text:
1400–1500 in European fashion
Fashion in 15th-century Europe was characterized by a series of extremes and extravagances, from the voluminous gowns called houppelandes with their sweeping floor-length sleeves to the revealing doublets and hose of Renaissance Italy. Hats, hoods, and other headdresses assumed increasing importance, and were swagged, draped, jewelled, and feathered.
As Europe continued to grow more prosperous, the urban middle classes, skilled workers, began to wear more complex clothes that followed, at a distance, the fashions set by the elites. National variations in clothing seem on the whole to have increased over the 15th century.[1]
- 1 General trends
- 2 Women's fashion
- 3 Men's fashion
- 4 Children's fashion
- 5 Working class clothing
- 6 See also
- 7 Notes
- 8 References
- 9 External links
General trends[edit]
Dominance of the Burgundian court[edit]
With England and France mired in the Hundred Years War and its aftermath and then the English Wars of the Roses through most of the 15th century, European fashion north of the Alps was dominated by the glittering court of the Duchy of Burgundy, especially under the fashion-conscious power-broker Philip the Good (ruled 1419–1469). Having added Holland and Flanders to their dominion, the Dukes of Burgundy had access to the latest fabrics of Italy and the East and to English wool exports through the great trading cities of Bruges and Antwerp.[2] Purchases of fabrics through Italian merchants like the two cousins Giovanni Arnolfini amounted to a noticeable proportion of all government expenditure.[3] Especially in Florence, where sumptuary laws prevented the citizens from wearing the most luxurious cloths on which the city's fortunes were built, the materials of men's clothing in particular often appear plain in paintings, but contemporaries who understood the difference in grades of cloth very well would have appreciated the beauty and great expense of a very fine grade.[4]
Fabrics and furs 1400-1500[edit]
Wool was the most popular fabric for all classes by far, followed by linen and hemp.[5] Wool fabrics were available in a wide range of qualities, from rough undyed cloth to fine, dense broadcloth with a velvety nap; high-value broadcloth was a backbone of the English economy and was exported throughout Europe.[6] Wool fabrics were dyed in rich colours, notably reds, greens, golds, and blues, although the actual blue colour achievable with dyeing with woad (and less frequently indigo) could not match the characteristic rich lapis lazuli pigment blues depicted in contemporary illuminated manuscripts such as the Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry.[5]
Silk-weaving was well established around the Mediterranean by the beginning of the 15th century, and figured silks, often silk velvets with silver-gilt wefts, are increasingly seen in Italian dress and in the dress of the wealthy throughout Europe. Stately floral designs featuring a pomegranate or artichoke motif had reached Europe from China in the 14th century and became a dominant design in the Ottoman silk-producing cities of Istanbul and Bursa, and spread to silk weavers in Florence, Genoa, Venice, Valencia and Seville in this period.[5][7]
Fur was worn, mostly as a lining layer, by those who could afford it. The grey and white squirrel furs of the Middle Ages, vair and miniver, went out of style except at court, first for men and then for women; the new fashionable furs were dark brown sable and marten. Toward the end of the 15th century, wild animal furs such as lynx became popular.[8] Ermine remained the prerogative and hallmark of royalty.
Contemporary chroniclers identify the source of the fashion for slashing garments (to reveal a lining or full undergarment beneath) to the actions of Swiss soldiers in the aftermath of the Battle of Grandson in 1476.[9] Supposedly the Swiss plundered the rich fabrics of the Burgundian nobles and used the scraps to patch their tattered clothes. In reality, images appear of sleeves with a single slashed opening as early as mid-15th century, although the German fashion for "many small all-over slits" may have begun here.[10] Whatever its origin, the fad for multiple slashings spread to German Landsknechts and thence to France, Italy, and England, where it was to remain a potent current in fashionable attire into the mid-17th century.
A second result of the defeat at Grandson was the decline of Burgundy as a fount of culture and fashion. The heiress Mary of Burgundy married Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor but died young. In the last decade of the 15th century, Charles VIII of France invaded Italy and was briefly declared King of Naples. As a result, the French nobility were introduced to the fabrics and styles of Italy, which would combine with German influence to dominate fashion in France (and later, England) in the first half of the 16th century.[11]
Women's fashion[edit]
Gown, kirtle, and chemise[edit]
Women's fashions of the 15th century consisted of a long gown, usually with sleeves, worn over a kirtle or undergown, with a linen chemise or smock worn next to the skin. The long-waisted silhouette of the previous period was replaced by a high-waisted style with fullness over the belly, often confined by a belt. The wide, shallow scooped neckline was replaced by a V-neck, often cut low enough to reveal the decorated front of the kirtle beneath.
Various styles of overgowns were worn. The cotehardie fitted smoothly from the shoulders to the hips and then flared by means of inserted triangular gores. It featured sleeves tight to the elbow with hanging streamers or tippets. The tight fit was achieved with lacing or buttons. This style faded rapidly from fashion in favor of the houppelande, a full robe with a high collar and wide sleeves that had become fashionable around 1380 and remained so to mid-15th century.[12] The later houppelande had sleeves that were snug at the wrist, making a full "bag" sleeve. The bag sleeve was sometimes slashed in the front to allow the lower arm to reach through.
Around 1450, the dress of northern Europe developed a low V-neck that showed a glimpse of the square-necked kirtle. The neckline could be filled in with a sheer linen partlet. Wide turn-backs like revers displayed a contrasting lining, frequently of fur or black velvet, and the sleeves might be cuffed to match. Sleeves were very long, covering half of the hand, and often highly decorated with embroidery. Fine sleeves were often transferred from one dress to another. The term robe déguisée was coined in the mid-1400s to describe garments reflecting the very latest fashions, a term which endured into the 1500s.[13][14][15]
In Italy, the low scoop-neck of the early decades gave way to a neckline that was high in front with a lower V-neck at the back at mid-15th century. This was followed by a V-neckline that displayed the kirtle or gamurra (sometimes spelled camorra). Sleeveless overgowns were popular, and the gamurra sleeves displayed were often of rich figured silks. A lighter-weight undergown for summer wear was the cotta. A sideless overgown called the giornea was worn with the gamurra or cotta. Toward the end of the period, sleeves were made in sections or panels and slashed, allowing the full chemise sleeves below to be pulled through in puffs along the arm, at the shoulder, and at the elbow. This was the beginning of the fashion for puffed and slashed sleeves that would last for two centuries.[12][16]
The partlet, a separate item to fill in a low neckline, appeared in this period, usually of sheer fabric (linen or possibly silk) with an open V-neckline. Some partlets have a collar and a back similar to the upper part of a shirt. Burgundian partlets are usually depicted worn under the dress (but over the kirtle); in Italy the partlet seems to have been worn over the gown and could be pointed or cut straight across at the lower front.
Two uniquely Spanish fashions appear from the 1470s. The verdugada or verdugado was a gown with a bell-shaped hoop skirt with visible casings stiffened with reeds, which would become the farthingale. The earliest depictions of this garment come from Catalonia, where it is worn with pieced or slashed sleeves and the second new style, a chemise with trumpet sleeves, open and very wide at the wrist.[1]
The sideless surcoat of the 14th century became fossilized as a ceremonial costume for royalty, usually with an ermine front panel (called a plackard or placket) and a mantle draped from the shoulders; it can be seen in variety of royal portraits and as "shorthand" to identify queens in illuminated manuscripts of the period.
Hairstyles and headdresses[edit]
A variety of hats and headdresses were worn in Europe in the 15th century.
The crespine of Northern Europe, originally a thick hairnet or snood, had evolved into a mesh of jeweler's work that confined the hair on the sides of the head by the end of the 14th century. Gradually the fullness at the sides of head was pulled up to the temples and became pointed, like horns (à corné).[12]
By mid-15th century, the hair was pulled back from the forehead, and the crespine, now usually called a caul, sat on the back of the head. Very fashionable women shaved their foreheads and eyebrows.
Any of these styles could be topped by a padded roll, sometimes arranged in a heart-shape, or a veil, or both. Veils were supported by wire frames that exaggerated the shape and were variously draped from the back of the headdress or covered the forehead.
Women also wore the chaperon,[citation needed] a draped hat based on the hood and liripipe, and a variety of related draped and wrapped turbans.
The most extravagant headdress of Burgundian fashion is the hennin, a cone or truncated-cone shaped cap with a wire frame covered in fabric and topped by a veil. Later hennins feature a turned-back brim, or are worn over a hood with a turned-back brim.[17]
Women of the merchant classes in Northern Europe wore modified versions of courtly hairtyles, with coifs or caps, veils, and wimples of crisp linen (often with visible creases from ironing and folding). A brief fashion added rows of gathered frills to the coif or veil; this style is sometimes known by the German name kruseler.[18]
The general European convention of completely covering married women's hair was not accepted in warmer Italy.[12] Italian women wore their hair very long, wound with ribbons or braided, and twisted up into knots of various shapes with the ends hanging free. The hair was then covered with sheer veils or small caps. Toward the 1480s women wore chin-length sections of hair in loose waves or ripples over the ears (a style that would inspire "vintage" hair fashions in the 1620s and '30s and again in the 1840s and 1850s). Blond hair was considered desirable (by Botticelli for one), and visitors to Venice reported that ladies sat out in the sun on their terraces with their hair spread out around large circular disks worn like hats, attempting to bleach it in the sun. Chemical methods were also used.[19]
Style gallery – Northern Europe 1400s–1440s[edit]
- Image of Christine de Pisan in a cotehardie. She wears a wired "horned" headdress with a veil. France, 1410–11.
- Christine de Pisan presents her book to Queen Isabeau, who wears a figured houppelande lined in ermine with a broad collar and a heart-shaped headdress. Her books stress that women should dress appropriately to their station in life, as her own less sumptuous headdress here reflects.[20]
- This woman wears a houppelande of dark blue figured fabric with a narrow belt. Her hair is shaved back from her forehead, and she wears a blunt pointed cap (now over-restored), France or Flanders, c. 1410.[21]
