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Pre-Planning for Safety in CTE Lab Settings -Using a Prior Walk-Through
Safety in CTE Lab settings is paramount and an important concern for all teachers. In this video Jeff Eichman of ESC 6 provides you with tools on how to pre-plan for safety and create a learning environment that reduces hazards.
- Resource ID: 15691
- Grade Range: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12
Scope and Sequence: Digital Audio Technology I
CTE TEKS - Implemented 2017-2018, adopted in 2015Digital Audio Technology I course scope and sequence within the Arts, A/V Technology, and Communications Career Cluster® summarizes the content to be taught, and one possible order for teaching the units of instruction. A brief...
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Lesson Plan: Court Systems and Practices - Effective Verbal Communication
In this lesson, students will demonstrate communication skills required to evaluate body language such as gestures, verbal tone, and inflection during testimony needed for courtroom policies and procedures.
- Resource ID: 13424
- Grade Range: 10, 11, 12
Court Systems and Practices
Court Systems and Practices is an overview of the federal and state court systems. The course identifies the roles of judicial officers and the trial processes from pretrial to sentencing and examines the types and rules of evidence. Emphasis is placed on constitutional laws for criminal...
- Grade Range: 9, 10, 11, 12, Postsecondary
Digital Audio Technology I
Digital Audio Technology I was designed to provide students interested in audio production careers such as audio for radio and television broadcasting, audio for video and film, audio for animation and game design, music production and live sound, and additional opportunities and skill sets....
- Grade Range: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, Postsecondary


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MANILA, Philippines (AP) — One of the Philippines' most active volcanoes rumbled to life Tuesday, spewing room-sized rocks toward nearly 30 surprised climbers, killing five and injuring others that had to be fetched with rescue helicopters and rope.
The climbers and their Filipino guides had spent the night camping in two groups before setting out at daybreak for the crater of Mayon volcano when the sudden explosion of rocks, ash and plumes of smokes jolted the picturesque mountain, guide Kenneth Jesalva told ABS-CBN TV network by cellphone.
He said rocks "as big as a living room" came raining down, killing and injuring members of his group, some of whom were in critical condition. Jesalva said he rushed back to the base camp at 914 meters (3,000 feet) to call for help.
Among the dead were three Germans and their Filipino guide, said Albay provincial Gov. Joey Salceda. He said everyone on the mountain had been accounted for at midday, except for a foreigner who was presumed dead.
Eight people were injured, and Salceda said the others were in the process of being brought down the mountain. Ash clouds have cleared over the volcano, which was quiet later in the morning.
"The injured are all foreigners … they cannot walk. If you can imagine, the boulders there are as big as cars. Some of them slid and rolled down. We will rappel the rescue team, and we will rappel them up again," he said from Legazpi, the provincial capital at the foothill of the mountain.
An Austrian mountaineer and two Spaniards were rescued with small bruises, he said.
Tuesday's eruption was normal for the restive Mayon, said Renato Solidum, the head of the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology.
The 2,460-meter (8,070-foot) mountain about 340 kilometers (212 miles) southeast of Manila has erupted about 40 times during the last 400 years.
In 2010, thousands of residents moved to temporary shelters when the volcano ejected ash up to 8 kilometers (5 miles) from the crater.
Solidum said no alert was raised after the latest eruption and no evacuation was being planned.
Climbers are not allowed when an alert is up, and the recent calm may have encouraged this week's trek. However, Solidum said that even with no alert raised, the immediate zone around the volcano is supposed to be a no-go area because of the risk of a sudden eruption.
Salceda said he would enforce a ban on climbers.
Despite the risks, Mayon and its near-perfect cone is a favorite spot for volcano watchers. Most enjoy the occasional nighttime spectacle of the rim lit by flowing lava, viewing from the safety of hotels in Legazpi.
The volcano has a trail to the crater that is walkable though it's steep and strewn with rocks and debris from past eruptions.
Associated Press writer Teresa Cerojano contributed to this report.
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The Party Problem (Ramsey's Theorem)
|The Party Problem
The Party Problem
- You're going to throw a party, but haven't yet decided whom to invite. How many people do you need to invite to guarantee that at least m people will all know each other, or at least n people will all not know each other?
Basic Description
Imagine that the next party you throw is, in secret, a mathematical experiment to find a solution to the party problem. Exhausted after planning, cooking, and setting up, you fall onto the couch and have some downtime to analyze the situation. Here is the question you want to answer:
How many people do you need to invite to make sure that at least 3 people will be mutual acquaintances, or at least 3 people will be mutual strangers? Because you have limited food, you want to find the lowest number of people you can invite while still satisfying these conditions.
Trivial Case
Note: From here on out,
- blue edges will connect two vertices to represent that the people are mutual acquaintances
- red, dashed edges will connect two vertices to represent that the people are mutual strangers
Nontrivial Cases
|When you invite a third person, Cam, you can form a set of 3 people. Let's say, for the sake of argument, that they all know each other (Fig. 2a), thereby satisfying the conditions of the party problem. Note that in Fig. 2a, the edges that connect the 3 vertices form a triangle with edges of the same color. This kind of triangle, called a monochromatic triangle, indicates that the 3 people represented by the vertices are either all mutual acquaintances or mutual strangers.
It appears that 3 people is the answer to the party problem; inviting 3 people allows you to form a set of 3 people that all know each other. However, you could also think of a case in which Adam and Ben know each other, but don't know Cam (Fig. 2b). If that is the case, you can't form a set of 3 people that are either acquaintances or strangers.
This is a good illustration of a counterexample to our claim that 3 people were enough to solve the party problem. We need to invite more than 3 people. In the next two cases, we will again use counterexamples to show that inviting 4 or 5 people is still not enough.
|Fig. 2b
A More Complicated Case
Until now, it has been relatively easy to come up with counterexamples to prove that 3, 4, or 5 people are not enough to guarantee that at least 3 people will be mutual acquaintances or strangers. When you invite a sixth person, Fiona, it becomes a little more complicated. We can think of various cases in which 6 seems to be an answer. In the following cases, there is always a monochromatic triangle:
|To find a configuration that will not form a monochromatic triangle, try using the coloring strategy that we used for 4 and 5 people. In other words, color the outer edges blue and the inner edges red. Does this work?
|Just because there are many configurations that suggest 6 is the answer, however, doesn't prove that it is. We have to apply a more general proof to show that, no matter what, in any set of 6 people, 3 people will be mutual friends or mutual strangers. To do this, we will try to find a configuration that does not produce any monochromatic triangles, and then realize it is impossible to do so. First, let's reconfigure the vertices so that the problem is easier to model—we will only draw the edges that originate at vertex A (see left). To begin with, let's assume that all of these edges are blue. Later on, we'll see that it doesn't matter what color these edges are.
|Remember that we are trying to find a configuration that does not produce any monochromatic triangles. Look at the triangle that would be formed by vertices A, B, and C. Since edges AB and AC are blue, we would have to make BC red to prevent triangle ABC from becoming monochromatic. Likewise, in triangle ACD, since edges AC and AD are blue, edge CD must be red.
|Now, look at the triangle that would be formed by vertices A, B, and D. Since edges AB and AD are blue, edge BD must be red to avoid a monochromatic triangle. Even though we avoided creating a blue monochromatic triangle, we are eventually forced to form a red monochromatic triangle that has the vertices B, C, and D.
|This holds true even if we change our initial assumption that all the edges emanating from A are blue. If edge AE were red, edge AF were red, or both edges AE and AF were red, our end results would not change. This is because these are trivial changes to the configuration. We didn't use or consider edges AE and AF when we formed the monochromatic triangle BCD, so changing their colors has no effect on triangle BCD.
