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May 16, 1845: Birth of Elie Metchnikoff, Nobel Prize winner. On May 16, 1845, [also listed as May 15] Elie Metchnikoff was born in a village near Kharkoff, Russia (about 350 miles northeast of Odessa in what is now the country of Ukraine). He studied natural sciences at the University of Kharkoff graduating after only two years. He attended a number of universities in Europe after his degree and finished his doctorate at the University of St. Petersburg. At the incredibly young age of 25, he was appointed Titular Professor of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy at the University of Odessa. In 1884, he left Odessa for Italy after the assassination of Czar Alexander II.
Some of his earliest research was in the field of embryology where he connected structures in higher animals to similar structures in more primitive animals. After his move to Italy, he focused more on the study of disease.
Metchnikoff was a volatile personality who survived two suicide attempts. After his first wife died in 1873, he attempted to take his own life with an overdose of morphine. In 1880, Elie Metchnikoff's second wife contracted a severe case of typhoid fever but survived. In despair, Metchnikoff injected himself with infected material causing relapsing fever. Some have attempted to explain his actions as an experiment to see if the disease could be transmitted by blood. He became very ill but survived.
In his work, Elie Metchnikoff used the microscope extensively. However, his eyesight was poor from birth and he further damaged his eyesight in his early years of study due to over exertion. As a result, he was unable to use a microscope during the period 1867 to 1882. Upon resuming his microscopic studies, Metchnikoff, like other scientists of his day, was interested in viewing microbes and microscopic structures of simple animals under high magnification. However, his interest led him to the development of a description of what was eating the microbes.
In 1882 in a laboratory set up in a drawing room in Messina, Italy, he observed the mobile cells in a transparent starfish larva. He noticed that when he introduced a thorn into the larva, specialized cells in the larva attacked the foreign invader. His later studies showed that specialized cells would attack anything foreign introduced under the dermis of the starfish and other animals. He also observed that white blood cells attacked, killed and consumed bacteria and other foreign invaders of the human body. The specialized cells were labeled phagocytes and the process phagocytosis. In humans, this action was part of the inflammation process caused by white blood cells resulting from a body's defense against infection. He first published his findings in 1883. Metchnikoff's discovery and subsequent fame generated a number of conflicts with his colleagues, many of which he initiated.
In 1888, Metchnikoff left Russia and all of the conflicts and problems that plagued him there and went to work for the world's foremost bacteriologist, Louis Pasteur. He worked at the Pasteur Institute until he died in 1916. His publication of Lectures on the Comparative Pathology of Inflammation in 1891 and its English translation in 1893 gained him world-wide acclaim. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1908 which he shared with Paul Ehrlich for his work in phagocytosis.
Metchnikoff's discovery has been recognized as the first demonstration of a human body's protective process against disease. His work provided part of the foundation of the general field of immunology. During the 1880s others were studying the body's ability to ward off disease. Metchnikoff's theory while brilliant did not explain how a person retained the ability to be exposed to a disease without any effect subsequent to an initial infection. Behring's work on the humoralist theory of immunity appeared to be in direct conflict with Metchnikoff's but subsequent research would show that they were both part of a larger understanding of immunity. Behring was responsible for discovering the diphtheria anti-toxin and promoting its widespread use.
In his well-known book on public health, which was published in 1902, Sedgwick explored the body's defenses against microorganisms and noted Elie Metchnikoff's theory of immunity. "…starting with the [now] well-known fact that the white blood-cells are eating –cells (or phagocytes) and readily devour yeast-cells, bacteria-cells, etc., [Metchnikoff] made elaborate and important investigations tending to show that…the battle is really between the white blood-cells and the microbes…" Sedgwick was interested in the evolving field of immunology because of his beliefs in his theory of vital resistance.
Metchnikoff was married twice. His first marriage to Ludmilla Federovitch lasted only four years (1869 to 1873). She died of tuberculosis (or typhoid fever) in Madeira. He married Olga Belokopitova in 1875 and she stayed with him for the rest of his life. She was devoted to him and his research and collaborated with him on his work.
Metchnikoff died on July 15, 1916 at the age of 71.
"Decades later, in the early 1980s, two research teams showed definitively that white blood cells (phagocytic leucocytes) kill microbiological invaders of the human body through a process involving the production of hypochlorous acid and chloramines at the cellular level. Both of these chemicals are toxic to invading organisms. Online videos demonstrating the process of phagocytosis are helpful in understanding the mechanisms. A figure and the accompanying text in a recently published book on immunology illustrate the reaction mechanisms that produce hypochlorous acid and chloramines.
Dr. John L. Leal would have had an easier time convincing the New Jersey Chancery Court that adding chlorine to drinking water was an excellent tool for killing the typhoid bacillus if he had known that cells in the human body use the same chemical as part of an innate mechanism for defense against pathogens. The information would also have been of great help to engineers and city leaders who later added chlorine and chloramines to drinking water in the face of continuing public chemophobia."
From: The Chlorine Revolution: Water Disinfection and the Fight to Save Lives


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A man wanted in connection with a 22-year-old woman's slaying led authorities on a high-speed pursuit in the desert north of Los Angeles Friday before a shootout with officers.
The driver was killed and two people with gunshot wounds were found in the trunk of his car, according to the Ridgecrest Police Department. The man and woman were hospitalized in critical condition and are believed to have been held captive by the driver.
Police late Friday identified the driver as Sergio Alberto Munzo, 39, of Ridgecrest, about 150 miles north of downtown Los Angeles in eastern Kern County.
A pursuit of Munzo began early Friday morning in Ridgecrest when officers responded to a report of vehicle wanted in connection with an investigation into a 22-year-old woman's slaying in the city.
U.S. & World
That deceased woman was identified Firday night as Brittany Matheny, 22, of Ridgecrest, according to the Kern County Coroner.
She was found with at least one gunshot wound in the 500 block of West Atkins Ave., the Ridgecrest Police Department said. An autopsy will determine the cause of death.
Firing at civilians and officers, Munzo led police on an hour-long chase that ended on Highway 395 at Kramer Junction with an exchange of gunfire, authorities said.
The driver, who was killed in the shootout, appeared to be using a cell phone during the pursuit, according to authorities.
"We do have some information that he may have been using Facebook," Kern County Sheriff Donny Youngblood said.
Schools in Ridgecrest were placed on lockdown as a precaution but were later reopened.
No law enforcement officers were injured.
More Southern California Stories:

subset: commoncrawl


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Edward Villella, the artistic director who founded the Miami City Ballet and built it into an internationally recognized company, has left sooner than expected, the company announced Tuesday.
Villella, 75, said last year he would retire after the 2012-2013 season ends in April. But ballet officials announced Tuesday that Villella has decided to leave now.
The former New York City Ballet star founded the Miami Beach-based dance company in 1986.
In a statement, officials said Villella "had given the matter a great deal of thought" and decided with the company's executive board to speed the transition to new leadership.
The Cuban-born dancer Lourdes Lopez was set to succeed Villella as artistic director. Ballet officials say Lopez now takes over immediately.
Lopez, who also danced at New York City Ballet, has been the director at New York dance company Morphoses. She arrived in Miami last week to take over the company's ballet school, which had been run by Villella's wife.
Lopez, 53, attended classes and rehearsals Tuesday with the company's professional dancers, said Roberto Santiago, Miami City Ballet's spokesman.
In an email Tuesday to the ballet's staff and roughly 40 dancers, Villella said he was confident that the company would continue to flourish.
He also wrote that he was especially pleased with the acclaim they earned in rare tours in New York and Paris. Villella has said their triumph last summer in Paris was as dear to him as the standing ovations he received from a Soviet audience in Moscow during the Cuban Missile Crisis.
In the statement, Villella and board president Jim Eroncig thanked each other for support and leadership. There is no mention of the angst that has shadowed Villella's departure since his retirement was announced.
Ballet trustee Marvin Ross Friedman said Tuesday that he was leaving, too. Instead of thanking Villella for the Paris tour, a few members of the executive board forced him to resign, Friedman said.
"He created a world-class company, a crown jewel in the pantheon of Miami's cultural assets ... yet he was fired," Friedman said in an email to ballet officials, dancers and board members.
Like other arts companies, Miami City Ballet has struggled through recession and recovery. After the 2009 tour in New York, the company cut eight dancers to save money. The second half of the 2008-2009 season was performed to recorded music because live orchestral music was too costly. An executive director hired last fall to improve fundraising and management was out by the end of June.
Many dancers addressed the board in confusion after Villella's retirement announcement. "It was news that came sort of out of the blue to us, and it seemed to us not happy news. We were trying to get some answers," said principal dancer Jennifer Kronenberg. She said the dancers had been somewhat assured everyone involved was working toward a smooth transition. Miami City Ballet has brought in Michael Kaiser, president of the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, as a consultant to help financially restructure the company. Kaiser performed similar tasks for the American Ballet Theater and Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater in the 1990s, though he says the Miami troupe is in better shape than those companies at that time.
"MCB does have to build its marketing profile and improve its fundraising potency, but I would say the same for most American arts organizations," Kaiser said.
Villella declined comment Tuesday. But in a recent interview with The Associated Press, he expressed frustration and disappointment with his impending exit.
Miami never was an ideal place to build a dance company, he said, in spite of its growing population and fundraising potential. He noted the company has always run a deficit.
South Florida also lacks the cultural heritage of major arts destinations such as New York, he said, along with major donors who prioritize arts funding.
"My estimation when I came here was that I was bringing New York to Miami, but Miami has its own manner and fashion, and therein lies a complication," Villella said.
He said he would return to New York and pursue other opportunities in dance.
He was proud to have built a company where he would have liked to dance, despite one regret: "Just my failure to make everybody understand -- and I'm talking about, not only donors and board people, the entire community, all of South Florida -- this is a company that's had standing ovations in L.A., Kennedy Center, Chicago, New York City, Paris. We are known and received better outside of Florida than we are inside of Florida."
Miami ballet director is out sooner than planned
Edward Villella, the artistic director who founded the Miami City Ballet and built it into an internationally recognized company, has left sooner than expected, the company announced Tuesday.