- Modestly dressed woman wears a linen headdress and a grey gown lined in black fur confined with a belt at the high waist. Her veil is pinned to her cap, and has sharp creases from ironing, Netherlands, 1430.
- Margarete van Eyck wears a horned headdress with a ruffled veil called a kruseler. Her red gown is lined in grey fur, 1439.
- Overgown with fur-lined bag sleeves, Bruges, 1443.
- Two women at a baptism, Seven Sacraments Altarpiece (likely godmother and mother) wear heart-shaped headdresses with veils and belted, fur-lined gowns open at the front to display the chemises beneath, Burgundy, 1445–50.
- Isabella of Portugal, Duchess of Burgundy, wears an elaborate embroidered and jeweled headdress with a sheer veil. Her gown is made of an artichoke-patterned red velvet on a gold ground, lined with ermine, and laces at the front opening. She wears a sheer linen partlet and a checkered belt, c. 1445–50[22]
- Margaret of Anjou, Queen consort of Henry VI of England. She is wearing the close-fitting cotehardie with gold buttons and tight gold sleeves. Her red mantel is richly embroidered at the neck and clasped with a brooch.
Style gallery – Northern Europe 1450s–1470s[edit]
- This Portrait of a Lady by Rogier van der Weyden shows the hair pulled smoothly back from her face and confined in a caul or early hennin beneath a sheer veil. The gown has a wide V-neckline that shows the dark kirtle beneath and is worn with a wide red belt and a sheer partlet at the neck, Netherlands.
- Emilia in the garden in this illustration from Boccaccio, Emilia wears the formal ermine-trimmed sideless surcoat that identifies royalty in illuminated manuscripts of this period, 1460.
- Ladies in another illustration from Boccaccio wear tall steeple hennins with white veils. A long gown with a train has fur at the cuffs and neckline and is worn with a wide belt, c. 1460.
- An attendant in the same illustration wears a red hood with a long liripipe. Her blue gown is "kirtled" or shortened by poufing it over a belt, c. 1460.
- Woman wears a simple headdress of draped linen and a red gown trimmed with white fur. Note that the sleeve is only attached to the dress at the top, 1467–71.
- Maria Portinari wears a truncated cone hennin with a veil draped over the back. The black loop on her forehead is thought to be part of the wire frame that balances the hennin. Her gown has a black collar trimmed in white fur and she wears an elaborate carcanet or necklace, Netherlands, 1478–78.
- Elizabeth Woodville, Queen consort of Edward IV of England, wears a black gown with patterned collar and cuffs and a matching truncated English hennin beneath a sheer veil. ?1470s.[23]
Style gallery – Northern Europe 1480s–1490s[edit]
- Mary Magdalene is portrayed in contemporary dress of 1480. The low front opening now laces over the kirtle or an inserted panel or plackard, and the gown is draped up to reveal the richer fabric of the kirtle skirt.
- Long gowns of the 1480s are carried looped up to allow walking, displaying the kirtle beneath.
- In this allegory of True Love, the woman wears a pointed hennin with a sheer veil. Her gown is laced across her kirtle, Netherlands, 1485–90.
- Anne de Beaujeu, Regent of France, in the ceremonial ermine-trimmed sideless surcoat and mantle of royalty, c. 1490s. The small cap worn with her coronet is a new French fashion of the last decade of the 15th century.
- Margaret of Austria wears a red velvet front-opening gown lined in ermine. Her hood has black velvet lappets and gold embroidery, 1490s.
- Hypsipylé, first wife of Jason is depicted wearing an embroidered coif or cap decorated with small slashes, with her hair braided down her back underneath. She wears a square-necked gown with flared sleeves, French, 1496–98.
- Another fashionable headdress of this period features a striped veil wrapped over an embroidered padded roll with a jewel, worn over a coif tied under the chin. The portion over the brow is probably a matching "forehead cloth" rather than part of the coif. The loose, square-necked gown of figured silk is worn over a black partlet, French, 1496–98.
- Juana I of Castile is depicted in the royal ermine-trimmed sideless surcoat and a symbolic mantle with heraldic decoration.
Style gallery – Italy 1400s–1460s[edit]
- Italian headdresses. The woman on the left wears a veil twisted into a turban. The woman on the right has her hair held in a long, thick braid encased in sheer fabric and twisted around her head. Her simple gown laces up the front with a single lace, 1423.
- Woman at a casement wears a fur-lined red gown with a belt at the high waistline and full slashed sleeves over dark patterned undersleeves gathered to the elbow. Her headdress features a red chaperon, Florence, c. 1440.
- Bianca Maria Visconti is depicted in c.1445 this portrait as the Virgin Mary with her son Galeazzo as the infant Jesus. She is wearing a high-waisted dress of embroidered gold with tight-fitting sleeves. Her blonde hair is partially covered by a long black veil.
- Italian sleeveless dress of mid-15th century has an obvious waist seam and a skirt pleated to the bodice. The figured underdress has a high front neckline and wide upper sleeves. Her hair is lightly covered with a cap and veil twisted into a turban.
- Battista Sforza, Duchess of Urbino wears her hair wrapped in ribbon which is coiled at her ears and covered with a ruched veil. Her black gown is high necked in front and lower at the back, typical of Italian fashion at this time, and is worn with floral sleeves, probably attached to an underdress, 1465–70.
- Italian fresco showing women with their hair braided or twisted and wrapped around their heads, secured with ribbons laced through the coils, 1468–70.
Style gallery – Italy and Spain 1470s–1490s[edit]
- Florentine woman wears sleeves of figured silk with the fashionable pomegranate motif, 1470.
- Simonetta Vespucci wears her very long hair in a knot at the back with a tail wrapped in black cord or ribbons. A single braid is studded with pearls, and a long loose lock is looped over the braid. Her neckline is lower and squared, 1478–80.
- Princess Salome and her attendants are pictured in Catalonian dress of the 1470s. This image is one of the earliest depictions of the verdugada or farthingale, a skirt stiffened with reeds set in casings, that would spread to Italy briefly in the 1480s and '90s,[24] and to France and England in the 16th century. The flaring chemise sleeves of striped or embroidered fabric are uniquely Spanish at this time, but the small cap and wrapped braid of hair are common to both Spain and Italy.
- 1490 portrait of a lady features the sheer pointed partlet worn over the gown that was popular in Italy at this time. This woman wears a small cap with a brim on the back of her head; it ties under her chin.
- Neroccio di Bartolomeo de' Landi "Lady" wears a V-necked, high-waisted gown with hanging sleeves over a floral silk gamurra with a square neckline. Her cap is of the same floral silk. Siena, c. 1490.
- Two Venetian ladies with blonde frizzy hair and caps. The very high waist is typical of Venice. Note the chopines or platform shoes to the left. As with other similar pictures, historians argue as to whether these are patrician ladies or courtesans.
- Isabella of Castille in her crown wears a gown with long hanging sleeves over pieced and jewelled undersleeves and a gold brocade kirtle. Her companion (probably her daughter Juana or Joanna) wears undersleeves fastened up the back over full chemise sleeves. Her red gown is open from the waist down in back and has very long hanging sleeves, one of which is looped up over her right shoulder. Her hair is braided and wrapped with a knot or tassel at the end. Spain, 1490–95.
- Da Vinci's La Belle Ferronière wears her long hair smoothed over her ears and pulled back into a braid. Her sleeves are tied to her gown, and the chemise beneath is pulled out in puffs between the ribbon ties. The puffs and the lower waist would be important fashion trends in the next decades.
Men's fashion[edit]
Shirt, doublet, and hose[edit]
The basic costume of men in this period consisted of a shirt, doublet, and hose, with some sort of overgown (robe worn over clothing).
Linen shirts were worn next to the skin. Toward the end of the period, shirts (French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish camisa) began to be full through the body and sleeves with wide, low necklines; the sleeves were pulled through the slashings or piecing of the doublet sleeves to make puffs, especially at the elbow and the back of the arm. As the cut of doublets revealed more fabric, wealthy men's shirts were often decorated with embroidery or applied braid.
Over the shirt was worn a doublet. From around the mid-15th century very tight-fitting doublets, belted or tailored to be tight at the waist, giving in effect a short skirt below, were fashionable, at least for the young. Sleeves were generally full, even puffy, and when worn with a large chaperon, the look was extremely stylish, but very top-heavy. Very tight hose, and long pointed shoes or thigh-boots gave a long attenuated appearance below the waist, and a chunky, solid one above. The doublet was often elaborately pleated, especially at the back, the pleats being achieved by various means. In Italy both shirt and doublet were often high, tight and collarless at the front of the neck; sometimes they are shown higher at the front than the back.
Men of all classes wore short braies or breeches, a loose undergarment, usually made of linen, which was held up by a belt. Hose or chausses made out of wool were used to cover the legs, and were generally brightly colored. Early hose sometimes had leather soles and were worn without shoes or boots. Hose were generally tied to the breech belt, or to the breeches themselves, or to a doublet.
As doublets became shorter, hose reached to the waist rather than the hips, and were sewn together into a single garment with a pouch or flap to cover the front opening; this evolved into the codpiece.
The hose exposed by short tops were, especially in Italy late in the 15th century, often strikingly patterned, parti-coloured (different colours for each leg, or vertically divided), or embroidered. Hose were cut on the cross-grain or bias for stretch.[18]
Overgowns and outerwear[edit]
The Houppelande, in Italy called the cioppa, is the characteristic overgarment of the wealthy in the first half of the 15th century.[25] It was essentially a robe with fullness falling from the shoulders in organ pleats[26] and very full sleeves often reaching to the floor with, at the start of the 16th century, a high collar. The houppelande could be lined in fur, and the hem and sleeves might be dagged or cut into scallops. It was initially often worn belted, but later mostly hanging straight. The length of the garment shortened from around the ankle to above the knee over this period. The floor-length sleeves were later wrist-length but very full, forming a bag or sack sleeve, or were worn off the arm, hanging ornamentally behind.
A sideless overgown or tabard, called a giornea in Italy and a journade in France,[27] was popular. It was usually pleated and was worn hanging loose or belted. Young men wore them short and older men wore them calf- or ankle-length.
The middle of the 15th century in Burgundy saw what seems to have been the earliest occurrence of the male fashion for dressing all in black, which was to reappear so strongly in the "Spanish" style of the mid-16th–17th century and again in the 19th–20th centuries. This was apparently begun by Duke Philip the Good.[28]
