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Hour 1
Hour 2
Here are some of the highlights from the second hour of the August 21, 2010, Homefront with Danny Lipford radio show.
Guests on This Week's Show
Frank Owens, with Quikrete, told us about the current "What America's Made Of™ Sweepstakes" and some of the specific projects for your home.
Weekly Topic
Danny and Allen discuss whether the green trend a fading fad, and how much green is too much.
Great Giveaway of the Week
The Guide to Concrete book from Quikrete, which includes step-by-step instructions and photos to guide you through dozens of great concrete and masonry projects, from pouring a walk or patio to laying blocks and bricks.
Questions Answered on This Week's Show
- Moisture build-up on an epoxy-painted garage floor.
- Getting rid of groundhogs and skunks from under a house.
- What to do about white spots on a polyurethane-coated floor.
- A hot attic due to painted over soffit vents.
- Removing a concrete step.
- Flood-damaged wood flooring.
- What to look for in a portable generator. Specific Generac benefits.
- Window moisture in the winter.
- Installing SimpleMat tile setting adhesive mat behind a stove.


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Below is everything (newest at top) with "education+health+conspiracies+" in its title or subcategories. For a strict listing (matching all categories and subcats), click here
EPSTEIN AND THE INTEL AGENCIES( education / research / conspiracies )
I just finished watching this video. Wow, this woman is so spot-on about everything. Epstein is just the sexy stuff that grabs interest, but she goes into how the world really works. Great video. I like her definition of God, to... read more
BETWEEN NOW AND 2030...( education / research / conspiracies )
...we'll decide the future of mankind. That's an approximate quote from this very interesting interview. Some interesting facts about Hollywood and the Illuminati. See bitchute /video/pwNqz7SaGCctvideo here I thi... read more
COVID CONSPIRACY THEORIES THAT WERE TRUE( life / health / covid / conspiracies )
2021 was a great year for conspiracy theorists. For the past two years, Democratic politicians, the corporate media, and Big Tech have embarked on the largest censorship campaign in American history to shut down any ... read more
RUSSIA BUSTS THE DEMS FOR COVID( life / health / covid / conspiracies )
Russia claimed it seized documents during its special military operation in Ukraine revealing USAID contractor Labyrinth Ukraine was conducting biological weapons research in the country specifically related to coronavirus and mon... read more
SCIENTISTS CONFIRM COVID VACCINES CONTAIN NANOSTRUCTURES COLONIZING IN THE HUMAN BODY( education / health / conspiracies / vaccines )
Dr. Jane Ruby joins Mike Adams to discuss how self-assembling nanoparticles are forming strange tissue clots in the blood of the vaccinated. Fauci testified in front of Congress in 2019 that they would be using self-assembling na... read more
U.S. MISLEADERS ARE TRYING TO START WWIII( education / research / conspiracies / wwiii )
First, they poked, prodded and goaded Russia into war, but were disappointed when it didn't escalate into nuclear war. It still might, but apparently not quick enough. So, now, they're provoking globalresearch.ca/us-risks-prov... read more
A NEW WORLD ORDER FUTURE( education / research / conspiracies )
The New World Order promises no poverty and no wars. How will they do that? Easy. KILL off all the poor, and have a totalitarian/one-world government so there won't be anybody to fight. Pretty easy, huh? Yeah, the libera... read more
US NAVY BROUGHT DOWN TWA 800( education / research / conspiracies )
Just as the French said. According to a senior member of the staff of then-Secretary of the Navy John Dalton, the test firing of a new generation Navy missile from the submarine USS Seawolf accidentally struck TWA flight 800 en... read more
"VACCINES" DESIGNED TO KILL( education / research / conspiracies / covid )
The vaxes are marked by lot to differentiate which are placebo to be given to some people, and some are very lethal, to be given to others as part of their depopulation experiment. /images/jokes/vaccine-passport.jpg ... read more
THE GUTENBERG CONSPIRACY (THE MEDIA MATRIX - PART 1)( education / research / conspiracies )
From the Renaissance to the Reformation, from the fall of feudalism to the rise of capitalism, from the Scientific Revolution to the Industrial Revolution, from the way we order our thoughts to what we choose to think abou... read more
HERB POWELL QUOTE( culture / quotes / conspiracies )
When they say the pandemic is not over, what they mean is, there's still vaccines to be taken, goal posts to be moved, and money to be made. -- Herb Powell ... read more
INFERTILITY: A DIABOLICAL AGENDA( culture / movies-tv-video / politics / conspiracies )
Every pharma product is suspect, I think. I heard the tetanus shot has something inside to sterilize people. A neighbor claims it happened to her. Unless humanity stops them I think they will achieve their goal. A film by award-winni... read more
DIESEL ENGINE OIL SHORTAGE( education / research / conspiracies / fuel )
It's going to get very rough if the country runs out. See bitchute /video/j4eXjnCMaZMIbitchute video ... read more
FBI OPERATION IN TEXAS( education / research / conspiracies )
If you didn't immediately know it was our corrupt government behind this shooting you have not learned how evil they are now. Maybe it's time to wake up? Unthinking zombies will just keep swallowing all the fake crap of the ... read more
STEPHEN LENDMAN QUOTE( culture / quotes / conspiracies / politics )
We're lied to with headlines like 'US counts record 4,000 Covid deaths in a day as virus continues to wreak havoc.' These deaths, if accurate in number, were from seasonal flu/influenza -- perhaps pneumonia, and/or r... read more
DR. ARDIS - TESTING THE VENOM THEORY, PART 2( education / research / conspiracies / covid )
It is said that Trump pushed the KILLER Remsdesivir. See rumble /v1190ho-testing-the-venom-theory-with-bryan-ardis-and-zak-paine-on-sat.-night-lives.html Testing The Venom Theory ... read more
PSYOP ALERT THERE'S DEFINITELY SOMETHING VERY WRONG WITH THE "WATCH THE WATER" VIDEO( education / research / conspiracies )
Source: State of the Nation WATCH the Water, the Air, the Food, the Medicines, the Hospitals, the Doctors, the Flu Vaccines, etc.... republicbroadcasting /news/psyop-alert-theres-definitely-something-very-wrong-with-the-wa... read more
SOME PROVOCATIVE WORDS BY LORRAINE DAY, M.D.( education / research / conspiracies )
Dr. Day accuses many whistleblowers of being controlled opposition. goodnewsaboutgod Here is one of her websites And here is someone else's interview of her: buzzsprout /677031/8818276-te-63-re... read more
BIDEN'S HANDLERS JUST GAVE US THEIR 'FINAL WARNING'( education / economics / money / conspiracies )
We must not lose focus of what the Great Reset is. It is the plan of Davos-deluded billionaires, big banks, mega-corporations and social-media oligarchs to collapse the entire economic, political and social order, replacing it w... read more
W.E.F.'S YOUNG GLOBAL LEADERS( education / research / politics / conspiracies )
He names more than I ever heard before. Since Putin is one of them, it's interesting to see the war game the globalists are playing. See bitchute /video/LcxpDhsaVZFObitchute /video/LcxpDhsaVZFO/ I think many are com... read more
GET OVER IT( life / health / covid / conspiracies )
Have you ever kicked yourself for being stupid? Of course you have. Everyone has. Well, no offense, but if you fell for this pandemic and its incumbent masks and vaccine, you were stupid. Here is my radical n... read more
GLOBAL GENOCIDE BY ISRAEL ABRAHAM BURLA( education / research / conspiracies )
The Sephardic rabbinical Burla family has been near royalty in Palestine since the 1700s. They conspired with the bankers Rothschild, Churchills and the Board of Deputies of British Jews in the mid-1800s to make Israel a British... read more
MINDY ROBINSON REFUSES TO GIVE UP ON TRUTH ABOUT LAS VEGAS MASSACRE( education / research / conspiracies )
For all intents and purposes, the American people have followed the FBI's lead and moved on from the Las Vegas Massacre. It's been over four years since Stephen Paddock killed 60 people and injured over 400 from his perc... read more
FREE DOWNLOAD EXPOSES FAUCI AND GOVERNMENT TECHNOCRATS( education / research / conspiracies )
Peter Duesberg is a molecular biologist and a molecular and cell biology professor at the University of California, Berkeley. At one time, he was an acclaimed scientist who was the world's foremost expert on AIDS. That all c... read more
"SCIENTISTS" PAID TO LIE FOR GOVERNMENT( education / research / conspiracies )
Four prominent scientists who played key roles in shaping the public narrative around the origin of Covid-19 received substantial increases in grant money from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), h... read more
NIH HIDES EMAILS OF MODERNA VACCINE DEVELOPER AT NIAID( education / research / conspiracies / covid )
There is a clear conflict between Dr. Graham's personal financial interest and his role in developing safe and effective vaccines. See icandecide /icanpress/nih-hides-emails-of-moderna-vaccine-developer-at-niaidNI... read more
Q-ANON BEARS STRIKING RESEMBLANCE TO BOLSHEVIK PSY-OP FROM 1920S( education / research / conspiracies )
Operation Trust was a Bolshevik counterintelligence operation run from 1921 to 1926 aimed at neutralizing opposition by creating the false impression that a powerful group of military leaders had organized to stop the comm... read more
ONE CONSPIRACY THEORY CAN BE BELIEVED BUT NOT ANOTHER BASICALLY SIMILAR THEORY?( education / research / conspiracies / vaccines )
