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Saturday, April 3, 2010
Fibonacci Patterns
Fibonacci numbers turn up in the Archimedes spiral, the chambered nautilus, and the pattern of overlapping spirals in a sunflower or a Queen Anne's lace.
In Dinotopia: Journey to Chandara, I did a page of small oil studies showing Fibonacci patterns in pine cones, pineapples, and thistles.
If you count the rows of seeds going one way around, you get 5, 8, or 13, etc. And if you count the rows going the other way around, you get another one of those numbers.
The video "Nature by Numbers" is a beautiful demonstration of the principles. Even if you're not inclined toward numbers, there's an unmistakable visual logic behind it.
A few inspired math teachers make the time in their curriculum to teach Fibonacci theory, along with fractals, topology, and tessellation, the right-brain branches of math that most teachers unfortunately have to skip over.
And maybe a math expert can explain in the comments why those Fibonacci numbers turn up in nature so universally.
From BoingBoing.
More at Lines and Colors.
Wikipedia on Fibonacci numbers.
27 comments:
- Steve said...
When I was teaching elementary school, we'd spend a few weeks on tessellations and Fibonacci. We had a couple bulletin boards covered with Escher prints, Moorish tiles, and photos of pine cones, sunflowers, etc. Even fourth graders could construct impressive tessellating shapes from paper squares and rectangles (regular polygons) by cutting out a piece and sliding it directly to the opposite side. That cut and taped paper was then used as a tracing template to create an interlocking (tessellating) pattern. The kids applied some of this learning to designing quilt squares that parents/grandparents helped them sew into quilts that we raffled off, earning money to donate to charity and to fund a big overnight trip we took at the end of the year. Kids have a natural love of cool number patterns and making geometric art.
- April 3, 2010 at 11:57 AM
- Ian Swain said...
"And maybe a math expert can explain in the comments why those Fibonacci numbers turn up in nature so universally."
I'm not a math expert, but maybe Fibonacci numbers turn up in nature so universally because there is a Creator creating everything.
- April 3, 2010 at 12:44 PM
- Rob Rey said...
I'm also not a math expert, but my understanding is that the Fibonacci sequence represents a repetitive growth pattern. Beacuase life must, by nature, grow from it's origin size, a simple set of intructions like DNA can produce growth at a regulated rate which is then able to be repeated with out the complication of a new starting point. It is the same as when it started, just larger, and can grow larger yet.
When it comes to aesthetics, humans and other animals associate golden proportions with being properly formed and physically fit, a better mate. And evolution rolls on. Our concept of beauty evolves to match.
It makes perfect sense that this would happen, no creator necessary.
- April 3, 2010 at 1:12 PM
- Rob Rey said...
ps - I just posted a painting about this on my blog last week!
- April 3, 2010 at 1:16 PM
- Zeke said...
Wise words Rob, there's truth in the numbers
I'm fascinated by the repeating patterns at ever increasing scale that our reality is built out of. The recognizable patterns of swirling nebula's replicate themselves in eddying tide pools, or the way that sand dunes and mountain ranges share shapes with the sea floor from the constant forces of air and water undulated across them
there was a Greek philosopher (Plato? not sure) who theorized that there existed pure forms of beauty that we remember from our lives in another realm, and any beauty we see in this life is due to a resemblance to those true forms. Something about that view fits well with how nature patterns itself through numbers
- April 3, 2010 at 1:48 PM
- draigstudio said...
You know in Illustrator you can actually overlay these sequences over your work to see if you are creating strong compositions.
- April 3, 2010 at 2:17 PM
- Tyler J said...
Draigstudio, Corel Painter offers the same overlay feature too. I like your comment Rob. I had a teacher once that said that he thought that humans have a shared idea of beauty and that good designers have found a way to tap into that. Fun to think about.
- April 3, 2010 at 2:57 PM
- My Pen Name said...
And maybe a math expert can explain in the comments why those Fibonacci numbers turn up in nature so universally."
I'm not a math expert, but maybe Fibonacci numbers turn up in nature so universally because there is a Creator creating everything.
i was going to make a joke about a it's the selfish gene
but someone beat me to it:
When it comes to aesthetics, humans and other animals associate golden proportions with being properly formed and physically fit, a better mate. And evolution rolls on. Our concept of beauty evolves to match.
It makes perfect sense that this would happen, no creator necessary
so how does 'evolution' explain our finding beauty in a golden spiral galaxy? because it represents a place where there are planets fit for human habitation? Come on. I believe natural selection and evolution can explain much, but not everything and i see people use it as a catch all theory to explain every aspect of human behavior and life, much like freudians did (and still do even though Freud has been proven to be a complete fraud)
and by the way, I am more interested in the universe from the standpoint of a physicist , so why do my sub-atomic particles want to do that in the first place?
Seriously, it seems a lot of people who focus on current biological science become remarkably 'reductionist' and in many ways are still thinking of the universe as a 'clockwork' - that idea has been outdated in physics for over century, time for Richard Dawkins to catch up.
- April 3, 2010 at 4:18 PM
- My Pen Name said...
I wouldn't rely on it. I read a book about the golden ratio a few years ago (i wish i could recall it's name) but its application to art is highly questionable to say the least - for example it was often claimed the parthenon conformed to the golden ratio - and it turns out it does - as does just about any building, as long as you decide where to measure it from.
and what about pictures that are beautiful that don't conform? Are you going to change them so they fit a certain ratio...
- April 3, 2010 at 4:21 PM
- Mary Bullock said...
Ah yes, the age old conundrum! Good discussion. The beauty and order that inherently exists in nature - such intricate order - did it come from a Creator or did the orderliness come from chaos? I know which one makes more sense to me.
- April 3, 2010 at 5:22 PM
- Rob Rey said...
My Pen Name:
I'm sorry, I did not intend my statement to be a catch all, but only a general principal. There are too many permutations of golden proportions evidenced in nature for me to intelligently address all of them with a single statement.
However, my statement does still apply to humans finding beauty in the spiral of a galaxy or anything else because we have evolved to find that shape beautiful and pleasing, regardless of where we see it.
About the sub-atomic particles, I am not a physicist, but I would keep in mind that energy also grows and reduces. By that I mean, if you are talking about particle smashing experiments, the velocity of object can diminish at a constant rate while rotational energy remains constant causing a viewer to see a smooth spiral curve. I don't know this to be a factual example, like I said I'm not a physicist, but the key idea behind Fibonacci is growth or it's inverse, and can apply to many different aspects of the world around us.
- April 3, 2010 at 5:39 PM
- Unknown said...
I can't prove it by science, but I'm inclined to agree with the Psalmist, "The heavens declare the glory of God; and the firmament sheweth his handiwork."
- April 3, 2010 at 9:21 PM
- Ashok said...
I think the simplest explanation of why they occur in nature is:
1+1 = 2
1+2 = 3
2+3 = 5....
Fibonacci (an accountant) got the sequence by measuring the breeding success of rabbits over generations. Most of nature starts with 1+1...Hence fibonacci sequences.
The golden proportion is expressed in the recursion formula for fibonacci numbers
Fn = Fn-1 + Fn-2... (i.e. 5 = 3+2). A very clever mathematician named Binet turned this into a non-recursive formula..
And the root of that recursion turns out to be phi (1 +/- sqrt(5))/2 which is the golden ratio....
Right on about Fibonacci and high school math. I had a math teacher - Lloyd Walker - who turned out some of the best mathematicians in this nation. I wasn't one of them - but his intro to the Fibonacci Society at St Mary's here in the SF Bay Area, and my playing with the math led to a very productive career in computer graphics...
It took one teacher, and one student, and the rest grew from there :-)
- April 3, 2010 at 11:31 PM
- Roberto said...
Beautiful video! Thanx for dharing.
In my opinion...We recognize the aesthetics of beauty, and the dissonance of ugly, because we are creatures out-of/embedded-in the Great Mystery. While evolution, mathematics, and the scientific study of the natural world can reveal much about the structures and principals of our unfolding… I find it even more wondrous how much of the dance is dependant on chaos, mutations, random variations, coincidence, accidents, and the like. If you look at a spiral shell, a pine cone, a snow flake, a human face… while they may all follow patterns of growth, and laws of proportion, and archetypical forms, it is their flaws and deviations away from the norm that makes each aspect/expression of creation unique and real. The Great Mystery indeed. -RQ
- April 4, 2010 at 12:46 AM
- My Pen Name said...
