text: Information Distribution over GRASP MRC, Huawei Technologies Munich Research Center Huawei Technologies Riesstr. 25 Muenchen 80992 Germany email@example.com Huawei Technologies Q5, Huawei Campus No.156 Beiqing Road Hai-Dian District, Beijing 100095 P.R. China firstname.lastname@example.com MRC, Huawei Technologies Munich Research Center Huawei Technologies Riesstr. 25 Muenchen 80992 Germany email@example.com Huawei Technologies Q27, Huawei Campus No.156 Beiqing Road Hai-Dian District, Beijing 100095 P.R. China firstname.lastname@example.com Autonomic network infrastructure (ANI) is a generic platform for tenant applications (i.e. AFs). As we will see in some examplery use cases, AFs may not only require communication capability supported from the infrastructure side, but also the capability the infrastructure can hold and re-distribute information on-demand. This document proposes a set of solutions for information distribution in the ANI. Information distribution is categorized into two different modes: 1) instantaneous distribution and 2) publishing for retrieval. In the former case, the information is sent, propagated and disposed of after reception. In the latter case, information needs to be stored in the network; additionally, conflict resolution is also needed when information stored in the network is updated with proposals from two different AFs. The capability of information distribution is a fundamental need for an autonomous network (). This document describes typical use cases of information distribution in ANI and requirements to ANI, such that abundant ways of information distribution can be natively supported. This draft proposes a series of extensions to the autonomic nodes and suggests an implementation based on GRASP () extensions as a protocol on the wire. In an autonomic network, autonomic functions (AFs) running on autonomic nodes constantly exchange information, e.g. AF control/management signaling or AF data exchange. This document discusses the information distribution capability of such exchanges among AFs. Many use cases can be abstracted to this model. In the following sections, we will see that the information distribution capability shall become a common denominator in future application scenarios. In general, depending on the number of participants, the information can be distributed in in the following scenarios: Point-to-point (P2P) Communication: information is exchanged between two AFs. One-to-Many Communication: information exchanges involve one source AF and multiple receiving AFs. Approaches of infrmation distribution can be mainly categorized into two basic modes: An instantaneous mode (push): a source sends the actual content (e.g. control/management signaling, synchronization data and so on) to all interested receiver(s) immediately. Generally, some preconfigurations are required, where nodes interested in this information must be already known to all nodes because any source AF must be able to decide, to which AFs the data is to be sent. An asynchronous mode (delayed pull): here, a source AF publishes the content in some forms in the network, which may later be looked for, found and retrieved by some endpoints in the AN. Here, depending on the size of the content, either the whole content or only its metadata might be published into the AN. In the latter case the metadata (e.g. a content descriptor, e.g. a key, and a location in the ANI) may be used for the actual retrieval. Importantly, the source, i.e., here as a publisher, needs to be able to determine the location, where the information (or its metadata) can be stored. Note that in both cases, the total size of transferred information can be larger than the payload size of a single message of a used transport protocol (e.g., Synchronization and Flood messages in GRASP). In this situation, this document also considers a case of bulk data transfer. To avoid repetitive implementations by each AF developer, this document opts for a common support for information distribution implemented as a basic ANI capability. Therefore, it will be available to all AFs. In fact, GRASP already provides part of the capabilities. Regardless, an AF may still define and implement its own information distribution capability. Such a capability may then be advertised using the common information distribution capability defined in this document. Overall, ANI nodes and AFs may decide, which of the information distribution mechanisms they want to use for which type of information, according to their own preferences. This document first analyzes requirements for information distribution in autonomic networks () and then discuss the relevant node behaviors (). After that, the required GRASP extensions are formally introduced (). The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 . In this section, we present some important use cases where information distribution is required and ACP's support is commanly needed. In addition to Internet, carrier networks (i.e. wireless mobile networks) is another world-wide networking system. The current architecture of 5G mobile networks from 3GPP has been defined to follow a service-based architecture (SBA) where any network function (NF) can dynamically interact with any other NF(s) when needed to compose a network service. Note that one NF can simultaneously associate with multiple other NFs, instead of being physically wired as in the previous generations of mobile networks. NFs communicate with each other over service-based interface (SBI), which is also standardized by 3GPP [3GPP.23.501]. To realize an SBA network system, detailed requirements are further defined to specify how NFs should interact with each other with information exchange over the SBI in corresponding 3GPP technical specifications. We now list three services that are closely related to information distribution here. NF Pub/Sub: Any NF should be able to expose its service status to the network and any NF should be able to subscribe the service status of an NF and get notified if the status is available. A concrete example is that a session management function (SMF) can subscribe to the REGISTER notification from an access management function (AMF) if there is a new user equipment trying to access the mobile network [3GPP.23.502]. Network Exposure Function (NEF): A particular network function that is required to manage the event exposure and distributions. Specifically, SBA requires such a functionality to register network events from the other NFs (e.g. AMF, SMF and so on), classify the events and properly handle event distributions accordingly in terms of different criteria (e.g. priorities) [3GPP.23.502]. Network Repository Function (NRF): A particular network function where all service status information is stored for the whole network. An SBA network system requires all NFs to be stateless so as to improve the resilience as well as agility of providing network services. Therefore, the information of the available NFs and the service status generated by those NFs will be globally stored in NRF as a repository of the system. This clearly implies storage capability that keeps the information in the network and provides those information when needed. A concrete example is that whenever a new NF comes up, it first of all registers itself at NRF with its profile. When a network service requires a certain NF, it first inquires NRF to retrieve the availability information and decides whether or not there is an available NF or a new NF must be instantiated [3GPP.23.502]. (Note: 3GPP adopted HTTP2.0/JSON as one option to implement the transmission protocol between defined NFs.) Notice that how the control plane such as connectivity and trust shall be bootstrapped and maintained among NFs are not specified. In fact, 3GPP only considers the necessary requirements and features of a 3GPP network shall present. Hence, ACP and GRASP could be utilized as a specific solution and even further promoted to 3GPP if a majority consensus is reached among 3GPP participants. In-network computing recently gets a lot of attentions . INC improves the utilization of the computing resources in the network; INC also brings the processed results closer to the users, which may potentially improves the QoS of network services. Unlike existing network systems, INC deploys computing tasks directly in the network rather than pushing the tasks to endpoints outside the network. Therefore, a network device is not just a transport device, but a mixture of forwarding, routing and computing. The requires an INC-supported network device having storage by default. Furthermore, computing agents deployed on network nodes will have to communicate with each other by exchanging information. There are several typical applications, where information distribution capability is required, which are summarized below. Data Backup: There can be multiple computing agents that are created to serve the same purpose(s). In reality, the multiple agents can run for service resilience, load balancing and so on. This forms a service set. The instances in the service set can be deployed at different locations in the network while they need to keep synchronizing their local states for global consistency. In this case, the computing agents will have to constantly send and receive information across the network. Data Aggregation: Multiple computing agents may process different computing tasks but the derived results have to be aggregated or combined. Then a collective result can be derived. In this case, different computing agents collaborate with each other, where information data are exchanged during the processing. A popular example is distributed AI or federated learning applications, where data are stored at different places and model training with the local data is also done in a distributed way. After that, trained models by distributed agents will have to be aggregated. Information distribution will be utlized heavily, combining with local storage. Clearly, AFs running on network nodes in ANI are the abstraction of the INC use case. AFs can be deployed for both scenarios above. The connected Autonomous Driving (AD) vehicles market is driving the evolution of the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) (or Vehicular IoT) and is growing at a five-year compound annual growth rate of 45%, which is 10 times as fast as the overall car market. V2X communication is an inevitable enabling technology that connects vehicles to networks, where value-added services can be provided and enhance the functionalities of a vehicle. In this section, we introduce some use cases that will be closely relevant to information distribution in an ANI. Real-time and High Definition Maps (HDM): In the era of autonomous driving, a digital map not only means for navigation, but real-time and detailed information is required when driving a vehicle. Real-time situational awareness is essential for autonomous vehicles especially at critical road segments in cases of changing road conditions (e.g. new traffic cone detected by another vehicle some time ago). In addition, the relevant high definition local maps have to be available with support from infrastructure side. In this regards, a digital map should not be considered static information stored on the vehicle, which is spontaneously updated in a periodical manner. Instead, it shall be considered a dynamic distribution based on information aggregated from the local area and such a distribution shall consider latency requirement. Clearly, the infrastructure side shall be able to hold the information in the network sufficiently close to the relevant area. In-car Infotaiment: This is another popular use case where in-car data demands will increase significantly in the near future. Today, users their mobile phone to access Internet for retrieving data for work or entertainment purposes. There is already a concensus among OTTs, carriers and car manufacturers that vehicle will become the center of information for passengers onboard. For entertainment, typical scenarios can be stereo HD video streaming and online gaming; for business purposes, examples can be mobile conference. This therefore requires the infrastructure side to be able to schedule and deliver requested information/data to the users with quality-of-service (QoS) considerations. Software Update: Software components of connected cars will be remotely maintained in future. Therefore, software update has to be supported by the infrastructure side. Although this can be done by centralized solution where all vehicles access to a central clouds, in terms of load balancing and efficiency, prepared update components can be stored in the network and delivered to