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UH Manoa Center for South Asian Studies hosts 24th Annual Spring Symposium, April 12-13
Symposium to explore indigenity, caste, belonging and folk life in South Asian contextsUniversity of Hawaiʻi
Amy Gomes, (808) 956-5652
Center for Asian Studies
HONOLULU - The UH-Manoa Center for South Asian Studies' 24th Annual Spring Symposium themed, "Roots and Branches: Articulations of Longing and Belonging in South Asian Contexts," is set for April 12 and April 13 in the Center for Korean Studies Auditorium. The symposium, which is free and open to the public, will explore expressions of indigenity, folk life, cast, locatedness, and belonging in contemporary South Asia.
The program will feature three invited lecturers, three panels, and two cultural events. Sadhana Naithani, a folklorist and scholar of comparative literature based in the School of Language, Literature, and Cultural Studies at Jawaharlal Nehru University, will speak on folk cultural practices and modernity. Adnan Morshed, a scholar of architecture and architecture theory based at The Catholic University, will speak on structures of empowerment and hyper-traditionalism within the Grameen Bank housing program in Bangladesh. Chinnaiah Jangam, a historian and scholar of anti-caste movements and theories, will speak on nationalism and dalits in India (Dalits are the so-called Indian "untouchable" castes).
For further details about the program, including times and access queries, visit http://www.hawaii.edu/csas.
The CSAS' 24th Annual Spring Symposium has been made possible by the generous support of the G.J. and Ellen Watumull Fund. It is co-sponsored by the Department of English.
For more information, visit: http://www.hawaii.edu/csas


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The Real Value of Facebook Isn't Your Likes or Fans
Most businesses focus on their Facebook page. More specifically, they want to know how to get more Likes/fans or engagement.
These are all common questions from businesses looking to grow with Facebook. The problem is that they may be missing out on the bigger picture of Facebook. Sure, these things matter, but let's face it, many of your customers don't want to like you on Facebook (they just don't care enough about you) and most of your fans have probably already done business with you.
Think about how you use Facebook. You don't go out and "Like" random pages for businesses you don't already use or plan to use (with the exception of some inspirational brands). We usually like things on Facebook that we like and use in the real world.
Your Next Best Customer Is Connected to Your Current Customers
This is the real value of Facebook as it pertains to business growth and acquiring new customers. It isn't about getting strangers to like you, it's about getting exposure with the friends of your fans. These are the best prospects for you, and you already have a foot in the door because one of their friends, someone who they trust and respect, has already made the choice to do business with you.
For example, if you're thinking of buying a bike, chances are high that you'll look to your friend who is the cycling enthusiast for advice. If you've seen that he is often commenting on a bike store's page on Facebook, you are more likely check out that store when it's time to purchase a bike.
If you have been exposed to the bike store through your friend's posts and the posts of other friends, you may already have a good enough impression of that store to bypass asking your friend and just go to the store.
Harness the Social Graph
The fact is that we are friends with people who are similar to us. This means that our friends and social connections are the best source of new business for the businesses that we interact with.
For example, if there is a restaurant you love, a subset of your friends would also love to check it out. If you discover a new social media tool, a subset of your friends is likely to be interested in it. A handful of your friends are interested in attending the same concerts.
We are friends with people like us, so spreading your message socially can be your best way to build awareness with new customers who are highly likely to be interested in your product.<
The Real Value of Facebook Is Friends of Fans
Many businesses think of Facebook as the place to get new customers, and it certainly can be. But the most effective way to get those new customers is through word-of-mouth (or the online version, which perhaps should be called word-of-keyboard?).
Many businesses want to reach new audiences on Facebook, but they just aren't sure how. The answer is simple: through your existing fans. Here are some of the ways that you can use your current customers to generate awareness with their friends:
Encourage interactions with content to build awareness
Run contests or trivia where your fans reveal interesting things about their personality
Ask customers to post photos on your Facebook
Feature customers on your Facebook
Provide incentives for sharing
Build contests for sharing and social spread, not to maximize entries
Create an extraordinary visual experience that customers want to share
Build mass momentum with events
Image courtesy of Flickr, roborodent
This article originally published at ClickZ here


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Dear President and Congress: Good Government Protects Everyone
Jeremiah 22: 3 "This is what the LORD says: Be fair-minded and just. Do what is right! Help those who have been robbed; rescue them from their oppressors. Quit your evil deeds! Do not mistreat foreigners, orphans, and widows. Stop murdering the innocent!" (NLT)
"…Man is a child of God, made in His image, and therefore must be respected as such….And when we truly believe in the sacredness of human personality, we won't exploit people, we won't trample over people with the iron feet of oppression, we won't kill anybody."
– Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Christmas Sermon 1967
Why are the leaders so angry? Why do the President and Congress waste their time with futile plans of human reasoning? The rulers of the earth prepare for battle; they plot together… And yet, people they promised to serve are crying and dying. Listen leaders, act wisely! Be warned leaders! Don't be deceived, for God isn't going to stand by and allow a mockery.
I was listening to human news reports briefly, and members of Congress on both sides of the isle are fighting to stand for whatever platforms they were elected upon. We don't hear enough about standing up for truth. Rather than simply "standing your ground," why not stand after having done all to stand? Stand in the full armor of God!
"One nation under God" still remains part of America's credo. Are there any brave leaders who can do this? Godly leaders protect everyone, from the womb until natural death and everyone in between. America, it is time to stand up for truth. God help us.


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Home : All Designs : Holidays/Events : Earth Day : celebrate earth day (2) : Personalized White Maternity Shirt
Earth day is celebrated April 22 every day. show everyone that this year you are celebrating and helping to save the planet. Everyday should be earth day because the planet needs saving every day.
Design First Loaded: 2012-10-10 13:16:07
5.5 oz., 100% combed ringspun cotton jersey tee. taped neck. topstitching on collar. double-needle stitched sleeves and bottom hem. Available in sizes Small, Medium, Large and XL.


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Service Adventures: How to Get Your Kids Excited About Helping Others
Do your kids understand the value of giving?
Want to make community service part of your family's normal routine?
To learn how to get your kids excited about helping others, I interview Dr. Deborah Gilboa for this episode of the Parenting Adventures podcast.
More About This Show
The Parenting Adventures podcast is a show from My Kids' Adventures.
It's for parents (and grandparents) who are looking for creative things to do with their kids.
The show format is on-demand talk radio (also known as podcasting).
In this episode, I interview Dr. Deborah Gilboa, a family physician, author and parenting expert on raising respectful, responsible and resilient kids.
She's the author of three books on parenting and a forthcoming book, Get the Behavior You Want… Without Being the Parent You Hate! Her website is askdoctorg.com.
Deborah shares how to get your kids excited about helping others.
You'll discover tips for things your kids can do to take part in community service.
Share your feedback, read the show notes and get the links mentioned in this episode below!
Listen Now
[powerpress]You can also subscribe via iTunes or Stitcher.


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Idea submitted by:
Handmade inch worm green and blue topaz two tone wood post earrings made from a fallen tree branch. Studs are hand painted and topped with a coat of resin to create a glass like finish. Posts are surgical steel, so are fine for sensitive ears.
These unique studs are made from the smallest storm damaged fallen tree branches, I don't like to let even the smallest branches go to waste. My family and I go on hikes in the woods and haul back arm loads of branches! I get my chop saw out, safety goggles on and start cutting! Each piece is sanded down smooth , created and sealed with a coat of resin to give a glass like finish.
I have a passion for re-purposing and doing my part for our enviroment. I love to create out of found objects, so the two go hand in hand.
Size of studs: 3/8 inch (9.5mm)
This a is a unique gift for that girl who loves nature. Eco-friendly and beautiful.
No tree were harmed in the process of making my jewelry- all wood comes from storm damaged trees :) "