However, my statement does still apply to humans finding beauty in the spiral of a galaxy or anything else because we have evolved to find that shape beautiful and pleasing, regardless of where we see it.
well this is no more provable than saying God made us that way - its an unprovable way of framing the universe. Not an unworthy way,.. but can you say why I find it beautiful? and what if i disagree as to your explanation would you say your theory trumped my conscious? what if i say if find it beautiful because it reflects God's creation -would you say to me, "no you are wrong, you like it because of how you have evolved", it ...and what if I don't find it beautiful?
About the sub-atomic particles, I am not a physicist, I meant, ok, you're taking the biological perspective and saying 'evolution made us find it beautiful and 'that's that' Well, i am taking physicist perspective- why do my sub-atomic particles which make up your cells want to do that?
- April 5, 2010 at 12:58 AM
- Mike Stay said...
The reason has to do with irrationality. When choosing angles at which to produce leaves, the plant does best when they don't overlap and shade each other; if the angle is near any rational proportion of the circle, then the leaves will overlap. The "least rational" number, according to this measure, is the golden ratio.
A similar reason explains the occurrence of the golden ratio in astronomy; if two bodies have orbital periods that are nearly rational, then angular momentum is strongly transferred from one to the other and it either gets kicked out of the orbit or pushed towards a more rational period. So we expect to see either orbits in a golden ratio (least rational) or graviationally locked orbits like the moon and mercury (most rational).
- April 5, 2010 at 12:59 PM
- Annie said...
Yes it was Plato, I loved studying the early classical philosophers in university. Some of their ideas were way out there but still interesting. And others werent far off the mark.
Plato believed that all knowledge/ideas were already learnt therefore when we see the beauty in something we are just remembering what we already knew before...hmm I've a funny feeling old Plato was eatin some of those Fibonacci mushrooms that were so popular back then...
- April 5, 2010 at 6:31 PM
- treplovski said...
The naturalist Ernest Thompson Seton pointed out that the 'eyes' in a peacock's tail plumage followed the Fibonacci sequence as well. It's everywhere!
- April 6, 2010 at 11:19 PM
- Roberto said...
So… this Mathematician, a Philosopher, a Physicist, and a Priest walk into this head shop…
F.A.S.A.nating! ;) -RQ
- April 7, 2010 at 1:47 AM
GREAT post. An amazing testament to the Ultimate Artist.
- April 8, 2010 at 12:41 PM
- Unknown said...
I met Dan Harwell, the author of a book called, "Searching for Design with Fibonacci and Phi." First it goes into the theory and then shows flower arrangements based on those principles.
- April 8, 2010 at 12:44 PM
- dsc said...
Here's an interesting article on Fibonacci & nature:
- April 8, 2010 at 1:41 PM
- dsc said...
The article I linked goes a bit deeper defending something along the lines of what Rob Rey said. Fibonacci is not really a big deal.
- April 8, 2010 at 2:04 PM
- David Briggs said...
Now could everybody who has repeated the myth that the Fibonacci sequence/Golden ratio is found in the chambered nautilus please ask themselves if they have ever, ever compared them for themselves? This woman did:
- April 10, 2010 at 6:58 AM
- James Gurney said...
Briggsy, thank you. Bravo for debunkers and empirical thinkers. But should I take Akkana's word for it? Where's my ruler?
- April 10, 2010 at 11:59 AM
- David Briggs said...
Your welcome James. If you want to read more, her link to John Sharp's excellent paper "Spirals and the Golden section" now leads to a page where you can download it as a free full-text pdf. He talks all about the mathematics of spirals, and gets on to the Nautilus on page 79.
- April 11, 2010 at 4:16 AM
- Roberto said...
Maybe we should start referring to these patterns in nature as "FIBonnacci" or how about "FIBBIN'acci"?
Thanks again for the journey, Jim; and thanks to Briggs, Extremo and the others for your vigilance. Does anyone know where I can get a 'flaws and deviations measuring device'?
Empirically yours –RQ.
- April 11, 2010 at 12:39 PM


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Illinois Supreme Court upholds pension in Chicago torture case
CHICAGO — An imprisoned former Chicago police commander accused of overseeing the torture of dozens of men — almost all of them black — to coerce confessions will keep his pension of more than $3,000 a month, under a decision Thursday by the Illinois Supreme Court.
The justices ruled 4-3 that Illinois Attorney General Lisa Madigan cannot challenge a police pension board vote preserving the payments to former police lieutenant Jon Burge. The court said allowing the challenge would be a "fundamental change" to the state's pension process.
Madigan lashed out at the ruling, saying she was "extremely disappointed" in the decision to "allow a torturer and convicted felon to receive his taxpayer-funded pension."
Mayor Rahm Emanuel agreed, saying in a statement that to "see the taxpayer dollars flow to a felon whose perjury conviction was directly related to the abuse of his city police position is offensive to every Chicago resident."
Madigan's office later said it was trying to determine whether there were any further legal arguments it could make. But those likely would have to be made in state court, Madigan's spokeswoman Maura Possley said, because there are no issues of federal or constitutional law.
Burge, perhaps the Chicago police force's most infamous officer, is serving a 4½ year sentence in federal prison after being convicted of perjury in connection with testimony he gave in a civil case involving torture allegations.
More than 100 men have accused Burge and the officers under his command of shocking, suffocating and beating them into giving false confessions during the 1970s and 1980s. The decorated former commander, now 66, has never been criminally charged with abuse.
The scandal has dogged the city for decades - in large part because of multimillion dollar settlements that the City Council has approved, each one accompanied by angry comments by aldermen about the fact that the city is forced to pay Burge's pension.
All told, the scandal has cost the city more than $100 million. Much of that money has gone to settle lawsuits of men who spent decades in prison after confessing to crimes they did not commit. But because the Burge and his men were city employees, the city has had to pay for their legal representation and added to that, the city has paid millions of dollars more in pensions to Burge and the other officers who have been implicated and must continue to do so the rest of their lives.
"It's very disturbing," said Flint Taylor, who has represented more than a dozen men who alleged they were tortured by Burge's squad. "There's something terribly wrong with ... Burge and all his confederates continuing to collect their pensions."
Burge has been receiving his pension since about four years after he was fired from the police department in 1993 over the mistreatment of a suspect. David Kugler, an attorney for the police pension board, said Burge's original pension of more than $3,000 has certainly gone up because of cost-of-living increases, but he did not know the exact amount Burge receives today.
But after he his 2010 conviction in federal court, the police pension board held a hearing to decide whether Burge should be allowed to keep collecting his pension. In January 2011, a motion was made to terminate his pension, but it failed on a 4-4 vote because five votes were needed to pass it.
Madigan then filed the lawsuit, saying the pension board shouldn't have let Burge keep his pension given his conviction. Burge's supporters say the conviction involved testimony he gave after he retired, not while he was on duty.
Even the state Supreme Court, while saying the law clearly does not give Madigan the authority to "contest every administrative decision made" by the Chicago police officer's retirement board, seemed to sympathize.
"This opinion should not be read, in any way, as diminishing the seriousness of Burge's actions," the court said in concluding its opinion.
Madigan's office suggested that state legislators should change the law so the attorney general has the authority to challenge a pension such as the one being paid Burge.
"The state should not be in a predicament where a felon whose crime was related to his job is receiving a pension," it said in a statement. "It's a complete injustice."

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Reflective-Insulation and Radiant-Barrier Systems
A reflective-insulation system consists of a low-e surface, like aluminum, which is installed facing an enclosed air space. Enclosed air typically has an R-value of about R-1 per inch, but by reducing the radiant-heat transfer through the air space, the R-value can be increased to over R-4 per inch.