In Venice, the patrician class, after the age of joining the Great Council, wore their long red robes as a uniform virtually unchanged throughout the 15th century. In contrast, the young men and the famous courtesans of the city dressed very extravagantly.
In the last decades of the 15th century, a new style of overgown appeared; this was of various lengths, generally worn unbelted, and featured wide turned back revers and collar.[29]
Short or long cloaks or mantles were worn overall for ceremonial occasions and in bad weather; these typically fastened on one shoulder.
Early in the 15th century, the hood remained a common component of dress for all classes, although it was frequently worn around the neck as a cowl or twisted into the fantastical shapes of the chaperon. Hats of various styles—tall-crowned with small brims or no brims at all, or low-crowned with wider brims pulled to a point in front—began to compete with the draped chaperon, especially in Italy.[25] A brimless scarlet cap became nearly universal for young Florentines in particular, and was widely worn by older men and those in other cities.
In mid-15th century, a bowl haircut with the hair shaved at the back of the neck was stylish. In Germany, and briefly in Venice, a wide shock of frizzy blond hair was often seen on images of lovers (and angels) in the later part of the 15th century—less often in portraits. By the end of the 15th century, shoulder-length hair became fashionable, a trend that would continue into the early 16th century.
Style gallery 1400–1450[edit]
- The lord on the left wears a long figured houppelande with full sleeves lined in fur, while the men of his household wear short solid-coloured overgowns with parti-coloured or matching hose. Several of the men wear hoods around their necks, and some wear hats. France, Livre de Chasse, 1405–10.
- John the Fearless (d. 1419), Duke of Burgundy and father of Philip the Good, wears a fur-lined black houppelande with high neck and dagged sleeves over a red doublet. His bag-shaped hat has a rolled brim and is decorated with a jewel. Early 15th century.
- Young man wears a draped chaperon and a dark overgown over a reddish doublet. Note the characteristic high front neckline compared to the back neckline, Florence, 1425.
- A chaperon worn in elaborate twists, 1433.
- Chancellor Rolin wears a bold floral patterned overgown with fur trim and bag sleeves. The "bowl" haircut with the back of the neck shaved was popular in mid-15th century.
- Hose or chausses worn with braies and tied to a belt, 1440.
- Back view of a knee-length Italian cioppa or houppelande of figured silk. One sleeve is turned back to the shoulder to reveal the lining and the doublet sleeve beneath. Sienna, 1442.
- Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, wears an elaborately draped chaperon with a black-on-black figured silk short overgown with width at the shoulder, 1447–48.
Style gallery 1450–1500[edit]
- Back view of the conjoined hose of the 15th century. The man on the right has slashed undersleeves. Note V-shaped back neckline, 1460s.
- France, late 1460s Short doublet, heavily pleated, with chaperon and thigh boots.
- Antoine, Bastard of Burgundy, all in black, wears a soft "sugarloaf" hat and a doublet laced at the neck with a collar. He wears the emblem of the Order of the Golden Fleece around his neck, 1467–70.
- A prince (right) wears a long floral patterned overgown, while his attendants wear very short doublets with hose. All wear long pointed shoes, France, 1468–70.
- Parti-coloured hose are worn with a sideless overgown belted at the waist. Italy, c. 1470.
- Giuliano de' Medici wears the high collarless Italian style at the neck, 1478.
- Maarten van Nieuvenhove wears an open overgown fastened across his chest with pairs of ribbon ties. Beneath the overgown he wears a brown velvet doublet with sleeves buttoned to the wrist. Bruges, 1487.
- At the very end of the 15th century, Albrecht Dürer's self-portrait shows the influence of Italian fashion: His low-necked shirt or chemise of fine linen, gathered and trimmed with a band of gold braid or embroidery, is worn under an open-fronted doublet and a cloak tied over one shoulder. His hair is worn long, under a draped pointed hat with a tassel, 1498.
Children's fashion[edit]
- Charles, 6th Dauphin, drawn after his tomb effigy. He is wearing a herigaut with tucked sleeves.
- Charles, son of Philip III of Burgundy, wears a gold floral figured short overgown, black hose, and pointed shoes with pattens underneath, and a "pudding-basin" haircut 1447–48.
- Young boy holding a teething ring wears a short overgown with a sash and open-toed shoes, Italy, 1461.
- Two Gonzaga princes wear the family colours with parti-coloured hose with ornamental points (laces).
- Margherita Portinari a banker's daughter of Bruges[31] wears a green dress laced up the front with a single lace over a dark kirtle. Her hair is worn loose under a black cap with a pendant jewel, Netherlands, 1476–78.
Working class clothing[edit]
- Older huntsmen wear looser overgowns belted at the waist while younger men wear fashionable short gowns fitted through the body and belted at the hip. The higher-ranking figures wear less practical clothes and chaperons, Livre de Chasse.
- Peasant reaping in linen braies and shirt, Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry, c 1412–1416.
- Man and woman shearing sheep. She wears a black hood with a long liripipe and a scrip or bag at her waist. He wears a floppy black hat tied under the chin, Les Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry.
- Women raking hay work barefoot and wear their kirtles looped up over long-sleeved linen smocks, Les Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry.
- Workmen on a dock wear short overgowns with hats, Italy, Angelico, 1437.
- The very poor of Florence receive alms in well-worn and basic versions of the clothes of the more prosperous.
- Workman shown fastening of the hose to the short doublet by means of points or ties, Bosch 1475–80.
- Venetian gondoliers wear open-fronted, slashed doublets and hose divided into upper and lower sections, 1494.
See also[edit]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to 15th-century fashion.
- ^ a b Boucher, François: 20,000 Years of Fashion, Harry Abrams, 1966.
- ^ Parry, History of Costume, p. 199
- ^ 2% to the elder Giovanni alone, in 1444–46, p. 195 National Gallery Catalogues, The Fifteenth Century Netherlandish Paintings, Lorne Campbell, 1998, ISBN 1-85709-171-X
- ^ Frick, Carole Collier. Dressing Renaissance Florence: Families, Fortunes, and Fine Clothing. Johns Hopkins University Press (2002).
- ^ a b c Koslin, Désirée, "Value-Added Stuffs and Shifts in Meaning: An Overview and Case-Study of Medieval Textile Paradigms", in Koslin and Snyder, Encountering Medieval Textiles and Dress, pp. 237–240
- ^ Crowfoot, Elizabeth, Frances Prichard and Kay Staniland, Textiles and Clothing c. 1150 – c. 1450
- ^ Late 15th century Italian (Venice) Velvet at the Metropolitan Museum of Art
- ^ Favier, Jean, Gold and Spices: The Rise of Commerce in the Middle Ages, 1998, p. 66
- ^ Laver, Concise History of Costume and Fashion, p. 78
- ^ Payne, op cit p. 241.
- ^ Laver, Concise History of Costume and Fashion, chapters 3 and 4 passim
- ^ a b c d Payne, Blanche: History of Costume from the Ancient Egyptians to the Twentieth Century, Harper & Row, 1965.
- ^ Cosman, Madeleine Pelner (2009). Handbook to Life in the Medieval World, 3-Volume Set. Infobase Publishing. p. 868. ISBN 1438109075.
- ^ Lewandowski, Elizabeth J. (2011). The complete costume dictionary. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, Inc. p. 251. ISBN 0810877856.
- ^ Cressot, Marcel (1939). Vocabulaire des Quinze joyes de mariage: d'après le texte de la seconde édition de la Bibliothèque elzévirienne de 1857. Slatkine. p. 42.
- ^ Condra 2008, p. 22
- ^ M. Vibbert, Headdresses of the 14th and 15th Centuries, The Compleat Anachronist, No. 133, SCA monograph series (August 2006)
- ^ a b Kõhler, History of Costume
- ^ For the fashion of bleached blond hair in Venice, see Tortora and Eubanks 1994, p. 146
- ^ Laura Rinaldi Dufresne, "A Woman of Excellent Character: A Case Study of Dress, Reputation and the Changing Costume of Christine de Pizan in the Fifteenth Century", Dress 16:2 (1990), 105–117. Depictions after de Pisan's death in 1430 tend to "promote" her socially.
- ^ This, the earliest panel portrait of a woman, has been heavily restored or "improved" at various points, most recently by Lord Duveen in 1922–23, who wanted it to become a Pisanello. The bee-hive hair above the cap should be ignored, and the striping and quilting in the cap are not seen in older photographs and drawings, where it appears flat and made from one piece of cloth. The clothes on the body are original apart from retouched areas. See J.O. Hand & M. Wolff, Early Netherlandish Painting, pp. 90–97, National Gallery of Art, Washington(catalogue)/Cambridge UP,1986, ISBN 0-521-34016-0
- ^ On the dating of this image, see notes at Image:Isabella of portugal.jpg
- ^ This is one of several extant copies of a work likely from life, between her marriage in 1464 and the death of her husband in 1483; Parry, History of Costume, shows a brass rubbing dated 1479 with the same style of headdress and neckline.
- ^ Boucher, 20,000 Years of Fashion
- ^ a b Laver, Concise History of Costume and Fashion
- ^ Parry, History of Costume
- ^ Boucher, François: 20,000 Years of Fashion, p, 197
- ^ Anne Hollander, Seeing through Clothes,1978, The Viking Press, ISBN 0-380-48777-2
- ^ Parry, History of Costume, pp. 219–20
- ^ Boucher, 20,000 Years of Fashion, p. 214
- ^ Miller, I: "Miraculous childbirth and the Portinari altarpiece", The Art Bulletin, June 1, 1995, online at retrieve 3/19/2007 encyclopedia.com
- Black, J. Anderson, and Madge Garland: A History of Fashion, 1975, ISBN 0-688-02893-4
- Boucher, François: 20,000 Years of Fashion, Harry Abrams, 1966
- Condra, Jill: The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Clothing Through World History, Greenwood Publishing, 2008, ISBN 0-313-33664-4
- Crowfoot, Elizabeth, Frances Prichard and Kay Staniland, Textiles and Clothing c. 1150 -c. 1450, Museum of London, 1992, ISBN 0-11-290445-9
- Favier, Jean, Gold and Spices: The Rise of Commerce in the Middle Ages, London, Holmes and Meier, 1998, ISBN 0-8419-1232-7
- Kõhler, Carl: A History of Costume, Dover Publications reprint, 1963, from 1928 Harrap translation from the German, ISBN 0-486-21030-8
- Koslin, Désirée and Janet E. Snyder, eds.: Encountering Medieval Textiles and Dress: Objects, texts, and Images, Macmillan, 2002, ISBN 0-312-29377-1
- Laver, James: The Concise History of Costume and Fashion, Abrams, 1979
- Mentges, Gabriele: European Fashion (1450–1950), European History Online, Mainz: Institute of European History, 2011, retrieved: June 16, 2011.
- Payne, Blanche: History of Costume from the Ancient Egyptians to the Twentieth Century, Harper & Row, 1965. No ISBN for this edition; ASIN B0006BMNFS
- Tortora, Phyllis and Keith Eubank. Survey of Historic Costume, 2nd Edition. Fairchild Publications, 1994. ISBN 1-56367-003-8
Further reading[edit]
- Newman, Paul B.: Daily Life in the Middle Ages
External links[edit]
- Late Medieval clothing and embroidery
- Late 15th century Italian (Venice) Velvet at the Metropolitan Museum of Art
- 15th Century Female Flemish Dress: A Portfolio of Images, by Hope Greenberg
- Women's Clothing in 15th Century Florence
- Burgundian wedding c1470, from the Getty
- Burgundian women's dress including Images of Burgundian hennins
- Men's clothing in 15th century Florence
- Glossary of some medieval clothing terms
- Article on Burgundian women's dress