|Now what about nontrivial changes to the configuration? Say we change edge AD from blue to red. If AD isn't blue, we can no longer put a constraint on edge CD—it can be either red or blue. It is no longer guaranteed that triangle BCD is monochromatic.
|Let's look at this new configuration again. Edges AC and AF are blue, so edge CF must be red to prevent triangle ACF from becoming a blue monochromatic triangle. Edges AB and AF are blue, so edge BF must be red to prevent triangle ABF from becoming blue and monochromatic. Sound familiar? We are, once again, forced to form a red monochromatic triangle (triangle BCF).
|Even if we make a nontrivial change to the configuration and change edge AC from blue to red, we are still forced to form the red monochromatic triangle BEF.
|Because we failed to find any case in which there exists no monochromatic triangle, we have proven that 6 vertices is a solution to the party problem for the following configurations: 5 blue and 0 red edges, 4 blue and 1 red edge, and 3 blue and 2 red edges. What about the other configurations? The remaining configurations are (0 blue, 5 red), (1 blue, 4 red), and (2 blue, 3 red). We can obtain the diagrams for these configurations by simply flipping the colors in the three proven configurations. For example, when the blue is replaced with red and vice-versa, the diagram for (5 blue, 0 red) becomes the diagram for (0 blue, 5 red).
|(5 blue, 0 red) & (0 blue, 5 red)
|(4 blue, 1 red) & (1 blue, 4 red)
|(3 blue, 2 red) & (2 blue, 3 red)
|Since we have demonstrated that any configuration of 6 people will always contain a monochromatic triangle, our results can be generalized to all cases.
Finally, we've arrived at an answer to the party problem: To guarantee that at least 3 people will be mutual acquaintances or mutual strangers, you must invite a minimum of 6 people to the party.
A More Mathematical Explanation
- Note: understanding of this explanation requires: *Graph Theory
The answer we just found is called a Ramsey number. In the simplistic terms of the party proble [...]
The answer we just found is called a Ramsey number. In the simplistic terms of the party problem, a Ramsey number R(m,n) is the minimum number of people you must invite so that at least m people will be mutual friends or at least n people will be mutual strangers. In the previous case, we proved that 6 is the Ramsey number when you want at least 3 people to be either mutual acquaintances or mutual strangers. In other words, R(3,3) = 6.
|So how does the party problem connect to graph theory? The transition from parties to graphs is simple—in fact, we've been modeling the invited people as the vertices of a graph already. We figured out earlier that the graph must have at least 6 vertices to guarantee that either a blue, monochromatic, complete subgraph with 3 vertices or a red, monochromatic, complete subgraph with 3 vertices exists. The constraint on the number of vertices v is denoted as follows:
Since R(3,3) = 6, we can be specific and say that v ≥ 6.
|This can be taken even further and applied to any complete graph. Say you pick 2 colors, c1 and c2, and paint a graph with those colors (we previously picked blue and red). The Ramsey number is the minimum number of vertices that that graph must have to ensure that there exists either a c1-colored monochromatic, complete subgraph with at least m vertices or a c2-colored monochromatic, complete subgraph with at least n vertices:
As we will see later on, there is a Ramsey number for all complete graphs—there exists an R(3,4), R(4,4), etc.
|To put it in more formal terms, take a complete graph K with v vertices that has its edges painted in k colors. We call this a k-painting of Kv. A subgraph H of K is monochromatic if all its edges are painted with the same color. Therefore, our previous results can be expanded as follows:
Ramsey's Theorem
Until now, we have only considered painting graphs with 2 colors. What if we paint a graph with more than 2 colors? Can we still guarantee that monochromatic, complete subgraphs will exist in a 3-painting of a graph? In a 4-painting? The short answer is yes. Ramsey's Theorem, which generalizes the notion of Ramsey numbers, states that if you take a sufficiently large graph and paint it in any k colors, there must always exist monochromatic, complete subgraphs.
Graphical Proof
First, let's look at the case for painting with 2 colors. We previously demonstrated that R(3,3) exists. We will now prove that any R(m,n) always exists.
Lemma for Painting a Graph with 2 Colors: An integer R(m,n) exists such that any painting of KR(m,n) in 2 colors c1 and c2 contains either a Km with all its edges in c1 or a Kn with all its edges in c2.[1]
You might have noticed a new term, KR(m,n), in the lemma statement. This is simply notation for a complete graph Kv that is large enough so that it has v = R(m,n) vertices. Since KR(m,n) has a number of vertices equal to the Ramsey number R(m,n), it is guaranteed to have a complete subgraph with m vertices painted in c1 or n vertices painted in c2.
So for example, as we saw before, R(3,3) ≥ 6. That means that . (Or K7. Or any Kv where v ≥ 6, really.)
Now, we have to prove that this R(m,n) exists for every m and n, not just m = n = 3.
Proof: We need to find the base case so that we can perform induction on it. Remember the first, trivial case that we covered in the basic description? All we need to do this start from this case, because it is the most basic.
|In K2 (Fig. 5), there are 2 possible configurations. The two vertices are connected by either a c1-colored edge or a c2-colored edge. Notice that there will always be either a monochromatic c1-colored subgraph with 2 vertices, or a monochromatic c2-colored subgraph with 2 vertices. Therefore, the Ramsey number for the base case exists, and is R(2,2) = 2.
R(2,2) is our base case, where m = n = 2. We will perform induction on m + n = 4.
As we just demonstrated, the Lemma holds for the base case, when m + n = 4. Assume that the Lemma is true when m + n < Q. Now take two positive integers M and N that add up to Q. If M + N = Q, then M + N - 1 < Q. Therefore, both R(M - 1, N) and R(M, N - 1) exist.
Say we have a graph Kv painted in c1 and c2 colors, where v ≥ R(M - 1, N) + R(M, N - 1). To visualize this, think of a simple example: K6. Since it has 6 vertices, let's "split it up" into two graphs with 3 vertices each so that we can model v ≥ R(M - 1, N) + R(M, N - 1) as v ≥ 3 + 3:
There is a give and take between the two colors; if you have less than 3 edges of blue, you will have more than 3 edges of red, and vice versa. This means that you will always have at least 3 edges of blue or 3 edges of red.
To generalize this, if you select any vertex x, it is guaranteed that x will either lie on R(M - 1, N) edges of c1 or R(M, N - 1) edges of c2, because we required that v ≥ R(M - 1, N) + R(M, N - 1). In the former case, the vertices that are connected to x by edges colored in c1 form a subgraph KR(M - 1, N). Now let's look at this subgraph in isolation and repaint it in colors c1 and c2. Because we are assuming that the Ramsey number R(M - 1, N) exists, the subgraph contains either:
- a KM - 1 with edges colored in c1 that, together with the additional vertex x, form a KM, or
- a KN whose edges are all colored in c2.
Either way, we have demonstrated that KR(M - 1, N) contains a monochromatic subgraph in either c1 or c2. Since Kv contains KR(M - 1, N) as a subgraph, we can extend our result and see that Kv also contains a monochromatic subgraph. By induction, we have proved that R(M,N) exists.
By proving the lemma, we have shown that monochromatic, complete subgraphs always exist in a 2-painting of Kv. In the following proof, we will generalize our results to show that monochromatic subgraphs of any shape exist in any k-painting of Kv. In other words, a Ramsey Number exists for every complete graph, regardless of the number of colors in which the graph is painted.
