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While the mid-size family sedan segment isn't nearly as hot as it used to be, largely thanks to the stifling popularity of crossovers and SUVs, Americans still buy millions of these transportation appliances ever year. The Honda Accord, last redesigned for 2018, has been our favorite of the bunch seemingly since dinosaurs walked the Earth. The Honda's latest challenger, the sixth-generation Subaru Legacy, however, has a lot to offer, not the least of which are standard all-wheel drive and a new turbocharged engine option. But does the Legacy bring a strong enough combination of style, space, driving enjoyment, and value to actually challenge the Accord as the king of the heap?
The Matchup
Built in Indiana, the new-for-2020 Legacy makes the switch to Subaru's Global Platform that underpins its smaller Impreza and Crosstrek models. It's about two inches longer than before, but its wheelbase remains the same at 108.3 inches. The 2020 Accord is assembled in Ohio and carries over largely unchanged from our 2019 test vehicle. It's also significantly larger than its new rival. At 192.2 inches, it's roughly two inches longer than the Subaru, and its 111.4-inch wheelbase stretches longer than any in the class. As a result, the Honda offers significantly more rear-seat legroom than the still-spacious Legacy, not to mention the largest trunk in the segment at 17 cubic feet.
For this test we gathered the top trim levels of each, the Legacy Touring XT and the Accord Touring. Both are powered by turbocharged four-cylinders and cost about the same, with as-tested prices around $37,000. The Legacy Touring XT's 260-hp 2.4-liter flat-four is backed by a continuously variable automatic transmission, or CVT. Although we still prefer a conventional automatic, Subaru's CVT is one of the industry's best, featuring eight virtual gear steps, paddle shifters on the steering wheel, and relatively lively responses. Honda also employs a CVT in Accords fitted with the standard 192-hp turbo 1.5-liter inline-four. But higher trims with the optional 252-hp turbo 2.0-liter for, like our 2018-model-year test car, get a conventional and tightly geared 10-speed automatic that's always quick to downshift for bursts of power. What's more, you also can get an Accord Sport model with either engine mated to a six-speed manual, which is unique in this class.
On the Road
It's clear after only a few miles on Michigan's back roads that the Accord is the quicker and sportier of these two sedans. The Honda weighs about 350 pounds less than the Subaru, and it feels lighter and more responsive over undulating two lanes. The Accord's suspension is tuned a touch more firmly than the Legacy's, and it rides on wider 19-inch Michelin all-season tires that serve up substantially more grip than the Subie's 18-inch Yokohamas. Conversely, the quiet and plush Subaru excels at ride comfort, even over the roughest patches of pavement, although the Accord is plenty compliant in this regard as well.
With its stiffer chassis and newfound cabin isolation, the Legacy emits a more upscale and substantial feel than before. As with the Honda, its doors now close with a solid thunk, and its interior is nicely hushed. Although its larger boxer engine is slightly more audible at idle than the Honda's inline-four, we recorded the same 69 decibels of noise in both sedans at a 70-mph cruise. Despite its softness, the Legacy's dynamics are well sorted with good balance, mild if safe understeer in corners, and decently quick steering. It takes a nice set in longer, faster bends and feels planted and relaxed on the Interstate. The Legacy XT also is significantly more efficient than last year's version with its optional flat-six engine, now posting a 27-mpg EPA combined estimate that betters the Accord 2.0T's by 1 mpg.
The Honda is considerably more athletic and rewarding to drive, however, especially with its Sport drive mode activated, which adds weight to the steering, reprograms the transmission to hold gears longer, and tightens the engine's throttle response. The Honda's powerplant may be smaller in displacement, but it is smoother and more refined in character than the Subie's, and it revs to a higher 6800-rpm redline, adding to the Accord's sportier demeanor.
Despite the Subaru's all-wheel-drive traction off the line, as well as greater horsepower and torque outputs, the Accord 2.0T outruns the Legacy XT on the road. At the test track the Honda sprinted to 60 mph in an impressive 5.5 seconds and through the quarter mile in 14.1-seconds at 102 mph, leaving the Subaru more than a half-second behind. By 100 mph, the acceleration gap stretches to more than two seconds. The Subaru isn't slow; the Accord is just a rocket of a family car. Adding to the Honda's athletic chops are its solid 0.88 g of grip on the skidpad versus the Subaru's lowly 0.80 g. The Accord also stops from 70 mph in 170 feet, six feet shorter than the Legacy. Shoppers concerned about the front-wheel-drive Accord's inherently poorer traction in slippery conditions versus the all-wheel-drive Legacy should look no further than a good set of winter tires, which helped our long-term 2018 Accord 2.0T slog through Michigan's dreary months with little issue.
The Inside View
Inside, Subaru has taken the Legacy's interior up several notches, and it is more comfortable and better appointed than before. The Legacy's interior design is clean, simple, and upscale in presentation, with our test car featuring aluminum-looking trim, contrast stitching, and a smattering of chrome around the shifter and window switches. The seat heaters are a bit weak compared to the Honda's, but its thrones are well-shaped and luxuriously padded. Subaru's massive vertically oriented infotainment touchscreen dominates the front of its cabin and is relatively easy to interface with. Subaru didn't go overboard with the electronics, though, keeping the Legacy's ergonomics solid with a conventional shift lever, knobs to tune the audio system, and redundant buttons for temperature adjustments.
With a mix of wood, aluminum trim, and premium-feeling knurled knobs, the Accord Touring's cabin remains one of the best interiors in this class. It's comfortable, spacious, and attractive. Build quality and fit and finish are still a half step above the Subaru's, but the gap has narrowed. We still aren't fans of the Accord's push-button shifter arrangement, although the setup does conserve precious space on the center console. Both of our test cars feature rear air-conditioning vents and heated rear seats, but the Subaru also gives rear-seat riders a couple USB ports. Both sedans come with a full suite of standard electronic driving aids, including adaptive cruise control and automated emergency braking.
The Bottom Line
The new 2020 Subaru Legacy Touring XT is mighty impressive and an improvement over its predecessor in nearly every way. It's now more comfortable and refined, and it offers one of the smoothest rides in the segment. It also performs well, remains the only mid-size sedan with standard all-wheel drive, and it offers the largest touchscreen in the class. Unfortunately, its exterior design, as well as much of its on-road behavior, slipped right past conservative and landed on boring.
We've said many times that the Honda Accord is America's best sedan, and it's not for nothing that the Accord has won more 10Best awards than any other nameplate. It still is the best of its kind, delivering more style, space, and performance than the Subaru—and numerous other vehicles, many of which cost considerably more—for the same money. The Accord's deftly tuned dynamics also make it a driver's car, with better acceleration, more grip, and sharper responses than the latest Subaru, not to mention every other car in this class. The Honda Accord isn't the perfect automobile, but the latest example is pretty darn close.
2018 Honda Accord Touring 2.0T
front-engine, front-wheel-drive, 5-passenger, 4-door sedan
$37,030 (base price: $37,030)
turbocharged and intercooled DOHC 16-valve inline-4, aluminum block and head, direct fuel injection
122 cu in, 1996 cc
252 hp @ 6500 rpm
273 lb-ft @ 1500 rpm
10-speed automatic
Suspension (F/R): struts/multilink
Brakes (F/R): 12.3-in vented disc/11.1-in disc
Tires: Michelin Primacy MXM4, 235/40R-19 96V M+S
Wheelbase: 111.4 in
Length: 192.2 in
Width: 73.3 in
Height: 57.1 in
Passenger volume: 103 cu ft
Trunk volume: 17 cu ft
Curb weight: 3419 lb
Zero to 60 mph: 5.5 sec
Zero to 100 mph: 13.6 sec
Zero to 120 mph: 20.9 sec
Rolling start, 5–60 mph: 6.1 sec
Top gear, 30–50 mph: 3.4 sec
Top gear, 50–70 mph: 4.4 sec
Standing ¼-mile: 14.1 sec @ 102 mph
Top speed (governor limited): 126 mph
Braking, 70–0 mph: 170 ft
Roadholding, 300-ft-dia skidpad**: 0.88 g
*test results from October 2017
Observed: 24 mpg
75-mph highway driving: 35 mpg
Highway range: 510 miles
Combined/city/highway: 26/22/32 mpg
2020 Subaru Legacy Touring XT
front-engine, all-wheel-drive, 5-passenger, 4-door sedan
$36,795 (base price: $36,795)
turbocharged and intercooled DOHC 16-valve flat-4, aluminum block and heads, direct fuel injection
146 cu in, 2387 cc
260 hp @ 5600 rpm
277 lb-ft @ 2000 rpm
continuously variable automatic
Suspension (F/R): struts/multilink
Brakes (F/R): 12.4-in vented disc/11.8-in vented disc
Tires: Yokohama Avid GT, 225/50-R18 95V M+S
Wheelbase: 108.3 in
Length: 190.6 in
Width: 72.4 in
Height: 59.1 in
Passenger volume: 103 cu ft
Trunk volume: 15 cu ft
Curb weight: 3781 lb
Zero to 60 mph: 6.2 sec
Zero to 100 mph: 15.7 sec
Zero to 120 mph: 24.5 sec
Rolling start, 5–60 mph: 6.7 sec
Top gear, 30–50 mph: 3.7 sec
Top gear, 50–70 mph: 4.6 sec
Standing ¼-mile: 14.8 sec @ 97 mph
Top speed: 140 mph (C/D est)
Braking, 70–0 mph: 176 ft
Roadholding, 300-ft-dia skidpad: 0.80 g
Observed: 20 mpg
75-mph highway driving: 34 mpg
Highway range: 620 miles
Combined/city/highway: 27/24/32 mpg


