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submitted by j0j0r0 to ethereum [link] [comments]
Dragonchain Public Proposal TL;DR:Dragonchain has demonstrated twice Reddit's entire total daily volume (votes, comments, and posts per Reddit 2019 Year in Review) in a 24-hour demo on an operational network. Every single transaction on Dragonchain is decentralized immediately through 5 levels of Dragon Net, and then secured with combined proof on Bitcoin, Ethereum, Ethereum Classic, and Binance Chain, via Interchain. At the time, in January 2020, the entire cost of the demo was approximately $25K on a single system (transaction fees locked at $0.0001/txn). With current fees (lowest fee $0.0000025/txn), this would cost as little as $625.
Watch Joe walk through the entire proposal and answer questions on YouTube.
This proposal is also available on the Dragonchain blog.
Hello Reddit and Ethereum community!I'm Joe Roets, Founder & CEO of Dragonchain. When the team and I first heard about The Great Reddit Scaling Bake-Off we were intrigued. We believe we have the solutions Reddit seeks for its community points system and we have them at scale.
For your consideration, we have submitted our proposal below. The team at Dragonchain and I welcome and look forward to your technical questions, philosophical feedback, and fair criticism, to build a scaling solution for Reddit that will empower its users. Because our architecture is unlike other blockchain platforms out there today, we expect to receive many questions while people try to grasp our project. I will answer all questions here in this thread on Reddit, and I've answered some questions in the stream on YouTube.
We have seen good discussions so far in the competition. We hope that Reddit's scaling solution will emerge from The Great Reddit Scaling Bake-Off and that Reddit will have great success with the implementation.
Executive summaryDragonchain is a robust open source hybrid blockchain platform that has proven to withstand the passing of time since our inception in 2014. We have continued to evolve to harness the scalability of private nodes, yet take full advantage of the security of public decentralized networks, like Ethereum. We have a live, operational, and fully functional Interchain network integrating Bitcoin, Ethereum, Ethereum Classic, and ~700 independent Dragonchain nodes. Every transaction is secured to Ethereum, Bitcoin, and Ethereum Classic. Transactions are immediately usable on chain, and the first decentralization is seen within 20 seconds on Dragon Net. Security increases further to public networks ETH, BTC, and ETC within 10 minutes to 2 hours. Smart contracts can be written in any executable language, offering full freedom to existing developers. We invite any developer to watch the demo, play with our SDK's, review open source code, and to help us move forward. Dragonchain specializes in scalable loyalty & rewards solutions and has built a decentralized social network on chain, with very affordable transaction costs. This experience can be combined with the insights Reddit and the Ethereum community have gained in the past couple of months to roll out the solution at a rapid pace.
Response and PoCIn The Great Reddit Scaling Bake-Off post, Reddit has asked for a series of demonstrations, requirements, and other considerations. In this section, we will attempt to answer all of these requests.
Live Demo
A live proof of concept showing hundreds of thousands of transactionsOn Jan 7, 2020, Dragonchain hosted a 24-hour live demonstration during which a quarter of a billion (250 million+) transactions executed fully on an operational network. Every single transaction on Dragonchain is decentralized immediately through 5 levels of Dragon Net, and then secured with combined proof on Bitcoin, Ethereum, Ethereum Classic, and Binance Chain, via Interchain. This means that every single transaction is secured by, and traceable to these networks. An attack on this system would require a simultaneous attack on all of the Interchained networks.
24 hours in 4 minutes (YouTube):
24 hours in 4 minutes
The demonstration was of a single business system, and any user is able to scale this further, by running multiple systems simultaneously. Our goals for the event were to demonstrate a consistent capacity greater than that of Visa over an extended time period.
Tooling to reproduce our demo is available here:
Source Code
Source code (for on & off-chain components as well tooling used for the PoC). The source code does not have to be shared publicly, but if Reddit decides to use a particular solution it will need to be shared with Reddit at some point.
How it works & scales
Architectural ScalingDragonchain's architecture attacks the scalability issue from multiple angles. Dragonchain is a hybrid blockchain platform, wherein every transaction is protected on a business node to the requirements of that business or purpose. A business node may be held completely private or may be exposed or replicated to any level of exposure desired.
Every node has its own blockchain and is independently scalable. Dragonchain established Context Based Verification as its consensus model. Every transaction is immediately usable on a trust basis, and in time is provable to an increasing level of decentralized consensus. A transaction will have a level of decentralization to independently owned and deployed Dragonchain nodes (~700 nodes) within seconds, and full decentralization to BTC and ETH within minutes or hours. Level 5 nodes (Interchain nodes) function to secure all transactions to public or otherwise external chains such as Bitcoin and Ethereum. These nodes scale the system by aggregating multiple blocks into a single Interchain transaction on a cadence. This timing is configurable based upon average fees for each respective chain. For detailed information about Dragonchain's architecture, and Context Based Verification, please refer to the Dragonchain Architecture Document.
Economic ScalingAn interesting feature of Dragonchain's network consensus is its economics and scarcity model. Since Dragon Net nodes (L2-L4) are independent staking nodes, deployment to cloud platforms would allow any of these nodes to scale to take on a large percentage of the verification work. This is great for scalability, but not good for the economy, because there is no scarcity, and pricing would develop a downward spiral and result in fewer verification nodes. For this reason, Dragonchain uses TIME as scarcity.
TIME is calculated as the number of Dragons held, multiplied by the number of days held. TIME influences the user's access to features within the Dragonchain ecosystem. It takes into account both the Dragon balance and length of time each Dragon is held. TIME is staked by users against every verification node and dictates how much of the transaction fees are awarded to each participating node for every block.
TIME also dictates the transaction fee itself for the business node. TIME is staked against a business node to set a deterministic transaction fee level (see transaction fee table below in Cost section). This is very interesting in a discussion about scaling because it guarantees independence for business implementation. No matter how much traffic appears on the entire network, a business is guaranteed to not see an increased transaction fee rate.
Scaled DeploymentDragonchain uses Docker and Kubernetes to allow the use of best practices traditional system scaling. Dragonchain offers managed nodes with an easy to use web based console interface. The user may also deploy a Dragonchain node within their own datacenter or favorite cloud platform. Users have deployed Dragonchain nodes on-prem on Amazon AWS, Google Cloud, MS Azure, and other hosting platforms around the world. Any executable code, anything you can write, can be written into a smart contract. This flexibility is what allows us to say that developers with no blockchain experience can use any code language to access the benefits of blockchain. Customers have used NodeJS, Python, Java, and even BASH shell script to write smart contracts on Dragonchain.
With Docker containers, we achieve better separation of concerns, faster deployment, higher reliability, and lower response times.
We chose Kubernetes for its self-healing features, ability to run multiple services on one server, and its large and thriving development community. It is resilient, scalable, and automated. OpenFaaS allows us to package smart contracts as Docker images for easy deployment.
Contract deployment time is now bounded only by the size of the Docker image being deployed but remains fast even for reasonably large images. We also take advantage of Docker's flexibility and its ability to support any language that can run on x86 architecture. Any image, public or private, can be run as a smart contract using Dragonchain.
Flexibility in ScalingDragonchain's architecture considers interoperability and integration as key features. From inception, we had a goal to increase adoption via integration with real business use cases and traditional systems.
We envision the ability for Reddit, in the future, to be able to integrate alternate content storage platforms or other financial services along with the token.
Cost estimates (on-chain and off-chain) For the purpose of this proposal, we assume that all transactions are on chain (posts, replies, and votes).On the Dragonchain network, transaction costs are deterministic/predictable. By staking TIME on the business node (as described above) Reddit can reduce transaction costs to as low as $0.0000025 per transaction.
Dragonchain Fees Table
Getting Started
How to run itBuilding on Dragonchain is simple and requires no blockchain experience. Spin up a business node (L1) in our managed environment (AWS), run it in your own cloud environment, or on-prem in your own datacenter. Clear documentation will walk you through the steps of spinning up your first Dragonchain Level 1 Business node.
Getting started is easy...
ArchitectureDragonchain is an open source hybrid platform. Through Dragon Net, each chain combines the power of a public blockchain (like Ethereum) with the privacy of a private blockchain.
Dragonchain organizes its network into five separate levels. A Level 1, or business node, is a totally private blockchain only accessible through the use of public/private keypairs. All business logic, including smart contracts, can be executed on this node directly and added to the chain.
After creating a block, the Level 1 business node broadcasts a version stripped of sensitive private data to Dragon Net. Three Level 2 Validating nodes validate the transaction based on guidelines determined from the business. A Level 3 Diversity node checks that the level 2 nodes are from a diverse array of locations. A Level 4 Notary node, hosted by a KYC partner, then signs the validation record received from the Level 3 node. The transaction hash is ledgered to the Level 5 public chain to take advantage of the hash power of massive public networks.
Dragon Net can be thought of as a "blockchain of blockchains", where every level is a complete private blockchain. Because an L1 can send to multiple nodes on a single level, proof of existence is distributed among many places in the network. Eventually, proof of existence reaches level 5 and is published on a public network.
API Documentation
APIs (on chain & off)
SDK Source
Nobody's Perfect
Known issues or tradeoffs
Costs and resources
Summary of cost & resource information for both on-chain & off-chain components used in the PoC, as well as cost & resource estimates for further scaling. If your PoC is not on mainnet, make note of any mainnet caveats (such as congestion issues).Every transaction on the PoC system had a transaction fee of $0.0001 (one-hundredth of a cent USD). At 256MM transactions, the demo cost $25,600. With current operational fees, the same demonstration would cost $640 USD.
For the demonstration, to achieve throughput to mimic a worldwide payments network, we modeled several clients in AWS and 4-5 business nodes to handle the traffic. The business nodes were tuned to handle higher throughput by adjusting memory and machine footprint on AWS. This flexibility is valuable to implementing a system such as envisioned by Reddit. Given that Reddit's daily traffic (posts, replies, and votes) is less than half that of our demo, we would expect that the entire Reddit system could be handled on 2-5 business nodes using right-sized containers on AWS or similar environments.