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I found more stories about Fort Nisqually and Anderson Island than I could actually fit into my talk last weekend (see last weeks' posting).
As a result, I am posting the extra information here, for Anderson Islanders, and others to find.
So this blog posting might be a bit patchy, but I will try to make it all work together.
By the way, if anyone wants to read more about Anderson Island and its history and early settlers, you should find and read the book, Island in the Sound, by Hazel Heckman [Seattle: UWPress, 1967]. My copy of the book is in its sixth printing, 1997!
A description of Fort Nisqually, by Missionary Father Modeste Demers:
Alexander Caulfield Anderson reached Fort Nisqually, at last, in late autumn 1840.
Sometime before he reached the place, Missionary Father Modeste Demers visited the old fort.
Demers described the post as it was when William Kittson was in charge: It was "an elongated square of about four arpents in area, surrounded like the other forts by a palisade twenty feet high, and flanked by four bastions furnished with firearms."
Unlike other forts in the area, however: "The palisade is crowned on the exterior by a species of circular gallery, as much for serving in the defense of the fort as for observing the acts of the natives and keeping them in check. In this enclosure are grouped various buildings, such as the smokehouse, the trading house... the commandant's house, one for strangers, one for the engages..."
It was not unknown, in these fur trade posts, to have galleries around the inside of the fort walls; but it appears, at first, that Demers says, this one hung on the outside of the walls.
When Lieutenant Wilkes drew his images of the fort shortly after Demers passed through, there were no galleries on the outside of the palisades.
If English was not Demers' first language, it is possible he substituted the word "outside" for "inside."
But I think we're reading it wrong (or at least I am). I think Demers meant that the galleries hung on the outside or exterior walls, but inside the fort itself.
That would be perfectly normal for a fur trade fort of this time, and it makes much more sense to hang the galleries behind the shelter of the log palisades, not in front of them.
But I might be wrong.
More on Alexander Caulfield Anderson, the farmer:
As I was reading through material to write this talk, I found one more thing to say about Anderson, referencing his time at Fort Nisqually and later.
I found a line in Lieutenant Charles Wilkes' journals, written while he was at Fort Nisqually, to the effect that: "Mr. Anderson informed me he had or was making an experiment with some of [the Nisqually Natives] to till the land, but he found them disinclined to work although they were more apt than he had given them credit for."
As I have mentioned in other talks, I have run across a number of stories where Anderson is teaching the Natives who live near his residence (wherever it may be) to grow their own food, something that is quite foreign to them.
Only a few years after he left Fort Nisqually, he watched as the Alexandria Natives returned home in an early winter snowstorm, and he knew they had little food to spare because the salmon run had failed.
One year later and after another failed salmon run, Anderson wrote in the Fort Alexandria journals that, "Eleven Indians [are] working the soil [at our] suggestion, and I have promised to supply them seed potatoes."
And when he lived in North Saanich from 1862 to about 1876, he encouraged the Natives of the Tseycum Reserve to cultivate their clayey soil, and some soon raised pigs and cattle or farmed smaller sections of richer soil. He had a particularly strong interest in grafting fruit trees, and a few of his Native neighbours even learned this agricultural craft from him, and now owned small thriving orchards.
I wonder if, while he was at Fraser's Lake, or at Fort Colvile, he also tried to teach the Natives to grow their own food?
Unfortunately I do not have enough information on these times, and there is, I believe, no where else to look.
The Royal Navy Ship, Fisgard, off Anderson Island, 1846:
This is an Anderson Island story, and not a story about Fort Nisqually, nor one about Alexander Caulfield Anderson. Yet, it fits here, and I would have told the Anderson Island people this story if I had the time to do so.
I am not aware that they are very familiar with the story, though they might be. They do, however, know that for a little while, Anderson Island was named "Fisgard" Island.
The story came to me from Steve Anderson, retired manager of the replica Fort Nisqually at Point Defiance Park. This is his research, not mine.
The Royal Navy ship Fisgard was stationed off Fort Nisqually in 1846. Its job was to provide a British presence in the area to support the upcoming Boundary discussions between the United States and Britain.
It was the late afternoon of 26th September, 1846. A rare thunderhead formed in the sky to the west, and by six o'clock that evening, horizontal sheet lightning streaked across the sky.
"The thunder roared in the most awful manner," one man at Fort Nisqually reported, "and its grandeur was greatly increased by the reverberations amongst the neighboring woods, which were set on fire in several places by the vivid flashes of lightning."
Now you might not know that ships such as the Fisgard were at great risk of lightning strikes in storms like this.
At this time, the Royal Navy ships had no defense against such dangers -- if a bolt of lightning struck the ship's mast, it could splinter the mast and send it tumbling to the decks.
A strike could kill a man; it could find the powder magazine and blow the entire ship out of the water, killing everyone aboard!
However, before she left London, the Fisgard had installed a new-fangled, untested, experimental lightning conductor consisting of copper rods, plates, and nails on the ships spars and hull.
No one really believed it would work, but as one observer said, "considering the grave number of ships which have been damaged or destroyed by lightning, it is not without considerable interest we witness and record such [events]."
So, a mile and a half from Fort Nisqually, the tall masts of the Fisgard jutted up toward the sky.
At 7:45 pm, a powerful bolt of lightning struck the ships main spar and shook the Fisgard to its core.
"A sudden report, as if many guns had gone off, threw all hands into the utmost consternation."
The crew watched the lightning follow the trail of copper down the mast -- those who were standing nearest the mast on the upper deck described the effect of the fluid-like "strike" as illuminating the mast with a most beautiful stream of purple light.
The bolt of lightning grounded in the sea, and left the ship undamaged.
When the Fisgard returned to London it was greeted with fanfare, largely due to the fact that she had beaten the lightning strike.
And so that is a piece of British history, made at Anderson Island.
James Tilton's 1855 map of Puget Sound and Washington Territory:
There is more to the Fisgard Story: When I visited Fort Nisqually in Point Defiance Park, the re-enactor, Lane, showed me a pile of maps and photographs that lay on the table in the Chief Factor's residence.
Amongst them was surveyor James Tilton's map of Puget Sound and Washington Territory, dated 1855.
Anderson Island was clearly indicated on the map, as was McNeil -- but Anderson Island was labelled "Fisgard," and McNeil, "Duntze."
John Alexander Duntze was the Captain of the British ship, Fisgard, when it was stationed off Anderson Island.
So who was this man, James Tilton?
Tilton was the surveyor General of Washington Territory, and arrived at Olympia in the spring of 1853.
I find to my shock that he is part of the Charles Mitchell story that recently hit the news in Victoria and Seattle.
Charles Mitchell was a young black slave owned by James Tilton: Mitchell was smuggled aboard the ship Eliza Anderson, and freed by the British fur traders at Fort Victoria.
Presumably when Surveyor James Tilton drew his map of the area in the mid-1850's, Anderson Island still carried the name of Fisgard Island (and McNeil, Duntze) and those are the names he put on his official map of the territory.
But Lieutenant Charles Wilkes had already officially named the islands Anderson and McNeil -- for Alexander Caulfield Anderson and William McNeill, the fur traders in charge of Fort Nisqually when he arrived there in 1841.
He must have gone east and then drawn the maps that contained the names that the American government officially adopted for those two islands.
Still, fifteen years after Wilkes was at Fort Nisqually, surveyor James Tilton drew his official map of Washington territory, and labelled the islands "Fisgard" and "Duntze."
When and how did Lieutenant Charles Wilkes' names for the two islands supersede James Tilton's labels? When and how did the new names (or older, I guess) reach the Puget Sound area, to be officially adopted by the American residents who lived there?
I am on Twitter, as you know, and I asked the question of a map researcher I was chatting to.
Through a contact she had she got me a copy of this map, labelled: Map of the Oregon Territory by the U. S. Exploring Expedition.
You can find it at this internet site, and at others:
It is on the Oregon History Project site -- but the best is under [google this]: "1850 map of the Oregon Territory [electronic resource]." You can pick the bottom of Puget Sound and enlarge it enough to see that this map does not name any of the islands there.
So this is not the map that labelled Anderson Island.
Next I took a quick look at "Map of Oregon and Upper California from the Surveys of John Charles Fremont and other authorities, drawn by Charles Preuss..." in 1848. Anderson Island is not named on that map either.
Finally I dug out Derek Hayes' book, Historical Atlas of British Columbia and the Pacific Northwest [Vancouver: Cavendish Books, 1999] which I have owned for many years.
On page 120 of this book, I found the answer, and this is what Derek Hayes has to say...
"Wilkes' Narratives of the United States Exploring Expedition was published in five volumes in 1844.
"Also published were a number of maps of the northwest, including one map of the whole Oregon Territory [this is the map I have spoken of, above].
"Another map was of the southern part of Georgia Strait (Map 200). Ringgolds Channel, named after one of Wilkes' Officers, is today's Rosario Strait.
"A map of the southern part of Puget Sound (Map 201) shows the site of today's Olympia."
It is Map 201 which clearly labels Anderson and McNeil Islands, and tells us that these two islands had their official names by 1844, when the book was published -- not that the locals, or even the Washington Territory government officials (ie, James Tilton), seemed to be aware of that fact.
But all this does not yet answer the question: how did Anderson Island also carry the name "Fisgard Island?
Who named it Fisgard -- was it James Tilton, or was it someone else?
A note in the "Washington Geographic Names," by Edmond S. Meany, tells us that Anderson Island "had at least two other names.
"The Inskip chart, 1846, shows it as Fisgard Island, after the British frigate which was on this station, 1844-1847. Inskip sought to carry the honor further by changing the name of McNeil Island to "Duntze Island" for Captain John Alexander Duntze of the frigate.
The Town of Steilacoom site says that "For the Americans, Lt. Charles Wilkes remapped the Sound area almost fifty years after Puget. The desire to Americanize the area showed itself in his renaming every feature after his American crew members and friends stationed in the area.
"The British replied quickly: R. A. Inskip's mapping mission came only five years later.
"Inskip kept the tradition of ignoring his forebears, and made a detailed chart with all-new names -- again mostly taken from his fellow British crewmembers."
A further search tells me that the Brit was named Robert A. Inskip, and he was here in 1846.
He named Anderson Island for the RN ship Fisgard, which was here -- and McNeil for Duntze, the Fisgard's captain.
In 1847 the name of McNeil Island was restored (and probably that of Anderson, too) -- but that occurred in England, and no one here knew that had happened.
It seems that either the British mariners, or perhaps even the fur traders at Nisqually, kept the old British names alive until the American surveyor James Tilton came here in 1855, to write them down.
Even that was temporary. At some point Lieutenant Wilkes' names took precedence and Fisgard Island officially became Anderson Island.
According to Hazel Heckman, author of Island in the Sound, as late as 1886, a baby named Betsy Johnson Cammon was born on what they called "Wallace Island."
So it's no wonder that Alexander Caulfield Anderson never knew that Anderson Island was named for him!
Anderson Island had a third name for a short period, when it was called "Wallace Island."
A note in the "Washington Geographic Names," by Meany, also says that Anderson Island has another name -- Wallace Island, in honor of Leander C. Wallace, who was killed by Snoqualmie Indians during their attack on Fort Nisqually in 1849.
I can tell you that story, as it is written in the Fort Nisqually Journals:
Wallace, presumably, had settled on what was then called, in some quarters, Fisgard Island.
On May 1849: "Tuesday 1st. Cloudy with strong SW breeze. About noon a large party of Snoqualmie & Skeywhamish [Skykomish] armed arrived & took up their position before the watergate, where they had an affray with our people, in which the American, Wallace was killed & Lewis slightly wounded one of the enemy was killed & another slightly wounded, the cause and commencement are nearly as possible as follows:
"As the horn blew for dinner a large party of Skeywhamish & Snoqualmie were reported to have arrived, our working & other Indians immediately commenced running into the Fort bringing with them their movables & when dinner was over a large party of them to the number of about a hundred, were observed advancing across the plain on the NW side of the Fort, when they arrived part went to Lahalet's lodge & the others (the greater part) gathered round the water-gate, where they were soon after rejoined by the others.
"On being asked the reason why they came in such numbers, and making such a warlike demonstration, they replied that they had heard that young Lahalet (who is married to a daughter of one of their petty [Petit or lesser] chiefs) was beating his wife brutally, and that they did not come with the intention of harming any of the whites.
"The Chief Patakynum was then invited into the Fort, and to the others were given tobacco to smoke in the pipe of peace, for which they retired to one of the deserted lodges.
"We took the precaution of placing two armed men at the gate, Thibeault & Gohome with orders to let none of them in.
"I also took My gun and knocked about our Indians, who in fear of the enemy, were engaged in sweeping out the fort.
"I had just taken round them when I heard a shot.
"I repaired immediately to the gate & learned that it had been fired by Gohome in jest.
"I reproved him for his carelessness & told him to take good care.
"Soon after I arrived at the gate, four or five of the worst Snoqualmies came rushing to the gate, provoked no [doubt], by the shot unguardidly fired by Gohome, one of our number.
"Copass, more forward than the rest, rudely pushed Gohome who was standing between the door posts into the Fort and took his place.
"I went to him & demanded why he did that for, and told him to keep quiet, but on answering only with insult, I put him out, upon which he cocked his gun & drew his dagger making two or three threats at me with it.
"Wren was standing a piece off at the time by the gate, he was called in.
"I called out to close the gate which was done, but finding Wren shut out, it was again opened.
"Wren upon Entering, seized one of their guns where upon a scuffled ensued, and the gun falling between the door & the Fort, prevented us from closing, during that time I observed Copass pointing his gun at me.
"I at once presented mine, and as I thought fired first ....
(But it is maintained by the friendly Indians outside that, one of the Snoqualmie, "Qullawowt," provoked by a blow given by Wren, with the butt end of the gun, to one of their chiefs, fired at him but missing, my shot followed. Which is the right way I can't be positive, the noise & excitement being too great.) [edited slightly for readability]
"I thought I fired first ... but missing him wounded another, a good many shots then followed, the gate closed, we took to the bastions, but our people taking some time to get armed (the affair being rather sudden) by the time they were at the stations, most of the enemy were out of shot, running away full speed across the plains toward their canoes.
"Patakynum who was in the Fort at the commencement of the row escaped after the closing of the gate, unperceived by none of our people, young Lahalet showing him the way.
"Wallace & Lewis were unfortunately standing outside when the affray commenced, they did not respond to the call of: "All hands come in and shut the gate" they perhaps thought themselves secure from harm as they were Americans, they did not belong to the Fort, if this was the case they were sadly mistaken.
"They were also beckoned in by Simmons & others there at the time, but unfortunately they either unheeded or did not perceive them.
"Copass is said to be the one that shot poor Wallace.
"Lewis escaped unhurt most wonderfully, one ball went through his vest & trousers, another slightly grazed his left arm.
"Segeass an Indian received a flesh wound in the neck by the ball meant for Wren.
"A Medicine Man, a Skeywhamish is the one killed, and a Snoqualmie wounded in the shoulder.
"We do not suppose that the War party came here with the purpose of attacking us, but think they had some other objective in view besides the affair with Lahalet, it was probably their design to kick up a row with the Fort Indians and then kidnap as many of the women & children as they could catch, and one circumstance also proves that they thought lightly of quarreling with the whites.
"When the tobacco was handed out to them Qullawowt asked Wren, if it was not poisoned, and one of the Indians would smoke until Wren had previously smoked & chewed the tobacco in their presence.
"A good many yarns are told of them by the Indians here, what they were saying & going to do, but it will be to no purpose to mention any here, being only Indian stories more lies than truth.
"The Snoqualmie & Skeywhamish are the terror of all the tribes south of the Soquamish, and tribes of the Sound would rejoice to see the above chastised by the whites, and would nearly assist if required.
"We sincerely hope they will soon get that chastisement they so richly deserve."
This was written in 1849 -- only a year and a half after the massacre at Waiilatpu.
The word "poison" rings a bell that the fur traders should have noticed, and perhaps did.
For more information on the Waiilatpu Massacre, go to the first of three posts -- you will read the word "poison" fairly often here:
Sunday, July 8, 2012 -- Waillatpu Mission, Summer to Fall 1847
First of three posts re: Waillatpu Massacre
Saturday, July 21, 2012 -- The Waillatpu Massacre, November 19, 1847, and finally:
Sunday, August 5, 2012 -- Peter Skene Ogden's rescue of the Waillatpu victims.
These can be a hard read: it was a brutal massacre. If you think you can't handle the middle section, please don't read it.
You might think this did not affect Fort Nisqually -- but it did.
It affected everyone in the fur trade. Even at the Thompson River post, hundreds of miles to the north, the Natives were talking about "poison."
And maybe that should be the title of my next book......
Sunday, March 31, 2013
More stories about Fort Nisqually and Anderson Island
Labels: Anderson Island, Fisgard Island, WA, Wallace's Island
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Karina Smirnoff To Meet Her Dancing With The Stars Partner On Monday
Dancing With The Stars pro Karina Smirnoff was interviewed by KGO 810 in San Francisco, CA this morning. She mainly promoted Cruising With The Stars which she will be helping with in June. She explains the differences between competitive and social dancing and how much fun she plans to have teaching while enjoying the cruise.
Karina also dishes about dancing on the upcoming season of Dancing With The Stars and how excited she is to meet up her partner on Monday (tomorrow). She also mentions how she will be promoting the cruise and making a guest post on The View on Wednesday, March 7th as well. So, be sure to mark your calendars!!
You can listen to the full interview at this link here. Click on the 9:00am hour. Karina's interview begins at the 7:56 mark.