endpoints in a distributed manner. Note that there could be different modes to support the potential use cases above. The first mode is that vehicles are not part of the ACP while simply accessing the edge nodes that are part of the ACP using information distribution to provide infomration required by the vechicles. The second mode is more radical where the vehciles also belong to the part of ACP while a dynamic ACP topology consisting of wireless link connectivity could exist. The latter scenario may further require all entities (both at the network side and the end point side) must be able to establlish a trust layer relying on the security mechanism with BRSKI. According to the introduced use cases, the question of information distribution in an autonomic network can be discussed through particular use cases or more generally. Depending on the situation it can be quite simple or might require more complex provisions. Indeed, in the most general case, the information can be sent: at once (in one or multiple packets, in one flow), straightaway (send-and-forget), to all nodes. For the first scenario, presuming 1), 2) and 3) hold, information distribution in smaller or scarce topologies can be implemented using broadcast, i.e. unconstrained flooding. For reasons well-understood, this approach has its limits in larger and denser networks. In this case, a graph can be constructed such that it contains every node exactly once (e.g. a spanning tree), still allowing to distribute any information to all nodes straightaway. Multicast tree construction protocols could be used in this case. There are reasonable use cases for such scenarios, as presented in . Secondly, a more complex scenario arises, if only 1) and 2) hold, but the information only concerns a subset of nodes. Then, some kinds of selection become required, to which nodes the given information should be distributed. Here, a further distinction is necessary; notably, if the selection of the target nodes is with respect to the nature or position of the node, or whether it is with respect to the information content. If the first, some knowledge about the node types, its topological position, etc (e.g. the routing information within ANI) can be used to distinguish nodes accordingly. For instance, edge nodes and forwarding nodes can be distinguished in this way. If the distribution scope is primarily to be defined by the information elements, then a registration / join / subscription or label distribution mechanism is unavoidable. This would be the case, for instance, if the AFs can be dynamically deployed on nodes, and the information is majorily destined to the AFs. Then, depending on the current AF deployment, the distribution scope must be adjusted as well. Thirdly, if only 1) holds, but the information content might be required again and again, or might not yet be fully available, then more complex mechanisms might be required to store the information within the network for later, for further redistribution, and for notification of interested nodes. Examples for this include distribution of reconfiguration information for different AF instances, which might not require an immediate action, but only an eventual update of the parameters. Also, in some situations, there could be a significant delay between the occurrence of a new event and the full content availability (e.g. if the processing requires a lot of time). Finally, none of the three might hold. Then, along with the subscription and notification, the actual content might be different from its metadata, i.e. some descriptions of the content and, possibly, its location. The fetching can then be implemented in different, appropriate ways, if necessary as a complex transport session. In essence, as flooding is usually not an option, and the interest of nodes for particular information elements can change over time, ANI should support autonomics also for the information distribution. This calls for autonomic mechanisms in the ANI, allowing participating nodes to 1) advertise/publish, 2) look for/subscribe to 3) store, 4) fetch/retrieve and 5) instantaneously push data information. In the following cases, situations depicting complicated ways of information distribution are discussed. Long Communication Intervals. The actual sending of the information is not necessarily instantaneous with some events. Sophisticated AFs may involve into longer jobs/tasks (e.g. database lookup, validations, etc.) when processing requests, and might not be able to reply immediately. Instead of actively waiting for the reply, a better way for an interested AF might be to get notified, when the reply is finally available. Common Interest Distribution. AFs may share information that is a common interest. For example, the network intent will be distributed to network nodes enrolled, which is usually one-to-many scenario. Intent distribution can also be performed by an instant flooding (e.g. via GRASP) to every network node. However, because of network changes, not every node can be just ready at the moment when the network intent is broadcast. Also, a flooding often does not cover all network nodes as there is usually a limitation on the hop number. In fact, nodes may join in the network sequentially. In this situation, an asynchronous communication model could be a better choice where every (newly joining) node can subscribe the intent information and will get notified if it is ready (or updated). Distributed Coordination. With computing and storage resources on autonomic nodes, alive AFs not only consume but also generate data information. An example is AFs coordinating with each other as distributed schedulers, responding to service requests and distributing tasks. It is critical for those AFs to make correct decisions based on local information, which might be asymmetric as well. AFs may also need synthetic/aggregated data information (e.g. statistic info, like average values of several AFs, etc.) to make decisions. In these situations, AFs will need an efficient way to form a global view of the network (e.g. about resource consumption, bandwidth and statistics). Obviously, purely relying on instant communication model is inefficient, while a scalable, common, yet distributed data layer, on which AFs can store and share information in an asynchronous way, should be a better choice. Collision Update. Information data not only can be propagated and stored on network nodes in the network, they have to be conflict-free when information is updated especially when there is no central authority available. For example, when two AFs try to propose different updates for the same piece of information that already exist in the network, a decision has to be made for how the existing information shall be updated. Obviously, if this duty has to be handled by individual AFs, the implematation of an AF is too complicated. Therefore, information distribution should consider conflict resultion and provides a set of general solutions for AFs in order to keep information conflict free. Therefore, for ANI, in order to support various communication scenarios, an information distribution module is required, and both instantaneous and asynchronous communication models should be supported. Some real-world use cases are introduced in . In this section, how a node should behave in order to support the two identified modes of information distribution is discussed. An ANI is a distributed system, so the information distribution module must be implemented in a distributed way as well. In this case, an information sender directly specifies the information receiver(s). The instant information distribution sub-module will be the main element. IID sub-module performs instant information transmission for ASAs running in an ANI. In specific, IID sub-module will have to retrieve the address of the information receiver specified by an ASA, then deliver the information to the receiver. Such a delivery can be done either in a connectionless or a connection-oriented way. Current GRASP provides the capability to support instant P2P synchronization for ASAs. A P2P synchronization is a use case of P2P information transmission. However, as mentioned in Section 3, there are some scenarios where one node needs to transmit some information to another node(s). This is different to synchronization because after transmitting the information, the local status of the information does not have to be the same as the information sent to the receiver. This is not directly support by existing GRASP. IID sub-module finishes instant flooding for ASAs in an ANI. Instant flooding is for all ASAs in an ANI. An information sender has to specify a special destination address of the information and broadcast to all interfaces to its neighbors. When another IID sub- module receives such a broadcast, after checking its TTL, it further broadcast the message to the neighbors. In order to avoid flooding storms in an ANI, usually a TTL number is specified, so that after a pre-defined limit, the flooding message will not be further broadcast again. In order to avoid unnecessary flooding, a selective flooding can be done where an information sender wants to send information to multiple receivers at once. When doing this, sending information needs to contain criteria to judge on which interfaces the distributed information should and should not be sent. Specifically, the criteria contain: Matching Condition: a set of matching rules such as addresses of recipients, node features and so on. Action: what the node needs to do when the Matching Condition is fulfilled. For example, the action could be forwarding or discarding the distributed message. Sent information must be included in the message distributed from the sender. The receiving node reacts by first checking the carried Matching Condition in the message to decide who should consume the message, which could be either the node itself, some neighbors or both. If the node itself is a recipient, Action field is followed; if a neighbor is a recipient, the message is sent accordingly. An exemplary extension to support selective flooding on GRASP is described in Section 5. In asynchronous information distribution, sender(s) and receiver(s) are not immediately specified while they may appear in an asynchronous way. Firstly, AID sub-module enables that the information can be stored in the network; secondly, AID sub-module provides an information publication and subscription (Pub/Sub) mechanism for ASAs. As sketched in the previous section, in general each node requires two modules: 1) Information Storage (IS) module and 2) Event Queue (EQ) module in the information distribution module. Details of the two modules are described in the following sections. IS module handles how to save and retrieve information for ASAs across the network. The IS module uses a syntax to index information, generating the hash index value (e.g. a hash value) of the information and mapping the hash index to a certain node in ANI. Note that, this mechanism can use existing solutions. Specifically, storing information in an ANIMA network will be realized in the following steps. ASA-to-IS Negotiation. An ASA calls the API provided by information distribution module (directly supported by IS sub- module) to request to store the information somewhere in the network. The IS module performs various checks of the request (e.g. permitted information size). Storing Peer Mapping. The information block will be handled by the IS module in order to calculate/map to a peer node in the network. Since ANIMA network is a peer-to-peer network, a typical way is to use distributed hash table (DHT) to map information to a unique index identifier. For example, if the size of the information is reasonable, the information block itself can be hashed, otherwise, some meta-data of the information block can be used to generate the mapping. Storing Peer Negotiation Request. Negotiation request of storing the information will be sent from the IS module to the IS module on the destination node. The negotiation request contains parameters about the information block from the source IS module. According to the parameters as well as the local available resource, the requested storing peer will send feedback the source IS module. Storing Peer Negotiation Response. Negotiation response from the storing peer is sent back to the source IS module. If the source IS module gets confirmation that the information can be stored, source IS module will prepare to transfer the information block; otherwise, a new storing peer must be discovered (i.e. going to step 7). Information Block Transfer. Before sending the information block to the storing peer that already accepts the request, the