Ramsey's Theorem: G1, G2, …, Gk, are any k graphs. There exists an integer R(G1, G2, …, Gk) such that, when v ≥ R(G1, G2, …, Gk), a k-painting of Kv must contain a subgraph that is isomorphic to Gi and monochromatic in color i, for some i where 1 ≤ i ≤ k.[1]
Let's break this theorem down into an identical but simpler statement. Say you have an arbitrary number of graphs (G1, G2, …, Gk ). If you have a complete graph (Kv ) that meets certain specifications, and you paint it with k colors, you are guaranteed to have monochromatic subgraphs within Kv that are identical to the arbitrary graphs you started with. The specifications for the complete graph are that it must have a number of vertices greater than or equal to the Ramsey number (R(G1, G2, …, Gk) ). The theorem states that such a Ramsey number always exists, no matter what arbitrary graphs and colors you pick.
- This builds upon the lemma we just proved, which had limited results:
- Point 1: We showed that a Ramsey number R(G1, G2) always exists. We only proved this for when the G1 and G2 are complete graphs.
- Point 2: We tested for only 2 colors, ci, for some i where i = 1 or 2.
- As you saw in the theorem's statement, we will now expand on both of these points. We will see that the graphs Gk do not have to be complete, and that we can color a sufficiently large Kv with more than 2 colors and still find monochromatic subgraphs.
A word on notation before we start:
- The number of vertices in Gi is denoted as v(Gi).
- The notation Gk does not necessarily mean that the graph G has k vertices. It can be any graph. Instead, we use v(Gk) to indicate the size of the monochromatic subgraph we are looking for, just as R(3,3) meant that we were looking for a monochromatic, complete subgraph with 3 vertices.
- If all the graphs are complete graphs, i.e. G1 = Kp1, G2 = Kp2, ..., Gk = Kpk , then R(Kp1, Kp2, ..., Kpk) is rewritten as R(p1, p2, ..., pk).
Expanding Point 1
Kv(Gi) is the complete graph that has the same number of vertices as Gi. Proving the theorem for Kv(Gi) implies the proof for Gi. To see why, say that v is large enough that a k-painted Kv contains a monochromatic Kv(Gi) in color ci :
|3-painted K7....
|...contains blue monochromatic Kv(Gi).
|Kv(Gi) (isomorphic to K5)
The number of edges in Kv(Gi) is greater or equal to the number of edges in Gi :
|...contains Gi
It necessarily follows that if Kv contains a monochromatic Kv(Gi) in color ci, it will also contain a monochromatic Gi in the same color. In other words:
This is why it is sufficient to prove this theorem for the case in which all Gi are complete graphs.
Expanding Point 2
In order to prove that R(p1, p2, ..., pk) always exists, we will perform an induction on k.
We previously saw the proof for the basic case, k = 2, in the Lemma. Now assume that for k < Q, R(p1, p2, ..., pk) exists. Then if the integers p1, p2, ..., pQ are given, R(p1, p2, ..., pQ - 1) exists.
Let's take the graph Kv, where v ≥ R ( R(p1, p2, ..., pQ - 1), pQ ). We know that the Ramsey number R ( R(p1, p2, ..., pQ - 1), pQ ) exists, due to the lemma we proved before, and we already assumed that R(p1, p2, ..., pQ - 1) exists in the previous step. Remember that R(p1, p2, ..., pQ - 1) is the minimum number of vertices a complete graph (let's call it KP) must have to contain the monochromatic subgraphs Kp1, Kp2, ..., KpQ - 1. This means that R ( R(p1, p2, ..., pQ - 1), pQ ) is the minimum number of vertices a complete graph must have to contain either a monochromatic KP or a monochromatic KQ.
Now take this Kv and paint it in any k colors. Here's the induction step: let's say that k = Q.
For all edges painted in a color other than ck, temporarily assign a new color cm. This creates a 2-painting, which we already know how to analyze! The repainted graph must contain either a KR(p1, p2, ..., pQ - 1) monochromatic subgraph in color cm or a KpQ monochromatic subgraph in color cQ.
Take the former subgraph, KR(p1, p2, ..., pQ - 1), and look at it in the original painting (before its edges were recolored to cm). It has edges in colors c1, c2, ..., cQ - 1 only. Therefore, by induction, it contains a monochromatic Kpi painted in color ci for some i.
This shows that a Ramsey number R(p1, p2, …, pk) always exists. When a k-painting of Kv has a number of vertices greater or equal to this Ramsey number, it must contain a monochromatic Kpi subgraph in color i, for some i where 1 ≤ i ≤ k.
Ramsey Numbers
It is extremely difficult to compute Ramsey numbers for increasingly larger graphs. Many of the Ramsey numbers have been determined by using exhaustive computer algorithms that compute a range of numbers, given values for m and n.
Why It's Interesting
Impossibility of Disorder
Total disorder in a graph is impossible. To extend the party metaphor, imagine that you invite more than 6 people. Regardless of how many people you invite, there will always be at least 3 people who are mutual acquaintances or acquaintances.
Take any infinite graph you'd like. If you color it with an arbitrary, finite number of colors, there will always exist monochromatic subgraphs. So no matter how you color the graph, there will always be pockets of order.
There will always be an island of order in random, infinite chaos. Sounds quite poetic, right?
More generally: Regardless of the size of a system, if it's partitioned arbitrarily into subsystems, at least one subsystem will have a property that is shared by its constituents (monochromaticism, for example).
Teaching Materials
- There are currently no teaching materials for this page. Add teaching materials.
Ryser, Hervert John. The Carus Mathematical Monographs: Combinatorial Mathematics. Vol. Fourteen. Rahway: Quinn & Boden Company, Inc., 1963.
Caldwell, Chris. "Graph Theory Glossary." Graph Theory Glossary. 19 June 2012 <http://primes.utm.edu/cgi-bin/caldwell/tutor/graph/glossary.html>.
"Ramsey's theorem." Wikipedia. 18 June 2012. 19 June 2012 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsey%27s_theorem#Extensions_of_the_theorem>.
Weisstein, Eric W. "Ramsey Number." MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource. 19 June 2012 <http://mathworld.wolfram.com/RamseyNumber.html>.
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Please note that Digital KO LLC has no intention of collecting personal information from individuals under the age of 13 ("children"). We are committed to protecting children's privacy on the Internet and we comply fully with the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA). Where appropriate, we will instruct children not to provide such information to us. If a parent becomes aware that a child has provided us with personal information, we ask that the parent or legal guardian of the child contact us by visiting www.Xtmgame.com, selecting 'Contact Us'
How Does Digital KO LLC Use Personal Information?
Use of Personal Information is for our internal business purposes. Digital KO LLC uses the personal information you provide for the purposes for which it was provided, for example, to process an order; to record your rental of a product and its return date; to support an online subscription service; to collect debts and recover overdue rental products; to notify you that you have won a contest or sweepstakes; to respond to your inquiries or complaints or to contact you or send you information about your membership. In addition, Digital KO LLC, its subsidiaries and franchisees may share and use information collected through the Site to administer and manage our business, including, for example for account maintenance and collections purposes, and in connection with information technology services. In addition, personal information may be used to create a profile that we keep on individual Users that details their preferences and behavior. This profile may be used to develop and improve the products, benefits and services, Digital KO LLC, its subsidiaries, franchisees and business partners offer to our Members or Users, to improve the Site and the associated user experience, and to develop pertinent marketing promotions to Users and Members.
Where permitted or required by law, Digital KO LLC may collect, use or disclose your personal information without your consent, for example in response to a court order or subpoena or to comply with a legally permitted inquiry by a government agency.
When Will I Be Contacted by Digital KO LLC?