Verification was accomplished on the operational Dragon Net network with over 700 independently owned verification nodes running around the world at no cost to the business other than paid transaction fees.
This PoC should scale to the numbers below with minimal costs (both on & off-chain). There should also be a clear path to supporting hundreds of millions of users.During Dragonchain's 24 hour demo, the above required numbers were reached within the first few minutes.
Reddit's total activity is 9000% more than Ethereum's total transaction level. Even if you do not include votes, it is still 700% more than Ethereum's current volume. Dragonchain has demonstrated that it can handle 250 million transactions a day, and it's architecture allows for multiple systems to work at that level simultaneously. In our PoC, we demonstrate double the full capacity of Reddit, and every transaction was proven all the way to Bitcoin and Ethereum.
Reddit Scaling on Ethereum
Solutions should not depend on any single third-party provider. We prefer solutions that do not depend on specific entities such as Reddit or another provider, and solutions with no single point of control or failure in off-chain components but recognize there are numerous trade-offs to considerDragonchain's architecture calls for a hybrid approach. Private business nodes hold the sensitive data while the validation and verification of transactions for the business are decentralized within seconds and secured to public blockchains within 10 minutes to 2 hours. Nodes could potentially be controlled by owners of individual subreddits for more organic decentralization.
Usability Scaling solutions should have a simple end user experience.
Users shouldn't have to maintain any extra state/proofs, regularly monitor activity, keep track of extra keys, or sign anything other than their normal transactionsDragonchain and its customers have demonstrated extraordinary usability as a feature in many applications, where users do not need to know that the system is backed by a live blockchain. Lyceum is one of these examples, where the progress of academy courses is being tracked, and successful completion of courses is rewarded with certificates on chain. Our @Save_The_Tweet bot is popular on Twitter. When used with one of the following hashtags - #please, #blockchain, #ThankYou, or #eternalize the tweet is saved through Eternal to multiple blockchains. A proof report is available for future reference. Other examples in use are DEN, our decentralized social media platform, and our console, where users can track their node rewards, view their TIME, and operate a business node.
Transactions complete in a reasonable amount of time (seconds or minutes, not hours or days)All transactions are immediately usable on chain by the system. A transaction begins the path to decentralization at the conclusion of a 5-second block when it gets distributed across 5 separate community run nodes. Full decentralization occurs within 10 minutes to 2 hours depending on which interchain (Bitcoin, Ethereum, or Ethereum Classic) the transaction hits first. Within approximately 2 hours, the combined hash power of all interchained blockchains secures the transaction.
Free to use for end users (no gas fees, or fixed/minimal fees that Reddit can pay on their behalf)With transaction pricing as low as $0.0000025 per transaction, it may be considered reasonable for Reddit to cover transaction fees for users.
All of Reddit's Transactions on Blockchain (month)
Community points can be earned by users and distributed directly to their Reddit account in batch (as per Reddit minting plan), and allow users to withdraw rewards to their Ethereum wallet whenever they wish. Withdrawal fees can be paid by either user or Reddit. This model has been operating inside the Dragonchain system since 2018, and many security and financial compliance features can be optionally added. We feel that this capability greatly enhances user experience because it is seamless to a regular user without cryptocurrency experience, yet flexible to a tech savvy user. With regard to currency or token transactions, these would occur on the Reddit network, verified to BTC and ETH. These transactions would incur the $0.0000025 transaction fee. To estimate this fee we use the monthly active Reddit users statista with a 60% adoption rate and an estimated 10 transactions per month average resulting in an approximate $720 cost across the system. Reddit could feasibly incur all associated internal network charges (mining/minting, transfer, burn) as these are very low and controllable fees.
Reddit Internal Token Transaction Fees
Reddit Ethereum Token Transaction Fees
When we consider further the Ethereum fees that might be incurred, we have a few choices for a solution.
Bonus Points
Users should be able to view their balances & transactions via a blockchain explorer-style interfaceFrom interfaces for users who have no knowledge of blockchain technology to users who are well versed in blockchain terms such as those present in a typical block explorer, a system powered by Dragonchain has flexibility on how to provide balances and transaction data to users. Transactions can be made viewable in an Eternal Proof Report, which displays raw data along with TIME staking information and traceability all the way to Bitcoin, Ethereum, and every other Interchained network. The report shows fields such as transaction ID, timestamp, block ID, multiple verifications, and Interchain proof. See example here.
Node payouts within the Dragonchain console are listed in chronological order and can be further seen in either Dragons or USD. See example here.
In our social media platform, Dragon Den, users can see, in real-time, their NRG and MTR balances. See example here.
A new influencer app powered by Dragonchain, Raiinmaker, breaks down data into a user friendly interface that shows coin portfolio, redeemed rewards, and social scores per campaign. See example here.
Exiting is fast & simpleWithdrawing funds on Dragonchain's console requires three clicks, however, withdrawal scenarios with more enhanced security features per Reddit's discretion are obtainable.
Interoperability Compatibility with third party apps (wallets/contracts/etc) is necessary.Proven interoperability at scale that surpasses the required specifications. Our entire platform consists of interoperable blockchains connected to each other and traditional systems. APIs are well documented. Third party permissions are possible with a simple smart contract without the end user being aware. No need to learn any specialized proprietary language. Any code base (not subsets) is usable within a Docker container. Interoperable with any blockchain or traditional APIs. We've witnessed relatively complex systems built by engineers with no blockchain or cryptocurrency experience. We've also demonstrated the creation of smart contracts within minutes built with BASH shell and Node.js. Please see our source code and API documentation.
Scaling solutions should be extensible and allow third parties to build on top of it Open source and extensible
Documentation should be clear and completeFor full documentation, explore our docs, SDK's, Github repo's, architecture documents, original Disney documentation, and other links or resources provided in this proposal.
Third-party permissionless integrations should be possible & straightforward Smart contracts are Docker based, can be written in any language, use full language (not subsets), and can therefore be integrated with any system including traditional system APIs. Simple is better. Learning an uncommon or proprietary language should not be necessary.Advanced knowledge of mathematics, cryptography, or L2 scaling should not be required. Compatibility with common utilities & toolchains is expected.
Dragonchain business nodes and smart contracts leverage Docker to allow the use of literally any language or executable code. No proprietary language is necessary. We've witnessed relatively complex systems built by engineers with no blockchain or cryptocurrency experience. We've also demonstrated the creation of smart contracts within minutes built with BASH shell and Node.js.
Bonus Points: Show us how it works. Do you have an idea for a cool new use case for Community Points? Build it!
TIMECommunity points could be awarded to Reddit users based upon TIME too, whereas the longer someone is part of a subreddit, the more community points someone naturally gained, even if not actively commenting or sharing new posts. A daily login could be required for these community points to be credited. This grants awards to readers too and incentivizes readers to create an account on Reddit if they browse the website often. This concept could also be leveraged to provide some level of reputation based upon duration and consistency of contribution to a community subreddit.
Dragon DenDragonchain has already built a social media platform that harnesses community involvement. Dragon Den is a decentralized community built on the Dragonchain blockchain platform. Dragon Den is Dragonchain's answer to fake news, trolling, and censorship. It incentivizes the creation and evaluation of quality content within communities. It could be described as being a shareholder of a subreddit or Reddit in its entirety. The more your subreddit is thriving, the more rewarding it will be. Den is currently in a public beta and in active development, though the real token economy is not live yet. There are different tokens for various purposes. Two tokens are Lair Ownership Rights (LOR) and Lair Ownership Tokens (LOT). LOT is a non-fungible token for ownership of a specific Lair. LOT will only be created and converted from LOR.
Energy (NRG) and Matter (MTR) work jointly. Your MTR determines how much NRG you receive in a 24-hour period. Providing quality content, or evaluating content will earn MTR.
Security. Users have full ownership & control of their points.All community points awarded based upon any type of activity or gift, are secured and provable to all Interchain networks (currently BTC, ETH, ETC). Users are free to spend and withdraw their points as they please, depending on the features Reddit wants to bring into production.
Balances and transactions cannot be forged, manipulated, or blocked by Reddit or anyone elseUsers can withdraw their balance to their ERC20 wallet, directly through Reddit. Reddit can cover the fees on their behalf, or the user covers this with a portion of their balance.
Users should own their points and be able to get on-chain ERC20 tokens without permission from anyone elseThrough our console users can withdraw their ERC20 rewards. This can be achieved on Reddit too. Here is a walkthrough of our console, though this does not show the quick withdrawal functionality, a user can withdraw at any time. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aNlTMxnfVHw
Points should be recoverable to on-chain ERC20 tokens even if all third-parties involved go offlineIf necessary, signed transactions from the Reddit system (e.g. Reddit + Subreddit) can be sent to the Ethereum smart contract for minting.
A public, third-party review attesting to the soundness of the design should be availableTo our knowledge, at least two large corporations, including a top 3 accounting firm, have conducted positive reviews. These reviews have never been made public, as Dragonchain did not pay or contract for these studies to be released.
Bonus pointsSee above
Compatibility with HSMs & hardware walletsFor the purpose of this proposal, all tokenization would be on the Ethereum network using standard token contracts and as such, would be able to leverage all hardware wallet and Ethereum ecosystem services.
Other Considerations
Minting/distributing tokens is not performed by Reddit directlyThis operation can be automated by smart contract on Ethereum. Subreddits can if desired have a role to play.
One off point burning, as well as recurring, non-interactive point burning (for subreddit memberships) should be possible and scalableThis is possible and scalable with interaction between Dragonchain Reddit system and Ethereum token contract(s).
Fully open-source solutions are strongly preferredDragonchain is fully open source (see section on Disney release after conclusion).