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This article is for iPhone OS 2.x. Please refer to this older post for iPhone OS 1.x.
Unknown to many iPhone (and iPod touch) owners is you can mount your device as a thumbdrive! All you need is a Mac (or Linux) and install the Netatalk (an open source implementation of Apple's AFP protocol) package via Cydia. After that, you can manipulate your device's content in a Finder window, such as copying files to it for transport/archive, installing themes, etc.


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For Premiere Pro, the keyboard shortcuts article is typically the most popular page in the Help system. However, when we launched CS6, there were some issues with search engines not finding specific pages that were previously easy to find. The page, Default keyboard shortcuts in CS6, was unfortunately one of those pages. While we search for a fix, here is a link to the current set of keyboard shortcuts for Premiere Pro CS6:
Adobe Premiere Pro CS6 keyboard shortcuts
For Adobe Premiere Pro CS5 & CS5.5 keyboard shortcuts, see this blog post.


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Usually we have axiomatic theory and the we look for model for it - this is book picture. Of course in real math usual one has a "model" that is given structure and looks for proper axiomatizing of it. SO it is interesting question:
Some structure called "model" is given by some (countable) number of axioms.
How many other axiomatic theories it may to be a model?
Are there any different theories ( non-isomorphic) from the first one?
Are this all theories related?
Some intuition: In this picture model is not "example of axiomatic structure" but "point of intersection of many axiomatic structures". How big is space in which this theories may cross?


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Egyptian Islamists continue efforts to drag their nation back in time:
Fears of Islamist dominance have been compounded by a draft constitution that gives unchecked powers to the president, Mr. Hamzawy said. It weakens the parliament, ignores Egypt's commitments to international human rights conventions and relies on fundamentalist interpretations of Islamic law that trample on the rights of women, Christians and other minorities, he added.
The draft constitution was made public Oct. 24. It will eventually be put to a public referendum. The liberal opposition is locked in a struggle with Islamists to shape Egypt's constitution. ...
The Muslim Brotherhood favors language that bases Egypt's constitution on Shariah, or Islamic law. Salafis, who believe in a Muslim theocracy, say the Egyptian government must interpret Shariah and enforce it upon the nation.


text: 02/03/2010 by Alyssa 1 Comment Max Costume from Where The Wild Things Are Rate this:Share this post!TweetShare on TumblrEmailMoreLike this:Like Loading... Related Author: Alyssa I am an East Texan graphic designer living in Canterbury, Kent, UK with my husband. My favorite sport is rearranging my furniture. When I'm not writing blogs, you can find me making fun of myself on Snapchat or Twitter, or being hipster on Instagram. Coffee, vintage and The Office reruns for life. Find me elsewhere: Snapchat: lyssssabeth | Twitter | Instagram | Pinterest


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Homeschoolers and College: A Response
- 2003 7 Feb
On Jan. 17, the Chronicle of Higher Education, a trade journal for colleges and universities, published an article titled "A Growing Force." In that article, two issues were presented: (1) the eligibility of homeschool graduates to participate in federal financial aid programs, and (2) the admittance of homeschool graduates to colleges and universities.
Unfortunately, the article greatly confused these two issues. Since the Home School Legal Defense Association (HSLDA) was widely cited, we are compelled to clarify the matter.
First, HSLDA does strongly advocate that homeschool graduates be allowed to participate in the federal financial aid programs. In fact, student eligibility has been clear on this point since 1998. The only real problem arose during the latter part of the Clinton Administration.
A new interpretation began to appear that a college or university might somehow jeopardize their own ability to award financial aid under the Higher Education Act if they admitted homeschoolers under the age of 18. This interpretation is clearly inconsistent with existing law.
Accordingly, HSLDA has worked both with the Department of Education and Congress to clarify that the admission of homeschool graduates does not in any way jeopardize the ability of colleges and universities to participate in federal financial aid programs. Any other interpretation is essentially nonsensical and betrays a simple prejudice against home education taken to an irrational extreme.
On the second issue, the admittance of homeschoolers, HSLDA does not contend that Congress or the Department of Education should mandate that a college or university must admit all homeschoolers. Whether a school chooses to admit any student, and under what conditions, is most appropriately a decision to be made by that school. Neither Congress nor the Department has proposed anything to the contrary.
The confusion of these two issues in the Chronicle piece has led to several secondary articles in college newspapers that also confuse the two separate issues. In these articles colleges cry in anguish that because of HSLDA, they will to be forced to accept homeschoolers under unacceptable academic conditions.
This is not the case. Most colleges actively seek the applications of homeschoolers and have very clear-cut procedures for homeschool graduates.
This simply reflects that homeschoolers' scores on college entrance exams, such as the SAT, tend to be substantially better than those graduating from government schools. A college or university that ignores these homeschoolers is missing an opportunity to enroll some great students.
Home-educated graduates are proving every day in colleges around the country that they are among the best students to have enrolled. Notwithstanding the present debates over a college's ability to award financial aid, it is HSLDA's position that a homeschooler should be judged by the same standards as any other student.
Visit HSLDA at www.hslda.org


