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Gift Set Includes: 100ml EDP, 50ml Shower Gel, 40ml Body Lotion
Currently, we only ship within the UK due to the difficulties with overseas shipments of perfume & aftershave.
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RPi Low-level peripherals
Hardware & Peripherals:
Hardware - detailed information about the Raspberry Pi boards.
Hardware History - guide to the Raspberry Pi models.
Low-level Peripherals - using the GPIO and other connectors.
Expansion Boards - GPIO plug-in boards providing additional functionality.
Screens - attaching a screen to the Raspberry Pi.
Cases - lots of nice cases to protect the Raspberry Pi.
Other Peripherals - all sorts of peripherals used with the Raspberry Pi.
In addition to the familiar USB, Ethernet and HDMI ports, the R-Pi offers lower-level interfaces intended to connect more directly with chips and subsystem modules. These GPIO (general purpose I/O) signals on the 2x13 header pins include SPI, I2C, serial UART, 3V3 and 5V power. These interfaces are not "plug and play" and require care to avoid miswiring. The pins use a 3V3 logic level and are not tolerant of 5V levels, such as you might find on a 5V powered Arduino. Not yet software-enabled are the flex cable connectors with CSI (camera serial interface) and DSI (display serial interface), and a serial link inside the HDMI connector called CEC. (consumer electronics control)
General Purpose Input/Output (GPIO)
General Purpose Input/Output (a.k.a. GPIO) is a generic pin on a chip whose behavior (including whether it is an input or output pin) can be controlled (programmed) through software.
The Raspberry Pi allows peripherals and expansion boards (such as the Rpi Gertboard) to access the CPU by exposing the inputs and outputs.
For further general information about GPIOs, see: the wikipedia article.
For further specific information about the Raspberry Pi's BCM2835 GPIOs, see: this wiki article.
The production Raspberry Pi board has a 26-pin 2.54 mm (100 mil)[1] expansion header, marked as P1, arranged in a 2x13 strip. They provide 8 GPIO pins plus access to I²C, SPI, UART), as well as +3.3 V, +5 V and GND supply lines. Pin one is the pin in the first column and on the bottom row. [2]
GPIO voltage levels are 3.3 V and are not 5 V tolerant. There is no over-voltage protection on the board - the intention is that people interested in serious interfacing will use an external board with buffers, level conversion and analog I/O rather than soldering directly onto the main board.
All the GPIO pins can be reconfigured to provide alternate functions, SPI, PWM, I²C and so. At reset only pins GPIO 14 & 15 are assigned to the alternate function UART, these two can be switched back to GPIO to provide a total of 17 GPIO pins[3]. Each of their functions and full details of how to access are detailed in the chipset datasheet [4].
Each GPIO can interrupt, high/low/rise/fall/change.[5][6] There is currently no support for GPIO interrupts in the official kernel, howewer a patch exists, requiring compilation of modified source tree.[7] The 'Raspbian "wheezy"' [8] version that is currently recommended for starters already includes GPIO interrupts.
GPIO input hysteresis (Schmitt trigger) can be on or off, output slew rate can be fast or limited, and source and sink current is configurable from 2 mA up to 16 mA. Note that chipset GPIO pins 0-27 are in the same block and these properties are set per block, not per pin. See GPIO Datasheet Addendum - GPIO Pads Control. Particular attention should be applied to the note regarding SSO (Simultaneous Switching Outputs): to avoid interference, driving currents should be kept as low as possible.
The available alternative functions and their corresponding pins are detailed below. These numbers are in reference to the chipset documentation and may not match the numbers exposed in Linux. Only fully usable functions are detailed, for some alternative functions not all the necessary pins are available for the funtionality to be actually used.
There is also some information on the Tutorial on Easy GPIO Hardware & Software.
Kernel boot messages go to the UART at 115200 bit/s.
R-Pi PCB Revision 2 UPDATE: According to Eben at [1] the R-Pi Rev.2 board being rolled out starting in September 2012 adds 4 more GPIO on a new connector called P5, and changes some of the existing P1 GPIO pinouts. On Rev2, GPIO_GEN2 [BCM2835/GPIO27] is routed to P1 pin 13, and changes what was SCL0/SDA0 to SCL1/SDA1: SCL1 [BCM2835/GPIO3] is routed to P1 pin 5, SDA1 [BCM2835/GPIO2] is routed to P1 pin 3. Also the power and ground connections previously marked "Do Not Connect" on P1 will remain as connected, specifically: P1-04:+5V0, P1-09:GND, P1-14:GND, P1-17:+3V3, P1-20:GND, P1-25:GND. According to this comment [2] (and confirmed in this post [3]) the P1 pinout is not expected to change in future beyond the current Rev.2 layout.
P1 Header Pinout, top row:
|Pin Number
|Pin Name Rev1
|Pin Name Rev2
|Hardware Notes
|Alt 0 Function
|Other Alternative Functions
|Supply through input poly fuse
|Supply through input poly fuse
|Boot to Alt 0 ->
|Boot to Alt 0 ->
P1 Header Pinout, bottom row:
|Pin Number
|Pin Name Rev1
|Pin Name Rev2
|Hardware Notes
|Alt 0 Function
|Other Alternative Functions
|50 mA max (01 & 17)
|1K8 pull up resistor
|1K8 pull up resistor
|PCM_DOUT / reserved
|50 mA max (01 & 17)
|Colour legend
|Ground, 0V
KiCad symbol: File:Conn-raspberry.lib
Pin 3 (SDA0) and Pin 5 (SCL0) are preset to be used as an I²C interface. So there are 1.8 kilohm pulls up resistors on the board for these pins.[10]
Pin 12 supports PWM .
It is also possible to reconfigure GPIO connector pins P1-7, 15, 16, 18, 22 (chipset GPIOs 4 and 22 to 25) to provide an ARM JTAG interface.[11] However ARM_TMS isn't available on the GPIO connector (chipset pin 12 or 27 is needed). Chipset pin 27 is available on S5, the CSI camera interface however.
It is also possible to reconfigure GPIO connector pins P1-12 and 13 (chipset GPIO 18 and 21) to provide an I2S (a hardware modification may be required[12]) or PCM interface.[13] However, PCM_FS and PCM_DIN (chipset pins 19 and 20) are needed for I2S or PCM.
A second I²C interface (GPIO02_ALT0 is SDA1 and GPIO03_ALT0 is SCL1) and two further GPIOs (GPIO05_ALT0 is GPCLK1, and GPIO27) are available on S5, the CSI camera interface.
Referring to pins on the Expansion header
The header is referred to as "The GPIO Connector (P1)". To avoid nomenclature confusion between Broadcom signal names on the SoC and pin names on the expansion header, the following naming is highly recommended.
- The expansion header is referred to as "Expansion Header" or "GPIO Connector (P1)"
- Pins on the GPIO connector (P1) are referred to as P1-01, etc.
- Names GPIO0, GPIO1, GPIOx-ALTy, etc. refer to the signal names on the SoC as enumerated in the Broadcom datasheet, where "x" matches BCM2835 number (without leading zero) and "y" is the alternate number column 0 to 5 on page 102-103 of the Broadcom document. For example, depending on what you are describing, use either "GPIO7" to refer to a row of the table, and "GPIO7-ALT0" would refer to a specific cell of the table.
- When refering to signal names, you should modify the Broadcom name slightly to minimize confusion. The Broadcom SPI bus pin names are fine, such as "SPI0_*" and "SPI1_*", but they didn't do the same on the I²C and UART pins. Instead of using "SDA0" and "SCL0", you should use "I2C0_SDA" and "I2C0_SCL"; and instead of "TX" or "TXD" and "RX" or "RXD", you should use "UART0_TXD" and "UART0_RXD".
Power pins
The maximum permitted current draw from the 3.3 V pins is 50 mA.
Maximum permitted current draw from the 5 V pin is the USB input current (usually 1 A) minus any current draw from the rest of the board.[14]
- Model A: 1000 mA - 500 mA -> max current draw: 500 mA
- Model B: 1000 mA - 700 mA -> max current draw: 300 mA
Be very careful with the 5 V pins P1-02 and P1-04, because if you short 5 V to any other P1 pin you may permanently damage your RasPi. Before probing P1, it's a good idea to strip short pieces of insulation off a wire and push them over the 5 V pins so you don't accidentally short them with a probe.
GPIO hardware hacking
The complete list of chipset GPIO pins which are available on the GPIO connector is:
0, 1, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 17, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25
(on the Revision2.0 RaspberryPis, this list changes to: 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 17, 18, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, with 28, 29, 30, 31 additionally available on the P5 header)
As noted above, P1-03 and P1-05 (SDA0 and SCL0 / SDA1 and SCL1) have 1.8 kilohm pull-up resistors to 3.3 V.
If 17 GPIOs aren't sufficient for your project, there are a few other signals potentially available, with varying levels of software and hardware (soldering iron) hackery skills:
GPIO02, 03, 05 and 27 are available on S5 (the CSI interface) when a camera peripheral is not connected to that socket, and are configured by default to provide the functions SDA1, SCL1, CAM_CLK and CAM_GPIO respectively. SDA1 and SCL1 have 1K6 pull-up resistors to 3.3 V.
GPIO06 is LAN_RUN and is available on pad 12 of the footprint for IC3 on the Model A. On Model B, it is in use for the Ethernet function.
There are a few other chipset GPIO pins accessible on the PCB but are in use:
- GPIO16 drives status LED D5 (usually SD card access indicator)
- GPIO28-31 are used by the board ID and are connected to resistors R3 to R10 (only on Rev1.0 boards).
- GPIO40 and 45 are used by analogue audio and support PWM. They connect to the analogue audio circuitry via R21 and R27 respectively.
- GPIO46 is HDMI hotplug detect (goes to pin 6 of IC1).
- GPIO47 to 53 are used by the SD card interface. In particular, GPIO47 is SD card detect (this would seem to be a good candidate for re-use). GPIO47 is connected to the SD card interface card detect switch; GPIO48 to 53 are connected to the SD card interface via resistors R45 to R50.