It's funny how you can say the following to an intelligent, politically astute, person and a majority of them will believe it: U.S. intelligence services will ruthlessly exploit people, eliminating those standing in the wa... read more
6UILD 6ACK 6ETTER( education / research / conspiracies / covid )
666, get it? It's not about urban renewal. It's about humanity 2.0 (transhumanism). If you get the mRNA jab, you're technically no longer fully human, you're on your way to humanity 2.0. You're being built back q... read more
PURGING HUMANITY( education / research / conspiracies )
Excellent interview. bitchute /video/JCppcGDKgDzVThey Are Purging Humanity - There Is Nothing Left To Lose - David Icke Talks To Alex Jones ... read more
FAKE ALIEN INVASION AND MORE( education / research / conspiracies / aliens )
Simply Excellent Video. It covers a broad range of topics that pretty much everyone will find something of interest. From Chemtrails to Illuminati, Freemasons, 5G, good music, children's health, aliens, Wi-Fi, and more. bitchute... read more
HOW TO DISARM PROPAGANDA - MARK CRISPIN MILLER ON #SOLUTIONSWATCH( education / news / research / conspiracies )
Very good interview about propaganda. Go to bitchute /video/DKt98gJbkKIaHow to Disarm Propaganda - Mark Crispin Miller ON SOLUTIONSWATCH You might also visit Mr. Miller's site at markcrispinmiller Mark Crispin Mil... read more
SUPPLY CHAIN DOWN( education / research / conspiracies / economy )
Anonymous says: There are already big shortages in auto and other industries. More shortages will follow, including grocery stores. Stock up now or you'll later wish you did. See zerohedge /economics/we-cannot-survive-here-over-... read more
BIOWARFARE: CDC, DOD RUNNING BLACK OPS MISSIONS TO RELEASE PATHOGENS, TARGETING HEALTH FREEDOM ADVOCATES( life / health / covid / conspiracies )
The CDC has no power other than the power of suggestion. We now have yet more evidence pointing to the ongoing CDC/DoD black ops 'pathogen release' warfare activities that were responsible for not only the deliberat... read more
THE DELTA STRAIN IS THE VACCINE( education / research / conspiracies )
Funeral Director John O'Looney Speaks with Clarity and Knowledge and Bravery. He puts it all together so succinctly, it is a whistleblowing masterpiece. One point that really hits home... to speak out now before it reaches the st... read more
ANONYMOUS QUOTE OF THE DAY( culture / quotes / conspiracies / covid )
The flu is not a hoax. Renaming it covid and calling it a pandemic is the hoax. -- search.brave /search?q anonymous-quote-of-the-day ia web anonymous in response to the comment Why bother with Iverm... read more
DANIEL HOROWITZ QUOTE( culture / quotes / conspiracies / covid )
Only the sick governing elites can look you in the eye with a straight face and force experimental injections on you because masks didn't work while simultaneously forcing masks on you because the injections didn't work. ... read more
AUSTRALIA OFFICIALLY ANNOUNCED TODAY IS 1ST DAY OF NEW WORLD ORDER( education / research / conspiracies )
Australia officially announced today is 1st day of New World Order Disturbing footage out of Australia shows a New South Wales' MP declare the beginning of the New World Order as the government locks down the country over Cov... read more
TOTALLY BIG BROTHER( education / research / conspiracies / covid )
This is where Biden and the commies/democrats want to take us Biden allied groups, including the DNC, are also planning to engage fact-checkers more aggressively and work with SMS carriers to dispel misinformation about vaccine... read more
THE PROBLEM WITH ASSIGNING BLAME TO ANY ONE GROUP( education / research / conspiracies )
Received the following email this morning. My reply is at the bottom.From: trusted source. Sent: Tuesday, June 29, 2021. Subject: Jews control the Jesuits I've heard you say the zionists (anti-semites) don't control the... read more
MASTER DIABOLITICIAN CALLS THE SHOTS ON THE EXTERMINATION OF HUMAN POPULATIONS( education / research / conspiracies / covid )
His 40-Years Of Diabolical Predictions Now Unfold As Globalist Aspirations lewrockwell /2021/05/bill-sardi/the-worlds-master-diabolitician-calls-the-shots-on-the-extermination-of-human-populations . ... read more
FLYNN WARNING ABOUT AZ AUDIT( education / research / conspiracies / politics )
See infowars /posts/warning-america-gen-flynn-says-globalists-will-pull-something-big-before-az-audit-goes-publicGen. Flynn Says Globalists Will Pull Something Big Before AZ Audit Goes Public ... read more
JOSEPH GOEBBELS QUOTE( culture / quotes / conspiracies / politics )
Accuse the other side of that which you are guilty. -- search.brave /search?q joseph-goebbels-quote ia web Joseph Goebbels I first noticed this coming from Bush-Cheney in 2000. Then, of course -- because no politic... read more
DEAGEL FORECASTING POPULATION OF USA TO DROP FROM 327 TO ONLY 100 MILLION IN 2025( education / research / conspiracies )
Here's the gist: We'd love to know why Deagel is forecasting the population of the US to drop from 327 million in 2017 to only 100 million in 2025, with them also forecasting a 2025 US military budget of 32 billion dolla... read more
INTERNATIONAL CRIMINALS BUYING UP AMERICAN HOMES( education / research / conspiracies )
Skip to minute 3:30 or so and learn about the housing market being sold off to a criminal elite buying up whole neighborhoods. Be careful who you sell your house to. Stay away from investors despite the enticing extra money or it will... read more
KNIGHTS TEMPLAR AND ZIONISM( education / research / conspiracies )
I got a notion to look up the origins of zionism. Yeah, most say it was Herzl but this article says otherwise, that the German templar society were the ones to want to get Jesus to return by bringing in certain events: american... read more
MATTHEW EHRET INTERVIEW BY PATRICK TIMPONE( education / research / conspiracies )
This is a GREAT talk with /research/How%20the%20British%20Reconquered%20the%20USA%20with%20Mathew%20Ehret%20and%20Patrick%20Timpone.mp4 Matthew Ehret called New Revelations Shed Light on the British Roots of the Deep State on my... read more
CULLING THE POPULATION TO BALANCE THE BOOKS( education / research / conspiracies / covid )
While the public is told the preconceived Covid-19 pandemic is a calamity of unfolding proportion that emanates from a deadly mutated virus... invented in a laboratory and targets octogenarians in particular, and the... read more
IRELAND 2020 DEATH RATE STATS( life / health / covid / conspiracies )
Here's yet another chart that shows there were no excess deaths in this case in Ireland in 2020 compared to other years. In fact, here it was the lowest it's been in the 9 years shown. The official covid numbers ... read more
WHY HAVE LUMBER PRICES SKYROCKETED?( education / research / conspiracies / economy )
Here's a video showing huge quantities of lumber just stacked up and waiting. The current lumber shortage is apparently just another scam to artificially raise the price of wood (and further damage the economy). The ... read more
WHAT AN ENERGY WORKER SAYS ABOUT VAX CONTAGION( education / research / conspiracies )
Here's what an energy worker says about vax contagion:In my experience and that of others that also work with the energy fields of the body the 1x vaxed have their energy fields only from the ears up approx. The 2x vaxed have lost... read more
THE CHART OF COERCION( education / research / conspiracies / covid )
/images/chart-of-coercion.jpg from beingfree.ca beingfree.ca ... read more
WORSE DISEASES ON THE WAY?( education / research / conspiracies )
The Plan: bitchute /embed/tVdhOSjYE0A3Worse diseases on the way Bill said: So, the globalists really have begun biowarfare on anyone brave enough to be independent-minded. Anonymous replied: It looks like the 2025-2028 pape... read more
JOHN LEAR'S QUESTIONS ABOUT THE 2020 ELECTION( education / research / conspiracies )
bitchute /video/iF7C6PeD2PnAJohn Lear's Questions About the 2020 Election From end of February, 2021... read more
SUPREME COURT IS OWNED BY THE SAME GROUP THAT OWNS HILLARY. THAT'S WHY THEY PROTECT HER( education / research / conspiracies )
Supreme Court is owned by the same group that owns Hillary. youtube / v fGDFRIRC5lE That's why they protect her ... read more
SEVERAL COVID-SKEPTIC AFRICAN PRESIDENTS NOW CONVENIENTLY DEAD( education / research / conspiracies / covid )
Where's Black Lives Matter when you need them?Four critical heads of government passed away recently. Mainstream media do speculate, it would have been connected with the big C . Evidence? None. And it's interesting... read more
TRANSHUMANISM IS THE ULTIMATE GOAL( education / research / conspiracies / covid )
Okay, control is the ultimate goal, but they (these stupid nerds) think transhumanism is so cool. They watch and read sci-fi and think, Great idea! , completely missing the cautionary tale aspect of ... read more
IS PATRIOT STREETFIGHTER LEGIT?( education / research / conspiracies )
Anonymous says. He leaves the impression that military action is imminent without actually saying it. He's very careful not to say it. Trained propagandist. So, of course youtube /user/holmes3804 YouTube has not de-plat... read more
EVER WONDER HOW BILL GATES SPENDS HIS FREE TIME?( education / research / conspiracies )
I can just imagine him looking over the globe:Africa - damn that HCQ keeping them alive and the scam-demic not having any success to kill them off! At least my other vaxes were effective. Israel - best vax propaganda of any... read more
STALIN QUOTE( culture / quotes / conspiracies / politics )
It's not the votes that count, it's who counts the votes. -- search.brave /search?q stalin-quote ia web Josef Stalin /images/stalin.jpg ... read more
ABOUT THAT 'PERUVIAN COURT CONVICTS GATES, SOROS... ' ARTICLE. IT'S FAKE.( education / research / conspiracies )