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Subscribe to the Podcast feed
Travelling Salesman is an unusual movie: despite almost every character being a mathematician there's not a mad person in sight. Moreover, the plot centres on one of the greatest unsolved problems in mathematics. We were lucky enough to speak to the writer/director Tim Lanzone about creating drama from mathematics.
How many dimensions are there? In the latest online poll of our Science fiction, science fact project you told us that you'd like an answer to this question. So we went to see theoretical physicist David Berman to find out more.
The 6th European Congress of Mathematics, which took place in Krakow at the beginning of July, wasn't just about mathematicians talking to each other. On the streets of Krakow maths buskers were entertaining the public, handcuffing innocent Krakowians, constructing emergency pentagons and reading minds. So what is maths busking all about? We caught up with Sara Santos, the director of the project, and one of her volunteers to find out.
In the latest poll of our Science fiction, science fact project you told us that you wanted to know if infinity exists. In this interview the cosmologist John D. Barrow gives us an overview on the question, from Aristotle's ideas to Cantor's never-ending tower of mathematical infinities, and from shock waves to black holes.
This podcast comes to you from a conference on the nature of time. We talk to philosophers of physics Jeremy Butterfield and David Wallace, as well as the eminent Roger Penrose about the puzzle time poses to physicists and what it has to do with the Big Bang and the second law of thermodynamics.
Imaginary is an interactive mathematics exhibition that inspires the imagination with beautiful images. And what is more exciting it allows anyone to step into the world of maths and play with beautiful mathematical surfaces, symmetry and much more. We went along to the Imaginary Barcelona conference, which brought together people involved in the original exhibition in Germany and its recent successful run throughout Spain.


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St. Francis Xavier Spanish Statue
Out of stock
This exquisite statue of Saint Francis Xavier is made of wood paste with glass eyes. Meticulously hand made in Spain using the same process from when the company started in 1880. It is hand-painted with oil colours so no two statues will look exactly the same. Notice the incredible attention to detail on every part of the statue. A true work of art!
Some pictures are for different quality finishes. Please read the finish explanation guide before purchasing.
Detail will vary according to size of statue ordered. This is available in sizes from 16 – 60 inches.
Each statue is made to order and delivery time usually takes 3 to 6 months. Refunds are not available because each statue is custom made for you.
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Malala Yousafzai up for Nobel Peace Prize
Posted by Ram Kumar Shrestha on February 2, 2013
Pakistani schoolgirl Malala Yousufzai has been nominated for this year's Nobel Peace Prize.
Malala Yousafzai, the Pakistani schoolgirl who was shot for promoting girls' education, has been nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize this year.
The 15-year-old was shot by a Taliban gunman at point blank range as she travelled on a bus to school on October 9, targeted for promoting girls' education.
She has since become an internationally recognised symbol of opposition to the Taliban's drive to deny women education, and against religious extremism in a country where women's rights are often flouted.
"A prize to Malala would not only be timely and fitting with a line of awards to champions of human rights and democracy, but also … would set both children and education on the peace and conflict agenda," said Kristian Berg Harpviken, head of the Peace Research Institute of Oslo.
Others known to have been nominated are human rights activists whose names have been mentioned in previous years, including Belarussian human rights activist Ales Belyatski – currently behind bars – and Russia's Lyudmila Alexeyeva.
Belarus, which former US President George W. Bush's administration had branded as the "the last dictatorship in Europe", is governed by authoritarian President Alexander Lukashenko, who has cracked down even further on opponents of late, rights groups charge.
In neighbouring Russia, authorities "unleashed the worst political crackdown in Russia's post-Soviet history," according to Human Rights Watch (HRW).
Trying to predict who will win the Nobel Peace Prize is a difficult task, complicated by the fact that the list of nominees each year is kept secret for 50 years.
But thousands of people are eligible to nominate candidates — including former laureates, members of parliament and government around the world, some university professors, and members of certain international organisations — and they are allowed to reveal the names they have put forward.
This year's award will be announced in early October, but speculation was already underway as the deadline for nominations ran out on February 1.
The Nobel Peace Prize will be announced in early October and will be handed over at a formal ceremony in Oslo on December 10.


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Kidnap Victim's Mother Says She'd Hug Castro, Say 'God Bless You'
"I forgave him years ago," said Nancy Ruiz, Gina DeJesus' mother.
May 10, 2013 -- The mother of Gina DeJesus, whom Ariel Castro allegedly abducted and kept as a sex slave in his Cleveland home for a decade, had a surprising answer when asked what she would say to Castro.
"I would hug him and I would say, 'God bless you.' I would say, 'God bless you,' and I'd hug him. I did not hate him. I forgave him years ago. I said it: I forgive whoever done it, just let her go," Nancy Ruiz told "20/20" anchor David Muir in an exclusive interview Thursday.
"Because you know what?" Ruiz added. "When you start to hate a person, that eats you up. I don't have time for that. I have to be, you know, I want to be happy, like I am now."
Watch the full story on "20/20: Breaking Out and Breaking Bad" TONIGHT at 10 ET.
Ariel Castro's cousin, Maria Castro Montes, had a different answer when Muir asked her the same question.
"I wouldn't be able to look at him. I couldn't say anything to him. Why? Shame on you? How could you do this? I don't even want to ask him those questions. I don't even want to look at him," Montes said in an exclusive interview Thursday.
Montes described seeing Castro, 52, occasionally over the time he allegedly held the three women captive.
"When I saw him, I loved him," she said. "This is a man who I loved. This is a man who was a family member. This is a man who has his own family. He has kids, he has grandkids. Those are the ones who have to be suffering the greatest. I don't even know what to say to his kids."
DeJesus, 23, was reunited with her family Wednesday after nearly 10 years spent as the alleged prisoner of Castro, a man her mother knew for years.
For years after DeJesus' abduction, Castro, who grew up in the same community as Ruiz, would offer the family his support.
As recently as last year, Castro asked Ruiz, "How are you doing?" never indicating he was allegedly keeping her daughter a captive just miles from where she lived.
Ruiz said DeJesus told her that she and two other women, Amanda Berry, 27, and Michelle Knight, 30, were kept chained in the basement of the basement. Later on, they were allowed upstairs and kept in two separate bedrooms for much of the time.
DeJesus and Knight were often kept in one bedroom. Berry and her daughter, 6, whom she gave birth to while in captivity, were held in a second room, Ruiz said.
The women were freed on Monday, when Berry screamed for help from behind a locked door, alerting neighbors who helped kick down the door and called police.
Castro was arraigned Thursday in an Ohio court on charges of kidnapping and rape. Bond was set at $8 million. He did not enter a plea.
ABC News' Russell Goldman contributed to this report.


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'The Red Market' examines
the dark side of organ donation.
"The Red Market" by Scott Carney. $25.99, 254 pages
This week, you gave away part of yourself.
But that's just what we do, isn't it? There's a need somewhere, and we roll up our sleeves to donate blood. We see children with cancer, and we cut our hair to give them. Some people go further with kidneys or bone marrow.
Even in death, you can donate.
It seems like a good way of saving lives: you give, someone else gets. But author Scott Carney says there's much more to it than that. In his new book "The Red Market," he shows the dark, hidden side of medical altruism.
Following completion of a graduate program at a Wisconsin college, Scott Carney's "short-lived professional academic career" abruptly halted with the death of one of his students who was studying abroad in India. Taking responsibility for her remains, Carney "confronted the physical nature of mortality," which forced him to see that "every corpse has a stakeholder."
In many cases, though, the stakeholders are varied and the body isn't dead. India, as it turns out, is a major world hub for what Carney calls a "Red Market" in which human organs become big-money commodities, despite social taboos.
We like to believe that altruism begets organ donations, but there is no such thing as altruism in the Red Market. "Donor" is a misnomer.
Take kidneys, for example: in India, entire towns are filled with people who've been promised the equivalent of several months' salary in exchange for kidneys, which are then sold to desperate buyers with the means to pay the price, usually a fraction of the cost of a kidney transplant back home.
Making families is a big business, too, and Carney uncovered sordid truths about in-vitro fertilization, surrogacy and foreign adoptions. He looked into skeletal remains, their thefts and their use in American medical schools. He recalls his college days, and a brief stint as a human guinea pig. He writes about the world's blood supply, its constant state of "low," and the hidden danger that could mean to your health.
Don't let anybody ever tell you that you're worthless. After reading "The Red Market," you'll know that's not true.
Author Scott Carney warns readers early that some of what he writes about is disturbing, and he's right. It's hard to consider humans as commodities, difficult to think of women as little more than incubators, and horrifying to read about crimes committed in the name of money. Carney tells us about things we'd just as soon not think about.
In the end, he makes no bones about a solution to the Red Market but it, too, is controversial. Still, he says, though other scholars have come to the same conclusion, it "… won't solve every problem."
If you're mindful of your health and want to stay abreast of global issues that might affect you, this is a book you'll want to read. With "The Red Market," being informed won't cost an arm and a leg.


