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His Holiness the XIV Dalai Lama: Ethics for Our Time
Date: 9/21/2009; 109 minutes
In this presentation at UCSB, His Holiness the Dalai Lama turns to one of his favorite themes: the importance of compassion. Far from being a uniquely Buddhist concern, the Dalai Lama explains why caring for others can be the basis for a rich and rewarding life for all people. (#17091)
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Anybody would look cool in this car.
The Aston Martin James Bond drove in "Goldfinger" is being auctioned in London tonight, where it is expected to fetch as much as $5.5 million. The sports car comes with the ejector seat, rotating license plates and machine guns Sean Connery had at his fingertips in the legendary film, as well as "Thunderball."
The car also has a rear bulletproof shield that can be activated with the push of a dashboard button and a top speed of 145 miles per hour.
U.S. & World
Stories that affect your life across the U.S. and around the world.
The car being auctioned by RM Auctions Automobiles of London is one of two Aston Martins factory-modified for use in the early Bond films, and it is the only surviving example. The other 007-modified Aston Martin was reported stolen in 1997 and has never been recovered.
Selected Reading: The Associated Press, IMDb, Telegraph.

subset: commoncrawl


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Numerous federal agencies are moving to Agile software development methods for some or all of their IT systems development projects. In an era of tightening federal budgets and increased demand on technology to help meet mission requirements, agencies are searching for ways to deliver critical mission functionality more quickly and with less risk. For a number of agencies, Agile has become the answer.
On its face, the case for Agile is straightforward: Break the software development process into a series of short "sprints," each of which delivers on a small portion of the requirements of a system. This modular approach enables (and encourages) frequent delivery of new functionality to end users, and facilitates (even demands) user participation and feedback during system creation. In contrast, the "Waterfall" development approach used traditionally within government requires users to be able to fully describe what they want in a system up front and to wait years until the system is finished.
Agencies typically adopt Agile to avoid large-scale failures in systems development programs. The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), an early adopter of Agile in the federal government, moved to Agile in 2009 for a critical new system (the New GI Bill) when the department was failing on much of the rest of its development portfolio. As a result, VA successfully delivered its first new large-scale system in years, and decided to adopt Agile for the development of a number of other critical systems.
[ Would a cabinet-level department focusing on federal technology help strengthen the U.S.'s position as a global technology leader? Read Do We Need A U.S. Department Of Technology? ]
Agencies are also moving to Agile to better ensure that the system being developed actually meets the needs of the mission. Programs using Agile development provide customers with early production versions of the product to use and critique, ensuring customer involvement and buy-in. More importantly, because change happens, Agile's frequent releases provide the ability to rapidly respond to changing mission priorities, customer preferences, or even requirements imposed by new laws.
Critical to today's federal environment, Agile also cuts system development costs. Frankly, this can be the hardest to justify. The initial estimates for the cost to develop a system using either Waterfall or Agile are likely to be the same. Logically, if both processes work as well in practice as they do in theory, either process should result in the same system for much the same price. In reality, metrics show that incremental programs (including Agile) successfully meet their delivery commitments at a rate nearly three times that of Waterfall. In my experience, this equated to on-time delivery jumping from under 30% to over 80% for a $1 billion systems development portfolio.
Using Agile for systems development frequently has an immediate positive impact on mission results. By delivering and then improving production versions of a system early in the development cycle, Agile programs allow the agency to begin realizing the benefits of the new system to their missions much earlier. And with system users intimately and continually involved in its design and development, the end solution better addresses their real-world requirements, allowing them to work more productively.
Finally, using Agile can help improve the position of the CIO and the IT organization in the agency. With daily active engagement between users and IT, and frequent on-time delivery of new, mission-prioritized system functionality, customers start to see IT as a full, essential and productive partner in accomplishing the agency's mission. And that has substantial implications during the budget process, during resource discussions, and on the agency's willingness to give more authorities to the CIO.
After all, IT is an investment in improved mission effectiveness. If they see that investment returning frequent, reliable, positive results, they're going to look to find more ways to invest.
Roger Baker is chief strategy officer for Agilex, a leading provider of mission and technology solutions to the federal government. He was previously CIO for the Department of Veterans Affairs from 2009-13 and served as CIO for the Department of Commerce from 1998-2001.


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July 6, 2007 -- There's new buzz about how much women and men talk -- and if you're picturing Chatty Cathy and Silent Steve, think again.
Both sexes say the same amount of words -- about 16,000 per day -- a new study shows.
The study, published in today's issue of the journal Science, included nearly 400 undergraduate students -- 210 women and 186 men.
Each student wore a device called an electronically activated recorder (EAR) during their waking hours.
The device quietly recorded the students' words for 30 seconds at a time, every 12 minutes or so. But the students didn't know when the recorder was on. They were told it recorded at random times.
The researchers included Matthias Mehl, PhD, assistant professor at the University of Arizona's psychology department. They padded the recorder so students couldn't sense when it was on.
They transcribed the students' tapes and then estimated how many words the students said daily, based on 17 waking hours per day.
Men Talk, Women Talk
"The data suggest that women spoke on average 16,215 words and men 15,669 words" per day, the researchers write.
But that difference of 546 words isn't exactly carved in stone. In fact, it's so small that the researchers say it could have been due to chance.
"Thus, the data fail to reveal a reliable sex difference in daily word use," write the researchers, who call the chat count a "lexical budget."
Some students were chattier than others.
For instance, one of the most talkative men uttered 47,000 words per day, while the quietest guy barely spoke 500 words, Mehl notes in a University of Arizona news release.
Most of the students were studying psychology at the University of Texas at Austin. That's where Mehl worked on the study as a graduate student.
The study also included about 100 students from the Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon in Monterrey, Mexico.
The sound clips were gathered in six groups of students from 1998 to 2004. Women didn't substantially outtalk men in any of those groups.
The researchers conclude that even though they only studied college students, "the widespread and highly publicized stereotype about female talkativeness is unfounded."
- Guys, what do you think? Tell us on WebMD's Men's Health: Man to Man board. Ladies, chime in on WebMD's Women's Health Friends Talking board. Then, pop in and see what the opposite sex has to say!


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Jonathan Alcorn / Reuters
A fire engine is parked on Pacific Coast Highway as the Springs Fire burns in the hills at Point Mugu State Park on May 3.
Southern California firefighters battled back a series of sprawling, brush-fueled wildfires on Friday, including one that had blazed a trail to the beach in Ventura County overnight and was pushing toward the upscale city of Malibu, officials said.
At least six fires of various sizes flared up as high temperatures, low humidity and brittle brush left the state a veritable tinderbox over the last two days, although conditions were improving by the afternoon.
The so-called Springs Fire, made worse by howling Santa Ana winds and unusually dry vegetation, crept within "seven or eight miles" of Malibu around 2 a.m. local time [5 a.m. ET], Ventura County Fire Department spokesman Bill Nash said.
"We've got hot, dirty, unglamorous firefighting work going on right now, guys with shovels trying to scratch out lines on the ground," Nash said in the early hours of Friday. "We've got those guys on these steep hillsides in the dark with nothing but the light of the fire and a flashlight."
Dry winds from inland to the ocean brought gusts of 40 to 50 miles per hour to the Southern California region on Friday. By 1 p.m Pacific time, the temperatures had dropped 11 degrees and the humidity shot up to 19 percent. Warnings remained in effect as winds stoked the flames, the National Weather Service reported.
"We're looking good," Battalion Chief Fred Burris of the Ventura County Fire Department said on Friday, according to NBC Los Angeles. "We believe we're past the major structure threat at this time."
The Springs Fire grew to 10,000 acres and was 10 percent contained as of early Friday morning, according to the California Department of Forestry and Fire Prevention.
An eight-mile stretch of the Pacific Coast Highway was shut down for a time on Thursday night as bright orange flames raced down scrubby hillsides toward the Pacific Ocean.
"We are asking members of the public to be very aware: This is very dangerous," said Ventura County Fire Department spokesman Tom Kruschke. "This is still a moving fire. If you were asked to evacuate, it will be a while before you are allowed in. And if at one point you are uncomfortable, please leave the area. It's not safe to stay."
The fires become especially dangerous when tree cover is dry and Santa Anna winds gust at high speeds, creating a wake-up call for everyone in California to be prepared. NBC's Mike Taibbi reports.
"The firemen have been doing a really great job of keeping it away from the houses," said Sara Mallam, a resident of Newbury Park, near Thousand Oaks, Calif. "It is kind of scary to see it get so close, but they really seem to know what they're doing."
Though the more than 925 firefighters on the scene got a brief overnight reprieve as the humidity jumped and winds died down, winds picked up again after sunrise on Friday.
Firefighters received help from tankers and helicopters in the air after the sun rose on Friday, according to a release from the Ventura County Fire Department.
Complicating the situation is the extremely dry plant life left from a season in which only about five inches of rain fell, officials said.
Friday "may be the hottest day of the week, and the humidity we do expect to plummet," Nash said. "We're faced with a situation right now where the vegetation on the hillsides, the moisture level is what we typically see in August."
The cause of the fire remained under investigation Friday. There had been no lightning or other natural fire-starting phenomenon in the area when the blaze began, Nash said.
In Riverside County, hundreds of firefighters had begun to gain control of a wind-lashed 3,000-acre wildfire that consumed one home and led to the evacuation of hundreds of others.
The Riverside County fire, dubbed the Summit Fire, remained at just under 3,000 acres Friday morning and was about 65 percent contained, according to a Cal Fire incident report. Firefighters worked to improve containment lines around the raging blaze that threatened homes on Wednesday, but one building had been destroyed.
Two of the 650 firefighters trying to tame the blaze sustained non-life-threatening injuries, according to the report.
Additionally, more than 1,000 firefighters were battling a third major wildfire, designated the Panther Fire, Friday in rugged timberland in Northern California's Tehama County about 30 miles east of Chico.
NBC News' Jeff Black contributed to this report.
View more videos at: http://nbclosangeles.com.
- Thousands in Calif. wildfire's path evacuated
- 'Monster' California wildfire reaches ocean, pushes toward Malibu
- 12-square-mile Springs Fire spreads toward Ventura County coast
This story was originally published on Thu May 2, 2013 9:46 AM EDT


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In a "first," other than the Cayenne, Porsche just revealed the four-door Porsche Panamera in Shanghai. It's supposedly able to go from zero to 60 in under five seconds. Also, it has a big butt.
A Four-Door Porsche?
In a first-ever move for the company, Porsche introduces the four-door Panamera at this year's Shanghai Motor Show
The legendary sports car maker is changing the whole idea of a four door sedan. People may do a double take when they see the first-ever four-seat sports car from Porsche called the "Panamera", just introduced at the Shanghai Motor Show in China.
The 2010 Panamera is Porsche's fourth model line and the company says customers will see an unprecedented vehicle concept, a gran turismo offering dynamic performance, elegance and luggage space - all delivered at zero to 60 miles and hour in under 5 seconds.
This is the first premium car with an automatically shifting double-clutch transmission to feature an engine start/stop system that saves fuel and reduces emissions by turning the off when it is not needed, such as sitting at a stop light, for example. The Panamera will be on sale in the United States this October.