text: The palace garden was created under Margrave Karl Wilhelm by Christian Thran gardener from 1731 to 1746 in the French baroque style. His successor, Grand Duke Karl Friedrich left areas of the garden by the gardener and Muller Saul and eventually transform from 1787 through the Garden of England appointed inspector Friedrich Schweickardt after English models. On the occasion of the Federal Garden Show 1967, replaced the palace garden in the style of an English landscape park and developed. Sculptures from the Baroque to the Modern, monuments, fountains from various periods and the large lake animate and accentuate the green space.

subset: commoncrawl


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My two kids each made a Valentine for their Mom yesterday.
Wilson made the top one, Eli made the bottom one.
Art will tell you things about the creator, whether you want it to or not!
Sunday, February 12, 2012
Valentines 2012
Posted by Timothy Archibald at 8:49 AM
2 comments:
- Artist Untied Agency said...
Those are both so rad! Wilson's color combos rock and Eli's has a Picasso feel to it which I love. The different shaped eyes and the heart shaped negative space nose is very clever.
The foil background makes me guess they've been made with Sculpey and will be permanent after a trip through the oven? What a great gift, I'm tempted to make a trip to the craft store and whip something up for my mom!
- February 13, 2012 at 12:13 PM
- Timothy Archibald said...
I am so impressed you called out the Sculpey! It is that! We walked into the store and each kid picked out two colors...we headed home and they got to work!
- February 13, 2012 at 3:34 PM
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Shop the found home collection at Lombardi House this Friday & Saturday!
Shop the found home collection at Lombardi House this Friday & Saturday!
Hmong Batik Indigo, African Mudcloth, Vintage textiles, Kantha quilts, Reclaimed Army Canvas, European Homespun Linen, plus gorgeous Mohair and Velvets. These are just a few of the materials we work with to bring a different perspective to a lounge setting. At your next event, let the small details do all the talking!
Take a look below to see a sampling of our current collection. We are continuously creating new custom pillows out of exciting new textile finds and vintage remnants. With hundreds of pillows in our collection we are bound to have the color and quantity you are looking for!
Adding pillows, to the lounge vignette below, brings the different upholstered pieces together for a cohesive + stylish look!
The possibilities are endless!
welcome to
Join us to receive the latest news, finds, and specials.


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Apparently my comment feature is working now...
1. How do I change it so that people will not need to log in on Blogger to make a comment ? Or is that impossible ?
2. How do I change the plus sign on the posts to "Comments" ?
3. How do I get it to note the number of comments on a post ?


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Sense The Adventure
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Tag Archives: ireland
Gareth Presch explores the art of adventure – The Art O'Neill Challenge 2012
10pm and we're en route to Dublin Castle, the weather forecast for the night ahead couldn't be better – clear skies and about 4 or 5 degrees. We arrive, and immediately the sense of anticipation is all around us. The … Continue reading
Gaelforce West 2011 Sense the Adventure
Gaelforce West 2011 Sense the Adventure – Now Live on You Tube – Subscribe to Gaelforce Sense the Adventure TV – NOW http://www.youtube.com/user/Gaelforce4Adventure Subscribe to Gaelforce4AdventureTV on You Tube and sensetheadventure.wordpress.com All the latest film and news updates on Gaelforce … Continue reading
Posted in Gaelforce West, sense the adventure Tagged adventure racing, Ann Marie Egan, Bruce Duncan, Chris Caulfield, Connemara Adventure Challenge, Dublin Adventure Race, Gaelforce Race Tips, Gaelforce West, Gareth Presch, ireland, Padraig Marrey, PowerBar, Ronan Redmond, Sense the Adventure, sensetheadventure, Tony St Ledger Leave a comment
Gaelforce West is in the bag – Gareth Presch is Sensing the Adventure.
So, firstly I have to congratulate all the people who took part in Gaelforce West at the weekend and hats off to Peter O'Farrell and Emma Donlon who won the race with a very impressive performances. Especially those who took part … Continue reading
Posted in Gaelforce, Gaelforce West Tagged adventure racing, Alan McGovern, Ann Marie Egan, Bruce Duncan, Croagh Patrick, Dublin Adventure Race, Emma Donlon, gaelforce, Gaelforce West, Gaelforce West 2011, Gareth Presch, ireland, John Shortt, Life- Cycle, Marcom Ireland, Padraig Marrey, Peter O Farrell, PowerBar, Ronan Redmond, Sense the Adventure, sensetheadventure, Tania McCabe Foundation, Tom O Dowd, Tony St Ledger, Turf Guy Leave a comment
Open Sea Swim 2011 Bull Wall – Dollymount – Ireland
Jim Kavanagh and Plunkett McAlister Cup – Open Sea Swim 2011 Bull Wall – Dollymount – Ireland
Padraig Marrey talks about his year as Gaelforce 2010 Champion.
Padraig Marrey out and about working as a postman in Westport talks to Tony St Ledger about his year as Gaelforce 2010 Champion and how to prepare for Gaelforce the largest one day adventure race of its kind in the … Continue reading
Gaelforce – Connemara Adventure Challenge 2011 – This weekend!
Connemara Adventure Challenge 2011
Best Kite Surfing in Europe?
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Posted in sense the adventure Tagged ireland, Sense the Adventure 2 Comments
Gaelforce North 04 June · 06:30 – 11:00
Gaelforce Events are delighted to announce that we are adding a new event to our calendar for 2011, Gaelforce North, which will take place on the 25th of June in Donegal. Gaelforce North will see you discover some amazing parts of … Continue reading
Posted in Adventure Racing, Gaelforce North Tagged adventure racing, gaelforce north, ireland, west Leave a comment