When discussing home insulation, the products that come to mind for most insulation professionals are fiberglass, cellulose, and foam—products designed to prevent convective heat transfer by trapping the air, and to prevent conductive heat transfer by using materials that have low thermal conductivity. Reflective-insulation products, on the other hand, are specifically designed to prevent far-infrared radiant-heat transfer.
Most building materials, including insulation, readily absorb and re-emit radiant heat at about 80–90%, giving them an emittance value of 0.8–0.9. Reflective insulation, on the other hand, typically has a surface that absorbs and re-emits only 5% of the radiant heat, giving it an emittance value of 0.05.
Since all radiant heat that is not reflected from an opaque surface is absorbed by the surface, a material's reflectance is often expressed instead of its emittance, but for opaque materials, these two properties must add to a value of unity, so that an opaque product with an emittance of 0.05 must have a reflectance of 0.95.
How Does Reflective Insulation Work?
The most common reflective-insulation wall systems include a combination of mass insulation (like a batt) and a reflective material facing a small, enclosed air space. If the distance between surfaces is small enough (on the order of 3/8 inch), a reflective insulation can be more effective than batt insulation, but it may have a lower effectiveness in a larger space, especially when the direction of heat flow is up or horizontal, (where convection can be a major factor in overall heat transfer). When the direction of heat transfer is down, convection is less of a factor, and radiation plays a larger role in the overall transfer of heat.
Exact reflective-insulation system R-values can be found in a table in chapter 26 of the 2013 ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals for reference, but manufacturers of reflective-insulation products provide the R-value for each product and system (for each direction of heat flow) on their fact sheet. Consult the manufacturer for the R-value for your specific system.
What Is a Radiant-Barrier System?
There are some applications in a home where it would be beneficial to reduce the heat transfer across open spaces where the space is vented or exposed to open air, as in an attic or crawl space. In these applications, a reflective surface will still reduce the heat transfer across the space by reducing radiant-heat transfer across the open space. These open systems are referred to as radiant-barrier systems.
A radiant-barrier system is most commonly used for attics in warm climates, because it effectively works like a shade tree, protecting the ceiling insulation from heat that would otherwise radiate downward from the hot roof heated by the sun. Because it's impossible to measure an R-value where there is no defined closed air space, a radiant- barrier system technically doesn't have an R-value. By effectively eliminating the radiant-heat transfer from the hot roof, the temperature of the attic space may be reduced by 20 0F or more on very sunny hot days. There are energy-related benefits. Ducts located in the attic don't gain as much heat from the attic air, so the A/C doesn't have to work as hard; an HVAC air handler located in the attic will have a reduced run time; and the insulation on the attic floor is under a reduced heat load. There are also nonenergy-related benefits. Any storage kept in the attic will be better preserved due to lower attic temperatures; and the whole house will feel more comfortable because less heat will be emitted from the ceiling down to the living space.
Examples of Radiant-Barrier Systems
Figure 1 shows cross-sections of three typical 2 x 4 walls, one with traditional such as fiberglass batt insulation, and two with reflective-insulation systems.
Wall A is filled with traditional batt insulation. As the sun's rays strike the wall, the heat is absorbed and quickly conducts until it reaches the insulation batt, which is less conductive. The combination of the low-conductive fibers and the small air spaces significantly slows the rate of heat transfer, and this resistance is what is referred to as R-value. The R-value of a typical 3½-inch batt is R-11–R-15. Wall B has a reflective surface between the wall studs instead of a batt, creating a reflective-insulation system. As the sun's rays hit the wall, the heat conducts to the cavity as it did before, but this time there is an air space in the cavity. Since heat can't conduct well through air space, two things happen. One, the air adjacent to the hot surface heats up, and that hot air rises and circulates; and two, the heat is emitted by long-wave radiation across the air space. With the cavity properly sealed and with the size of the air spaces reduced, the air movement is limited; and with a reflective surface, 95% of the radiant heat is reflected rather than absorbed by the low-e material.
Although this system works differently than batt insulation, the exact resistance of the reflective-insulation system can be calculated, and an R-value determined, in a similar way. With this same 3½- inch cavity divided into two spaces by a reflective surface, the system has an R-value of R-5. Higher R-value for reflective insulation can be achieved by making the air spaces smaller, to limit the convective air movement.
Wall C is an extreme example of a reflective-insulation system. The same 3½-inch cavity is subdivided into seven air spaces of ½ inch each. With air spaces this small, convective air movement is reduced, and two reflective surfaces share each air space, which further improves the resistance of each air space. Using the calculated R-value tables from the ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals, the R-value of this system would be R-18. While six layers of aluminum foil or thin metalized film are still inexpensive, this particular system is impractical because of the labor involved in installing six layers.
Figure 2 illustrates a cross-section of a similar 3½-inch cavity with the heat flow down. Instead of a wall, let's say this is a sealed roof cavity in a warm climate or a sealed crawl space cavity in a cool climate.
Cavity A still consists of a traditional insulation batt, and because this type of insulation functions primarily to reduce conductive heat transfer, it is still an R-11–R-15 construction. The way the insulation works has not changed with the direction of heat flow.
Cavity B, however, is now operating at a much higher efficiency. As we saw above, this reflective-insulation system achieved a lower R-value because convective air currents were circulating the air in the wall cavity. This time, the direction of heat transfer is down and convection is reduced, so reducing the radiation transfer results in a larger R-value. Since radiation plays a bigger role in heat transfer in this direction, the reflective insulation system is able to resist a higher heat load. By simply changing the direction of heat flow, we have increased the insulation value of this system to R-12.5.
Cavity C now becomes even less practical. Since the main reason for creating multiple small air spaces was to reduce the convective air currents, the system becomes almost irrelevant. If the cavity is divided into seven small air spaces with reflective insulation, the R-value is still just R-18, and the only reason for any improvement at all is that we still have multiple reflective surfaces sharing an air space.
How Do Radiant-Barrier Systems Work Without R-value?
In an attic system in a hot climate, for example, a low-e surface can be installed under the roof. As the sun heats up the roof, the roof tries to re-emit that heat. The radiant barrier prevents the radiant heat from reaching the attic and ceiling insulation below, reducing heat transfer to the living space below. As cooler outside air is brought in through ventilation, the attic air temperature is normally maintained within a few degrees of the outdoor air temperature.
The energy-related benefits are very easy to quantify, despite the fact that a radiant- barrier system doesn't add an R-value to the insulation. Major universities and government-funded laboratories have conducted numerous studies on the improvement in HVAC efficiency and heat load reductions in attics with radiant barriers.
In the summer of 2008, Appalachian State University used side-by-side test houses in Charlotte, North Carolina—the Bellmont and the Parkwood—to evaluate the performance of typical houses with and without attic radiant barriers. The Parkwood has blown cellulose insulation on the attic floor. The Belmont started with fiberglass on the attic floor. The fiberglass was removed so the attic could be air-sealed around penetrations and weather stripped. Then the original fiberglass was put back in place on the attic floor and the radiant barrier installed. Thirty temperature sensors were placed in each house, and four Omnisense sensors were placed in each HVAC system.
After the radiant barrier was installed in the Bellmont, the peak attic temperature was reduced by 23°F, the peak HVAC run time was reduced by 20%, and the efficiency of the cooling air delivered through the ducts during peak temperatures improved by 57%.
Testing from Oak Ridge National Laboratory, working in conjunction with DOE, has evaluated over the course of about 25 years the benefits of radiant-barrier systems. In one study, researchers looked at three unoccupied houses, one as the control and two with radiant-barrier systems installed in different attic configurations. They concluded that an attic radiant barrier can save up to 17% of cooling energy in the summer and up to 10% of space- heating energy in the winter. These savings are attributable a number of factors, including the exact placement of the radiant barrier, the efficiency of the ductwork and HVAC, the level of existing insulation, and the climate where the radiant barrier is installed.
In fact, Energy Star requires a radiant barrier in the attic for the prescriptive path in the Energy Star Certified Homes program. This applies to all houses in southern climates with more than 10 feet of ductwork in an unconditioned attic. For a radiant barrier to qualify for the program, Energy Star requires a maximum emittance of 0.1 and a minimum reflectance of 0.9. While most radiant-barrier products meet this standard, you may need to consult the product label or the manufacturer's fact sheet to ensure that the product you purchase qualifies.