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Jones Coffee Roasters
Chuck Jones is a fifth generation member in the industry whose family owns a 140-year-old coffee plantation in Guatemala. He started roasting beans as a child in a popcorn popper. While his roasting method has changed, he continues to produce a rich blend to start any day.
Address: 693 S. Raymond Ave., Pasadena
Information: 626-564-9291, www.thebestcoffee.com
Lord Windsor Roasters
Owner Wade Windsor used to make his own beer and sausage, but he now brings that artisanal approach to roasting his beans for a rich cup of joe.
Address: 1101 E. Third St., Long Beach
Information: 562-901-2111, www.lordwindsor.com
Klatch Coffee
Klatch Coffee has been in business for 20 years, producing delicious coffees and espressos. Two-time United States Barista Champion Heather Perry helps oversee operations.
Address: 8916 E. Foothill Blvd., Rancho Cucamonga
Information: 909-944-5282, www.klatchroasting.com
Two Guns Espresso
2 Guns Espresso brings a taste of New Zealand to the beach with coffee that packs a bit of a punch. One of the signature drinks is the popular New Zealand "Flat White" with a double shot of espresso but less milk than its American counterpart. And with its giant photo of Clint Eastwood's character Dirty Harry on the wall, the whole experience should make your day.
Address: 350 N. Sepulveda Blvd., Manhattan Beach
Information: 310-318-2537, www.twogunsespresso.com
LAMILL Coffee Boutique
This boutique offers customers many options including its popular Blanco y Negro iced shaved granite drink with Madagascar vanilla ice cream or its "Black Velvet" dark blend with a hint of chocolate, caramel and nuts.
Address: 1636 Silver Lake Blvd., Los Angeles
Information: 323-663-4441, www.lamillcoffee.com
10 Speed Calabasas
Its small batch roasting methods create such great coffee that it's the official coffee of the Amgen Tour of California.
Address: 23504 Calabasas Road, Calabasas
Information: 818-225-8231, www.10speedcoffee.com
—Suzanne Sproul, Los Angeles News Group


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Holbein Artist Watercolor - 0.17 oz. (5 ml) Tube - Cadmium Yellow Pale
Product Number: 9740359(CQ)
In Stock (Ships within 1-2 business days)
This European-style, transparent watercolor preserves the brush-handling qualities inherent to Japanese watercolor techniques. More finely ground than other artist watercolors, this watercolor is made without oxgall, animal by-products, or other dispersing agents, affording greater control in pigment dispersal and enhancing handling qualities. Highly concentrated color is of unequaled intensity, purity, and reliability for brilliant, transparent washes and/or powerful, clean darks. Paint will rewet instantly and won't deteriorate in the tube.
of 0 Reviews
Your guide to an exceptional shopping experience.


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Susan Sundo gets postponement in district court
A woman accused of having a five-month sexual relationship with a 15-year-old boy was described Wednesday by her lawyer as a housewife who has never been in trouble with the law.
Susan Sundo, of Sharpsburg, was granted a postponement until March 27. She sat quietly in court, wearing sunglasses, and didn't comment as she left District Judge Elissa Lang's office.
"Ms. Sundo is an exemplary citizen. She's 45 years of age, approximately. She's never had any contact with the law whatsoever," defense attorney David J. Shrager said. "From all reports, she's extremely well liked. She's a very ordinary, everyday housewife. These accusations are extremely upsetting to her, as anyone could imagine."
Sundo was arrested last week on felony charges including corruption of a minor, statutory sexual assault and involuntary deviate sexual intercourse. She has been removed as chair of the borough's recreation board and from serving at its rec center.
Police said Sundo had sex with the boy, a longtime family friend, during sleepovers at her home and other sexual contact with him in her vehicle on at least a dozen occasions.
The alleged victim told Allegheny County Police sex assault child abuse investigators that "he has no feelings for Mrs. Sundo and that he felt she took advantage of him and that he was scared of Mrs. Sundo because she's an adult," according to the criminal complaint.
"Certainly, she's very distraught with these circumstances," Shrager said. "The families were all very close prior to this, her children were very good friends, and it's upsetting."
Sharpsburg Mayor Richard Panza was at his full-time job Wednesday and unavailable for comment.
Police Chief Leo Rudzki Jr. was off Wednesday.


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The deficit supercommittee tasked with finding $1.2 trillion in budget savings in the next decade has just one week to meet its congressionally mandated deadline of Nov. 23, but any deal reached is unlikely to solve America's economic problems.
Today's Wall Street Journal reports that supercommittee members are resorting to accounting tricks rather than making the sort of structural changes that will have an impact on the national debt.
And this should come as no surprise. For one thing, we are now in full campaign mode, and each party is massaging its own formula for forging a coalition of its core constituency plus independents. For that reason, Democrats will be loathe to cut domestic spending or fundamentally alter Medicare and other entitlement programs, preferring tax hikes and defense cuts; they will woo independents by portraying Republicans as beholden to the wealthiest Americans because of a refusal to increase taxes. The GOP for its part will hold the line at its recent proposal to raise $250 billion in tax revenues, looking instead for close to a trillion dollars in cuts to the areas Democrats hold sacred.
Bob Rodriguez, CEO of First Pacific Advisors, was correct when he told AdvisorOne in a February interview that absent structural reforms undertaken this year, a new financial meltdown will likely befall us in a few years. He said at the time: "We need significant fundamental reductions in expenditures at the federal level this year because they're not going to happen in 2012, which is an election year. If not, by 2013 we'll be sitting on more than $17 trillion in debt. Therefore, the window to start reform is only about seven months."
Aside from the political reasons for the absence of structural reform, there is a deeper cultural reason. Western society is not what it once was. Take a look at Europe, with whom we share a civilization, for a clue. The list of Eurozone countries experiencing extreme economic distress now includes at least seven countries. The spread of debt woes from the original five PIIGS – Portugal, Italy, Ireland, Greece and Spain – to Belgium and France should increase worries about financial contagion.
But it shows something else, too, which has relevance to our own problems. And that is that there is a seeming inability to take on any kind of real economic reform until we are compelled to do so through the actions of bond vigilantes.
These investors refuse to lend to deadbeat countries for anything less than a rate of return that won't destroy that country's economy. A bond investor won't take the risk of a two-year Portuguese bond for anything less than 17% today; he thereby risks his capital for the hope of a juicy return, together with the expectation, or hope, that the Eurozone and its financial stability fund won't let little Portugal fail.
What all this means is that, barring some kind of clear message from voters next fall, the U.S. is unlikely to change unless the bond market forces it to do so. But as we can see from the European example, changes undertaken at gunpoint don't occur without severe economic wounds. Harsh austerity measures merely weaken an economy while it's already down. Just look at Greece and Ireland.
Both the Tea Party and Occupy Wall Street movements reveal a deep lack of faith in American institutions: a lack of faith in the markets, a lack of faith in government. It will take far more than economic reforms and political fixes to set America back on track. It will require a renewal of traditional cultural norms of responsibility, what the German sociologist Max Weber a century ago called "the Protestant ethic."
You don't have to be Protestant of course to value frugality, hard work and thrift. Indeed, immigrants from Asia, Latin America and other places often exhibit these qualities more than the native population. Until we fix the values problem underlying our economic problems, we shouldn't expect a lasting recovery.


text: Have you ever wondered how goods get delivered to us so quickly as soon as we order them? One word: Logistics! In this introductory Supply Chain Logistics course, I will take you on a journey to this fascinating backbone of global trade. We cover the three major building blocks of logistics networks: transportation, warehousing, and inventory. After completing this course, you will be able to differentiate the advantages and disadvantages of different modes of transportation. You will understand what goes into designing and setting up a warehousing facility. Finally, you will be able to select the options that enable you to develop logistics networks, that minimize costs and deliver top customer service. This is an introductory course designed to provide you with a start on your learning journey in logistics. You do not need to have any background in logistics, but it would be beneficial if you had a basic understanding of business concepts. Join me and we will learn together about logistics!