P2 header
The P2 header is the VideoCore JTAG and used only during the production of the board. It cannot be used as the ARM JTAG [15]. This connector is unpopulated in Rev 2.0 boards.
Useful P2 pins:
- Pin 1 - 3.3V (same as P1-01, 50 mA max current draw across both of them)
- Pin 7 - GND
- Pin 8 - GND
P3 header
The P3 header, unpopulated, is the LAN9512 JTAG [16].
Useful P3 pins:
- Pin 7 - GND
P5 header
The P5 header was added with the release of the Revision 2.0 PCB design.
P5 Header Pinout (seen from the back of the board), top row:
|Pin Number
|Pin Name Rev2
|Hardware Notes
|Alt 0 Function
|Other Alternative Functions
|Supply through input poly fuse
P5 Header Pinout (seen from the back of the board), bottom row:
|Pin Number
|Pin Name Rev2
|Hardware Notes
|Alt 0 Function
|Other Alternative Functions
|50 mA max (combined with P1)
Note that the connector is intended to be mounted on the bottom of the PCB, so that for those who put the connector on the top side, the pin numbers are swapped. Pin 1 and pin 2 are swapped, pin 3 and 4, etc.
The new header can provide a second I2C channel (SDA + SCL) and handshake lines for the existing UART (TxD and RxD), or it can be used for an I2S (audio codec chip) interface using the PCM signals CLK, FS (Frame Sync), Din and Dout.
Note that the connector is placed JUST off-grid with respect to the P1 connector.
P6 header
The P6 header was added with the release of the Revision 2.0 PCB design.
P6 Pinout:
|Pin Number
|Pin Name Rev2
|Hardware Notes
|Short to ground to reset the BCM2835
A reset button can be attached to the P6 header, with which the Pi can be reset. Momentarily shorting the two pins of P6 together will cause a soft reset of the CPU (which can also 'wake' the Pi from halt/shutdown state).
Driver support
The Foundation will not include a GPIO driver in the initial release, standard Linux GPIO drivers should work with minimal modification.[17]
The community implemented SPI and I²C drivers [18], which will be integrated with the new Linux pinctrl concept in a later version of the kernel. (On Oct. 14 2012, it was already included in the latest raspbian image.) A first compiled version as Linux modules is available to install on the 19/04/2012 Debian image, including 1-wire support[19]. The I²C and SPI driver uses the hardware modules of the microcontroller and interrupts for low CPU usage, the 1-wire support uses bitbanging on the GPIO ports, which results in higher CPU usage.
GordonH[20] wrote a (mostly) Arduino compatible/style WiringPi library in C for controlling the GPIO pins.
A useful tutorial on setting up I²C driver support can be found at Robot Electronics - look for the downloadable document rpi_i2c_setup.doc
Graphical User Interfaces
WebIOPi allows you to control each GPIO with a simple web interface that you can use with any browser. Available in PHP and Python, they both require root access, but Python version serves HTTP itself. You can setup each GPIO as input or output and change their states (LOW/HIGH). WebIOPi is fully customizable, so you can use it for home remote control. It also work over Internet. UART/SPI/I2C support will be added later. If you need some computing for your GPIO go to code examples below.
GPIO Code examples
Examples in different C-Languages.
Gert van Loo & Dom, has provided some tested code which accesses the GPIO pins through direct GPIO register manipulation in C-code. (Thanks to Dom for doing the difficult work of finding and testing the mapping.) Example GPIO code:
// // How to access GPIO registers from C-code on the Raspberry-Pi // Example program // 15-January-2012 // Dom and Gert // Revised: 15-Feb-2013 // Access from ARM Running Linux #define BCM2708_PERI_BASE 0x20000000 #define GPIO_BASE (BCM2708_PERI_BASE + 0x200000) /* GPIO controller */ #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <fcntl.h> #include <sys/mman.h> #include <unistd.h> #define PAGE_SIZE (4*1024) #define BLOCK_SIZE (4*1024) int mem_fd; void *gpio_map; // I/O access volatile unsigned *gpio; // GPIO setup macros. Always use INP_GPIO(x) before using OUT_GPIO(x) or SET_GPIO_ALT(x,y) #define INP_GPIO(g) *(gpio+((g)/10)) &= ~(7<<(((g)%10)*3)) #define OUT_GPIO(g) *(gpio+((g)/10)) |= (1<<(((g)%10)*3)) #define SET_GPIO_ALT(g,a) *(gpio+(((g)/10))) |= (((a)<=3?(a)+4:(a)==4?3:2)<<(((g)%10)*3)) #define GPIO_SET *(gpio+7) // sets bits which are 1 ignores bits which are 0 #define GPIO_CLR *(gpio+10) // clears bits which are 1 ignores bits which are 0 void setup_io(); int main(int argc, char **argv) { int g,rep; // Set up gpi pointer for direct register access setup_io(); // Switch GPIO 7..11 to output mode /************************************************************************\ * You are about to change the GPIO settings of your computer. * * Mess this up and it will stop working! * * It might be a good idea to 'sync' before running this program * * so at least you still have your code changes written to the SD-card! * \************************************************************************/ // Set GPIO pins 7-11 to output for (g=7; g<=11; g++) { INP_GPIO(g); // must use INP_GPIO before we can use OUT_GPIO OUT_GPIO(g); } for (rep=0; rep<10; rep++) { for (g=7; g<=11; g++) { GPIO_SET = 1<<g; sleep(1); } for (g=7; g<=11; g++) { GPIO_CLR = 1<<g; sleep(1); } } return 0; } // main // // Set up a memory regions to access GPIO // void setup_io() { /* open /dev/mem */ if ((mem_fd = open("/dev/mem", O_RDWR|O_SYNC) ) < 0) { printf("can't open /dev/mem \n"); exit(-1); } /* mmap GPIO */ gpio_map = mmap( NULL, //Any adddress in our space will do BLOCK_SIZE, //Map length PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE,// Enable reading & writting to mapped memory MAP_SHARED, //Shared with other processes mem_fd, //File to map GPIO_BASE //Offset to GPIO peripheral ); close(mem_fd); //No need to keep mem_fd open after mmap if (gpio_map == MAP_FAILED) { printf("mmap error %d\n", (int)gpio_map);//errno also set! exit(-1); } // Always use volatile pointer! gpio = (volatile unsigned *)gpio_map; } // setup_io
GPIO Pull Up/Pull Down Register Example
// enable pull-up on GPIO24&25 GPIO_PULL = 2; short_wait(); // clock on GPIO 24 & 25 (bit 24 & 25 set) GPIO_PULLCLK0 = 0x03000000; short_wait(); GPIO_PULL = 0; GPIO_PULLCLK0 = 0;
C + wiringPi
Get and install wiringPi: https://projects.drogon.net/raspberry-pi/wiringpi/download-and-install/
Save this, and compile with:
gcc -o blink blink.c -lwiringPi
and run with:
sudo ./blink
/* * blink.c: * blinks the first LED * Gordon Henderson, email@example.com */ #include <stdio.h> #include <wiringPi.h> int main (void) { printf ("Raspberry Pi blink\n") ; if (wiringPiSetup () == -1) return 1 ; pinMode (0, OUTPUT) ; // aka BCM_GPIO pin 17 for (;;) { digitalWrite (0, 1) ; // On delay (500) ; // mS digitalWrite (0, 0) ; // Off delay (500) ; } return 0 ; }
This must be done as root. To change to the root user:
sudo -i
You must also get and install the bcm2835 library, which supports GPIO and SPI interfaces. Details and downloads from http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835
// blink.c // // Example program for bcm2835 library // Blinks a pin on an off every 0.5 secs // // After installing bcm2835, you can build this // with something like: // gcc -o blink -l rt blink.c -l bcm2835 // sudo ./blink // // Or you can test it before installing with: // gcc -o blink -l rt -I ../../src ../../src/bcm2835.c blink.c // sudo ./blink // // Author: Mike McCauley (firstname.lastname@example.com) // Copyright (C) 2011 Mike McCauley // $Id: RF22.h,v 1.21 2012/05/30 01:51:25 mikem Exp $ #include <bcm2835.h> // Blinks on RPi pin GPIO 11 #define PIN RPI_GPIO_P1_11 int main(int argc, char **argv) { // If you call this, it will not actually access the GPIO // Use for testing // bcm2835_set_debug(1); if (!bcm2835_init()) return 1; // Set the pin to be an output bcm2835_gpio_fsel(PIN, BCM2835_GPIO_FSEL_OUTP); // Blink while (1) { // Turn it on bcm2835_gpio_write(PIN, HIGH); // wait a bit delay(500); // turn it off bcm2835_gpio_write(PIN, LOW); // wait a bit delay(500); } return 0; }
RaspberryPiDotNet library is available at https://github.com/cypherkey/RaspberryPi.Net/. The library includes a GPIOFile and GPIOMem class. The GPIOMem requires compiling Mike McCauley's bcm2835 library above in to a shared object.