Where Do Reflective Insulation and Radiant-Barrier Systems Work Best?
The reason that Energy Star does not require a radiant barrier for attics in cooler climates is that in winter, in those climates, the direction of heat flow would be mostly up and the heat from inside the house would be rising to escape. A radiant- barrier system is subject to the same convective heat transfer as a reflective-insulation system. Radiant-barrier systems do not consist of enclosed or sealed air spaces, and air is free to enter and exit the system. Typically radiant-barrier systems consist of large open spaces, such as an attic or a vented crawl space, rather than the few inches or sometimes fractions of an inch, that make up closed reflective- insulation systems. Because radiant-barrier systems consist of open spaces and have moving air, the effects of convection can be greater in these spaces than they are in the smaller, enclosed cavities typical of reflective-insulation systems.
Because convection plays a larger role in an open, vented space like an attic, the difference in direction of heat flow is even more pronounced. For this reason, an attic radiant barrier will offer greater overall reduction in heat transfer across the attic in warm climates in summer, where heat flow is down, than in cold climates in winter, where heat flow is up. A home in a cold climate can still benefit from a radiant barrier in an attic, but the resulting energy savings will be less significant. In some cases, the savings may be negligible. It may be wiser for a homeowner to install a radiant barrier in a floor or crawl space, where the space is smaller and the heat flow could still be down, to better prevent heat loss.
With reflective-insulation systems, manufacturers must disclose the R-values achieved by using their product in certain defined air spaces in all directions of heat flow, and those values will apply in all climates. Installers just need to apply the R-value that represents their specific application.
learn more
Get additional information on radiant barriers from DOE.
Exact reflective insulation system R-values can be found in American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers. 2009 ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals, Chapter 26, Table 1 on page 26.1and Table 3 on page 26.3. Atlanta, Georgia, ASHRAE, 2009.
Studies on the improvement in HVAC efficiency and heat load reductions in attics with radiant barriers:
Davis, B. Radiant Barrier Impact on Selected Building Performance Measurements. Charlotte, North Carolina: Appalachian State University, 2008.
Mixon, W. R., et al. An Overview of the Building Energy Retrofit Research Program. Fourth Symposium on Improving Building Systems in Hot and Humid Climates. Oak Ridge, Tennessee: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1987.
Although radiant barriers are most often placed in the attic of a house, there are other places—for example, exterior walls—where radiant-barrier and reflective-insulation products can conserve energy. Radiant-barrier products are available in the form of a breathable house wrap, facing an air space created behind brick or siding, or on the interior side of an exterior wall. Other products for interior use have a lower perm rating but can still transmit vapor, while others are solid vapor retarders. Florida Solar Energy Center found that radiant-barrier wraps applied to an exterior wall were effective as thermal barriers on sun-bearing walls in hot climates. However this application did not perform well in cold climates, because blocking the incoming solar heat was counterproductive. Only the interior-applied reflective systems were equally effective in both climates, with R-values of R-5 to R-6.
If you are considering installing one of these products, consult the manufacturer to get the product specifications. These include perm rating or breathability, resistance to fungus and mildew growth, fire and smoke ratings, and other ASTM test requirements. Then consult your local code official to see what the requirements are for your specific application. In wall and ceiling applications high-perm products may be required for certain climates, and specific configurations and vapor retarders may be required for others. Be sure to follow the installation instructions provided by the manufacturer.
Reflective insulation, however, is used for a wide variety of applications in all directions of heat flow, and is recommended for all climates, since the R-value is not dependent on climate. R-value already takes into account variables like the direction of heat flow, the size of the air space, and the difference in temperature drop between inside and outside a building envelope. When deciding which type of insulation to install on your project, all you have to do is compare the R-values, and you'll know which one will perform best.
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Bell's Palsy
- :kidshealth.org
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Bell's palsy is a rare illness that causes a problem with the nerves in a person's face. This nerve trouble can paralyze one side of the face and make the person look different because that one side is frozen or droopy. The condition might cause pain and it might make the person feel uncomfortable about his or her appearance.
Only a small number of kids get Bell's palsy (say: pol-zee), and not many grownups get it, either. For those who do get it, the good news is that usually goes away on its own.
What Is Bell's Palsy?
Bell's palsy weakens or paralyzes the muscles on one side of the face. When something is paralyzed, it can't move, so half of the person's face might look stiff or droopy. The paralysis does not last forever, but someone who has it will have trouble moving one side of his or her face.
Bell's palsy can develop over a matter of days. Because it can happen suddenly, someone might think the problem is a stroke — when a blood vessel in the brain gets clogged or bursts. Like Bell's palsy, a stroke can paralyze a person's face. But Bell's palsy is caused by nerve trouble and isn't as serious as a stroke. Bell's palsy can be scary, but it usually doesn't last long and goes away without treatment.
Bell's palsy was named after a Scottish doctor, Sir Charles Bell, who studied the two facial nerves that direct how the face moves. You have one facial nerve for each side of your face. These nerves send messages from the brain to the face. Through these messages, the facial nerves control the muscles of your face, forehead, and neck.
Facial nerves control the expressions you make — like raising your eyebrows, squeezing your eyes shut, or smiling. Each facial nerve starts in the brain, goes through the skull in a narrow tube of bone, and exits the skull behind the ear. From there, it splits into smaller branches of nerves that attach to the muscles of the face, neck, and ear. Other small nerve branches run to the glands that make saliva, the glands that make tears, and the front of the tongue.
Remember that narrow tube of bone that holds the facial nerve? When the facial nerve is infected or damaged, it swells up and presses against the inside of that bony tube. The nerve gets squashed, and it can't send signals to the muscles in the face, the salivary glands, or the tongue anymore. This problem paralyzes the face and then the person has Bell's palsy.
What Causes Bell's Palsy?
Most doctors believe Bell's palsy can be caused by anything that irritates the facial nerve. Sometimes its cause is unknown, but most of the time a virus causes Bell's palsy. Another cause, especially in kids and teens who live near wooded areas, is Lyme disease. And a few women develop Bell's palsy while they're pregnant.
Other things that may bring on Bell's palsy include:
injury, like getting hit really hard in the face
the flu or a bad cold
ear infections
the virus that causes cold sores (herpes simplex)
About 40,000 people in the United States develop Bell's palsy each year. There's no foolproof way to prevent it, but regular hand washing is a smart step because it can prevent the spread of viruses.
What Are the Symptoms of Bell's Palsy?
Symptoms may come on all at once or show up bit by bit over a few days. Usually, they reach their worst point within a few days. After that, someone with Bell's palsy can look forward to getting better in a couple of weeks.
Symptoms of Bell's palsy may include:
twitching, weakness, or stiffness on one side of the face
half of the face drooping (especially one corner of the mouth)
trouble closing one eye
dryness in one eye
difficulty speaking, eating, or drinking
pain behind or in front of one ear
loss of taste at affected parts of the tongue
changes in the amount of saliva in the mouth
hearing sounds louder in one ear
How Is It Diagnosed?
Doctors often can diagnose Bell's palsy by just looking at the person because the face has a certain look. To be sure, the doctor might do tests like an MRI or CT scan, which take pictures of the inside of the head, to make sure nothing else is causing the facial weakness.
Sometimes a neurologist (say: nyoo-ral-uh-jist) — a doctor who focuses on how the nervous system works — will do a test called electromyography (say: eh-lek-troh-my-ah-grah-fee) or EMG. An EMG can show how well the face's muscles are receiving signals from the facial nerve. The neurologist may do another test to check for nerve damage.
How Is It Treated?
Because the facial nerve often repairs itself, doctors usually just help the person deal with the symptoms until they get better. It's rare that a doctor would do surgery for Bell's palsy. Instead, he or she might prescribe medicine to reduce the swelling or fight the virus to help speed up recovery.
Massages can keep the facial muscles stretchy so that they can bounce back quickly once the nerve heals. Someone with Bell's palsy will likely need eye drops (and maybe an eye patch) for a while. A few people might have continuing problems with one eye, their sinuses, or facial muscles, but most people make a full recovery. The symptoms may go away suddenly or get better a little bit each day.