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Amazon's iPad App Will Be All New, but It Won't Be Ready by April 3
Want to read the books you bought for your Kindle on your new iPad? You'll have to be patient.
Amazon promises that the iPad version of the Kindle app it is working on will be cool, but it won't be ready when the first Apple devices show up April 3. That's because the e-commerce giant, like most developers, hasn't been able to test the app on a real device. And it's going to wait until it can do so to finish the software.
How will the app compare with Amazon's other Kindle implementations–and more important, with Apple's (AAPL) own iBook program?
Amazon (AMZN) isn't saying much, though Kindle manager Ian Freed tells the New York Times (NYT) his group has "developed a tablet-based interface that redesigns the core screen and the reading experience." The paper, which got a preview, informs us that the app "allows readers to slowly turn pages with their fingers."
Amazon has created software versions of its Kindle reader for just about every conceivable platform, including Apple's iPhone and iPod touch. Barnes & Noble's Nook will have an iPad app too, though Barnes & Noble (BKS) will also wait until it can actually touch one of the tablets before finishing the app.
As the Times notes, only a handful of developers (including The Wall Street Journal, which, like this Web site, is owned by News Corp.) have been allowed to work with the device for the past couple months. But beyond "First!" bragging rights, I'm not sure the head start will be that big a deal for developers in the long run.
There are some iPhone/iPod apps that got a big boost by arriving early to Apple's iTunes. But there are many other successful programs that showed up later and thrived. ESPN's ScoreCenter, for instance, didn't debut for nearly a year after the app store opened for business, but it quickly became the most popular sports app.
And remember that when developers created their first programs for the iPhone, they were working on a platform that already sold millions of units in the previous year. First-mover status for the iPad, though, means your initial audience will likely be in the "hundreds of thousands."


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A group of Afghan journalists say there's a double standard when it comes to Western and Afghan lives in the wake of a deadly rescue of a New York Times reporter who was held prisoner by Taliban captives.
The Associated Press reports that the group, the Media Club of Afghanistan, said the rescue of reporter Stephen Farrell is to blame for the death of his Afghan interpreter and reporter Sultan Munad. Munad was killed during a raid by British forces who were able to free Farrell, a dual Irish and English citizen.
The office of British Prime Minister Gordon Brown previously said that the attempt by troops to rescue both reporters was authorized as the "best chance of protecting life." The Afghan group said military forces acted too quickly and did not pursue all nonviolent options.
U.S. & World
The group of reporters, who work with international news outlets, also condemned the Taliban for abducting the reporters who were investigating the deaths of several civilians following a German ordered NATO airstrike.
Get more: MSNBC


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JACKSONVILLE, Fla. – Among thousands of civilian military employees across northeast Florida facing furloughs in the coming months are hundreds of people working for Florida National Guard.
If Congress fails to act and the automatic budget cuts known as sequestration goes into effect March 1, at Florida Army National Guard headquarters in St. Augustine could see 914 people furloughed one day a week for seven months -- which will not only affect paychecks, but the guard's readiness to help fight America's wars and cope with national disasters.
"There will be a downgrade in our facilities," Col. Perry Hagaman said. "There will be a downgrade in our training levels. There will be a downgrade in our equipment."
At the Florida Air National Guard facility at Jacksonville International Airport, 225 civilian employees would be forced to take on-day-a-week off without pay.
What is sequestration? More coverage
These furloughs would save the Pentagon about $1.9 million, but officials say the impact would be far more than losing a day of work. These are the people who maintain the jets, and in some cases fly them.
"We expect to be able to continue our air defense mission in the short term," said Col. Brian Simpler. "But in the long term, we will see a degradation with support and being able to preform that mission as we see the budget cuts effect our training and flying hours."
That is the main concern we are hearing from the guard's leadership.
When we furlough 900 and some employees, we will have an immediate impact on the Florida National Guard, but, with that, we are working every minute of the day trying to minimize those impacts.


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Endless Scarves
It's Fall and time for some new wardrobe spruce ups. One easy add is an endless scarf. Some call them ring scarfs, loop scarves, or infinity scarves……either way it's just an endless ring of fabric, finished (or not) so that it's a loop. SOOO very easy to make I'm not sure why anyone would buy these ready made. Here's my version for just about any fabric, silk, rayon knit, textured, you name it. Follow the steps below, and soon you will have a wardrobe of scarves only limited by the thousands of fabric choices in your favorite fabric haunt. And don't forget about vintage scarves. these can be remade in a ring the same way.
Step 1: Purchase enough fabric to get about an 18″ x 60″ piece (50″ – 72″ is good). Trim all the edges neatly so you have a nice rectangle.
Step 2: Fold the fabric piece right sides together, matching long edges. Stitch a narrow seam starting 3″ in at the beginning, and stopping 3″ from the end. You can use a serger (if you have one) like I did to make it even faster!
Step 3: Turn the tube right side out. Match the short ends, right sides together and stitch a narrow seam, securing the ends of the scarf together in a ring.
Step 4: Tuck in raw edges and hand or machine stitch the opening closed.
That's all there is to it! Super simple, and made in less than 10 minutes of sewing time (it actually took me longer to trim the fabric straight than to sew!). And don't press these flat after you are done, just steam to remove wrinkles so you have a nice billowy or drapey shape.
This is a look that's just as chic paired with jeans and a tee, as it is with a fitted sheath dress. These scarves make it "sew" easy to add a shot of color to your fall fashions. And check out our Tube Scarf project too. It's made basically the same way, just a wider version to be worn as a shrug or fuller scarf.
Just wish shopping for a new pair of jeans was this easy.


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The Cincy Typing Challenge Finals will take place at the Cincinnati Museum Center on July 25, 2013. The Finals will pit 8 Finalists against each other to determine who is the fastest typist in the area!
The Cincy Typing Challenge Qualification Round was held July 20, 2013 in the Collett Gallery of Cincinnati Museum Center. The Qualification Round was free and open to the public and consisted of Texting, Keyboard, and Typewriter Competitions.
The Finalists of the Qualification Round were given five days to practice with TREWGrip to compete against each other and McGurrin's 98 WPM for a Grand Prize of $5,000. The winner… Robert Price won typing 115 WPM with TREWGrip!
The Cincy Typing Challenge Finals were held at Cincinnati Museum Center on July 25, 2013. Seven Finalists competed in a head-to-head competition using a new "mobile-QWERTY" device, TREWGrip. Robert Price went home as the Cincy Typing Challenge champion by typing 115 words per minute on TREWGrip!
Frank McGurrin popularized the QWERTY key layout by typing 98 WPM against Louis Traub on July 25, 1888. 125 years later, on July 25, 2013, Mark Parker challenged Cincy Typing Challenge Finalists to convert their touch-typing skills to a new key layout - mobile QWERTY - and to beat McGurrin's speed of 98 WPM. After 5 days of practice with TREWGrip, Cincinnati's own Robert Price typed 115 WPM and won the Grand Prize of $5,000, beating McGurrin.
Historical Typewriter Display
July 1 – July 20, 2013 | 10AM – 5PM | Cincinnati History Museum (Chestnut Ridge Typewriter Museum display)
Cincy Typing Challenge Qualifying Round
July 20, 2013 | 10AM – 4PM | Cincy Typing Challenge Qualification Round in the Collett Gallery
"The Typewriter" Documentary Screening
July 20, 2013 | 11AM – 12PM & 12PM – 1PM | "The Typewriter" Film Screening in the Scripps Howard Newsreel Theater
Cincy Typing Challenge Finals
July 25, 2013 | 6PM – 9PM | Cincy Typing Challenge Finals in the Losantiville Dining Rooms
Frank McGurrin vs. Louis Traub
On July 25, 1888, Frank McGurrin of Salt Lake City, UT beat Louis Traub of Cincinnati, OH in the first speed typing competition. And the QWERTY keyboard age began…. .. ..
QWERTY vs. Mobile QWERTY
On July 25, 2013, finalists of the Cincy Typing Challenge will compete against each other, and Frank McGurrin's 98 WPM, for a Grand Prize of $5,000.. .. ..