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Text; using RaspberryPiDotNet; using System.Threading; namespace RaspPi { class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { // Access the GPIO pin using a static method GPIOFile.Write(GPIO.GPIOPins.GPIO00, true); // Create a new GPIO object GPIOMem gpio = new GPIOMem(GPIO.GPIOPins.GPIO01); gpio.Write(false); } } }
This example uses the WiringPi Ruby Gem: http://pi.gadgetoid.co.uk/post/015-wiringpi-now-with-serial which you can install on your Pi with "gem install wiringpi"
MY_PIN = 1 require 'wiringpi' io = WiringPi::GPIO.new io.mode(MY_PIN,OUTPUT) io.write(MY_PIN,HIGH) io.read(MY_PIN)
Alternatively the Pi Piper Gem (https://github.com/jwhitehorn/pi_piper) allows for event driven programming:
require 'pi_piper' include PiPiper watch :pin => 23 do puts "Pin changed from #{last_value} to #{value}" end PiPiper.wait
This must be done as root. To change to the root user:
sudo su -
Supports GPIO and SPI interfaces. You must also get and install the bcm2835 library. Details and downloads from http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835 You must then get and install the Device::BCM2835 perl library from CPAN http://search.cpan.org/~mikem/Device-BCM2835-1.0/lib/Device/BCM2835.pm
use Device::BCM2835; use strict; # call set_debug(1) to do a non-destructive test on non-RPi hardware #Device::BCM2835::set_debug(1); Device::BCM2835::init() || die "Could not init library"; # Blink pin 11: # Set RPi pin 11 to be an output Device::BCM2835::gpio_fsel(&Device::BCM2835::RPI_GPIO_P1_11, &Device::BCM2835::BCM2835_GPIO_FSEL_OUTP); while (1) { # Turn it on Device::BCM2835::gpio_write(&Device::BCM2835::RPI_GPIO_P1_11, 1); Device::BCM2835::delay(500); # Milliseconds # Turn it off Device::BCM2835::gpio_write(&Device::BCM2835::RPI_GPIO_P1_11, 0); Device::BCM2835::delay(500); # Milliseconds }
The GPIO Python module is available at http://pypi.python.org/pypi/RPi.GPIO Any Python script that controls GPIO must be run as root.
import RPi.GPIO as GPIO # Set up the GPIO channels - one input and one output GPIO.setup(11, GPIO.IN) GPIO.setup(12, GPIO.OUT) # Input from pin 11 input_value = GPIO.input(11) # Output to pin 12 GPIO.output(12, True) # The same script as above but using BCM GPIO 00..nn numbers GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM) GPIO.setup(17, GPIO.IN) GPIO.setup(18, GPIO.OUT) input_value = GPIO.input(17) GPIO.output(18, True)
Also available is RPIO at https://pypi.python.org/pypi/RPIO RPIO extends RPi.GPIO with PWM, GPIO interrups, TCP socket interrupts, command line tools and more. Uniquely (as of 14 March 2013) RPIO offers a debounce_timeout_ms option for use with swiches and push buttons connected to GPIO pins..
Java using the Pi4J Library
This uses the Java library available at http://www.pi4j.com/. (Any Java application that controls GPIO must be run as root.)
Please note that the Pi4J library uses the WiringPi GPIO pin numbering scheme [21] [22]. Please see the usage documentation for more details: http://pi4j.com/usage.html
public static void main(String[] args) { // create gpio controller GpioController gpio = GpioFactory.getInstance(); // provision gpio pin #01 as an output pin and turn off GpioPinDigitalOutput outputPin = gpio.provisionDigitalOutputPin(RaspiPin.GPIO_01, "MyLED", PinState.LOW); // turn output to LOW/OFF state outputPin.low(); // turn output to HIGH/ON state outputPin.high(); // provision gpio pin #02 as an input pin with its internal pull down resistor enabled GpioPinDigitalInput inputPin = gpio.provisionDigitalInputPin(RaspiPin.GPIO_02, "MyButton", PinPullResistance.PULL_DOWN); // get input state from pin 2 boolean input_value = inputPin.isHigh(); }
More complete and detailed examples are included on the Pi4J website at http://www.pi4j.com/.
The Pi4J library includes support for:
- GPIO Control
- GPIO Listeners
- Serial Communication
- I2C Communication
- SPI Communication
This uses the Java library available at https://github.com/jkransen/framboos. It does not depend on (or use) the wiringPi driver, but uses the same numbering scheme. Instead it uses the default driver under /sys/class/gpio that ships with the distro, so it works out of the box. Any Java application that controls GPIO must be run as root.
public static void main(String[] args) { // reading from an in pin InPin button = new InPin(8); boolean isButtonPressed = button.getValue(); button.close(); // writing to an out pin OutPin led = new Outpin(0); led.setValue(true); led.setValue(false); led.close(); }
Java Webapp GPIO web control via http
This uses the Java Webapp available at https://bitbucket.org/sbub/raspberry-pi-gpio-web-control/overview. You can control your GPIO over the internet. Any Java application that controls GPIO must be run as root.
host:~ sb$ curl 'http://raspberrypi:8080/handle?g0=1&g1=0' {"g1":0,"g0":1}
Bash shell script, using sysfs, part of the raspbian operating system
The export and unexport of pins must be done as root. To change to the root user see below: To change back, the word exit must be entered.
sudo -i
Export creates a new folder for the exported pin, and creates files for each of its control functions (i.e. active_low, direction, edge, power, subsystem, uevent, and value). Upon creation, the control files can be read by all users (not just root), but can only be written to by user root, the file's owner. Nevertheless, once created, it is possible to allow users other than root, to also write inputs to the control files, by changing the ownership or permissions of these files. Changes to the file's ownership or permissions must initially be done as root, as their owner and group is set to root upon creation. Typically you might change the owner to be the (non root) user controlling the GPIO, or you might add write permission, and change the group ownership to one of which the user controlling the GPIO is a member. By such means, using only packages provided in the recommended rasbian distribution, it is possible for Python CGI scripts, which are typically run as user nobody, to be used for control of the GPIO over the internet from a browser at a remote location.
#!/bin/sh # GPIO numbers should be from this list # 0, 1, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 17, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 # Note that the GPIO numbers that you program here refer to the pins # of the BCM2835 and *not* the numbers on the pin header. # So, if you want to activate GPIO7 on the header you should be # using GPIO4 in this script. Likewise if you want to activate GPIO0 # on the header you should be using GPIO17 here. # Set up GPIO 4 and set to output echo "4" > /sys/class/gpio/export echo "out" > /sys/class/gpio/gpio4/direction # Set up GPIO 7 and set to input echo "7" > /sys/class/gpio/export echo "in" > /sys/class/gpio/gpio7/direction # Write output echo "1" > /sys/class/gpio/gpio4/value # Read from input cat /sys/class/gpio/gpio7/value # Clean up echo "4" > /sys/class/gpio/unexport echo "7" > /sys/class/gpio/unexport
Shell script - take 2
You need the wiringPi library from https://projects.drogon.net/raspberry-pi/wiringpi/download-and-install/. Once installed, there is a new command gpio which can be used as a non-root user to control the GPIO pins.
The man page
man gpio
has full details, but briefly:
gpio -g mode 17 out gpio -g mode 18 pwm gpio -g write 17 1 gpio -g pwm 18 512
The -g flag tells the gpio program to use the BCM GPIO pin numbering scheme (otherwise it will use the wiringPi numbering scheme by default).
The gpio command can also control the internal pull-up and pull-down resistors:
gpio -g mode 17 up
This sets the pull-up resistor - however any change of mode, even setting a pin that's already set as an input to an input will remove the pull-up/pull-down resistors, so they may need to be reset.
Additionally, it can export/un-export the GPIO devices for use by other non-root programms - e.g. Python scripts. (Although you may need to drop the calls to GPIO.Setup() in the Python scripts, and do the setup separately in a little shell script, or call the gpio program from inside Python).
gpio export 17 out gpio export 18 in
These exports GPIO-17 and sets it to output, and exports GPIO-18 and sets it to input.
And when done:
gpio unexport 17
The export/unexport commands always use the BCM GPIO pin numbers regardless of the presence of the -g flag or not.
If you want to use the internal pull-up/down's with the /sys/class/gpio mechanisms, then you can set them after exporting them. So:
gpio -g export 4 in gpio -g mode 4 up
You can then use GPIO-4 as an input in your Python, Shell, Java, etc. programs without the use of an external resistor to pull the pin high. (If that's what you were after - for example, a simple push button switch taking the pin to ground.)
A fully working example of a shell script using the GPIO pins can be found at http://project-downloads.drogon.net/files/gpioExamples/tuxx.sh.
Lazarus / Free Pascal
The GPIO pins are accessible from Lazarus without any third-party software. This is performed by means of the BaseUnix unit that is part of every distribution of Lazarus and Free Pascal or by invoking Unix shell commands with fpsystem. The following example uses GPIO pin 17 as output port. It is assumed that you created a form with a TToggleBox named GPIO17ToggleBox and for logging purposes a TMemo with name LogMemo (optional). The program has to be executed with root privileges.
Unit for controlling the GPIO port:
unit Unit1; {Demo application for GPIO on Raspberry Pi} {Inspired by the Python input/output demo application by Gareth Halfacree} {written for the Raspberry Pi User Guide, ISBN 978-1-118-46446-5} {$mode objfpc}{$H+} interface uses Classes, SysUtils, FileUtil, Forms, Controls, Graphics, Dialogs, StdCtrls, Unix, BaseUnix; type { TForm1 } TForm1 = class(TForm) LogMemo: TMemo; GPIO17ToggleBox: TToggleBox; procedure FormActivate(Sender: TObject); procedure FormClose(Sender: TObject; var CloseAction: TCloseAction); procedure GPIO17ToggleBoxChange(Sender: TObject); private { private declarations } public { public declarations } end; const PIN_17: PChar = '17'; PIN_ON: PChar = '1'; PIN_OFF: PChar = '0'; OUT_DIRECTION: PChar = 'out'; var Form1: TForm1; gReturnCode: longint; {stores the result of the IO operation} implementation {$R *.lfm} { TForm1 } procedure TForm1.FormActivate(Sender: TObject); var fileDesc: integer; begin { Prepare SoC pin 17 (pin 11 on GPIO port) for access: } try fileDesc := fpopen('/sys/class/gpio/export', O_WrOnly); gReturnCode := fpwrite(fileDesc, PIN_17[0], 2); LogMemo.Lines.Add(IntToStr(gReturnCode)); finally gReturnCode := fpclose(fileDesc); LogMemo.Lines.Add(IntToStr(gReturnCode)); end; { Set SoC pin 17 as output: } try fileDesc := fpopen('/sys/class/gpio/gpio17/direction', O_WrOnly); gReturnCode := fpwrite(fileDesc, OUT_DIRECTION[0], 3); LogMemo.Lines.Add(IntToStr(gReturnCode)); finally gReturnCode := fpclose(fileDesc); LogMemo.Lines.Add(IntToStr(gReturnCode)); end; end; procedure TForm1.FormClose(Sender: TObject; var CloseAction: TCloseAction); var fileDesc: integer; begin { Free SoC pin 17: } try fileDesc := fpopen('/sys/class/gpio/unexport', O_WrOnly); gReturnCode := fpwrite(fileDesc, PIN_17[0], 2); LogMemo.Lines.Add(IntToStr(gReturnCode)); finally gReturnCode := fpclose(fileDesc); LogMemo.Lines.Add(IntToStr(gReturnCode)); end; end; procedure TForm1.GPIO17ToggleBoxChange(Sender: TObject); var fileDesc: integer; begin if GPIO17ToggleBox.Checked then begin { Swith SoC pin 17 on: } try fileDesc := fpopen('/sys/class/gpio/gpio17/value', O_WrOnly); gReturnCode := fpwrite(fileDesc, PIN_ON[0], 1); LogMemo.Lines.Add(IntToStr(gReturnCode)); finally gReturnCode := fpclose(fileDesc); LogMemo.Lines.Add(IntToStr(gReturnCode)); end; end else begin { Switch SoC pin 17 off: } try fileDesc := fpopen('/sys/class/gpio/gpio17/value', O_WrOnly); gReturnCode := fpwrite(fileDesc, PIN_OFF[0], 1); LogMemo.Lines.Add(IntToStr(gReturnCode)); finally gReturnCode := fpclose(fileDesc); LogMemo.Lines.Add(IntToStr(gReturnCode)); end; end; end; end.