Anyone reading alternative news websites has by now seen some version of the following headline: rumormillnews /cgi-bin/forum.cgi?read 165999 'Peruvian Court Rules Gates, Soros and Rockefellers Created Coronaviru... read more
D.B. COOPER -- NAME TO THE FACE?( education / research / conspiracies )
Last night, I was burning the midnight oil writing for a newsletter called Telepath. I was writing about Kennedy, as it is the anniversary of his assassination. As I was writing, I was going back and looking at some of my old...... read more
THROWING SIDNEY POWELL UNDER THE BUS?( education / research / conspiracies )
She must have been onto something. And now she's being discredited as unhinged. pjmedia /election/tyler-o-neil/2020/11/22/trump-lawyers-distance-themselves-from-sidney-powell-after-she-attacked-kemp-and-loeffler-n1166... read more
THE BRITISH HAND BEHIND THE U.S. ELECTION COUP ATTEMPT( education / research / conspiracies )
Throughout the four-year drama of Russiagate, the hand of British intelligence has revealed itself continuously. sott /article/444488-Lord-Malloch-Brown-Revealed-The-British-Hand-Behind-The-US-Election-Coup-Attempt-Sho... read more
SUPPOSED FEMA INTERVIEW( education / research / conspiracies )
FEMA interview Warning, bitchute /embed/Hay3FYxce9yvthis video is NOT for the faint-of-heart. VERY confrontational... even if only a part is actually correct... is enough to be psychologically affected UNLESS you do (like me)... read more
BIDEN USES THE HAMMER AND SCORECARD TO "WIN"( education / research / conspiracies / politics )
According to CIA contractor-turned-whistleblower Dennis Montgomery, theamericanreport /2020/10/31/biden-using-scorecard-and-the-hammer-to-steal-another-u-s-presidential-election-just-like-obama-and-biden-did-in-2012/ ... read more
THE USA IS NOW TRULY A BANANA REPUBLIC( education / news / conspiracies / politics )
The USA is now officially, if we were not already, a banana republic. The Democrats have stolen the 2020 presidential election. Trump was leading clashdaily /2020/11/respected-journalist-raises-key-questions-about-these-battleground-s... read more
THE PURPOSE OF COMMUNIST PROPAGANDA( culture / quotes / conspiracies )
The purpose of communist propaganda was not to persuade or convince, not to inform, but to humiliate; and therefore, the less it corresponded to reality the better.When people are forced to remain silent when they are being told the m... read more
COLEMAN SUSSES OUT THE "PANDEMIC"( education / research / conspiracies / covid )
See youtube / v PhJL6RDo9XA youtube / v PhJL6RDo9XA The Forces of Evil Are Gathering - YouTube International best-selling author, Dr Vernon Coleman MB ChB DSc FRSA, explains why and how governments around the world have ... read more
CORONAVIRUS: WHY EVERYONE WAS WRONG( education / research / conspiracies )
Swiss doctor - good article. medium / vernunftundrichtigkeit/coronavirus-why-everyone-was-wrong-fce6db5ba809 coronavirus-why-everyone-was-wrong The original article was published in the Swiss magazine Weltwoche (World Week... read more
GOOD GUYS IN CONTROL OF THE FED?( education / research / conspiracies )
Q: What do you think of this? youtu.be/WeN6Fr-lkUM youtu.be/WeN6Fr-lkUM . Good Guys Are In Control Of The Fed, Transition Being Prepped, Silver Is The Key: Bix WeirA: Fake news -- all rumor and speculation with zero evidence -- ... read more
DEEP STATE HIDING IN PLAIN SIGHT( education / research / conspiracies )
youtu.be/EYS647HTgks The Deep State Hiding in Plain Sight Mike Lofgren, a congressional staff member for 28 years, joins Bill Moyers to talk about what he calls Washington's Deep State, in which elected an... read more
ENOUGH IS ENOUGH( education / research / conspiracies )
Former CIA agent facebook /goonegoall/videos/563324311011149/?v 563324311011149 Kevin Shipp discussing the deep state , NWO and much more.... read more
DANGERS OF IDEOLOGY( education / research / conspiracies )
Tyranny, one tiny step at a time - How ideology, group identity collective guilt destroy societies youtube / v sSDClxjcR-4 Jordan Peterson on the dangers of ideology ... read more
BEING BAMBOOZLED( culture / quotes / conspiracies )
This is great. Pretty similar to /pages/thought-for-todayone by Mark Twain , actually, but I am adding it here, anyway: One of the saddest lessons of history is this: If we have been bamboozled long enough, we tend to re... read more
THOUGHT FOR TODAY (4/17/2020)( culture / quotes / health / conspiracies )
It's easier to fool people than to convince them they have been fooled! -- search.brave /search?q Mark Twain Mark Twain ... read more
WUFLU TIMELINE( education / research / conspiracies / covid )
Sept 2019 -- the Fed starts intervening in overnight (repo) lending market, to continue indefinitelyOct 2019 -- Event 201, discussing pandemic in NYCEnd of Oct 2019 -- Military World Games in Wuhan (see activistpo... read more
DID CIA DIRECTOR WILLIAM CASEY REALLY SAY...( education / research / conspiracies )
... We'll know our disinformation program is complete when everything the American public believes is false Casey did say that, but it was a counter-espionage tactic against the Russians This is pretty amazing. ... read more
JUST HOW EFFECTIVE IS SHUNGITE?( education / research / conspiracies )
A video showing how effective shungite is against electromagnetic radiation youtu.be/I9SfCYjKp5g youtu.be/I9SfCYjKp5g See also: activistpost /2022/07/residents-sick-from-church-steeple-cell-tower-new-radiation-readings-sho... read more
RF SHIELDING( education / research / conspiracies )
Compares chicken wire to aluminum foil ( youtu.be/9M6h1U9jgWs foil wins ). I read elsewhere that, to protect equipment from CMEs, wrap it in cloth, wrapped in 5 layers of aluminum foil (cloth barrier keeps aluminum foil from bec... read more
LINKS GOOGLE DOESN'T WANT YOU TO VISIT( education / research / conspiracies )
Copied from govtslaves /-bookmark-this-over-400-links-Google-doesnt-want-you-to-visit.html governmentslaves NEWS amp; POLITICS breitbart Bre... read more
ANOTHER GREAT QUOTE( culture / quotes / conspiracies )
The bankers own the Earth. Take it away from them, but leave them the power to create money, and with the flick of the pen they will create enough deposits to buy it back again. However, take away from them the power to create m... read more
SETH RICH'S MURDER( education / research / conspiracies )
Watch the video here youtube / v Q9zuA4B0dc youtube / v Q9zuA4B0dc It's been removed. Try here instead: bing /search?q sethrichmurder cvid 8997110db2be4cf284274830c11df895 FORM ANAB01 PC U531 on Bing ... read more
CONFIRMED, MULTIPLE ET BASES ON EARTH STARGATE PROGRAM( education / research / conspiracies )
This is pretty good. It has stuff he's never said before. Watch the video here youtube / v slQVSRRW-tA youtube / v slQVSRRW-tA ... read more
THE WHYS BEHIND THE (U.S. PUPPET) UKRAINE CRISIS( education / civics / politics / conspiracies )
Further supporting the natural gas motive is the fact that it was Vice President Joe Biden who demanded that President Yanukovych pull back his police on Feb. 21, a move that opened the way for the neo-Nazi militias ... read more
9/11 EXPLAINED IN 5 MINUTES( education / research / conspiracies )
For those who still believe the official story. corbettreport /911-a-conspiracy-theory9/11: A Conspiracy Theory . Also, try this search.brave /search?q 9-11explainedin5minutes ia videos search.brave se... read more
LIES LIES LIES( culture / music / conspiracies )
Lyrics from a Frank Zappa song: You will obey me while I lead youAnd eat the garbage that I feed youUntil the day that we don't need youDon't go for hel...no one will heed youYour mind is totally contr... read more
THINK TANK COMMUNITY DOING ITS BEST TO CONTROL THE WORLD( education / research / conspiracies / economy )
The corporate-policy network is highly centralized, at both the level of individuals and that of organizations. Its inner circle is a tightly interwoven ensemble of politically active business leaders; its organizational core in... read more
SLEAZY REAL ESTATE INVESTORS( education / research / conspiracies )
It's almost like a conspiracy! Luckily, conspiracies never happen and all conspiracy theories lack credibility. :) lt;end of sarcasm gt; At the height of the financial crisis, bargain hunters would gather each week on county ... read more
GINGRICH TRIED TO PREVENT RON PAUL'S 1996 RETURN TO CONGRESS( education / civics / politics / conspiracies )
Newt Gingrich tried to prevent Ron Paul's 1996 return to Congress... read more

subset: commoncrawl


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Structural Modulation of Gut Microbiota during Alleviation of Suckling Piglets Diarrhoea with Herbal Formula
To determine whether the traditional Chinese herbal formula of Shen Ling Baizhu (SLB) could modulate the composition of the gut microbiota and alleviate diarrhoea in suckling piglets, twenty-four newly born piglets (Large White × Landrace × Duroc) were selected and allocated to 4 groups (control group and experimental groups I, II, and III) randomly. Faecal microbiome composition was assessed by 16S rRNA gene 454-pyrosequencing. The result indicated that experimental groups I and II exhibited significantly different gut microbiota from the control group. Most notably, the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium were significantly elevated in experimental group II compared with the control group (). Collinsella and Faecalibacterium were also enhanced in experimental group II compared with the control group (). The results showed that SLB treatment could modulate the gut microbiota composition of suckling piglets, enriching the amount of beneficial bacteria in particular. The observed changes in the gut microbiota could provide the basis for further research on the pharmacological mechanism of the tested Chinese herbal formula.