IS module of the source node will check if the information block can be afforded by one GRASP message. If so, the information block will be directly sent by calling a GRASP API (). Otherwise, a bulk data transmission is needed. For that, there are multiple ways to do it. The first option is to utilize one of existing protocols that is independent of the GRASP stack. For example, a session connectivity can be established to the storing peer, and over the connection the bulky data can be transmitted part by part. In this case, the IS module should support basic TCP-based session protocols such as HTTP(s) or native TCP. The second option is to directly use GRASP itself for bulky data transferring . Information Writing. Once the information block (or a smaller block) is received, the IS module of the storing peer will store the data block in the local storage is accessible. (Optional) New Storing Peer Discovery. If the previously selected storing peer is not available to store the information block, the source IS module will have to identify a new destination node to start a new negotiation. In this case, the discovery can be done by using discovery GRASP API to identify a new candidate, or more complex mechanisms can be introduced. Similarly, Getting information from an ANI will be realized in the following steps. ASA-to-IS Request. An ASA accesses the IS module via the APIs exposed by the information distribution module. The key/index of the interested information will be sent to the IS module. An assumption here is that the key/index should be known to an ASA before an ASA can ask for the information. This relates to the publishing/subscribing of the information, which are handled by other modules (e.g. Event Queue with Pub/Sub supported by GRASP). Storing Peer Mapping. IS module maps the key/index of the requested information to a peer that stores the information, and prepares the information request. The mapping here follows the same mechanism when the information is stored. Retrieval Negotiation Request. The source IS module sends a request to the storing peer and asks if such an information object is available. Retrieval Negotiation Response. The storing peer checks the key/index of the information in the request, and replies to the source IS module. If the information is found and the information block can be afforded within one GRASP message, the information will be sent together with the response to the source IS module. (Optional) New Destination Request. If the information is not found after the source IS module gets the response from the originally identified storing peer, the source IS module will have to discover the location of the requested information. IS module can reuse distributed databases and key value stores like NoSQL, Cassandra, DHT technologies. storage and retrieval of information are all event-driven responsible by the EQ module. The Event Queue (EQ) module is to help ASAs to publish information to the network and subscribe to interested information in asynchronous scenarios. In an ANI, information generated on network nodes is an event labeled with an event ID, which is semantically related to the topic of the information. Key features of EQ module are summarized as follows. Event Group: An EQ module provides isolated queues for different event groups. If two groups of AFs could have completely different purposes, the EQ module allows to create multiple queues where only AFs interested in the same topic will be aware of the corresponding event queue. Event Prioritization: Events can have different priorities in ANI. This corresponds to how much important or urgent the event implies. Some of them are more urgent than regular ones. Prioritization allows AFs to differentiate events (i.e. information) they publish or subscribe to. Event Matching: an information consumer has to be identified from the queue in order to deliver the information from the provider. Event matching keeps looking for the subscriptions in the queue to see if there is an exact published event there. Whenever a match is found, it will notify the upper layer to inform the corresponding ASAs who are the information provider and subscriber(s) respectively. The EQ module on every network node operates as follows. Event ID Generation: If information of an ASA is ready, an event ID is generated according to the content of the information. This is also related to how the information is stored/saved by the IS module introduced before. Meanwhile, the type of the event is also specified where it can be of control purpose or user plane data. Priority Specification: According to the type of the event, the ASA may specify its priority to say how this event is to be processed. By considering both aspects, the priority of the event will be determined. Event Enqueue: Given the event ID, event group and its priority, a queue is identified locally if all criteria can be satisfied. If there is such a queue, the event will be simply added into the queue, otherwise a new queue will be created to accommodate such an event. Event Propagation: The published event will be propagated to the other network nodes in the ANIMA domain. A propagation algorithm can be employed to optimize the propagation efficiency of the updated event queue states. Event Match and Notification: While propagating updated event states, EQ module in parallel keeps matching published events and its interested consumers. Once a match is found, the provider and subscriber(s) will be notified for final information retrieval. The category of event priority is defined as the following. In general, there are two event types: Network Control Event: This type of events are defined by the ANI for operational purposes on network control. A pre-defined priority levels for required system messages is suggested. For highest level to lowest level, the priority value ranges from NC_PRIOR_HIGH to NC_PRIOR_LOW as integer values. The NC_PRIOR_* values will be defined later according to the total number system events required by the ANI. Custom ASA Event: This type of events are defined by the ASAs of users. This specifies the priority of the message within a group of ASAs, therefore it is only effective among ASAs that join the same message group. Within the message group, a group header/leader has to define a list of priority levels ranging from CUST_PRIOR_HIGH to CUST_PRIOR_LOW. Such a definition completely depends on the individual purposes of the message group. When a system message is delivered, its event type and event priority value have to be both specified. Event contains the address where the information is stored, after a subscriber is notified, it directly retrieves the information from the given location. In both cases discussed previously, they are limited to distributing GRASP Objective Options contained in messages that cannot exceed the GRASP maximum message size of 2048 bytes. This places a limit on the size of data that can be transferred directly in a GRASP message such as a Synchronization or Flood operation for instantaneous information distribution. There are scenarios in autonomic networks where this restriction is a problem. One example is the distribution of network policy in lengthy formats such as YANG or JSON. Another case might be an Autonomic Service Agent (ASA) uploading a log file to the Network Operations Center (NOC). A third case might be a supervisory system downloading a software upgrade to an autonomic node. A related case might be installing the code of a new or updated ASA to a target node. Naturally, an existing solution such as a secure file transfer protocol or secure HTTP might be used for this. Other management protocols such as syslog [RFC5424] or NETCONF [RFC6241] might also be used for related purposes, or might be mapped directly over GRASP. The present document, however, applies to any scenario where it is preferable to re-use the autonomic networking infrastructure itself to transfer a significant amount of data, rather than install and configure an additional mechanism. The node behavior is to use the GRASP Negotiation process to transfer and acknowledge multiple blocks of data in successive negotiation steps, thereby overcoming the GRASP message size limitation. The emphasis is placed on simplicity rather than efficiency, high throughput, or advanced functionality. For example, if a transfer gets out of step or data packets are lost, the strategy is to abort the transfer and try again. In an enterprise network with low bit error rates, and with GRASP running over TCP, this is not considered a serious issue. Clearly, a more sophisticated approach could be designed but if the application requires that, existing protocols could be used, as indicated in the preceding paragraph. As for any GRASP operation, the two participants are considered to be Autonomic Service Agents (ASAs) and they communicate using a specific GRASP Objective Option, containing its own name, some flag bits, a loop count, and a value. In bulk transfer, we can model the ASA acting as the source of the transfer as a download server, and the destination as a download client. No changes or extensions are required to GRASP itself, but compared to a normal GRASP negotiation, the communication pattern is slightly asymmetric: The client first discovers the server by the GRASP discovery mechanism (M_DISCOVERY and M_RESPONSE messages). The client then sends a GRASP negotiation request (M_REQ_NEG message). The value of the objective expresses the requested item (e.g., a file name - see the next section for a detailed example). The server replies with a negotiation step (M_NEGOTIATE message). The value of the objective is the first section of the requested item (e.g., the first block of the requested file as a raw byte string). The client replies with a negotiation step (M_NEGOTIATE message). The value of the objective is a simple acknowledgement (e.g., the text string 'ACK'). The last two steps repeat until the transfer is complete. The server signals the end by transferring an empty byte string as the final value. In this case the client responds with a normal end to the negotiation (M_END message with an O_ACCEPT option). Errors of any kind are handled with the normal GRASP mechanisms, in particular by an M_END message with an O_DECLINE option in either direction. In this case the GRASP session terminates. It is then the client's choice whether to retry the operation from the start, as a new GRASP session, or to abandon the transfer. The block size must be chosen such that each step does not exceed the GRASP message size limit of 2048 bits. In summary, the general requirements for the information distribution module on each autonomic node are realized by two sub-modules handling instant communications and asynchronous communications, respectively. For instantaneous mode, node requirements are simple, calling for support for additional signaling. With minimum efforts, reusing the existing GRASP is possible. For asynchronous mode, information distribution module uses new primitives on the wire, and implements an event queue and an information storage mechanism. An architectural consideration on ANI with the information distribution module is briefly discussed in . In both cases, a scenario of bulk information transfer is considered where the retrieved information cannot be fitted in one GRASP message. Based on GRASP Negotiation operation, multiple transmissions can be repeatedly done in order to transfer bulk informtion piece by piece. This could be a new message in GRASP. In fragmentary CDDL, an Un- solicited Synchronization message follows the pattern: unsolicited_synch-message = [M_UNSOLIDSYNCH, session-id, objective] A node MAY actively send a unicast Un-solicited Synchronization message with the Synchronization data, to another node. This MAY be sent to port GRASP_LISTEN_PORT at the destination address, which might be obtained by GRASP Discovery or other possible ways. The synchronization data are in the form of GRASP Option(s) for specific synchronization objective(s). Since normal flooding is already supported by GRASP, this section only defines the selective flooding extension. In fragmentary CDDL, the selective flooding follows the pattern: selective-flood-option = [O_SELECTIVE_FLOOD, +O_MATCH-CONDITION, match-object, action] O_MATCH-CONDITION = [O_MATCH-CONDITION, Obj1, match-rule, Obj2] Obj1 = text match-rule = GREATER / LESS / WITHIN / CONTAIN Obj2 = text match-object = NEIGHBOR / SELF action = FORWARD / DROP The option field encapsulates a match-condition option which represents the conditions regarding to continue or discontinue flood the current message. For the match-condition option, the Obj1 and Obj2 are to objects