Main program:
program io_test; {$mode objfpc}{$H+} uses {$IFDEF UNIX}{$IFDEF UseCThreads} cthreads, {$ENDIF}{$ENDIF} Interfaces, // this includes the LCL widgetset Forms, Unit1 { you can add units after this }; {$R *.res} begin Application.Initialize; Application.CreateForm(TForm1, Form1); Application.Run; end.
An alternative way to access the GPIO port with Lazarus / Free Pascal is by using Lazarus wrapper unit for Gordon Henderson's wiringPi C library.
BASIC - Return to BASIC
RTB or Return to Basic can be found here: https://projects.drogon.net/return-to-basic/
It's a new BASIC featuring modern looping constructs, switch statements, named procedures and functions as well as graphics (caresian and turtle), file handling and more. It also supports the Pi's on-board GPIO without needing to be run as root. (You don't need any special setup routines either)
Sample blink program:
// blink.rtb: // Blink program in Return to Basic // Gordon Henderson, email@example.com // PinMode (0, 1) // Output CYCLE DigitalWrite (0, 1) // Pin 0 ON WAIT (0.5) // 0.5 seconds DigitalWrite (0, 0) WAIT (0.5) REPEAT END
Bywater BASIC Interpreter
The Bywater BASIC Interpreter (bwBASIC) implements a large superset of the ANSI Standard for Minimal BASIC (X3.60-1978) and a significant subset of the ANSI Standard for Full BASIC (X3.113-1987) in C. It also offers shell programming facilities as an extension of BASIC. bwBASIC seeks to be as portable as possible. You can download it at. http://packages.debian.org/stable/interpreters/bwbasic
BASIC programming of the I/O
Setting up a GPIO pin to be used for inputs or for outputs.
We cannot load the control words directly into the 32 bit ARM registers with 32 bit addresses, as bwBASIC has no POKE and PEEK commands and other versions of BASIC (as far as I know) only handle 8 bit registers with 16 bit addresses with these commands. So we need to export the GPIO pins, so that they exist in a file structure which we can access from basic with the OPEN command.(ref 2)
We need to do this in Linux root. We need to run BASIC in the root too. First we go to the root, then we load bwbasic into root.
sudo -1 sudo bwbasic
REM Now to export the no4 GPIO pin for example, using a Shell command.
echo "4" > /sys/class/gpio/export
Whilst bwbasic can accommodate shell commands, and we can store a set of these commands (eg. to export a number of GPIO pins at the outset) as numbered statements in a file that can be loaded with the basic command LOAD "filename" and RUN (ref 2), the shell commands have to run as a separate file, as they cannot be run from within, as part of a basic programme.
Now we can access the file containing the pin direction setting from BASIC
We can set GPIO pin 4 to input or to output by OPENing its pin direction file for output and writing "in" or "out" with a PRINT# command. (ref 2 )
10 OPEN "O",#1, "/sys/devices/virtual/gpio/gpio4/direction",2
20 PRINT #1,"out"
REM closes the open direction file, whereupon the system performs the action of setting the direction to "out". NB the system only carries out the action as the file is closed.(ref 3)
We are now able to control the output of the gpio 4 pin from BASIC
We can set the GPIO 4 pin to 1 or to 0 by OPENing its pin value file for output and writing "1" or "0" with a PRINT# command.
40 OPEN "O",#4, "/sys/devices/virtual/gpio/gpio4/value",1
REM turns on the output of GPIO pin 4.
REM similarly we can turn off the output of GPIO pin 4. OPEN "O",#4, "/sys/devices/virtual/gpio/gpio4/value",1 PRINT #4,"0" CLOSE #4.
Example of an (unstructured) BASIC programme
To read the state of a switch and control the power to two LEDs connected to GPIO pins 8,7 and 4 respectively.
Programme to set 2 pins as outputs and 1 pin as input and to read the input turning on two different combinations of the two outputs (ie output 0,1 or 1,0) depending on the state of the input (1 or 0).
sudo –i
sudo bwbasic
LOAD "export.bas"
REM a set of Shell statements to export the three GPIO pins.
10 echo "4" > /sys/class/gpio/export
20 echo "7" > /sys/class/gpio/export
30 echo "8" > /sys/class/gpio/export
NEW REM clears the export.bas programme from memory
LOAD "demo1.bas"
10 OPEN "O",#1, "/sys/devices/virtual/gpio/gpio4/direction",2
20 OPEN "O",#2, "/sys/devices/virtual/gpio/gpio7/direction",2
30 OPEN "O",#3, "/sys/devices/virtual/gpio/gpio8/direction",2
REM opens the three pin direction files
40 PRINT #1, "out"
50 PRINT #2, "out"
60 PRINT #3, "in"
REM sets GPIO pins 4 and 7 as outputs and GPIO pin 8 as input.
REM closes all open files, allowing the system to perform the direction settings.
100 OPEN "I",#8, "/sys/devices/virtual/gpio/gpio8/value",1
REM opens the GPIO pin 8 value file
110 INPUT #8,x
REM reads the value of the input pin and stores the value in numerical variable x
REM closes the open file, allowing the system to read the value of the input pin and store the value in numerical variable x.
130 OPEN "O",#1, "/sys/devices/virtual/gpio/gpio4/value",1
140 OPEN "O",#2, "/sys/devices/virtual/gpio/gpio7/value",1
REM opens the GPIO pins 4 and value files ready for outputting 1s and 0s.
150 IF x<1 THEN GOTO 160 ELSE GOTO 190
REM tests the state of the switch (1 or0) and directs the program to generate the appropriate outputs
REM Closes the files and allows the outputs to light the LED
When all is done, we should unexport the GPIO pins, to leave the R-Pi as we found it.(Ref 1.)
LOAD "unexport.bas"
REM a set of Shell statements to unexport the three GPIO pins.
10 echo "4" > /sys/class/gpio/unexport
20 echo "7" > /sys/class/gpio/unexport
30 echo "8" > /sys/class/gpio/unexport
A simple circuit to provide the switched input and the two LED outputs.
Ancient Mariner. Dec. 2012
1. This paper RPi Low-level peripherals.
2. Ed Beynon. http://www.ybw.com/forums/showthread.php?t=331320&page=5
3. Arthur Kaletzky. Private communication. 25/10/2012
4. bwbasic manual.
For the two original documents this example has been copied from see:
On the production board[23], the Raspberry Pi Foundation design brings out the MIPI CSI-2 (Camera Serial Interface[24]) to a 15-way flat flex connector S5, between the Ethernet and HDMI connectors. A compatible camera has been discussed as working in tests and is planned for release at a later date.[25].
On the production board, the Raspberry Pi Foundation design brings out the DSI (Display Serial Interface[26]) to a 15-way flat flex connector labelled S2, next to Raspberry Pi logo. It has two data lanes and a clock lane, to drive a possible future LCD screen device. Some smart phone screens use DSI[27].
HDMI-CEC (Consumer Electronics Control for HDMI) is supported by hardware but some driver work will be needed and currently isn't exposed into Linux userland. Eben notes that he has seen CEC demos on the Broadcom SoC they are using.
libCEC with Raspberry Pi support has been included in OpenELEC and will be included in Raspbmc RC4.[28]
For more information about HDMI-CEC and what you could do with it on the Raspberry Pi please see the CEC (Consumer Electronics Control) over HDMI article.
- ↑ http://www.raspberrypi.org/forum/features-and-requests/easy-gpio-hardware-software/page-3/#p31907
- ↑ http://www.raspberrypi.org/archives/384
- ↑ http://www.raspberrypi.org/archives/384
- ↑ http://www.raspberrypi.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/BCM2835-ARM-Peripherals.pdf
- ↑ http://www.raspberrypi.org/archives/384#comment-5217
- ↑ http://www.raspberrypi.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/BCM2835-ARM-Peripherals.pdf
- ↑ http://www.raspberrypi.org/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=44&t=7509
- ↑ http://www.raspberrypi.org/downloads
- ↑ http://www.raspberrypi.org/forum/projects-and-collaboration-general/gpio-header-pinout-clarification/page-2
- ↑ http://www.raspberrypi.org/forum/features-and-requests/easy-gpio-hardware-software/page-6/#p56480
- ↑ http://www.raspberrypi.org/forum?mingleforumaction=viewtopic&t=1288.1
- ↑ Forum:Sad about removal of I2S. Why was this change made?