Living With Bell's Palsy
While a person has it, Bell's palsy can be tough to deal with. A kid might be upset about looking different than usual, or angry or sad that this happened to him or her. And patience is needed because of various doctor appointments. Then even more patience is needed while the kid waits for the problem to get better.
What should a kid do while waiting to get better? Follow the usual good advice: Get rest and eat good-for-you foods. Your mom or dad can help you treat problems, such as needing eye drops. Most of the time, Bell's palsy doesn't last long so you'll be looking and feeling like yourself again soon.
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UF considering $50 million makeover for O'Connell Center
The University of Florida's O'Connell Center might get a $50 million makeover, with the university paying a chunk of the cost.
UF trustees are expected to vote next week on whether the university should pay $10 million of the price tag, with the athletic association seeking donations to cover the rest. The arena's renovation is expected to include all new seating, club space, a new entrance, and more concessions and shops.
UF Chief Financial Officer Matt Fajack said the exact source of the university's $10 million contribution hasn't been determined, but it wouldn't be coming from tuition and state operating funds. UF would contribute because the center is used for student activities as well as athletics, he said.
"There are a number of educational activities that happen in the O'Connell Center," Fajack said. "It's not all just (University Athletic Association) activity."
The center, named after late UF president and Florida Supreme Court Justice Stephen C. O'Connell, was built in 1980 and has undergone a number of renovations over the years.
In addition to hosting sports such as basketball, volleyball and gymnastics, the center is used for concerts, commencement and other events.
A committee of trustees discussed the renovation project Thursday during a conference-call meeting. Trustee Alan Levine said he wanted the board to be kept in the loop if a donor was being considered to be part of the center's name to help fund the project.
"We don't want to have controversy around it, as we've had with some other namings," he said.
UF spokeswoman Janine Sikes said the project is still in the conceptual stage and that there are "absolutely no plans" to change the center's name. Ideas for the renovation include replacing retractable bleachers on the floor with permanent seating and adding club seating and boxes. The building's infrastructure would be upgraded and audio-visual systems added.
The project's timeline would be based on the success of fundraising. Levine said he wanted to make sure that if a donor was considered to share billing with O'Connell's name or be put on the outside of the center, that trustees knew before being asked to take a vote.
Levine said it has been discovered in the past after namings were announced that other donors were willing to contribute more than was ultimately given had they known naming rights were being considered, but he didn't provide specifics.
"I know many people who have withheld contributions to the university because of some past namings that were done," he said.
A number of universities have named courts of basketball arenas after former coaches or corporate donors while retaining longtime names for the arena as a whole. UF's football stadium is called Ben Hill Griffin Stadium at Florida Field, incorporating the name of the late citrus magnate and university benefactor while retaining the field's original title.
A Gator football complex that is part of the stadium is named after Full Sail University CEO James W. "Bill" Heavener, whose name also will adorn a new business building.
Trustee Al Warrington — the namesake of UF's business college — said he expected the university would address namings for the center in a similar way as the stadium.
"Obviously we don't want anything to take away from the O'Connell Center ... I've got to believe it will be done with a lot more finesse as we have done stuff in the stadium and several other projects, so that nobody gets embarrassed," he said.
Contact Nathan Crabbe at 338-3176 or email@example.com. Follow him on Twitter at twitter.com/nathancrabbe.


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1. Microsoft warns of attackers targeting Word users Microsoft
warning that attackers are hacking through a security hole in Microsoft Word 2010 and Microsoft Outlook. If a user opens a rich text format (RTF) file, or previews a RTF email in Outlook, the attacker uses the vulnerability to 'gain the same user rights as the current user.' Read more:
Microsoft: 0Day exploit targeting Word, Outlook
(KrebsOnSecurity) 2. If you're in college, you get a deal on a Spotify subscription
is playing into two weaknesses of most college students – the lack of money and a love for music. Starting now, Spotify is cutting its monthly membership price in half from, $10 to $5, for students enrolled in four-year or two-year colleges. The offer is good for up to four years, but beware: Spotify
enrollment. Read more:
Spotify pitches college kids: Half off subscriptions while you're in school
(re/code) 3. If you're still on vinyl – you can Shazam the album
, the popular music identification app, can now listen to your vinyl albums. In a partnership with Juno, a store for electronic dance music, 4 million downloadable songs and new vinyl releases will be added to the Shazam database. Read more:
(C|Net) 4. You can build a house with this app Well, at least you can get the measurements.
creates floor plans and calculates measurements from the palm of your hand. How does it work? Install the app, then tap your phone against each wall and walk to your next target. The app will build the floor plan based on your directions. Read more:
RoomScan app creates floor plans just by tapping walls
(C|Net) 5. Fitbit software will come automatically on the HTC One Rather than shop around for fitness trackers in the Google Play Store, Android users will now have
apps automatically installed on their
phones. Users then have the option to use the software as a standalone on the phone or buy an additional Fitbit tracker. Read more:
Fitbit partnership with HTC gives it a leg up in the fitness tracking space
Join the Conversation
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The Buy American Act is a complex government regulation which could require legal assistance to understand fully. The simplest answer is that, in order to participate in a government or public works project, the materials and finished goods you source must be manufactured in the U.S. or, if the dollar value of the contract is high enough, one of 70+ foreign countries with which the U.S. has a trade agreement.
62 1/2" flexible stainless steel hose, 7/8-20 UN female outlet and 3/4-14 UN female inlet. Certified to ASME A112.18.1/CSA B125.1, NSF 61-Section 9 and NSF 372.
WARNING: This product can expose you to chemicals including Lead, Chromium (hexavalent compounds) and Phthalates (DEHP) which are known to the State of California to cause cancer and birth defects or other reproductive harm.
For more information, please go to www.P65Warnings.ca.gov.
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The Seljuks and their Successors
For some time, the Ghaznavids had allowed nomads from the Turkic Oghuz clan to graze cattle on their Central Asian lands. But when the nomads moved down into Khorasan, it came to an armed conflict in which the Ghaznavids were defeated in battle. This was the beginning of the Seljuk Empire. Under the leadership of two brothers, Toghril Beg and Chaghri Beg, the Seljuks soon conquered Khorasan from the Ghaznavids, and Toghril Beg continued into Buyid Iraq and took Baghdad in 1055. Within a short time, the Seljuk Empire extended from Central Asia to Syria and parts of Anatolia, but in the course of the second half of the 12th century, it already began to fall apart. True to the Turkic-Mongol tradition of inheritance, the territory was divided among members of the family, creating local dynasties. In addition, the unassimilated Oghuz nomads refused to submit to the state and revolted against it. From the northeast, the Khwarazm Shahs finally overran the remains of the realm and killed the last Seljuk sultan in 1194. A number of minor dynasties emerged briefly from the ruins of the Seljuk Empire, until the Mongols once again united the region toward the middle of the 13th century.
The Seljuk Empire was organized after Persian models, with a state administration of Persian civil servants headed by a vizier. The army was made up of many nationalities, but the commanders were Turks. The religious class had either a Persian or an Arab background. The Sunni Muslims' religious leader, the caliph, had lived in Baghdad under the dominance of the Shia Muslim Buyids. Now the Seljuks were able to acclaim themselves the power that had reestablished Sunnism in Islam's heartland. The Seljuks' own base was in Iran, where the cities of Nishapur, Rayy, and Isfahan were the most important political and cultural centers. The Seljuks promoted the new religious orthodoxy with a grandiose program to build madrasas (Koran schools), which were also intended to counter the influence of their main political opponent, the Shia Muslim Fatimids in Egypt.
A number of new artistic techniques and forms of expression were developed under the Seljuks. In ceramics, highly detailed motifs were created in underglaze painting, lustre decorations, and polychrome painting (minai). Metal objects were also decorated with fine inlays of silver and gold. Figurative motifs were among those used in Seljuk art. Depictions of men and women are frequent, and their high cheekbones and almond-shaped eyes reflect the Turkic and Mongol ethnic type. Many elements from Seljuk art lived on in Iran long after the Seljuks ceased to be a political factor.


