory agencies who work predominantly with children, young people and/or their parents/carers and who could contribute to assessing, planning, intervening and evaluating the needs of a child and parenting capacity where there are safeguarding concerns. This course is suitable for those who are likely to contribute to the ongoing assessment of children and families, attend child protection conferences, core groups, be involved in the implementation of child protection plans including all those who are or plan to be Deputy/Designated Safeguarding Leads in their organisations.
Course Aim: This training builds on the learning from Foundation Module 1. This course aims to provide staff with the opportunity to further develop their knowledge, skills and the ability to work collaboratively on the process for safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children, including those who are suffering, or at risk of suffering significant harm. This course will enable practitioners to prepare for, contribute towards and understand the processes involved with Section 47 enquiries, child protection conferences, plans and core groups.
Learning Outcomes:
By the end of the course participants will have:
- Developed an understanding of their roles and responsibilities within child protection conferences, plans and core groups
- Developed skills and confidence in contributing effectively to conferences, plans and core groups.
- Explored the process of decision making in the child protection conference.
- Developed an understanding of agency roles and contribution to interagency collaboration and planning including the formulation of child protection plans and core groups.
- Understood the Surrey Contact Centre (Multi-agency Safegaurding Hub) referral process and the Family Resilience and Family Safeguarding model in relation to conferences, plans and core groups.
Support and guidance regarding preparation and attendance for Child Protection Conference and Core Groups can be obtained from the Education Safeguarding Team.
Any enquiries or request for advice and support should be emailed to firstname.lastname@example.com
To use this booking system, you will first need to create a user account and once you have done this, you will be able to manage your own bookings, access course evaluations, certificates and access your training history.
Please note: individuals must create their own account. There is no facility for one person to create an account in their name and book places for numerous numbers of staff. If you are booking on behalf of another member of staff you need to register in their name rather than your own.
Booking has now closed for this event.
Further Information:
Venue Details:
Please sign in at the reception and the trainer will come and collect you.
By Train: Woking station is seven minutes walk away and has a frequent and fast services across Surrey and SW London, including Guildford, Farnham, Haslemere and Surbiton. It is 30 mins from London Waterloo
It is a 7 minute walk from Woking station to Quadrant Court.
• Exit the station from Platform 5 (not town centre side).
• Turn right along Station Approach.
• Cross over at pedestrian crossing to Magistrate's Court.
• Pass Magistrate's Court and Police Station on your left.
• Cross Heathside Rd
• Cross over Guildford Rd (main road) to Quadrant Court on the opposite side.
By Bus:
34, 35, 71, 81, 436, 463 and 548 buses all stop within two minutes
walk of Quadrant Court.
By Car:
From London/ M25:
• Take A3 (J10, M25) towards Guildford
• Exit A3 at Ripley. Follow signs to Woking along A247
• Join A320 (Guildford Rd)
• Turn left into Mount Hermon Rd
• Turn right into Montgomery Way
• Quadrant Court car park entrance is on the right
Please Note: There is no parking at Quadrant Court for delegates. You may be fined up to £150 if you park at Quadrant Court car park without a valid permit. However, if you hold a Blue Badge you are able to park at Quadrant Court. On arrival at car park located at rear of buildging, please buzz in at the barriers and request a disabled parking permit.
The nearest off site pay and display car parks are Woking Park and Heathside on Heathside Crescent (Satellite navigation users should enter the postcode GU22 7AG).
Teas and coffees are provided through the day. There is a cafe onsite but it
does not accept card payments.


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Crafty old tree gets the Old Crafty Achievement
I was doing the quest
I realised that I was in Ogrimmar and no one was attacking me. Time to go fish for the old crafty achievement. Not wanting to waste my time I checked that you could fish him whilst in the quest phased state of orgrimmar.
All looked good so I grab a beer and sit back for the epic fishing session. Many beers later, and 1000 fish caught achievement and level 450 fishing long gone I still haven't caught old crafty. from what I read this was high but not uncommon
My six pack of light beer was gone so were many hours. I was ready to give up but the OCD in me couldn't let go. Time to go searching for further tips to help.
Then I stumble across the Crocolisks in the City bug/exploit/better way of doing things.
Here's how it works.