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Today's Web-Letter is another enjoyably-easy pattern from Kathy North. Her designs have been featured in the Web-Letter in the past and there will be more to come. When I asked Kathy to share her designer story on the blog, her response was immediate and essentially, "Really? Me on the CEY blog?!" "Of course," I said.
Kathy designs because she loves her craft and was brave enough to be bold when she began publishing patterns. I think Kathy's story is one many can relate to – be sure to read her advice to budding designers at the end of her interview! -MM
Kathy designs because she loves her craft and was brave enough to be bold when she began publishing patterns. I think Kathy's story is one many can relate to – be sure to read her advice to budding designers at the end of her interview! -MM
How long have you been designing?
Since the early 2000's. I had been doing a lot of charitable-cause crocheting & knitting, and was a subscriber to a few charity group newsletters. My first contribution was a patriotic mini-sock pin published in Joan Hamer's Pine Meadow Knitting News (the pin was designed in remembrance of the events of 9/11.)
|Patriotic Mini-Sock Pin – Kathy's first original design
After that I contributed some baby item patterns to the Care Wear Volunteers newsletter. Around the same time, I was invited by an online crochet community list owner to submit a couple patterns to a database of free patterns she was assembling.
How did you get started?
First of all, I have to thank the group owner of the online crochet community for the initial invitation to submit patterns. Later, we found out we lived only 20 miles away from each other! From that early chance meeting, a friendship and business-partner relationship evolved which continues to this day (she maintains the "Designs by KN" pattern database at www.piece-by-piece.net).
I had also been invited to participate in local craft fairs and gallery venues, selling handmade hats and other small accessories. Through that experience I gained insight into what types of items buyers were interested in. Hats and baby items that I could whip up quickly in inexpensive yarns, that were well-made, unique, and priced at $10 or less, sold like hotcakes.
But I can truly say that it all started with the UPS man's gloves! Seriously. In 2003 a yarn shop opened in our small town. One day I got up courage enough to go in and hand the owner a homemade business card, offering my services in knitting & crocheting. She asked "Can you fix these?" and showed me a pair of badly-worn gloves.
|Before and after – fixing the UPS man's gloves
They had been a gift from the UPS man's grandmother and he didn't want to part with them, so he brought them in, hoping someone could repair them. Not knowing if I really could fix them or not, with a touch of bravado I said "Sure!"
The repair job led to more requests from the shop, for samples to showcase the yarns they carried, for class projects to teach, and for customers requesting custom-made items, which led to a part-time job there on weekends (besides my full-time job at the library during the week).
At the LYS, I was repeatedly asked the question "Do you have a pattern for ______?" eventually leading to a fledgling collection of self-published patterns. I was repeatedly asked for the pattern for My Grandmother's Slippers. To me, this was one of those patterns that everyone in the world knew how to make because their mothers/aunts/grandmothers had made them in their day. Finally, I wrote down the version I remember my own grandmother making, even though I was sure there were patterns galore for it already out there. To this day, it remains one of the most popular patterns in my line!
One day a customer, when she found out I had designed the patterns on display, vigorously shook my hand and said "Thank you! Thank you for designing crochet patterns!" But it got better.
One very lucky day I received a call from the LYS owners that a yarn sales rep had stopped in and wanted to rep my patterns to yarn shops throughout his western states territory. In September 2004, I officially launched my sideline business "Designs by KN." My self-published patterns (printed at home on a laserjet printer) were wholesaled to shops. The rep introduced me to a local wholesale distributor which increased the visibility of the patterns. As with my online crochet community friend, I thank that first sales rep for invaluable knowledge gained about the pattern business.
Did you start with crochet or knitting, or have you always done both?
I started as a crocheter in the early '70s while in college (I may have inherited a crochet gene from my paternal grandmother, whose home was drenched in thread and ripple crochet masterpieces.) I taught myself from the Coats & Clark "Learn-How" booklet. My roommate was a knitter. She would sit on her dorm bed and knit while studying, reading for an English degree, and I sat on my dorm bed when I didn't want to study (I was a psychology major) and taught myself to crochet.
I never "got" knitting until the early '80s when I found myself helping out part-time in another needlework shop. I was the lone crocheter in a group of master knitters. Again, I taught myself from books and practice through trial-and-error. By working on easy projects for charitable causes such as Christmas-at-Sea (the basic watchcap and garter stitch scarf were excellent teaching tools) my knitting skills eventually improved, enough so over the years that I knit sweaters galore for myself, family, friends and co-workers.
What is your design process, start to finish?
It varies. I don't have any formal training in fashion design (being a secretary/admin asst/catalog librarian all my life) so concepts like sketching and swatching were not part of my process from early on. For the first 30 years of my knitting & crocheting life, I was a blind-follower. When I finally took the giant step of creating something from scratch on my own, I learned that I'm more of a freestyler, who prefers to just start on something and see where it takes me, and not too fussy about details until the pattern-writing stage.
|Firefly Diaphanous Shawl – CEY Web-Letter 252
Much of the time I work out ideas on the needles or hook, although I may have somewhat of a plan in mind. Sometimes I have a clear picture and get the burning desire to put it down on paper. Inspiration sometimes comes from a specific yarn or a color combination. I have journals full of notes, some of which never get any further than sketchy doodles. Once I'm stitching away with a vision, I write down every step as I work it out because it may become a finished pattern and those notes are essential.
Projects that turn out well are photographed and saved in photo files on the computer, awaiting their future appearance in public. If an idea turns out as imagined, I decide if it's good enough to either:
a) prepare a design submission and send it "out there" in response to submission calls,
b) write it up as a self-published pattern, or
c) use it as a gift or charitable-cause contribution.
b) write it up as a self-published pattern, or
c) use it as a gift or charitable-cause contribution.
Sometimes I work in spurts of design fever, coming up with several satisfactory ideas at a time. During lulls in creativity when fresh ideas are lacking, I spend hours paging through my journals, or reading books from my personal library of knit/crochet titles (one source read over and over again to re-energize is "Crocheting for Fun & Profit" by Darla Sims.)
|Slouch Hat crocheted in Majestic Tweed – CEY Web-Letter 268
How long does it usually take?
Some design ideas "click" immediately and are quickly completed, photographed, written-up and self-published in a few days. Others may take weeks or months, if it is a design submission for a publication where the wait for a response requires patience. I routinely submit in response to calls for designs, record them in an Excel spreadsheet, then forget about them and move on to the next idea. If a response is positive, then happy day! If there is no response, I reconsider the idea several months later and decide what to do with it then. (The title of one of my hat designs, "Better Late Than Never Beanie", says it all. This one sat in my journal in scribbled-note form for a couple years before I finally got around to writing it up formally.)
|Better Late Than Never Beanie
Is there a particular challenge you encounter when designing?
Gauge can sometimes be a challenge, when yarn choices sent by publishers may not match exactly with your original plan. I take the time to refine, rewrite, recheck and rework elements in a pattern to match the materials I have been assigned.
Although I could probably produce more complex designs if I set my mind to it, my intent when starting "Designs by KN" was to produce easy, well-written, fun-to-work patterns for useful items. I have been fortunate to have found an audience for my work, as plain and simple as it is.
|Kathy's Web-Letter Designs
Provence Summer String Bag, Montera Cob Toque and Sunscreen Stripes Cap
Through the years I have learned that whatever I enjoy making for myself most likely will be enjoyed by other knitters and crocheters. Therefore I continue to focus on designs that have an inherent, soothing rhythm to the stitching, that keep you interested but are easy to execute, and that result in something practical at the end. Until retirement from 20 years at the full-time day job last year, my time for design work was limited so I deliberately kept ideas simple so as to be able to successfully complete commitments to publishers and meet deadlines.
Approximately how many patterns do you publish a year?
Let's see, Ravelry is showing that I'm up to 266 designs overall since I started this crazy idea in 2004! I suppose about a dozen each year. Self-publishing has slowed a bit lately as I am finding new avenues for collaboration with yarn companies and publishers that has fit in well with my interests.
What does your creative space look like?
This is where I play with yarn
and this is where I work (pattern prep, email, Photoshop, blogging)
What is your favorite design? What was your inspiration?
For knitting, the Tasseled Earflap Hat that appeared on the cover of Knit Simple, Fall 2007, because it was the first design submission I ever sent to a magazine, and it became a "cover girl" (another very lucky day!). Earflap hats were becoming a popular style at the time, so I created one in my own way. I still have the scrap of paper with a rough doodle of the idea and my scribbled notes on how it was made.
|Kathy's first submitted design – on the cover!
Photo by Paul Amato, copyright Knit Simple/SoHo Publishing
For crochet, the Provence Summer String Bag in the CEY Web-letter, Issue 139. Market bags were all the rage at that time, so again I figured one out that I really enjoyed working on. Thanks to the CEY Web-letter team for choosing it! I was overwhelmed at the response and subsequent interest in a CAL for this project on Ravelry.
|Provence Summer String Bag – CEY Web-Letter Issue 139
What advice do you have for someone who is interested in designing?
Go for it! If this is something you really want to do, believe in yourself and just keep working at it. You never know what will happen or what opportunities will open up along the way. Take it slowly (yes, don't quit the day job), work hard, and be patient. Read, read, read, take advantage of the vast knit/crochet community resources online (what did we ever do for networking opportunities before Ravelry?) and send your ideas "out there." You just never know!
Follow submission guidelines to the letter and when you do get that first big break, be professional in all your dealings with those who have selected your work. Be prepared for time-intensive brain-work, challenges, negative feedback and zillions of questions along the way, but if this is something you really enjoy, stick with it and don't give up. There's nothing quite like the feeling of being called a "cover girl!"
To keep up with Kathy and her designs, find her on Ravelry, visit her website and blog (she writes often and includes plenty of pictures), and browse Kathy's pattern database.


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I'm torn between two worlds, I have this very intuitive (but intricate) mechanism in a command line tool, and I'm wondering as to what extent I should explain this.
I can go the simple way, not explaining it at all and trust my users to figure it out themselves, but then some users might never discover this particular feature.
I can go the scary way and put a lot of mathematical notation into the help output and the man pages, but then users might think this is too complicated and they might develop an inexplicable fear towards my tool or this particular feature.
How can I address both experimental and, let's say, conservative users (the ones that don't go the extra mile when something isn't explained properly)?
The tool is about date and time arithmetic, in particular calculating durations between two dates and/or times, and formatting the results according to format specs.
My internal design uses a multiplication table like this:
- x d t dt
x x x x x
d x D x D
t x x T x
dt x D x S
x is unknown (unparsable) input,
d is a date,
t is a time and
dt is a datetime,
D is a date duration (resolution is 1 day),
T is a time duration (resolution is 1 second), and
S is a time-stamp duration (resolution 1 second).
Now the result depends on the duration type and the format specifiers given, and I'm really lacking a succinct way of explaining this, so I do it by example:
'%d' will return the duration in days (like 12 days)
'%w' will return the duration in weeks (like 1 week)
'%w %d' will return the duration in weeks and days (like 1 week and 5 days)
'%S' will return the duration in seconds (e.g. 86464 seconds)
'%M' will return the duration in minutes (e.g. 1441 minutes)
'%H' will return the duration in hours (e.g. 24 hours)
'%H %M %S' will return the duration in hours, minutes and seconds (24h 1m 4s)
'%H %S' will return the duration in hours and seconds (24h 64s)
I mean I could probably work out what I mean with just these few examples given, but there's no formal explanation or anything in there.
Edit for clarity:
The issue I'm trying to point out is that you can combine any of the flags (for seconds, hours, days, months, etc.) and the program will "intelligently" give you a result. Like
%Y %d would give you a year and the number of days (in the range 0 to 365) whereas
%Y %m %d would give you the days in the range 0 to 30 (because the rest is "captured" in the month)


text:
Membership and Club Extension Resources
District 5040 Membership Chair - Tom Smith
District 5040 Extension - New Clubs Chair - Del Paterson
How the District Membership Committee can help you
· In collaboration with the District Governor and district leaders, initiates membership development and retention strategies
· Assists in the formulation of annual District membership and retention goals.
· Promotes the implementation of the Club Leadership Plan, with particular reference to membership development and retention.
· Educates and motivates Rotary clubs regarding new member orientation and mentoring.
· Disseminates Rotary International membership material to Assistant Governors.
· Serves as a resource to Rotary clubs regarding membership development and retention.
· In collaboration with Assistant Governors and Club Presidents, strives to achieve annual District membership and retention goals.
· Provide appropriate recognition to Rotary clubs and individual Rotarians for significant achievements in membership development and retention.