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Why are my Audi brakes squeaking? Causes, Solutions, Next Steps
Are there mice in my brakes?! They keep squeaking!
It can be embarrassing to drive up to a stop sign only to announce your brief stop with a wail or high pitched squeaking and screeching. Audi vehicles are far too elegant to announce their arrival with squealing brakes. There are several possible reasons for this annoying problem:
Are your new Audi brakes squeaking?
Brake noise in a brand new Audi is a fairly common issue. Audi uses high performance brakes which are semi-metallic. The metal particles in the brake pads will cause squeaking when they rub against the metal brake rotors, which is normal. Also, normal brake function causes brake dust to accumulate which can lead to squeaking. A quick way to resolve either issue is to stop. Stop hard! Test out those high performance brakes. Have a little bit of fun, just be sure to watch out for people behind you. This should quiet those brakes for you. Regular wear will eventually do the same trick. As the Audi Certified Technician says, one or so hard brakes a day keep the technicians away!
Your Audi brakes are squeaking and your brake pad light is NOT on…
This can be caused by brake dust, which is a combination of brake pad residue, dirt, and chemicals from the road (like the mag-chloride we Colorado drivers are so familiar with). Our Certified Audi Service Advisors can verify this on the service drive and ensure everything is okay.
Your Audi brakes are squeaking and your brake pad light is on…
How long has the light been on? When the light comes on, it does not necessarily indicate that you need to come in immediately. You have anywhere from 500 to 1,500 miles once that light has come on to schedule an appointment. You will likely need your front or rear brake pads replaced, and possibly the rotors as well.
Your Audi brakes are squeaking, your brake pad light is on, and your brake pedal goes all the way to floor with little resistance…
This means you need to come in sooner rather than later – as soon as possible. Functioning brakes are extremely important for safety reasons and we want to make sure you get them fixed right away. If you do not feel that your brakes are operating as they should, strongly consider towing in the vehicle. It's better to be safe than sorry.
Has your Audi brake squeaking now become Audi brake grinding?
The vehicle definitely needs to come in! Please call our customer care department to schedule a service appointment.
Audi Brake Service Details
Replacing just the front or rear brake pads usually takes two hours with paper work and car wash. You are welcome to wait in our customer lounge area, or we can provide you with alternate transportation. If both the front and rear pads need to be replaced, or if your vehicle also needs new rotors, the repair will take a bit longer and alternate transportation is recommended. We have to see the vehicle and diagnose the braking issue before we can say for sure how long the repair will take and how much it will cost. Please call to schedule an appointment (833) 825-5423.
If the squeaking you are hearing is in fact a mouse problem, and not a brake problem, we would advise you to get a cat, and to read "Are rodents chewing the wiring in your Porsche or Audi?", another article here on our blog.
Did you find this article helpful? Did we miss anything? If you have questions or comments, just click the button below. We are here to help!
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subset: commoncrawl