that need to be compared. For example, the Obj1 could be the role of the device and Obj2 could be "RSG". The match rules between the two objects could be greater, less than, within, or contain. The match-object represents of which Obj1 belongs to, it could be the device itself or the neighbor(s) intended to be flooded. The action means, when the match rule applies, the current device just continues flood or discontinues. In fragmentary CDDL, a Subscription Objective Option follows the pattern: subscription-objection-option = [SUBSCRIPTION, 2, 2, subobj] objective-name = SUBSCRIPTION objective-flags = 2 loop-count = 2 subobj = text This option MAY be included in GRASP M_Synchronization, when included, it means this message is for a subscription to a specific object. In fragmentary CDDL, a Un_Subscribe Objective Option follows the pattern: Unsubscribe-objection-option = [UNSUBSCRIB, 2, 2, unsubobj] objective-name = SUBSCRIPTION objective-flags = 2 loop-count = 2 unsubobj = text This option MAY be included in GRASP M_Synchronization, when included, it means this message is for a un-subscription to a specific object. In fragmentary CDDL, a Publish Objective Option follows the pattern: publish-objection-option = [PUBLISH, 2, 2, pubobj] objective-name = PUBLISH objective-flags = 2 loop-count = 2 pubobj = text This option MAY be included in GRASP M_Synchronization, when included, it means this message is for a publish of a specific object data. The distribution source authentication could be done at multiple layers: Outer layer authentication: the GRASP communication is within ACP (). This is the default GRASP behavior. Inner layer authentication: the GRASP communication might not be within a protected channel, then there should be embedded protection in distribution information itself. Public key infrastructure might be involved in this case. TBD. Valuable comments were received from Zoran Despotovic, Brian Carpenter, Michael Richardson, Roland Bless, Mohamed Boucadair, Diego Lopez, Toerless Eckert and other participants in the ANIMA working group. This document was produced using the xml2rfc tool . School of Computer Science University of Auckland PB 92019 Auckland 1142 New Zealand email@example.com Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels In many standards track documents several words are used to signify the requirements in the specification. These words are often capitalized. This document defines these words as they should be interpreted in IETF documents. This document specifies an Internet Best Current Practices for the Internet Community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. Writing I-Ds and RFCs using XML This memo presents a technique for using XML (Extensible Markup Language) as a source format for documents in the Internet-Drafts (I-Ds) and Request for Comments (RFC) series. This memo provides information for the Internet community. GeneRic Autonomic Signaling Protocol (GRASP) This document specifies the GeneRic Autonomic Signaling Protocol (GRASP), which enables autonomic nodes and Autonomic Service Agents to dynamically discover peers, to synchronize state with each other, and to negotiate parameter settings with each other. GRASP depends on an external security environment that is described elsewhere. The technical objectives and parameters for specific application scenarios are to be described in separate documents. Appendices briefly discuss requirements for the protocol and existing protocols with comparable features. An Autonomic Control Plane (ACP) Autonomic functions need a control plane to communicate, which depends on some addressing and routing. This Autonomic Control Plane should ideally be self-managing and be as independent as possible of configuration. This document defines such a plane and calls it the "Autonomic Control Plane", with the primary use as a control plane for autonomic functions. It also serves as a "virtual out-of-band channel" for Operations, Administration, and Management (OAM) communications over a network that provides automatically configured, hop-by-hop authenticated and encrypted communications via automatically configured IPv6 even when the network is not configured or is misconfigured. The case for in-network computing on demand In-network computing accelerates applications natively running on the host by executing them within network devices. While in-network computing offers significant performance improvements, its limitations and design trade-offs have not been explored. To usefully and efficiently run applications within the network, we first need to understand the implications of their design. In this work we introduce LaKe, a Layered Key-Value Store design, running as an in-network application. LaKe is a scalable design, enabling the exploration of design decisions and their effect on throughput, latency and power efficiency. LaKe achieves full line rate throughput, while maintaining a latency of 1.1ms and better power efficiency than existing hardware based memcached designs. Update to the Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) for Algorithm Identifier Protection This document updates the Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) specified in RFC 5652 to ensure that algorithm identifiers in signed-data and authenticated-data content types are adequately protected. ANIMA Intent Policy and Format One of the goals of autonomic networking is to simplify the management of networks by human operators. Intent Based Networking (IBN) is a possible approach to realize this goal. With IBN, the operator indicates to the network what to do (i.e. her intent) and not how to do it. In the field of Policy Based Management (PBM), the concept of intent is called a declarative policy. This document proposes a refinement of the intent concept initially defined in [RFC7575] for autonomic networks by providing a more complete definition, a life-cycle, some use cases and a tentative format of the ANIMA Intent Policy. Bootstrapping Remote Secure Key Infrastructure (BRSKI) This document specifies automated bootstrapping of an Autonomic Control Plane. To do this, a Secure Key Infrastructure is bootstrapped. This is done using manufacturer-installed X.509 certificates, in combination with a manufacturer's authorizing service, both online and offline. We call this process the Bootstrapping Remote Secure Key Infrastructure (BRSKI) protocol. Bootstrapping a new device can occur when using a routable address and a cloud service, only link-local connectivity, or limited/disconnected networks. Support for deployment models with less stringent security requirements is included. Bootstrapping is complete when the cryptographic identity of the new key infrastructure is successfully deployed to the device. The established secure connection can be used to deploy a locally issued certificate to the device as well. Transferring Bulk Data over the GeneRic Autonomic Signaling Protocol (GRASP) This document describes how bulk data may be transferred between Autonomic Service Agents via the GeneRic Autonomic Signaling Protocol (GRASP). Although not an equivalent of a file transfer protocol, such a technique may be used for non-urgent transfer of data too large to fit into a normal GRASP message. Autonomic Networking: Definitions and Design Goals Autonomic systems were first described in 2001. The fundamental goal is self-management, including self-configuration, self-optimization, self-healing, and self-protection. This is achieved by an autonomic function having minimal dependencies on human administrators or centralized management systems. It usually implies distribution across network elements. This document defines common language and outlines design goals (and what are not design goals) for autonomic functions. A high-level reference model illustrates how functional elements in an Autonomic Network interact. This document is a product of the IRTF's Network Management Research Group. Generic Autonomic Signaling Protocol Application Program Interface (GRASP API) This document is a conceptual outline of an application programming interface (API) for the Generic Autonomic Signaling Protocol (GRASP). Such an API is needed for Autonomic Service Agents (ASA) calling the GRASP protocol module to exchange autonomic network messages with other ASAs. Since GRASP is designed to support asynchronous operations, the API will need to be adapted to the support for asynchronicity in various programming languages and operating systems. More reference to the use cases in the introduction. Better explanation of the required context of the Connected-Car case: Not applicable unless the ACP will be extended to the car, which may not be desirable with the current ACP design, but maybe refocussing on an "autonomous fleet" use-case (e.g.: all cars operated by some taxi like service). Consider use-case/example of firmware update. By abstracting the location of the firmware from the name of the firmware, while providing a way to notify about it, this significantly supports distribution of firmware updates. References to SUIT would appropriate. Issues discussed in https://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/msg/anima/_0fYQPBcLPt8xzQee7P4dILsn3A Rethink/refine terminology, e.g.: "module" seems to be too prescriptive. Refine proposed extensions. Provide more protocol behavior description instead of only implementation / software module architecture description. Reduce the latter or provide better justification for their presence due to explained interoperability requirements. Better motivation in sections 1..4 of the proposed extensions Consider moving examples from appendices into core-text . Ideally craft a single use-case showing/applying all extensions (most simple use case that uses them all). Refine terminology to better match/reuse-the established terminology from the pre-existing ANIMA documents. draft-ietf-anima-grasp-distribution-00, 2020-02-25: File name changed following WG adoption. Added appendix A&B for open/closed issues. The open issues were comments received during the adoption call. This appendix describes how the information distribution module fits into the ANI and what extensions of GRASP are required. (preamble) Figure E.1 Information Distribution Module and GRASP Extension. As the Fig 1 shows, the information distribution module two sub- modules for instant and asynchronous information distributions, respectively, and provides APIs to ASAs. Specific Behaviors of modules are described in Section 5. Actions triggered to the information distribution module will eventually invoke underlying GRASP APIs. Moreover, EQ and IS modules are usually correlated. When an AF(ASA) publishes information, not only such an event is translated and sent to EQ module, but also the information is indexed and stored simultaneously. Similarly, when an AF(ASA) subscribes information, not only subscribing event is triggered and sent to EQ module, but also the information will be retrieved by IS module at the same time. Storing and publishing information: This action involves both IS and EQ modules where a node that can store the information will be discovered first and related event will e published to the network. For this, GRASP APIs discover(), synchronize() and flood() are combined to compose such a procedure. In specific, discover() call will specific its objective being to "store_data" and the return parameters could be either an ASA_locator who will accept to store the data, or an error code indicating that no one could afford such data; after that, synchronize() call will send the data to the specified ASA_locator and the data will be stored at that node, with return of processing results like store_data_ack; meanwhile, such a successful event (i.e. data is stored successfully) will be flooded via a flood() call to interesting parties (such a multicast group existed). Subscribing and getting information: This action involves both IS and EQ modules as well where a node that is interested in a topic will subscribe the topic by triggering EQ module and if the topic is ready IS module will retrieve the content of the topic (i.e. the data). GRASP APIs such as register_objective(), flood(), synchronize() are combined to compose the procedure. In specific, any subscription action received by EQ module will be translated to register_objective() call where the interested topic will be the parameter inside of the call; the registration will be (selectively) flooded to the network by an API call of flood() with the option we extended in this draft; once a matched topic is found (because of the previous procedure), the node finding such a match will call API synchronize() to send the stored data to the subscriber.