You may receive products and communications associated with your transactions with Digital KO LLC, such as rentals, purchases, subscriptions, sweepstakes and contests. You may also receive communications from Digital KO LLC related to transactions that appear to be from you or which appear to be fraudulent. You may be contacted in regards to an issue on your account or in response to a customer service contact by you or in response to a specific request from you such as clicking on a "forgot my password" link. Users who sign up for e-newsletter subscriptions will receive e-mails in accordance with their selection and preferences. These administrative communications also may be accompanied by information about products and services, special offers and upcoming promotions or events offered by Digital KO LLC, our subsidiaries, our franchisees or our marketing partners that we think may be of interest to you ("direct marketing").
You may periodically receive from Digital KO LLC, its subsidiaries and franchisees unsolicited direct marketing communications by mail (delivered via the United States Postal Service). Digital KO LLC and its subsidiaries will send standalone direct marketing e-mail communications to you only if you have agreed previously. We support the option to not receive these types of communications. Please see the following section: How Can I Opt Out of Receiving Direct Marketing from Digital KO LLC?
How Can I Opt Out of Receiving Direct Marketing from Digital KO LLC?
By providing us with your personal information, you consent to our collection, use and disclosure of that information as described in this Privacy Policy as amended from time to time or as described at or before the time of collection, use or disclosure, as the case may be. Digital KO LLC is the owner of the personal information collected on our Web Site. If you do not want your personal information to be collected, used or disclosed in this manner, please do not submit your personal information to us.
E-mails that are sent to you as a result of you performing a business transaction with us or requesting specific information from Digital KO LLC are not subject to an Opt Out process. If you have any suggestions on how to improve these e-mails, please communicate to our Online Customer Service group using the Contact Us functionality on the Site. We appreciate your feedback but cannot commit to taking action.
What Personal Information Does Digital KO LLC Give to Others?
Transfer of Personal Information to Third Party Goods and Services Providers. Digital KO LLC employs third party vendors, service providers, and suppliers to perform various functions on our behalf. Such services include: fulfilling orders; processing credit card or check card payments; collecting debts; removing repetitive information from customer lists; analyzing data; developing, hosting and maintaining our Web Sites and databases; sending and receiving e-mail and other communications; and staffing customer service call centers. These third parties may have access to personally identifiable information as reasonably necessary for the third party to provide these services. These third parties are not allowed to use personally identifiable information except for the purpose of providing these services. Certain information collected in connection with transactions may be provided to third parties for use in transaction authorization, fraud scoring and payment card fraud prevention modeling.
Digital KO LLC, its affiliates and franchisees (if permitted by Digital KO LLC) on occasion may disclose to their business partners certain data, such as names and addresses and the genre of products rented or purchased by Users or Members, so that the business partner may send their own direct marketing communications to Users and Members. Digital KO LLC will not provide User or Member e-mail addresses to business partners, unless the User or Member has provided express permission to Digital KO LLC. If you would prefer that Digital KO LLC not disclose your personal information to its business partners for direct marketing purposes, subject to legal, or contractual restrictions and legal notice you may opt out of such uses and/or disclosures by (a) checking the appropriate "Opt Out" box in any applicable e-mail communication or e-newsletter, (b) visiting www.Xtmgame.com, selecting 'Contact Us'.
Third Party Features. From time to time Digital KO LLC may include additional features and functionality from third parties on our Web Sites. Certain of these features and functions, may require Digital KO LLC to send selected information about you, such as information about your game queue, to the third party. If you do not wish for Digital KO LLC to share this information, you will have a reasonable opportunity to opt-out of these third-party features and functions. Digital KO LLC will never send your password or your financial information to any third party through these features or functions.
Cleaned Data. We periodically remove from personal information data that can be used to identify individuals for example by summarizing, aggregating or removing certain data elements. The resulting cleaned data is no longer considered personal information and is not subject to this Privacy Policy. The cleaned data may be published by Digital KO LLC and provided to various third parties.
Disclosures Attendant to a Merger or Acquisition. If Digital KO LLC or its assets are acquired by another company, your personal information may be disclosed to the acquiring company to allow it to fulfill your order or provide the products, services or information that Digital KO LLC would otherwise provide to you and generally to carry on the Digital KO LLC business. We may also use and disclose your personal information to parties connected with the contemplated or actual financing, insuring, sale, assignment or other disposal of all or part of our business or assets, including for the purposes of determining whether to proceed or continue with such transaction or business relationship or fulfilling any records or other reporting requirements to such parties. We will require such parties to treat your personal information in accordance with this privacy policy and to use and disclose it only for the purposes for which it was collected.
Public postings. If you disclose your personal information in a manner that will be posted publicly such as in a product review your posting will be seen by others. In addition, if you elect to participate in certain community features offered from time to time, selected information about you, including information about your game queue, may be shared with other participants in these community features. Also, Digital KO LLC may make it possible for certain third party web sites to be accessed directly from our Web Sites and for selected information about you to be provided to these third party web sites if you are also a user of these third party web sites. If a third party web site allows other users to view information about you (e.g., through posting to a publicly available profile page), the information provided by Digital KO LLC will be visible to other users of the third party web site.
How does Digital KO LLC Protect Personal Information?
Digital KO LLC takes reasonable measures to protect the personal information it collects, uses, stores or discloses. We have implemented physical, technological and organizational procedures designed to protect the integrity and security, and to ensure the appropriate use, of your personal information. These procedures are appropriate to the nature, sensitivity and format of the personal information collected, used, stored or disclosed by Digital KO LLC. For example, Digital KO LLC uses Secure Sockets Layering (SSL) to encrypt your personal credit information, including your credit card or check card number, before it travels over the Internet. SSL technology is the industry standard for secure online transactions.
What About Links to Other Web Sites?
This Privacy Policy applies solely to information collected by Digital KO LLC. However, our Site contains links to other web sites owned and operated by third parties. The third parties who operate these sites may treat the collection, use and disclosure of personal information differently than we do. This could be the case even for those web sites that carry Digital KO LLC's or its affiliates' trademarks or logos or which are framed by a Site. Please be aware that Digital KO LLC is not responsible for the data collection, use and disclosure practices of companies or organizations to which our Sites may provide links. We encourage our Users to be aware when they leave our Site and to read the privacy statements of each and every Web site that collects personally identifiable information.
How Can I Access or Correct My Personal Information?
If a User's personally identifiable information changes (such as zip code, phone, e-mail or postal address), or if a User no longer desires our service, we provide a way to correct or, update or delete/deactivate Users' personally identifiable information. You can review or change some of your personal information as follows:
You can review and change certain account related information by visiting Digital KO LLC, submiting suitable identification and giving the Digital KO LLC your changes such as providing a new address or phone number, removing names from your account, changing your credit card or check card information, etc.
You can review and change certain Site related information by visiting the Site, entering your e-mail address and password and accessing the "My Account" area.
Note that in most cases, Digital KO LLC will retain the previously entered data.
Legal Notices
Video Privacy Protection Act of 1988. Digital KO LLC supports the Video Privacy Protection Act of 1988 and will use reasonable commercial efforts to require employee and business partner compliance with the Act.
REQUIRED BY NEW YORK LAW: This videotape service provider from time to time provides to marketers of goods and services, the names and addresses of customers and a description or subject matter of materials rented by video customers. You have the right to elect not to have your name, address or the description or subject matter of any material rented included in such lists. This election may be changed by you, in writing, at any time.
Can Digital KO LLC Change This Privacy Policy?
Digital KO LLC reserves the right to change this Privacy Policy from time to time. If Digital KO LLC makes a change, this Privacy Policy will be updated accordingly. We recommend that you review this Privacy Policy periodically so that you are aware of any changes. If we make a material change to this Privacy Policy we will make reasonable efforts to notify you. For example, your continued consent to our collection, use and disclosure of your personal information or your continued use of our Sites following the notification or posting of any changes to this Privacy Policy shall constitute your acceptance of these changes.