ConclusionWhether it is today, or in the future, we would like to work together to bring secure flexibility to the highest standards. It is our hope to be considered by Ethereum, Reddit, and other integrative solutions so we may further discuss the possibilities of implementation. In our public demonstration, 256 million transactions were handled in our operational network on chain in 24 hours, for the low cost of $25K, which if run today would cost $625. Dragonchain's interoperable foundation provides the atmosphere necessary to implement a frictionless community points system. Thank you for your consideration of our proposal. We look forward to working with the community to make something great!
Disney Releases Blockchain Platform as Open SourceThe team at Disney created the Disney Private Blockchain Platform. The system was a hybrid interoperable blockchain platform for ledgering and smart contract development geared toward solving problems with blockchain adoption and usability. All objective evaluation would consider the team's output a success. We released a list of use cases that we explored in some capacity at Disney, and our input on blockchain standardization as part of our participation in the W3C Blockchain Community Group.
Open SourceIn 2016, Roets proposed to release the platform as open source to spread the technology outside of Disney, as others within the W3C group were interested in the solutions that had been created inside of Disney.
Following a long process, step by step, the team met requirements for release. Among the requirements, the team had to:
The Disney Open Source Committee approved the application known as OSSRELEASE-10, and the code was released on October 2, 2016. Disney decided to not issue a press release.
Original OSSRELASE-10 document
Dragonchain FoundationThe Dragonchain Foundation was created on January 17, 2017. https://den.social/l/Dragonchain/24130078352e485d96d2125082151cf0/dragonchain-and-disney/
Anton Sokolov has recently joined the Zano team. ... For the last months Anton has been working on theoretical work dedicated to log-size ring signatures. These signatures theoretically allows for a logarithmic relationship between the number of decoys and the size/performance of transactions. This means that we can set mixins at a level from up to 1000, keeping the reasonable size and processing speed of transactions. This will take Zano's privacy to a whole new level, and we believe this technology will turn out to be groundbreaking!If successful, this scheme will make Zano the most private, powerful and performant CryptoNote implementation on the planet. Bar none. A quantum leap in privacy with a minimal increase in resource usage. And if there's one team capable of pulling it off, it's this one.
⟳ f-droid.org from Wed, 26 Feb 2020 20:21:50 GMT updated on Sun, 01 Mar 2020 05:23:29 GMT contains 2962 apps.Added (870)
submitted by MyCoinStory to MyCoinStory [link] [comments]
#BE_A_TRADER!Greetings from MCS (MyCoinStory), the derivatives trading platform where traders ALWAYS come first.
Who would have guessed that a phrase from the 19th century is the best description of the world in the 21st century?
Herbert Spencer
"The Survival of the Fittest", the phrase first used by Herbert Spencer in his Principles of Biology in 1864, may be the best depiction to describe the current situation of the Bitcoin miners.
Whether you are interested in Bitcoin or not, you must have heard from the media about the recent "Bitcoin Halving" that took place on the 12th of May when the 630,000th block was mined.
Just in case you are really new to the world of cryptocurrency, let us briefly take a look at the "Bitcoin Halving".
WHAT IS THE "BITCOIN HALVING"?Source: Shutterstock.com
Bitcoin, the world's most popular cryptocurrency, has been and still is the most trendy keyword recently. In the last month, Google Trend showed a chart with the skyrocketed graph for searching the keyword "Bitcoin Halving" from Google.
The halving was first designed to effectively maintain the value of Bitcoin by mechanically dropping the supply, which is in contrast to the 'quantitative easing' used by many central banks to increase liquidity through the purchase of government bonds. The first and the second halving worked beautifully and brought the price from $15 in 2012 to approximately $20,000 in 2017. Nevertheless, people are expecting a different outcome for the upcoming halving by studying recent patterns of other cryptocurrencies' halvings.
NOW THAT WE ALL KNOW WHAT THE "BITCOIN HALVING" IS, WHY "THE SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST"?Source: Shutterstock.com
Shortly after the third halving, according to the date shown on Blockchain.com, the hash rate (the Bitcoin mining power in simple terms) has dropped significantly.
Source: Blockchain.com
This rapid drop indicates that the 'inefficient' miners who cannot sustain their businesses under the new return of 6.25 BTC were forced to shut down their mining machines. Those with legacy machines like Antminer S9 are already losing money. According to a calculator provided by Poolin, operating S9s at $13,760 is still making a loss. This proves that the halving had a 'real impact' on the Bitcoin mining industry.
Nevertheless, the 'fittest' will prevail. The miners with higher efficiency will survive and continue their works to mine more Bitcoin blocks since the price of Bitcoin is expected to rise and even if the return of BTC is halved, its converted value may become higher. Historically, after the occurrence of each capitulation, there had been price surges afterward. We do not know how long it will take until the peak though.
SO, ALL WE HAVE TO DO IS WAIT FOR THE PRICE TO GO UP?Source: Photo by Austin Distel on Unsplash
The answer is "No". As mentioned before, no one can tell the time till the next peak. The increase in the price of Bitcoin could lead to another bull cryptocurrency market, but those miners who could not generate profits will sell their Bitcoins in the market causing price fluctuations along the way, and experts are anticipating some big fluctuations.
This is the time where people had to act wisely and diversify your investment strategies. For traditional spot traders, there is no way to profit when the price goes down. However, cryptocurrency derivatives exchanges such as MCS (MyCoinStory.com) shine in this volatile market since one can hedge by short selling to profit in any market condition.
Only those who can adapt to the changing environment can survive. That is the essence of "the Survival of the Fittest". Let's all survive through the price volatility and make some profit along the way.
Traders ALWAYS come first on MCS
Thank you.
MCS Website: https://mycoinstory.com/ MCS Official Twitter: https://twitter.com/mycoinstory_mcs MCS Official Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/MyCoinStory.official MCS Telegram Chat: https://t.me/mycoinstory_EN MCS Official Blog : https://blog.mycoinstory.com
submitted by tkeycoin to Tkeycoin_Official [link] [comments]
Hello, everyone, It's been a long time since you heard our team, someone thought we were gone, someone was waiting, and someone disappeared himself.
All this time we have worked hard to bring you good news. We will tell you what we have prepared for you, what events will be soon, what you can use right now and what else will be new in the year. And so, let's go!
Preparing for listing on the exchangeThe pandemic period played into the hands of the entire team and we managed to build beauty in our services. In anticipation of the exchange, the team tidied up the sites and services and connected new tools. First of all, we paid attention to the preparation of all services for a foreign audience, taking into account its mentality.
New sections, localizations, nice things, and much more to ensure the most efficient use of the TKEY resource. In addition to the new tabs, the services that we will talk about in this material, there is a special page for representatives of the exchange with the necessary documentation for listing — https://tkeycoin.com/en/documentation/.
Full localizationAlready today the official website tkeycoin.com available in 5 languages: Russian, English, Korean, Chinese (Simplified), Chinese (Traditional).
We made adjustments to the Russian and English versions of the site, including support for Korean and Chinese for each section of the site. Professionals in their field, native speakers translated and adapted the information as it should be, and we, in turn, structured and framed it properly. So welcome!
We will update language support for the site, and soon it will include support for all languages that are available in the mobile app.
QR Codes for Asian Audience
Our friends and residents of Asian countries actively use QR codes in their lives, both when paying in stores and when working with websites. QR codes are used almost everywhere when renting a car or bike, we just open the phone, scan and the mode of transport becomes available for use, anything is available for rent, even a battery, even an umbrella.
"It was a hot May day. Seven-year-old Wang Jiaozui came out of school and saw his grandfather, who came to pick him up. He was standing in the sun, and his shirt was soaked with sweat. Jiaozui invited the grandfather to buy a cold Cola in the shop, but he forgot her purse at home. It turned out that this is not important — the boy took his grandfather's smartphone and called the payment app with a QR code on the screen." ©What to say if QR codes are used even to identify entire farms. By pasting QR codes on farm buildings and then scanning them, government inspectors can quickly figure out who owns the building and whether its owners are violating any laws.
We must be on the trend! Now a special library generates QR codes for the desired page, any tab on the site tkeycoin.com in Chinese and Korean-accompanied by a QR code that leads to the requested page: fast, convenient, and simple.
Providing this opportunity to our colleagues and future users of Tkeycoin from Asia is a friendly approach and most importantly, a strategic step on our part. After implementing QR codes, we are undoubtedly drawn into the convenience of this function, which we recommend to You:) If you like it, we will make QR codes on the Russian and English versions of the site.
Buying and withdrawing cryptocurrency to a Bankcard
On the site, you can now buy Bitcoin for pound, dollars, euro, and any other currency. This is a powerful automated service for instant exchange of fiat currencies for cryptocurrencies. The system works around the clock and seven days a week, allowing everyone to conduct exchanges at any time of the day and in the shortest possible time.
Withdrawal to a Bank card will be available until the end of the month, we finish the details, the page is available now, and the withdrawal itself will be activated during this week. You can buy Bitcoin, Ethereum, or any other currency right now.
These features are the future for the function of purchasing any product or service for TKEY at any point of sale, which will form the basis of the mobile app, quickly, conveniently, and most importantly, observing the letter of the law.
All we do is build an Empire that is being built before your eyes. Every service and product is connected, so any update promises the appearance of even more cool and effective features than before.
Buying cryptocurrency for pound, dollars, euros, and other currenciesAt the end of February, we told you that we are working on building a payment service that will include the provision of services: buy cryptocurrencies, sell a cryptocurrency, withdraw cryptocurrency to Bank cards, etc.
This day has come, now you can buy Bitcoin (BTC), Ethereum (ETH), Tether USDT, Basic Attention Token (BAT), Algorand (ALGO), Tron (TRX), OKB (Token Okex.com).