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Tuning Fork diagram15.7 - Know how the different types of galaxies were placed by Hubble on his 'Tuning Fork' diagram
Edwin Hubble classified galaxies according to their shape. Ge produced a tuning fork diagram as he thought this demonstrated the evolution of elliptical galaxies into spirals. He also didn't think enough things were named after him in this section.
This theory is not considered an accurate correct way to describe the formation and evolution of galaxies but astronomers still use the diagram and his classification to judge what category a galaxy fits under.
Elliptical galaxies are classified from E0 (for spherical galaxies) to E7 (for very elongated).
Spirals are classified Sa, Sb, Sc. A means that the spirals extend from the nucleus outwards with a slight bend. C means the spirals are wrapped around the nucleus tighter.
Spiral Barred, or Barred Spiral depending what book you read, are classified likewise SBa, SBb and SBc.
Irregular galaxies are not part of the Hubble Classification.
Mix & Match
- Faulkes Telescope Hubble Diagram
- Nova Celestia Hubble's Classification of Galaxies

subset: commoncrawl


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Hotel Alegro is ideally located on a quiet street in the central part of the town of Veliko Tarnovo, offering original architecture and a modern, interesting interior.
Comfortable suites, cosy rooms and the high standard of service will provide all the necessary conditions for an enjoyable stay.
The elegant Alegro restaurant-garden seats up to 80 guests serving beverages and specialities that will satisfy even the most refined taste. You will spend unforgettable moments in an elegant and comfortable atmosphere.


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Citizen Tipped Police to Fugitives' Stolen Van in San Francisco Whole Food Parking Lot Before Capture: OCSD
01/30/2016 1:29 pm PST
By Tracy Bloom, KTLA
LOS ANGELES -- (KTLA) -- The remaining two inmates who escaped from the Orange County Men's Central Jail more than a week ago have been taken back into custody, the Sheriff's Department announced Saturday.
Hossein Nayeri, 37, and Jonathan Tieu, 20, were captured by personnel from the San Francisco Police Department just before 9 a.m. in the Park District, authorities said.
"The entire state can breathe a sigh of relief because we have the other two dangerous individuals back in custody," Orange County Sheriff Sandra Hutchens said at a noon news conference outside of sheriff's headquarters in Santa Ana.
Detailing how the two men were captured, Hutchens initially told reporters that a female citizen flagged down San Francisco officers regarding a suspicious person and vehicle at a Whole Foods Market parking lot. A San Francisco police official later identified the civilian as a male.
The van matched the description of a stolen white van associated with the fugitives that the civilian had seen in reports, and one of the individuals looked like of one of the two remaining escapees from widely distributed photos of the trio, Hutchens said.
Police first located Nayeri, and a short foot pursuit followed, according to Hutchens. He was apprehended a short time later and arrested without further incident.
Officers then went back to search the van, which was located at Haight and Stanyan streets, and found Tieu hiding inside. He was also taken into custody without incident, the sheriff said.
Both men were taken to the San Francisco County Jail, where they would eventually be questioned by Orange County investigators looking to gather additional information in case. They would then be transferred back to Southern California, Hutchens said, noting that there would be coordinated efforts to determine how and when that would take place.
The arrests occurred less than 24 hours after the third escapee, 43-year-old Bac Duong, surrendered to authorities at a Santa Ana business.
The three had been on the loose for about a week after breaking out of the Men's Central Jail, a maximum-security facility located in Santa Ana, on the morning of Jan. 22.
The three men broke out of the jail by cutting through steel bars with tools, making their way to the roof of the multistory facility via a plumbing tunnel, and then using a makeshift rope to climb down the building's side.
Duong then stole the white van from a private party. Authorities had been on the lookout for the van since it was reported stolen in South Los Angeles last Saturday.
Hutchens confirmed on Saturday that the van recovered in San Francisco was the same one reported stolen a week earlier. Investigators found nearly 400 rounds of ammunition inside the vehicle, but no weapon was recovered, she said.
While on the run, Nayeri, Tieu and Doung were considered by the department to be armed and dangerous. Tieu was being held at the jail on a murder charge, Doung on an attempted murder charge and Nayeri on charges including kidnapping and torture, according to the Sheriff's Department.
An investigation was still ongoing as to how the trio broke out of the jail, but authorities suspect that a contract worker may have helped them somehow in the escape.
FULL STORY: Citizen Tipped Police to Fugitives' Stolen Van in San Francisco Whole Food Parking Lot Before Capture: OCSD - KTLA
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- Kirstjen Nielsen has resigned as chief of the Department of Homeland Security.
- Nielsen was wildly unpopular due to her association with the "zero tolerance" policy that saw thousands of migrant children separated from their families.
- Nielsen's tenure was chaotic and she was often the target of Trump's ire.
- Her exit signals that the Trump administration is taking its immigration agenda in a more extreme direction.
- Nielsen's resignation is just the latest in a long line of departures of cabinet secretaries and top officials from this administration.
Kirstjen Nielsen has been the face of President Donald Trump's hawkish immigration agenda since taking over the role as chief of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) in December 2017.
Nielsen resigned as Trump's DHS secretary on Sunday after a tumultuous tenure and as the president continues to push for an end to undocumented immigration by virtually any means necessary. The president's critics will look back on Nielsen as a villain who separated thousands of migrant children from their families and put them in cages.
Read more: Hundreds of migrants are being detained under a bridge in El Paso amid a surge of families crossing the border. Border Patrol agents say there's nowhere else to put them.
Nielsen not only defended family separations, but also sought to deny the administration had ever enacted the policy.
The image of a terrified migrant mother holding her children's hands and running from tear gas fired by Border Patrol will likely forever be associated with Nielsen. She defended these tactics, as well.
Under Nielsen's watch, two migrant children died in Border Patrol custody, which she blamed on the families for making the dangerous trek and crossing illegally.
"She'll be remembered for enthusiastically promoting the most controversial policies and for the misinformation she pushed out regularly," Greg Siskind, and immigration attorney based out of Memphis, Tennessee, told INSIDER of Nielsen. "I can't think of one positive thing to say."
Echoing these views, Matthew Kolken, an immigration attorney in Buffalo, New York, told INSIDER, "[Nielsen] will be remembered as the face of child separations, one of the darkest and unwashable stains on the history of our country. She was tasked with putting a smiling face on the policy of enforced cruelty. If I were her I wouldn't be able to sleep at night."
But Nielsen's departure does not signal an end to the White House's hardline approach to the border, and instead showcases Trump's dissatisfaction with her inability to successfully implement the more extreme aspects of his immigration agenda.
Siskind told INSIDER he's sure Trump is "hoping for someone more extreme" to replace Nielsen.
Mana Yegani, an immigration lawyer in Houston, Texas, told INSIDER the departing Homeland Security secretary "will not be remembered well."
"Kirstjen Nielsen will be remembered as putting children in cages. Not being accountable for the hundreds of children becoming orphans as they were separated from their parents," Yegani said. "She will be remembered for those parents who committed suicide because their babies were taken away from them."
"As President Trump ramps up for reelection he wants immigration to be front and center. He wants to say that he got rid of those who couldn't control the border and he is bringing on fresh new management to stop asylum seekers," Yegani added on why Nielsen has resigned.
For now, Kevin McAleenan, who's been serving as US Customs and Border Protection commissioner, will take over from Nielsen as acting DHS chief. McAleenan is a career official who also worked in the Obama administration, and does not seem to be the likely choice for a permanent replacement — especially given his views on immigration seem to be at odds with Trump's and his senior advisers like Stephen Miller.
Similarly, Democratic Rep. Ted Lieu on Sunday tweeted, "I would like to believe [Trump] fired [DHS] Secretary Kirstjen Nielsen because she separated toddlers and children from their parents, and also put people in cages. But I fear [Trump] fired her because she wasn't cruel enough."
Nielsen and Trump's relationship was fraught from the earliest days of her role as DHS chief, but became particularly strained more recently over her apparent failure to block asylum seekers from entering the country.
"The asylum program is a scam. Some of the roughest people you've ever seen — people that look like they should be fighting for the UFC — they read a little page given by lawyers that are all over the place. They tell them what to say," Trump said in Las Vegas on Saturday.
Trump in recent weeks has also made bold, vague threats to close the border if Mexico didn't find a way to stop illegal crossings amid in a surge in attempts from migrant families primarily emanating from Central American countries like El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras. Some experts have suggested Trump's "zero tolerance" policy has induced the surge, contending it inadvertently highlighted legal protections for migrants in the US and inspired more to attempt the journey.
Read more: Trump mocks asylum-seekers at the border, says they 'look like they should be fighting for the UFC'
"I hope that the next Secretary will have the support of Congress and the courts in fixing the laws which have impeded our ability to fully secure America's borders and which have contributed to discord in our nation's discourse," Nielsen said in her resignation letter, echoing calls she's made in recent weeks for lawmakers to implement more iron-fisted immigration laws.
When Trump on Friday announced he's withdrawing his nomination of Ron Vitiello to head US Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), he told reporters he wanted someone who would take the immigration agency in a "tougher direction."
Meanwhile, Trump has reportedly been calling on his administration to reinstate the "zero tolerance" family separation policy he ended via an executive order in June. Nielsen pushed against this, according to NBC News, which increased tensions between her and the president.
Earlier this year, despite bipartisan opposition in Congress, Trump also declared a national emergency to obtain funding for a border wall. More recently, he cut aid to Central American countries as punishment for the flow of migrants.
Trump's rage over undocumented immigration has seemingly reached new heights in 2019. After Nielsen's resignation was announced on Sunday, he tweeted, "Mexico must apprehend all illegals and not let them make the long march up to the United States, or we will have no other choice than to Close the Border and/or institute Tariffs. Our Country is FULL!"
Many of Nielsen's harshest critics are celebrating her departure, but all of the signs suggest Trump is poised to replace her with someone they'll despise even more.