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"The backs of my legs will not lose the 'cottage cheese' look to them! I exercise every day for at least 30 minutes. What else can I do to make my legs look normal and toned?"
Krystal, 22, Clearwater, FL
It sounds like you have cellulite — that dimpling of the skin commonly seen on the thighs, hips, and buttocks. Although excess fat makes cellulite more noticeable, even thin people can have cellulite. Cellulite is more common in girls and women, and tends to run in families, so it might not be in your control to completely eliminate it. There are no miracle cures, but to reduce the appearance of the cottage cheese look, you want to tone your legs and lose excess body fat if you are overweight.
You can start by boosting your cardio from 30 minutes to 60 minutes every day. Then try incorporating strength training into your routine three days a week. This strength training can focus on the areas you really want to tone, like your legs. Doing simple and effective exercises like hamstring extensions, lunges, squats, and leg raises can help tone muscles while burning calories. If you are overweight, don't forget that working out alone isn't the key to losing excess fat — you will also need to watch what you eat.


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Download and print this quiz as a worksheet. You can modify it to fit your needs before you download.
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The display and use of drug information on this site is subject to express terms of use. By continuing to view the drug information, you agree to abide by such terms of use.
GENERIC NAME: MOXIFLOXACIN - INJECTION (mox-i-FLOX-a-sin)
BRAND NAME(S): Avelox
Warning | Medication Uses | How To Use | Side Effects | Precautions | Drug Interactions | Overdose | Notes | Missed Dose | Storage
WARNING: This medication may rarely cause tendon damage (such as tendonitis, tendon rupture) during or after treatment. Your risk for tendon problems is greater if you are over 60 years of age, if you are taking corticosteroids (such as prednisone), or if you have a kidney, heart, or lung transplant. Stop exercising, rest, and get medical help right away if you develop joint/muscle/tendon pain or swelling.
Moxifloxacin should not be used by patients with myasthenia gravis. It may cause the condition to become worse. Get medical help right away if you develop muscle weakness or trouble breathing.
USES: This medication is used to treat a variety of bacterial infections. Moxifloxacin belongs to a class of drugs called quinolone antibiotics. It works by stopping the growth of bacteria. Moxifloxacin injection is used when you cannot take the medication by mouth.
HOW TO USE: Read the Medication Guide and, if available, the Patient Information Leaflet provided by your pharmacist before you start using moxifloxacin and each time you get a refill. If you have any questions, ask your doctor or pharmacist.This medication is given by injection into a vein as directed by your doctor, usually once daily. Do not inject into the skin or muscle. Give this medication over at least 60 minutes. Your heartbeat may increase if the medication is given too fast. If you feel dizzy, tell your health care professional right away.The dosage and length of treatment are based on your condition and response to treatment. As soon as you are able to take medications by mouth, your doctor will switch you to an antibiotic that is taken by mouth.If you are using this medication at home, learn all preparation and usage instructions from your health care professional. Before using, check this product visually for particles or discoloration. If either is present, do not use the liquid. Learn how to store and discard medical supplies safely.Drink plenty of fluids while using this medication unless your doctor directs you otherwise. If you are unable to take fluids by mouth, you will be given fluids through a vein.Antibiotics work best when the amount of medicine in your body is kept at a constant level. Therefore, use this drug at evenly spaced intervals.Continue to use this medication until the full prescribed amount is finished, even if symptoms disappear after a few days. Stopping the medication too early may result in a return of the infection.Tell your doctor if your condition persists or worsens.
SIDE EFFECTS: See also Warning section.Pain/redness/swelling at the injection site, nausea, diarrhea, headache, weakness, dizziness, lightheadedness, or trouble sleeping may occur. If any of these effects persist or worsen, tell your doctor or pharmacist promptly.Remember that your doctor has prescribed this medication because he or she has judged that the benefit to you is greater than the risk of side effects. Many people using this medication do not have serious side effects.Tell your doctor right away if you have any serious side effects, including: unusual bruising/bleeding, signs of a new infection (such as new/persistent fever, persistent sore throat), unusual change in the amount of urine, signs of liver problems (such as unusual tiredness, stomach/abdominal pain, persistent nausea/vomiting, yellowing eyes/skin, dark urine).Get medical help right away if you have any very serious side effects, including: severe/persistent headache, vision changes, shaking (tremors), seizures, severe dizziness, fainting, fast/irregular heartbeat, mental/mood changes (such as nervousness, confusion, hallucinations, depression, rare thoughts of suicide).Use of this medication for prolonged or repeated periods may result in oral thrush or a new vaginal yeast infection. Contact your doctor if you notice white patches in your mouth, a change in vaginal discharge, or other new symptoms.Rarely, this medication may cause serious, possibly permanent, nerve problems (peripheral neuropathy). Stop taking moxifloxacin and tell your doctor right away if you have any of the following symptoms: pain/numbness/burning/tingling/weakness in your arms, hands, legs, or feet, changes in how you sense touch/pain/temperature/vibration/body position.This medication may rarely cause a severe intestinal condition (Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea) due to a type of resistant bacteria. This condition may occur during treatment or weeks to months after treatment has stopped. Tell your doctor right away if you develop: persistent diarrhea, abdominal or stomach pain/cramping, blood/mucus in your stool.Do not use anti-diarrhea products or narcotic pain medications if you have any of these symptoms because these products may make them worse.A very serious allergic reaction to this drug is rare. However, get medical help right away if you notice any symptoms of a serious allergic reaction, including: rash, itching/swelling (especially of the face/tongue/throat), severe dizziness, trouble breathing.This is not a complete list of possible side effects. If you notice other effects not listed above, contact your doctor or pharmacist.In the US -Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.In Canada - Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to Health Canada at 1-866-234-2345.
PRECAUTIONS: See also Warning section.Before using moxifloxacin, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are allergic to it; or to other quinolone antibiotics (such as ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin); or if you have any other allergies. This product may contain inactive ingredients, which can cause allergic reactions or other problems. Talk to your pharmacist for more details.Before using this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist your medical history, especially of: diabetes, heart problems (such as recent heart attack), joint/tendon problems (such as tendonitis, bursitis), liver disease, myasthenia gravis, nerve problems (such as peripheral neuropathy), seizure disorder, conditions that increase your risk of seizures (such as brain/head injury, brain tumors, cerebral atherosclerosis).Moxifloxacin may cause a condition that affects the heart rhythm (QT prolongation). QT prolongation can infrequently result in serious (rarely fatal) fast/irregular heartbeat and other symptoms (such as severe dizziness, fainting) that need medical attention right away.The risk of QT prolongation may be increased if you have certain medical conditions or are taking other drugs that may cause QT prolongation. Before using moxifloxacin, tell your doctor or pharmacist of all the drugs you take and if you have any of the following conditions: certain heart problems (heart failure, slow heartbeat, QT prolongation in the EKG), family history of certain heart problems (QT prolongation in the EKG, sudden cardiac death).Low levels of potassium or magnesium in the blood may also increase your risk of QT prolongation. This risk may increase if you use certain drugs (such as diuretics/"water pills") or if you have conditions such as severe sweating, diarrhea, or vomiting. Talk to your doctor about using moxifloxacin safely.This medication may rarely cause serious changes in blood sugar levels, especially if you have diabetes. Watch for symptoms of high blood sugar including increased thirst and urination. Also watch for symptoms of low blood sugar such as sudden sweating, shaking, fast heartbeat, hunger, blurred vision, dizziness, or tingling hands. Check your blood sugar regularly as directed by your doctor and report any changes. If you experience symptoms of low blood sugar, you may raise your blood sugar by using glucose tablets/gel or eating a quick source of sugar such as table sugar, honey, or candy, or drink fruit juice or non-diet soda. Tell your doctor immediately about the reaction and the use of this product. To help prevent low blood sugar, eat meals on a regular schedule, and do not skip meals. Your doctor may need to switch you to another antibiotic or adjust your diabetes medications if any reaction occurs.This drug may make you dizzy. Do not drive, use machinery, or do any activity that requires alertness until you are sure you can perform such activities safely. Limit alcoholic beverages.This medication may make you more sensitive to the sun. Avoid prolonged sun exposure, tanning booths, and sunlamps. Use a sunscreen and wear protective clothing when outdoors. Other medications (such as tretinoin-mequinol) may increase your sun sensitivity. Ask your doctor or pharmacist for more details.Moxifloxacin may cause live bacterial vaccines (such as typhoid vaccine) not to work as well. Therefore, do not have any immunizations/vaccinations while using this medication without the consent of your doctor.Before having surgery, tell your doctor or dentist about all the products you use (including prescription drugs, nonprescription drugs, and herbal products).Children may be more sensitive to the side effects of this drug, especially joint/tendon problems.Older adults may be more sensitive to the side effects of this drug, such as tendon problems (especially if they are also taking corticosteroids such as prednisone or hydrocortisone) and QT prolongation (see above).During pregnancy, this medication should be used only when clearly needed. Discuss the risks and benefits with your doctor.It is unknown if this drug passes into breast milk. Consult your doctor before breast-feeding.