The purchase is available in any currency: Russian ruble, US Dollar, Euro, British pound, Ukrainian hryvnia, Indonesian rupiah, South Korean won, Japanese yen, Turkish Lira, Argentine peso.
As you can see, the currency corridors are quite extensive, which allows you to make exchanges fast and at a favorable rate. Just choose the right pair to exchange or buy, available fiat currencies: RUB, USD, EUR, GBP, UAH, IDR, KRW, JPY, TRY, ARS, available cryptocurrencies: BTC, ETH, BAT, USDT, ALGO, TRX, OKB.
Even if this wide list does not include the currency you want to buy, such as Bitcoin or USDT, it's okay — the service will automatically convert your currency into the payment currency and the Bank will make the exchange. Exchanges take place within 1–3 minutes, it is enough to pass quick verification once, which allows you to work with a volume of > 15,000 euros per month.
Exchange of cryptocurrencies for pound, dollars, euros, and withdrawal of BankcardIn addition to the fact that you can now easily buy a cryptocurrency for fiat currencies, pound, dollars or any other, during this week we will finish work on the withdrawal to a Bank card and you can easily withdraw your profit to the card, the most important thing is that this is a completely legal method, and all operations pass through banks and jurisdictions where work with digital assets is legalized.
This means that when you buy or make a withdrawal to the card, you get legal funds that are credited to you by the Bank or payment system.If you are used to working with effective tools that work in a new way, or rather correctly and legally, then this service is for you. Fast crediting, easy exchange, a large selection of currency pairs, that's what the company is betting on.
We work with the most reliable third-party partners to make your cryptocurrency process easy and convenient, and most importantly safe for You. The service supports plastic and virtual Bank cards VISA, MasterCard, MIR, and other payment systems for fast payment processing.
On the exchange page, you can choose any currency pair to exchange in the opposite direction, for example, GBP to BTC or USD to BTC. Choose a suitable pair for exchange, available fiat currencies: RUB, USD, EUR, GBP, UAH, IDR, KRW, JPY, TRY, ARS, available cryptocurrencies for exchange: BTC, ETH, BAT, USDT, ALGO, TRX, OKB.
How it works
When buying cryptocurrency for the first time, your Bank reserves (holds) the requested amount, then this amount is transferred to the authorization waiting state. As soon as the Bank freezes the fiat funds, the service fixes the exchange rate at the time of creating the application, reserves the cryptocurrency, and provides you with 30–40 minutes to complete verification. After successful verification, the service charges cryptocurrency to the wallet.
Quick verificationVerification takes 2–3 minutes and requires only one time to perform operations every day. The "Know Your Customer" (KYC) procedure is necessary to exchange cryptocurrencies for fiat currencies.
As you understand, you need to pass verification 1 time, regardless of whether you withdraw funds or buy currency, after passing verification, all services are available to You without any further confirmation.
New currencySupport for other currencies, including TKEY, will be added gradually and highlighted through service updates. As for the TKEY exchange, it will become available in exchange services after listing on the exchange. Listing on an exchange allows you to automate the exchange process, link the necessary services, and most importantly, the exchange provides liquidity, which is key when we talk about exchanging for a particular currency.
We will tell you more about the operation of the service and its advantages, chips, in a separate material dedicated to the withdrawal and purchase of cryptocurrencies for fiat currencies, as well as touch on various banking issues and tell you how you can combine the SWAP service for more efficient exchange and withdrawal to the card.
Charitable activityBy making an exchange or purchase of cryptocurrency, you help children and people who need our help. We deduct 0.1% of the profit from each transaction to charity funds.
This is the fastest and most comfortable way of charity, which allows you to bring together people who are not indifferent to other people's problems. TKEY enables people to do good deeds, and the resulting turnover profit of 0.1% is sent to charity funds every month. Together with You, we create new opportunities for people in need who need help — "Big things have small beginnings".
How does it work?
You have made an exchange or purchase operation, the company has accumulated the volume of these operations for a month->the company has chosen a charity Fund->sent funds to the charity Fund's account. Priority charity funds are children's aid funds. You can always suggest a candidate for a particular Fund by sending a message to [[email protected]](mailto:[email protected]).
Why do we write Funds and not a Fund?
This is the first launch of the service, so depending on the monthly volume, we will focus on distributing funds to one charity or several. For example, if we have accumulated $ 10,000, we can distribute $ 5,000 to 2 funds. if we have accumulated $ 100, it is logical that we will only send this amount to 1 Fund. With the development of the service, we will be able to focus on several funds, which we will actively help due to the received volume.
New sections, improvements for existing services
Menu logic and site structureThe menu logic has been revised. now more items are available on the menu and they are divided into sections. Navigation through the sections has become much easier and more convenient. for some sections, QR codes are available for Russian and English-speaking audiences, and for representatives of Asian countries, all sections are available by QR code.
TKEYSPACE Promo PageNew blocks were added, the entire page was fully localized and is available in Chinese, Korean, English and Russian, and QR codes were added for easy navigation for the Asian audience.
Documentation for the exchangeWe have already mentioned that there is a section for exchanges with the necessary documentation for listing, now it is available in English. In the next updates, it will be translated into Russian, Chinese (Traditional and Simplified), and Korean.
Market Data (Coin Data)The market data section has been optimized for mobile apps. Charts are expanded and optimized page borders for most mobile devices, and you can search for cryptocurrencies and tokens that interest you.
FAQAdded answers to frequently asked questions in various sections of the site, You can find the information directly on the section page, for example, TKEY-QT, SWAP or Core. Right on the page there is a FAQ section, in which we disclose answers to questions, for example: How are You going to solve the scalability problem, or why did you choose Phoenix as the logo and symbol of the project, or how do you exchange cryptocurrency for pound or dollars? As you can see, you can get answers to different questions, depending on the topic of the site section.
FooterFor convenience, the site's footer has been expanded and new sections (quick tabs) are included, which are also available in the QR-code format. In addition to various details, the footer is now accompanied by the company's coat of arms — the Phoenix, which is the symbol of the entire community, the Phoenix Alliance.
Page 404Added page 404, which is also an integral part of the site. now when you go to a non-existent site page, all the necessary menu items are fully available to us, which will quickly Orient You and direct you to the desired section.
What is waiting for us in the nearest future?In addition to various improvements, connecting services, our team has been working every day on other main areas of the Tkeycoin project, which are already being prepared for the next release and we will tell you what updates, what plans, events, and what else will be interesting this year.
Online conference with managementAn online conference in question-answer format will be organized. The main task of the conference, in addition to questions and answers, is to discuss plans, talk about new directions, touch on issues of legislation, and analyze current issues of users.
The online meeting format will allow you to get feedback and discuss a large number of issues in a short time. Questions related to technical support and other questions that can be answered through the administration will not be discussed.
The meeting involves the development, constructive, and suggestions from users for further development of the Tkeycoin project. If you are interested in participating in the conference, you can also make business proposals during it, please use the time to your advantage. We work for you.
New content: reports, new categories, useful informationBased on user feedback, we introduce new categories to our content plan:
Reports This section will be accompanied by information about the work done by the team for the month, the format of submission — abstracts, highlights. This format will help establish feedback between users and developers.
In addition to the content that we produce ourselves, users have questions that arise during the process of working with the project's services, as well as during interaction with the project itself. To avoid making guesses and making up stories, we have introduced the question-answer category.
Users ask questions in comments, and the company prepares answers based on the questions and they are published in the post. Depending on the number of questions, the post generates all the answers, or the post is divided into parts if the number of questions for the past period was the largest. In addition to asking questions, you can make suggestions to the project, for example, about new features or directions.
This format also builds feedback and helps to improve all services. the most important thing is that it can not only help us but also you, as the offer and questions will help you focus on the tasks that the end-user wants to see.
TKEY-POOL (Tkeycoin pool)We are completing the work and debugging of the official pool for Tkeycoin, this is a completely new approach for mining Tkeycoin. The pool will feature higher performance and stable architecture, a light interface, and objective commissions.
A pool is a highly loaded system that works 24/7/365, it turns out that such a product hides a sufficient number of lines of code and, most importantly, is built on a reliable architecture that can withstand +50000–100000 miners, not to mention the number of connected devices for this number of miners.
A cryptocurrency pool is a combination of the hardware power of many miners at once to increase the probability of finding a block. The reward for a block obtained by the pool is distributed among all participants.
The TKEY pool is developed taking into account the features of the Tkeycoin blockchain, including multi-blockchain, transaction model, hashing, blocks, and other nuances that are an upgrade of the blockchain among others. Together with the pool, the TKEY network is being tested: high loads, attacks, and other tests that show positive results, proving that the TKEY blockchain can work under any loads and is protected from attacks.
Our task was to: 1. Stable system for handling high loads; 2. Adaptation pool for any software; 3. Connecting any hardware for mining cryptocurrency Tkeycoin; 4. Fair remuneration calculation; 5. Security.
The main goal is for any user, regardless of the software and hardware used, to be able to connect to Tkeycoin mining via a pool. The first releases will be accompanied by a simple user-friendly interface, easy connection, instructions for various mining programs that can be connected.
In future releases, we will optimize the operation of the pool, add new features, as well as tracking functions and other nice things. any suggestions from miners and the community are interesting to us and will be implemented, so do not hesitate to send your suggestions after the launch.
TKEYSPACE updates
Work on the TkeySpace mobile app is also not standing still. We will soon release updates for TkeySpace on Android and iOS.
This release is a complete transition to the most stable version of the mobile wallet. This means that after the update, even with the largest changes, the user will not need to completely reinstall or restore to use the new features, as before, just update the app via the AppStore or GooglePlay.
Between the previous update has been a sufficient amount of time, on average, updates are released once a month. This update will be one of the major ones. We are finishing work on the code to prepare the app for the new features that will be available this year. Besides, we are improving the app's logic, data processing speed, optimizing the code, restoring order, and preparing for the global market.