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Marijuana and Medicine: The Endocrine Effects of Cannabis
Marijuana and Medicine: The Endocrine Effects of Cannabis
May 1999; Volume 1: 41-44
By John M. McPartland, DO, MS
Cannabis is used as a recreational drug, a medicinal herb, and the original source of the pharmaceutical drug dronabinol, an appetite stimulant and antiemetic. The active constituents in cannabis are cannabinoids. Although, the best-known cannabinoid is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), there are many types, including some that are in chocoate (see Alternative Therapies in Women's Health, March 1999, pp. 28-29). Cannabinoids affect women's health in several ways. This article will clarify the definition of cannabinoids and address a few concerns regarding endocrinology and reproductive physiology.
Initially, cannabinoids were defined as a group of C21 terpenophenolic compounds uniquely produced by cannabis plants.1 Later, chemists at Lilly, Pfizer, and Sterling created synthetic cannabimimetic analogs, some of which are 800 times more potent than THC. These super-THCs proved useful as powerful research tools. Devane, Howlett, and colleagues probed marijuana's psychoactivity using the super-THC CP55940, and they proved that THC fits into a selective, high-affinity neuron receptor.2 Prior to Devane's discovery, researchers thought THC worked as a non-specific cell membrane solvent, "sloshing" neurons in the same manner as ethanol.
After Devane discovered cannabinoid receptors, he moved to the lab of Raphael Mechoulam, the Israeli scientist who discovered THC nearly 30 years ago. The discovery of specific cannabinoid receptors was exciting, and these investigators knew that it was implausible that receptors in human tissue could only be filled by an exogenous substance. Together they searched for the "endogenous ligand" that our bodies make to fit the cannabinoid receptor. The "endocannabinoid" molecule they isolated was quite surprising; it looked nothing like THC and turned out to be an amide of arachidonic acid.3 They named the molecule "anandamide," derived from the Sanskrit word ananda for "bliss." (Anandamide is one of the cannabinoids found in chocolate.)
The next big discovery was a cannabinoid antagonist, SR141716A, synthesized by Sanofi Labs. SR141716A blocks the effects of marijuana, and reverses the effects of THC—it improves short-term memory; makes rats more sensitive to pain; and inhibits "the munchies," thus causing weight loss. Researchers found that the cannabinoid receptors indirectly affect numerous other neurotransmitters and their receptors (including serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, the endorphins, GABA, NMDA, and glutamate).
The identification of a second type of cannabinoid receptor ("CB2") led to the discovery of additional endocannabinoids. CB2 receptors occur on white blood cells, splenocytes, and tissues associated with immune function. Thus the cannabinoid system weaves between the mind and body.
The cannabinoid receptor is a G protein-coupled, seven-helix transmembrane nucleotide, similar to receptors of other neurotransmitters. The distribution of cannabinoid receptors correlates with the effects of THC. Dense receptor concentrations are found in the hippocampus (affecting short-term memory), the limbic system (controlling mood and emotions), and the cerebellum and basal ganglia (involved in coordination of movement). Low receptor concentrations in the brain stem help explain the lack of lethal effects from marijuana overdose.
Reproductive Tract Effects
Outside the CNS, dense concentrations of cannabinoid receptors appear in the ovaries and endometrium.4 Although the discovery of receptors in the female reproductive tract is relatively recent, the use of cannabis to treat reproductive tract problems has a long history; many physicians (including Sir Russell Reynolds, physician to Queen Victoria) have prescribed cannabis for dysmenorrhea.5
This may well have been an effective treatment; THC exerts significant anti-inflammatory effects by blocking the synthesis of prostaglandin E2 from arachidonic acid. To wit, cannabinoids act as selective COX-2 inhibitors, similar to celecoxib.6 Anti-prostaglandin activity may also account for some of the negative effects of cannabinoids on reproduction in rats, ranging from poor embryo implantation7 to post-term delivery and an increase in the frequency of stillbirths.8
Cannabis is an effective antiemetic and has been used to treat nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Given the reproductive toxicity shown in animal studies, neither marijuana nor its derivatives should be used for pregnancy-related morning sickness.
Endocrine Effects
Cannabinoids have complex actions on the endocrine system, with conflicting reports appearing in the literature. In rats, THC and anandamide stimulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. This cascade begins in the receptor-rich hypothalamus, where cannabinoids quickly stimulate the secretion of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), which causes the pituitary to produce ATCH, resulting in the release of corticosterone from the adrenal cortex.9 Cells in the limbic system also produce CRF, but these neurons increase CRF production during cannabinoid withdrawal from chronic use.10
Other pituitary hormones in rats are affected by cannabinoids. No changes are seen in serum levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH); but cannabinoids suppress luteinizing hormone (LH), growth hormone (GH), and thyrotropin. The prolactin response is biphasic; early stimulation is followed by suppression.11,12 Based on a study of 56 women and 93 men who used cannabis at least once weekly for the two previous years (women averaged 5.8 uses/week; men averaged 8.2 uses/week), cannabinoids appear to have fewer endocrine effects in humans.13 The study results indicate that humans who smoke marijuana on a chronic basis, compared to non-smoking controls, exhibit no differences in cortisol, prolactin, LH, or FSH.13
Estrogenic Effects and Breast Cancer
THC and other cannabinoids do not exhibit direct estrogenic activity in estrogen receptor assays,4 but marijuana smoke interacts weakly with estrogen receptors in vitro.14 Apparently, marijuana contains phytoestrogens, including the estrogenic flavonoid apigenin, and volatilized apigenin retains pharmacological activity.14 Is the estrogenic effect of apigenin worrisome? Probably not, but this may contribute to gynecomastia that sometimes arises in males who are heavy smokers of marijuana. Apigenin has a high affinity for estrogen receptors (especially beta-estrogen receptors), but low estrogenic activity in estrogen-binding assays.15 In vitro, apigenin actually inhibits estradiol-induced proliferation of breast cancer cells.16
Cannabinoids also inhibit the growth of human breast cancer cells in vitro.17 Apparently cannabinoid receptors in breast cells suppress the synthesis of prolactin receptors and subsequently prolactin action, thus resulting in the down-regulation of the breast cancer BRCA 1 gene.18 Thus, the anti-proliferative action of cannabinoids is due to inhibition of DNA synthesis rather than to cytotoxicity or apoptosis. These characteristics have interested researchers who are designing and testing cannabinoids as potentially novel breast cancer treatments.
IOM Report
The Institute of Medicine (IOM) just released a report on medical marijuana.18 Because the report was funded by the White House Office of National Drug Control Policy, it is not surprising that the IOM endorsed pharmaceutical cannabinoids, but criticized the delivery of cannabinoids through smoked marijuana. The objections to the latter delivery system were both cultural (as Eric Voth, one of the panel of reviewers, stated, "We do not smoke medicine anywhere in our society")19 and medical (unfiltered marijuana smoke is very high in tars).
Tars can be avoided, however, by utilizing vaporizer technology. Vaporizers heat marijuana to 180-190o C, which is sufficiently high to vaporize THC, but is below the burning point of combustible plant materials, so no smoke is generated.20 Although vaporizers have been used with marijuana for 20 years, the IOM panel ignored this technology.
In addition to cannabinoids and phytoestrogens, marijuana contains dozens of terpenoids, which are volatilized and inhaled, cross the blood-brain barrier, and may modulate the effects of THC.21 Limonene, carvacrol, and pulegone, for instance, inhibit acetylcholinesterase (a mechanism shared by tacrine), so these terpenoids reverse the cholinergic deficit created by THC. Tacrine has blocked THC-mediated memory loss behavior in rats, and the same may be true of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors intrinsic to cannabis plants.21 The modulating effect of non-cannabinoids may be why many patients claim that utilizing the polypharmaceutical herb marijuana is superior to pure, synthetic THC (dronabinol).21
In summary, as noted by the IOM report, marijuana and cannabinoids are not completely benign substances. They are powerful drugs with a variety of pharmacological effects. Some of these effects are potentially therapeutic, but the subject of medical use of marijuana (as opposed to the use of isolated cannabinoids) remains embedded in a web of social concerns.
1. McPartland JM. Pathogenicity of Phomopsis ganjae on Cannabis sativa and the fungistatic effect of cannabinoids produced by the host. Mycopathologia 1984; 87:149-153.
2. Devane WA, et al. Determination and characterization of a cannabinoid receptor in rat brain. Mol Pharmacol 1988;34:605-613.
3. Devane WA, et al. Isolation and structure of a brain constituent that binds to the cannabinoid receptor. Science 1992;258:1946-1949.
4. Ruh MF, et al. Failure of cannabinoid compounds to stimulate estrogen receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 1997;53:35-41.
5. Reynolds JR. On the therapeutical uses and toxic effects of Cannabis indica. Lancet 1890;i:637-638.
6. Zurier RB, et al. Dimethylheptyl-THC-11 oic acid: A nonpsychoactive antiinflammatory agent with a cannabinoid template structure. Arthritis Rheum 1998;41:163-170.
7. Schmid PC, et al. Changes in anandamide levels in mouse uterus are associated with uterine receptivity for embryo implantation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997;94:4188-4192.
8. Wenger T, et al. Effects of anandamide on gestation in pregnant rats. Life Sci 1997;60:2361-2371.
9. Weidenfeld J, et al. Effect of the brain constituent anandamide, a cannabinoid receptor agonist, on the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in the rat. Neuroendocrinology 1994;59:110-112.
10. Rodrguez de Fonseca F, et al. Activation of corticotropin-releasing factor in the limbic system during cannabinoid withdrawal. Science 1997;276:2050-2054.
11. Wenger T, et al. Effects of anandamide (endogen cannabinoid) on anterior pituitary hormone secretion in adult ovariectomized rats. Life Sci 1995;56: 2057-2063.
12. Fernandez-Ruiz JJ, et al. Time course of the effects of different cannabimimetics on prolactin and gonadotropin secretion: Evidence for the presence of CB1 receptors in hypothalamic structures and their involvement in the effects of cannabimimetics. Biochem Pharmacol 1997;53:1919-1927.
13. Block RI, et al. Effects of chronic marijuana use on testosterone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin and cortisol in men and women. Drug Alcohol Depend 1991;28:121-128.
14. Sauer MA, et al. Marijuana: Interaction with the estrogen receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983;224:404-407.
15. Kuiper GG, et al. Interaction of estrogenic chemicals and phytoestrogens with estrogen receptor beta. Endocrinology 1998;139:4252-4263.
16. Wang C, Kurzer MS. Effects of phytoestrogens on DNA synthesis in MCF-7 cells in the presence of estradiol or growth factors. Nutr Cancer 1998;31:90-100.
17. De Petrocellis L, et al. The endogenous cannabinoid anandamide inhibits human breast cancer cell proliferation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998;95:8375-8380.
18. Joy JE, et al. Marijuana and Medicine: Assessing the Science Base. National Academy Press, Washington, DC; 1999.
19. Voth EA. Marijuana and its reviews. New Engl J Med 1995;332:274.
20. McPartland JM, Pruitt PL. Medical marijuana and its use by the immunocompromised. Altern Ther Health Med 1997;3:39-45.
21. McPartland JM, et al. Side effects of pharmaceuticals not elicited by comparable herbal medicines: The case of tetrahydrocannabinol and marijuana. Manuscript accepted by Altern Ther Health Med 1999.May 1999; Volume 1: 41-44
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Illinois to become first state to ban police officers from lying to minors during interrogations
Illinois could soon become the first state to bar police from lying to minors during interrogations, a tactic advocates say significantly increases the risk of false confessions.
If a law enforcement officer knowingly provides "false information about evidence or leniency" during an interrogation, any statements from someone under 18 would be inadmissible as evidence in court, according to a bill that passed the Illinois General Assembly with near-unanimous support. Gov. J.B. Pritzker is expected to sign it into law in the coming weeks.
"Chicago is the wrongful conviction capital of the nation, and a disproportionate number of wrongful convictions were elicited from Black youth by police who were allowed to lie to them during questioning," state Sen. Robert Peters, one of the bill's sponsors, said in a statement. "That ends now."
What's the right age for juvenile criminals to be considered adults? Advocates and some states push it past 20.
The bill was supported by the state's chiefs of police, the Illinois State's Attorneys' Association, and Cook County State's Attorney Kim Foxx.
"The history of false confessions in Illinois can never be erased, but this legislation is a critical step to ensuring that history is never repeated," Foxx said in a statement. "I hope this is a start to rebuilding confidence and trust in a system that has done harm to so many people for far too long."
It is legal for police in all 50 states to lie during interrogations. False confessions have played a role in about 30% of all wrongful convictions overturned with DNA evidence, according to the Innocence Project. People under 18 are two to three times more likely to falsely confess than adults, according to a 2017 article in the New York University Law Review.
Illinois is the first state legislature to pass such a bill, but similar legislation is pending in New York and Oregon, according to the Innocence Project. In Illinois, there have been 100 wrongful convictions predicated on false confessions, 31 of which involved minors in recent years, according to the state's chapter of the national nonprofit.
The organization highlighted a series of group exonerations of young people in Illinois and several high-profile cases outside the state, including the Central Park Five and Brendan Dassey, whose story was highlighted in the Netflix series "Making a Murderer."
In New York, five Black and Latino teens, now also known as the Exonerated Five, were coerced into confessing to a rape they didn't commit in 1989 and served prison time before being exonerated in 2002.
Dassey was 16 years old when he confessed to Wisconsin authorities that he had joined his uncle, Steve Avery, in the 2005 rape and murder of photographer Teresa Halbach, though no forensic evidence linked him to the crime. His attorneys say that he's intellectually impaired and that he was manipulated by experienced police officers. Wisconsin Gov. Tony Evers said in 2019 that he would not consider a pardon request for Dassey.
More:Brendan Dassey's false confession shows we need to be more careful when interrogating juveniles
The bill does not, however, include punishments for officers who lie during interrogations or address officers who use deceptive tactics outside interrogation rooms. That could incentivize officers to question minors in other settings, said Stephanie Kollmann, policy director of the Children and Family Justice Center at the Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law, in The New York Times.
State Rep. Justin Slaughter, the bill's co-sponsor, acknowledged there is more work to be done but said he hopes the measure can begin to rebuild trust.
"I'm incredibly proud of the coalition we built to end deceptive interrogation tactics that harm Black and brown youth in our communities," Slaughter said in a statement. "With our state's long history of false confessions, the coalition's work in passing this bill is rooted in the need to lead with truth in justice."
Contributing: The Associated Press