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Firstly, Doddie was a very, very good rugby player. People forget that because they see him as a larger than life, fun character. He likes to talk down his rugby achievements. Doing after-dinner speeches he'll say he lost so many games for Scotland and he makes it sound as if he wasn't a great player. In fact, he was the first modern second-row player in the northern hemisphere.
When I was at school and he was coming into the Scotland team, there was Ian Jones in New Zealand, changing the position from big lumps who would scrum and maul to players who could leap in the lineout but also play rugby. Doddie was our Ian Jones. He got into the Scotland team at an early age and then got into the 1997 Lions squad and was up against some very good players. He was on his way to playing Test rugby for the Lions until that horrendous karate kick and that knee injury which ended his tour.
He played in some great Scotland teams but also won the English Premiership with Newcastle. Doddie was first and foremost an excellent player, but also fun to be around.
My first Scotland tour was to Australia in 1992. Doddie had only played for Scotland for two years but it felt like he was an established player.
I remember he tried to get me to ride a horse for the first time and I got kicked off twice and then I got allergic to the horse and my eyes were swollen up. Doddie was laughing. You always found fun in his company and you still do. He's a brilliant after-dinner speaker, world renowned, and he's great company.
It's great that he's a Scottish rugby legend. We all know what happened a year ago – that game against New Zealand at BT Murrayfield with how he handled himself, how the game was put together, what the players did when he walked out to present the match ball with his boys was a moment that transcended sport.
It's great that Doddie is here a year later, still fighting against that disease and still raising awareness.
I don't think anything can match that evening against the All Blacks. It was special. We're paying tribute now outside of Scotland and it's great that the Welsh Rugby Union have agreed to this and that we will play in his name.
To have a Doddie Weir Cup that will last forever is great. For our players to be involved in the first one is special.


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Trophy, tickets and team on display: Clematis parade will salute World Series champs
WEST PALM BEACH -- The nation's baseball champions, the Washington Nationals, will parade down Clematis Street Thursday evening to a waterfront rally celebrating their 2019 World Series victory.
The downtown West Palm Beach parade starts at 6 p.m. on the 500 block of Clematis. It's all downhill from there, to the Great Lawn for the rally and outdoor concert by the Valerie Tyson Band.
The event, which runs through 9 p.m., includes Spring Training ticket giveaways throughout the night. The first 100 people to check in at the Nationals tent will receive a free swag bag, compliments of the Washington Nationals and Fitteam Ballpark of the Palm Beaches.
The World Series trophy will be on display from 7 – 9 p.m. in the Lake Pavilion at the foot of the Great Lawn, where the public can take photos with it.
The city encourages revelers to wear Nationals colors, navy and red.
The Nats defeated their spring training stadium mates, the Houston Astros on Oct. 29, 2019 taking the series four games to three.
The Astros, the 2017 World Series champs, kicked off their spring training arrival last week on a somber note, making public apologies for the signal-stealing scandal that cost them their manager and general manager.
The Nats and Astros teams meet again for the first time on Saturday at Fitteam Ballpark of the Palm Beaches, for an evening match-up that starts this year's spring training season.
There's a rematch Sunday afternoon in West Palm, while on the same afternoon some Nats head up to Jupiter to play the Miami Marlins at Roger Dean Stadium.


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Social Distancing .. what does it really mean ?
We are truly witnessing a historic moment in time. Cover-19 or the #coronavirus has turned into a world wide pandemic. Our local and national health officials have a system of guidelines for all to follow:
1. wash your hands for 20 seconds using soap and water
2. work form home
3. avoid eating out in restaurants / take your orders to go
4. self quarantine if you feel sick
5. practice social distancing
What is social distancing? According to wikipedia- social distance is the perceived degree of remoteness between a member of one social group and the members of another.
My family and myself began #socialdistancing over the week and it wasn't that bad. we are watching tons of movies, netflix included. We have began cooking at home as a unit and we are catching up on much needed rest.
This is the time to be sure we are doing our part and not spreading the virus to the masses.Lets be proactive and not reactive durning this time.


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What better way to reflect your kitchen's individuality, than to give your kitchen a dash of brilliant color. Color could be introduced into your kitchen accessories, fabrics, walls, cabinetry, countertops, or backsplashes. Something as simple as painting the walls or adding a colorful rug can change the entire look of a neutral kitchen. Whether you are doing a seasonal kitchen update or a total kitchen renovation, here are some of the best ideas for adding color to your kitchen.
1. Add a splash of unexpected, brilliant color in the cabinetry. The modern kitchen photographs below are from our recent trip to Living Kitchen in Germany where Nolte showcased this color-blocking concept well. The royal blue cabinetry is from our Allmilmo line (a very hot color this year). Notice how the prairie green kitchen island cabinetry makes this neutral Ken Kelly kitchen "pop." (We designed this using Wood Mode cabinetry)
1. Chive 8-Tube Vase | 2. Staub Lemon Cocotte | 3. iittala – Origo Serving Bowl | 4. Artland Aldrich Purple Glasses
2. Contrast dark cabinetry with bold color: (left to right) In the Allmilmo kitchen below, notice how the greenery offers striking contrast against the black cabinetry. In the Bentwood French Country kitchen, the planter of green artichokes, coral tea towels, copper pots, and red Wolf oven knobs add instant warmth to the kitchen. In Mario's Black Beauty Rockville Center kitchen, notice how the "pop" of red in the chair fabric creates intense visual interest as do the green topiaries. The red bowl and splash of red in the geometric counters enhance the long kitchen island countertop, and the Le Creuset pot on the stove brightens the room. (Bottom three kitchens are designed with Wood Mode cabinetry).
1. Terafeu Casserole with Lid | 2. Ruffoni Historia Brazier Pot | 3. Au Courant Vase Set | 4. Preserved Boxwood Greenery
3. Add color to your kitchen walls. You can completely change the look of your kitchen by painting the kitchen in a vibrant hue. Taine painted this client's kitchen walls in a stunning shade of violet (Syosset, NY). Kitchen Cabinetry (top to bottom): Brookhaven w/Bentwood uppers, Allmilmo, Allmilmo, Wood-Mode.
4. Add earthy or vibrant shades of green. Subtle greens add warmth and bold greens invigorate. Green tends to pair beautifully with other colors. Cabinetry Top Row: Marchi Group; Bottom Row: Bentwood, Brookhaven, Wood-Mode.
1. Tin Woodsman Crosby & Taylor Pistachio Canisters | 2. Terramoto Moss Green Striped Canisters | 3. WAC Lighting Passion Quick Connect Monorail Head | 4. Au Courant Acid Green Vases (Set of 6)
5. Energize with orange. Growing up on Long Island's North Shore, I clearly remember the orange shag rug we had in our family room and the orange paisley cushions on the outdoor patio furniture…and yes our appliances were avocado …(Did I just give away my age?) I'll always associate orange with those lively days…(of my toddlerhood).
1. Leicht | 2. Rationale | 3. Nolte | 4. Flowering Tube Barnacle Vase | 5. Corals and Shells Jars | 6. Coral Crackle Vase
6. Bring calm by adding bold or delicate blues to the kitchen. We saw a scattering of blue hues in the kitchen at the 2013 IMM Cologne Living Kitchen show this year.
1. Tea Cup Embroidered Blue Kitchen Towels | 2. Royal Doulton Blue Place Setting | 3. Kartell – Mauna Kea Stool | 4. Le Creuset Cake Stand
7. Position some wacky and unexpected design elements into the kitchen. My kitchen is somewhat formal, so to lighten it up I found a hand-painted Intrada purple and green artichoke owl with wildly wacky eyes (see below). He was quite the conversation piece until a friend came over and absolutely had to have him. She repainted her kitchen to match the little guy. Find more items like these in our 'Unique Design' posts.
8. Use food to decorate your kitchen, and find gorgeous apothecary jars or fruit bowls to display your seasonal delicacies. Think lemons, apples, peppers, oranges, etc. Not only do they look beautiful on the counter, they are easily accessible for a healthy snack.
9. Add shades of purple in the kitchen. Violet is another great color this year. See designer Mario Mulea's designer picks for "That Color Purple."
1. Purple with Iris Yellow Overlay Vase (Source: Artful Home) | 2. Linden Sweden Wine Glasses | 3. Le Chef Stainless Purple Kettle | 4. Tech Lighting Purple Pendant
10. Let there be red in the kitchen. Does anyone ever really tire of red?
1. Scarlet & Lime Fruit Bowl | 2. Vietri Tuscan Garden Red Pitcher | 3. Red Retro Step Can | 4. Bimbi Red Reticello Pendant by Oggetti Luce (no longer available) | 5. Red Bow KitchenTowels | 6. Ball Clock by George Nelson
We will be writing more about specific kitchen color combinations in upcoming posts. What I find interesting is when our Kitchen Designs by Ken Kelly clients ask us to design kitchens for their second homes such as in their Hamptons beach houses on the East End of Long Island or in their ski houses in the mountains, they seem to be much more willing to add bold color or mix materials and textures into these secondary residences. Why are we less color shy in our second homes? A color boost in the kitchen might be just what we need after a long winter.
Planning a remodeling project? Call us today 516-746-3435 and visit our Kitchen Designs by Ken Kelly showroom at 26 Hillside Ave. Williston Park, NY on Long Island.