Exchange, purchase of cryptocurrency and withdrawal to the Debit/Credit Card
In addition to pleasant optimizations, the app will display the exchange and withdrawal to a Bankcard, tab with an optimized page for exchange, withdrawal, and the purchase will be available directly in the mobile app. This upgrade will also capture the cryptocurrency exchange SWAP page, which can be evaluated after the update. Other features and new features will be announced by the developers immediately after the release.
SWAP UpdateThe development team is finishing work on optimizing the SWAP service. Regardless of updates, it is available in working mode 24/7/365. The team is working on improving the operation, optimizing the page, changing the interfaces, improving navigation, and speeding up query processing. This update is also among the upcoming ones, along with the pool, mobile wallets, and other news that will excite.
Network StatisticsIn the network statistics section, there are several sections that will be fixed — this is the hash rate of the network and the volume of Tkeycoin. Now the volume of Tkeycoin is displayed by mTKEY, and the graph itself indicates M TKEY, the user may incorrectly understand the volume of transactions in the network, so, given the current volume, it is advisable to switch the display to TKEY, and in the future switch to mTKEY for large volumes.
TKEY is divided into cryptograms (CryptoGramm, cgr), uTKEY (keys), and mTKEY. 1 TKEY = 100 000 000 cryptograms. 1 mTKEY = 100,000 cryptograms. 1 TKEY contains 1000 mTKEY. 1 mTKEY = 0.00100000 TKEY 1 uTKEY =100 cryptograms 1 TKEY contains 1,000,000 utkeys. 1 uTKEY (keys) = 0.00000100 TKEY 1 cgr = 0.00000001 TKEY
Cryptocurrency ExchangeThis issue has become the cause of mass discussions, disputes, investigations, the subject of memes, kitchen, and online conversations, that just did not happen, that TKEY is not taken anywhere, someone made guesses that we are waiting for everyone to run away, or TKEY is a world conspiracy and around some actors, you can write a book or shoot a great series, not worse than Breaking Bad.
Jokes, jokes, but the question is serious. Since the 4th quarter of last year, the company has been actively working on the issue of listing, prepared the necessary platform for this, held several meetings, negotiations, released the necessary products, figured out various transfers of funds to the blockchain, worked out many small things, many major issues that were behind the scenes. Everything is ready, and it's time to start soon. This will be a surprise, believe it or not, and we will meet you on the stock exchanges :)
What other plans does the company have?
Enabling payment at retail outletsAfter entering the exchange, we will actively engage in connecting payments to implement them and link them to TKEY. The plan, strategy, and legal component are ready.
Payment developmentThis implies the development of payments and services that will expand the use of digital currencies in the commercial sphere. Application on the territory of Russia will depend on the Federal law on the CFA, in any case, we plan to analyze the law, after its release, to find a legal way to implement payments based on blockchain and digital assets. Therefore, until the law is released, we are keeping this initiative in the future, and we will work on other jurisdictions that will support it.
We left some plans behind the scenes, because they will make the greatest impact on the market and the value of our asset, and this — likes silence.
What useful materials will be released soon?
How to effectively use the SWAP service together with the exchange and purchase of cryptocurrency from a Bank card?We will tell you in detail how to use these 2 services, how to save on payments and purchases, how to exchange tokens that are very difficult to exchange, how to quickly get money for them to the card, and much more.
The law CFAOur opinion about the law of cryptocurrencies in Russia, what to pay attention to, what to prepare for, how to act if there is a complete ban. Let's talk about legal nuances and banking practices.
TKEY blockchainIn this material, we will talk about the blockchain, analyze the issues of the system, expand the questions on attacks, payment processing, and touch on the system of multiple chains. The article suggests your suggestions, perhaps someone will have ideas that we will implement in the chain.
At the end,
Don't forget to ask questions in the comments or send suggestions to [[email protected]](mailto:[email protected]) we will be happy to respond and consider your requests for any of our services. Collaboration, feedback, help us make the whole platform better.
Thank you for being with us! Until new meetings, stay tuned for news, updates, because the most unexpected news comes spontaneously.
Accurate Bitcoin mining calculator trusted by millions of cryptocurrency miners since May 2013 - developed by an OG Bitcoin miner looking to maximize on mining profits and calculate ROI for new ASIC miners. Updated in 2020, the newest version of the Bitcoin mining calculator makes it simple and easy to quickly calculate mining profitability for your Bitcoin mining hardware. Total Hash Rate (TH/s) The estimated number of terahashes per second the bitcoin network is performing in the last 24 hours. 30 Days 60 Days 180 Days 1 Year 3 Years All Time Raw Values 7 Day Average 30 Day Average Bitcoin Mining Calculator. Got your shiny new ASIC miner? Wondering when it will pay off? If you enter your hash rate below, this page will calculate your expected earnings in both Bitcoins and dollars over various time periods (day, week, and month). Hashing denominations. 1 kH/s is 1,000 (one thousand) hashes per second 1 MH/s is 1,000,000 (one million) hashes per second. 1 GH/s is 1,000,000,000 (one billion) hashes per second. Enter the hash rate of your Bitcoin mining hardware (mandatory). Enter additional optional information, such as pool fees, electricity costs, etc. The more information you enter, the more accurate the result will be. Results will be displayed automatically in USD (to see the detailed calculation, click "Show Details").
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text:
Tip of the Week: Beware of itinerant contractors
Insurance and business officials are warning residents to beware of traveling storm damage repair crews that may do a shoddy job and disappear, leaving homeowners no recourse.
A June 8 storm produced tennis ball-sized hail in the Canton and Akron area, and the Ohio Insurance Institute along with the Better Business Bureaus of Akron and Canton want residents to beware of itinerant contractors.
"Out-of-state contractors have been known to seek out and canvass
hail-damaged neighborhoods offering to repair roofs or make other home repairs without proper licensing or bonding," said Daniel J. Kelso,
president of the insurance institute.
Canton Better Business Bureau president Mike Paris said most damage to roofs in the affected areas is minimal.
"I would caution homeowners that their damage may not necessarily equate to obtaining an entire new roof or home re-siding, as some contractors might lead them to believe," he said.
Although the homeowner ultimately decides who is hired to complete repairs, insurers and local better business bureaus may be sources for reputable and reliable contractor leads.
Akron Better Business Bureau President Vic Wlaszyn also warned that many of the contractors don't carry Ohio workers' compensation insurance, and a homeowner could be liable if a worker is injured while repairing the home.
State Farm Insurance has been running ads in the area, warning of
fly-by-night repair scams, and the insurance institute says don't sign any repair contracts before contacting your insurance carrier to guide you through the claims settlement process.
The bureau leaders warn local contractors against selling their company name to outside contractors. Claims of poor workmanship against the out-of-area company could become the responsibility of the local firm.
Tips for choosing a contractor:
- Obtain more than one estimate. Don't be bullied into signing the first
contract that is presented to you.
- Obtain all information in detailed writing, including cost, work to be
completed, repair time and payment schedules, contractor guarantees.
- Ask for references and check them. The Better Business Bureau at (330) 454-9401 or www.cantonbbb.org can serve as additional points of reference.
- Write down the contractor's driver's license and license plate number.
Some contractors come into disaster areas and may not be licensed or bonded, leaving you may be liable for on-premise injuries.
- Never sign an incomplete or blank contract.
- Never allow your contractor to serve as your negotiator with your
insurance company. Should a consumer allow the roofer or contractor to negotiate on their behalf, damage claims may be over-inflated or in some cases, damage may be nonexistent.
- Don't pay for the repairs or sign a certificate of completion until all
work has been completed.
- Be wary of door-to-door contacts, fliers or telemarketing calls
soliciting repair work.
- Watch for padded repair estimates. This is especially true if the repair
estimator asks ahead of time for the amount of your homeowners insurance deductible. Often that's included in the estimate as an incentive to use that contractor.
- Don't be tempted to conspire in a fraudulent insurance claim. Insurance fraud is a felony.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Twitter reports that the Super Bowl generated 24 million tweets last night. Most of them were terrible, so I just looked at the ones that said "fuck."
I plugged my program, "Fuck_Machine.rb," into Twitter's live stream, grabbing every tweet that contained both "fuck" and a term referencing either the Ravens or 49ers. Fuck_Machine dutifully recorded 226,309 tweets between 6:34 p.m. and 11 p.m. Eastern time, about one percent of Twitter's estimate of the total. The actual tweet number was a bit higher, because Fuck_Machine could only handle 50 tweets every second.
The Ravens won the game, but they won the fuck battle as well: Baltimore inspired 141,064 "fuck" tweets, compared with 108,715 for San Francisco (23,470 tweets contained references to both teams). The tweets ranged from the aggressively negative:
To the profanely exhortative:
Get fit
Has built-in Alexa so you can ask questions and carry your smart assistant around with you; it has a battery that can last up to 14 days, has over 70 different sport modes, is 5ATM waterproof, and tracks stats like your heart rate, calories burned, sleep, and more.
Here's a graph of how it played out during the game (the vertical axis represents tweets per minute):
The letters represent important moments in the game. Here's a fuck-based Super Bowl recap, showing who gave a fuck and when.
- A: The Ravens score a touchdown, putting them up 7-0. 2,543 fucks are given at 6:41.
- B: The 49ers connect on a field goal, 7-3. 635 fucks are given at 6:54.
- C: Anquan Boldin makes a great catch. 706 fucks are given at 7:04.
- D: San Francisco fumbles. 712 fucks are given at 7:13.
- E: Touchdown Baltimore, 14-3. 2,254 fucks are given at 7:22.
- F: Colin Kaepernick throws an interception and a fight breaks out. Fuck volume stays at over 1,000 from 7:29 to 7:33.
- G: The Ravens attempt a fake field goal. 967 very confused fucks are given at 7:36.