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WASHINGTON - The White House and the Department of Veterans Affairs say that they're pushing hard to speed up the slow and cumbersome disability claims process and that a recent overhaul to the system should start to yield benefits soon.
The fiscal 2014
WASHINGTON - The White House and the Department of Veterans Affairs say that they're pushing hard to speed up the slow and cumbersome disability claims process and that a recent overhaul to the system should start to yield benefits soon.
The fiscal 2014 budget, to be released next week, will support those efforts, with increases to the VA division that processes veterans' claims for disability compensation, as well as a boost in mental health care services. The administration also wants to make permanent tax credits to employers that hire veterans, the White House said in a briefing with reporters.
"My job is to make sure that we're hitting the targets that the people who allow us to invest their money expect to see," said White House chief of staff Denis McDonough, who held the briefing with VA Secretary Eric Shinseki. "That's what we're going to do."
The VA has struggled for years to get a handle on the growing number of claims for disability compensation that it receives from recent Iraq and Afghanistan veterans as well as those from earlier wars.
And while the department for years has continually told Congress and veterans nationwide that it was working to improve its problems, processing time and accuracy has remained far away from the department's goals and in many cases has gotten worse.
By 2015, the department wants to process disability claims with a 2 percent error rate, but the most recent fiscal year had an error rate of 14 percent.
Also by 2015, the department wants to ensure that no claim is pending for more than 125 days. The most recent figures show that two-thirds of claims - more than 550,000 - have been pending for more than 125 days.
The department's closely tracked figure for the average days necessary to complete each claim jumped to 262 last year, the highest that measure has been in at least the past 20 years for which numbers were available.
"Any veteran waiting for a claims decision is waiting too long," Shinseki said. "There's nobody more impatient about this than I am."
Asked why veterans should believe the department's performance will make dramatic improvements by 2015 when some performance measures have deteriorated in recent years, Shinseki said that in recent years the department had made difficult-but-necessary decisions to expand benefits for some older veterans. That added to its workload.
Then, the department undertook a major overhaul of its processing system, moving office by office to eliminate paper records, curtail pointless shuffling of files and speed decision-making. Shinseki said 30 of 56 regional offices that decide veterans' claims already have begun using the new system. As more regional offices get on board by the end of the year, productivity should improve and the backlog should begin to substantially improve.
The VA's disability benefits are awarded to veterans who suffer physical or mental injuries during their military service. They range from $129 a month to $2,816 a month for a single veteran.
"We're bringing all the power of the government to bear . to try to address the backlog," McDonough said.
Paul Rieckhoff, chief executive of the advocacy group Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans of America, said he was pleased to see the White House's involvement in the issue. But he indicated veterans have been hearing promises of improvement for years.
"While we welcome the proposed increase in funding, ending the backlog is not a problem that can just be solved with more money," he said. "It's about successfully executing a plan we've been hearing about for years. It's a matter of finally transforming a broken system into a streamlined one that works for veterans, some of whom have been waiting as much as 1,000 days for their benefits."
According to the White House, the budget that will be presented next week will boost the VA's discretionary funding by 4 percent, to $63.5 billion, for fiscal 2014. Included in that is a 13.6 percent increase in the budget for the VA division that processes disability claims, helping complete the switch to the new paperless system.
The president also will ask to make permanent two tax credits that help employers that hire veterans. The Returning Heroes Tax Credit provides up to $5,600 to employers to hire unemployed veterans, and the Wounded Warrior Tax Credit provides up to $9,600 for hiring long-term unemployed veterans who have service-connected disabilities.
�2013 McClatchy Washington Bureau


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247GreenStreetFund.com is a matching service which submits your inquiry to its network of lenders. There is no cost for submitting an inquiry. The fees and rates are quoted directly by the lender which is matched to your profile. 247GreenStreetFund.com is not a lender and will not provide you or anyone else with lending services.
It is understandable for new customers to have questions about 247GreenStreetFund.com which is why we have compiled the most common questions into this FAQ. If you have any question not answered in this FAQ we'll be glad to answer them. All you've got to do is to contact us and allow some time to receive an email response.
Any questions pertaining to loan payments, application status and extensions etc need to be directed to the lender to whom you submitted your application to. Once your application has been submitted on the lender's website you'll receive the lender's contact info.
This is a short term loan aimed at helping people who need some extra cash prior to their pay day. The amount here is often between $100 and $1000.
You can get anywhere from $100 to $1000. The approved amount will be predetermined by the lender.
Once your cash advance has been approved the money is wired electronically to a checking account of choice.
Yes you can still get it despite bounced checks, charge offs, bankruptcy and also credit related issues.
It can take as few as just 2 minutes to fill out the inquiry form. you'll get your loans within 1 or few business days.
You should have printer in order to print out the loan documents. Also the lender who receives your inquiry will also need for you to fax over the information to them. Information such as your bank statement and a pay stub will need to be faxed over. If you do not have a fax machine you can always use ones available at Office Max, Kinkos, Mail Boxes, Stables etc.
There is no cost to use 247GreenStreetFund.com matching service. The fees of the loan will vary depending on the amount and the lender. The lender will notify you of the exact fees for the loan once on their website. However, please bear in mind that cash advance loans have been designed with emergency needs in mind and will be lower in terms of expense as compared to late charges, check fees etc. which you may incur if you are late with payments.
Yes you may qualify, even if you have another outstanding loan you can still qualify. But you'll need to be sure to disclose this outstanding loan to the lender.
Both the loan fees and the amount is withdrawn directly from your checking account once the due date has been reached. You will not have to think twice about it! This saves you from having to visit any store. An extension can be requested by contacting your lender prior to the due date. But there will be additional fees which apply to the extension.
There are different policies followed by different lenders in our network. It is advised that you review the policies pertaining to late payment often found in the lender's documentation prior to inserting your e-signature on that document. However, many states have laws that dictate how much lenders are allowed to charge for late payment.
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SUNY Canton, SUNY Potsdam Presidents Draw Shared Services Roadmap for Future SuccessThursday, June 27th, 2013
Two Presidents to Sign Agreement Detailing Efforts to Use Common Resources to Increase Efficiency
SUNY Canton Acting President Joseph C. Hoffman and SUNY Potsdam Interim President Dennis L. Hefner will sign a memorandum of understanding on shared services between the two campuses at 10:30 a.m., on Monday, July 1, on the 8th Floor of SUNY Potsdam's Raymond Hall.
The signing and following reception are open to members of the media, and time will be allotted for questions.
At the signing, both presidents plan to recognize the work of the many people who have begun collaborative efforts between the two institutions.
The agreement highlights current shared positions and defines the scope of future shared services, with a focus on back-office operations. The goal of these collaborations is to provide high-quality services to the students, faculty and staff of both colleges, while conserving resources and preserving the individual character and mission of each campus.
All employees who are currently in shared positions, or whose departments are actively sharing services, are invited to this event. In addition, the College Councils, local government officials and other members of the Associated Colleges and academic community have also been invited.
About SUNY Canton
SUNY Canton offers a variety of career-driven bachelor's degrees in addition to its associate and certificate programs. In the past year, the College added two new bachelor's degrees and expanded its facilities with a new athletic center, nicknamed Roos House, and the Grasse River Suites Residence Hall. The College's faculty members are noted for their professional real-world experience in addition to their academic credentials. SUNY Canton OnLine offers flexible and convenient online courses and programs. The College's 14 athletic teams compete as provisional members of the NCAA Division III as well as the USCAA. For more information about SUNY Canton, visit www.canton.edu
About SUNY Potsdam
Founded in 1816, and located on the outskirts of the beautiful Adirondack Park, The State University of New York at Potsdam is one of America's first 50 colleges. SUNY Potsdam currently enrolls approximately 4,350 undergraduate and graduate students. Home to the world-renowned Crane School of Music, SUNY Potsdam is known for its handcrafted education, challenging liberal arts and sciences core, excellence in teacher training and leadership in the performing and visual arts. For more information, visit www.potsdam.edu.
About the State University of New York
The State University of New York is the largest comprehensive university system in the United States, educating approximately 468,000 students in more than 7,500 degree and certificate programs, and more than 1.8 million NYS citizens in professional development and personal enrichment programs, on 64 college and university campuses. There are nearly 3 million SUNY alumni worldwide. To learn more about how SUNY creates opportunity, visit www.suny.edu.