1. Introduction
The growth and development of suckling piglets are critical processes in pigs. Sudden changes in psychology, environment, nutrition, and many other aspects are serious problems faced by piglets after weaning. Such changes can cause great stress to piglets, leading to disorders of physiological function and generating stress syndrome. Furthermore, these problems can decrease appetite and growth rates and increase the rate of diarrhoea [1, 2]. Diarrhoea occurring at high rates represents one of the most serious diseases in pigs [3] and can result in huge economic losses in the pig industry.
The gut microbiota may play a vital role in controlling diarrhoea [4, 5]. For example Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG or Saccharomyces boulardii can prevent antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and S. boulardii can prevent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea [6]. A recent study indicated that the gut microbiota associated with Porcine epidemic diarrhoea (PED) significantly provided an insight into the pathology and physiology of PED [4]. Another study showed the Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) to be the most common cause of nosocomial diarrhoea and indicated that probiotics may be effective for secondary prevention in patients with recurrent CDI [7]. A more recent comparative analysis of the faecal microbiota of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients and healthy subjects showed that the faecal microbiota (such as Coprococcus, Collinsella, and Coprobacillus) was significantly altered in IBS patient [8]. Collinsella is a genus of short-chain fatty acid producers. The severity of postweaning diarrhoea is associated with rotavirus; however Escherichia coli can be reduced through dietary treatment using Bifidobacterium lactis HN019, possibly via a mechanism that enhances immune-mediated protection [9], while the probiotic Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 can prevent the effect of toxigenic EcA in the pig small intestine according to a previous study [10]. Taken together these studies revealed that gut microbiota may causatively contribute to diarrhoea.
To prevent diarrhoea in weaned piglets, adding antibiotics to the basal diet is a common method in pig production systems. However, the abuse of antibiotics not only results in drug residues in animals and bacterial drug resistance but also represents a serious threat to human health. A Chinese herbal formula (CHF) is a pure daily medicine consisting of single or multiflavoured herbs produced from natural medicinal plants, and traditional Chinese veterinary theory is the underlying theoretical basis [11]. Recent research has indicated that many ingredients in these herbs are only aimed at supporting the host's gut microbiota [12]. Shen Ling Baizhu (SLB), which is recorded in the "Taiping benevolent dispensary," is a classic prescription for invigorating the spleen and strengthening qi and can reportedly be used in the treatment of functional dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome [13, 14]. It has been shown that SLB has a bidirectional regulatory effect on improving gastrointestinal motility [15] and can foster anaerobic bacteria and inhibit aerobic bacteria [16]. However, the modulation of gut microbiome of SLB treatment on suckling piglets diarrhoea has not been explored or discussed in the literature.
In this study, twenty-four newly born full-parity piglets of similar weight were selected to evaluate the efficacy and safety of SLB in the prevention and treatment of diarrhoea. After 5 weeks of treatment, we examined the structural alterations of the gut microbiome in response to the SLB treatment for the alleviation of diarrhoea.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Preparation of SLB
The TCM formula of SLB powder comprises ten herbs which were purchased from qualified suppliers based on standards specified in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (Guangzhou, China). The original formula contains Nelumbo (500 g), Coix (500 g), Amomum (500 g), Platycodon (500 g), Dolichos (750 g), Poria (1000 g), Ginseng (1000 g), Glycyrrhiza (1000 g), Atractylodes (1000 g), and Dioscorea (1000 g). The herb materials were mixed and powdered by grinder. The ingredients and actions of the formulation are listed in Table 1.
2.2. Animal Ethics Statement
The pigs were provided by Minxin Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd., in Guangzhou, Guangdong. All experimental procedures in this study were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of the South China Agricultural University (Guangzhou, China). The care and use of the animals were performed according to the Guidelines for Animal Experiments of South China Agriculture University (Guangzhou, China), and all efforts were made to minimize the number of animals used and their suffering.
2.3. Study Design
Twenty-four newly born full-parity piglets of similar weight were selected for this experiment, and they were randomly divided into 4 groups (, male and female): a control group, experimental group I, experimental group II, and experimental group III. The piglets in the control group were fed with conventional feed throughout the experimental period. In experimental group I, the diets of the sows were supplemented with 0.3% SLB from the postpartum period to the end of lactation. In experimental group II, the piglets had free access to Creep Feed with 0.3% SLB supplementation from birth to weaning. In experimental group III, the piglets had free access to Creep Feed with 0.3% SLB 3 days before weaning (the ingredient and nutrition composition of basal diet of suckling piglets and lactating sows were revealed as Tables S1 and S2). The feces of the piglets were observed, the number of piglets with diarrhoea was counted, and the rate of diarrhoea was calculated every day for the period from 7:30 to 19:00.
Faecal samples were collected from 24 piglets at 3, 6, 9, 14, 28, 32, and 35 days of age. All samples were preserved in an ice box, transported back to the university, and then stored at −40°C.
2.4. 16S rRNA Gene Sequence Analysis in Faecal Samples
Total metagenomic DNA was extracted from individual faecal samples using a TIAamp DNA Stool Mini Kit (Tiagen, DP328-02) according to the manufacturer's recommendations. To increase the DNA yield, an additional bead beating step was included, and the initial lysis temperature was increased from 70 to 95°C [17]. DNA quantification and quality were assessed by electrophoresis on a 1% (wt/vol) agarose gel and using a NanoDrop 3300 spectrophotometer [18].
DNA concentrations were diluted to a final concentration of 20 ng/μL for PCR amplification of the V4 hypervariable regions of the 16S rRNA gene. The primers selected to amplify the V4 region included the forward primer 5′-AYTGGGYDTAAAGNG-3′ and the reverse primer 5-TACNVGGGTATCTAATCC-3. Each primer also included "barcode" sequences to facilitate the sequencing of products in the Roche 454 GS FLX+ system (454 Life Sciences, USA). The fusion primer sequences were 5′-454adapter-mid- CCTACGGGAGGCAGCAG-3′ (forward) and 5′-454adapter-mid- CCTACGGGAGGCAGCAG-3′ (reverse). The PCR reaction system is shown in Table S3. Each set of PCR reactions contained a negative control, in which the template DNA was replaced with sterile double-distilled water, and a positive control containing previously amplified faecal microbial DNA. The PCR conditions were as follows: an initial denaturation step at 98°C for 3 min, followed by 25 cycles at 98°C for 30 s, 50°C for 30 s, and 72°C for 30 s. A final 5 min extension step was performed at 72°C. The PCR amplification products were separated by electrophoresis through a 1.5% (wt/vol) agarose gel, extracted from the gel, and purified using the Axy-Prep DNA Gel Extraction Kit (Axygen, AP-GX-500). The quality of the products was assessed using a NanoDrop 3300 spectrophotometer [18]. Only PCR products without primer dimers and contaminant bands were used for pyrosequencing. Emulsion barcoding of the V4 amplicons was performed according to the "em-PCR Amplification Method Manual-Lib L," and sequencing was performed using a 454 GS FLX+ (454 Life Sciences, USA) according to the "Sequencing Method Manual" [19].
2.5. Bioinformatics and Statistical Analyses
High-quality sequences were obtained using QIIME [20] and MOTHUR [21, 22]. Sequence clustering and OTU delineation by QIIME were performed as described previously [22, 23]. Representative sequences of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and their relative abundance were employed to calculate the rarefaction analysis diversity index using QIIME [20]. In addition, community richness indexes, including the Chao index and the Shannon index, were obtained using MOTHUR (Table S4). The resultant phylogenetic tree and the table of the relative abundance of representative sequences of OTUs were used for Beta diversity analysis, including a principal coordinates analysis (PCoA), and the species community structure diagram was generated using MetaPhlAn [24]. Principal components analysis (PCA) was performed with R (3.0.2). According to the statistical data of the relative abundance at the two levels of the Taxonomy-based analysis at the phylum and genus level, data were expressed as means ± standard deviation (SD). Multigroup comparisons (the LSD test, Bonferroni method to correct the value) were carried out by analysis of variance (ANOVA) with SPSS 20.0. Values of were considered statistically significant. Functional genes prediction analysis (PICRUSt) based on the OTU with their relative abundance associated with human diseases, cellular processes, environmental information processing, genetic information processing, human diseases, metabolism and organismal systems, and the statistical analysis method was the same as above.
3. Results
3.1. SLB Significantly Reduced Diarrhoea Rate of Piglets
In the vivo test, the diarrhoea rate of 24 piglets was analysed as shown in Figure 1. After 5 weeks of treatment, SLB significantly reduced the diarrhoea rate in piglets. Experimental groups I and II showed a significant reduction of the diarrhoea rate compared with experimental group III and the control group (). A reduction of the diarrhoea rate was also observed in experimental group III; however, this reduction was not significant (Figure 1).