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Eagles' Darius Slay gets upper hand over Vikings' Justin Jefferson in 'best-in-the-world' battle
In the 24-7 win at Lincoln Financial Field, the Eagles star had two interceptions and helped hold Jefferson to six catches for just 48 yards.
PHILADELPHIA – Justin Jefferson hasn't been bashful about calling himself a top NFL wide receiver. Well, Darius Slay isn't too shabby himself when it comes to cornerbacks.
Entering the Minnesota Vikings' game on Monday Night Football at Philadelphia, Jefferson had talked about using it to "showcase the world what I have and my argument as being the best receiver." He was coming off having nine catches for a career-high 184 yards in a resounding 23-7 win over Green Bay in the Sept. 11 opener.
As it turned out, Slay was the better performer Monday. In the 24-7 win at Lincoln Financial Field, the Eagles star had two interceptions and helped hold Jefferson to six catches for just 48 yards.
"He is one of the best in the world,'' Slay said. "I am one of the best in the world, too. I was looking forward to the matchup."
Jefferson gave Slay his props after the game, calling him a "great cornerback." He didn't deny that it was a tough defeat.
"Of course, we (wanted) to come into this game and just dominate, especially after last week's performance,'' Jefferson said.
Instead, the Vikings (1-1) were humbled in their first road game of the season. But Jefferson plans to use "everything" from it as a teaching tool entering Sunday's game against Detroit at U.S. Bank Stadium.
"The plays that were left out there, the routes that I could have won on, things that I could have done better,'' Jefferson said.
Reagor's impact
After not being in for a single snap from scrimmage in the opener against the Packers, Vikings receiver Jalen Reagor got in for 10 against his former team.
Reagor is still learning the offense after being acquired Aug. 31 from the Eagles. He made strides Monday, running for 17 yards on a reverse in the second quarter and catching a pass for seven yards in the fourth quarter.
"I'm just getting in the rhythm," Reagor said. "Just doing what I can do. … It's progressing every week. So it's slowly but surely, but it's getting there for sure."
Reagor was booed each time he touched the ball Monday. He also had two punt returns for five yards.
Peterson's block
Vikings cornerback Patrick Peterson entered Monday confident about being able to block a kick, and he came through.
In the third quarter, Peterson blocked a 41-yard field-goal attempt by Jake Elliott. Cornerback Kris Boyd scooped up the ball and ran 27 yards to the Eagles 30, but the Vikings were unable to score.
"I felt like I had a good shot all week on both sides (of the line),'' Peterson said. "I felt I was getting some really good get-off."'
Other than on that play, there were few bright spots Monday for Minnesota defensive backs. Eagles quarterback Jalen Hurts completed 26 of 31 passes for 333 yards while finding receivers open with regularity.
"For the most part, we just have to be closer in coverage,'' Peterson said.
Smith's concussion
Vikings safety Harrison Smith suffered a concussion in the fourth quarter, and it remains to be seen what his status will be against the Lions.
"Looking at the way he checked out, we feel pretty strongly about where (his recovery is) at,'' said Minnesota coach Kevin O'Connell. "But we'll go through the phasing, and it's very important that (it) gets handled medically through the protocol. It is a short week, so we'll just kind of have to see where he's at."
Thielen's lack of targets
Vikings receiver Adam Thielen wasn't targeted until late in the third quarter and didn't catch his first pass until early in the fourth quarter. He pointed the finger at himself for that.
"The first thing I do is go look myself in the mirror, go watch the film and see what I could have done better to get open,'' Thielen said.
Thielen finished with four catches for 52 yards. His first target was on an interception thrown by Kirk Cousins with 2:19 left in the third quarter and his first catch came with 11:05 left in the game.
Evans replaces Dantzler
Rookie Akayleb Evans replaced Cameron Dantzler late in the game, but O'Connell said Dantzler is "still our starting cornerback."
With the Vikings trailing 24-7, O'Connell said there was a desire to give Evans, a fourth-round pick, some reps. He played the final 21 snaps after Dantzler was in for the first 52.
"It was just a matter of getting a young player time,'' O'Connell said. "We feel like he has earned the right to get on the field."
This story was written by one of our partner news agencies. Forum Communications Company uses content from agencies such as Reuters, Kaiser Health News, Tribune News Service and others to provide a wider range of news to our readers. Learn more about the news services FCC uses here.


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Dr. Kate Ndukauba, a teacher of many years' experience, has a B.A. (Education/French) from the University of Nigeria, Nsukka, an M.A. in Translation from University of Calabar, Calabar and a Ph.D in Translation from the University of Nigeria, Nsukka. Before joining the services of Abia State University in 1996, she taught in various secondary schools across the nation with her Nigeria Certificate in Education obtained from Alvan Ikoku College of Education, Owerri and a Diplôme Supérieur d' Etudes Françaises from the Université de Grenoble III, France. Presently, she teaches both undergraduate and postgraduate students of the University. Her publications are in the areas of language, literature, translation and translation criticism.
She has served in many University and Government Committees. She has participated in many conferences and workshops both at home and abroad. She speaks four languages (Igbo, Yoruba, English and French) and is widely travelled. She is a member of the Rotary Club of Okigwe.
Dr. Kate Ndukauba has served as Head, Department of Foreign Language and Translation Studies for five years and is a Reader in the Department. She is currently the Director, Students' Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) in the University and represents the Senate in the Governing Council of University.
Dr. Kate Ndukauba is married to Barr. John Ndukauba and they are blessed with children and grandchildren.


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Harlequin Presents February 2016 - Box Set 2 of 2
An Anthology
- $18.99
- $18.99
Publisher Description
Harlequin® Presents brings you four new titles for one great price! This Presents box set includes:
HELIOS CROWNS HIS MISTRESS The Kalliakis Crown
by Michelle Smart
The discovery of Crown Prince Helios's secret lover, Amy Green, threatens to shatter the kingdom of Agon. Legally, Helios must wed someone of pure royal blood…so will he do as duty commands, or risk his crown to marry his mistress?
THE SURPRISE DE ANGELIS BABY The Italian Titans
by Cathy Williams
Undercover to investigate the ship he plans to acquire, Daniel De Angelis is tempted by the gorgeous Delilah. Two weeks of sensual surrender later, Delilah faces a shocking truth. Daniel lied about his identity…and she's pregnant with the billionaire's baby!
by Tara Pammi
Bound by honor, Sheikh Zafir's one indulgence was his whirlwind affair with Lauren. Upon finding out she's carrying his child, Zafir imprisons Lauren in his palace. His heir will not be illegitimate, so now he must make Lauren his wife! A DEAL SEALED BY PASSION
by Louise Fuller
When free-spirited Flora Golding stands in the way of Massimo Sforza's latest acquisition, the tycoon plans to seduce the antagonistic beauty to get his way. Only he hadn't counted on her passion undoing all his carefully laid plans…
Be sure to collection Harlequin® Presents' December 2015 Box set 2 of 2!