How Do I Contact Digital KO LLC Regarding The Web Site And This Privacy Policy?
If Users have any questions or suggestions regarding our privacy policy, please contact us at:
Web: visit www.Xtmgame.com, select 'Contact Us' and complete the contact form


text:
Utility wants more for delivery
The appeal was filed after members of the Illinois Commerce Commission in November approved $148 million of a $200 million rate increase sought by the company to cover delivery costs.
Ameren is asking the commission to reconsider. Approximately 1.1 million customers of AmerenCIPS, AmerenIP and AmerenCILCO in Illinois are affected by the case, which is scheduled for a Wednesday hearing.
Chairman, president and CEO Gary Rainwater told a conference call of industry analysts Friday that Ameren distribution companies in the state are earning only about half of the rate of return allowed.
He also said the utility has continued to face rising costs for delivery of power and system maintenance.
"It will certainly affect the timing of future rate increase requests to cover increased costs and to allow the companies to earn a reasonable rate of return," Rainwater said of the appeal.
Delivery rates cover the cost of power distribution and are unrelated to higher rates that resulted from end of a 10-year rate freeze on Jan. 1. The freeze was set by a 1997 law intended to encourage competition and consumer choice, though only the largest commercial customers are now able to choose among power suppliers.
A power-supply auction conducted last fall determined Ameren and Commonwealth Edison's wholesale rates.
ICC spokesman Brian Sterling said commissioners expect to make a decision on the Ameren delivery rate request Wednesday, although it could come later in the week. Ameren also has the option of appealing in court if commissioners ultimately reject the company's request for the full $200 million increase.
Rainwater spoke to analysts a day after the company reported a nearly 76 percent increase in profits to $123 million in the first three months of 2007, partly as a result of rates that doubled or tripled after the end of the freeze.
He repeated the company's desire to find a compromise that would ease the burden on residential and small-business customers hardest hit by higher power bills, but warned again of a court challenge if legislators roll back rates and restore the freeze.
"We are hopeful we do not get to this point, but we stand ready to protect our interests. We understand many of our customers are experiencing financial hardship. We are convinced the solution is not rate-rollback legislation, but a compromise that will provide immediate relief to those customers most in need," he said.
Ameren and ComEd executives have pointed out the 1997 law included $1 billion worth of rate cuts for consumers, and the wholesale rates that took effect Jan. 1 simply reflect the increase in power costs in the past decade.
Rainwater said discussions continue with legislative leaders for a rate-relief plan, adding that he is confident a court challenge to any rate rollback would succeed.
Tim Landis can be reached at 788-1536 or firstname.lastname@example.com.


text:
First off, I'm fine.
Long time since one of these. I get up, make my tea, drink my tea, the han starts, I sit on the zafu, and almost immediately I feel it coming on. As the han sounds from my computer wind down, the black hole steadily builds. I think, "Man, I'm gonna have to sit through this whole sitting with with this? This is going to be interesting, and shitty." Not interesting enough to keep it from consuming everything.
It thrusts me into an "everything is terribly wrong" panic, and I did indeed attempt to sit in it. Of course, any attempt to quell the horrid sensations during these dark moments is contrived and riddled with pretense. About 3 minutes into sitting, it's full bore; I had to break my zazen.
I DID also have to #2, like really, and I'm actually on the throne running through this dark night of the soul. It had been a long time since I had had, what one might call, an anxiety attack. My heart is up, I am shaky, but my breathing never elevated. As subject to it as I was, I was also able to objectify, be curious about what it was, and welcome it in a sick and twisted way. Nothing was wrong the day before, but I soon felt that change as I was sitting there.
From what I can tell, I am feeling nervous about a lifestyle change. I am going into business myself, and I am learning everything from scratch, essentially. I am rolling the proverbial dice and leaving everything behind. I'll be moving out of the country to focus on the business, because it's more financially feasible. My business niche keeps changing, and everything is very uncertain. There are moments of feeling adventuresome, and moments of stress. There was a slew of other topics of guilt that came up; I was scrutinizing small things that I was doing in my life that may not be in accord with the precepts.
I often welcome these times. I feel they are a cleanse. I sometimes get these sensations just as I'm drifting off to bed, and I have to sit up and let it "take me," then they pass. Episodes I would get during the day would usually be because of stress at work, and they were much longer lasting. An episode during the day could ripple through my week This would happen years ago, and also when I was very young. I would get up in the middle of the night, and run around the house. My parents would wake me up from this sleep walk and it would faaarreeak me out. I started remembering these half awake, half asleep states of panic as my parents added to the panic loop wondering what the hell was going on, and what I was talking about when trying to explain things. As I grew older, I began to be able to realize that I was sleep walking, and somehow could get back to my room and get to sleep. Such a strange sensation to be in two realities at once. These types of sensations match perfectly the sensation of the anxiety attacks.
When I started working in high stress situations, this same sensation would happen in my young adult years about once every 2 or three months during the day. Sometimes I would be at work, and it would take everything I had just to sit there and look normal, and not run out of the place in a frenzy. As my discipline with sitting increased, they lessened significantly. In fact, it's been so long since something like this has happened, I all but forgot what a full fledged attack was like.
So, as I'm sitting on the toilet (heh), I'm trying to work with this thing. I remember "Dark Night of the Soul" saying that all you can really do is hope it won't last too long. So, I sit, allowing it to do it's thing. I plan on not working so I can just be with it, and I clear my schedule for the day. This is something I learned is OK to do. TAKE THE TIME YOU NEED to deal with these things. Everything be damned, this is as also a sickness; take your damned sick day or days!
Part of the problem with these things, is that we don't want to freak OTHER people out by telling them what's going on; fearing that they'll have no idea what you're talking about. I feel that's very unselfish of you, but the truth is, the reason why people might get freaked out about you sharing this crazy info is that THEY TOO get attacks and feelings like this in one form or another (well, most people do), and THEY TOO are afraid to talk about it. In the West you are clinically this or that if you experience these things, you need immediate professional help, and quite probably drugs. However, In many cultures, when one complains of having "demons," they may rely on myth, and bust out the medallions, rituals, and what-have-you to exercise the demons out of you. The community supports you when you're falling into shadow. How nice.
In Zen, we resort not to intellect nor myth; we are in special circumstances indeed. What is this?
So I'm sitting there, letting it do it's thing, being curious and gentle with myself, and it.... wanes after about 5 minutes. Amazing. My heard it still racing, the adrenaline is still shaking me, but my head is wrapped around 'it.' I get back up, reset the timer, and sit back down. I get up after my 30, a little shaken, and resume my day as normal.
I could talk about this phenomenon all day. It's certainly a primary reason why I practice. It's such an acute form of suffering, it's such a razor sharp tool. There are wonderful things that come from these periods in my life. My appreciation for everything shoots right up. I appreciate how St. John of the Cross explains this experience as, and I'm paraphrasing, 'God doing his work' or 'God, aligning you with his word' or whatever the hell. It is a time when my whatever is showing me that what I'm doing is just not working, that change is coming, that new neurons will be formed! And it always comes out of nowhere, just when you think everything is honky-dory. Isn't that how it is? heh. Anyway, time to sit!


text:
Flint Lockwood now works at The Live Corp Company for his idol Chester V. But he's forced to leave his post when he learns that his most infamous machine is still operational and is churning out menacing food-animal hybrids.