- ↑ http://www.raspberrypi.org/forum?mingleforumaction=viewtopic&t=1288.2
- ↑ http://www.raspberrypi.org/forum?mingleforumaction=viewtopic&t=1536#postid-21841
- ↑ http://www.raspberrypi.org/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=24&t=5894
- ↑ http://www.raspberrypi.org/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=24&t=5894
- ↑ http://www.raspberrypi.org/forum?mingleforumaction=viewtopic&t=1278.0
- ↑ http://www.bootc.net/projects/raspberry-pi-kernel/
- ↑ http://www.raspberrypi.org/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?p=86172#p86172
- ↑ http://www.raspberrypi.org/forum/general-discussion/wiring-for-the-raspberry-pis-gpio
- ↑ http://pi4j.com/usage.html#Pin_Numbering
- ↑ https://projects.drogon.net/raspberry-pi/wiringpi/pins/
- ↑ http://www.raspberrypi.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Raspberry-Pi-Schematics-R1.0.pdf
- ↑ http://www.mipi.org/specifications/camera-interface
- ↑ http://www.raspberrypi.org/forum/projects-and-collaboration-general/complex-camera-peripherials#p72602
- ↑ http://www.mipi.org/specifications/display-interface
- ↑ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Display_Serial_Interface
- ↑ http://blog.pulse-eight.com/2012/08/01/libcec-1-8-0-a-firmware-upgrade-and-raspberry-pi-support/


text:
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text:
Hello fellow Sangha Members,
we have been using g+ hangouts as our zendo for more than a year, but the procedure of finding treeleaf, adding and "adding back" to circles was not too convenient. Google recently introduced the "Community", which much simplifies the process, so we will move from the use of the "Circles" to the "Community". Everyone who was in Treeleafs circle just got an invitation to the community at g+, just accept it and you are done. Everyone who not got an invitation or not even is at Google+ yet, just read on.
Below is the Guide for using the Community as our Zendo, please everyone read it once, as it also contains infos about Silence in the zendo, usage of the Community and how to find fellow sitters (aka the Calendar):
Treeleaf Google+ Zendo Guide
If you have no Google account yet, you need to create one:
- Go to http://accounts.google.com
- Click on the Create an account link next to the Sign In button and follow the instructions.
If unsure on some of the options, just go with the default, it can be altered later on.
Log into your Google account and go to the community page at
- Bookmark this page, its your entry point to connect with your fellow sitters
- Click the "Ask to join" button
- Go to your treeleaf message box
and send a private message to either "Dosho" or "Myoku" so we can be sure its a treeleaf member asking to join.
You will be notified when you became a member of the community.
Please dont post anything in the community, its reserved for zazen!
Go to the community page to join an active hangout or to create a new one yourself. The "hangouts" area is on the right. For special events like the zazenkai, wait for the moderator to start the hangout. By starting a hangout from the community page you automatically invite all community members to join you.
Please always mute your microphone (button on the top right of the hangout window)!
To publish your sitting time or look up other sangha members sitting time, please check the treeleaf calendar at
To add your sitting time, click "Add New Event" at the tope right, choose the "Ranged Event" for a single sit or "Reccuring Event" for regular sits and enter "Zazen Your Name" as title and your intended time in "Start Date" and "End Date".
Email Notifications
To control emails you get for each hangout from the Community go to the settings at
The important part is the "Receive notifications" section, it controls what results in an email being sent to you. When you not want to get an email or sms whenever a hangout starts, set the option "Invites me to a hangout" to Off.
You may also want to switch off the options in the "Manage subscriptions" area.


text:
Approximate size 7.3 x 1.6. Clear rhinestone outline with colored STUD fill.
Application Instructions:
Set temperature at 325° Fahrenheit.Set pressure at medium to heavy.Remove the white plastic backing from the transfer.Place the transfer face up on the fabric.Press directly onto the clear (heat-resistant) film.Press for 12 to 15 seconds.Let cool for several minutes and slowly peel off the plastic.Press again directly on the design for 5 seconds.
This product was added to our catalog on Saturday 07 October, 2017.


text:
|Janet Rodriquez, the recipient of the Association of Fundraising Professionals (AFP) Fort Worth Metro Chapter's prestigious Outstanding Volunteer Fundraiser award, is pictured with a sampling of her artwork which is donated for use at the Tarrant Area Food Bank's annual Empty Bowls fundraising event. The event is now in it's eleventh year and will be held March 28 at the Will Rogers Memorial Center in Fort Worth.
"Visionary leaders are the builders of a new dawn, working with imagination, insight, and boldness. They present a challenge that calls forth the best in people and brings them together around a shared sense of purpose… they embody a sense of personal integrity, and radiate a sense of energy, vitality and will. They are social innovators and change agents, seeing the big picture and thinking strategically."
From Visionary Leadership by Corinne McLaughlin
Ask Fort Worth artist Janet Rodriguez if she feels like a "visionary leader," and she scoffs at the idea. "I'm a very blessed person with a lot of amazing and generous family members and friends," she says. "Thankfully, that has translated into a tremendous amount of support for a cause that is very, very important to me."
That cause – the work of feeding hungry people through support of the Tarrant Area Food Bank (TAFB) - has led Janet, a longtime parishioner at St. Rita Church in Fort Worth, to make her studio, Hart Street Pottery in Fort Worth, the bustling hub of an energetic, ever-growing volunteer movement. Over 120 professional and amateur artists gather regularly at the studio throughout the year to create original bowls of all shapes and sizes, which are used at the Food Bank's annual Empty Bowls fundraising event, now in its eleventh year.
Janet's pivotal role in the tremendous success of the event, which now raises more than $250,000 annually, led food bank officials to nominate her for the Association of Fundraising Professionals (AFP) Fort Worth Metro Chapter's prestigious Outstanding Volunteer Fundraiser award. Much to her astonishment, she was selected for the honor, which she received at the organization's 32nd Annual National Philanthropy Day Awards Ceremony, Nov. 7 at the Omni Hotel in downtown Fort Worth.
"Janet's dedication to Empty Bowls translates very directly into nutritious, life-sustaining food for hungry people," explains Andrea Helms, director of communications for the TAFB. "Each dollar we receive allows us to provide about five meals. The income from Empty Bowls is equivalent to about 1.25 million meals, a huge contribution to our efforts."
When presented with her award, Janet was quick to draw attention to the unflagging enthusiasm and efforts of the family members and friends who join her in creating, storing, and transporting the bowls, and in volunteering each year at the event. "I am accepting this award on behalf of the many, many people who have worked to make Empty Bowls a success, year after year," she told the assembled group of approximately 500 fundraising professionals, fellow honorees, and guests. "Ceramic artists, glass artists, wood turners, china painters, fabric artists… all eagerly work to create bowls that will turn into food for our hungry neighbors."
Amy Helling, a fellow St. Rita parishioner, says that she has known Janet for more than 25 years, and has been deeply involved in the Empty Bowls effort for about five of those years. A part-time medical technician who often uses vacation days to work on bowls at Janet's studio, Amy proclaims that she is "totally hooked" on both the work of creating the bowls, and the experience of being a part of the supportive, exuberant community that has evolved, with Janet's vision and her larger-than-life personality at the center of it all.
"It's so much fun, it's truly wonderful to see this movement grow, and it's all because of Janet and the way she brings people together," muses Amy. "Last year, we brought over half of all the bowls that were donated. And that includes a lot of bowls, beautiful ones, done by people that thought they have no artistic ability whatsoever. That's why I always tell people, come join us, we'll help you get started, and you'll love volunteering with such a great group of people, you'll gain a whole new group of wonderful friends."
The snacks, the music, and the camaraderie are indeed a powerful force that effectively draws others to the monthly painting parties, says Diane Mills, another St. Rita parishioner who gathered a group of Catholic mothers to create the "Empty Nesters for Empty Bowls" movement after their children graduated from Nolan Catholic High School in 2008. "We laugh, and sometimes we cry together," she adds. "Wonderful friendships have grown in that studio. Over the past few years, it has been a tremendous focus of mine, to get people to join us in creating bowls. My extended family members, my banker, co-workers, old high school friends from Nolan and from the parish – I've gotten 'em all involved, and they love it!"
Mary Casselman, a parishioner at Most Blessed Sacrament (MBS) Church in North Arlington, first became involved in painting bowls in 2007 when her daughter, Jesse, coordinated a bowl painting event at MBS as part of her service requirement for the Girl Scout Gold Award. "Janet helped us every step of the way," Mary recalls. "And that's when I started coming regularly to participate at the studio myself. Janet is so welcoming, so upbeat, so warm. Her excitement is contagious. And so now, there's a group of us who are addicted to the joy of this experience. I would have never dreamed that I could do this, to be a part of something wonderful like [Empty Bowls]. So now, thanks to Janet, many, many people – including me – are receiving the gift of offering service, and, at the same time, a wonderful reward of friendship and laughter."
For more information about involvement in Empty Bowls work with Janet, visit www.HartStreetPottery.com, or call (817) 429-7222. Painting is done in the studio each second Thursday of every month, and the Wednesday evening before that from 5 p.m. to 9 p.m. Bisque bowls and glaze are provided; donations of $4 per bowl are requested to offset expenses.
Mark your calendars now and plan to attend Empty Bowls 2013, to be held Thursday, March 28 from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m. in the West Room of the Amon G. Carter Exhibit Hall at Will Rogers Memorial Center just off University Drive on the Near West Side of Fort Worth. The event offers the approximately 2,000 in attendance an opportunity to sample outstanding soups and desserts offered by some of Fort Worth's finest chefs, and to obtain an original keepsake selected from 2,500 bowls created by North Texas artisans. For more information, visit www.tafb.org.
Ask Fort Worth artist Janet Rodriguez if she feels like a "visionary leader," and she scoffs at the idea. "I'm a very blessed person with a lot of amazing and generous family members and friends," she says. "Thankfully, that has translated into a tremendous amount of support for a cause that is very, very important to me."