- H: Joe Flacco connects with Jacoby Jones on a 56-yard touchdown, 21-3. Fuck_Machine breaks for the first time at 7:49, with over 3,000 tweets registered during that minute. Overall fuck volume remains over 1,000 until 7:54.
- I: David Akers kicks a field goal to close out the half, 21-6. Very few football-related fucks are given during halftime.
- J: The second half starts with an 108-yard kickoff return by the Ravens. Fuck_Machine breaks at 8:33, and over 2,000 fucks per minute are given between 8:32 and 8:35.
- K: The power goes out at 8:38. Very few people give a fuck about football for the next 45 minutes.
- L: The power returns at 9:10. Fuck volume is a paltry 345.
- M: The 49ers score their first touchdown, 28-13. 1,119 fucks are given at 9:25.
- N: The 49ers quickly score again, 28-20. Fuck volume reaches 2,974 at 9:33. People are starting to give a fuck again.
- O: Ray Rice fumbles. 2,856 fucks are given at 9:41.
- P: The Niners pick up another field goal, 28-23. Fuck volume reaches 1,876 at 9:45.
- Q: Justin Tucker and the Ravens respond, 31-23. 511 fucks are given at 9:58. No one really seems to give a fuck about field goals.
- R: San Francisco scores another touchdown but fails to convert the two-point attempt, 31-29. 2,544 fucks are given at 10:04.
- S: Baltimore kicks another field goal, 34-29. Fuck volume is 529 at 10:22 and sinks to 348 at 10:26.
- T: The 49ers come within ten yards of the goal line. 1,261 fucks given at 10:28.
- U: San Francisco turns it over on downs. 2,427 fucks are given at 10:35, and fuck volume stays over 1400 for the remainder.
- V: The Ravens take a safety, 34-31. 1,934 fucks are given.
- W: Time expires and the Ravens win the game, 34-31. Fuck_Machine breaks, with over 3,000 fucks per minute given between 10:45 and 10:50.
Join us next year, when we'll try to figure out whether anyone gave a shit.


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text:
Difference between revisions of "Ubuntu Dapper Installation Guide"
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Latest revision as of 14:08, 10 December 2012
NOTE: This guide is only for Ubuntu 6.06 (Dapper)! Guides for other versions of Ubuntu can be found at the Ubuntu page.
In Ubuntu Dapper you can choose between two methods of installing the proprietary ATI driver. If you are new to linux you should use the first method as it is a lot easier than the second one and will work well in most cases. The second method describes how to install the very latest driver version, but requires some additional work and knowledge.
Method 1: Installing Dapper's Included Driver (8.25.18)
The included fglrx driver supports Radeon 8500+ and the X-series cards up to X1900.
Unfortunately OpenGL seems to be broken for R200 cards (everything below Radeon 9500) in this driver version. The Troubleshooting section describes how to fix this after xorg-driver-fglrx is installed.
Installing the driver
Make sure the restricted repository is enabled in /etc/apt/sources.list or this guide will not work!
Help on enabling repositories can be found at https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Repositories/Ubuntu.
sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get install linux-restricted-modules-$(uname -r) #Okay if it is already installed sudo apt-get install xorg-driver-fglrx sudo depmod -a sudo aticonfig --initial sudo aticonfig --overlay-type=Xv
Stein: For some reason I had to run "sudo apt-get install linux-restricted-modules-$(uname -r)" twice for it to properly install...
Now Reboot your system:
sudo shutdown -r now
An alternative to the aticonfig --initial command is to edit /etc/X11/xorg.conf and replace the string "ati" with "fglrx" in the "Device" section. This way you won't lose your old "Screen" and "Monitor" settings. Afterwards you can use aticonfig for setting overlay etc.
Confirm that it works
fglrxinfo display: :0.0 screen: 0 OpenGL vendor string: ATI Technologies Inc. OpenGL renderer string: RADEON 9600 Generic OpenGL version string: 2.0.5814 (8.25.18)
Troubleshooting for Method 1
- The output of dmesg | grep fglrx and /var/log/Xorg.0.log are most useful when looking for errors. You should really include this when you are asking for help somewhere.
- Unfortunately OpenGL seems to be broken for R200 cards (everything below Radeon 9500) in this driver version which results in messages like
[fglrx] API ERROR: could not register entrypoint for Uniform2iARB
- and similar when running OpenGL applications. This may be fixed by replacing /usr/lib/libGL.so.1.2 with libGL.so.1.2 from the previous driver version (8.24.8). To do so download this file: libGL.so.1.2 and then copy it to the /usr/lib/ directory.
- It might be necessary to create a symlink to get accelerated OpenGL:
sudo ln -s /usr/lib/dri /usr/lib/xorg/modules/dri
- AMD64 users: It may also be necessary to update /etc/profile if using GDM. Update the $LIBGL_DRIVERS_PATH variable to point to the dri path above.
- To ensure you automatically get the current linux-restricted-modules package with kernel updates, you should install the linux-restricted-modules-??? package matching your kernel-type (without version numer), e.g. linux-restricted-modules-386, linux-restricted-modules-686 or linux-restricted-modules-k7.
- If you used Method 2 before, you have to unblacklist fglrx again by editing /etc/default/linux-restricted-modules-common
- If the screen is coming up blank on startup, start in recovery mode then try editing your /etc/X11/xorg.conf file to remove this line
Load "extmod"
- and optionally replace it with this
SubSection "extmod" Option "omit XVideo" Option "omit XVideo-MotionCompensation" Option "omit XFree86-VidModeExtension" EndSubSection
I just happen to stumble on this page and it is a properly written read, a tad bit on the short side, but a fairly acceptable one. I very much love the layout too, it is fairly simple to navigate.
Post-Installation Checks
Run the following command to check its output to ensure the fglrx driver is installed properly:
$fglrxinfo display: :0.0 screen: 0 OpenGL vendor string: ATI Technologies Inc. OpenGL renderer string: MOBILITY RADEON 9700 Generic OpenGL version string: 2.0.6286 (8.33.6)
$ glxinfo | grep render direct rendering: Yes
If your direct rendering is disabled then you may have to ensure fglrx_dri.so is where it should be. Try to symblink the dri folder if you get no direct rendering:
sudo mkdir /usr/X11R6/lib/modules sudo ln -s /usr/lib/dri /usr/X11R6/lib/modules/
Troubleshooting for Method 2
Problems with module-assistant
If module-assistant is unable to build the module you may have to provide a Makefile.cpu file:
cd /usr/src sudo touch kernel-headers-(version)/arch/i386/Makefile.cpu cd /usr/src/linux sudo make scripts/
With recent fglrx, the make.sh in /usr/src/fglrx.tar.bz2 (installed by the fglrx-kernel-source package) is not executable. You may need the following in order to make module-assistant happy:
mkdir /tmp/scratch pushd /tmp/scratch tar xjf /usr/src/fglrx.tar.bz2 chmod +x modules/fglrx/make.sh sudo tar cjf /usr/src/fglrx.tar.bz2 modules popd
If installing over a custom-built kernel (for example 2.6.18), the procedure above may need to be modified slightly, especially if you didn't use make-kpkg to install your kernel:
# sudo module-assistant prepare # no ubuntu package for 2.6.18 sudo module-assistant update sudo module-assistant build -k path/to/my/kernel/sources fglrx sudo module-assistant install -k path/to/my/kernel/sources fglrx sudo depmod -a
The aticonfig --initial command will not update the xorg.conf file if it already has a "fglrx" Device section. However, you may force aticonfig to generate default Monitor, Device, and Screen sections with the following command:
sudo aticonfig --force --initial
Missing fglrx.ko
If fglrx.ko is not being loaded properly, then /var/log/Xorg.0.log will say things like :
[drm] failed to load kernel module "fglrx" (WW) fglrx(0): Failed to load DRM connection (EE) GART is not initialized, disabling DRI
modprobe shows the problem is
sudo modprobe fglrx FATAL: Could not open '/lib/modules/2.6.15-26-386/volatile/fglrx.ko': No such file or directory
You could copy /lib/modules/2.6.15-26-386/misc/fglrx.ko into the volatile directory, then restart GDM, but you lose it again at the next re-boot.
The solution is to run depmod again with the -e option.
sudo depmod -ae
Then re-boot.
Upgrade from Breezy
If method 2 doesn't work first time round, and you have upgraded from a Breezy installation, try this:
Remove previous versions of the fglrx driver:
sudo dpkg -r fglrx-control sudo dpkg -r fglrx-kernel-source sudo dpkg -r xorg-driver-fglrx
dpkg will list dependencies for xorg-driver-fglrx which will need up be removed, for example:
sudo dpkg -r fglrx-kernel sudo dpkg -r fglrx-kernel-2.6.12-10-686-smp sudo dpkg -r xorg-driver-fglrx
Proceed with method 2
Troubleshooting for both Methods
The output of dmesg | grep fglrx and /var/log/Xorg.0.log are most useful when looking for errors.
Also, LIBGL_DEBUG=verbose glxinfo can display missing files you can 'fix' by linking directories.
2D speed
If you suffer from slow 2D speed it might help to set
Option "XaaNoOffscreenPixmaps"
in the fglrx section of /etc/X11/xorg.conf
Black Screen when supposed to see login screen
Try adding
Option "BusType" "PCI"
in the fglrx section of /etc/X11/xorg.conf
Is the rebooting really necessary?
However, rebooting is the easiest method to ensure that the kernel module(s) from the old driver are unloaded and the fglrx module is loaded instead. If you don't want to reboot for some reason, you may manually shut down Xorg, unload any old "drm", "radeon" or "fglrx" modules and then start Xorg again.
Note: You may also having to rebuild your module dependency by using "depmod -a".