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What You Need To Know About RPA (Robotic Process Automation)
RPA (Robotic Process Automation) is one of the hottest sectors of the tech market. Some of the world's top venture capitalists – such as Sequoia Capital, CapitalG and Accel Partners – have invested enormous sums in startups like UiPath and Automation Anywhere. According to Grand View Research, Inc., the spending on RPA is expected to hit $8.75 billion by 2024.
The irony is that this category has been around for awhile and was kind of a backwater. But with the breakthroughs in AI (Artificial Intelligence), the industry has come to life.
So what is RPA? Well, first of all, the "robotic" part of the term is somewhat misleading. RPA is not about physical robots. Rather, the technology is based on software robots. They essentially are focused on automating tedious activities, such as in back offices. These include processing insurance claims, payroll, procurement, bank reconciliation, quote-to-cash and invoices.
And the impact can be transformative on an organization. For example, a company can leverage RPA to reduce its reliance on outsourcing, which can be a big cost saver. There may also be less of a need for hiring internally.
Yet even if there is not much of a drop in headcount, there should still be material improvements in productivity. Based on research from Automation Anywhere, RPA can automate processes 70% faster. In other words, employees will have more time to devote to value-added activities.
Here are some other benefits:
- Accuracy: RPA eliminates human error.
- Compliance: Legal and regulatory requirements can be embedded in the systems.
- Tracking: There can be diagnosis of technical issues and monitoring of risks, such as with customer service.