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The payday loans are short term loans taken in small amounts to deal with the unforeseen financial crisis. If you have been missing payments or need cash support to pay off a short amount, then these loans in Dudley, Georgia are the right solution. You can use a personal check to avail the loans and use the check for a future deposit. Or you can use the electronic medium to get the payday loans online in Dudley Georgia. There are people who sign an -e-check to get the loans or pay them off. For all sorts of cash issues of a small amount, these loans work perfectly.
There are a lot of beneficial aspects of choosing fast payday loans. As we already mentioned that you can opt for these loans in times of emergency. Once you get the loans, you can repay the amount back when you receive the salary from your workplace. You won't have to worry even if you have a bad credit score. The loan is available to all working individuals irrespective of good or bad credit loans. This is, beyond doubt, one of the best features of choosing payday loans online Dudley, Georgia.
Speaking of the rates and terms of the best online payday loans in Dudley, GA, the following section will guide you in what to expect and whatnot.
The first thing to know about the loans is the finance charges. These are the charges that you have to pay. If the loan amount is not more than $30, then you will not have to pay more than $1 for every $5.
The next thing that comes into play is the annual percent rate (APR). The annual percent rate will be based on the amount that you borrow and the schedule of repayment. For instance, if you are borrowing an amount of $100 for 14 days, then the annual percentage rate varies by approximately 450%. This means, after 14 days, you need to repay an amount of $114 (approximately). This is how the annual percentage rate works.
The acquisition charge is the next thing to know. If you are borrowing an amount between $30 - $100, then the acquisition charge will be one-tenth of the total amount of the best online payday loan. The acquisition charges are absolutely legit charges that you need to pay because you are opting for the services of an organization. The good thing is, if you take a loan amount of more than $100, then there will be $10 straight.
Another important aspect of the payday loans online in Dudley is, there is no maximum limit to the amount you can borrow, even though this type of loan is mostly used for small amounts. Also, there is no limitation on the maximum term of repayment for this loan. In general, the maximum term limitation will vary from 7 days to 31 days in Dudley, Georgia.
Remember that you will get fast payday loans if you are above 18 years of age. The individuals below 18 years will not be able to get loans. Also, you have to be a genuine resident of Dudley Georgia to get this loan. Provide a valid address, mobile number, registered email address and SSN to get the loans.
Now that we have mentioned the terms and rates of the fast payday loans Dudley, GA, why should you opt for the services from georgiapaydayloans.org? The following section of the article will clear it out.
The most important aspect is the company offers quick and convenient services. This is an era of the internet. When you are in need of urgent money, there is no time to fill out lengthy forms. Here is where the team of experienced professionals has prepared forms based on only the prerequisites to avail payday loans online in Dudley, Georgia. With optimal convenience, the borrowers will be informed about when they will get the money (which is pretty soon). Most of the time it takes a few minutes to get the amount.
Next is the privacy that the company offers. You can rest assured that every single detail of every customer will be kept classified so that no data leak takes place. In this ear of easy online accessibility, it is imperative to make sure that the detailed information is protected. The company doesn't ask how the amount is being spent by the borrower. You can spend it any way you want that is totally your business.
Another important aspect of the organization is, it offers transparent agreement for every single borrower. This means you will know exactly what you are going to pay once the due date comes. Thus, during the repayment of the payday loans online in Dudley Georgia, you will not be burdened with any kind of additional charges or hidden payments. All the payments are calculated fairly in front of the borrower. This is a certified and registered organization to offer fast payday loans in Dudley in Georgia. You can rest assured that you are safe.
One more important feature of the organization is the accessibility it offers. You can opt for the payday loans from anywhere you want. If you have access to the internet, be it with a smartphone or a laptop or a desktop, the moment you feel that you are in need of urgent cash, all you have to do is visit the website and apply for a best online payday loan. Within a few hours, the amount is approved and credited to your preferred bank account.
Now, coming to the alternatives of payday loans Dudley, Georgia, you can go for the peer - to - peer loans. These loans are used for funding small projects for a short time. A lot of small businesses choose these types of loans, but remember that these kinds of loans will also affect the credit score as well.
Another form of alternative is to choose credit union loans or personal loans. You can get almost anything and everything covered up with the help of personal loans. Even though these loans might help you go through the tough times, these loans have pretty high-interest rates. Also, personal loans have a pretty bad impact on the credit score as well.
If you are not a credit cardholder, then you can opt for credit cards to pay off the sudden requirement of cash. If you have a good credit score and worked hard to maintain it, then it will not be difficult for you to get a credit card. Even if you don't have a credit card, a good credit score helps in getting one in a very short time.
It is hard when sometimes you don't have cash in hand but you really need it. Yes, you can opt for friends and family, but even they cannot support you every time. This is where fast payday loans online come in. You can get immediate financial assistance from these loans Dudley Georgia. Due to the availability of easy and instant financial assistance from georgiapaydayloans. org, you will be more than happy with the services.
All you need to do is apply for a quick loan and in a very short time, the loan amount is approved and credited in your bank account. Thus, you won't have to wait in suspense when the loan is going to be approved or when the amount is going to be credited in your bank account. Get the benefits of instant cash availability.
Best Online Payday Loans near me in Dudley, Georgia: FAQ's
1. What is the cost of payday loans near me in Dudley?
The cost of the loan might vary. But it is approximately $17.65 per $100 taken. Borrow $100 for 14 days, the repayment amount comes to $117.65. Thus, the annual percentage rate comes to 460.16% As mentioned, it can vary.
2. Will I be able to renew the Payday loans near me in Dudley, Georgia?
No, you cannot renew.
3. How to repay the Payday Loans near me?
The repayment options will depend on the specifics of the loan agreement.
Either you pay in a post-date check or you can use the e-check as well, or you can also deposit the money physically if you want.
You can do a full repayment before the due date.
You can pay by debit card as well.
4. Should I require good credits for getting a payday loan in Dudley, Georgia?
It doesn't matter whether you have a good credit score or not. Payday loans are available regardless of bad credit loans.
5. Shall I be able to get a Payday Loan if I am not a resident of Dudley, Georgia?
No, you cannot get a Payday Loan if you are not a resident of Dudley of Georgia.
6. How will my loan date be decided?
If the repayment date is within 14 days from the date you took the loan, then you can pay the loan on the following payday. The USA law states the term limitation is 31 days.
It's the sort of credit you take when different emergencies happen. There are such examples as medical bills, house maintenance, car repair, etc. Of course, each customer has his own purpose.
Applying does NOT affect your credit score!
No credit check to apply.


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Stock due at suppliers on 14/11/2022
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From the University of Illinois News Bureau:
Researchers have found a way to study how our brains assess the behavior – and likely future actions – of others during competitive social interactions. Their study, described in a paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, is the first to use a computational approach to tease out differing patterns of brain activity during these interactions, the researchers report.
"When players compete against each other in a game, they try to make a mental model of the other person's intentions, what they're going to do and how they're going to play, so they can play strategically against them," said University of Illinois postdoctoral researcher Kyle Mathewson, who conducted the study as a doctoral student in the Beckman Institute with graduate student Lusha Zhu and economics professor and Beckman affiliate Ming Hsu, who now is at the University of California, Berkeley. "We were interested in how this process happens in the brain."
Previous studies have tended to consider only how one learns from the consequences of one's own actions, called reinforcement learning, Mathewson said. These studies have found heightened activity in the basal ganglia, a set of brain structures known to be involved in the control of muscle movements, goals and learning. Many of these structures signal via the neurotransmitter dopamine.
"That's been pretty well studied and it's been figured out that dopamine seems to carry the signal for learning about the outcome of our own actions," Mathewson said. "But how we learn from the actions of other people wasn't very well characterized."
Researchers call this type of learning "belief learning."
To better understand how the brain processes information in a competitive setting, the researchers used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to track activity in the brains of participants while they played a competitive game, called a Patent Race, against other players. The goal of the game was to invest more than one's opponent in each round to win a prize (a patent worth considerably more than the amount wagered), while minimizing one's own losses (the amount wagered in each trial was lost). The fMRI tracked activity at the moment the player learned the outcome of the trial and how much his or her opponent had wagered.
A computational model evaluated the players' strategies and the outcomes of the trials to map the brain regions involved in each type of learning.
"Both types of learning were tracked by activity in the ventral striatum, which is part of the basal ganglia," Mathewson said. "That's traditionally known to be involved in reinforcement learning, so we were a little bit surprised to see that belief learning also was represented in that area."
Belief learning also spurred activity in the rostral anterior cingulate, a structure deep in the front of the brain. This region is known to be involved in error processing, regret and "learning with a more social and emotional flavor," Mathewson said.
The findings offer new insight into the workings of the brain as it is engaged in strategic thinking, Hsu said, and may aid the understanding of neuropsychiatric illnesses that undermine those processes.
"There are a number of mental disorders that affect the brain circuits implicated in our study," Hsu said. "These include schizophrenia, depression and Parkinson's disease. They all affect these dopaminergic regions in the frontal and striatal brain areas. So to the degree that we can better understand these ubiquitous social functions in strategic settings, it may help us understand how to characterize and, eventually, treat the social deficits that are symptoms of these diseases."
The paper, "Dissociable Neural Representations of Reinforcement and Belief Prediction Errors Underlie Strategic Learning," is available online or from the U. of I. News Bureau.
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Business Hosted VoIP is a challenge for companies in Lake Villa, Illinois. At Chicago Hosted VoIP we believe that we can help organizations, both large and small in Lake Villa, Illinois. Since 1993, we have helped Chicago businesses with their technology to improve reliability, avoid obsolescence and unexpected high costs.
One problem that virtually every company faces is the need for quick responses. This is especially true of inbound customer calls. In the past, when a customer would call-in and seek immediate support, companies would typically juggle the phone call between departments, until the customer was frustrated and then eventually transfer the call out to a manager's cell phone, where they would usually have to leave a voice mail and wait for a call back. As you can expect, it didn't take businesses long to realize that this way of conducting business was completely unacceptable and damaging relationships.