Go to shattrath and pick up the daily fishing quest.
go to orgrimmar and fish. Throwing back the baby crocolisk each time you catch it. Eventually you'll get both.
Within 5 casts I had both Old crafty and the baby crocolisk. Daily done and achievement done. I was lucky enough that the fishing daily that day was the right one.
People have reported up to 50 casts. But its a whole lot better than 1000 plus.
So it may be a cheat. But i was wondering how these people were knocking it off. Having done the hard yards buy fishing for hours I took the alternate path and was done in minutes.
Good luck all.
Merry xmas
Dave the tree hugger
#wiki_logo {
background-image: none !important;
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It would have been a scream.
AMC denied Tuesday online rumors that Charlie Sheen had agreed to a stagger-on zombie role for the second season of "The Walking Dead."
"Crazy," a rep for the network told E! News.
U.S. & World
The Sheen non-story, which hit the web like a fake celebrity death on Twitter, comes as the post-apocalyptic zombie drama's weekend finale posted more killer ratings for the "Mad Men" network.
Six million people tuned in Sunday, with Nielsen's ratings in the lucrative 18-49-year-old demo the highest ever for a basic cable show, The Associated Press reported.
That's well above the 2.44 million viewers glued to "Mad Men's" season four finish in October, according to CNN.
But network television still reigned supreme for the week, the AP reported, with 12.2 million viewers pegged for "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer" on CBS.
With our without celebrity cameos, "Walking Dead" producers have said they expect fans will stick with the series.
Producer Gale Anne Hurd told the WSJ's Speakeasy blog that the recent spate of "excellent" zombie movies have kept up interest in the shoot-em-dead-in-the-brain genre.
AMC also plans to tease fans online with behind-the-scenes footage, she said.
Production for the next season of "Walking Dead" is set to begin again in the spring.


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Check out the latest RPG news | Podcasts | Twitch Streams
Isn't the whole thing with the novel bullshit? I've never seen the novel translated and what it has been said of it is just sounds (to me) like a bunch of people overreacting because of some poor translation of a few pages.Of course I could be wrong and the novel is as dumb as it has been mentioned. But still, I rather read the entire novel before freaking out.The audio drama is sort of annoying to me since I don't particularly like the way Nojima writes his stories. It sucks that he's the script writer for XV... I'm crossing my fingers for him to do a good job since the idea behind the scenario in XV has potential in itself, but at this point I don't expect much of anything from him.
Most of the information is coming from the Japanese side of things. Like, book reviews and such.


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Echo Base Forums has updated their pretty complete "who's left" list for the Season Two premiere. Check it out here!
Not sure where else to stick this, but I think this is the right thread. Hasbro once again denied any interest in producing the Twilight for the TCW line next year. Someone from Jedi Insider asked a really well thought out question about this in the latest round of Q&A, but Hasbro was totally negative about it in their response. I just don't get their adamant opposition to this vehicle. I think it would do really well with the proper marketing. Let's hope they are just lying through their teeth like they did about the Bespin Cloud Car though.
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The New York Times
Whites Now Account for Under Half of Births in U.S.
Trayvon Martin Case Shadowed by Series of Police Missteps
Group Weighs Hard-Line Attack on Obama
Romney Raises $40.1 Million in April
Obama Campaign Announces Raising $43.6 Million in April
Charles M. Blow: Believing in Obama
JPMorgan's Trading Loss Is Said to Rise at Least 50%
New York School Budgets Are Approved at High Rate
C.D.C. Lowers Recommended Lead-Level Limits in Children
City Room: Judge Grants Class-Action Status to Stop-and-Frisk Suit
The Christian Science Monitor
House passes Violence Against Women Act, grudgingly
Senate Republicans plead for a budget as frustrations boil over
Report: Trayvon Martin beat, bloodied George Zimmerman. Game-changer?