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The remains of the former Chief Judge of Ogun State, Late Honourable Justice Isaac Babatunde Delano was laid to rest, today Thursday, 6th August 2020.
Honourable Justice Delano was sworn in as a High Court Judge of Ogun State in 1977 rose to the position of Chief Judge of Ogun State in 1990. He retired meritoriously in 2000.
Present at a Funeral Service held at St. James Cathedral, Oke Bola Ibadan in honour of the late Jurist were Judges and Management of Ogun state Judiciary led by the Honourable Chief Judge of Ogun State, Hon. Justice Mosunmola Dipeolu FICMC.
Justice Delano died on Thursday, 23 July, 2020.


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ADF study finds combat roles in Middle East more likely to cause psychological trauma
A Defence Force study into the health of soldiers deployed to the Middle East over the past decade shows those who have served in combat roles are at greater risk of psychological trauma.
The report into more than 14,000 soldiers found significant increases in mental health problems were experienced with increasing exposure to traumatic events.
It also showed greater combat exposure leads to greater risk of subsequent mental health problems, including Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).
PTSD is now recognised as a significant issue for veterans, and it is estimated between 15 to 20 per cent of veterans will return home from deployments with some form of PTSD.
However, symptoms may take many years to present.
The report states "significant increases in mental health problems were found with increasing traumatic and combat exposure, with the adjusted risk for some problems increasing five to fifteen fold.
"These findings covered PTSD symptoms, major depressive syndrome, panic and other anxiety syndromes, and alcohol misuse," the report stated, and found "greater combat exposure does lead to greater risk of subsequent mental health problems, including PTSD."
The study is an attempt to gain a better understanding of the scale of the problems faced by veterans.
No tidal wave of sadness into the future: General Hurley
But Chief of the Defence Force General David Hurley says the report does not suggest, as some have, that the conflicts in the Middle East will produce a tidal wave of sadness in the future.
"This language is provocative and emotive and points to a simplistic view of military mental health," General Hurley said.
He said that view does not take into account the fact ADF personnel have been performing difficult border protection tasks and rotations in the Middle East for 12 years.
"Assuming a tidal wave, we should expect to be experiencing that now. Our data does not support this view," he said.
The potential wave of sadness was a term first coined by the former commander of Australian forces in Afghanistan, Major General John Cantwell, who is himself a PTSD sufferer.
This language is provocative and emotive and points to a simplistic view of military mental health.
He says he is sure the military leadership does genuinely care about the men and women who serve and he says it is pleasing to see the subject is being openly discussed, but he stands by his prediction.
"If it is judged to be provocative and produces an effect I think that's fine and I wouldn't change it," Major General Cantwell said.
"I think the issue, PTSD amongst veterans and in the wider community, is so important that its absolutely appropriate that we use the most forceful language possible to get people thinking about it, to get those who suffer from it thinking about it, and to alert the system of care that could help these people to be ready for it when it comes."
Veterans experience problems accessing help for mental health
Many have criticised the bureaucratic nature of the process soldiers need to submit to when having their condition recognised by the Department of Veterans Affairs (DVA).
DVA deputy president Shane Carmody says they are working hard to put into place particular arrangements so people who are in a risky space can be managed appropriately, but he conceded that this can sometimes take longer than it should.
"As soon as we identify that somebody is in that space we move them into that mechanism but there will be odd occasions when that takes longer than we would like and we continue to try and streamline this process to see whether or not we can speed it up," he said.
The study recognises that further investigation will be required.
However, General Hurley said he hoped this will reinforce some of the approaches Defence is already taking, question some of the things they are doing, and introduce new ideas.