Companies have solved this problem with Cloud Voice phone systems. Since these systems operate "in the cloud" they are no longer tied to a single physical location and can accommodate the flexible workforce better than ever before. Best of all, the corporate experience is maintained all the way through and calls are handled with more elegance and professionalism than ever before. From the customer's perspective, it's as if these two were sitting right next to each other, collaborating on the issue at hand and resolving it as quickly as possible. The bottom line here is that when customers feel important and valued, they will continue to do business with any company. This is a rarity in today's marketplace and technology is transcending these limitations better than ever before and this is making it much tougher for outdated companies to compete.


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Trusting the author
Grandma Gregory could spin a tale like nobody's business. She'd take a routine trip to the corner store and turn it into the kind of story that you'd asked her to tell again and again.
And when she started in on the stories about how tiny Daddy was as a baby, you could practically see the dresser drawer he slept in and the little doll clothes he wore.
So, you can imagine the kinds of letters she wrote to her children. One of my favorites is her party invitation to fill in a ditch. She promises games for the children and wheelbarrow and shovel racing for the adults.
In another letter, postmarked March 25, 1978, she wishes my parents a happy Easter. In it, she writes about how she cherishes her memories from the Easter of 1977, the year the two of them dedicated their lives to serving God and were baptized. That Easter season, Grandma's "dream of a lifetime" came true, she writes, before she goes on to encourage them: "... we'll come in contact with many things we don't understand but read your Bible, keep your eyes on Jesus and your hand in his and he will take you through to the end."
She wrote all of those things before sickness took her husband and diabetes took her legs, before terrorists slammed airplanes into the World Trade Center, before tsunamis raked away entire towns and villages and radiation threatened to poison the survivors.
Now, all these years later, I still find comfort and wisdom in her long-ago letter.
She reminds me to pray not only for protection, but for strength.
Grandma spent most of her life trying to crawl into God's arms and trying to share his love with others. She was OK with not understanding everything, OK with not knowing how every story ended.
She simply trusted the author.
Marketta Gregory is a former religion reporter who can't stop writing about what is sacred and holy. Find more of her writing at SimplyFaithful.com or check out her book, "Simply Faithful: Finding the Sacred in Everyday Life."


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Local Shingle Roofer Service
Local Shingle Roofer Service | We are your Local neighborhood Roofer specialists for complete Shingle roof replacement, maintenance, inspections, and repairs of all types of Shingle roofs. For any type of Shingle roofing Service in , you can count on us. Most home roofing repair work can be done in one day, depending on the size of the project. Call us right now for a FREE roof inspection.
Before choosing a Roofer system Service or a roofing firm in the area, there are several factors to consider. It's not just about how much the roof costs up front. You should include in the Local expenses of repairs and maintenance in addition to the costs of new installations and home renovations.
Local Shingle Roofer Service
Therefore it all starts with your roof when it comes to your property. Your home is safe if your roof is in Local shape. We are aShingle roofing company. Our professionals are highly qualified to find any damage that has to be corrected or to recommend a complete roof replacement.
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Moreover taking care of your Shingle roof is one of the single most critical things you can do to ensure the longevity of your Shingle property. Furthermore allowing typical problems like roof leaks, flashing deterioration, hail damage, or other storm damage to pile up may cause your business Roofer to deteriorate more quickly. Therefore resulting in serious inside damage to your facility.
As a result, it's critical to be proactive. Moreover when it comes to roof maintenance. Additionally to have a regular maintenance program in place. Furthermore maintenance and repairs necessitate the use of skilled Service personnel to determine what maintenance is required. Also incorrect techniques not only shorten the life of your roof, but can expose your home to Shingle structural and interior damage.
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"This company did a wonderful job on my roof, patio covers, and gutters. The project manager Justin Garvey was awesome-always keeping me informed and helping me understand the insurance claims reports. During the project it was discovered that the previous roof we had put on (by a not to be named company) had been installed incorrectly. Not only did they fix the incorrect work but made sure that damage to my siding (by the other company) was made to look like new. I am very impressed with this company and highly recommend them."Julia Mullins
"We had a new roof installed, new windows installed throughout the house, new ceiling in the garage and water damage repair and paint in a spare bedroom. Our experience with Texas Direct was excellent customer service, invaluable help through the insurance process, friendly and professional staff and crews, and an impeccable job. We definitely recommend this company and will use them again when an occasion arises."Pat Reinecker
"I had Texas Direct come out and give me a quote for a new roof for my home, and they were incredibly supportive in every part of the project. It was my first roof replacement, but I didn't know much. I got four offers in all, but these guys were the only ones who explained the project in depth and let me know what to expect. They took the responsibility to go over the specifics with me."Karen Lange
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text: The Columbia Public School District does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, religion, gender identity, gender expression, sex, sexual orientation, national origin, ancestry, disability, age, or use of leave protected by the Family and Medical Leave Act, in its programs, activities, or with regard to employment. The Columbia Board of Education is an equal opportunity employer. Inquiries regarding Columbia Public Schools' compliance with IDEA and Section 504 regulations should be directed to Special Services.


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Journal Article
Century time-scale change in peak growing season CO2 and CH4 flux in response to change in ice-wedge polygonal tundra, on the Barrow Peninsula in Arctic Alaska.. Global Change BiologyGlobal Change Biology.. 0.
Expert assessment of vulnerability of permafrost carbon to climate change. Climatic ChangeClimatic ChangeClimatic Change. 119:359-374.. 2013.
Geologic methane seeps along boundaries of Arctic permafrost thaw and melting glaciers. Nature GeoscienceNature GeoscienceNature Geoscience. 5:419-426.. 2012.
Using the deuterium isotope composition of permafrost meltwater to constrain thermokarst lake contributions to atmospheric CH4 during the last deglaciation. Journal of Geophysical Research-BiogeosciencesJournal of Geophysical Research-BiogeosciencesJournal of Geophysical Research-Biogeosciences. 117. 2012.


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From the very first promotions, I had a hunch that this race would be....special. The promotions were ubiquitous and glossy: "it's finally here DC! The Hot Chocolate 5K/15K is coming! America's Sweetest Race!"
To which I thought, "huh? Never heard of it."
Several acquaintances posted the promotion on their FB walls. And I'd respond, asking what the big deal was. As far as I could tell, there wasn't much of one. And no one could really vocalize what was so cool about the race, except for a few comments to the point of "they have chocolate." Which wasn't a selling point for me (acid reflux plus dairy sensitivity makes most forms of chocolate off limits to me).
And yet, like a sheep, I registered. I've never run a 15K before, I've never raced in National Harbor before, and I love racing in November and December -- I run my best in 30-45 degrees. And so many of my friends were doing it that it'd be fun for that reason alone.
I was a bit concerned by the way the promotions focused on the swag (chocolate and a jacket) rather than other details, such as a certified course, description of the type of bib, disclosure of cut-off times, etc. But I thought all the race details would come.
They didn't. When I checked in late October, the course still did not show up on the USATF website as certified. Course certification is not a MUST for me; I've run plenty of $5 local races on uncertified courses and had fun -- in the end, it's a race, and what truly matters is that everyone runs the same distance. However, for larger races (and this one had over 20,000 bibs), I see course certification as an indication that the race has its act together. And I had no such reassurance here.
That was the first trouble sign. The next came in early November, when our weekly update email informed us that we had three options for parking: a) park on-site (you needed to pay $10 and to carpool); b) park at a remote location and take a shuttle (no cost, but needed to carpool), or c) park at another remote location and take a shuttle (no need for carpool, but did need to pay). You had to register for one of the three options ahead of time.
As a friend of mine noted: "The NYC Marathon has simpler logistics." He had a point. DC is home to several large races - Marine Corps Marathon (30K runners); Army 10 Miler (20K runners), Cherry Blossom 10 Miler (12K runners). None of these races involve anywhere near as much difficulty in getting to the start line as this race. Runners tolerate logistical issues for races like Boston or New York Marathon because, well...they're Boston and New York. But for a first time race cum debacle? Not so much.
My guess was, probably not. And I came close to not running this race. And then I decided that I wasn't going to let these guys profit from their own incompetence -- I'd paid my money, I'd make them deal with me, and potentially my post race wrath.
As we approached the last week before the race, it became clear that this was a disaster in the making. The official race Facebook site posted conflicting information on whether the roads to the race start would be closed by 6:30 am, and how far "on site" parking was from the start finish. (I had mapped it out before, and determined that "on site" parking was a bit disingenuous - the parking lot was a bit over a mile from the race start).
There were other issues too. The race repeatedly refused to answer the question of how many runners were registered, and mis-cited USATF rules as the reason why bib transfers weren't permitted. If the race won't allow bib transfers, then that's fine, and makes sense from a logistics standpoint. But don't lie about the reason why. Especially when the USATF rules are available to anyone with an internet connection and Adobe Reader.
Let us also pause here, in recognition of the irony of a) mis-citing USATF rules as the reason something can't be done, while b) running a race on a course that is not USATF certified.
The FB complaints on the website kept coming. Some would be pruned (I wish I had been faster with the screen caps) while others would get a constant refrain: "yes, problems...but, CHOCOLATE".
This race was leaving a bad taste in everyone's mouth.
My biggest concern, besides the obvious clusterfuck in progress, was the fact that the race was apparently being run on roads that weren't completely closed to traffic. I am NOT a race director, but even I know that a race on partially open roads is risky for the participants, and even more so when it's over 20K runners on those open roads. Once again, I was sorely tempted to bail.
I also considered the fact that my coach has been pushing my running group to take some time off during this time of year,. Though I don't want to take a complete break (I have a half-marathon in mid-January), it made sense to take this week for recovery. So, I'd skip my tempo and progression long run workouts, and instead simply run this race at something like tempo effort, while enjoying the show (and taking care not to be hit by a car or get injured). And if the race ended up so completely screwed up that I didn't even race, no big deal. It'd just be a rest day during a rest week.
I was set. And I was looking forward to it, with cackling glee.