Half as many women die during pregnancy, childbirth as in 1990
The Star Ledger
Gov. Christie, cabinet members file financial disclosure forms
N.J. energy tax collections face $121M shortfall, adding to state's troubles
City worker protest floods Newark City Hall
Gov. Christie says video with Cory Booker is 'emblematic' of his approach to governing
Jury finds suspended Hackensack police chief guilty of insurance fraud, misconduct
10 historic N.J. sites are in danger of extinction, nonprofit group says
The Atlanta Journal Constitution
New Yorkers defrauded Atlantans
Watchdog group cites vendor contributions, cost hikes
Marching 100's ban bad for Football Classic
The Detroit Free Press
Lawyer for City of Detroit calls consent agreement void
Marvin Winans recalls gas station attack: It started with music talk
Lawyer sues judge, 2 others in Rosa Parks estate case
Kwame Kilpatrick's cousin testifies in bid-rigging trial
Jobless rate drop, tax revenue jump boost Michigan's economic outlook
The Washington Post
'Godfather of Go-Go' dies at 75
'Chuck Brown was Washington'
Another game of chicken
Obama warns Republicans he won't accept replay over debt ceiling fight
Senate rejects Obama budget, GOP alternatives
Maryland House gives final approval to tax hike on six-figure earners
D.C. jobs program puts 3,000 residents to work
The Chicago Tribune
CPS plans 60 more charters in 5 years
Poll shows support for longer school day
'Confidence' one of mayor's building blocks for new office tower
Pimp operated sex trafficking ring with brutal control, prosecutors say
Democratic legislators seek way around super PACs
8 arrested in protest at Obama campaign headquarters
USA Today
'Intermediate range' shot killed Trayvon Martin
Minorities are now a majority of U.S. births
NYPD challenged on illegal stops
Lead poisoning guidelines revised; more considered at risk
The Cleveland Plain Dealer
Ohio Senate passes public pension reforms in a rush
Ohio Senate Republicans pass budget bill without controversial drug testing language
Missing 13-year-old Cleveland girl found Wednesday afternoon
Conservative group launches ad campaign against President Barack Obama in Ohio, other key states
Cleveland needs to concentrate on bringing more jobs to region: Business Comment of the Day
The Los Angeles Times
7 deputies from L.A. County sheriff's gang unit placed on leave
Brown stymied by same budget dysfunction that plagued predecessors
UC regents discuss 6% tuition hike for next fall


text:
It was a weekend of accidents and mishaps, mostly - okay, completely - due to my own carelessness and forgetfulness.
It all started on Friday night when I cut my finger while slicing sweet potatoes for soup. Finger cuts are just a given once in a while when you're handling sharp knives all the time, especially when you're accident prone like me. I stub my toes on our coffee table at least three times a week. (Or could it have been the Pumpkin Spice Eggnog White Russian I had been sipping on that made that knife slip dangerously into my finger?)
Fortunately, after 5 days, it's getting easier to type while the tip of my finger is still bandaged.
It could have been the throbbing in my finger distracting me, or maybe I had just been inside my head too much for this recipe, but I made a fatal error with a chocolate cake I had been planning for quite a while. More specifically, a Red Wine Chocolate Cake. I have my baking pretty much planned out each month so that we don't end up with too much at any given time, or so that I'm making something for an event or to take into work, and last weekend's baking was to be a single-layer chocolate cake, with red wine baked into the batter, and topped with a rich chocolate ganache, then covered in fresh raspberries.
Sounds amazing, right? And it would have been... but after I put the cake in the oven, I peeked (as I can never stop myself doing, even though I know I shouldn't open the oven door), and saw to my dismay that the cake wasn't rising. Not one little bit.
I studied my recipe and realized at once what I had done - I completely forgot to add the baking powder and baking soda. I did this once with a batch of biscuits, but never with a cake. After dramatically dropping my head to the counter and feeling sorry for myself for a few minutes, I decided to just go with it, as it was getting late, and I wasn't in the mood to make it over again at the moment.
You can see in the picture below that the cake covered in ganache and raspberries is very thick and dense - the result of absolutely no leavening. We ate a piece or two anyway, and it was actually pretty good, sort of a cross between a brownie and a cake but more dense. After all, it was chocolate. And so pretty.
But not able to leave it alone, I had to know how it would have turned out had I done it right, so I tried again on Monday night. Fortunately, it's a cake that doesn't call for a lot of ingredients, being just one layer. If the measurements seem odd, that's just because it's half a layer cake recipe, so this could easily be doubled and served as a layer cake, but I liked the simplicity of the single layer cake for this.