Cloudy With A Chance Of Meatballs 2
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Booster sessions are for those who have already participated in an Orientation Workshop and wish to expand their skills in knowledge transfer.
Booster Sessions focus on sustaining implementation of Best Practice Guidelines, building on skills in leadership, mentorship, networking and marketing to enhance the Champion role.
The schedule of upcoming Champions Workshops and Boosters Sessions to be released soon!
Who can attend?
All nurses living and/or working in the province of Ontario are eligible to attend Best Practice Champions® Events. Allied Health professionals are also eligible to attend, however priority is given to RNs and RPNs.
Traveling to attend a workshop
Nurses who must travel to attend the Workshop or Booster Session may be eligible to receive reimbursement for travel expenses.
To apply for reimbursement, you must fill out a Travel Reimbursement Request Form and submit it BEFORE the workshop .
If approved, you will be required to submit receipts and other relevant documents following the workshop. Please note that reimbursement generally takes 3-6 weeks following receipt of your expense claim.
Travel Reimbursement is made possible through funding from the Government of Ontario's Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care.


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Items can be returned for a refund or exchange within 60 days of the date of purchase. But the reason for returns caused by yourself (eg, size, color you choose), cannot be accepted. Special circumstances may require partnership with corporate business partners. For more information, please contact our customer service. We shall ship the items via DHL or USPS Once your order is processed you will receive email notification with shipment tracking number. All delivery standards begin when you receive this email. If order is placed after 3:00 PM CST on Friday or on the weekend, the earliest it will ship is Monday.
All transactions are secured. The website is provided with an SSL encryption system to protect personal and payment data. We do not sell or ship any items ordered through the Site directly to anyone we know to be under the age of 18. We will not collect and personally identifiable information (e.g. name, address, telephone number and e-mail address), also referred to herein as "personal information", about you unless you provide it to us voluntarily.
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text:
- Description
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Crafted from lightweight polycarbonate and sustainably sourced wood, the #WoodBack Case is a beautiful blend of technology and nature designed to protect your Google Pixel 2 XL.
Combining a super-strong shell with a handmade real wood skin, each case is one of a kind. Just think of it as your very own work of art, all courtesy of Mother Nature.
Offering all-round protection, the slim-fitting case simply snaps on to your Google Pixel 2 XL guarding against knocks and bumps whilst maintaining a lightweight feel and allowing the real wood to take centre stage. Clever cut-outs mean that you don't lose out on any of your Google Pixel 2 XL's functionality.
Combining modern and traditional craftsmanship, each piece of wood is laser cut, before being hand-sanded (the good old fashioned way!) to create a super smooth exterior. Coated with a specially selected finish made from a blend of vegetable oils and waxes, the raw wood is given a subtle natural shine that allows it to age beautifully over time - with added protection from water and everyday dirt.
The perfect fusion of protection and style, the #WoodBack Case not only protects your technology but enhances it – naturally.
*All #WoodBacks are made from real wood so every skin or case will have a different and unique grain pattern. This means the #WoodBack you receive may look slightly different to the photograph. That is what makes your #WoodBack one of a kind!
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Looks good, protects my phone, and feels good in my hand. Exactly what I was looking for at a reasonable price. Happy with my purchase.
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text:
This page collects information about nutritional facts and other properties of raw cashew nuts in summary. The information on this and other food has been gathered from various sources and may not be totally accurate. Among the data shown in this website you can find information about proteins, vitamins and minerals from raw cashew nuts and other nutrients like fiber, calories or cholesterol.
The proportions of nutrients in raw cashew nuts may vary depending on the type and quantity of food, and other factors that might contribute to the modification of its nutrients. Remember that depending on the preparation, raw cashew nuts may vary their properties and nutritional characteristics.
You can use this information to understand your dietary intake of this food or any other nut and seed products. This can help you to cook better and healthier recipes including raw cashew nuts, but remember to consult your doctor or nutritionist before beginning any regimen or make drastic changes in your diet.
Properties of raw cashew nuts
In your regular grocery store in the group of nuts you can find raw cashew nuts among other available foods.
Below you can see information about nutritional facts, properties and benefits of raw cashew nuts for your body as well as the amount of each of its major nutrients.
This food belongs to the nut and seed products group.
Eating raw cashew nuts will give you extra energy to get through the day, whether it be at work or to get to the gym. If you want more energy, raw cashew nuts can help you on this since raw cashew nuts is a high energy food.
Eating raw cashew nuts is not recommended in weight loss diets as this is a food high in lipids.
Nutritional facts tables of raw cashew nuts
Below is a summary table of key nutrients of raw cashew nuts and a list of links to tables showing details of nutritional facts of raw cashew nuts. They include the main nutrients as well as the proportion of each.
|553 kcal.
|43.85 g.
|0 mg.
|12 mg.
|30.19 g.
|3.3 g.
|5.91 g.
|18.22 g.
|Vitamin A
|0 μg.
|Vitamin C
|0.5 mg.
|Vitamin B12
|0 μg.
|37 mg.
|6.68 mg.
|Vitamin B3
|1.062 mg.
The quantity of nutrients shown in the previous table, correspond to 100 grams of this kind of nuts.
Food related to raw cashew nuts
Below you can find some food related to raw cashew nuts. You can see more information about them by doing click in their image:
|Salted butter
|Whipped butter with salt
|Anhydrous butter oil


text:
Fregosi, former player, manager and scout, dies at 71
Six-time All-Star for Angels spent 53 years in baseball, led Phillies to 1993 pennant
Jim Fregosi, a six-time All-Star shortstop who spent 53 years in professional baseball as a player, manager and scout, died early Friday morning, six days after suffering multiple strokes during a Major League Baseball alumni cruise.
"He passed away at 2:36 a.m. [ET]," Jim Fregosi Jr., the oldest son of the 71-year-old Fregosi, said. "Went in peace with no pain."
At Fregosi's bedside when he passed away were his wife, Joni; daughters Nikki, Lexy and Jennifer; and sons Robert and Jim. Fregosi had been taken off life-support systems slightly more than 12 hours earlier. He was airlifted from the Cayman Islands to Miami on Wednesday night after doctors had stabilized his condition.
"I was deeply saddened to learn of the passing of Jim Fregosi, who contributed to the success of our clubs for 53 years as an All-Star player with the Angels, a pennant-winning manager with the Phillies, a trusted scout with the Braves and many other capacities," Commissioner Bud Selig said. "The outpouring of support in recent days illustrates the vast respect that Jim earned in a great baseball life. The many clubs that he touched are in mourning today."
Known for his strong scouting skills, Fregosi was a special assistant to the general manager for the Braves the past 13 seasons. Prior to that, he managed four teams -- the Angels, White Sox, Phillies and Blue Jays -- and was a player for 18 seasons, including 11 with the Halos. Fregosi also worked for the Cardinals and Giants during his long career.
"There is not a baseball organization at work today that doesn't reflect on what's it going to be like here in Spring Training or during the season when we don't see Jimmy sitting in the press room or on the bench or being around a batting cage with his arms folded across his chest telling stories and regaling everybody about the wonders of baseball and the joy of baseball and how much he loved it," Braves president John Schuerholz said. "We're going to miss that.
"This guy had a personality and a love for the game of baseball and a love for what he did in life and the people in his life that he loved and admired. He filled the room. That is the best way I can describe this man. He's a dear friend of mine. It's a tough loss."
Originally signed by the Red Sox in 1960, Fregosi broke into the Major Leagues in September 1961, at age 19, nine months after the Angels had taken him in the Expansion Draft. He became the Halos' starting shortstop in 1963 and was an American League All-Star the following season and then in five straight seasons from 1966-70. Fregosi won a Gold Glove in 1967 and led the league in triples in 1968 with 13.