At this point in the report, I'd say something like "race day dawned crisp and clear," but the truth is that the sun was a long way from rising when my carpool group met at 5:50 am (for an 8:00 am race start for a race 16 miles away). My carpool (down to three from the original planned five -- did I mention that of the 25+ people I know who were registered for this race, about 8 ended up running it? The rest gave up in disgust) departed in timely fashion and arrived at the race site a scant 40 minutes later. I'll take the credit for this, due to some masterful planning on my part that I won't describe in detail (I need to keep some secrets). As we sat in the relatively short line for parking, we saw the glittering lights of stopped traffic on the beltway, extending for miles and miles from Maryland across the Potomac into the Virginia distance, as the cars one by one were allowed in the parking lot from RAM RACING's recommended route.
Interestingly, RAM RACING claims that the massive back-up on the beltway was due to a major traffic accident on the beltway. Curiously enough, there was NO mention of this "severe accident" on any of the local traffic coverage stations or sites....
Once parked, my car convened to discuss bag check strategy. We decided that, given our experiences with this race so far, there was NO way we were trusting them with our stuff - we decided to use my car as bag check, and hung out there until 7:15, when we left to jog the mile+ to the start line as our warm-up.
It was a brilliant plan. Or it would have been, had the race started on time. But it didn't. We were delayed, and delayed, and delayed some more.
To explain in more detail -- this race was scheduled to run as a 5K starting at 7:30 am, and a 15K starting at 8:00 am. However, in a spectacular example of poor planning, the 10 thousand plus 15K runners walking for their 8:00 am start were directed to walk down the 5K course. Which meant that the race scheduled to start at 7:30 am couldn't start until the racers for the 8:00 am race were near the start of their race....
Am I the only one who sees the problem here?
So, the 5K was delayed, and delayed. And, all runners had to be cleared of at least the first two miles of the 5K (minimum 15 minute pace, so 30 minutes after last runner starts) before the 15K could start.
And thoughout it all, the refrain, ever more shrill. "Yes, we know the raceisdelayed/you'refreezing/etc, but....CHOCOLATE". I am willing to bet that most of the runners will never see Ghirardelli (the sponsor), in quite the same way. For my part, I now associate Ghirardelli with delayed and ultimately unsatisfying gratification.
The 5K finally started a bit after 8 am. Of course, with thousands of runners in that race, just clearing the start line took significant time, delaying the 15K even longer. Finally, at 9:02 am (yes, 62 minutes late, and a LONG time to be standing in the corrals in sub-40 degree weather) we were off.
[I'll briefly note another possible screw-up here. Generally, major races have two timing mats at the start and finish -- the first of each which counts, while the second 10 feet later is a back-up. However, at our race the starting corral extended OVER the first timing mat to the second, with many runners standing on or in front of it. For that reason, I made sure not to cross either timing mat until the gun had gone off. I did start my watch when I hit the first mat, not the second, and my Garmin time matches my official time, so....I'm guessing some other people are going to be WAY unhappy with their reported times].
The course itself was... a course. Not a great course for a race with 20K plus runners. The starting corrals and first 5 miles were about 17 feet wide (WAY TOO NARROW) and the race featured a 180 degree hairpin turn within the first half mile (and two more within the next five miles).
The race also started with a SCREAMING downhill. That, after a hour of standing still in the cold (so all muscles were tight).
|Yup - that's a downhill.
Mindful of the elevation profile, and of my primary goal DON'T GET INJURED, I took the turns very slow, and kept the first 3 miles to near-easy pace (which was still 6:5x -- REALLY downhill). Then I picked up the effort to tempo level, and started to pick off people. From there I just cruised.
The first 5 miles of the race were on Indian Head highway in Maryland -- a six lane major highway (three lanes each way) frequently trafficked by tractor trailers and the like. For the race, two lanes on the southound side of the highway were closed, while the third was used for traffic.
The downhill of the first 2.5 miles was mostly on one lane of the highway, the side that bordered a grassy shoulder. That was followed by a 180 degree turn, and then returning up that same hill. On the return, we ran in the middle lane. The occasional cone separated a) oncoming runners from each other and b) runners returning up the hill from the open road on the other side. The painted lane lines on the road were our main shield from the oncoming traffic on our right (which was fortunately backed up). I chose to run in the very center of the lane, to minimize my chances of colliding with either an oncoming runner or oncoming car.
At one point, I suddenly had to hurdle a runner lying on the course, stretching a hamstring. I wasn't shocked at all that his hamstring had cramped. Standing in the cold for an hour, followed by downhill and then uphill, is prime territory for cramping. What did surprise me was that he had chosen to lie in the center of the course to stretch it out. I cursed him out as I leapt over him.
And then I realized, he had nowhere else to go. On the one side of him was oncoming vehicular traffic; on the other was oncoming runners (these were the slower runners, and so more tightly packed).
The center of the race course was literally the safest place for him to lie down and stretch his hamstring.
Besides the hills, the large parts of the final two miles of the course were also on a) a narrow 10 foot bike path and then b) a gravel and sand path, 8 feet wide. Did I mention that this race had over 20 thousand runners? Luckily, I had started in the front corral, and was pretty much by myself, so the narrowness wasn't an issue. But wow.
I was continuing to pick off women, while running well within myself. I saw 2 more women about 50 feet ahead as we approached the 9 mile mark, apparently struggling. I got a bit competitive, and decided that I'd go ahead and start kicking a bit past the 9 mile mark (a 15K should be 9.32 miles - which would give me plenty of time to catch them, and I had a ton in the tank). And then we turned a corner, and the finish line was RIGHT THERE (*profanity*). I went into 200m repeat mode, but ran out of real estate. Sigh.
Splits were
|Disaster of horrific proportions, but they don't care...CHOCOLATE!


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Vans Trainers Sale – Footwear You Won't Get Board Of
Save money on super-cool skater footwear with a Vans trainers sale
The Vans footwear brand has been around for years and remains as cool now as it was when these stylish skater shoes first hit the streets in 1966. The brand was born when Paul Van Doren and three partners opened up a store in Anaheim, California. This flagship store sold vulcanised rubber soled shoes which made them durable and gave them great grip. This made them perfect for skating.
Skate Stamina – Vans Trainers Sale Leads to 50 Years of Success
The popularity of Vans shoes was huge among skater kids who loved the simple style and excellent comfort offered by these trainers. As the trend for skating spread first across the States and then across the world, Vans trainers sale increased everywhere and the brand became a global force to be reckoned with. Over 50 years later these stylish skater sneakers are still the chosen footwear of skaters all over the globe, but they are also worn purely for fashion reasons.
Vans have become the shoe of choice for all kinds of young kids, generally into alternative pursuits and interests, such as extreme sports and rock music. Like Converse, Vans have been adopted as an iconic fashion accessory and one that looks sure to retain its allure well into this century.
Skate Shoes on Offer – Vans Trainers Sale at Footasylum
This huge appeal means that when there is a Vans trainers sale shoppers usually go wild and clear shelves – physical or virtual – in no time at all. You can often find a Vans trainers sale here at Footasylum and prices are always highly competitive. So, if you want to invest in some footwear you really won't get board of, shop at Footasylum for Vans trainers.


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Berry Red to Black Ombre Stilettos.
Regular price £7.99
Handmade false nails for any occasion. The perfect instant manicure. A set of 10 beautiful false nails which are available in sizes XS - XL. Please select a width size from the guide below when ordering.
(left to right - Thumb,index,middle,ring and pinky)
Size guide from thumb to pinky.
XL - 20mm, 15mm, 17mm, 15mm, 12mm.
L - 18mm, 14mm, 15mm, 14mm, 11mm.
M - 17mm, 13mm, 14mm, 13mm, 10mm.
S - 15mm, 12mm, 13mm, 12mm, 10mm.
XS - 14mm, 11mm, 12mm, 11mm, 9mm.
All nails come packaged in an organza bag unless the gift box option is selected. Please note if the 24 nail option is selected with the gift box option the nails with


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Tirupati Main to Dhone train Seat Availability & Fare
Sampark Kranti is a series of express trains in India that connects different states of India to the national capital - New Delhi. Sampark in Hindi means connectivity while Kranti is also a word in Hindi language meaning revolution. Thus these trains have revolutionized the state connectivity with center. These trains have a combination of all the classes - AC, Sleeper and Unreserved coaches. Sampark Kranti trains are for long distance journeys. These trains are named after states and Sampark Kranti train for a particular state has most of the stoppages in that state only. 1 sampark-kranti train runs from Tirupati to Dhone - SAMPARK KRANTI (12707).
Tirupati to Dhone SAMPARK KRANTI (12707) departs from Tirupati Main station (TPTY) at and arrives Dhone station (DHNE) at . This train has 5 stoppages. Tirupati to Dhone sampark-kranti fare is Rs.1515 in First AC, Rs.660 in Third AC, Rs.155 in Second Seater, Rs.910 in Second AC and Rs.255 in Sleeper for this train.
- RAC is considered as confirmed for evaluating confirmation chances.
- Colors under confirmation chances mean following:
- Red - Not likely to confirm.
- yellow - Difficult to say if this will confirm or not.
- Green - Very likely to confirm.
- Seat availability and berth status functionality may not be available between and .
- Disclaimer - Trainman is in no way affiliated to Indian Railways, therefore some times, the information shown may not be accurate. Trainman also does not claim 100% accuracy on any prediction done for waitlisted tickets.


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Dwayne 'The Rock' Johnson set for DC Comics film
MEXICO CITY (AP) — Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson says he will play a role in an upcoming DC Comics movie adaption but has yet to decide between superhero Shazam and his arch-nemesis Black Adam.
He may not have a hard time making a decision. He told the Associated Press on Monday that he has always been a fan of anti-heroes and said one of his favorite DC Comics characters is Black Adam.
Appearing in Mexico City to promote Hercules, Johnson said he will make sure comic fans are not disappointed.
"I am putting my heart and soul and my bones into this role," he said.
Johnson didn't say whether his character will appear in the film Superman v Batman: Dawn of Justice, which is scheduled to be released in 2016.
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