When I put my second cake in the oven, I couldn't shake the feeling that I was forgetting something... but this one turned out exactly as it should have. It rose exactly right, with a rich, chocolatey flavor and just a hint of the red wine. I would have liked the wine to come through much more, so I would use a much bolder wine next time, but just use whatever you like to drink. And of course, enjoy a glass of it along with your cake.
I didn't make ganache for the second cake, or cover it in raspberries - instead I just sprinkled it simply with powdered sugar and garnished with a few raspberries. It was just delicious. I think this version of the cake looked just like a snowy winter day.
Since it wasn't enough to slice my finger and forget a crucial ingredient in the cake, I made yet another mistake. I overcooked our duck for dinner. Not even by a little - by a LOT.
I don't know how it happened... well, if I'm being honest, I DO know how it happened... I didn't use a thermometer to check the temperature. I just stuck it in the oven and figured it would be good in a couple of hours. Why did I think I was too good for a thermometer? Who knows.
The flavors were wonderful - I marinated it in oranges, vanilla and cinnamon, then basted it in a glaze of orange marmalade, honey, cinnamon and vanilla. After an hour and a half of roasting it breast side down, I turned it over to crisp up the top, and Jamie asked me if I'd checked the temperature yet... uh, oops, that would be a no.
So, we checked it, and stared at the thermometer hoping it was wrong. The temperature was approaching 200F. A well-done chicken is good to go at 165 (although I usually stop cooking chicken around 155). A duck should be served medium rare, around 130-135. Enough said.
We ate some of it, and it tasted pretty good, in spite of being very chewy. But we made some really good stock with the leftovers, and there's a jar of duck fat in the fridge right now that you know will make some amazingly tasty duck-fat fries! That will make up for the roast duck disaster, I think.
The weekend wasn't a complete failure, though. I made a yummy Eggnog Spice Bread that I shared with you already, and a Tomato Tart that I have yet to share. An overcooked Roast Duck, but an abundance of duck fat and duck stock.
We also ate with our roast duck some crostini with Caramelized Leeks, Turkey Bacon and Goat Cheese. The dip was so nice and tangy, and was great served slightly warm.
And a beautiful Red Wine Chocolate Cake, that I just knew deserved a second chance.
Red Wine Chocolate Cake
printable recipe
- 1 cup all-purpose flour
- 3/4 cup, plus 2 tablespoons, granulated sugar
- 1/4 cup, plus 2 tablespoons, unsweetened cocoa powder (plus extra for dusting)
- 3/4 teaspoon baking powder
- 3/4 teaspoon baking soda
- 1/2 teaspoon salt
- 1 egg (room temperature)
- 1/4 cup milk (room temperature)
- 1/4 cup vegetable oil
- 3/4 cup red wine
- 1 teaspoon vanilla
Preheat the oven to 350 F. Line the bottom of an 8-inch round cake pan with parchment paper. Spray the paper and the sides of the pan with non-stick spray, then dust with cocoa powder (just as if you were greasing and flouring the pan).
In the bowl of your electric mixer, combine the flour, sugar, cocoa, baking powder, baking soda and salt. Add the remaining wet ingredients and beat on low for 30 seconds to combine, then on medium speed for 2 minutes until well blended.
Pour batter into the prepared pan. Bake at 350 for 25-28 minutes, until the center is done and the cake springs back when gently touched. Cool in the pan for 30 minutes, then turn out onto a wire rack. Cover loosely with a clean kitchen towel and cool completely before serving.
For the ganache:
Chop 4 ounces bittersweet chocolate; place in a bowl and set aside. Heat 1/2 cup (4 ounces) cream in a small saucepan, and remove from the heat just as it starts to boil. Pour the cream over the chocolate. Let stand for several minutes then stir with a spatula until smooth and shiny. Let stand at room temperature for 30 minutes before pouring over the cooled cake.
If desired, place fresh raspberries on top of the ganache before it sets. Chill in the refrigerator for about an hour to set.
Yields 8 servings.
Goat Cheese, Turkey Bacon and Caramelized Leek Crostini
printable recipe
- 2 tablespoons unsalted butter
- 1 leek, diced and rinsed (white and pale green parts only)
- 8 strips turkey bacon, diced
- 1 cup low-fat sour cream
- 4 ounces goat cheese, room temperature
- salt and pepper
- 1 loaf bakery bread, sliced into 1/4 inch slices
- olive oil, for drizzling
In a large saucepan, melt the butter over medium heat. Add the leeks and bacon, and season lightly with salt. Cook until the leeks are soft and browned and the bacon is crispy. Remove from the heat and set aside to cool slightly.