SLIDESHOWSee Slideshow
DRUG INTERACTIONS: See also Warning and Precautions sections.Drug interactions may change how your medications work or increase your risk for serious side effects. This document does not contain all possible drug interactions. Keep a list of all the products you use (including prescription/nonprescription drugs and herbal products) and share it with your doctor and pharmacist. Do not start, stop, or change the dosage of any medicines without your doctor's approval.Some products that may interact with this drug include: "blood thinners" (such as acenocoumarol, warfarin), strontium.Many drugs besides moxifloxacin may affect the heart rhythm (QT prolongation), including amiodarone, dofetilide, procainamide, quinidine, sotalol, ziprasidone, among others.Although most antibiotics probably do not affect hormonal birth control such as pills, patch, or ring, some antibiotics may decrease their effectiveness. This could cause pregnancy. Examples include rifamycins such as rifampin or rifabutin. Be sure to ask your doctor or pharmacist if you should use additional reliable birth control methods while using this antibiotic.
OVERDOSE: If overdose is suspected, contact a poison control center or emergency room immediately. US residents can call their local poison control center at 1-800-222-1222. Canada residents can call a provincial poison control center.
NOTES: Laboratory and/or medical tests (such as liver function, complete blood count, blood glucose) should be performed periodically to monitor your progress or check for side effects. Consult your doctor for more details.
MISSED DOSE: For the best possible benefit, it is important to receive each scheduled dose of this medication as directed. If you miss a dose, contact your doctor or pharmacist immediately to establish a new dosing schedule. Do not double the dose to catch up.
STORAGE: Consult the product instructions and your pharmacist for storage details. Keep all medications away from children and pets.Do not flush medications down the toilet or pour them into a drain unless instructed to do so. Properly discard this product when it is expired or no longer needed. Consult your pharmacist or local waste disposal company.
Information last revised August 2013. Copyright(c) 2013 First Databank, Inc.
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From UCLA: Situationist Contributor, Susan Fiske recently spoke at the UCLA Psychology Diversity Science Initiative Lecture Series.
Abstract: Americans are becoming ever more aware of our huge social-class divides, for example in income inequality. Even outside socio-economic status, other forms of status divide us (Fiske, 2011). Status-comparison compels people, even as it stresses, depresses, and divides us. Comparison is only natural, but the collateral damage reveals envy upward and scorn downward, which arguably poison people and their relationships. Based on one of the Stereotype Content Model's two primary dimensions, status/competence, several experiments-using questionnaire, psychometric, response-time, electro-myographic, and neuroimaging data-illustrate the dynamics of envy up and scorn down. All is not lost, however, as other experiments show how to mitigate the effects of envy and scorn.
Initial studies suggest the importance of status, as people value other people by their apparent social status (Cikara, Farnsworth, Harris, & Fiske, 2010). Other data show how scorn down minimizes thought about another's mind; contempt deactivates mentalizing processes (Harris & Fiske, 2006). Turning to envy up, other studies demonstrate that Schadenfreude (malicious joy) targets envied outgroups (Cikara & Fiske, in press-a). However, counter-stereotypic information, empathy, and outcome dependency can mitigate both scorn and envy (Ames & Fiske, under review; Cikara & Fiske, in press-b; Harris & Fiske, 2007).
Related Situationist posts:
- The Situation of Inequality
- Laura Kubzansky on Stress and Resilience
- Ichiro Kawachi on Income Inequality and Population Health
- Malcolm Gladwell on the Situation of Equality Discourse
- The Situation of Inequality
- The Situation of the Inequality Getting Inequalitier
- Susan Fiske's New Book
- The Situational Effects of (In)Equality,
- The Situational Consequences of Poverty on Brains,
- Inequality and the Unequal Situation of Mental and Physical Health,
- The Interior Situation of Intergenerational Poverty,
- Rich Brains, Poor Brains?,
- Perceptions of Income Distribution and Preferences for Redistribution,
- Psychology of Inequality
- The Inherited Situation of Racial Inequality
- Even monkeys know when they're being treated unfairly
- A Discussion about (In)Equality,
- The Interior Situational Reaction to Inequality,
- Tort Law's Distributional Injustice
- Susan Fiske Discusses her Work on Different Types of Prejudices
- The Situation of Objectification
- Women's Situational Bind
- You Shouldn't Stereotype Stereotypes


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The Bonding
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Title :
The Bonding
Series :
The Next Generation
Rating :
Overall Ep :
First Aired :
23 Oct 1989
Stardate :
Director :
Winrich Kolbe
Year :
Writers :
Ronald D. Moore
Season Ep :
x 05
Main Cast :
Brent Spiner
Gates McFadden
Beverly Crusher
Jonathan Frakes
William T. Riker
LeVar Burton
Geordi La Forge
Marina Sirtis
Deanna Troi
Michael Dorn
Worf Rozhenko
Patrick Stewart
Jean-Luc Picard
Wil Wheaton
Wesley Crusher
Guest Cast :
Colm Meaney
Miles Edward O'Brien
Gabriel Damon
Jeremy Aster
Lorine Mendell
Diana Giddings
Susan Powell
Lieutenant Marla Aster
Early in the episode, Troi recommends that Jeremy must not be left alone in the aftermath of his mother's death. Just minutes later we see Jeremy sitting in his quarters all alone, surrounded by mementos of his dead mother!
Great Moment :
Worf's Klingon ceremony when he bonds with Jeremy. This is still very early days for the Klingons in TNG, and it was an interesting look into their culture.
Body Count :
Just one, Marla, and we don't get to see that on screen.
Factoid :
This story reveals that Worf was six years old when his parents were killed, and that Wesley lost his father when he was less than twelve.
This was Ron D. Moore's first Star Trek episode.
The Enterprise-D is investigating an apparently uninhabited planet. The planet was inhabited by a species called the Koinonians, but it is believed that the entire population was killed in a war. Worf leads an away team, but an explosion occurs and one of the team, Lieutenant Marla Aster, is killed.
Her 12 year old son, Jeremy Aster, is aboard the ship. Since his father died when he was a child, Jeremy is now an orphan. Picard orders Geordi to lead another away team to investigate what happened on the surface and goes to see Jeremy along with Troi. Jeremy seems to take the news calmly, but comments that he is now alone - to which Picard replies that nobody is ever truly alone on the Enterprise.
Data and Riker talk about Aster's passing in ten forward. Data admits that he feels more sense of loss over Yar than he does about Aster, and wonders why this should be so. Riker comments that if everybody did feel that way there would probably not be many wars. Worf, meanwhile, is feeling upset over Aster's death and ponders performing a Klingon ritual with Jeremy which will bond the two together for life. Troi is more cautious, but Worf does introduce himself to Jeremy. Dr. Crusher asks Wesley to talk to Jeremy, figuring that he might be of help since he lost his own father.
Back on the bridge, Data detects an energy buildup on the surface of the planet. The energy expands up and out, reaching the ship. Moments later Jeremy is alone in his quarters when his mother appears. She explains that a mistake was made - she's not really dead, and has decided that they will live together on the planet. Worf walks in on the conversation and calls Picard. Aster is intercepted as she leads Jeremy into the transporter room; she explains her plan to take Jeremy, but vanishes when Picard forces Jeremy to leave.