text:
Moe Fwacky wrote: »CursedFrogurt wrote: »NEED TICKET
Your Name: Aaron Reed
Your Location: Seattle, WA
Best Contact Method: [email protected]
How many tickets you need: 1 Three Day Pass
How you are able to pay: Paypal, cash if in person
Preferred method of receiving tickets: Mail or meet up (possibly carrier pigeon)
I have a plane ticket and a hotel room, but my friend who said he bought a ticket for me only had one in the envelope when it came yesterday. PLEASE HELP!
If he did actually buy both and has the confirmation email to back it up, contact [email protected] and they can help you fix that.
Moe Fwacky wrote: »Well, check with him first, just to be sure.
SirJohnBear wrote: »ITT: We share our sad sob stories to try and muscle up the most sympathy ;__;
VegaObscura wrote: »SirJohnBear wrote: »ITT: We share our sad sob stories to try and muscle up the most sympathy ;__;
I'm just trying to get one for my Professor. He's got a bandmate coming in from CA and didn't manage to snag a 3-day. No sympathy requested here, man.
Just an extra pass.
should work nowblackulalives wrote: »
Your Name Joel
Your Location Maryland
Best Contact Method email [email protected]
How many tickets you have 1x 3day pass
What type of payments you take cash
How you will distribute tickets mail, in person


text:
Stag Bust In Military Uniform
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For those deprived of their human needs,
and their human rights:
that they may be given the dignity
which God confers on all his people;
We pray to the Lord:
For all who are forgotten or thrown away,
and especially for the poor, the sick and the aged:
that God might change our hearts
and move us to love them as the image of Christ;
We pray to the Lord:
For all who are lonely or afraid,
for teenagers on the street,
old people in nursing homes,
prisoners with no one to visit them,
and all whom the world has forgotten:
that Christ might lead us to them;
We pray to the Lord:
For all who are forgotten or cast off:
that we might value each human life,
as a priceless gift from God;
We pray to the Lord:
For those who are mentally disabled:
that we might cherish the gifts God has given them,
and in their lives hear the voice of our loving God;
We pray to the Lord:
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text: Latest StoriesRSS select from: Issues all issues National Security Society Republicans Education Elections Economy Democrats Green Equality Health all issuesNational SecuritySocietyRepublicansEducationElectionsEconomyDemocrats GreenEquality Health all dates any date all datesany date Start date Date E.g., 7/13/2020 End date Date E.g., 7/13/2020 This Week in Pictures: Nov. 5-11 By Rachelle Klapheke, Olivia Kestin and Rebecca Sanchez 11/11/16 01:26PM Donald Trump became president-elect, protests flared up across the country, and fighting surged on in Iraq and Syria. read more Political Theatre: The presidential campaign of Hillary Clinton By Mark Peterson, Amy Pereira, Olivia Kestin, Rebecca Sanchez and Rachelle Klapheke 11/07/16 10:00AM As the Democratic presidential front-runner, Hillary Clinton arguably boasts experience in government and on the campaign trail unparalleled by anyone in the 2016 presidential field — but that has also made her a high-profile target for attack, allowing critics to spotlight numerous controversies in her past. read more Political Theatre: The presidential campaign of Donald Trump By Mark Peterson, Amy Pereira, Olivia Kestin, Rebecca Sanchez and Rachelle Klapheke 11/07/16 09:00AM Donald Trump has traveled the country since his presidential campaign announcement in June, toting his official campaign slogan, "Make America Great Again." The real estate mogul has has ran a primarily self-funded, anti-establishment campaign, and he has led nearly every national poll since campaigning began. read more Clinton's campaign enters the final stretch By Mark Peterson, Rachelle Klapheke, Rebecca Sanchez, Olivia Kestin, Alex Seitz-Wald and Monica Alba 11/04/16 05:18PM Rounding into the final stretch of the race for the white house, Hillary Clinton's campaign has moved into a four-day blitz on swing states, and unleashed a small army of popular surrogates. read more This Week in Pictures: Oct. 29 to Nov. 4 By Rachelle Klapheke, Olivia Kestin and Rebecca Sanchez 11/04/16 03:42PM The presidential campaign entered its final phase. The Chicago Cubs won a historic victory. And Hindus celebrated Diwali. read more Welcome to Canada!: Neighbors to the north say all are welcome By Olivia Kestin, Rebecca Sanchez and Christina Coleburn 11/04/16 11:31AM For those are looking to make a great escape after the election, our neighbors to the north say, "you're welcome!" read more Halloween 2016: This Election Is Everyone's Idea of Frightening By Rebecca Sanchez, Rachelle Klapheke and Olivia Kestin 11/01/16 12:43PM This Halloween, as children overran the streets with merry mischief—collecting candy and gallivanting ghoulishly—there was a slightly more sinister air than usual about the start of Allhallowtide: It's marking one week from the U.S. presidential election. read more This Week in Pictures: Oct. 22-28 By Olivia Kestin and Rebecca Sanchez 10/28/16 01:16PM This week, French authorities prepared to clear the migrant camp known as "The Jungle" in Calais, France, the fight to retake Mosul continued, and the presidential campaigns have entered their final sprint. read more Sanctuary Cities: What Trump Doesn't Tell You By Amanda Sakuma, Jérôme Sessini and Amy Pereira 10/26/16 12:30PM The "law-and-order candidate" vilifies sanctuary city laws as everything wrong with the immigration system. 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The last debate-- set against a backdrop of leaked scandals, continued hurricane recovery, and the military front to take back Mosul, Iraq-- was explosive. read more The City: Prison's Grip on the Black Family By Trymaine Lee and Matt Black 10/21/16 11:23AM The spirals of poverty and mass incarceration upend urban communities -- MSNBC's Geography of Poverty series. read more PHOTOS: Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump, final round By Mark Peterson, Olivia Kestin and Rebecca Sanchez 10/20/16 10:57AM In the week leading up to the third and final presidential debate, news of leaks around both the Republican and Democratic nominees dominated headlines and, judging by the tone of the two previous debates, analysts expected this last showdown to be explosive. 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All of this and more in the week in pictures. read more Student protests erupt in South Africa over push for free college By Rachelle Klapheke and Associated Press 10/12/16 11:56AM Students hurled rocks at the University of Witwatersrand and prompted the closure of South African universities after government says it can't give free higher education to all. read more Pages1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 … 30 > Search