HP Notebook dv5029us / dv5040us / zv6000 / dv8000 / nw8440
If you have an HP Notebook Computer (or Compaq) such as the HP dv5029us, dv5040us or zv6000 series, it is needed to modify the BIOS configuration. It seems for some reason using sideport memory (the card's onboard memory only) leads to an apparent system crash although the logs show successful initialization of DRI. It is needed to run the BIOS setup screen, go to memory options, and select UMA+Sideport memory and assign a value to it (I assigned an extra 128M from the system RAM). Boot the computer and the fglrx driver will work. FGLRX version is 8.24.8 on an i386 Ubuntu Dapper install. NEW: ATI has fixed this problem with their latest drivers - there is no longer a need to use the old 8.24.8 drivers, nor is there need to use the extra 128M of system RAM. Just install the latest drivers -- it worked for me when nothing else did.
- Ubuntu FGLRX drivers 8.25.18, do not work properly on the dv5029us (Radeon Xpress 200M) as of this writing (5/30/2006). It is needed to revert to 8.24.8 for this specific computer in order to get proper 3D acceleration, and 2D with no tearing off.
- ATI Driver 8.26.18, does not work with the Radeon Express 200M. Some HP/Compaq laptops only have working 3D support with ONLY UMA video memory( Sideport+UMA won't work ). This is due to a 1 year old flaw in the ATI driver. If you want to use your onboard/Sideport memory, you can only get 2D support by adding [ Option "no_dri" "yes"] to the fglrx driver section of /etc/X11/xorg.conf
- jul-22-2006, marciowb wrote: I have a HP Pavilion zv6000 - a notebook computer with AMD64 - and it have a ATI Radeon Xpress 200M with 128MB of dedicated memory (Sideport) and it accepts to use shared memory (UMA), also. But if I try to use Sideport or Sideport+UMA the 3D acceleration fails and/or my computer hangs. It works fine if I configure its BIOS to use only UMA, including with a good 3D acceleration performance. Configured to use only UMA it works with the ATI Driver 8.26.18 and 8.25.18, but I was unable to do it works the ATI Driver 8.24.8. I tried several times to use 8.24.8 but it doesn't seem to work with 3D acceleration, only 2D. I see the Xorg.log file the fglrx driver fails to load the DRI driver. I used the Kubuntu with the Linux kernel 2.6.15-26-amd64-generic.
- aug-7-2006, mde wrote: I have an HP dv8120ca / dv8000 laptop with a Radeon Xpress 200M. After installing the 8.27.10 driver, no matter what I set the bios to (128 UMA+Sideport or just Sideport, UMA Only is not an option in my bios), I get the black screen/99% cpu usage problem. NEW: ATI has fixed this problem with their latest drivers! I just installed their latest driver, and everything works perfectly. No need to do anything funny with the BIOS -- you can use sideport only or whatever. Good news :) Thank you AMD/ATI for responding to our requests to fix this problem!
- sep-12-2006, tekNico wrote: on an HP dv5008EA with the 200M adapter, DRI works with the 8.24.8 driver, and setting the BIOS to Sideport+UMA to 128MB video memory. The 8.28.8 breaks some on-screen widgets.
- Sep-27-2006: HP Pavilion dv8000 (Radeon Xpress 200M). Turned off Sideport and installed the driver from the repositories, ver 8.25.18. The computer started up fine, but was extremely unstable and crashed in about 5 minutes of work. Same thing with driver ver 8.29.6. At the end I installed ver 8.24.8 and that seemed to work well.
- Oct-17-2006: webbertiger wrote: on my HP Pavilion dv8309us with Radeon Xpress 200M and AMD64 cpu, the driver (ati-driver-installer-8.29.6.run) downloaded from [ATI website[1]] works fine. I also manually added "1440x900" in xorg.conf to get the wide screen. [Can you confirm that dri (direct rendering also works fine?) glxgears should run with a high (over 1000fps) frame rate?]
- Oct-30-2006: on my hp nw8440 i had to disable the composite extension to get full 3D accelleration ( chipset: ati V5200, driver ati 8.29.6 )
Section "Extensions" Option "Composite" "false" EndSection
HP zt3000 / Compaq nx7000
Beginning with ATI driver version 8.19, the drivers fail to properly detect modelines that are compatible with the LCD screen of the HP zt3000 (and equivalent Compaq nx7000 model), and they must be inserted into xorg.conf manually. For the 1680x1050 LCD screen, inserting the following modelines into the "Monitor" section works:
Modeline "640x350" 119.12 640 1728 1760 1840 350 1052 1058 1080 Modeline "640x400" 119.12 640 1728 1760 1840 400 1052 1058 1080 Modeline "720x400" 119.12 720 1728 1760 1840 400 1052 1058 1080 Modeline "640x480" 119.12 640 1728 1760 1840 480 1052 1058 1080 Modeline "800x600" 119.12 800 1728 1760 1840 600 1052 1058 1080 Modeline "1024x768" 119.12 1024 1728 1760 1840 768 1052 1058 1080 Modeline "1152x864" 119.12 1152 1728 1760 1840 864 1052 1058 1080 Modeline "1280x960" 119.12 1280 1728 1760 1840 960 1052 1058 1080 Modeline "1280x1024" 119.12 1280 1728 1760 1840 1024 1052 1058 1080 Modeline "832x624" 119.12 832 1728 1760 1840 624 1052 1058 1080 Modeline "1280x768" 119.12 1280 1728 1760 1840 768 1052 1058 1080 Modeline "1280x800" 119.12 1280 1728 1760 1840 800 1052 1058 1080 Modeline "1152x768" 119.12 1152 1728 1760 1840 768 1052 1058 1080 Modeline "1400x1050" 119.12 1400 1728 1760 1840 1050 1052 1058 1080 Modeline "1440x900" 119.12 1440 1728 1760 1840 900 1052 1058 1080 Modeline "1600x1024" 119.12 1600 1728 1760 1840 1024 1052 1058 1080 Modeline "1680x1050" 119.12 1680 1728 1760 1840 1050 1052 1058 1080
If you have the "1920x1200" version of the HP zt3000 the Modeline is:
Modeline "1920x1200" 150.75 1920 2016 2048 2185 1200 1202 1208 1235
If you have the "1280x800" version of the HP zt3000 the Modeline should be:
ModeLine "1280x800" 69.8 1280 1336 1368 1440 800 802 808 823 -hsync -vsync
** If the above ModeLine still makes the screen flicker (as it did in my zt3000) use the following ModeLine ModeLine "1280x800" 70.875 1280 1336 1368 1440 800 802 808 823 -hsync +vsync ** Try this as well if the other two don't work. Determined using powerstrip in windows. ModeLine "1280x800" 68.625 1280 1336 1368 1440 800 802 808 823 -hsync -vsync
If you have the compaq nx7010 with 1280x800 screen then the following modeline should work:
Modeline "1280x800" 70.875 1280 1320 1352 1456 800 801 804 820 +hsync +vsync This was determined using powerstrip in windows.
** If the above ModeLine still makes the screen flicker (as it did on my nx7010) use the following Modeline "1280x800" 68.625 1280 1304 1336 1408 800 804 808 816 +hsync +vsync This was determined using powerstrip in windows.
When using a Compaq NX7010 (Radeon R250Lf Mobility M9) with 1650x1050 screen, powerstrip gives the following working params (CApiTAlisation important), just use one single ModeLine:
ModeLine "1650x1050" 121.500 1680 1712 1800 1872 1050 1051 1054 1065 +Hsync +Vsync
On the Compaq NX7010, be sure to copy the 8.24.8 libGL.so.1.2 as in Troubleshooting for Method 1 above.
Note: This line will also work on the Compaq X1000 series
Revert to Xorg driver
If (for any reason) the fglrx install fails, you can revert to the Xorg driver by executing
sudo dpkg-reconfigure xserver-xorg
and selecting the "ati" driver, or simply restoring the previous /etc/X11/xorg.conf file, if you made a backup.
You also need to remove the xorg-driver-fglrx or your manually installed drivers to get the 3D acceleration back, since it is provided by file /usr/lib/libGL.so.1.2 which belongs to libgl1-mesa package and which is moved to backup and replaced at the installation of xorg-driver-fglrx (or the manually built) package. In case the removal of the fglrx drivers fails to restore the file from libgl1-mesa, you have to reinstall the package by running:
sudo apt-get install --reinstall libgl1-mesa


text:
The Samanids
The power of the Abbasids weakened from the middle of the 9th century, but a number of politically independent dynasties emerged in the eastern part of the realm that still recognized the caliph in Baghdad as their religious leader. A governor in the northern part of Afghanistan, Saman Khuda, founded the Samanid dynasty in 819. He came from a local noble family that traced its lineage back to pre-Islamic times, and the Samanids were consequently the first Persian dynasty to appear after the Arabs conquered the region in the 7th century. After taking Khorasan in around 900 from another local dynasty, the Saffarids (861-1003), the Samanids ruled over the largest Islamic realm in the east, with important commercial centers such as Nishapur, Samarkand, Herat, and the capital of Bukhara. These cities were major stations along the caravan route – the Silk Road – and flourishing commerce contributed to the prosperity of the Samanid Empire. Another source of income was trade with slaves, who were taken from among the Turkic peoples on the Central Asian steppes and were sold as soldiers to Islamic armies.
Coins found in Denmark and Sweden show that the Samanids' trade routes reached all the way to northern Europe. Towards the middle of the 10th century, the Samanid Empire was weakened by attacks from the Turkic Qarakhanids and the Ghaznavids; the last Samanid ruler was killed in 1005.
Both Arab and Persian trends were found in art and culture under the Samanids. Arabic was the dominant language, the one used by scientific minds such as Ibn Sina (Avicenna, 980-1037) to formulate their ideas. The Arabic was also used with great effect on the decorative art of the period. At the same time, there was growing interest in reviving Persian literature, and it was under the Samanids that Firdawsi began his splendid narrative of the Persian kings, the Shahnama.