Aster soon returns, transforming her quarters into a replica of her home on Earth for Jeremy. Troi argues with her but she is adamant that she and Jeremy should live on the planet together. Geordi is able to modify the shields to block the energy from the planet, and Aster and the room recreation vanishes. However the block doesn't last long, and soon Aster returns to be with Jeremy despite all efforts to stop her. They shut down the transporters to stop her from taking Jeremy, and Picard talks to Aster. She explains that there were two races of Koinonians, a physical species and an energy species. When the physical beings destroyed themselves in the war, the energy beings swore that they would never let another person be killed on the planet. They were upset over Aster's death, and feel that they owe Jeremy a happy life with a recreation of his mother in recompense.
Picard and the others explain that death and loss is a normal, if sad, part of Human life which Jeremy has to learn to cope with. He points out that if he lived on the planet Jeremy would have no friends, career, or family. Wesley and Worf both confirm that they have lost family and went through bad experiences but were ultimately stronger for them. Worf offers to perform the R'uustai ritual with Jeremy, to make him a member of Worf's house and provide him with a family link. Aster agrees to leave Jeremy with the Enterprise crew, satisfied that they can provide for him better than her people. Worf and Jeremy perform the ritual.
This one really doesn't work for me very much. There really isn't much of a story here - the whole episode could be summed up as "People shouldn't have to deal with death" - "Oh yes they should" - "Oh, okay then." I don't mind an exploration of the implications of loss, and how it's dealt with... but we don't actually really get that here. Jeremy takes the loss calmly, and it seems like they are setting up a story where he's in denial only to break down and admit his grief at the end. Instead, he just keeps on taking it calmly. They play out a story about whether he should deal with loss or not, but that's kind of pointless - obviously he should, everybody should and does. It's kind of a no brainer. And when that point is made the alien leaves and Jeremy simply goes on not reacting at all.
Contrast this to the DS9 pilot, which has a similar theme. In that episode Sisko also has to teach aliens that Humans are a species that has to deal with grief and loss. But they make the point that whilst he talks about this, he is not actually
it - and as a result Sisko breaks down as his grief overwhelms his denial, and he finally begins to actually practice what he preaches. The Bonding talks the same talk, but that's all it does.
© Graham & Ian Kennedy
Page views : 49,046
Last updated : 24 Nov 2014


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Old Rose Embellished Long Sleeve Evening Gown Jovani 04698Regular price $790.00 USD Save Liquid error (product-template line 117): Computation results in '-Infinity'%
- Style Code: 04698
- Available Color: Old Rose
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- Product Type: Evening Dress, Formal Events, Wedding Guest
- Length: Floor-length
- Fabric: 100% Polyester
- Fit: The Model is 5'9" Wearing 3" Heels.
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text:
Ted Ligety wins 3rd gold at alpine ski worlds
American adds giant slalom title to super-G & super-combi wins
Ted Ligety became the first man in 45 years to win three gold medals at an alpine skiing world championships by winning the giant slalom in dominating style on Friday in Schladming, Austria.
The American can match French great Jean-Claude Killy, who earned four golds in 1968, if he also comes first in Sunday's slalom.
If he adds a fourth gold, Ligety's feat would differ from Killy's. The 1968 world titles were awarded to the winners at the Winter Olympics held the same year in Grenoble, France, where Killy swept all three men's events — the downhill, slalom and giant slalom. A separate combined race was not held, but Killy won the gold in that event based on his cumulative times in the downhill and slalom.
"I am super pumped. This is such a cool feeling," Ligety said. "I am glad I've done it."
Defending champion Ligety, who also took the super-G and super-combined titles, built on his big first-run lead to finish in a combined time of 2 minutes, 28.92 seconds.
Marcel Hirscher of Austria came 0.81 behind in second, and Manfred Moelgg of Italy took third, trailing Ligety by 1.75.
The top Canadian was Philip Brown, who finished 35th.
After sunshine in the morning, grey clouds moved in and worsened visibility for the final run. In front of 35,000 visitors, Ligety increased his 1.31-second advantage over Hirscher from the first run to 1.68 before slowing down to avoid further risks.
"I wasn't easy. I took some risks but it was very difficult," Ligety said. "It was pretty dark and bumpy. I had several mistakes but I could afford them being 1.3 ahead."
Ligety is the first American to win two world GS titles, and has equaled Bode Miller's American record of four gold medals at the worlds.
Hirscher, the defending overall World Cup champion, posted the fastest time in the final run to win his second medal of the worlds after taking gold in the team event.
Hirscher hurt his lower back while GS training in nearby Haus on Thursday and had more treatment after his first run.
"Normally you would stay in bed," Hirscher said. "I had only had four or five hours of sleep. My neck also hurts ... it was difficult with the expectations. It was difficult to race and I am extremely happy with silver."
Ligety positioned himself for the victory with another stunning display of GS skiing in the first. The American has dominated the discipline this season by winning four of five World Cup races, mostly with huge time differences.
"I felt like I skied pretty well," Ligety said. "I skied clean the whole way and I was pushing hard and I think other guys maybe didn't ski as well as they normally do. But I felt like I had a solid run."
Aksel Lund Svindal of Norway was second after the opening run but had only the 13th fastest time in the final run and was edged for third place by Moelgg by 0.04.
"Ted is the man," Svindal said in between runs. "He's the best in the world. ... It's not possible to beat Ted, I think."
Hirscher was regarded as Ligety's closest challenger after beating the American in Val d'Isere, France, in December and coming close to doing so again in Adelboden, Switzerland, last month, where the Austrian led until a mistake shortly before the finish.
Austrian coach Andreas Puelacher placed the gates for the first run, but the course set didn't seem to favour Hirscher, who lost the most time to Ligety in the middle section. He trailed the American by 1.43 at one point before slightly reducing his deficit.
A three-time World Cup GS champion, Ligety won his 15th and last World Cup GS race in Adelboden on Jan. 12.
"It's tough when we haven't raced this long in giant slalom." Ligety said. "It kind of takes your edge off. I've just had a good feeling on this hill and snow and I have high confidence, so I think that helps me right now."
With files from CBCSports.ca


text:
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Mercer with the Blessings of Grace
Lamentations 3:22,23: "It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumes, because his compassions fail not.
The are new every morning, great is they faithfulness."
The mercy of God our Father is second to non, His mercy is everlasting, is endless, is compassionate, and passionate. Always ready to forgive.
1 Chronicles 7:14: "If my people, which are called by my name, shall humble themselves, and pray, and seek my face, and turn from their wicked ways, then shall I hear heaven, and will forgive their sin, and will heal their land."
Ezekiel 33:11 "Say unto them, As I live, saith the Lord God, I have no pleasure in the death of the wicked' bt that the wicked turn from his way and live: turn ye, turn ye from your evil waysl for why will ye die, oh house of Israel?
This is all we have to do is turn to God in whatever situation we are in what ever situation we are in, and He, in his mercy, will forgive and be there for us.
Mercy is: Kind, forgiving, compassionate, leniency, clemency, and being merciful towards others. So is God the Father, He is all these things towards us, in his mercy.
King David prays to God in Psalm 57:1 "be merciful unto me, O God, be merciful unto me: for my soul trusteth in thee: yea, in the shadow of they wings will I make my refuge, until these calamities be overpast."
King David chose God to deal with Him, instead of man, when the prophet Nathan came to King David. King David realized that God was much more merciful than man. (2 Samuel 12:1-15)
Psalm 51:1: "…Have mercy upon me, O God, according to they loving kindness: according to themultitude of thy tender mercies blot out my transgressions."
Our god is very m merciful. God is always shooing His mercy to someone, but God expects us to worship Him, in spirit and in truth.
John 4:23 "But the hour cometh, and now is, when the true worshippers shall worship the Father in spirit and in truth: for the Father seeketh such to worship Him."
Romans 2:4: "Or despises thou the riches of his goodness and forbearance and long suffering: not knowing that the goodness of God leadeth thee to repentance."