3.2. Overall Structural Modulation of Gut Microbiota after SLB Treatment
First, we used the high-throughput technology of bar-coded pyrosequencing to monitor the structural changes in the gut microbiota in the four groups before and after SLBS treatment. 14,403,422 high-quality sequences were obtained, with an average of 85,734 per sample. An identity of 97% was used as the cut-off, and 82,971 OTUs were obtained from 168 samples (Figure S1, Table S4). The Shannon curve indices all reached stable values, revealing that most of the bacterial diversity in these communities was covered.
Unweighted UniFrac PCoA was employed to discriminate the microbiota composition of the different groups based on evolutionary distance. All of the samples from 9-day-old piglets were combined (Figure 2(a)). However, all of samples fell into three clusters. In addition, the samples from the control group and experimental group III exhibited a tendency to move closer together, as did the samples from experimental group I and experimental group II (Figure 2(b)). All of the samples showed significant changes with the change in the age of the piglets in all groups. Moreover, the samples from 32-day-old and 35-day-old piglets fell into one cluster in all groups (Figures 2(c), 2(d), 2(e), and 2(f)).
PCA was used to reveal the relationship between large samples and multivariate data. All samples from 9-day-old piglets displayed a mixed distribution and did not fall into a single cluster (Figure 3(a)). Although the samples from 28-day-old piglets in experimental group I and experimental group II were dispersed, they were completely separated from the control group. In contrast, the samples in experimental group III were situated close together (Figure 3(a)).
3.3. Key Phylotypes of Gut Microbiota Modulated by SLB
Based on the species community structure diagram, it can be observed that Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria represented the most important components of the intestinal microbiota of the piglets (Figure 4). Taxonomy-based analysis at the phylum level showed that Actinobacteria (Figure 5(a)) and Firmicutes (Figure 5(c)) were increased in experimental group I and experimental group II, while Proteobacteria (Figure 5(d)) were decreased in experimental group I and experimental group II, although this decrease was not significant. Nevertheless, there were significantly fewer Bacteroidetes in the control group and experimental group III versus experimental group I (Figure 5(b)).
Taxonomy-based comparison at the genus level further showed that, in each group, the genera Prevotella and Bacteroides from phylum Bacteroidetes and the genera Eubacterium, Blautia, Coprococcus, Oscillospira, Lactobacillus, and Faecalibacterium from phylum Firmicutes and the genera Bifidobacterium and Collinsella from phylum Actinobacteria were predominant (each genus exhibited a relative abundance > 0.1%). The genera Prevotella, Bacteroides, and Eubacterium were decreased in all experimental groups, while Blautia, Coprococcus, Oscillospira, Faecalibacterium, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Collinsella were increased (Table S5, Figure 6). Additionally, the beneficial gut microbiota Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus were significantly increased in experimental group II () (Figures 6(a) and 6(d)). Collinsella was also significantly increased in experimental group II () (Figure 6(b)).
3.4. Functional Gene Analysis
Based on the analysis of metabolism genes (Figure 7), compared with the control group, the relative abundance of functional genes in the following categories was increased in experimental group I and experimental group III: nucleotide metabolism, the metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides, the metabolism of other amino acids, the metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, lipid metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, enzyme families, energy metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites, and amino acid metabolism. Additionally, the metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and the metabolism of the above functional genes were also enhanced in experimental group II. The difference in three categories of functional genes was extremely significant among the following groups (Figure S2) (). In the immune system disease of functional genes, the control group was significantly higher than experimental group III (). In the energy metabolism of functional genes, experimental group I is higher than experimental group III (). In the Cell Growth and Death of functional genes, experimental group II was higher than the control group and experimental group I () (Figure S2).
4. Discussion
SLB conferred meaningful prevention of diarrhoea in piglets compared with the control group. We observed a slightly decreased rate of diarrhoea in experimental groups I and II. This finding was consistent with a previous study in which SLB was added to the diets of pregnant sows 20 days before delivery, and the diarrhoea rate in piglets was effectively controlled [25]. Other studies have suggested that SLB is a safe and effective treatment for enteral nutrition-related diarrhoea [26] and that it can slightly alleviate diarrhoea associated with irritable bowel syndrome [27]. Moreover, SLB can effectively decrease the amount of stool produced and improve faecal characteristics in chronic diarrhoea patients [28]. These data indicate that this traditional Chinese herbal formula is effective for diarrhoea control and that it may be a promising candidate for use in diarrhoea management.
We observed an altered microbiota composition induced by SLB. In other studies, SLB has been shown to restore damaged intestinal tissue by enhancing beneficial intestinal bacterial species and then restoring the bacteria to a state of equilibrium [29]. Previous studies have also shown that SLB is capable of modulating the gut microbiota by supporting the healthful genus Bifidobacterium and inhibiting major drug-resistant strains [16]. However, these studies have not provided complete profiling of the gut microbiota about SLB treatment on suckling piglets diarrhoea. In the present study, using the high-throughput technology of bar-coded pyrosequencing, along with unweighted UniFrac PCoA analysis and PCA data, we observed significant structural changes in the gut microbiota in experimental group I and experimental group II compared with the control group. The result indicated that experimental groups I and II exhibited significantly different gut microbiota from the control group. Most notably, the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium were significantly elevated in experimental group II compared with the control group (). Collinsella and Faecalibacterium were also enhanced in experimental group II compared with the control group.
The intestinal probiotic genera Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus were significantly enriched by SLB in our study. Probiotics may be effective for secondary prevention in patients with recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea through maintenance of the normal gastrointestinal flora [7]. In addition, the dietary supplements, Bifidobacterium lactis 420, have beneficial impacts on intestinal barrier integrity [30]. Moreover, the diarrhoea of weaned piglets challenged by rotavirus was shown to be alleviated via the inhibition of virus multiplication, and jejunal mucosal barrier function was improved through supplementing Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in diets, possibly due to decreasing the apoptosis of jejunal mucosal cells [31]. Additionally, the probiotic species Lactobacillus casei Zhang can reduce LPS/GalN-induced proinflammatory cytokine levels [32], and Lactobacillus reuteri can decrease pathogen colonization and subsequently improve paediatric gut health when administered early [33]. The short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) producers Faecalibacterium and Collinsella were also enhanced by SLB in our study, and the increase in Collinsella reached a significant level. In other studies, SCFAs have shown promise for treating inflammatory bowel disease [34], mediating intestinal barrier function [35], and increasing anti-inflammatory cytokine secretion [36]. SCFAs are also related to water inhibition and electrolyte absorption, and they are a preferred energy source for the colonic epithelium [37]. However, high Collinsella numbers have been detected in healthy humans compared with patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) [8], Crohn's disease [38], diarrhoea [39], and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease [40]. Additionally, as a potential probiotic, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii can improve the gastrointestinal health and growth of preweaned calves [41] and plays a pivotal role in treating the pathogenesis of colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and Crohn's disease [42]. In the study, Collinsella, Bifidobacterium, and Lactobacillus were significantly enhanced in experimental group II, indicating that treatment of the sows with 0.3% SLB had a better effect on improving the intestinal microflora in suckling piglets through vertical transfer via breast milk [43]. Thus, the significant increase in beneficial bacterial due to treatment with SLB observed in our study may indicate some other unknown protective measures that warrant further investigation.
In conclusion, our study indicated that the structural gut microbiota of suckling piglets was modulated by the Chinese herbal formula SLB via both direct effects in suckling piglets and indirect effects in the suckling piglets through its effects on sows. In particular, this treatment increased the number of beneficial bacteria, such as Bifidobacterium spp., Lactobacillus spp., Faecalibacterium spp., and Collinsella spp., which may act directly or indirectly on the course of diarrhoea in the gut. However, the causal relationship between the microbiome and this disease is still unclear, requiring further investigation. Our study provides a theoretical basis for further investigations concerning the prevention of diarrhoea with SLB.
Conflicts of Interest
All authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
This work was supported by Key Project 31472232 of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), Projects 2011B090400226 and 2012B091100034 of the Ministry of Education and Research of Guangdong, Project 2011B040200062 of the Science and Technology Department of Guangdong to Promote the Development of Science and Technology Service Industry Projects, and Project 2015A020208005 of the Science and Technology Department of Guangdong and Shanghai Personal Biological Technology Co., Ltd.
Supplementary Materials
Table S1. The composition of basal diet of suckling piglets. Table S2. The composition of basal diet of lactating sows. Table S3. The PCR reaction system. Table S4. Richness and diversity estimation based on pyrosequencing analysis. Table S5. Structure modulate of the gut microbiota in genus level. Figure S1. Shannon curves for the gut microbiota of suckling piglets. Figure S2. The significance of KEGG statistics for the functional genes of 32-day-old piglets. In each of the panels, the analysis result of KEGG was indicated by the label on the -axis. means the difference was extremely significant by the Multigroup comparisons (the LSD test) which were carried out by analysis of variance (ANOVA) with SPSS 20.0. (Supplementary Materials)
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text:
In December 2017, Congress passed the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act that changes significantly tax planning for corporations, small businesses and individual creating unprecedented planning opportunities for both individual and business clients.