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The new battle-cry to save a disappearing Republic should begin with the words: "Set our children free".
While the President Barack Obama-led Socialist regime in Washington calls the tune by keeping the bouncing ball over the concept of Government-Fighting-Patriots, the real battle is the one where it gets to take over your children.
With all eyes trained expectantly on the latest Obama executive order; with the definition of one man, one woman marriage being rewritten by the Supreme Court, progressives in office have been working out the details to come up with a way to capture your children.
Millions of parents with school-age children will never know their children have been captured and led away. The name of the program set up for the kidnap of all time is so innocent sounding: Common Core. But in typical Marxist fashion, the name can be morphed into a myriad of others when it becomes expedient to keep parents in the dark.
Patriotic warriors like Glenn Beck, Michelle Malkin and CFP's Ileana Johnson are shining light into the darkness. But if the children of the day are ever to be set free, it will take parents opening the steel gates that now confine them.
Just as the United Nations Agenda 21 now controls every aspect of adult life, Common Core controls the instruction of the school child.
Finding the true intent of Common Core means getting behind the hype of its mask of innocence.
Middlemen advocates in theprogressive infrastructure are now trying to palm off the universal standards of Common Core as a "state-led" initiative.
"No they were Gates-led, not state-led, writes Oak Norton at Deseret News. "The Gates Foundation pumped $20 million into the National Governors Association and Council of Chief State Superintendents Organization to create those standards.
"They did it to fulfill a contractual obligation stemming from Microsoft's 2004 contract with United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization to create a global education system. (Italics CFP's).
"Gates has paid $173 million so far to create and promote Common Core. The Utah State Office of Education didn't even know who was on the drafting committee until the standards were written, which happens to be after Utah adopted them."
Bill and Melinda Gates have three children—and all of yours.
Key to Common Core's con job is the fallacy that Common Core standards were internationally benchmarked. They never were.
Lie-laden, too, is the progressive myth that adoption of the K-12 standards is in no way mandatory.
But try getting your children out of Common Core if you happen to live in one of the 45 states where it has already been implemented.
"As part of the 2009 stimulus legislation, the federal government created the so-called Race to the Top (RTT) Fund, $4.35 billion in competitive educational grants." (Christian Post, Feb. 13, 2013).
Sounds nice but only available to states that adopt Common Core.
The long trail of the progressives in public education goes all the way from John Dewey, a major representative in progressive education and liberalism, to modern-day activists like Barack Obama and Bill Ayers, now in league with the deep-pocketed UN apostle Bill Gates.
Known as the power behind the Fundamental Transformation of America, Barack Obama had his nose in your children's school books long before parental suspicion threw light on Common Core.
Back in the mid-90s, Obama invested his experience as an on-the-street community organizer to co-partner with unrepentant domestic terrorist Bill Ayers on the Chicago Annenberg Challenge.
"The Chicago Annenberg Challenge (CAC) was a Chicago public school reformproject from 1995 to 2001 that worked with half of Chicago's public schools and was funded by a $49.2 million, 2-to-1 matching challenge grant over five years from the Annenberg Foundation. The grant was contingent on being matched by $49.2 million in private donations and $49.2 million in public money. The Chicago Annenberg Challenge was one of 18 locally designed Annenberg Challengeproject sites that received $387 million over five years as part of Walter Annenberg's gift of $500 million over five years to support public school reform. The Chicago Annenberg Challenge helped create a successor organization, the Chicago Public Education Fund (CPEF), committing $2 million in June 1998 as the first donor to Chicago's first community foundation for education.
"Barack Obama, elected by the Board of Directors as founding chairman and president of the Chicago Annenberg Challenge (1995–1999), resigned as chairman and president in September 1999 to run as a candidate in the 2000 Democratic primary for the 1st Congressional District of Illinois, and was succeeded by Edward Bottum (1999–2001)." (Wikipedia)
The progressives' stranglehold on public education is where it lives, breathes and builds for the future. Nothing is as vital to them as control of young minds.
Meanwhile, in a world that has gone bottom up, top down and inside out, finding others of like mind is essential to the survival of the American patriot.
If Common Core has its way the day will come when the parents of children indoctrinated by this hideous UN program will face a heartless, impossible to change new enemy: their own children.
Categories: Human interest, new world order


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A sweet VS fans whom I met during the line up :)
Finally, got to wear my new boots from Nordstrom :)
The Bedazzled Million Dollars Bra that Miranda used during VS Fashion Show!
Wonder if they ship this million dollars bra to South Coast Plaza!
Miranda from afar.
This is my edit version of the pic! Which one do you like better? :)
Don't forget to support me and hype here:
Here are some other pics of Miranda Kerr...
I first met her during the Bombshell tour at The Grove, Beverly Hills. I was just having a touch up for a make up and was siting nicely on VS black chair inside the store. Then my friend who went out with me told me that there was someone so pretty inside the store also, at that time I was closing my eyes because the VS make up associate was applying an eye liner to me. When I open my eyes, I got so shocked and surprised !! Miranda Kerr was right in front of me... Sadly, I couldn't take pics with her, her bodyguards are so mean :( I had to be clever and snap some of these pics of her :) She is such a goddess !
She is one of my favorite VS angel for sure! She is so nice and gorgeously beautiful!! To see my conversation with her at facebook click here :)


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The Curious Case of Mark Trumbo
Mark Trumbo's home run last night at Midland was one of the longest hit this year by an Arkansas Traveler.
Back on June 25, I wrote that Mark Trumbo appeared to be emerging from a season-long funk. At that point, in his last thirteen games (starting with Game #2 of a June 12 doubleheader) his AVG/OBP/SLG were .385/.396/.558.
During last night's game at Midland, Mark hit a two-run dinger that Travs broadcaster Phil Elson described as perhaps the longest homer he'd seen hit this year. In his second at-bat, with the bases loaded, Trumbo hit a shot that required a miracle catch by RockHounds center fielder Archie Gilbert to avoid clearing the bases. He finished the night 3 for 5 with 3 RBI.
So I wanted to revisit Mark's numbers and see how he's done since that June 12 marker.
That period covers 25 games. In those games, his AVG/OBP/SLG were .384/.404/.566 in 99 at-bats. He had only 15 strikeouts, or one every 6.6 at-bats, an excellent ratio for a power hitter.
Mark has never been one to take a lot of walks, and that's still true. He had only four walks in that 25-game period. But you can't argue the rest of the results, other than perhaps last night's dinger was his first since June 4.
I e-mailed Angels farm director Abe Flores to ask why Trumbo was more successful in the last month. He replied that Mark had shortened his swing and "matured" in the batter's box; by that, he meant that Mark was letting bad at bats go, being more conscious of his body language, staying positive and focusing on the next at-bat.
As I've written many times, Dickey-Stephens Park, the Travs' home field, is the most pitcher-friendly park in the Texas League. It's very important, therefore, to look at the home/road splits for Travs hitters to see how badly DSP has impacted their overall numbers. Here are Mark's overall splits for 2009:
Home: .248/.310/.416 (137 AB)
Road: .294/.324/.436 (163 AB)
Mark's splits during his last 25 games:
Home: .315/.345/.481 (54 AB)
Road: .467/.478/.667 (45 AB)
This is the same pattern I noted in last November's 2008 FutureAngels.com Top 10 Prospects report. Mark's 2008 home/road splits in the Texas League:
Home: AVG/OBP/SLG: .209/.225/.358 (67 AB)
Away: AVG/OBP/SLG: .357/.410/.661 (56 AB)
In the latest issue (#0915) of Baseball America, columnist Peter Gammons comments on whether pitch recognition and plate discipline can be taught in the minor leagues.
Gammons quotes an unnamed general manager as saying, "I think plate discipline and recognition can be honed and developed. But I think it is an innate skill."
Howie Kendrick is cited by Gammons as someone struggling to figure out pitch recognition:
But if a young player doesn't have to address pitch recognition and plate discipline in the minors, can he learn on the major league level? The Angels are going through that process with Howie Kendrick, a potential batting champion whose inability to deal with the strike zone had resulted in a .229 average.
The sabermetric world tends to think that taking more walks results in better plate discipline, when in fact it's the reverse. Walks are a byproduct of better pitch recognition and plate discipline. This was a point made by Mike Scioscia and Mickey Hatcher last April in an article by sportswriter Mike DiGiovanna in the Los Angeles Times. Kendrick in particular was one subject of the article.
Do Trumbo's numbers over the last 25 games indicate better plate discipline even though he's still taking few walks? That's a question that may not be answered until he faces major league pitching.
But he's certainly trending in the right direction.