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Acta Theologica
On-line version ISSN 2309-9089
Print version ISSN 1015-8758
Acta theol. vol.33 suppl.17 Bloemfontein Nov. 2013
Discernment in 1 Thessalonians
P. Sciberras
(Rev.) Dr P. Sciberras, Department of Sacred Scripture, Hebrew and Greek, Faculty of Theology, University of Malta. E-mail: email@example.com
This article analyses Paul's use of δοκιµάζειν in 1 Thessalonians 5:21 within the context of verbs for discernment (δοκιµάζειν, πειράζειν, διακρίνειν and their cognates). It discusses Paul's use of these verbs against the background of discernment in the Septuaginta. Paul's own understanding of discernment is then further investigated in terms of his socio-religious background and other New Testament books. It shows how he links discernment with a concrete situation and how discernment enables the human heart to realise its full potential by purifying it from all obstacles. It then discusses how the present tense of the imperative δοκιµάζετε in 1 Thessalonians 5:21 points towards the ongoing nature of discerning God's will and, finally, how Paul's eschatological context in 1 Thessalonians implies that discernment also has a future dimension.
Keywords: Paul, Thessalonica, 1 Thessalonians, Discernment
Trefwoorde: Paulus, Tessalonika, 1 Tessalonisense, Onderskeiding
Discernment is fundamental in the spiritual search for the divine will in every concrete situation (Therrien 1978:3). Paul uses the verb δοκιµάζειν mostly as "interpreting" (έπιγινώσκειν) and "testing" (πειράζειν; 2 Cor 6:9; 1 Cor 3:13) oneself (1 Cor 11:28; 2 Cor 13:5; Gal 6:4) and others (Rom 2:18; Phil 1:10; 1 Thes 5:21; also 1 Tim 3:10). The result of this testing is either recognition and approval of the practical decisions one has taken (Rom 14:22; 1 Thes 2:4; of Paul being entrusted with the Gospel) or repudiation and rejection (of Jesus by his enemies; Lk 20:17; of Jesus by human beings; 1 Pt 2:4; cf. Dubay 1997:102-103). What matters in the process of testing is that God's gifts of perceiving differences, of discernment, of profound perception and insight into what is to be discerned, together with the ability to interpret what has been discerned, are used correctly. Both δοκιµάζειν and πειράζειν are concerned with testing. However, while πειράζειν stresses a more negative temptation to do evil (see 1 Cor 10:13; 1 Thes 3:5), δοκιµάζειν focuses on a positive result that brings about recognition or approval of the true core of what is tested (Haarbeck 1986:809). Truth and falsity are disentangled by the process of discernment so as to preserve what is true.
δοκιµάζειν is testing for the preservation of what is genuine and true. This testing takes place in this life, for God reveals God-self as the tester of hearts (1 Thes 2:4). Although Therrien (1973), Pieri (2002) and Munzinger (2007) locate discernment in concrete situations, Paul also understands discernment from an eschatological perspective when he declares that people will be tested in the final judgement (1 Cor 3:13; see also Jam 1:12). Consequently, the whole of Christian life is subject to God's scrutiny. All depends on being "approved in Christ" (δόκιµος έν Χριστώ; Rom 16:10). This requires a serious effort to know God's will, which is regarded as gift of the Spirit (Rom 12:2; cf. Fee 1993:346).
An analysis of discernment in the teachings of Paul and in 1 Thessalonians requires one to take into account verbs other than the frequently used δοκιµάζειν and its cognates δόκιµος and αδόκιµος.1 The traditional investigation of lexically related lemmas for discernment can lead to partial results. A more synchronic approach to the terms is needed. For example, on the basis of an etymological argument, Therrien (1973:10) identifies the meaning of δοκιµάζειν as the testing process or trial after which someone or something can be accepted and approved as δόκιµος.2 Such an etymological approach does not do justice to the full scope of the terms and is linguistically inaccurate. While δοκιµάζειν is linguistically linked to δόκιµος and both may belong to the same semantic domains (to learn, to think), they do not always refer to discernment (see, e.g., Rom 14:18).
Other examples can also be mentioned. The quality of the believers' or apostle's work that is discerned by God (see 1 Cor 3:13) is not on the same level as the discernment carried out by the apostles of their own work (2 Cor 9:13; Gal 6:4), even if both are the result of discernment. This also questions the inclusion of those instances of the verb δοκιµάζειν that speak of God who tests people (1 Cor 3:13; 1 Thes 2:4). This divine testing shares only a common word-form with believers' discernment. There is no contextual evidence that these two aspects are related. It is also untenable to apply a similar logic to other verbs and to link, for example, δοκιµάζειν with πειράζειν. For instance, Therrien would surely not explain Paul's exhortation to the Corinthians to test themselves3 in the same way as Satan tempts someone.4 It is also hard to conceive that he would see a parallel with those who tested God and were destroyed by serpents.5
Paul uses the verb δοκιµάζειν with the following nuances:
- Testing of the believers and their "work" (Rom 14:22; 1 Cor 11:28; 2 Cor 13:5; Gal 6:4).
- Testing "all things" (1 Thes 5:21).
- Discovering "the things that are important or pleasing to God" (Rom 2:18; 12:2; Phil 1:10; cf. also Eph 5:10).
- Gentiles do not see fit to acknowledge God (Rom 1:28).
These nuances further call into question a myopic focus on ethical discernment or discernment reserved solely for everyday behaviour. In the last instance, for example, Paul remarks that the Gentiles ούκ έδοκίµασαν τον θεόν by praising him and thanking him, an attitude that not only comes from ethical conduct, but also implies wilful assent to God. Such a focus does not do justice to Paul's understanding of discernment.
At this point, it must be noted that δοκιµάζειν is partially synonymous with other Greek verbs that also refer to discernment. In 1 Corinthians 11:31, for example, διακρίνειν is used as an equivalent for δοκιµάζειν. In 1 Thessalonians 5:21, it could be interchanged with άνακρίνειν, which is used in a similar manner in 1 Corinthians 2:15, where Paul also claims that all things can be evaluated. Yet not all occurrences of δοκιµάζειν are used with the same meaning. Some of the occurrences emphasise the process of examination (1 Cor 11:28; 2 Cor 13:5; Gal 6:4; 1 Thes 5:21); others stress the result of the examination (Rom 1:28; 14:22), and others combine both aspects (Rom 2:18; 12:2; Phil 1:10).
All terms for discernment, therefore, should be taken into account to understand its meaning. Though only δοκιµάζειν is used in 1 Thessalonians 5:21 (also 2:4), this article discusses its wider thematic link with other verbs for discernment in the Old Testament, through the Greek version of the Septuaginta (LXX), as well as Paul's use of the thematically linked verbs δοκιµάζειν, δια/άνα-κρίνειν, πειράζειν and their cognates.
3. THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE LXX TO THE PAULINE δοκιµάζειν
Munzinger (2007:xiii) argues that for Paul "spiritual discernment ... was dependent on a liberated perception of reality and mature self-understanding". He adds that "discernment [is] the nerve centre of Pauline thinking" and functions as a "translation of the Christ-event into the particulars of everyday life" (Munzinger 2007:18). To understand this central place of discernment for Paul, it is necessary to emphasise that Paul, a citizen of two worlds, is first of all a son of Israel, with its proper religious and cultural legacy and baggage, and finds in the LXX translation a special source of inspiration and a reliable instrument of reference for his use of discernment.
In the LXX, the verb δοκιµάζειν occurs thirty-seven times, ἀποδοκιµάζειν ten times and δόκιµος three times. The dialectical couple δοκιµάζειν -άποδοκιµάζειν, typical of numerous moral and religious texts, indicates in a more peculiar and specific manner the bearing and contents of the dynamic act of δοκιµάζειν. The verb δοκιµάζειν translates five different verbs in Hebrew: bãhan, bãhar, hãqar, yãqar, and sãrap (Muraoka 2010:32). It mostly translates the verb bãhan that, strictly speaking, means "to examine, to try, to put to the test" (Clines 1995:136). In thirty occurrences, bãhan is, in turn, translated twice as διακρίνειν,6 five times as έτάζειν7 (έξετάζειν8) and fourteen times as δοκιµάζειν.9 Its primary and phenomenological meaning, as can be verified in the texts, is that of defining the physical-chemical process of demonstrating the authenticity of a coin. In a more metaphorical dimension, it comes to mean the examination and testing of persons ("the kidneys and the heart"; Dubay 1997:102-103) in order to get to know them in depth.10
Although bãhan is indeed the standard Hebrew equivalent of δοκιµάζειν, the entire semantic field of the verbs bãhan, hãqar, sãrap, nãssãh (only in Piel), and even by bãhar and yãqar, forms the background of the verb δοκιµάζειν. Schunack (1978-1980:826) demonstrates that δοκιµάζειν "äussert (sich) als kritisches Unterscheiden (Prüfen) wie als praktisches Bewähren" "is expressed as critical discernment (examination) and in practical testing". It is about a "kritisch-praktisches Verstehen" (critical-practical understanding; cf. Waaijman 2002:508-510). In this instance, the practical aspect needs to be emphasised, for it indicates the overlap between bãhan and nãssãh.11 Nãssãh, as a practical way of testing and trying out, underlines a dimension of δοκιµάζειν.12
In summary, by using the Greek LXX version of the original Hebrew of the Old Testament, Paul focuses on a revealing nuance of the semantic and existential dimension of δοκιµάζειν, namely the specific characteristics of examining, trying, searching, testing above all through a purificatory process,13 to arrive at a profound knowledge of the reality of persons and things in order to discern what is best, and thus to come to an authentic truth. Discerning (δοκιµάζειν) is the testing, therefore, of someone's heart not only so that the person knows clearly, but also to realise someone's full potential through purification from all that shackles and mortifies it (Therrien 1978:19).
Paul has his own understanding of δοκιµάζειν when compared with his socio-religious Greek and Hebrew culture, and with the rest of the New Testament. For him, δοκιµάζειν consists essentially of discerning the will of God in a specific situation (cf. Therrien 1978:3).
4. Δοκιµάζειν IN PAUL'S TEACHINGS
In the Pauline corpus, one can determine the pedagogical emphasis on discernment when Paul speaks of the ability to discern the will of God in "that which is good" (Rom 12:2b; Eph 5:17); "what pleases him" (Rom 12:2b; Eph 5:10); "that which is the best" (Phil 1:10); "but test everything; hold fast to what is good, but abstain from every form of evil" (1 Thes 5:2122), until one succeeds in testing and trying their interior dispositions (cf. Gal 6:4; 1 Cor 11:28; 2 Cor 13:5). The following section will outline this in more depth by analysing 1 Thessalonians 5:19-22 in order to determine Paul's life as educator and formator in discernment.
In 1 Thessalonians 5:12-13, Paul traces the rapport and relationship between the leaders of the community (the προϊστάµενοι) and the community itself. This is followed (vv. 14-15) by recommendations concerning the weak (τούς όλιγοψύχους, των ασθενών). In verses 16-18, Paul commands the Thessalonian community to practise three fundamental qualities of Christian life, namely joy, prayer and thanksgiving, that are founded on the will of God in Christ Jesus. These verses form the introduction to the pericope (vv. 19-22), in which Paul gives them exhortations on their attitude towards the gifts of the Spirit ("Do not quench the Spirit. Do not despise the words of prophets (v. 21), but test everything; hold fast to what is good; abstain from every form of evil (v. 22)").
This short section appears towards the end of Paul's first writing, and indeed of the first writing in the New Testament, where he addresses the Thessalonian community with a series of different exhortations (5:12-22) in order to edify them. The letter was written shortly after the death and resurrection of Jesus. Only some twenty years would have passed, if Jesus died in the year 33 , and this letter was written in 50-51 AD. Thus, Paul, with the Lord Jesus only very recently raised from the dead, communicates to the Thessalonians, among the most important things, the need to discern the will of God as a service and as a gift profoundly imbued with love.
The series of imperatives that form part of this section (vv. 19-22) is the earliest record in the New Testament of the basically charismatic nature of the communities of the Early Church. These imperatives are more case-specific than the preceding exhortations in verses 15-18 (Fee 2009:216). As with the three preceding imperatives (vv. 16-18), the five imperatives in verses 19-22 are meant to be read together with the adversative particle δέ linking the two sets. In verses 19-20, the negative imperatives are parallel, where the second member specifies the first. The second positive set, in contrast to the first, specifies what the Thessalonians are to do: the first rule (v. 21a) is general and the other two specify the first:
19 τὸ πνεῦµα µὴ σβέννυτε,
20 προφητείας µὴ ἐξουθενεῖτε,
21 πάντα δὲ δοκιµάζετε,
τὸ καλὸν κατέχετε,
22 ἀπὸ παντὸς εἴδους πονηροῦ ἀπέχεσθε.
4.1 The fundamental role of the Spirit
The fundamental role of the Spirit is expressed in this passage by the remark, "Do not quench the Spirit (τὸ πνεῦµα µὴ σβέννυτε)". The term and theme of the Spirit clearly plays a pre-eminent role within Scripture. Πνεύµα, in its various forms and meanings, is used a hundred and twenty times in the authentic letters of Paul.14 Five of these references are found in 1 Thessalonians, of which four refer to the Holy Spirit.
The theme varies from descriptions of the Spirit's role in preaching (1:5, 6), to the Spirit's presence as source of a holy life in 1 Thessalonians 4:8, to a difficult pronouncement on the three anthropological terms of πνεῦµα, ψυχή and σῶµα (5:23). In 1 Thessalonians 5:22, the action of the Holy Spirit, that is not to be snuffed out, is linked to the Spirit's ability to reveal itself to believers in general, or through charisms in particular (Fee 2009:216). This is regarded as an inspiration in view and in function of the common good.15 In 1 Thessalonians 4:3, Paul introduced the notion of God's will (the anarthrous θέληµα τοῦ θεοῦ) and the discussion of the call to holiness that leads to a statement that such holiness is related to being faithful to God who bestows the Spirit (4:8). In 5:18b, a restatement of the concept of God's will leads to a paraenetic injunction to welcome the activity of the Spirit, of which discernment (πάντα δοκιµάζετε) is a first, positive manifestation (Richard 1995:279).
The first negative command (µή σβέννυτε; a Pauline hapax legomenon16) emphasises the fire-like imagery of the Spirit. The emphasis is on the Spirit itself (note the definite τὸ πνεῦµα), or its activity, its inspiration, and not on the persons who possess it (Iovino 1992:278). The community is exhorted not to quench the Spirit's fire of inspiration, especially in its manifestation in prophecy, or in more metaphorical terms, not to suppress its activity. There are various sources of prophetic inspiration, since there are both the Holy Spirit and other kinds of spirits, and so the utterances must be tested and discerned, as Paul will exhort the Thessalonians in verse 21. Paul already discussed this function in 1:5-6 (Lang 1971:167-168).
The second negative imperative, µὴ ἐξουθενεῖτε, speaks specifically about one aspect of the Spirit's activity within the Christian community, namely, the work of prophecy (προφητεία) or its concrete manifestation in prophetic utterances. In the light of the parallelism in the two verses, one could say that the Spirit and prophecy are parallel with each other, showing themselves positively in discernment (v. 21a), holding fast to what is good (v. 21b) and keeping away from evil (v. 22).
4.2 Prophecy in discernment
The role of prophecy in discernment is expressed in the phrase "Do not despise the words of prophets (προφητείας µή έξουθενεΐτε)". The term προφητεία (referring to the person of the προφήτης) reflects a plurality of meanings in the Pauline literature. It ranges from the charism (1 Cor 12:10; 13:2) to the directives given by a prophet (1 Tim 1:18; 4:14). One element is, however, clear: in the list of the extraordinary and charismatic gifts of 1 Corinthians 14:1, 3, 5, prophecy is listed in the first place, while, with reference to the building of the mystical body of Christ, it comes immediately after apostleship,17 together with the charism of teaching and of discernment of the spirits.18 In 1 Thessalonians 5:22, there is a similar evaluation by Paul of the gift of discernment as a manifestation of the Spirit. The prophetic charism clearly consists of the announcing of God's will concerning an individual or a whole community. This holds also for the two verbs "to extinguish" and "to consider as nothing". If prophecy is indeed considered a manifestation of the Spirit, then "disdaining it" is considered to specify the reference to "extinguishing". The Thessalonians are not exhorted to "not reject" the work of the prophets, but to "not despise" (ἐξουθενεῖν) their work. The verb implies "to despise, to disdain; a rejection with contempt" (Bauer 2000:277). Prophecy cannot simply be accepted merely because it is a spiritual phenomenon and involves inspiration from some higher power. Pagans, Jews and Christians believed that prophecy could reveal hidden truths about the past, present and future (Witherington 2006:169). One had to have criteria to discern what was from God. The idea seems to point to some concrete problem within the community, but in view of the προφητεία in verse 20, Paul most probably had the charismata, the gifts of the Holy Spirit, in mind (cf. Richard 1995:272; Malherbe 2000:330-331). In view of the context and the verb σβεννύειν itself, it is more likely that Paul is referring to prophecy as a particular gift, and not to a general charisma (see Ellingworth & Nida 1976:123; Wanamaker 1990:125).
4.3 Discernment and its resulting actions
The resulting actions of discernment are expressed in the phrase "But test everything; hold fast to what is good (πάντα δέ δοκιµάζετε, τò καλòν κατέχετε)". The initial adversative particle (δέ) in 1 Thessalonians 5:21-22 clearly demonstrates the turn in Paul's thought: in contrast to the negative verbs σβεννύειν and έξουθενεΐν, Paul employs the positive δοκιµάζειν, a frequently used verb, both in the classical Greek as well as in the LXX (Grundmann 1964:256). In verse 21, the verb δοκιµάζειν is used for the first time in the Pauline corpus in its active sense. In the light of its link with the verb κατέχοµαι, it should be translated with the meaning of "put to the test" (which also represents the scholarly consensus about this translation).
In 1 Thessalonians 5:21 (cf. also 2:4; Iovino 1992:279), Paul, who uses the verb δοκιµάζειν most of all New Testament authors (Morgenthaler 1958:89), adds the meaning of "approve, judge positively, find worthy" (see Bauer 2000:202) to its basic meaning of "to try, test, taste, examine". The spirit of "testing", of discernment is exercised in all aspects of Christian life, but first of all in relation to God's will. Romans 12:2 shows Paul's intention: "Be transformed by the renewal of your mind, that you may prove (εἰς τὸ δοκιµάζειν) what is the will of God, what is good and acceptable and perfect". At the same time, the Christian is exhorted: "All must test (δοκιµαζέτω) their own work; then that work, rather than their neighbour's work, will become a cause for pride" (Gal 6:4). By this double testing, the Christian would be able to discern what is good and what is bad (Phil 1:9-10). In this manner, "good and evil" (τò καλόν and τò πονερόν) is the outcome of the judgement of the believing conscience enlightened by the Spirit of God who reveals the secrets of every heart and moves the believers to acknowledge the unique God (cf. 1 Cor 14:25; see Iovino 1992:279). Consequently, the believers should hold on to the good that results from the evaluation (Ellingworth & Nida 1976:124; Wanamaker 1990:203).
Opinions differ regarding the meaning of πάντα as the object of δοκιµάζειν.19 The present tense of the imperative δοκιµάζετε (as different from the aorist imperative) implies an ongoing action (Blass & Debrunner 1961:172; Wallace 1996:485-486). This ongoing action implies that discernment is about the here and the now, as Therrien correctly indicated. Paul wishes to locate discernment of the will of God in the hic et nunc of every personal and communal experience.20