In a bowl, combine the sour cream and goat cheese. Stir in the leeks and bacon, then season with salt and pepper.
Drizzle the bread slices with olive oil, toast under the broiler until golden, and top each slice with the dip.


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Below are the confirmed and scheduled talks at Strata + Hadoop World 2012 (schedule subject to change).
Create your own Strata + Hadoop World schedule using the personal scheduler function. Mark the tutorials, sessions, keynotes, and events you want to attend by selecting the calendar icon next to each listing. Then go to your personal schedule and get your own customized schedule generated.
See the list of all events happening onsite, starting on Monday, October 22.
For information on exhibition and sponsorship opportunities, contact Susan Stewart at firstname.lastname@example.com.
For information on trade opportunities contact Kathy Yu at mediapartners
For media-related inquiries, contact Maureen Jennings at email@example.com
View a complete list of Strata contacts.


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We had adopted our third daughter, Gracie from China a year and a half earlier and had decided to adopt again. As soon as I saw this picture, I just fell in love with Kai's little face.
If you look closely, you may notice his feet turn inwards, a lot.
Kai had two club feet and club hands. We thought that we could handle that, – our daughter Gracie had been born with a club foot and we went through surgery and rehabilitation just fine.
But the medical paperwork from the orphanage also said that Kai had a dislocated hip…he was born that way.
The news we heard from the doctor was not good. The doctor suspected that Kai had a condition known as arthrogryposis, which can be caused when the birth mother's womb is too small for the developing baby. Hence, the club feet and hands and dislocated hip.
The doctor told us that Kai would need multiple surgeries with lengthy hospital stays. We were torn up by this news. We were set to receive the papers from the adoption agency the next day to sign to formally agree to adopt him. After a lot of prayer and talking to our daughters about what Kai would have to go through and what we would all have to do to help him, our entire family decided to go forward.
Our whole family traveled to China in January 2005 to go and get Kai. We were so excited to meet him. But, he was not sure about us…we definitely did not look Chinese and he was missing his foster mother.
It only took about one day for Kai to fit into our family and he was absolutely inseparable from his new dad.
Kai recovered from that surgery quite well but will have to wear AFO's (braces on his feet and lower legs), for the rest of his life. He walks and runs with a limp. Kai cannot run as fast as his classmates and is beginning to notice that. He always wears long pants now, because he doesn't like it when people stare at his braces.
Over Christmas, I was reading a book to him about a little lamb that had a limp, but was very special, just like him. Kai was surprised that he had a limp….he didn't know that. I thought that he did. But, it didn't seem to bother him after he found out.
A couple of months ago, we received the news that Kai needs another hip surgery. We were dismayed at the news, although we knew that Kai would probably require additional surgeries during his life. But, he is just such a normal little boy that it is so easy to forget that he even has special needs.
He will be confined to a wheelchair again for 6 – 8 weeks. Since Kai cannot put any weight on his hip we have to take care of most of his basic needs during that time and do a lot of lifting and carrying.
Today is Kai's eight birthday, and tomorrow he will be in surgery. But for today, we celebrate…
I know that Kai will meet this challenge as well and continue to display the resilience that continues to amaze me. Before we know it, he will be back to wrestling, running, riding his bike and scooter.
I would appreciate your prayers and thank you for letting me share about my son. I promise I will soon be back rambling about my desert garden as well as other gardens I encounter 🙂


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DC United 1, Waterhouse FC 0 | CONCACAF Champions League Match Recap
WASHINGTON – D.C. United began their CONCACAF Champions' League campaign in winning fashion on Wednesday evening, welcoming Jamaican side Waterhouse FC to a soggy RFK stadium for their group stage opener.
Eddie Johnson's early strike would be enough to guide United to a 1-0 victory, leaving them tied atop Group 4 in CCL play.
Staring down the barrel of a busy slate of league matches, United fielded a lineup made up largely of reserve and bench players.