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Page One
Berkeley Schools, the Billionaires, and the New Superintendent (News Analysis)
Billionaires such as Bill Gates and Eli Broad (pronounced brōd) use charitable donations to school districts, schools, and education professionals to change public education policy nationwide. Berkeley feels its share of influence from these billionaires.
In 2003, the Gates Foundation helped Berkeley High School transition to a small schools model, a policy Gates was aggressively pushing nationwide. Today in 2012, the Broad Foundation has influenced the school district's choice for a new superintendent.
- The billionaires' influence: How does it come to pass that remote billionaires have such intimate influence over Berkeley school policies?
- What to expect: What can Berkeley expect now that the Broad Foundation has come to town?
- For the better? Is the billionaires' influence good for Berkeley's public education policy?
- Citations
The billionaires' influence
How does it come to pass that remote billionaires have such intimate influence over Berkeley school policies?The billionaires' influence: Bill Gates and the Small Schools Movement
In 2003, Bill Gates took a turn at reforming Berkeley education policy. Berkeley High School transitioned to a "small schools" model. Money from the Gates Foundation helped to fund and assist that transformation via the Bay Area Coalition for Equitable Schools (now known as the National Equity Project). [Berkeley Daily Planet, November 11, 2003]
By accepting the money and guidance, Berkeley openly became part of a grand Gates experiment. Gates himself had been impressed by early statistics that seemed to favor small schools. He thought he could help by spreading the smalls schools movement to more districts. Berkeley was one of thousands of districts across the country that made a transition to small schools with help from Gates Foundation money. The rate at which small schools came into existence exploded nationwide; Gates' fondness for small schools was highly influential. [Forbes.com, November 18, 2008]
In 2008, Bill Gates expressed disappointment that his small schools campaign was not working and withdrew it. [ibid]
Whether the BHS small school system was an improvement or not (opinions vary), it is in any event a vestige of a billionaire's failed tinkering with public education policy on a grand scale.
The billionaires' influence: Eli Broad and Edmond Heatley
Today in 2012, Eli Broad may be the next billionaire to get a turn at influencing Berkeley education policy. The Broad Foundation describes their education reform goals this way:
Transforming K-12 urban public education through better governance, management, labor relations and competition [broadfoundation.org]Berkeley's new superintendent, Edmond Heately, is a 2008 graduate of the Broad Superintendents Academy. [Broad Center]
The Broad Superintendents Academy awards fellowships to "talented leaders" (their words). The Academy "prepares [those leaders] to lead large urban school districts, state departments of education and high-growth public charter systems".
The Academy helps to place its alumni in strategic jobs around the country. Alumni are supported by a network of peers and provided placement assistance. There are "additional [alumni] services and investments for Fellows in particularly high potential roles and locations". [Broad Superintendents Academy (about)]
Broad and Gates take two different approaches to influencing public education policy. Gates promoted small schools by offering school districts money to make the transition. In contrast, the Broad Foundation trys to influence education policy primarily by placing a network of sympathetic alumni in high level administrative and managerial positions around the country. The Academy was founded in 2002 with the initial aim of installing Broad-trained graduates in 25 of the largest 75 school districts in the country in only two years. [Christian Science Monitor, June 10, 2011]
Today, the Academy boasts:
More Academy graduates have served as urban district superintendents than those of any other national training program. Academy graduates have held 87 superintendent roles and 107 cabinet level roles. Thirty graduates are sitting superintendents in large urban systems, and four are state superintendents (MD, RI, LA and NJ). Academy graduates also lead two of the three largest districts in the country (Los Angeles Unified School District and Chicago Public Schools), as well as newly-formed systems that focus on the lowest-performing schools in Michigan and Tennessee. [The Broad Superintendents Academy (program overview)]Broad's and Gates' methods of influencing policy differ in how they relate to school district autonomy: Districts joined Gates' small school experiment only if they explicitly agreed to take the money. In contrast, districts can unwittingly join Broad's experiment just by hiring Broad alumni.
The billionaires' influence: Broad and the job market for school superintendents (a case study)
An examination of Edmond Heatley's career trajectory gives some indication of how the Broad Foundation has become so influential in the job market, so quickly. Connections to Broad show up with remarkable frequency. For example:
- BUSD hired Hazard, Young, Attea and Associates -- an executive search firm for school districts -- to help with the search for a new superintendent. Two of that firm's senior associates, Marvin Edwards and Jerry Chapman, have been guest lecturers at the Broad Superintendents Academy. [berkeleyschools.net (superintendent search 2012)] [The Broad Superintendents Academy (faculty and speakers)]
- In 2011, Santa Barbara also employed Hazard, Young, Attea and Associates. Both Santa Barbara and Berkeley were helped by associates Maggie Carrillo Meja and Carolyn McKennan. In both cities, a Broad alumnus was hired: Edmond Heatley in Berkeley (class of 2008), and David Cash in Santa Barbara (class of 2009). [berkeleyside.com, March 14, 2012] [noozhawk.com March 4, 2011] [Santa Barbara School District K-12 (resume for David E. Cash)]
- Heatley's previous job was with Clayton County School District in Georgia. Clayton County had retained the firm Hazard, Young, Attea and Associates to help with the search early on, but dismissed them because the school board objected to Hazard's recommendation to hire a transitional, corrective superintendent rather than a permanent superintendent. [newtoncitizen.com, February 3, 2009]
- Instead, the district hired a local firm, Brock and Clay (a government and public affairs consulting company), to help with the superintendent search. Nevertheless, they ultimately hired Broad alumnus Edmond Heatley. [Clayton Board of Education, March 14, 2009]
- In 2011, Brock and Clay also provided superintendent search assistance to Fulton County, Georgia, according to the Atlanta Journal-Constitution. There, Broad graduate Robert Avossa was hired. [The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, May 9, 2011] [Robert Avossa on linked.com]
- Before taking the job in Clayton County, Edmond Heatley also applied for the position of superintendent in Washoe County, Nevada. The school district was assisted in their search by Jim Huge and Associates. (Huge provides executive search services to school districts through Proact Search.) [Washoe County School District press release, April 10 2009]
- Broad candidates for superintendent in Washoe included Lawrence W. Fry, Jr. (class of 2006), Edmond T. Heatley (class of 2008), Matthew H. Malone (class of 2003), Vincent Matthews (class of 2006), and Kimberly D. Olson (class of 2005).[ibid]
- Washoe eventually hired Heath Morrison (class of 2009) [The Broad Center (impact of Broad graduates)]>
- Heath Morrison was recently replaced in Washoe by Pedro Martinez (class of 2009) [Washoe County School District: Office of superintendent]
- Jim Huge, of Jim Huge and Associates, also guest lectured at the Broad Superintendents Academy. [The Broad Superintendents Academy (faculty and speakers)]
- Perhaps unsurprisingly, "39% of all external superintendent openings in large urban districts from 2008-2010 were filled by Broad Superintendents Academy graduates." [Broad Foundations 2011/12]
The billionaires' influence: Broad's Power Play
The Broad Foundation's efforts are not limited to placing allies in superintendent positions. There is much more to Broad than just the Superintendent's Academy.
One arm, The Broad Residency is (in the Broad Center's words) "A leadership development program that places qualified participants into high-level managerial positions in school districts, CMOs [charter school management organizations], and federal/state departments of education." The residency "[...] places talented professionals into management roles in carefully selected education organizations," where they will "report to the superintendent or senior executive of the partner organization". [The Broad Residency (about the residency)]
The current chief of staff of the federal Department of Education, Tyra Mariani, is a former Broad Resident. Her boss is Arne Duncan who, as Chicago Schools Chief in 2002 accepted money from Broad to begin a (since abandoned) program to recruit and train Chicago principals. [US Department of Education (biographies of senior officials)] [The Broad Residency (network profiles)] [Broad Foundation April 30, 2002 (press release)]
After Duncan's appointment to the Obama cabinet, the Broad Foundations bi-annual report gushed:
The election of President Barack Obama and his appointment of Arne Duncan, former CEO of Chicago Public Schools, as the U.S. secretary of education, marked the pinnacle of hope for our work in education reform. In many ways, we feel the stars have finally aligned.Another component is The Broad Foundation is the umbrella organization under which the Broad Center, Broad Residency, and the Broad Superintendents Academy exist. The foundation is a grant giving organization but does not accept unsolicited proposals: they'll call you. They write:
With an agenda that echoes our decade of investments — charter schools, performance pay for teachers, accountability, expanded learning time and national standards — the Obama administration is poised to cultivate and bring to fruition the seeds we and other reformers have planted. [Broad Foundations 2009/10]
We are continually on the lookout for urban school districts and organizations nationwide that are progressive, led by talented, effective visionaries, and are strategically focused on improving student achievement. Once we have identified a potential investment opportunity, we initiate contact with a prospective grantee organization or individual and invite them to submit additional information.[Bround Foundations education investments]The academy and residency are run by The Broad Center. A sense of the Broad Center's heft and reach can be seen in it's large board of directors which includes, among others:
- The Honorable Joel I. Klein, Chair
CEO, Educational Division and Executive Vice President, Office of the Chairman, News Corporation Former Chancellor, New York City Department of Education
- Jean-Claude Brizard
Chief Executive Officer, Chicago Public Schools
- Harold Ford Jr.
Managing Director, Morgan Stanley
Former U.S. Congerssman, Tennessee
- Wendy Kopp
Chief Executive Officer and Founder, Teach for America
- Michell Rhee
Founder and CEO, StudentsFirst
Former Chancellor, District of Columbia Public Schools
- Andrew L. Stern
Former President, Service Employees International Union
Ronald O. Perelman Senior Fellow, Richard Paul Richman Center for Business, Law and Public Policy, Columbia University
- Lawrence H. Summers
Charles W. Eliot Unviersity Professor, Harvard University
President Emeritus, Harvard University
- Moritemer Zuckerman
Chairman and Editor-in-Chief, U.S. News & World Report
Publisher, New York Daily News
What to expect
What can Berkeley expect now that the Broad Foundation has come to town?What to expect: Edmond Heatley
Edmond Heatley is, of course, his own man. To say that he will do other than faithfully execute the policies of the school board, or to suggest that he is here on some Broad secret mission would be unfair. For that reason, there is no simple or sure answer to the question of what happens now that, so to speak, "Broad has come to town" in the form of Heatley's selection.
On the other hand, admirers and critics agree that Broad superintendents generally have a reputation for pursuing the Broad foundation agenda. It is a good guess, at least, that Heatley will work towards similar aims.
What to expect: The Broad Agenda
The Broad Foundations' web site provides this one-line summary of their education mission:
Transforming K-12 urban public education through better governance, management, labor relations and competition [broadfoundation.org]That describes a familiar education platform in contemporary U.S. politics. Other Broad statements confirm a fondness for charter schools, performance-based pay, increased testing and testing based performance metrics, and so forth. The Broad Foundation is squarely on one side of a variety of modern political controversies about education policy.
The Broad Foundations' education agenda is fundamentally policy oriented and calls for networking strategies. In other words:
The agenda is "policy oriented" in that ideological ideals (such as "competition can make public education better") are expressed as policy directions (such as "encourage charter schools"). Broad's activist project is to try to improve education by causing districts to move in certain policy directions.
The Broad Foundation in their 2011/2012 bi-annual report expressed this policy oriented view this way (emphasis added):
While schools and school districts are full of talented and well-intentioned people, it is the systems in which they work that form the greatest barrier today to student and teacher success. Archaic policies and practices result in wasteful spending, disempowered teachers who feel overwhelmed and unsupported, and inequitable learning opportunities for many poor and minority students. [Broad Foundations 2011/12]Towards that activist aim, the Broad agenda calls for networking strategies: The Superintendents Academy is one tactic for getting Broad-friendly administrators into influential positions, the Broad Residents program another. The network provides a system of mutual support for exchanging career opportunity information, experiences in various districts, program templates, vendor information, and so forth.
What to expect: Broad boasts
The Broad Foundation reports:
2/3 of Academy graduates currently serving as superintendents for 3+ years are outperforming comparison groups in raising student achievement on state reading and math exams, closing achievement gaps and raising graduation rates. [ibid]What to expect: Broad critics
Actual results may vary. Dissent Magazine offered:
Every day, dozens of reporters and bloggers cover the Big Three's reform campaign, but critical in-depth investigations have been scarce (for reasons I'll explain further on). Meanwhile, evidence is mounting that the reforms are not working. Stanford University's 2009 study of charter schools — the most comprehensive ever done — concluded that 83 percent of them perform either worse or no better than traditional public schools; a 2010 Vanderbilt University study showed definitively that merit pay for teachers does not produce higher test scores for students; a National Research Council report confirmed multiple studies that show standardized test scores do not measure student learning adequately. Gates and Broad helped to shape and fund two of the nation's most extensive and aggressive school reform programs — in Chicago and New York City — but neither has produced credible improvement in student performance after years of experimentation. [Dissent, Winter 2011]Three Broad superintendents were placed in Oakland's school district while it was under state control. Charter schools proliferated in Oakland. The East Bay Express' Robert Gammon wrote an article on the theme:
Meet Eli Broad, a SoCal billionaire who uses his cash and connections to groom Oakland school administrators and keep the district under state control. [East Bay Express, October 10, 2007]Gammon wrote
An ardent charter-school supporter, Broad built his influence through his close ties with state Superintendent of Public Instruction Jack O'Connell, who also happens to be Vince Matthews' boss. O'Connell, in fact, owes Broad a debt of gratitude. According to campaign finance records on file with the secretary of state, Broad helped O'Connell capture the state superintendent's office in 2002 by cutting a check for $100,000, which put him among the campaign's top donors.
The billionaire's juice with California's highest ranked educator, in turn, has allowed him to operate what amounts to his own educational experiment behind the scenes in Oakland.
Broad believes the best way to fix troubled urban school districts is to employ the classic American business model in which a powerful chief executive runs roughshod over a weak governing board. Oakland, under state control, has provided the perfect laboratory. Since the state takeover in 2003, Broad has donated $6 million to the Oakland schools, and the district has been led solely by graduates of his leadership training academy. During that period, nine other Broad associates also have held high-level positions in the district.
For the Better?
Is the billionaires' influence good for Berkeley's public education policy?With so much money and political power you would think the case for the Broad education agenda would be easy to state clearly and convincingly. Yet, the case Broad makes in its own materials is vague (e.g. the importance of "leaders") and ideological (e.g. the emphasis on faith in "competition"). If the goal is to express and execute a clear and clearly winning reform program for public education, Broad has not only failed to achieve the goal but it has meanwhile drawn a lot of criticism for the disruptions and failures associated (rightly or wrongly) with Broad.
If we understand Broad's goal differently — as a play to accumulate nation-wide influence over education policy to a few hands — Broad's education philanthropy is a smashing success. As a power play, Broad is winning hands down. In that sense, the Broad network's increasing political power is certainly good for the network itself, but it is quite unclear what that means for our schools and, in particular, our students.
It's hard to say whether Broad will be good or bad for our schools in the long run but it's easy and accurate to say that Broad is going to continue to have a huge impact on public education policy whether for better or worse, including in Berkeley.
Our public school systems are designed so that, ideally, education policy is determined by a representative democracy. Our school boards set high level policy and the public elects our school boards. In practice, non-political staff have considerable influence over policy both because they are a major source of policy proposals and evaluations, and because staff implement policies.
Broad's education project exploits that gap between the ideal of public control over education policy and the de facto influence of staff. In a sense, the Broad network is an attempt to sieze the political power of high level education staffers around the country, and use that power to put forward Broad's particular agenda (more testing, charter schools, and so forth). Broad's agenda is pushed in large part not by persuasion, but quietly and through the murky process of filling high level administrative positions in schools.
CitationsThe Atlanta Journal-Constitution, May 9, 2011: "DeKalb superintendent search foiled by job security"
Berkeley Daily Planet, November 4, 2003: "BHS small schools plans gather new momentum"
berkeleyschools.net "Superintendent search 2012"
berkeleyside.com: "What Does Berkeley Want From its new schools head?"
Broad Center press release, November 19, 2008: "Top education and military leaders graduate from urban superintendents academy"
Bround Foundations: "Our Approach to Investing: Venture Philanthropy"
Broad Foundations, April 30, 2002 "Chicago Schools Chief Arne Duncan and National business Leaders Announce Expansion of Drive to Recruit and Train Outstanding Public School Principals in Chicago" (press release)
Broad Foundations 2009/10 Entrepreneurship for the public good in education, science, and the arts (bi-annual report)
Broad Foundations 2011/12 Entrepreneurship for the public good in education, science, and the arts (bi-annual report)
The Broad Foundations: "About the broad foundations" (web page)
The Broad Superintendents Academy: "About the academy" (web page)
The Broad Superintendents Academy: "Faculty and Speakers" (archived web page)
The Broad Center: "Board of Directors" (web page)
The Broad Center: "Impact of Broad graduates" (web page)
The Broad Residency: "About the Residency" (web page)
The Broad Residency: "Network Profiles" (web page)
The Broad Superintendents Academy: "Program Overview" (web page)
Clayton Board of Education, March 14, 2009: (minutes, called board meeting)
Christian Science Monitor, June 6, 2011: "Is the Broad Superintendents Academy trying to corporatize schools"
Dissent, Winter 2011: "Got Dough? How Billionaires Rule Our Schools"
East Bay Express, October 10, 2007: "Eli's experiment"
forbes.com, November 18, 2008: "Bill Gates and his silver bullet"
linked.com: (profile for Robert Avossa, Ed. D)
newtoncitizen.com, February 3, 2009: "School board rejects old search firm"
noozhawk.com, March 4, 2011: "Santa Barbara School Board puts plan in place to select superintendent by June 2"
Santa Barbara School Districk K-12: (resume for David E. Cash, Superintendent)
US Department of Education: "Biographies of Senior Officials — U.S. Department of Education" (web page)
Washoe County School District press release, April 10 2009: "WCSD Trustees Select Superintendent Finalists"
Washoe County School District:"Office of Superintendent" (web page)