The phrase "hold fast to what is good", containing the substantivated adjective καλòν, is partially in line with Greek thought, where this term has a clearly ethical and aesthetic character. However, it is also different, since Paul qualifies the beautiful as a moral goodness that is in conformity with the will of God and that speaks of a service rendered out of disinterested charity. This concept has its origin in the moral and religious legacy of the LXX that translates the adjective tôb both with καλός and with άγαθός. Τò καλόν in Paul is synonymous with τò άγαθόν (see Rom 7:18; 12:9), and τò πονερόν to τò κακόν of verse 15. In this way, καλός has a more religious character. What is beautiful is what is in accordance with the will of God as it is expressed in the Law. In verse 21b, Paul is, therefore, exhorting the Thessalonians to discern everything from a religious and moral perspective. Holding to what is good is the consequence of testing and discerning made in the Spirit. Paul is, therefore, also implying that discernment asks for a decision to be made according to the conclusions drawn in the testing.
The verb κατέχειν is used seventeen times in the New Testament, of which ten times in Paul.21 The meaning in Paul is "to hold, preserve, guard, possess" a teaching, as in 1 Corinthians 11:2, or in a negative sense "suppress the truth by injustice", as in Romans 1:18. Paul often exhorts Christians to keep away from (άπέχεσθε)22 evil (v. 22). At the end of this paraenetic section, he qualifies "evil" in a more radical manner: άπό παντός είδους23 πονηρού, "from every sort of evil". The meaning in these instances is the basic etymological one, namely "vision, manifestation" (Kittel 1964:373-375; Malherbe 2000:334).24 The early second century Didachè (3.1) expands this text into φεῦγε ἀπὸ παντὸς πονηροῦ καὶ ἀπὸ παντὸς ὁµοίου αῦτου (Ehrman 2003), identifying εἶδος with ὅµοιος, likeness. The construction of πᾶς plus noun plus adjective occurs only in Paul; besides 1 Thessalonians 5:22, it occurs elsewhere in Ephesians 1:3 (ἐν πάσῃ εὐλογίᾳ πνευµατικῇ) and 4:29 (πᾶς λόγος σαπρὸς Fee 2009:223). The opposite, ἀπὸ παντὸς ἔργου πονηροῦ, occurs in 2 Timothy 4:18. Usage and context suggest that the adjective is to be understood as a substantive ("evil, harm"), with the anarthrous πονηροῦ even more telling (cf. Fee 2009:223; Malherbe 2000:334). Thus, Paul exhorts the Thessalonians to keep away from evil in all its manifestations, and thus from every kind of evil.
In summary, then, this passage lists recommendations and exhortations about the present situation of the Thessalonian community. With them Paul gives a clear, precise and universally valid teaching concerning discernment. This will enable one to seek and find the will of God in everyday life. This happens by keeping and holding fast to all that is good (τό καλόν κατέχετε) and rejecting any kind of evil (άπό παντός είδους πονηρού άπέχεσθε). Only those who participate in and incarnate such a formative journey allow the Spirit to renew their inner being in order to really know the will of God in their personal and communal life.
5. THE παρουσία IN 1 THESSALONIANS
In view of the emphasis of scholars such as Therrien, Pieri and Munzinger on discernment in 1 Thessalonians 5:19-22, and particularly on the present imperative verb δοκιµάζετε, it is necessary to discuss the importance of the παρουσία theme in the same letter in order to understand discernment. Judgement is the final divine testing of what has taken place during the lifetime of people, as Paul stated in 1 Thessalonians 2:4 (δεδοκιµάσµεθα in the perfect, and δοκιµάζοντι τᾶς καρδίας ἡµῶν). Given Paul's Jewish background, it is not surprising that this notion of testing is also found in the Old Testament: Jeremiah 11:20 speaks of judgement; Psalm 17:3 announces the innocence of the Psalmist after being tested by God, and Psalm 26:2 is a plea to God to test the Psalmist. As a result of the future judgement and the present testing by God, believers strive for conduct that is in line with God's will (Grundmann 1964:257).
The future judgement theme and perspective are linked in 1 Thessalonians with the parousia. The word παρουσία has been interpreted as meaning a "presence" (from the basic meaning of the verb παρεῖναι). It is then said that the phrase in this passage does not refer to a descent of the risen and glorified Lord, but rather to the revelation of his actual presence. This presence had been realised "with a removal of the barrier between earth and heaven, like the raising of a curtain" (cf. Beale 2003:138-140). However, 1 Thessalonians 4:16 speaks of the glorified Jesus descending from heaven (καταβήσεται άπ' ούρανου). Although Paul's use of the term in his Christological arguments assumes Christ's pre-existence, the phrase remains oriented to the future. It should also be borne in mind that everywhere else in the New Testament the term παρουσία is used in the eschatological sense of the coming or arrival of the Lord or of the Son of Man (Mt 24:27-39; Jam 5:7; 2 Pt 1:16; 3:4; 1 Jn 2:28). The lemma παρουσία is always used with the genitive, without any technical significance, to mean both presence and future coming, and refers to specific human individuals (1 Cor 16:17; 2 Cor 7:6-7; Phil 1:26),25 to the anti-Christ (2 Thes 2:9) and to Christ (1 Cor 15:23; 1 Thes 2:19; 3:13; 4:15; 5:23; 2 Thes 2:1, 8). The expectation in 1 Thessalonians is both present and future. Being under God's scrutinising eye, believers are involved in a twofold testing (denoted by the verb δοκιµάζειν): they must simultaneously learn the will of God by testing (1 Thes 5:21) and test themselves. Even in 2 Corinthians 5:1-10 (also Rom 8:19, 23), there is no interest in the interim period. Paul yearns to be "with Christ" (Phil 1:23), but still expects the παρουσία (Phil 3:20-21; 4:5; Oepke 1967:868).
Thus, with most scholars, it should be accepted that Paul's eschatological context in 1 Thessalonians implies that παρουσία means "coming" or "arrival", with a sense of movement (Best 1979:349-354). Testing and discernment have their origin in the present situation of the community. It implies the patient perseverance of faith in Christ until the day of judgement (Grundmann 1964:259). The good conduct which God seeks in the eschatological judgement and the parousia is to be found only in those who believe in Christ and whose faith is manifested in their present life. This Pauline characteristic of discernment in view of the parousia is, therefore, in line with other non-Pauline texts,26 in which the term is used in an eschatological sense of the coming or arrival of the Lord or the Son of Man (see Oepke 1967:870).
In 1 Thessalonians, the horizon of spiritual discernment of the will of God is the hic et nunc of every personal and communal experience. However, the eschatological aim of humanity cannot be neglected. Believers are to test and prove what the will of God is in their present life. They will know the divine will by testing and discernment. Testing and discerning keep the believers' actions from meaningless living to do God's will. This is done with an eye on the eschatological judgement.
A semantic field of the Hebrew verbs bãhan, hãqar, sãrap, nãssãh, and even bãbar and yãqar forms the background of the verb δοκιµάΖειν. Contextual analysis reveals that δοκιµά£ειν also reflects testing and trying out on a practical level. By using the Greek LXX, Paul elaborates on the existential dimension of δοκιµά£ειν, that is, he develops the practical, specific and relative characteristics of a process of examining, trying, searching and testing. This happens through a process of purification in order to arrive at an authentic truth concerning an object or person.
In 1 Thessalonians 5:19-22, Paul advises and exhorts the Thessalonian community about their behaviour in the present and about the contingent situation of the community. Paul requires his community to test and discern the will of God for the concrete existence of people by keeping and adhering to all that is good and rejecting any kind of evil.
The contingent nature of discernment and its relevance in the here and now of the present is further qualified by the eschatological orientation of 1 Thessalonians, and especially by the παρουσία τοῦ κυρίου mentioned throughout the letter. After testing and discernment (πάντα δοκιµάζετε), the resulting action of adhering to what is good (τò καλόν κατέχετε) implies taking the message to heart, believing it and acting upon it because and in view of the coming of the Lord in judgement. Paul's use of the term discernment in his Christological arguments is extended beyond the present to the future, since παρουσία also means "coming" or "arrival", with a sense of movement.
Anderson, W.L. 2011. The Discernment of Spirits. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. (Spàtmittelalter, Humanismus, Reformation, 63). [ Links ]
Bauer, W. Et Al. 2000. The Greek-English lexicon of the New Testament and other Early Christian literature. Chicago - London: University of Chicago. [ Links ]
Beale, G.K. 2003. 1 and 2 Thessalonians. Downers Grove, Il: InterVarsity Press. Best, E. 1979. A commentary on the First and Second Epistles to the Thessalonians. London: Adam and Black. (Black's New Testament Commentaries). [ Links ]
Blass, F. & Debrunner, A. 1961. A Greek grammar of the New Testament and other Early Christian literature (A translation and revision of the ninth-tenth German edition incorporating supplementary notes of A. Debrunner by Robert W. Funk). Chicago - London: Chicago University Press. [ Links ]
Bruce, F.F. 1982. 1 & 2 Thessalonians. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson. (Word Biblical Commentary, 45). [ Links ]
Buckley, M.J. 1993. Discernment of spirits. In M. Downey (ed.) The new dictionary of Catholic spirituality. (Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press), pp. 274-281. [ Links ]
Büchsel, F. 1965. κρίνω, κτλ. In G. Kittel (ed.) Theological dictionary of the New Testament, translated by G.W. Bromiley, vol 3. (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans), pp. 921-954. [ Links ]
Clines, D.J.A. (Ed.) 1995. ןחב. In The dictionary of Classical Hebrew, vol. 2. Sheffield: Academic Press, pp. 136-137. [ Links ]
Collins, R.F. 1998. The function of paraenesis in 1 Thess 4, 1-12; 5, 12-22. Ephemerides Theologicae Lovanienses 74 (4): 412. [ Links ]
Dubay, Th. 1997. Authenticity: A biblical theology of discernment. San Francisco, CA: Ignatius Press. [ Links ]
Ehrman, B.D. (Ed. & Trans.) 2003. Didache, The. In The Apostolic Fathers, vol. 1. Michigan: Ann Arbor. (Loeb Classical Library). [ Links ]
Ellingworth, P. 1976. A handbook on Paul's Letters to the Thessalonians. New York: United Bible Societies. (UBS Handbook Series). [ Links ]
Fee, G.D. 1993. Gifts of the Spirit. In G.F. Hawthorne & R.P. Martin (eds.) Dictionary of Paul and his letters, (Downers Grove/IL - Leicester: InterVarsity), pp. 339-347. [ Links ]
______. 2009. The First and Second Letters to the Thessalonians. Grand Rapids/Mi: Eerdmans. (The New International Commentary of the New Testament). [ Links ]
Gerleman, G. 1997. הסנ nsh to test. In E. Jenni and C. Westermann (eds.) Theological lexicon of the Old Testament, vol. s. (Peabody/MA: Hendrickson), p 742. [ Links ]
Grundmann, W. 1964. δόκιµος, κτλ. In G. Kittel (ed.) Theological dictionary of the New Testament, translated by G.W. Bromiley, vol 2. (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans), pp. 255-260. [ Links ]
Haarbeck, H. 1986. δόκιµος-. In C. Brown (ed.) The new international dictionary of the New Testament, vol. 3. (Grand Rapids/MI: Zondervan), pp. 808-811. [ Links ]
Helfmeyer, F.J. 1998. הסנ nissâ. In G.J. Botterweck et al. (eds.), Theological dictionary of the Old Testament, translated by D.E. Green, vol. 9. (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans), pp. 443-455. [ Links ]
Lovino, P. 1992. La Prima Lettera ai Tessalonicesi. Bologna: EDB. (Scritti delle Origini Cristiane, 13). [ Links ]
Jenni, E. 1997. ןחב bhn to test. In E. Jenni & C. Westermann (eds.) Theological lexicon of the Old Testament, vol. 1. (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson), pp. 207-209. [ Links ]
Johnson, L.T. 1996. Scripture and discernment: Decision making in the Church. Nashville: Abingdon. [ Links ]
Kittel, G. 1964. "είδος." In G. Kittel (ed.) Theological dictionary of the New Testament, translated by G.W. Bromiley, vol 2. (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans), pp. 373-375. [ Links ]
Lang, F. 1971. σβέννυµι. In G. Kittel (ed.) Theological dictionary of the New Testament, translated by G.W. Bromiley, vol. 7. (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans), pp. 165-168. [ Links ]
Lienhard, J.T. 1980. On discernment of spirits in the early church. Theological Studies 41(3): 505-528. [ Links ]
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Malherbe, A.J. 2000. The Letters to the Thessalonians: A new translation with introduction and commentary. New York: Yale University. (Anchor Bible, 32B). [ Links ]
Marshall, LH. 2000. 1 & 2 Thessalonians [A commentary]: Based on the Revised Standard Version. Vancouver/ British Columbia: Regent College Publishing. (New Century Bible Commentary). [ Links ]
Metzger, B.M. 1971. (corrected edition 1975). A textual commentary on the Greek New Testament. Stuttgart: United Bible Societies. [ Links ]
Morgenthaler, R. 1958. Statistik des neutestamentlichen Wortschatzes. Zürich - Frankfurt am Main: Gotthelf. [ Links ]
Morris, L. 1991. The First and Second Epistles to the Thessalonians. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. (The New International Commentary of the New Testament). [ Links ]
Moulton, W.F. 1978. A concordance to the Greek New Testament according to the texts of Westcott and Hort, Tischendorf and the English revisers. Edinburgh: T&T Clark. [ Links ]
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Oepke, Α. 1967. παρουσία, πάρειµι. In: G. Kittel (ed.) Theological dictionary of the New Testament, translated by G.W. Bromiley, vol 5. (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans), pp. 858-871. [ Links ]
Omanson, R.L. 2006. A textual guide to the Greek New Testament. An adaptation of Bruce M. Metzger's Textual commentary for the needs of translators, Stuttgart: United Bible Societies. [ Links ]
Pieri, F. 2002. Il discernimento spirituale in Paolo di Tarso. In: Paolo e Ignazio (ed.) Testimoni e maestri del discernimento spirituale. Roma: Edizioni ADP. (Bibbia e Preghiera, 43) [ Links ]
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Schunack, G. 1978. δοκιµάζειν. In H. Balz & G. Schneider (eds.) Exegetisches Wörterbuch zum Neuen Testament, Band 1. (Stuttgart: Verlag W. Kohlhammer), pp. 825-828. [ Links ]
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Therrien, G. 1973. Le discernement dans les écrits pauliniens. Paris: J. Gabalda. [ Links ]
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Wallace, D.B. 1996. Greek grammar beyond the basics. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan. [ Links ]
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1 Of the twenty-two occurrences of the verb in the New Testament, seventeen are found in the Pauline corpus: Rom 1:28; 2:18; 12:2; 14:22; 1 Cor 3:13; 11:28; 16:3; 2 Cor 8:8,22; 13:5; Gal 6:4; Eph 5:10; Phil 1:10; 1 Thes 2:4; 5:21; 1 Tim 3:10 (see also Lk 12:56; 14:19; 1 Pt 1:7; 1 Jn 4:1). Cf. Morgenthaler 1958:89.
2 "Accepter ou être accepté après épreuve."
3 Cf. 2 Cor 13:5, where πειράζειν is used synonymously with δοκιµάζειν.
4 Cf. πειράζειν in 1 Cor 7:5; see also Mt 4:1.
5 Cf. the use of πειράζειν in 1 Cor 10:9.
6 Job 12:11; 23:10, with the meaning of "to separate, distinguish, discern, examine". According to Büschel (1965:922), the verb (δια)-κρίνειν is related to the Latin (dis)-cernere, where cernere means "to sunder", and dis- adds the nuance of thoroughness or completeness of action or separation: "away", as is also the case with the Greek δια- (cf. Luraghi 2003:168). In the basic sense, then, the verb means "part" or "sift", with the most common meaning of "decide", "judge", "assess". Except for the more general sense, it also means "believe", "resolve". Although the word is most commonly found in legal terminology, it does not belong there - either exclusively or by derivation. Büchsel (1965:946-947) shows that διακρίνειν is originally a stronger form of the simple "to sunder", "to separate". It does not occur in the New Testament in its original spatial sense, but only in its figurative meaning, such as "to make a distinction between persons" (Acts 15:9; 1 Cor 4:7). In the latter meaning, "to distinguish between persons" gives the further nuance of "to judge between two" (see 1 Cor 6:5) and "to assess" (1 Cor 11:31). The noun διάκρισις in the New Testament usually means "differentiation". 1 Cor 12:10 thus refers to the differentiation of the prophets, and Heb 5:14 of good and evil (cf. Büschel 1965:949).
7 1 Chr 29:17; Ps 7(8):9; 138(139):23, with the meaning of "to verify, research, examine, control". The verb is not used in the New Testament.
8 Ps 10(11):5,6, with the meaning of "to look for intensely, examine in depth, try a metal, admit after examination".
9 The specific occurrences are Job 34:3; Ps 16(17):3; 25 (26):2; 65(66):10; 80(81):7; 94(95):9; Jer 6:27; 9:7; 11:20; 12:3; 17:10; 20:12; Zec 13:9 (twice).
10 Cf. Ps 25(26):2: "Try me (bãhan = δοκιµάζειν), O God, and put me to the test (nãssãh = πειράζειν), test with fire (sãrap = πιροϋν) my kidneys and my heart (kilyôtaî we libbi)".
11 Cf. Tsevat 1975:69-71; Jenni 1997:207-209; Gerleman 1997:742; Helfmeyer 1998:443-446.
12 I am indebted to Kees Waaijman for pointing out this nuance to me during one of our discussions at the conference on discernment.
13 Paul derives the concept of purification through the test of fire directly from the religious and moral legacy of the Old Testament. The Greek culture does not reflect this dimension in its understanding of δοκιµάζειν (cf. Therrien 1978:3, 15, 19, 26).
14 It is used a hundred and forty-six times in the thirteen letters.
15 Munzinger (2007:188) provided a helpful study on the interaction of the agency of the Spirit with existing cognitive processes which result in "transformed" decision-making. He regards the concept of the "renewed mind" (Rom 12:2 speaks of τῇ ἀνακαινώσει τοῦ νοὸς), which is equated with the "mind of Christ" (1 Cor 2:16: νοῦν Χριστοῦ) or "the mindset of the Spirit" (Rom 8:27: τὸ φρόνηα τοῦ πνεύµατος), however, too individualistically and overlooks the communal aspects of the agency of the Spirit in decision-making (Munzinger 2007:35). 1 Cor 2:9-3:4, for instance, is concerned with corporate epistemological issues. Munzinger's (2007:185-186) brief (one paragraph) defence of his individualistic approach fails to convince. He also does not fully address the difference between the "renewed mind" in Rom 12:2 and the "mind of Christ" in 1 Corinthians 2:16. Specifically, the agency of the Spirit is not made evident in Rom 12:2. In addition, Munzinger's reference (2007:147 n. 32) to Rom 8 to support his argument for the presence of the Spirit is simply asserted without any motivation. Thus, the "renewed mind" of Rom 12:2 and the "mind of Christ" in 1 Cor 2:16 may not be addressing the same cognitive processes.
16 In the remainder of the New Testament, the verb σβεννύειν occurs only in Mt 12:20; 25:8; Mk 9:48; Eph 6:16; Heb 11:34.
17 Cf. 1 Cor 12:28; Eph 2:20; 3:5; 4:11-12.
18 Cf. 1 Cor 12:10; 14:29; Rom 12:5-9.
19 Πάντα is to be interpreted as neuter plural ("everything") rather than accusative masculine singular ("every person"). Cf. Bruce (1982:125).
20 Therrien (1978:3), "... consistait essentiellement dans le discernement de la volonté de Dieu dans le concret d'une situation déterminée".
21 Cf. Moulton & Geden (1978:540). Jn 5:4 is held to be a gloss of secondary character. Cf. Metzger (1971:209); Omanson (2006:174).
22 The opposite of κατέχειν, άπέχειν, is used for evil, not in the sense of getting out of its way, but categorically to refuse to do it. Cf. Ellingworth & Nida (1976:124); also Marshall (2000:159). For the discussion on 4:3, cf. Morris (1991:179).
23 The neuter noun είδος is rarely used in the New Testament. It appears in Lk 3:22; 9:29; Jn 5:37; 2 Cor 5:7 and 1 Thes 5:22. Cf. Moulton & Geden (1978:270).
24 Not so Bruce (1982:126), relying on classical use.
25 2 Cor 10:10 and Phil 2:12 refer to the παρουσία in a non-eschatological context.
26 See Mt 24:27-39; Jam 5:7; 2 Pt 1:16; 3:4; 1 Jn 2:28.