The only true starter in the match for D.C. was Johnson – presently serving a two-match suspension in league play – and the former Seattle Sounder would figure in United's first goal just five minutes in. Center back Conor Shanosky struck a long ball towards United forward David Estrada on the left flank; Estrada's driven ball across the box found Johnson in stride, and he did well to smash it into the roof of the net from seven yards out.
Waterhouse entered the match having surprised Panamanian side Tauro FC in their own group opener, but were clear underdogs from the start.
Still, they managed a few chances while weathering United's attack and even controlled possession for stretches of the opening 45 minutes. Vincent Earle and Jermaine Anderson's spinning attempts in the 17th minute were easily dealt with by United keeper Joe Willis, however, and Romario Campbell's angled shot moments from the whistle also posed little danger.
Both teams started the second half tentatively, with neither opponent registering a shot on goal until Waterhouse's Kenardo Forbes' speculative effort in the 64th minute. Forbes would take another crack at equalizing three minutes from time, driving a shot from well outside the box just outside the near post. Midfielder Juvaune Benjamin had Waterhouse's best chance at tying the match, a curling effort in second-half stoppage time that Willis did well to parry away.
It would be Waterhouse's last scoring chance – D.C. seemed content enough to defend their lead, which they did through the final whistle.
United return to league play on Saturday when they travel to take on Sporting Kansas City on Saturday evening – they'll pick things back up in CCL play on September 16th when they travel to Jamaica for a re-match with Waterhouse.


text:
Turn old political signs into blankets for homeless
Unused signs help shield homeless from elements
A group of homeless advocates are gathering political signs to turn into weather-proof blankets for the homeless.
Drop off old campaign signs from 4-8 p.m. Wednesday at Japp's on 12th and Main streets in Over-The-Rhine and enjoy drink specials and food from local vendors.
"(It's a) nice way to bring both the political parties together to do something for the community," organizer Britt Born said.
The group hopes to hand out the blankets at the Fall Feast event at the Duke Energy Convention Center at the end of November.
"(There is) really an unknown number of people sleeping outside," said Josh Spring of the Greater Cincinnati Homeless Coalition.
Spring's group is one of the many that will benefit from the election night leftovers.
"All of the many folks that are outside but not seen, or bouncing from couch to couch, a couple of nights here," Spring said.
Officials said that depending on where someone lives, they have between 24 hours and three weeks to take down political yard signs.


text:
Anyone remember me?
Its been a very hard year.
There has been a series of serious personal problems, along with ongoing family upheaval and a serious injury which is leaving me one-handed potentially for months.
I also took to trying out other hobbies due to ongoing dissatisfaction with Waterley Bank Estate Farm due to intractable issues with progressing it because of serious flaws in the design and generally having made it hard for myself from the outset with the choices made on it. And my general difficulty in getting anything finished.
Maybe I will continue that project, maybe I will start anew with a dead simple, totally 'inside the railway fence', 'micro-module' scheme I am devising. In any case I intend to continue to improve and expand on my locomotive and rolling stock fleet, perhaps upgrading to DCC, sort out somewhere to run them, and share progress thereon.
That is, unless things have fundamentally changed here and I just didn't notice when logging back in............
I hope this message finds you all well and happily modelling.
All the best


text:
Herschel Supply Co.
Sylas Cap
Featuring a soft textured exterior and a pre-curved brim, the six-panel Sylas cap utilizes a comfortable cotton fabric with a custom embroidered flag emblem.
Details: Pre-curved brim. Adjustable.
Founded in 2009 by brothers Jamie and Lyndon Cormack, Herschel Supply Co. adopted the name of the town where three generations of their family grew up. Based in Vancouver, Canada, Herschel Supply Co. is a design driven global accessories brand that produces quality products with a fine regard for detail. Designed in Vancouver, BC.
Final Sale: This item is final sale and not eligible for return or exchange. Please see our Return Policy for more details.
Beginning with orders placed on or after May 6, 2020, we are no longer able to accept returns or exchanges for any products.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, we are adapting to operating our store differently. Our Seattle storefront is closed until further notice, and will continue selling our current stock of products online. This will allow us to transition to our next phase of offering digital resources and drop shipping brands we love — which means storing and maintaining less physical inventory.
We apologize for the inconvenience, and appreciate your understanding and support as we begin this transition to the next chapter of our business.
What if I want to return or exchange something purchased before May 6th?