Fregosi batted .268 with 115 home runs and 546 RBIs in 1,429 games for the Los Angeles/California Angels. Part of one of the game's best double-play combinations with three-time Gold Glove second baseman Bobby Knoop, Fregosi was the franchise's first star and was selected the No. 1 player in team history in a fan vote held in conjunction with baseball's 100th anniversary in 1969. His uniform No. 11 was retired in 1998.
"His honesty, his loyalty, his passion for the game; he didn't have any tattoos, but he'd cover your back," Knoop said.
Fregosi often said his biggest claim to fame actually was that he was on the wrong end of one of the most famous trades in baseball history -- the one in December 1971 that sent him to the Mets for a group of players that included a hard-throwing young pitcher named Nolan Ryan. The Mets made Fregosi a third baseman, and his production fell, while Ryan, who had won only 29 games in his first four seasons, played another 22 seasons and finished with 5,714 strikeouts -- the all-time career record -- and 324 wins.
The Mets traded Fregosi a year and a half later to the Rangers, for whom he played parts of five seasons. He finished his playing career with the Pirates in June 1978, and the next day, he was hired to manage the Angels, reuniting with longtime friend Gene Autry, the Angels' original owner. Fregosi managed Anaheim to the 1979 AL West title, the first postseason appearance in the team's history.
"The Angels organization joins the rest of the Major League Baseball community in mourning the loss today of Jim Fregosi," the team said in a release. "His contributions and passion for the Angels, both as a player and manager, have served as the standard for others within our organization through the years. Jim was one of Mr. Autry's all-time favorite players, and a man who remained in the hearts and memories of long-time Angel fans.
"Jim's induction into the Angels Hall of Fame and the retiring of his uniform No. 11 were among the prouder moments in club history. His personality was infectious, his love of the game legendary, and his knowledge endless. Our thoughts and prayers go out to his wife, Joni, and members of the Fregosi family."
Let go as manager midway through the 1981 season, Fregosi moved on to manage the White Sox from 1986-88, then the Phillies beginning early in 1991. He spent six years with the Phils, leading them to the 1993 World Series, which they lost to the Blue Jays.
That Phillies team -- led by Darren Daulton, John Kruk, Lenny Dykstra, Curt Schilling and Mitch Williams -- won 97 games and beat the Braves in six games in the National League Championship Series. It was the fifth pennant in the history of what was then a 111-year-old franchise.
"The thing about Jim is he was your friend, but there [was] a line that you [didn't] cross when he [was] the manager and everyone knew the line," said left-hander Danny Jackson, who won 12 games for the '93 Phils. "He was the best manager I played for. I will never forget him and what he gave me in the short period of time we were together."
Said Phillies president David Montgomery: "Everyone in the Phillies organization is deeply saddened about the news of Jim's passing. We, and so many others in the game, have lost a dear friend. He'll be remembered for his vibrant personality, wisdom and love of the game. Our deepest sympathy is extended to his widow, Joni, daughters Nikki, Lexy and Jennifer and sons Robert and Jim."
Fregosi, who finished his managerial career with Toronto in 1999-2000, was an all-star shortstop and quarterback at Serra High School in San Mateo, Calif., and he set the California Interscholastic Federation broad jump record. His high school teammates included former big league third baseman Tim Cullen and Gary Hughes, currently a special assistant for the Red Sox who has also been the scouting director for the Marlins and Montreal Expos.
Jim Fregosi Jr., who played in the Cardinals' Minor League system and has been a longtime scout, is currently a special assistant to Royals GM Dayton Moore.


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Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID, for short) is a technology used for tracking and identification of objects in many areas of commerce, shipping, manufacturing, and, beginning in the late 1990's, in the circulation, inventory and security processes of libraries.
RFID is similar to barcode technology in that it employs coded labels to communicate information about a specific item (a library book or DVD, for instance) to a central server. However, since RFID uses radio frequencies to communicate with items' attendant labels rather than scanning barcodes with a laser, the RFID reader does not require a direct line of sight to the label to read it, can read multiple items at once, and can read through physical tissue such as a book cover or DVD case.
Advantages of RFID in Library Settings
RFID technology's ability to read ID tags regardless of position or orientation, as well as detect signals through physical materials, is particularly advantageous for library circulation processes. Since several items can be read at once, checkout procedures can be accomplished much more rapidly than with barcode technology, which requires that each item be handled individually. For these reasons, patrons can accomplish self-checkout much more efficiently, as well.
Implementation of RFID in libraries generally leads to greatly-reduced queues at the checkout counter, enhanced customer service, and less repetitive strain injuries for library staff [1]. A study commissioned by the San Francisco Public Library anticipated a substantial reduction in risky, repetitive motions associated with circulation such as lifting, reaching and grasping as a result of its RFID implementation [2].
RFID can be equally advantageous for checkin processes. In addition to being able to check in multiple items simultaneously, RFID readers can be affixed to book return slots, effectively checking in items as they pass through the slot. RFID can further streamline checkin when used in conjunction with an automated materials handling (AMH) system. A conveyor carries items past an RFID reader, which checks them in and then sorts them by category into bins or onto carts, eliminating the need for staff to handle items until the fine-sorting step of the process.
The time saving potential of an RFID implementation can be substantial; an Australian library reported an 80% reduction in time spent on circulation procedures by staff after RFID was implemented [3].
RFID also has had a significant impact on inventory processes in libraries. With a fully-tagged collection, inventory can be taken with a portable, hand-held wand which is passed alongside the books on the shelves; the reader picks up the individual signals from each item's tag, without needing to remove or even tip the books outward from the shelves. As a result, says Karen Coyle, with RFID "not only does the cost of doing an inventory in the library go down, the odds of actually completing regular inventories goes up" [4]. RFID has enabled the library at California State University, Long Beach to inventory 5,000 books per hour, and the Vatican Library in Rome estimates the ability to inventory 120,000 tagged items in its collection in half a day, as opposed to the full month it took to do so before implementing RFID [2].
Inventory with RFID has also proven to be extremely useful and cost-effective in terms of locating lost or misshelved items. The library at Cal State-Long Beach reported finding 300 items that had been recorded as lost or missing upon its first RFID-enabled inventory. The library at the University of Nevada at Las Vegas found 500 such items after tagging its 600,000-plus collection, and estimated saving $40,000 in potential replacement costs as a result [2].
Item security is another area in which RFID technology can benefit a library. RFID tags can be enabled with a theft-detection bit that is deactivated upon proper checkout, allowing the materials to which they have been affixed to pass freely through an RFID-powered security gate. As the items pass an RFID reader upon being checked back in, the security bits are reactivated.
Libraries Using RFID
- Marathon County Public Library (MCPL) (since 2010)
- Tulsa City-County Library (since 2009)
1. Erwin, Emmit and Christian Kern. 2005. Radio frequency identification in libraries. Australaisian Public Libraries and Information Services 18(1) (March): 20-28.
2. Smart, Laura J. 2004. Making sense of RFID. Library Journal NetConnect 129 (Fall): 4-14.
3. Carp, Douglas, Donald Leslie and James Lichtenberg. 2004. Tiny trackers: use of RFID by libraries and booksellers. Newsletter on Intellectual Freedom 53(5): 169, 206-215.
4. Coyle, Karen. 2005. Management of RFID in libraries. The Journal of Academic Librarianship 31(5): 486-489.


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Story highlights
The matter to be heard is one of the most important in the court's history
Federal Defense of Marriage Act; California's Proposition 8 will be reviewed
Justices first will address questions of legal standing in both appeals
Oral arguments will likely be held in March with a ruling by late June
The Supreme Court will tackle the contentious issue of same-sex marriage, agreeing to hear two constitutional challenges to state and federal laws dealing with the recognition of gay and lesbian couples to legally wed.