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There is no doubt that the three buildings belonging to the Hamburg Kunsthalle house one of the most important public art collections in Germany: perhaps the best place to discover connections, developments and trends in seven centuries of art history. The permanent exhibition of more than 700 works and alternating displays from the museum's holdings offer a unique insight into art from the Middle Ages to the present day.
Every one of the museum's collections is important in its own right but in combination they have an immense impact. The museum presents the medieval altars of Master Bertram and Master Francke, 17th century Dutch paintings and 19th century German paintings with extensive groups of works by Caspar David Friedrich, Philipp Otto Runge, Adolph Menzel and Max Liebermann. Works of the Classical Modernist period include paintings and sculptures by Wilhelm Lehmbruck, Edvard Munch, Emil Nolde, Paul Klee, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Max Beckmann, Lyonel Feininger, George Grosz and Max Ernst. The contemporary art section features alternating exhibitions, which have included Georg Baselitz, Sigmar Polke, Gerhard Richter, Mona Hatoum and Jenny Holzer. The Department of Prints and Drawings comprises more than 120,000 works and is a museum in its own right. The Kunsthalle also runs the 'Museum At Home' initiative where art historians give their expert opinion on paintings (on canvas and wood), drawings and prints for a small fee.
More dates for 2013 you can find on the website.
Upcoming dates:
Start times:
Monday closed, Tuesday to Sunday 10am to 6pm, Thursday 10am to 9pm, days preceding public holidays 10am to 6pm
Ticket prices (incl. temporary exhibitions)
€12.00, concessions €5.00, family ticket €16.00; 'Golden Friday' for visitors aged 65+ €7.00 (incl. coffee and cake)
All information on prices, dates and opening times are subject to change without notice.
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I have a friend named Felicia who can rock a red lipstick like nobody's business. Have you secretly always wanted to wear red, but just didn't think you could pull it off? I sure have. So when someone from Cake Plate Boutique approached me to review a line of cosmetics they carried in their Napa Valley store, I took the chance to ask her to pick a color she felt would best suit me. I was told 29 Cosmetics' Wine Critic, a red, would look great on me. I took a big gulp and felt worried.
Wine Critic, from 29 Reserves Moisturizing Lipstick Collection (SPF20), utilizes grape seed extract, an anti-oxidant that smoothes, softens and prevents aging, straight from regional grapes. More powerful than Vitamin E and 20 times more efficient than Vitamin C, the extract is said to have the ability to keep lips looking young, vibrant, and stylishly smooth. Although, for me, the lipstick didn't feel very moisturizing. Additionally, the colors are named in honor of the Napa Valley region–hence Wine Critic.
Wine Critic is rich and vibrant. I personally love it and there is something about wearing this color that just makes you feel sexy. Like most lipsticks, the color doesn't stay put very long if you are eating/drinking.
Here's a shot of me wearing it, what do you think?
29 Cosmetics can be found in-store at Cake Plate Boutique at 1000 Main Street in Downtown Napa.
You Might Also LOVE
Shannon began A Girl's Gotta Spa! beauty blog in 2005 to morph her love of beauty and in educating women on what truly works and what does not. In 2013 she launched a bath and body line as an extention of the beauty blog. One thing she always has on her at all times? Lip balm.