- All eligible orders placed between March 1st – May 4th will receive a 30-day return window beginning May 5th. If you placed an order during this time frame that you wish to return or exchange, you now have until June 4th to do so. See this page for more information >
- Any item designated as final sale is ineligible for return or exchange, including:
- All sale items 25% off or more, whether purchased in-store or online, are final sale.
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- If an ineligible item is sent back to our studio, no refund or store credit will be issued.
What happens if something I bought is defective?
- Order number
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Please review our Terms and Conditions of use here.
Updated May 5, 2020
All orders over $100 are eligible for free USPS Standard Shipping within the United States.
Our team processes orders within 1-3 business days, Monday through Friday. Delivery times are from the day your order ships, not always the day your order is placed. Please note that UPS does not count the pick-up day in the delivery time.
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We're here to help! Just email us at email@example.com, and someone will get back to you shortly. Please allow up to 3 business days for a response.


text:
You searched for: Image Date: 1890/1899 Image Format: maps Image Geographic Information: Philippines Image Keyword: China Sea Image Keyword: Sulu Sea
1 entry found
Search Results
1. Guide for the American in the Philippines. A description of each of the provinces of the archipelago Page 5
Manila, Chofre y comp, 1899, pg. 5


text:
TORONTO — Ten years ago, Melissa Lieberman and her husband were about to buy a double stroller for their twins, who were due in a month. And then she felt a lump in her breast.
"It was right during the Christmas holidays," said Cantor Eric Moses, Lieberman's husband. "[The twins] were due to be born somewhere toward the end of January. People are sensitive to their body more when pregnant. She felt something that didn't feel quite right."
Although Lieberman's doctor decided to do a biopsy, the couple didn't think much of it until they came in for a routine appointment.
"[The doctor] calls us in. He shut down the office and told us the news," she said. This is when Lieberman, already the mother of an 18-month-old boy, learned she had breast cancer.
"We were shocked and overwhelmed. It's hard to explain the reaction. When you're pregnant and expecting twins, that's the last thing on your mind. From that moment on, we were just go, go, go. We had to do as much research as we could, get as many doctors involved."
Before Lieberman's treatment could begin, doctors had to induce labour. She then underwent a double mastectomy, aggressive chemotherapy and several other surgeries.
Soon after her diagnosis became known, the community support began. Friends, doctors, members of the family's synagogue and complete strangers reached out to help.
"The support from the community was incredible," Moses said. "Challah would show up every Friday, and I still don't know who to thank.
"When you know people care about you, worry about you, are praying for you… you're just overwhelmed by incredible acts of kindness. It gives you strength and hope to keep going."
Now, Lieberman is ready to celebrate a huge milestone. The mother of three has been cancer-free for 10 years.
"Typically, after people have been cancer-free for 10 years, their chances of recurrence lessens," Moses said.
As a way to celebrate and give back to the community, the couple organized Kol Isha: The Female Voice, a concert to raise money and awareness for cancer research and the BRCA gene mutation, which is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. BRCA-1 and 2 are more common in Ashkenazi Jews than in other groups. Though she wasn't aware of it before her diagnosis, Lieberman had the BRCA-1 gene.
At the concert, guests were given free genetic testing kits for the gene. Money raised went to the Women's College Research Institute, directed by Dr. Steven Narod. The event, which took place at Beth Sholom Synagogue on March 27, was hosted by Dr. Marla Shapiro, of Dr. Marla and Friends, and included performers Amy Sky, Neshama Carlebach and Magda Fishman.
Moses hopes the event leads to a push for women to get genetic testing for the BRCA gene.
"The good thing about testing now, if you have information in advance, you can truly save your life. You can stop yourself from getting cancer," he said.
He also hopes it gives others battling cancer hope.
"Not everybody has the same outcome we do, and we recognize that. Having said that, there are many that do come out to a positive end and we have to celebrate every moment we have," he said. "It certainly gives you a new perspective on life when you get challenged like this. You learn to really live every day as if it's your last."