This memo focuses on some of the estate planning implications:
Gift Planning
The doubling of the estate, gift and generation-skipping tax ("GST") exemptions means that, beginning in 2018, taxpayers can transfer up to $11.2 million of assets without transfer tax consequences. Between January 1, 2018 and the sunset of the increased exemptions on December 31, 2025, clients have the opportunity to remove assets from their estates and exempt future appreciation from taxation.
Whether a client should make taxable gifts depends on many factors, including the effect of state-level estate taxes and the tax basis of the property to be gifted. If the client is considering gifts for non-tax reasons (such as asset protection), the increased exemption amount may be enough to tip the scales in favor of a lifetime gift. This is especially true if the client has a gross estate significantly above the exemption amount.
Spousal Lifetime Access Trusts
Some clients who would otherwise make gifts to irrevocable trusts for tax planning purposes may be reluctant to do so because of the loss of control. These clients may be concerned that lifetime gifts will deplete their funds to such an extent that they can no longer support their current and future lifestyle. For married clients, these concerns can be alleviated with a spousal lifetime access trust (SLAT).
A SLAT allows one spouse (donor spouse) to make a gift to a non-reciprocal, irrevocable trust that names the donor spouse's spouse (beneficiary spouse) as a lifetime beneficiary of the trust. The beneficiary spouse or the couple's children may serve as the trustee if his or her discretion to make distribution of trust assets is limited by an ascertainable standard. The gift constitutes a completed gift to remove the asset from the donor spouse's estate, but ensures that the donor spouse will still have access to trust assets through the beneficiary spouse as long as the couple remains married to each other. The SLAT may also give the beneficiary spouse a limited (but not a general) power of appointment to distribute assets among the couple's children after the beneficiary spouse's death.
Clients should evaluate whether to establish SLATs (or make transfers to existing SLATs) before the increased exemption amounts expire. As long as the gifts to the trust are below the increased exemption amount, a transfer to a SLAT may offer increased protection against future changes to the tax laws with little downside risk.
Opportunities for GST Planning
The increased exemption amounts also create opportunities for GST tax planning. For example, grandparents can combine lifetime gifting with GST tax planning and make lifetime gifts directly to their grandchildren (skip persons) instead of their children. This would be particularly beneficial in light of the December 31, 2025, sunset of the increased exemption amounts because it will allow an additional $5 million of assets (twice the current exemption amount) to escape estate taxation at the children's death, by which time the exemption amounts may have reverted back to the 2017 levels.
Instead of making outright gifts to skip persons, clients can also establish a GST trust and allocate the increased exemption amount to such trust, which may render it fully exempt from GST tax even when the increased exemption sunsets. For clients with existing trusts to which no GST tax exemption was allocated, 2018 (until the sunset) may be the time to make a late allocation. For clients with existing GST tax exempt and non-exempt trusts, the period of increased exemption could be the ideal time to make distributions out of the non-exempt trusts either directly to skip person beneficiaries or to a GST tax exempt trust.
Assuming there is no clawback of any or all of the doubled exemption amount, a proper allocation to a trust of the increased GST exemption amount should render the trust fully exempt from GST tax for the duration of its term, even after the reversion of the exemption amount back to the 2017 level. It is important to remember that there is no portability of the GST exemption, so each person must use his or her exemption either during lifetime or on death. Otherwise it is lost.
Domestic Asset Protection Trusts and Hybrid Domestic Asset Protection Trusts
Now may be the best time in a client's life to contribute to self-settled domestic asset protection trusts (DAPTs). This is especially true for unmarried clients that cannot use the SLAT strategy described above. There are various ways that DAPTs can be designed with built-in flexibility, such as by naming a trust protector or non-fiduciary with authority to add the grantor back as a trustee at a later time (hybrid DAPT). Establishing and funding a DAPT not only removes assets (including future appreciation) from the estate, but also provides ongoing asset protection for the term of the trust.
Review and Revision of Prior Estate Plans
All clients that have previously engaged in tax planning should revisit their estate plans, including the dispositive provisions of all testamentary and non-testamentary trusts. These plans should be evaluated for tax purposes, but—perhaps just as importantly—for non-tax purposes. For example, many estate plans make bequests equal to the federal estate tax exemption amount. Clients that may have been comfortable with a $5 million bequest may not be comfortable with a $10 million bequest, and with the built-in expiration of the increased exemption already in place, clients should consider the effect of another change in 2026.
Power of Appointment Planning
Depending on the circumstances, clients should also consider giving older, trusted relatives a general power of appointment for basis step-up purposes. Giving an elderly relative a general power of appointment over a trust can result in a basis step-up for the trust assets on the death of the elderly relative. If clients have considered this strategy but have been reluctant to move forward because of the size of the elderly relative's own estate, those concerns may be alleviated—at least in the short term—by the increased exemption amounts.
Building Flexibility into Plans
Given the scheduled sunset of the increased estate, gift, and GST tax exemptions and the possibility that changes in Congress and the White House will change the tax laws, flexibility is more important than ever for clients with potentially taxable estates. For example, in appropriate cases trusts should include powers of appointment that allow trust assets to be re-vested in the grantor to obtain a basis step-up. Trust protectors, formula powers of appointment, and other strategies designed to future-proof planning strategies should be considered.


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February 15, 2022 / Lily Collins
How To Change Amazon Email Address
Amazon is a remarkable e-commerce website offering millions of products for almost every category such as fashion, electronics, smart devices, health, Home, Kitchen, Beauty and many more.
As a member on the Amazon, you must be getting a lot of promotional emails on regular basis. This can be quite frustrating, especially if you have registered for Amazon using an email account which you use for office or personal purpose.
In case you now you wish to change the email address for your Amazon account, you can do so easily by following the instructions provided below.
Steps to Change Amazon Email Address
1.) On your computer, open a web browser and sign in to your Amazon account using your email address and password.
2.) Once you are logged in to your Amazon account, click on the option where it reads (Hello, Your Name, Your Orders). You will be directed to the next screen.
3.) Once you are on the Your Account section, click on the Login & Security box. You will be directed to the Login & Security option.
4.) Once you are on the Login & Security page, click on the Edit button. You will be taken to the next page where you will be prompted enter your new email account.
5.) Enter your new email in the provided fields and then enter your password. After that, enter the characters show on your screen in the prompted field and click on the Save changes button.
6.) As you will click on the Save changes button, you will be directed to the next page with a message that your new email account has been successfully added to your Amazon account. Finally, click on the Done button. You will then get all the future emails from Amazon on your new email account.
So, this is how you can easily change the email address in your Amazon account. Similarly, you can even change your Name, Phone Number, and Password for your Amazon account. Moreover, you can also enable two-step verification by going to the Advanced Security Settings section under Login & Security page only.


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Quincy attorney Gabriel Cheong had a strong motivation for developing a family law mobile app: He wanted one for himself.Read More »
SJC rules on status of adoptees
A plaintiff who has been benefitting from a trust established by her great-grandmother's 1941 will may not be ordered to share the trust income with her two adopted brothers, the Supreme Judicial Court has ruled.Read More »
Wills and trusts – Adoption
Where a will was executed in 1941 establishing a testamentary trust that benefited the testator's son, her grandsons and their issue, a 2009 amendment to G.L.c. 210, section8 cannot constitutionally be applied with respect to the adopted great-grandchildren of the testator.
Tagged with: AdoptionRead More »
Wills and trusts – Administrator – Validity of marriage – Equity
Where (1) a decedent's children successfully petitioned to revoke a decree appointing her husband administrator of her estate by challenging the validity of their marriage (administration case) and (2) the husband was awarded judgment in equity against the children on the basis of unjust enrichment (equity case), the judgment in the administration case must be reversed, while the judgment in the equity case must be vacated and the case remanded for further proceedings.Read More »
Child support case raises diplomatic immunity question
Michael Moussa-Adamo's attorneys are deploying an unusual tactic in their attempt to dismiss the child support suit his ex-wife has filed against him: diplomatic immunity.Read More »
Child support formula nixed
Child support may not be used to equalize the respective incomes of parents, the Supreme Judicial Court has ruled.Read More »
Bar, court still adjusting to probate code overhaul
Four months after the final implementation of the state's new Uniform Probate Code, most agree it has been a rough ride for all involved.Read More »
Insurance – Interpleader
Where a holder of an insurance policy issued by a fraternal benefit society attempted to change the beneficiaries to two friends, the society acted permissibly by not allowing the alteration.
Tagged with: InterpleaderRead More »
Wills and trusts – Trustee's discretion
Where a plaintiff beneficiary of a trust has brought suit against the defendant trustee, judgment for the trustee is warranted, as the language of the trust imposes on him purely a moral obligation left to his discretion.Read More »
Parent and child – Support – Income equalization
Where a judge ordered a father to pay child support, the order must be vacated to the extent that it is based on income equalization.
Tagged with: Child supportRead More »


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• Trees Speak "Post Human" LP/CD
Soul Jazz Records
Pre-Order before 28th June 22
LP come with free 7"
This is incredibly Trees Speak's third album on Soul Jazz Records to be released in the space of one year – and it's amazing! Trees Speak's new album 'Post-Human' once again blends 1970s German electronic and 'motorik' Krautrock instrumentals (think Harmonia, Can, Cluster, Popul Vuh, Neu!), haunting and powerful 1960s & 1970s soundtracks (think Italian prog-rock Goblin and John Carpenter horror movies, Morricone and existential John Barry spy movies), together with a New York No Wave electronic synth and guitar analogue DIY-ness (think Suicide, anything on Soul Jazz's New York Noise series or Eno's New York No Wave)!