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Gold-i is a global market leader in trading technology, helping hundreds of multi-asset brokers to transform their trading operations with robust liquidity management solutions, award-winning MetaTrader Plug-ins, business intelligence tools and all with the best support in the industry. Gold-i has won over 20 trade awards in recognition of its innovative products, commercial success and future potential, including a prestigious Queen's Award for Enterprise 2014. Has been recognised as one of the most influential Fintechs in 2018 and 2019.
Interview with Tom Higgins: It's all about liquidity
The lifeblood of the electronic financial markets is liquidity. In this episode of Off The Record, Andrew Saks speaks to Fintech expert Tom Higgins, CEO of Gold-i, about the importance of liquidity and the way forward for financial institutions, brokers and traders.
A-Book vs B-Book vs hybrid - how are liquidity models evolving?
"If you look at the A-Book / B-Book model, where A-Book is fully traded in the market, and B-Book is warehoused entirely, most brokers are hybrid model now. If they only have a license for A-Book, they will only do A-Book because that's all they can do. If they have a license to carry some risk themselves, they will tend to do a hybrid model, but it's pretty complex to manage.
We've got a whole piece of software, Visual Edge, that helps brokers manage their risk. It's not just a matter of small traders going to the B-Book and big traders going to the market. Small traders who follow professionals effectively look like professionals because they follow what the professionals are doing. So because of that, the liquidity that you have coming in is crucial."
Has liquidity access got easier?
"Because it's impossible to get access to a Prime Broker, most brokerages have access to liquidity through a Prime of Prime (PoP) or Prime of Prime look-a-likes. To me, a PoP model is where you deposit your funds with that entity, and you get access to multiple liquidity sources, but it's all fronted by that one entity.
This model makes it easy for a retail broker who wants access to liquidity for their thousands of end clients. I will sound like an older person, but brokers these days don't know how lucky they are! The PoP model allows them to pick multiple liquidity sources to ensure they have backup and good asset coverage - it's much more straightforward. Occasionally you get new entrants that need to be integrated, but most have been done now, so you can pick what you like and turn them on. If you have a different set of customers that need additional liquidity, you can just add more to serve that need."
How is liquidity distribution evolving?
"We have a product called MatrixNET, which is a partnership with LP's to distribute their liquidity through our Matrix liquidity management solution. We've now got about twelve MatrixNET liquidity provider customers, so there are a rising number of distributors to answer the question. One main reason for the rise is that it's much easier to access the technology to become an LP because it was costly in the past. Now brokers don't have to go to a bank, and non-bank liquidity has become very popular."
Outdated banking systems vs NASA - how are they linked?
"When thinking about the outdated banking system, it's similar to looking into space. NASA technology used to be based upon really, really old things that had to have been proven. Technology in the shuttle was based on old stuff, and what SpaceX has done is come along and said, 'It's ok to fail - as long as you don't kill people'. So they send rockets up, which will blow up, and they learn from it. Then they send another one up, which will blow up too, and they will learn from that. Fast forward a year, they will have achieved what NASA would take 10 years to complete. Yes, they wouldn't have blown any shuttles up, but it would have taken them ten years or so to learn. Therefore, I would argue it's much more expensive actually to not blow stuff up! That's the similarity between the banking system and NASA; they are both terrified of change."
Find out more about Gold-i's MT4 Bridge & MT5 Gateway and Matrix multi-asset liquidity aggregator.
If you want the most competitively priced, robust and reliable liquidity management technology on the market get in touch with us today.


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Flora Reviews … Dark Justice (The Last Ward #1) by Shelley Russell Nolan. My thanks to the publisher – Odyssey Books – for the advanced eBook.
Quote from Dark Justice
"Justice dashed away tears, refusing to show weakness. Instead she scanned the room she and Jonah had been holed up in for the last two weeks. Bare of furniture, the only things in it were their rolled-up sleeping bags and the backpack containing what she had managed to salvage when they'd been forced to flee their last place of refuge. She snatched up the backpack, rummaging through it for something she could use to break the window.
To hell with duty. It was time to dispense some of her own justice"
My Overall Rating: 4/5
Plot: 4/5 – Flow: 4/5 – Character Development: 5/5 – World Building: 5/5
What's Dark Justice about?
This post contains affiliate links (marked *). If you buy anything using my links, I'll receive a small commission from the sale, which helps run this book blog. Thanks. 🙂
My Rating:
Title: Dark Justice by Shelley Russell Nolan
Series: The Last Ward #1
Published by Independent Publisher, Odyssey Books on 10 September, 2019
Genres: Sci-Fi & Futuristic, Dystopian
No. of Pages: 330
Driven to kill. Compelled to protect.
Five hundred years ago, the cure for the common cold went horribly wrong, turning those infected into freaks consumed with hate and rage. Forced underground, the freaks return above ground at night, driven to attack the surface dwellers – their bite infecting thousands more.
To fight the freaks and protect mankind from extinction, scientists created genetically enhanced soldiers. Stronger, faster, with enhanced senses, wardens are trained from birth to protect the weaker humans.
The Captain of the Ward, Jackson Kyle, is infected while saving the life of another warden. Due to his genetic enhancements, he is like no other freak. His faculties intact, he escapes and encounters a mysterious young woman. The second he touches her, he is caught in a bond, compelled to protect her at all costs. For she will decide the fate of humankind.
Source: ARC
I received this ARC for free in exchange for an honest review. This doesn't affect my opinion of the book or influence the content of my review.Review Format: eBook
Purchase Links: Books2Read - Universal eBook Link ¦ Amazon* ¦ Audiobooks.com*
Read: 1st – 6th October 2019
Publication Date: 10th September 2019
Dark Justice is the first novel in a new science fiction series – The Last Ward – by award winning author Shelley Russell Nolan. This storyline could be classed as multi genre because it has a romance aspect as well as being set in a future dystopian society.
What did I like about Dark Justice?
Shelley Russell Nolan is a new-to-me author. I must admit to being a bit apprehensive accepting this eBook. Science fiction and dystopian themes aren't my usual genre but I really enjoyed this story.
I liked Ms Nolan's writing style; the prose was intelligent, beautifully crafted but easy to read. I felt completely transported into every scene.
The futuristic world she has created for this series, although set in the future, was far from fantastical. It felt believable (if not a little terrifying) and was well described without slowing the plot or being too heavy in descriptions.
Ms Nolan's main protagonists and supporting cast are all complex, multifaceted people with personalities that made them feel real.
I didn't connect or like every character in this book – heck, some characters frustrated the hell out of me while others scared me to my core – but every character produced an emotional response from me.
I thought the plot in this book was well constructed and thought out.
There are lots of surprises and action which keeps the intensity consistent and while the pace is fast, it never feels overwhelming. There are story threads running in the forefront as well as in the background which develop and are revealed throughout this book which kept me guessing.
I love that I experienced lots of emotions while reading Dark Justice.
My blood boiled with rage and frustration at the injustice, prejudice and bigotry, I felt a lump in my throat and tears trickled down my face at the emotionally poignant scenes and my heart thumped with adrenaline in fear and shock at the horror but, rest assured, dear reader, it's not all darkness and gloom, this story has some light comedic relief that had me smiling and some wonderfully romantic gestures that warmed my old romantic heart.
Was there anything I disliked about it?
I really enjoyed reading this book as my high rating testifies.
As this is a first in series, Dark Justice does leave us with a bit of cliff-hanger ending.
Now as my regular followers will know I HATE big cliff-hangers. However, this isn't what I call a perilous life-or-death cliff-hanger, e.g. "our protagonist is running through the wood to escape her captors when suddenly she falls off a cliff…" or "…comes face to face with her enemy, who's pointing a gun at her…" because those sort of endings leave the story up in the air and are very frustrating. In this case, all the immediate dangers have been satisfactorily dealt with as has the relationship aspect between Justice and Jackson (for now). However, you are aware that more need to happen in this futuristic world for suitable justice to be truly satisfied. There will be more obstacles to overcome and more battles to fight on the horizon for Jackson, Justice the people of Brimfield and their Wardens.
Basically, what I'm saying is…
I really enjoyed Dark Justice and couldn't stop reading. It's got everything that I look for in a good story; action, a bit of social commentary and a gripping story-line sprinkled with romance and humour.
Content Warning:
This book contains scenes of graphic violence and includes themes of abuse and torture.
I'd recommend Dark Justice to adults who enjoy books with gritty plot-lines about survival, fighting the basic animal instincts that are at the core of every one of us and the soul saving gift of hope and unconditional love.
So, has my review of DARK JUSTICE (THE LAST WARD #1) encouraged you to find out more? I do hope so. Just click on any of the links below to check out the book yourself or to find out more about the author.
Buy DARK JUSTICE in print and eBook formats through the usual sources, including Amazon UK , Amazon US
Thank you for stopping by and for taking the time to read my review. I hope that my review has tempted you to add this book to your ever growing TBR pile! 😉
Bye for now,
Flora x