text:
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|24 gals
|Tire Size
|Furnace BTU
|20000 btu
|Available Beds
|2 Tent End Beds
|Refrigerator Type
|2 door
|Refrigerator Size
|4 cu ft
|Cooktop Burners
|Number of Awnings
|Axle Weight
|2360 lbs
|LP Tank Capacity
|Water Heater Capacity
|6 gal
|Water Heater Type
|8000 btu
|Awning Info
|Number of LP Tanks
|Shower Type
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K.Z. Inc., a subsidiary of Thor Industries Inc., is headquartered in Shipshewana, Indiana, and was founded in 1972. We have been earning our reputation as an outstanding recreational vehicle manufacturer – largely through our commitment to quality and our attention to meeting the unique needs of customers like you.
Our mission is to continue to strive for the highest quality in our products and services, to develop new concepts and competitively priced products; applying courtesy, integrity and fairness in dealing with our customers.
*All calculated monthly payments are an estimate for qualified buyers only and do not constitute a commitment that financing or a specific interest rate or term is available. Financing terms may not be available in all Campers Inn locations. Campers Inn RV Sales is not responsible for any misprints, typos, or errors found in our website pages. Any price listed excludes sales tax, registration tags, and delivery fees. Manufacturer pictures, specifications, and features may be used in place of actual inventory in stock on our lot. Please contact us for availability as our inventory changes rapidly.