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Kiva Lending Team: 12:2 Student Ministries - Faith Lutheran Church Minneapolis
We loan because...
As Christians we are called to reach out to all of his beloved whether in our city or across the world. We have been immensely blessed and our response as Christians is to spread the blessings of Christ to others.
About us
We are a small group of Christian teenagers living in Minneapolis.
Location: Minneapolis, MN Team website
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Social Engineering Testing Services
Simulated phishing, pretext calling, and physical penetration testing.
Simulating Targeted Attacks
Social engineering testing simulates a targeted attack on employees and/or facilities, attempting to exploit the human element of your organization's information security program or a physical security vulnerability to result in compromise.
GraVoc's social engineering test exercises are modeled after actual attack methods used by malicious actors, including but not limited to: phishing, spear phishing, vishing, pretexting, impersonation, baiting, quid pro quo, tailgating, diversion, lock picking, and RFID badge cloning.
Keep scrolling or click the button to contact us today!
Benefits of Social Engineering Testing:
Identify security vulnerabilities before hackers do
Meet regulatory compliance
Independently validate the effectiveness of controls
Improve your organization's overall security posture
Our Process
1.) Planning Phase
Perform reconnaissance and necessary data gathering to identify and present test options and methodologies to your organization.
2.) Execution Phase
Perform structured social engineering exercise based on the test options selected and methodologies approved during the planning phase.
3.) Reporting Phase
Compile the results of testing. Create and deliver the test report. Discuss next steps in terms of remediation and/or follow-on testing.
By the Numbers
Customer Retention
Professional Security Certifications
Common Goal: YOUR SUCCESS!
Have a question or want to discuss our Social Engineering Testing services? Contact a GraVoc employee below by filling out the form!
More Penetration Testing Services
External Vulnerability Assessment
Internal Vulnerability Assessment
Website & Mobile App Testing
Cloud Security Assessment
Adversary Simulation Services
Security News
Social Engineering Testing Service Area
GraVoc is located in Peabody, Massachusetts and provides Information Security services including Social Engineering Testing to states in the New England area. Below is a list of our Massachusetts and New Hampshire service area. We also provide Information Security services in Connecticut, Maine, Rhode Island and Vermont but are not limited to these states.
Massachusetts Social Engineering Testing service area:
Acton, Amesbury, Andover, Arlington, Ashby, Ashland, Ayer, Bedford, Belmont, Beverly, Billerica, Boston, Boxborough, Boxford, Burlington, Cambridge, Carlisle, Chelmsford, Chelsea, Concord, Danvers, Dracut, Dunstable, East Boston, Essex, Everett, Framingham, Georgetown, Gloucester, Groton, Groveland, Hamilton, Haverhill, Holliston, Hopkinton, Hudson, Ipswich, Lawrence, Lexington, Lincoln, Littleton, Lowell, Lynn, Lynnfield, Malden, Manchester by the sea, Marblehead, Marlborough, Maynard, Medford, Melrose, Merrimac, Methuen, Middleton, Nahant, Natick, Newbury, Newburyport, Newton, North Andover, North Reading, Peabody, Pepperell, Reading, Revere, Rockport, Rowley, Salem, Salisbury, Saugus, Sherborn, Shirley, Somerville, Stoneham, Stow, South Boston, Sudbury, Swampscott, Tewksbury, Topsfield, Townsend, Tyngsborough, Wakefield, Waltham, Watertown, Wayland, Wenham, West Newbury, Westford, Weston, Wilmington, Winchester, Winthrop and Woburn.
Our Massachusetts Social Engineering Testing service area also includes: Barnstable County, Berkshire County, Bristol County, Dukes County, Franklin County, Hamden County, Hampshire County, Nantucket County, Norfolk County, Plymouth County and Worcester County.
New Hampshire Social Engineering Testing service area:
Amherst, Andover, Atkinson, Auburn, Boscawen, Bow, Bradford, Brentwood, Candia, Canterbury, Chester, Concord, Danbury, Danville, Deerfield, Derry, Dunbarton, East Kingston, Epping, Epsom, Exeter, Franklin, Fremont, Greenland, Hampstead, Hampton Falls, Hampton, Henniker, Hill, Hooksett, Hopkinton, Kensington, Kingston, Loudon, Lyndeborough, New Castle, New London, Newbury, Newfields, Newington, Newmarket, Newton, Northfield, North Hampton, Northwood, Nottingham, Pembroke, Pittsfield, Plaistow, Portsmouth, Raymond, Rye, Salem, Salisbury, Sandown, Seabrook, South Hampton, Stratham, Sutton, Warner, Webster, Wilmot and Windham.
Our New Hampshire Social Engineering Testing service area also includes: Hillsborough County, Rockingham County and Cheshire County.


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First snow of season moves across Wisconsin, dropping up to 3 to 4 inches in Madison and the Fox Valley; more snow possible on Halloween
The first snow of the season moved across the Milwaukee area Tuesday morning, covering grassy areas with a wet, heavy dusting while leaving most roadways wet.
Areas to the west and north of Milwaukee got as much as 4 inches of snow in spots. The storm should move completely out of the area by 7 a.m., according to the National Weather Service.
The weather service was reporting 4.1 inches in Neenah, 3.4 in Green Bay and 3 inches in Shorewood Hills, just south of Madison.
The state Department of Transportation reported all freeways in the Milwaukee area to be in good winter driving conditions. There are slippery stretches on I-94 toward Madison and in some areas of the Fox Valley.
Winter weather advisories are in effect for portions of western, central and northeastern Wisconsin, including Green Bay, Wausau, La Crosse and Fond du Lac. That advisory expires at 7 a.m.
There is the possibility of another – potentially bigger – storm later this week, the weather service said.
For the Monday into Tuesday storm, forecasters are expecting up to 3 inches of snow in some parts of south-central Wisconsin.
"They (snow totals) came down a little bit," said Cameron Miller, a meteorologist at the National Weather Service office in Sullivan. "So instead of localized 3 to 4 inches, we're thinking mostly between a half-inch to 2 inches with maybe upwards of 3 inches in some isolated places."
"Most of the snow that we will receive will fall between 10 p.m. tonight and 4 a.m. Tuesday morning," Miller said. "That will give adequate time for whatever accumulations do occur to either melt or be taken care of by road crews before the morning commute."
The forecast high temperature in Milwaukee on Tuesday is 41 degrees.
We Energies is not anticipating any problems with the heavy, wet snow affecting power lines, said Brendan Conway, a spokesman for the utility.
Ice buildup is more of a problem because it tends to weigh down and stress power lines, Conway said.
Once the Monday-Tuesday weather system moves through, attention will turn to the potential for more snow Wednesday into Thursday, which is Halloween.
"Strengthening low pressure will likely bring another period of snow and rain to southern Wisconsin mid-week, mainly Wednesday night into Thursday night," the weather service said. "The mixed precipitation will transition to mostly snow during the period."
Forecast models that meteorologists use are all over the place with the potential storm, with one model predicting very little snow across southern Wisconsin. Another model "has us getting walloped," Miller said.
"We're trying to strike a balance between the two currently, and we will be monitoring trends as we get closer to Thursday," he said.
The snow potential – or lack thereof – from that storm is expected to come into more focus in the next couple days.
"Snowfall accumulations remain far from finalized due to uncertainty in the track and strength of this system, but may range anywhere from around one-half inch in the far southeast to 2 to 4 inches of snow in south-central and east-central Wisconsin," the weather service said. "All interests will want to monitor the latest forecast regarding this weather system for later this week."
Early snow
It is definitely early in the year for accumulating snow to fall, Miller said.
Here's a look at some of the earliest ever snows from the weather service:
- The average for the first trace/snowflake in Milwaukee is Oct. 22.
- The earliest trace of snow occurred Sept. 20, 1954.
- The earliest measurable snow was Oct. 6, 1889, when .10 inches fell.
- The earliest date for one inch or more falling is Oct. 17, 1896, when 1 inch of snow fell.
Contact Joe Taschler at (414) 224-2554 or firstname.lastname@example.com. Follow him on Twitter at @JoeTaschler or Facebook at facebook.com/joe.taschler.1.


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The mind is a powerful enemy in this gripping thriller! In order to get advantaged of playing Mystery Tales: The Hangman Returns full unlimiteg game version you must register the game.
DominiGames, creators of Dark Romance and Labyrinths of the World, invite you to investigate another case in their exciting Mystery Tales series! A series of suicides has the local police baffled. There were no signs of foul play at the scenes, but all of the victims worked at the Death Printed Ltd. Publishing House. Coincidence? At least one detective thinks not – and he calls you in to help investigate. Using your special power to see ghostly visions of the past, you quickly affirm his suspicions. A terrible cloud is hanging over everyone connected to a new novel called The Hangman, and now that you're involved… you could be next! Can you track down the truth behind the mysterious novel and escape with your life? Find out in this compelling hidden-object puzzle adventure game!
The mind is a powerful enemy in this gripping thriller!
It's time for the lady of the castle to take charge in this thrilling time management adventure!
Princess has disappeared, and her statues are under attack!
Princess has disappeared, and her statues are under attack!
Can you stop the fiery witch before it's too late?
There's a thin line between the living and the dead.
Your brother gets in trouble during the filming of his ghost hunting show!


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Every year, the monastic community (Monks and nuns) go on a three month retreat called the "Rains Retreat" from mid July to mid October. During this period, they do not visit our centres for teachings as it's a time for deepening their own practice.
While the monks and nuns are away, we will have some interesting guest speakers coming in to give the Friday Night talk.
Community Night: Stories and music
We are very lucky to have two extremely talented musicians and story tellers to share their gifts with us.
Ru aka Zal Kanga-Parabia radiates a nostalgic and heartfelt tone that is rare to find in today's fast paced, loud, moving world. Feeling their foremost intimate credence, with an emphasis on storytelling and dynamic build ups, Ru nurtures a connection through song.
"Hauntingly beautiful and totally captivating" – The Music Australia
Joining Ru will be special guest Kobi Arthur Morrison who leads reconciliation choir groupings such as Madjitil Moorna, Koondarm and Walyalup Kannajil. Together through song Ru and Kobi Arthur Morrison offer a gentle sense of healing and connection to self and each other.
You can book for this free event here.
Visitors need to observe the following procedures:
- Stay home if you have any symptoms of illness or have been in recent contact with a suspected case of COVID-19
- Make use of the hand sanitiser stations and wash hands
- Maintain 1.5 square metre distancing with 2 square metres per person at all times
- Avoid touching your face, eyes, nose or mouth; cover your mouth when sneezing or coughing
- Avoid shaking hands, hugging or physical touching