In a one-page order on Friday, the court took on what will be one of the most important issues in its history. The decision to review the matter came just weeks after voters approved same-sex marriage in three states.
Oral arguments will likely be held in March with a ruling by late June.
One appeal to be heard involves the federal Defense of Marriage Act or DOMA, which denies federal benefits to same-sex couples legally married in their own state.
The second is a challenge to California's Proposition 8, a voter-approved referendum that took away the right of same sex-marriage that previously had been approved by the state's courts.
Same-sex married couple sues federal government in DOMA case
The political, social, and legal stakes of this long-simmering debate will once again put the high court at the center of national attention, a contentious encore to its summer ruling upholding the massive health care reform law championed by President Barack Obama.
There are approximately 120,000 legally married same-sex couples in the United States.
Earlier this month, voters in Maryland, Washington, and Maine approved same-sex marriage, adding to the six states and the District of Columbia that already had done so. Minnesota voters also rejected an effort to ban such unions through a constitutional amendment.
Many other states, including New Jersey, Illinois, Delaware, Rhode Island and Hawaii, have legalized domestic partnerships and civil unions for such couples – a step designed in most cases to provide the same rights of marriage under state law.
But other states have passed laws or state constitutional amendments banning such marriages. California's Proposition 8 is the only such referendum that revoked the right after lawmakers and the state courts previously allowed it.
In February, a federal appeals court in San Francisco ruled the measure unconstitutional. In its split decision, the panel found that Proposition 8 "works a meaningful harm to gays and lesbians" by denying their right to civil marriage.
The justices have discretion to rule narrowly or broadly on the aspects of the legal and procedural questions raised.
The federal case deals with Edith Windsor, who was forced to pay an estate tax bill much larger than other married couples would have to pay when her partner died. Because her longtime partner was a woman, the federal government, in legal terms, did not recognize the same-sex marriage even though the couple's home state of New York did.
The federal law does not prohibit states from allowing same-sex marriages, but it also does not force states to recognize them from other states.
Other plaintiffs are federal workers, who are not allowed to add their spouses to health care plans and other benefits.
Traditionally, the federal DOMA law would be defended by the Justice Department. But that responsibility would now fall to House Republicans after President Barack Obama declared his support for same-sex marriage earlier this year.
In their order on Friday, the justices asked both sides to argue a supplemental question: Whether congressional Republicans – operating as a bipartisan legal advisory group – have "standing," or legal authority, to make the case.
The justices also asked both sides to argue a second standing question. California's governor and state attorney general have refused to defend Proposition 8 in court, leaving it to a private coalition of groups supporting the law to file the appeals.
The high court could decide the standing question alone and dismiss the appeal without addressing the larger constitutional questions. That would mean for now, same-sex marriages could resume next year in California.
Those on both sides of the issue welcomed the high court's intervention.
"That the issue will soon be heard by the Supreme Court is a vindication of our work to achieve equal protection under the law for same-sex couples," said Mary Bonauto, director of the Gay & Lesbian Advocates & Defenders, who has been litigating the issue for decades. "This day has been long in the making, and we are committed to the success of this case."
But a group that helped lead the effort to pass Proposition 8 in California said it was confident of prevailing.
"We believe it is a strong signal that the court will reverse the lower courts and uphold Proposition 8," said John Eastman, chairman of the National Organization for Marriage. "That is the right outcome based on the law and based on the principle that voters hold the ultimate power over basic policy judgments and their decisions are entitled to respect."
The cases accepted Friday are Hollingsworth v. Perry (12-144), dealing with Proposition 8; and U.S. v. Windsor (12-307) on the DOMA issue.
PDF: Read the Windsor ruling the high court will consider
Washington starts issuing same-sex marriage licenses
Mormon website embraces LGBT community


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The adoption today of a resolution against female genital mutilation (FGM) in the UN General Assembly's human rights committee is a major boost to civil society organizations fighting for an end to the abusive practice, Amnesty International said.
This is the first time the Assembly's Third Committee, which addresses social, humanitarian and human rights issues, has adopted a resolution on FGM – the cutting of a girl's genitalia often without anaesthetic in conditions that risk potentially fatal infection.
"FGM is an indictment of us all – that a girl or young woman can be held down and mutilated is a violation of her human rights and – shockingly – an estimated three million girls are at risk each year," said José Luis Díaz, Amnesty International's UN representative in New York.
"Vitally, this UN resolution places FGM in a human rights framework and calls for a holistic approach, stressing as it does the importance of empowerment of women, promotion and protection of sexual and reproductive health and breaking the cycle of discrimination and violence."
FGM is commonplace in 28 countries in Africa as well as in Yemen, Iraq, Malaysia, Indonesia and in certain ethnic groups in South America.
However it is an issue of worldwide concern. Women and girls in diaspora communities can be at risk of being subjected to FGM.
Amnesty International sees the UN resolution as a reminder to governments that they need to develop national action plans, beyond laws, and ensure that they are well-resourced and monitored, in order to raise awareness.
The resolution makes clear too that this is something that must involve all those affected – including men and boys – if we are to finally end this practice.
"It is important to highlight that FGM is a gender-based and child-specific persecution and the UNHCR – the UN refugee agency – has established that a girl or woman seeking asylum because she has been compelled to undergo, or is likely to be subjected to FGM, can qualify for refugee status," said Díaz. Protection of refugee women at risk of having undergone FGM must be integrated into the overall strategy for protection.
The resolution makes concrete recommendations for prevention of FGM, for protecting girls at risk, ending impunity and provision of support services to those suffering from the lifelong consequences. Amnesty International urges governments to implement these recommendations urgently.
The resolution on FGM adopted by the Assembly's Third Committee is expected to be endorsed by the General Assembly Plenary in December. Although not legally binding, UN General Assembly resolutions carry considerable moral and political weight.
Notes for Editors:AI calls for the protection of women's rights and in particular the sexual and reproductive health and rights of women across the world.
The END FGM European Campaign has developed a strategy providing recommendations to the European Union on concrete steps to end FGM. Read the strategy here:
For more information follow this link here www.endfgm.eu


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Variations of the Flashback trojan have reportedly infected more than half a million Macs around the globe, according to Russian antivirus company Dr. Web. The company made an announcement on Wednesday—first in Russian and later in English—about the growing Mac botnet, first claiming 550,000 infected Macs. Later in the day, however, Dr. Web malware analyst Sorokin Ivan posted to Twitter that the count had gone up to 600,000, with 274 bots even checking in from Cupertino, CA, where Apple's headquarters are located.
We have been covering the Mac Flashback trojan since 2011, but the most recent variant from earlier this week targeted an unpatched Java vulnerability within Mac OS X. That is, it was unpatched (at the time) by Apple—Oracle had released a fix for the vulnerability in February of this year, but Apple didn't send out a fix until earlier this week, after news began to spread about the latest Flashback variant.
According to Dr. Web, the 57 percent of the infected Macs are located in the US and 20 percent are in Canada. Like older versions of the malware, the latest Flashback variant searches an infected Mac for a number of antivirus applications before generating a list of botnet control servers and beginning the process of checking in with them. Now that the fix for the Java vulnerability is out, however, there's no excuse not to update—the malware installs itself after you visit a compromised or malicious webpage, so if you're on the Internet, you're potentially at risk.
If you think one of your machines may be infected, F-Secure has instructions on how to use the Terminal to find out.