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4BT Cummins 1984 GMC Jimmy: Mechanical Engineering
A fullsize Jimmy that's redesigned for the trail
Brian Hays of Ridgecrest, California, purchased this '84 GMC Jimmy from a used car dealership in southeastern Washington in 2008. And it was very used. The rig had 300,000 miles on it and the 6.2L diesel engine wasn't running. This wasn't a problem for Hays, however. "I got it up and running with new batteries, starter, and fuel filter," he says. Hays then wheeled the Jimmy for a while in mostly stock form until the rear limited-slip differential broke. It was this breakage that launched a major buildup. "I wheeled it around the upper high desert and Panamint Mountains until the rear 10-bolt Gov-Loc broke and stranded me 15 miles from home. I decided to replace the rear axle with a 14-bolt that I had laying around and then it was non-stop for 2½ years," Hays says. Along the way he tore out the entire drivetrain and sold all the parts to purchase stuff like an Off Road Design Doubler and rear 64-inch Superlift leaf springs.
Hays is a mechanical engineer and he used his knowledge in the buildup of the Jimmy. An example is the front suspension, which he designed and built. Hays says, "I started with 64-inch front springs, but after I was done I did not like it and ripped it out without even trying it. The approach angle was not good. I still wanted great ride quality and have tried a lot of the other leaf spring combinations on other past trucks. At the time there was not a coilover suspension kit on the market so I decided to take the time to design it myself using the tools I use every day (CAD, kinetic analysis tools, structural analysis, and CAE analysis tools). It took about six months from start to finish after long days at work. Designing the suspension on a computer allowed me to optimize the suspension without cutting metal. Many design iterations were gone through and verified with paper templates. The final design was mocked up using poster board. The design was to be simple and self-jigging (for welding)."
But this was only the tip of the iceberg. Hays left no bolt unturned, or unanalyzed, in the buildup of the Jimmy. Among other things, he bolted in a Cummins 4BT turbodiesel engine, Doubler transfer case, Dana 60 front axle, and lots more. The result is a unique, flexy rig that earns an 801 on a 30-degree RTI ramp, has a 50-degree approach angle, a 43-degree departure angle, and gets 16-20 mpg.
Hays' Jimmy is full of surprises, including the one under the hood. It's an early '90s Cummins 4BT turbodiesel engine from a Frito-Lay delivery truck and just like the rest of the Jimmy it has been customized to the owner's preference. Its mods include a modified Bosch VE pump with 3,200 RPM governor spring; high carbon chromium stainless Denny T fuel pin; Industrial Injection Prince of Darkness injectors; larger Holset HY35 turbocharger; grid heater (from a 5.9L Cummins), and Silicon Intake Systems hoses, clamps, and intercooler. Hays TIG-welded the 3.5-inch-diameter exhaust together using pieces of old exhaust systems from late model diesel trucks. Hays estimates that the Cummins produces 200hp at 3,200 rpm and 380 lb-ft of torque at 1,850 rpm. The 'plant is kept cool via a 6.2L turbodiesel-application aftermarket aluminum radiator with salvage yard-sourced 15-inch electric fans and an owner-built aluminum shroud. The fans are controlled by a Dakota Digital programmable controller. Other underhood mods include a modified factory wiring harness and Dual Optima YellowTop batteries.
The Details
Owner/Hometown: Brian Hays/Ridgecrest, California
Vehicle/Model: 1984 GMC Jimmy
Estimated value: $11,000
Type: Cummins 3.9L 4BT I-4
Aspiration: Direct injection, turbocharged, intercooled
Output, hp/torque @ rpm (estimated): 200@3,200/380@1,850
Transmission: TH475
Transfer case: NP203/205 Doubler
Front: Custom four-link, 2.5-in F-O-A 16-in-travel remote-reservoir coilovers, Currie Antirock sway bar, Poly Performance limiting straps
Rear: 64-in Superlift leaf springs, 2.5-in F-O-A 16-in-travel remote-reservoir shocks
Front: Dana 60, USA Alloy 35-spline axleshafts, Superior 35-spline stub shafts, Longfield 300M U-joints, Ruff Stuff diff cover, Warn Premium lockouts, ported steering box, PSC hydraulic ram, ORD high-clearance arms/ARB Air Locker
Rear: GM 14-bolt, ORD disc brake conversion, Ruff Stuff diff cover, DIY4X U-joint and yoke guard/Detroit Locker
Ring and pinion: 4.10:1
Wheels: 17x9 TrailReady beadlock w/rock ring
Tires: 37x12.50R17 Cooper Discoverer STT