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"Eclipse" has another new vampire.
Kirsten Prout has been cast as the vampire Lucy in the third installment of "The Twilight Saga," according to E! Online. Her character will figure prominently in the back story of Jasper Hale, played in the films by Jackson Rathbone.
VIEW THE PHOTOS: New Faces In Twilight's 'Eclipse' Cast
The actress is best known for her role as Amanda in ABC Family's "Kyle XY." She also starred alongside Jennifer Garner in 2005's "Elektra."
Production on "Eclipse," which is slated for a May 2010 release, is well underway. Other new additions to the franchise for the third installment include Xavier Samuel, BooBoo Stewart, Catalina Sandino Moreno and Bryce Dallas Howard, who replaced Rachelle Lefevre as Victoria.
VIEW THE PHOTOS: See The Men Of 'Twilight' - Shirtless!
But fans won't have to wait long for more "Twilight" — the next film in the series, "New Moon," is due on November 20.
Related Content from AccessHollywood.com:
VIEW THE PHOTOS: New Shots Of The Volturi And 'The Twilight Saga: New Moon' Scenes & Stars
PLAY IT NOW: Michael Sheen: It Was 'Fun' & 'Intimidating' To Work On 'New Moon'
PLAY IT NOW: Dish Of Salt: Is Boo Boo Stewart Taylor Lautner's New 'Eclipse' Competition?
MORE ACCESS ON THESE TOPICS: Eclipse - Casting Call - The Twilight Saga - Movies - Celebrities


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In her magazine this past spring, Martha Stewart featured her new garden of rows and rows of peonies. Each row had a different color. Peonies make a wonderful spring flower, but they aren't just for Martha. Now is the time to plant peonies in your garden.
In her magazine this past spring, Martha Stewart featured her new garden of rows and rows of peonies. Each row had a different color.
Peonies make a wonderful spring flower, but they aren't just for Martha. Now is the time to plant peonies in your garden, whether you plant a nursery's potted variety, you divide peonies from your garden or you order a bare root selection from an online garden center.
With the debate today about native versus exotic plants for the garden, the peony takes a place in the garden hall of fame as an exotic from China that has long held a coveted spot in the hearts of American gardeners everywhere. This plant is truly a favorite. We do not have to worry because it does not crowd out native plants or provide any sense of threat to native species. Perhaps that's why we continue to plant it.
Peonies fall into two broad species: the herbaceous and the tree or shrub peony. The more popular is the herbaceous variety that dies to the ground in the winter and reemerges in the spring.
Alan Armitage, perennial plant expert and professor at the University of Georgia, says, "The herbaceous species have received the most attention and are far more important garden plants than the tree forms."
There are four different forms of herbaceous peonies. The single features five or more petals around a center. The Japanese also has five or more petals around the center, while the semi-double resembles it but has more petals. Finally, the double offers a much fuller look, with petals that appear as if in several layers.
Though the peony has grown in China since the fifth century B.C., it was first introduced into European gardens in the early 1800s. Since then, more than 3,000 hybrids have been raised, with some from the United States.
The Klehm family, owners of Song Sparrow Nursery in Wisconsin, has been hybridizing peonies since 1900. Their plants have often won prizes for their form, beauty and endurance in the garden.
Three peonies I planted last fall were hybrids by either Carl or Roy Klehm. The plants –– Paeonia 'Angel Cheeks', 'Bowl of Cream' and 'Ursa Major' –– arrived in September boxed as bare roots. To plant them, I found a sunny spot and dug a hole big enough for the root system to allow the eyes of the plant to be 2 inches below the surface. I filled the hole with soil and compost. In May, they bloomed in colors of white or pink.
As one of easiest plants to grow but also a showstopper in the garden, it is not hard to see why the peony has enjoyed such a long history in the garden.
Thomas Mickey is a master gardener from Quincy, Mass., and professor emeritus at Bridgewater State University. You may reach him at www.americangardening.net.


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Emile Hirsch, Olivia Thirlby and Max Minghella are three of the more talented 26-and-under actors in Hollywood, each having appeared in films that were nominated for Best Picture. And yet, none are big stars, and they tend to lean towards smaller, indie/art-house fare. And so all three have found their way into "The Darkest Hour."
The film tells the story of a group of Westerners visiting Moscow when an alien invasion falls from the skies, targeting world's biggest cities, forcing the kids to fight for survival. Think "Attack the Block" for upper-middle class American post-grad students.
A new international trailer has arrived from Fox Singapore (by way of The Playlist), and in the interest appealing to a non-English-speaking audience, there is virtually zero dialogue--heck, there's barely any sound effects, just the thump-thump-thump of a techno beat. It's kinda funny.
U.S. & World
News from around the country and around the globe
"The Darkest Hour" opens Christmas Day.


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Eighteen students were recognized for their Honors projects during St. Bonaventure University's Honors Ceremony on Saturday, and all received Honors Degrees on Sunday at Commencement.
The students and their Honors projects are:
Julia Andretta, an English major from Woodstock, Ga.: "Doorways: A Collection of Short Stories"
Pranathi Ari, a bioinformatics major from Brampton, Ontario: "Bioinformatic Investigations of Long Non-Coding RNA Molecules (lncRNAs) and Heart Failure"
Sarah Baker, a modern languages and chemistry major from Spencerport, N.Y.: "La Symphonie Pastorale and the Uncertainty of Literary Translation"
Andrew Belfield, a theology and philosophy major from Rochester, N.Y.: "Raining on the Absurd: Existence and Solitude in Camus and Merton"
Shannon Conheady, a history major from Rochester, N.Y.: "How the Backlash against the 1970s Feminist Movement Affects College Campuses Today"
Erin Dempsey, an English major from Glenwood, N.Y.: "Thomas Merton's Life and Teachings Made Applicable for Children's Literature"
Jacqueline Gertner, a history major from Rochester, N.Y.: "Mickey Mouse at War"
James Gilfert, a biology major from Wellsville, N.Y.: "The Evolving Demarcation Problem: How the Origins Debates Have Driven Change in the Efforts to Demarcate Science"
Divya Gupta, a biology major from Fremont, Calif.: "Healthy Choices, Healthy Kids: Helping children aged 4-14 make healthier food choices through nutrition-based activities in the Bona Buddies Program at St. Bonaventure University"
Fredrick Martyn, a biology major from Toronto, Ontario: "Exploring the World of Creative Writing: Adult Fairytales for the Fairly Adult"
Kathryn Moore, an international studies and political science major from Castleton, N.Y.: "Comparing the aftermath of the Egyptian and Syrian Arab Spring"
Arun Muthiah, a biology and psychology major from Pittsburgh, Pa.: "Indian Culture Today as Told by Tamilians"
Alexander Noguerola, a political science major from Lowell, Mass.: "Mock Trial: State of Midlands v. Carney"
Dana Norman, a biology major from Deer Park, N.Y.: "Evaluating a Medically Underserved Population: The Life and Work of Primary Care Physicians in Cattaraugus County"
Sean O'Brien, a journalism and mass communication major from Ilion, N.Y.: "Whoops! I Have a Tumor; A Children's Book"
Kelly O'Sullivan, a biology major from West Sayville, N.Y.: "The Construction of a Genetic Tool to Selectively Silence Adult-Born Neurons"
Sumrah Syed, a psychology major from Staten Island, N.Y.: "The Satisfactory Portion Bias and Its Effect of Calorie Estimates of Varying Portion Size"
Monica Yalamanchili, a psychology major from Houston, Texas: "Differences in Racial Perceptions at St. Bonaventure University"
About the University: The nation's first Franciscan university, we believe in the goodness of every person and in the ability of every person to do extraordinary things. St. Bonaventure University cultivates graduates who are confident and creative communicators, collaborative leaders and team members, and innovative problem solvers who are respectful of themselves, others, and the diverse world around them. Named the #3 best college value in the North by U.S. News and World Report, we are establishing pathways to internships, graduate schools and careers in the context of our renowned liberal arts tradition. Our students are becoming extraordinary.
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Sean McAdam outlines the possible choices for Lowrie and the Red Sox:
Three options will be discussed: further injections and rehab, which would sideline the shortstop for a month; a minor surgical procedure in which a bone would be removed, requiring approximately six weeks of recovery time; and a more complicated surgery that likely would end Lowrie's 2009 season.Lowrie says he began experiencing soreness in the wrist during a game against the Yankees on March 24:
I thought it was just a bump in the road. I didn't say anything because I felt it was going to get better. I figured it was just something to be worked through. ... I went through it last year, playing with it, because I wanted to play in the playoffs. ... But now I need to focus on the long-term picture, not the short term.


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Gift Ideas from Silvert's - Orthopedic Footwear Accessories
Assisted Dressing Easy Dressing with Assistance Options
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Orthopedic shoes are the best shoe for anyone with feet, ankles, toes, legs and back issues. Orthopedic shoes are designed to provide the best support and comfort for pain relief by offering heel support, arch support, wide widths, extra wide widths, deeper toe boxes and offer adjustable closures for swollen feet and ankles. Orthopedic shoes are recommended for the following conditions: These shoes work great for a variety of foot conditions, including (but not limited to): Heel Pain, Plantar Fasciitis, Ankle Pain, Swelling, Arch Pain, Flat-Feet/Pronation, Metatarsalgia, Mortons Neuroma, Bunions, Corns, Hammer Toes, Diabetic Feet, Arthritis and Back Pain.
Can't find the perfect gift? Silvert's offers gift certificates in denominations from $25 to $200. For more information, click here.
Silverts, the original adaptive clothing supplier, has been pleased to make dressing easier for disabled adults, seniors and the elderly by offering the largest selection of quality affordable adaptive clothing and adaptive footwear for over 89 years.
A large percentage of our customers are caregivers who purchase adaptive clothing, elderly clothing and/or elderly footwear for their loved ones. Silvert's understands the difficulty of purchasing on others behalf and the caregiver's need for a full return and exchange policy.
For many this may be your first time purchasing adaptive clothing or adaptive shoes for your loved one. Questions may arise such as: what is adaptive nursing home clothing? or what size clothing should I order? Silvert's Customer Service Department is pleased to respond to all your questions and concerns.by phone 1-800-387-7088, Email [email protected] or by Online Chat during regular business hours (EST).