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Here are my most popular blogs from last week, Sunday – Saturday:
1) The Best Cartoons of the Week (08/12/17)
2) Mark Belling chastises Franklin's state Senator Dave Craig and his "bowl of crap response" to a 13,000 jobs deal
4) UPDATE: This is great news for Franklin
5) The latest pro-life news (08/07/17)
6) Big change in high school football rules this season
7) Friday Night Forgotten Oldie: The Summer of Love – Was Elvis a part?
8) It's ELVIS Week – Gospel Grammy Awards
10) The Barking Lot – America's Finest Dog Blog (08/12/17).
And while it didn't make our Top Ten we think this is worthwhile:
Today's highly interesting read (08/08/17): Have Smartphones Destroyed a Generation?


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The LGBTQIA+ Community, especially in India, has always lived in the shadows. Not because they've wanted to, but because the society at large has pushed them to be in the proverbial closet.
Through this show, Mahir, a 20-year-old queer writer, explores personal experiences of many people on the spectrum, journals their stories, and in return writes exclusive verses of poetry for each one of them.
Join Mahir as he tells these fabulous stories.
From MotorMouth Podcasts


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Jason Dunn
"You know, it's been our philosophy that digital music is just getting started. The world is gaga about iPods, but everybody in the world listens to music, not just 50 million people that have iPods. And so we're taking a real deep approach when it comes to music and saying, "There's an opportunity with this technology to narrow the distance between artists and their audience." What does that look like? And we're talking about a lot of different artists saying, "What can Zune be doing to change the medium for you in really exciting new ways? How can we get beyond just getting the zeros and ones off of CDs and putting them in people's pockets, and change that?" We're talking to consumers and saying, "How can we change the way that you discover new music? You know, we'd love you to find new people based on the music you love, we'd love you to find new music based on the people you love." How do we change that dynamic?"

A very interesting interview by the gang at Engadget. J Allard talks about how Zune isn't a device, it's a platform. And like all Microsoft platforms, it's a long-term play with a lot of depth, and designed to bridge with other Microsoft platforms to the greatest possible effect. In the case of the Zune, it's bridging into the Xbox and Vista. How deep that will go is anyone's guess, but I expect big, bold things from the company where Zune is concerned over the next several years. No one takes on the iPod empire in a single pitched battle: it's a long-term war. In the end, if we as consumers get better devices, all the better.


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Sri Lankan High Commissioner for South Africa Sirisena Amarasekara recently visited the Republic of Botswana and held bilateral discussions with the Minister of International Affairs and Cooperation of Botswana Dr. Lemogang Kwape. High Commissioner Amarasekara conveyed greetings from the Foreign Minister of Sri Lanka Prof. G. L. Peiris to Dr. Lemogang Kwape.
During the discussion, High Commissioner Amarasekara appraised the friendly relationship between the two countries while Minister Kwape showed appreciation towards the contributions made by Sri Lankan professionals to the economy and public administration system of Botswana.
Highlighting the importance of collaborations between the diamond industry of Botswana and the gem and jewelry industry of Sri Lanka, both parties agreed to study the potentials of these industries to generate more employment opportunities and achieve greater economic growth. Industrial cooperation is particularly beneficial to both countries as the high-quality diamonds mined in Botswana can be crafted into high-quality jewelry by Sri Lanka's skilled jewelry craftsmen.
Moreover, Minister Kwape drew attention to the tea industries in both Sri Lanka and Botswana, encouraging cooperation between them.
The High Commission of Sri Lanka in South Africa is concurrently accredited to the Republic of Botswana.
Sri Lanka High Commission
04 December, 2021