The new album 'Post-Human' draws further upon German krautrock high-concept albums from the likes of Tangerine Dream and Klaus Schulze from the 1970s, as Trees Speak create their own powerful new landscapes of sound that manage to be at once contemporary as well as both timeless and with a sense of science-fiction futurism.
Trees Speak' seamlessly segue together all these musical elements into 'Post-Human,' a conceptually expansive album which follows on from their critically-acclaimed debut LP 'Ohms,' and the follow-up 'Shadow Forms' released on Soul Jazz Records less than six months ago.
This powerful new album is a high-concept collage of retro-futurist science-fiction music, which is fantastically illustrated by a specially commissioned cover design by the artist Eric Lee, a dramatic vision of life after humanity.
Trees Speak are Daniel Martin Diaz and Damian Diaz from Tucson, Arizona and their music often draws on the cosmic night-time magic of Arizona's natural desert landscapes. 'Trees Speak' relates to the idea of future technologies storing information and data in trees and plants - using them as hard drives – and the idea that Trees communicate collectively.
The album includes an INDIES ONLY exclusive bonus 45 single with two extra tracks 'Machine Vision' and 'Seventh Mirror' available with the vinyl edition of this amazing and ground-breaking new album.
With 'Post-Human,' Trees Speak take the listener deep into their unique musical world of unknown visions of the past and the future.
Stream : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rpK0TX8MYxI


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In the last five years, more than 4.5 million people have tuned in to Lincoln Electric's YouTube channel to see new sheet metal works products and receive tips from the welding equipment manufacturer.
The site has 450 videos available to the public and the channel's 11,500 subscribers.
"LincolnElectricTV gives the welding community another resource for information on new products, welding knowledge and safe operation," said Rob Bruder, the media marketing communications group leader at Lincoln Electric. "Through these five years, we've been able to post hundreds of informative videos that can help welders and fabricators achieve better welds and work more productively and safely. In addition, viewers can stay current on the latest fabrication technology."
The company estimates that the site has had more than 133,300 hours of viewing time, which is equal to almost 8 million minutes or 15 years of video viewing.


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Running on the Yggdrasil Gaming software, the Age of Asgard slot is another excellent slot release which relies on the game's developers Nordic roots. With such an interesting theme, the Age of Asgard slot surely deserves players' attention especially those players who enjoy beautifully designed, mythology-inspired games.
The main inspiration in the game is Asgard which is one mythical land of the Nine Norse Worlds. Asgard is also home to many different Norse tribes as well as different prominent mythical characters including the Asgard rulers Frigg and her husband Odin. Some of its most popular locations include Folkvangr and Valhalla.
When it comes to the Age of Asgard slot, Yggdrasil Gaming has done a great job depicting this magnificent, mythical place across the game's 5 reels and 40 paylines. In order to start their gaming sessions, players need to invest between 0.20 up to 200 credits across tablet, desktop, and mobile devices.
Some of the game's main highlights include its expanding sticky wilds, free spins, respins and several other extras which when combined bring awesome payouts worth up to 2,444x players' stake. Besides its bonus features, the Age of Asgard impresses with its high-quality visuals and graphics.
What makes this game even more special besides its impressive selection of bonuses include is its double reel setup across which good versus evil battle takes place. These reel setups also expand during gaming sessions as bonus games come into play to form a super rewarding gaming grid. Just as expected from Yggdrasil Gaming, the Age of Asgard slot providers a great visual spectacle throughout the entire gaming session.
In fact, the game dazzles at first glance with its remarkable backdrop depicting Asgard in its beauty. The game's symbols which appear across the reels are very much loyal to the game's mythology theme. Speaking of the reels, the Dual Machine bonus including the dual setup of reels is populated by female warriors as well as by evil baddies located on the lower section of the setup. When evil and good clash in the Age of Asgard slot, the result includes wilds and respins.
Others symbols included are the least valuable royals that bring winnings between 0.2x and 2x players' stake. Those higher-valued symbols that come bigger in size including three heroes and three monsters are worth up 6x players' stake. However, the most epic spinning action takes place when the Age of Asgard slot'. One bonus is the game's Re-Spin mode which triggers once the game's wild symbols that appear as three symbols high.
These replace regular symbols on the three middle reels. Moreover, they can also nudge across the reels and occupy all positions. When this happens, players receive a re-spin while the wild reel remains locked in its position. Landing extra wild symbols means scooping more re-spins. Players can also pack all reel positions with these sticky wilds. In this case, the re-spins stop coming, but players may win a massive 1,200x their stake prize in the Age of Asgard slot's Free Spins or a great 960x their stake prize in the game's Ragnarok Free Spins.
Another rewarding bonus mode offered in the game is its Clash Mode which triggers as soon as those rival wild symbols meet on the same reel. Once triggered, this bonus adds up to four regular wilds into the reels. As soon as these extra wilds land on a higher-valued symbol, that fully stacked symbol is automatically packed with random wilds for enriched payouts.
Players can also trigger the game's Free Spins bonus by landing at least three scattered free spins symbols on the top reel setup. This way they receive 10 free spins. The same happens in the case of landing three scatters on the bottom reel setup. Depending on which reel setup players triggered this bonus, only symbols contained on the corresponding reel setup will land. It should be noted that this bonus mode also comes packed with the Clash feature as well as with giant wild symbols which here can join forces and become even bigger, six symbol tall icons.
Besides this Free Spins bonus, the Age of Asgard also features other free spins feature named the Ragnarok mode that plays when punters land six scattered free spins symbols during the base game. Once here, players get 20 free spins during which players get to take benefit from only higher-valued symbols on the reels, wilds, sticky wilds and other previously mentioned extras.


text: This trip was not fun, I was feeling truly glum, The rain was pouring down upon my head. My dad was rushing, I tried not fussing, as we both got more and more wet. I could see a house Ahead not too far. It looked higgledy piggledy, a bit bizzar. Uneven and somewhat unkept. The fence was broken The windows seemed dark, A house in the middle of nowhere, 'The Nowhere House.' Soon we came to what felt like a sudden stop. Dad knocked on the door Knock, knock, knock knock! Not even a bell! How ancient and odd? I bet there's no internet either? I don't think I can cope!!! Cheer up!! Said the voice Come on inside? You look completely frozen, Its been raining for hours. I looked up towards the familiar voice Her face softly wrinkled, With wise eyes that were kind and soft. It was my Aunt Ruby Now somewhat old I had never been to her house before. I stood, totally dripping, shivering and cold. But seeing her face again That smile. That grin. Maybe I can last a while Inside was warm and certainly more inviting. A scamper, a rustle, then a rush and a bark Its a dog coming for me, my heart almost stopped! This is Honey! She's harmless She's still just a pup. She loves visitor's, and so does Rum. Rum! Who's Rum? I asked my Aunt. He's a Border Colly, more than likely not far. Give me your coats? They're thoroughly wet. Put your cases in the corner and follow me? She said. Dinner is ready its your favourite I think. I'm so pleased to see you, let me make you both a hot drink.


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Raining, gray day, should rain until late afternoon.
•9:30am I got my "Cool" back I lost it last night in Penn's Book store when I was rushing to get to the next location in Old City. I left it there sitting on the table (my olive green bucket Hat) all by itself. I didn't realize it was missing until I got downtown. Man was I pissed! Anyway, it turned up in the "Lost and Found" today… I got my Cool back.


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Richard Sterne (undisclosed injury) and Thomas Bjorn (neck, shoulder) have withdrawn from the 2014 U.S. Open at Pinehurst No. 2, the USGA announced Wednesday.
Scott Langley will replace Sterne, and Andrew Dorn will step in for Bjorn.
Langley, in his second full season on the PGA Tour, was the first alternate from the Memphis, Tenn., sectional. Dorn, a senior at Coastal Carolina, was first alternate from the sectional at Springfield, Ohio.
Dorn, of West Chester, Ohio, advanced to the sectional after a course-record 66 at the local qualifier at Maketewah Country Club in Cincinnati.


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The Chicago Blackhawks are prepping for Game 4 Wednesday and they know they are facing a fired up Minnesota team. After Chicago had taken the first two games of the series at home they headed to Minnesota in the enviable position of being up 2-0 in the series. Sunday afternoon we were introduced to a much different Minnesota team that came out to play and dominated physically. This is what we learned in Game 3.
Crawford can stand on his head
Heading into the post season one of the biggest question marks was could Corey Crawford be the goalie to lead the Blackhawks on a deep run, through 3 games he has looked solid but in his first playoff loss of 2013 he perhaps looked his best. Chicago was outplayed from the drop of the puck but Crawford was the only reason they made it to overtime making 34 saves and was at his best in the second period making 14 saves when Chicago was being outshot 14-8.
Crawford kept Chicago in the game and was by far the team's best player in Game 3, through 3 post season games this season he holds a .935 save percentage and a 1.81 GAA. Despite Crawford elevating his game this post season, Josh Harding has kept pace with him inspiring the Wild to force overtime in games 1 and 3.
Minnesota can step it up physically, Chicago needs to answer
Every hit in a playoff series counts and the reason playoffs are so exciting is you usually see everyone finishing checks and giving it their all, unless your name is Andrei Kostitsyn. After a more pedestrian approach and falling into playing Chicago's style of game, Minnesota came out in Game 3 and ramped up the physical play outhitting Chicago 34 to 13.