text:
Developer's Library
Essential References for Programming Professionals
PROMISE: Practical, high-quality programming references for experienced developers
AUDIENCE: Professional programmers
APPROACH: Well-structured, expertly crafted books and electronic information products
CORE TOPICS: Open-source programming languages and databases, Web development, Linux programming, Microsoft, Java, and Mac/iPhone programming
SERIES DESCRIPTION: Books in the Developer's Library series are designed to provide practicing programmers with unique, high-quality references and tutorials on the programming languages and technologies they use in their daily work. All books in the Developer's Library are written by expert technology practitioners who are exceptionally skilled at organizing and presenting information in a way that's useful for other programmers.
All Titles
Showing 31-40 of 105
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- Bulletproof Android: Practical Advice for Building Secure Apps
- eBook (Watermarked) $25.59
- Xcode 5 Start to Finish: iOS and OS X Development
- eBook (Watermarked) $28.79
- Core iOS Developer's Cookbook, The, 5th Edition
- eBook (Watermarked) $28.79
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- eBook (Watermarked) $19.19
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- eBook (Watermarked) $31.99


text:
Blogged By: Celebrity Blogger De De Tillman
Blog Source: MSNBC – MSN – TODAY Entertainment – Marianne Garvey (Eonline) – YouTube
Video Credit: YouTube – Vvvvvanish (Play With Me)
Posted: Thursday July 28, 2011 @ 9:50 pm PST
Topic: Chloe Lattanzi – Olivia Newton-John
WARNING! This song / video is called "Play With Me" is not for everyone, it's extremely graphic material. Anyone dealing with depression, rejection etc… should not watch this video, it's for entertainment purposes.
Chloe Lattanzi is the daughter of music legend Olivia Newton-John. Lattanzi music is very dark and gothic. This video contains a gun, blood and drugs.


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Spring schedule for Saturday Bag Tag Challenge...
Quote from: aaron49423 on March 01, 2013, 09:54:58 AMSpring schedule for Saturday Bag Tag Challenge...Thanks for putting up the schedule.
Tags are cancelled for this week, Saturday March 16. They will resume March 23 at Lockport. Come to the club challenge this Saturday at Mokena!
Hey guys im from the schaumburg area but I like to play the j-town courses and was curious about your bag tag challenge. Would I be able to get in? and How exactly does it work. Thanks


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ContinentalStrategy Boutiques
have been hard at work recently coming up with a new image for the much-lovedEurovision Song Contest
The result of their flipchart-intensive power brunches is an inspiring, fresh brand frontage which encapsulates all that is good about the world's premier celebration of musical culture.
According to the Eurovision website, the logo emerged kicking and screaming into the light at a recent televised extravaganza in Istambul:
Dressed in t-shirts with the national flags of the countries who form the ESC membership, the childrens' and youth's choir of TRT [Turkish TV channel] promoted the ideas of tolerance and international understanding with none less than the John Lennon-classic "Imagine". During the choir's performance, the new ESC logo was introduced to the world.
Just the thought of it is enough to chill a man's blood. And as for "international understanding", are we to believe that Eurovision 2004 will not be blighted by the sort of political strategic voting which has Cyprus regularly awarding douze points to Greece and nul points to Turkey?
Indeed, the scandalous crash-and-burn of the UK's 2003 entry - 'Cry Baby' by Jemini - which saw the highly-talented Liverpudlian duo score absolutely no points whatsover, can be attributed only to European revulsion to Britain's involvement in Iraq. And not, of course, to the fact that our entry was a hideous travesty of a pop song sung a quarter tone off-key by two grinning idiots.
Well, if the ESC site is anything to go by, these nationalistic shennanigans are a thing of the past. After all, we're all Europeans now:
The new logo has a heart for the ESC. In it, Europe blends with the emotions the event stirs up afresh every year. The universally understood symbol of the heart, standing for deep emotions, is filled with the member countries' flags. These latter ones hold great meaning for the ESC anyway: Because how could you back your star and your country any better than with flags and banners forming a sea of support at the grand finale.
True enough: No one can admit to watching Eurovision without succumbing to strong emotions. Rage and despair immediately spring to mind.
Still, let's put our differences aside and allow the Strategy Euroboutique have the final word on their symbol of unity and hope:
The vitality of the event, its unbroken vibrancy, is symbolised by the logo's typography (for insiders: "brushstroke"). Its possible field of application as well as its scope for design is unlimited. What they have in common is that from now on, the logo is going to give the ESC a clear identitiy to be transported from year to year.
Cue lights. Cue music. Cue whalesong. ®
Those wishing to let the vital energy flow can buy one of our lovely Strategy Boutique t-shirts here.
A big merci to Huseyin in France for monitoring the exciting run-up to Eurovision 2004.


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The original Kirkbride buildings are among multiple buildings within The Ridges complex being considered for renovation and preservation. Pictured here are unoccupied Buildings 2 and 3.
Photographer: Ben Siegel
The Ridges first opened in 1874 as the Athens Lunatic Asylum and followed the Kirkbride Plan, inspired by Dr. Thomas Story Kirkbride. The buildings and extensive grounds were believed to be a central component of patient care.
Photographer: Ben Siegel
Jun 5, 2014
By Gretchen Gregory
Ohio University's Kirkbride buildings, which house the Kennedy Art Museum and studio space for artists at The Ridges, have been steeped in history ever since it first opened in 1874 as the Athens Lunatic Asylum.
Inspired by Dr. Thomas Story Kirkbride, who promoted a set of principles that influenced the construction and operation of many American asylums built in the late 19th century, the buildings and extensive grounds were a central component of patient care, known as the Kirkbride Plan, which suggested that placing patients in a more natural environment was important for effective treatments.
As a centralized structure located at The Ridges, the original Kirkbride buildings consist of Lin Hall, home to the Kennedy Art Museum, which once served as the administration building for the asylum, as well as an east and west wing where patients once resided. The east wing now houses artists' studios, and the west wing is largely unoccupied.
The original Kirkbride buildings are among multiple buildings within The Ridges complex being considered for renovation, preservation and overall utilization by the Ridges Master Plan Committee, which last week announced the selection of Schooley Caldwell Associates, a Columbus-based architectural and engineering firm, to aid the team of Ohio University employees and Athens-area community members in crafting an updated master plan for the area.
When completed in spring 2015, the master plan will highlight strategies the University could take to preserve, sustain and renovate The Ridges in a way that benefits both the community and University.
Ben Stuart, a professor in OHIO's Department of Civil Engineering, serves as chair of the Existing Buildings Strategy Subcommittee and is executive director of the Institute for Sustainable Energy and the Environment. Stuart, who believes there's potential for the Kirkbride buildings to be renovated, said they are home to a plethora of mosaic tiles, hardwood floors and other special features reflective of the time period in which they were constructed.
Although Lin Hall and the lower floors of the eastern wing have been renovated, including extensive roof repairs and replacement, a variety of other structural integrity issues are in need of expensive corrective efforts in order for the buildings to return to their former grandeur.
Stuart believes the Kirkbride buildings are not beyond repair, but it's too early to estimate the cost of renovating the buildings. "There's so much potential inside," he said. "There's wide woodwork, wide hallways, tile floors all over the place, but there's paint peeling and plaster falling. Anyone can stand inside and see lots of ugly, but they also can see the potential too."
In his own personal tours inside the facility, Stuart said he hasn't seen anything that's beyond repair. "Some people choose to tear things down, and some people put in an effort to repair and restore. It's my personal opinion to restore, an opinion shared by others on my subcommittee," he said.
Stuart said he doesn't believe the Kirkbride buildings need to be demolished due to safety concerns or cost. "I don't think we're at that point, and we can take care of the repairs, but the timeliness of those repairs is important," he said. "Every year is another year of damage, taking it closer to where it can't be repaired."
"The reality is there's about 700,000 square feet of building up there, and right now a little more than half is unoccupied," he continued. "Basically the unoccupied buildings are mothballed where the University heats them and conducts periodic inspections. There is a decent amount of space to consider."
The Existing Buildings Strategy Subcommittee is looking at several things, including ways to protect The Ridges from deterioration by preserving and stabilizing the buildings prior to any renovation effort.
"When the roof leaks, it allows wood to stay wet, so we're looking at replacing the Kirkbride roof," Stuart continued. "One of the things that we'll be helping the consultants with is the scope of the short-term work in protecting the buildings, which would include patching or doing temporary repairs on the roof, versus a complete roof restoration."
While Stuart is optimistic about the future of The Ridges, he realizes much work needs to be done. "The consultant is evaluating the opportunities for creating public and private partnerships," he said. "A key factor will be working with the community, the city, the county and the state to find the best strategic partners. I would not be part of this process if I didn't believe in it. It's not just a bunch of people writing another report, but I think there's something being done."