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PFT Stucco Saw
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Fast fashion can be addictive. Trends change rapidly, and brands must keep up or risk falling out of favour and custom. Boohoo is a culprit of this internet-to-door approach to fashion, but manages to undercut its competitors in terms of price, and the time that it takes a garment to go from Instagram to your wardrobe. The company's ability to make pre-tax profits of £92.2m by selling bodycon dresses for £5.00 suggests that they are making severe shortcuts in production.[1]
On the surface, it may appear that Boohoo is trying to make amends for the damage fast fashion is doing to the world. Its website links to SCAP 2020 (Sustainable Clothing Action Plan) and the Sustainable Apparel Coalition, TMC (The Microfibre Consortium) and Avieco; suggesting that it is part of these initiatives. The page also makes claims of having 'clear policies' on 'modern slavery' and 'ethical supplier conduct'. However, Boohoo fails to detail what steps it is taking as a result of being a member of these groups, and also fails to explain what these policies are, nor how it will make 'a positive social impact' throughout its supply chain.[2]
Dangerous working conditions
Hiding behind that cheap price tag is a severe human and environmental cost. Earlier this summer, Boohoo lost more than £500m of its share value after the dangerous realities of its garment factories were exposed.[3] Despite the ongoing pandemic, workers were forced to continue making clothes in unsafe conditions. They were unable to socially distance, left without access to hand sanitiser or soap, and had to work amongst rats and mice. People worked overnight, but their shifts were logged as part-time hours; meaning it appeared that legal wages were being paid, but were in fact being paid much less.[4] Boohoo also owns Pretty Little Thing, Nasty Gal and Coast, as well as Karen Millen, Oasis and Warehouse: meaning that these practices dominate a great proportion of the fashion output of the UK.[5]
Impact on the planet
As well as having exploitative working practices, the textile industry is a notorious pollutant. It creates 1.2bn tonnes of CO2 a year, is responsible for vast amounts of chemical and plastic pollution, and clothes make up 1.3m tonnes of waste.[6] Browsing through Boohoo's products, there is very little information given about the materials that their clothes are made from. Many products have no material description at all. However, given that a t-shirt [7], a pair of shorts [8], and a dress [9] are all made from 95% viscose and 5% elastane, it seems that Boohoo's products are heavily synthetic. It is estimated that 35% of microfibres in the ocean come from synthetic clothing.[6]
The distribution of fast fashion is another factor that must be taken into consideration when evaluating its impact on the environment. Boohoo offers next day delivery on orders received before 11pm Sunday to Friday, and before 9:30pm on Saturdays.[10] This speedy shipping time is a bonus for the buyer, but with Amazon emitting 44.4m metric tonnes of CO2 in 2018, it is clear that online shopping has a phenomenal impact on the world.[11] How the clothes are packaged deepens fast fashion's environmental impact, with most goods arriving in plastic wraps, and 'nearly a third a solid waste in the US com[ing] from e-commerce packaging'.[12]
How to break a fast-fashion habit
It is clear that fast fashion is unsustainable and destructive, but what are the alternatives? Wear clothes more times to reduce their emissions impact. Buy clothes made from natural fabrics rather than synthetic fibres. Shop from labels with clear ethical values and worker-focused practices. Look for second-hand pieces rather than buying first-hand. Only buy clothes when needing to replace worn-out goods. Being fashionable without destroying the world is possible, it just requires shopping smartly and sparingly, and in-person where possible.
Sources cited:
[1] Simon Austin, 'Boohoo revenue surges 44% to £1.2bn'. URL: https://www.prolificnorth.co.uk/news/other-media-news/2020/04/boohoo-revenue-surges-44-ps12bn
[2] Unknown author, 'Sustainability'. URL: https://www.boohooplc.com/sustainability
[3] Sarah Butler, 'Boohoo shares drop 18% as new Leicester factory reports threaten sales'. URL: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/jul/13/boohoo-shares-drop-18-as-new-leicester-factory-reports-threaten-sales
[4] Archie Bland, 'Leicester factory put lives at risk during lockdown, claims garment worker'. URL: theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/jul/11/leicester-factory-put-lives-at-risk-during-coronavirus-lockdown-claims-garment-worker
[5] Unknown author, 'Investors are selling Boohoo shares now. They could have intervened far earlier'. URL: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/jul/12/boohoo-investors-selling-shares-now-could-have-intervened-much-earlier
[6] Sandra Laville, 'The story of a £4 Boohoo dress: cheap clothes at a high cost'. URL: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/jun/22/cost-cheap-fast-fashion-workers-planet
[7] 'Leopard Print Ringer T-Shirt'. URL: https://www.boohoo.com/leopard-print-ringer-tshirt/DZZ04467.html
[8] 'Basic Jersey Flippy Shorts'. URL: https://www.boohoo.com/basic-jersey-flippy-shorts/FZZ88490.html?color=194
[9] 'The Tie-Die Shoulder Pad Slogan Dress'. URL: https://www.boohoo.com/the-tie-dye-shoulder-pad-slogan-dress/FZZ52990.html?color=209
[10] Unknown author, 'Delivery details'. URL: https://www.boohoo.com/page/delivery-details.html
[11] Joseph Pisani and Bani Sapra, ''Middle of the herd' no more: Amazon tackles climate change'. URL: https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/middle-herd-amazon-tackles-climate-change-65729200
[12] Emine Saner, 'Delivery disaster: the hidden environmental cost of your online shopping'. URL: https://www.theguardian.com/news/shortcuts/2020/feb/17/hidden-costs-of-online-delivery-environment


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The genome of the polar eukaryotic microalga coccomyxa subellipsoidea reveals traits of cold adaptation
Blanc, Guillaume
Agarkova, Irina
Grimwood, Jane
Kuo, Alan
Brueggeman, Andrew
Dunigan, David D.
Gurnon, James
Ladunga, Istvan
Lindquist, Erika
Lucas, Susan
Pangilinan, Jasmyn
Pröschold, Thomas
Salamov, Asaf
Schmutz, Jeremy
Weeks, Donald
Yamada, Takashi
Lomsadze, Alexandre
Borodovsky, Mark
Claverie, Jean-Michel
Grigoriev, Igor V.
Van Etten, James L.
MetadataShow full item record
Background: Little is known about the mechanisms of adaptation of life to the extreme environmental conditions encountered in polar regions. Here we present the genome sequence of a unicellular green alga from the division chlorophyta, Coccomyxa subellipsoidea C-169, which we will hereafter refer to as C-169. This is the first eukaryotic microorganism from a polar environment to have its genome sequenced. Results: The 48.8 Mb genome contained in 20 chromosomes exhibits significant synteny conservation with the chromosomes of its relatives Chlorella variabilis and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The order of the genes is highly reshuffled within synteny blocks, suggesting that intra-chromosomal rearrangements were more prevalent than inter-chromosomal rearrangements. Remarkably, Zepp retrotransposons occur in clusters of nested elements with strictly one cluster per chromosome probably residing at the centromere. Several protein families overrepresented in C. subellipsoidae include proteins involved in lipid metabolism, transporters, cellulose synthases and short alcohol dehydrogenases. Conversely, C-169 lacks proteins that exist in all other sequenced chlorophytes, including components of the glycosyl phosphatidyl inositol anchoring system, pyruvate phosphate dikinase and the photosystem 1 reaction center subunit N (PsaN). Conclusions: We suggest that some of these gene losses and gains could have contributed to adaptation to low temperatures. Comparison of these genomic features with the adaptive strategies of psychrophilic microbes suggests that prokaryotes and eukaryotes followed comparable evolutionary routes to adapt to cold environments.


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I have successfully installed a trial version but I dont
know where to begin using it. Where do I find the
documentation or online help?
When you install Screensurfer, there are two points of
entry-- the Screensurfer entry in the primary column
above the Start button of the Task bar, and the Screensurfer
folder which is installed on the desktop by the installation
From both of these can be found the Documentation icon,
which contains the complete documentation of the product in
a notebook navigation style.
The Tutorial for getting started is accessed from one of the
documentation tabs-- this is where you start.


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So I happened to catch this down at woai.com (San Antonio) and let's just put it out there - asking this question, making these statements - it's just asinine:
I was reading through some blog comments from so-called Americans this morning and I was disgusted. Why do some of you feel the need to call yourself Mexican-American, African-American, Asian-American, etc?I could care less if Rob just likes to call himself an American - that's fine - and that's his personal choice - but to question how American other people are who refer to themselves as Asian American, African American, or Mexican American, and to say that by calling yourself an Asian American is a slap in the face to our nation and patriotism - it's not just idiotic, but I have to ask myself how many Strom Thurmond milk bottles this guy drank after they put him into the whitewash room the moment he popped out of his mama's coochie.
Seems to me if you are born in the United States of America, you should call yourself an American - and nothing else. I was born in San Juan, Puerto Rico. I just call myself an American. Why do some of you have a problem doing this? What's your excuse?
This is a slap in the face to many Americans, to our nation and to our patriotism. The "politically correct" terms seem to be an "in your face" issue more and more these days.
I'm just surprised he didn't bring up the words "English Only".