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Estate Sales - Online Auctions
Contact Jeanne or Kris AT 206-227-9202 or AT 206-310-5968
Tractor trailer # 31581
Diecast Promotions
PICK UP at FINDING TREASURES THRIFT & ANTIQUES of LYNNWOOD 12pm - 6pm on Sunday 6/14. Username A-F pickup window 12-1:30pm, Username G-L Pickup window 1:30-3 Username M-R Pickup window 3-4:30pm & Username S-Z Pickup window 4:30-6pm
PLEASE PAY YOUR INVOICE BY 10am Sunday. We thank you in advance. We're unable to pull your order until your invoice is paid and the sooner we can start the better! Thank you
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Federalism Past, Federalism Future: A Constitutional Law Symposium is featured in the Spring 2007 St. John's Journal of Legal Commentary. Here's the table of contents, with links:
The Supreme Court's Federalism Revival And Reinvigorating The "Federalism Deal"
Preeta D. Bansal
How Congress Paved The Way For The Rehnquist Court's Federalism Revival: Lessons From The Federal Partial Birth Abortion Ban
Neal Devins
Facts On The Ground And Federalism In The Air: The Solicitor General's Effort To Defend Federal Statutes During The Federalism Revival
Barbara Underwood
The "Federalism Five" As Supreme Court Nominees, 1971-1991
John Q. Barrett
Whose Ox Is Being Gored? When Attitudinalism Meets Federalism
Michael C. Dorf
Stop Federalism Before It Kills Again: Reflections On Hurricane Katrina
Stephen M. Griffin
Active Sovereignty
Timothy Zick


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There's a new reporter at the Daily Planet: Clark Kent, who shares a workspace with Lois Lane. There's a new hero in Metropolis, too. No one knows who he is. But Jimmy Olsen was on the scene of one of the do-gooder's exploits, and he snapped a blurred photo of the hero in superspeed action, a hero everyone now calls the Red-Blue Blur. Red-Jacketed, blue-shirted Clark Kent draws closer to his Superman destiny in the exciting 22-episode, 6-disc Season 8 of Smallville. Another Kryptonian destiny also takes shape. Davis Bloome begins to realize he is Doomsday. His mission on Earth: kill Clark Kent. So many new events (will Jimmy and Chloe's marriage last?), so many new faces (Tess Mercer, Saturn Girl and Cosmic Boy among them!), so many state-of-the-art effects, so don't miss a single thrill-packed moment!
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Tags: Movie Trailers Movie Trailers SMALLVILLE: THE COMPLETE EIGHTH SEASON Aaron Ashmore Tom Welling Allison Mack Erica Durance Cassidy Freeman Action-Adventure Warner Home Video
Categories: Entertainment