Niklas Hjalmarsson led Chicago with 3 hits and only Michal Handzus and Brandon Bollig had more than 1 hit. Minnesota's Cal Clutterbuck (8 hits) and Devin Setoguchi (7 hits) had more than the whole Blackhawks roster. Chicago needs to respond with a much more aggressive physical approach to avoid a repeat of Game 3.
Saad-Toews-Hossa line needs to step up
Through the first three games of the series Chicago's top line has combined for just 1 goal, Hossa's powerplay marker in Game 1. Saad has not had the playoffs debut he imagined going scoreless in the opening 3 games and being a -2. Captain Jonathan Toews has also gone pointless in the series but had been taking many of Chicago's key faceoffs and playing an active role on both special teams.
Game 3 offered a rare sight as we witnessed a sloppy defensive play from usual two way stalwart Marian Hossa. Brandon Saad played a quiet game as it was hard to notice him out there until late in the third with the Blackhawks pressing for the game tying goal.If Chicago wants to make this an extended run they need their top line dominating with puck possession and creating plays like they did time and time again in the regular season.
The Patrick's Kane and Sharp have been leading offensively and Duncan Keith has been getting it done on the back end. Bryan Bickell has been a surprise offensively all season and his 2 goals in 3 post season games are a direct result from his much improved work ethic this season. Game 3 should serve as a wake up call for Chicago that Minnesota is not a regular 8th seed and will not go down without a fight.
Creator of the Bettman Stand Up hockey blog. I cover the Chicago Blackhawks for The Hockey Writers, In Hossa we trust! I also write for publications such as Arbitrage Magazine and Elite Sports Blog. You can follow me on Twitter @RickEmrith


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Abdulrazaq O Hamzat
Africa as a continent is blessed beyond measure by every standard,
both in terms of human capacity, natural resources and cultural
richness, but as the popular saying goes, everything in life has both
positive and negative effects, this I believe applies to the respect
in African culture.
Talking about the African Culture, there is no gain saying we are
endowed with the best form of cultural inheritance, beautiful
traditional ways of life and lovely interpersonal relationship which
is worthy of being proud of, and if properly understood and applied in
our daily lives, it could go a long way in helping us as people and
the motherland attain its rightful place in the comity of nations.
However, the African culture also have its negative effects, and one
of such effects I would like to dwell upon in this write up is
''respect for elders''.
Respect they say is reciprocal, but to me, it may not be necessarily
so, provided the person you are respecting would not disrespect you in
return. Even if he or she would not respect you in case they are
elderly, at least, let there be no disrespect.
A Yoruba proverb in Nigeria says, omode ni ise, agba ni ise, ni a fi
da ile aye, which means that, both the young and old have roles in the
creation of the earth.
As a Yoruba person and indeed an African, unquestionable respect for
elders is a fundamental feature of our culture, which every child was
born, taught and grows up with.
Unquestionable respect for elders is already part of us as Africans
and so shall it be, but in my opinion, the culture has been over
abused by the Nigerian/African elders to commit evil and do injustice,
this explains the reason why Nigeria and indeed Africa remain
In a situation when an elderly person is doing things wrongly, things
that are destroying both the old and the young in the society, things
that are capable of destroying both the present and future
generations, the young is expected not to question that action even
though he or she would be affected in the consequences of the wrong
actions of the elder/leaders, if the young person tries to express his
displeasure with such wrong doing and offer advice, they are ignored
and tagged with unpleasant names.
Irrespective of how mannered and respectful a young person faulted the
wrong actions of the elder/leaders, such young person would always be
accused of rudeness, arrogance and disrespect. The substance of the
issue raised would be rubbished and personal ego would override,
forcing the young person to keep quiet and never contributing to any
issues of public interest ever again.
The result of such situation is the backwardness seen all over
Nigeria/ Africa, where the elders/leaders continuously do things
wrongly, while the youths are said to be too young to take part, or
when allowed to take part, are expected to just keep quite when things
are going wrong, or speak only when they are told to do so.
Any youth that acted outside this box are tagged with unpleasant names
and regarded as someone lacking respect and rude to elders, but I
believe this shouldn't be so as it is against the ethics of equity and
fairness. It is against progress, justice and human right.
Having observed the situation over the years, I have resolved never to
keep quite in such situation anymore and I urge the entire African
youths to wake up from their slumber, especially when things are going
wrong, even if it means being called all sort of names and accused of
being rude, disrespectful and other names which i am certain does not
apply to us, we must speak up and ensure sanity is restored to our
The youths must do everything required to make Nigeria and indeed
Africa attain its rightful position among the comity of nations, even
if it means being rude, disrespectful and aggressive, we must enjoy
both old and young to do what is good and to avoid the wrong.
The consequences of keeping quite over the years is that, many
beautiful minds from Nigeria and Africa run abroad to a better
environment where they can actually be heard, a land said to be of no
respect for elders, yet working.
Many youths, even older people today in Nigeria/ Africa see going
abroad as a special blessing, something they dedicate a special prayer
session for in churches and mosques, when in reality, there is no any
special blessing abroad, except the blessing we take there ourselves.
So I ask, why would a land, where unquestionable respect for elders
hold no water be working, yet the land where unquestionable respect
for elders reign supreme would not?
I believe the difference is simple, over there, where people here run
to for security and greener pasture, issues are weighed over persons.
Irrespective of your age and position, when you are wrong, a younger
person can fault your position and both can agree with substance
without name calling or personal attack. The elders/leaders don't feel
too old to be wrong; neither do they feel too knowledgeable to be
corrected by younger people. The old carefully consider the points of
the young and agree where necessary and In case there is mix up, or
issues of uncertainty, they go back to review their position to
identify the missing point and correct it.
However, It is such a regret that even though some people had gone
abroad, experienced the outcome of such inter relationship between the
old and the young which is a good and progressive atmosphere, they had
enjoy the benefit of the togetherness of both old and young abroad,
but they still come back home to suppress the voice of the young,
under the guise of age, calling them all sort of name for speaking out
on issues affecting their persons and nations.
It is worth to note that, I am not advocating disrespect to elders in
anyway, neither do I encourage rudeness or other negative ways of
approaching issues when relating with elderly people. In fact, I enjoy
youths to employ the best form of words in talking to them, be humble
and calm, respectful and mannered, but I believe the elders have a
major role to help the youth base issue on substance not persons.
When the elders continually do things wrongly and the youths had
employed all form of gentle approach so as not to sound disrespecting
and rude with no any changes, yet the actions of the elders continues
to have negative effect on our collective interest, young people that
want to put a stop to the wrong actions of the elders would therefore
have no other means than to speak out in whatever manner they deem fit
to stop the negativities.
It is worthy to also note that, the African culture placed the elderly
in a very strategic position of being the custodian of truth,
morality, manners, sincerity, guidance, good examples and more like a
deity worthy of a mini god. This explains why the culture mandated it
on every young person to always respect the elders no matter what, as
they have once been in the position of the youths, went through what
the youths are presently going through and are in the better position
to address the issues of concern, though, some issues require time and
serious effort, but unfortunately today, most African elders/leaders
have departed from their duties and the virtue such as truthfulness,
morality, manners, sincerity and good example which earned them the
right of unquestionable respect, they today symbolize more like a
destroyer rather than a builder of the society.
It is my believe that, after speaking in the best manners on several
occasions to make a leader or elder see reason why their action is not
good for the people with no changes, respecting someone destroying
your present and future becomes a crime against humanity and I can
actually say that, it is one of the most negative actions one can ever
Why should we speak with respect to someone destroying our future
Why should we employ the use of manners to voice out our displeasure
to someone intentionally stealing our resources with impunity without
Should we continue to say yes sir to people that had sold our
collective wealth to themselves and friends? Is it meaningful to
continue to listen to people who earn millions from our wealth, yet
refused to pay us some few thousands as salaries? I don't think so.
If we continue in that manner, surely, their actions would always
continue till we are finally destroyed and perish. But I am not ready
to perish in silence by other people's wrong actions, I can't watch my
destruction and keep quiet, as far as I am concerned, the youths must
first take a step in the right direction, by acting to the actions of
the elders/leaders. React to them the way they react to us, treat them
the way they treat us, disrespect them the way they disrespect us,
show lack of manners the way they did to us, insult them the way they
insult us, abuse them the way they abuse us and finally making them
with their stolen wealth and age looks meaningless in the public.
When they visit your area, ignore them. When you meet them in public
place, tell them their crimes and if they come to your schools, read
their sins to them. Every were they go, let them be disappointed and
embarrassed of their own actions.
Only the worthy elders should be respected and the purposeful,
truthful and sincere leaders be honored. African must bury the culture
of respecting rogue and deceitful elders; we must avoid according
respect to insincere and untruthful leaders.
I thereby urge the African elders/leaders to improve their listening
hears, morality, sincerity and serve as a good example to avoid being
addressed in what they assume to be rude and disrespecting.
Abdulrazaq O Hamzat


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Work with CalleyCoastal for a totally one-of-a-kind piece made just for you! One of my favorite things to do as an artist is to create custom jewelry for my clients. Some of my best work has been born of a client's idea and my own creativity. And of course, there is no better gift than one made with the recipient in mind from start to finish.
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