Much of the period's art is closely related to contemporary Abbasid art, but there are also elements from a completely different tradition: the heritage of the local pre-Islamic Sogdian culture. Unglazed bricks were used to create buildings with a strictly geometric structure and brickwork with fine, uniform patterns.


text:
Complete Screen Assembly with Tools for Xiaomi Mi Pad -Black
Need a good quality lcd screen and digitizer assembly for Xiaomi Mi Pad 1
This is a complete ready-to-install screen assembly for Xiaomi Mi Pad 1, Though more costly than replacing one damaged component in the screen assembly, replacement of the entire screen assembly is more simpler task and can be completed in minutes. And the screen assembly includes LCD screen + touch screen (digitizer). And you will get a free tools for gift.
- Type IPS LCD capacitive touchscreen, 16M colors
- Size 7.9 inches, 190.9 cm2 (~69.8% screen-to-body ratio)
- Resolution 1536 x 2048 pixels, 4:3 ratio (~326 ppi density)
- Multitouch Yes
- Protection Corning Gorilla Glass 3
Often Corrects the Following Problems:
- Cracked,Scratched,or Shattered Glass
- Unresponsive to touch
- "Bleeding" or slashed screen
- Dead Pixels
Compatible with:
Xiaomi Mi Pad 1
Package includes:
- 1 x complete screen assembly
- 1 x repair tools for Xiaomi
How to tell which Screen part you need for the Xiaomi Mi Pad 1:
- LCD Only: If the image under the glass is broken and the touch panel is NOT then you only need an LCD.
- Touch Panel aka Digitizer: If the top touch panel or aka glass top is cracked or broken but the image under it is fine then you only need the Touch Panel.
- Complete Screen with Touch Panel and LCD: If the top touch panel is broken and the lcd image is either black liquid or cracked you need a complete screen.
Warranty Information
Parts offer a 90-Day warranty. The warranty period covers any defects in the material or the workmanship of the product. Warranty does not cover any damage done while using the product. Any product returned within warranty period will be eligible for a refund or a replacement.View AllClose


text:
Win one of four faith-full pictures!
Remember how we just talked about ways to shower babies with faith and prayer? Well, the kind people at Carpentree thought you might like one of these!
I actually have two pink ones to give away and two blue ones — and they are precious.
If you'd like a chance to win one, just "like" the Carpentree page on Facebook and then come right back here and tell me you've done it. (If you'd like a second chance to win, start following Carpentree on Pinterest and leave me another note!)
The contest ends at 10 p.m. Wednesday, Sept. 25. We'll put names in a mug or a hat or an old Lego box and let one of our kids draw the winners. Winners will be announced Thursday!
Be blessed!


text:
Mooncake / Mid-Autumn festival is approaching soon, another 2 weeks to go. This year i managed to make my own mooncake at home. I was so confident and thought that it shouldn't have any problem for me to make this traditional baked mooncake as those recipes i have sound easy....But it turned out i have to re-do few batches to get a success baked mooncake!
This was my 1st baked- the skin all cracked and the crust was hard.
I immediately run to the bakery ingredients shop where i bought the mooncake ingredients and asked to the shop worker for what reason for a cracked mooncake. Then only i realized that I did not wait for the half cooked mooncake to cool down then only apply egg wash. Check out below recipes for more tips to get a success mooncake.
wrap lotus paste (with matcha powder) with dough, check below recipes on how to wrap...
one hand holding the mooncake and another hand take picture, not bad huh, hehehe..
These are half-cooked mooncakes (before apply egg wash), and I only have these two patterns
I don't really fancy mooncake because it's sweetness, but i still like to learn how to make this..
I was made reference to 鲸鱼蓝蓝蓝 and Anncoo Journal recipes and worker from the bakery shop with minor changes.
Traditional baked mooncake 传统莲蓉月饼
*makes 4 mooncakes x 3" diameter
120g Hong Kong flour水仙粉
72g golden syrup 糖浆
32g peanut oil 花生油
1/2tsp Alkaline water 碱水
440g lotus paste 莲蓉馅
Some melon seeds 瓜子
Egg wash- Add 1tbsp milk and 1tbsp water into 1 egg yolk, lightly stir well
1. Sifted flour in a mixing bowl.
2. Mix syrup, peanut oil and Alkaline water, slowly pour into flour.
3. Use a spatula to mix till form a soft dough. Cover and rest it for 20mins.
4. Weight lotus paste 110g each and add melon seeds together, roll into a ball.
5. Weight dough 55g each and roll into a ball.
6. Flatten the dough ball and place a lotus paste ball on top, wrap and seal the dough by slowly push the dough until totally cover the whole lotus paste ball. Slightly shape into a ball again.
7. Dush some flour on the mooncake mould, knock out excess flour.
8. Place mooncake inside the mould, flatten dough to conform to shape of mould.
9. Knock the mooncake mould on solid surface and slowly remove the mooncake and place on a baking pan.
10. Bake at a pre-heated oven at 180c for 7mins.
11. Remove mooncake from oven and set aside to cool for at least 15mins.
12. Apply egg wash (either top only or top & sides) and bake at preheated oven at 170c for 15mins.
13. Remove mooncake from oven, immediately transfer to wire rack to cool. Serve after 1-2 days in room temperature as to let the skin soften.
** reduce lotus paste weight to 80g if you intend to add 1 salted egg yolk. Add matcha powder if you want green tea flavour of lotus paste.
My note- i still feel the mooncake crust slightly hard if compare to store-bought's mooncake, i suspected the egg wash made the crust turned hard. But without egg wash, it will not look glossy !! Anyway, the crust will turn softer after 24hrs...so the egg wash is not an issue now..
Happy Baking !!


text:
Republicans grill FDA chief on meningitis outbreak
WASHINGTON — Republican lawmakers challenged the country's top medical regulator Wednesday to explain why her agency did not take action sooner against the specialty pharmacy at the center of a deadly meningitis outbreak.
Food and Drug Administration Commissioner Margaret Hamburg testified before the House Energy and Commerce Committee, which has convened the first hearing to examine the outbreak that has sickened about 440 people and caused 32 deaths across the U.S. The illness has been tied to the New England Compounding Center, which distributed pain steroids that later tested positive for contamination.
Health officials say as many as 14,000 people received the steroid shots, mostly for back pain.
Republicans lawmakers, who make up the majority of the House, focused on NECC's history of troubles, questioning why regulators at the FDA and the Massachusetts board of pharmacy did not take action against the pharmacy years earlier.
"After a tragedy like this, the first question we all ask is: could this have been prevented?" asked Rep. Cliff Stearns, R-Fla. "After an examination of the documents provided by the Massachusetts Board of Pharmacy and the FDA — the answer here appears to be yes.
A timeline assembled by the Republican staff shows that the FDA inspected NECC three times since 2002 for sterility issues. The Massachusetts board of pharmacy investigated at least 12 separate complaints involving the pharmacy, dating back to its founding.
"I was stunned and angered to learn that an inspection of the NECC by the FDA and the Mass Board over 10 years ago identified contamination in the very same drug at issue in the current outbreak," said Rep. Fred Upton, R-Mich., who chairs the Energy and Commerce committee.
Hamburg told lawmakers that the problems uncovered in inspections were "very serious," but that the agency was obligated to defer to Massachusetts authorities, who have more direct oversight over pharmacies.
"The challenge we have today is that there is a patchwork of legal authorities that oversee the action we can take," said Hamburg, who was nominated to head the FDA by President Obama in 2009.
In her prepared testimony, Hamburg said Congress should draft new laws and provide more funding to police large specialty pharmacies, which have long operated in an area between state and federal law.
"In light of growing evidence of threats to the public health, the administration urges Congress to strengthen standards for non-traditional compounding," Hamburg told lawmakers.
Compounding pharmacies traditionally fill special orders placed by doctors for individual patients, turning out a small number of customized formulas each week. They are typically overseen by state pharmacy boards, though the FDA occasionally steps in when major problems arise. Some pharmacies have grown into much larger businesses in the last 20 years, supplying bulk orders of medicines to hospitals that need a steady supply of drugs on hand.
Hamburg suggested putting in place a two-tier system in which traditional compounding pharmacies continue to be regulated at the state level, but larger pharmacies would be subject to FDA oversight.
Pharmacies that ship bulk product or produce complex drugs would have to register with the FDA and undergo regular inspections, similar to pharmaceutical manufacturers. These non-traditional compounding pharmacies would also have to meet the more stringent manufacturing standards required of pharmaceutical companies.
Earlier in the hearing, the owner and director of the NECC declined to testify, invoking his Fifth Amendment right to not answer questions in order to avoid self-incrimination.
After repeated questioning by House lawmakers, Barry Cadden told lawmakers: "Under advice of counsel, I respectfully decline to answer under basis of my constitutional rights and privileges, including the Fifth Amendment."
Federal officials have opened a criminal investigation of Cadden and the NECC.
The Framingham, Mass.-based pharmacy has been closed since early last month, and Massachusetts officials have taken steps to permanently revoke its license.
Inspections last month by state and federal officials found a host of potential contaminants at NECC's facility, including standing water, mold and water droplets. Compounded drugs are supposed to be prepared in temperature-controlled clean rooms to maintain sterility.
Cadden appeared immediately after the widow of a longtime Kentucky judge, who was the first confirmed victim of the outbreak.
Speaking without notes, Joyce Lovelace told lawmakers of more than 50 years of marriage to 78-year-old Eddie C. Lovelace, who was a circuit judge until he died Sept. 17 at Vanderbilt University Medical Center.
She asked lawmakers to implement laws to police companies like the New England Compounding Center, which distributed steroids that tested positive for contamination.
"My family is bitter, we are angry, we are heartbroken and devastated. I come here begging you to do something about the matter."


text:
Patrick O'Rourke Playground
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