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The Role of the Intercontinental Ballistic Missile in Deterrence
The Role of the Intercontinental Ballistic Missile in Deterrence
Peter Huessy - Senior Warrior Maven Columnist
Current ICBM Issues
For the past six decades, the United States has maintained a triad of nuclear deterrent forces, including submarines, strategic bombers, and land-based intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM). The current ICBM force is made up of 400 Minuteman III (MM III) which is a three stage missile each with one warhead with a range of over 5000 miles, housed in 400 widely spaced silos in five mid-western states (Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, Nebraska, and North Dakota), along with 45 launch control centers. 1
The deployed area is larger than the five states of Rhode Island, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Delaware, and New Jersey, which severely complicates any attacker's idea of trying to take out all the missiles.
A key issue addressed here is whether the United States should build a replacement—the Ground Based Strategic Deterrent (GBSD)—for the MM III ICBM. First deployed in 1970, the MM III has undergone three service-life extensions that will keep the missile in the force through 2030. However, the weapon system is becoming more technologically difficult to operate and needs replacing.
The Obama and Trump administrations endorsed GBSD—a full modernization of the ICBM force. The current plan is to have the new deterrent force achieve initial operating capability in 2029, with all 400 missiles fielded by 2036. 2 Thus, several issues are explored in this chapter. They include the relevancy of ICBMs to the
United States Air Force (USAF) mission and the current debate over whether to proceed with the modernization program. The chapter then addresses three important related questions: (1) is the ICBM force militarily necessary for deterrence; (2) is the force affordable; and (3) does the force contribute to strategic stability and arms control prospects? Finally, we conclude with an overview of why the nuclear role of our USAF airmen is important to the United States as leader of the free world.
Why are ICBMS Relevant to the Mission of the USAF and Nation?
Whether or not the US maintains our land-based leg of the triad will have very significant impacts on the USAF role in nuclear deterrence, but also the relative strength of the United States deterrent posture toward the two powers we currently are most concerned with, Russia and
China. While Congress continues to support the administration's strategic deterrent modernization plan, that consensus is less robust than before. In the House of Representatives, some members are calling for the elimination of the ICBM and a new cruise missile for strategic bombers. 3 These same members have also suggested the United States could confidently deter the nation's nuclear armed adversaries with as few as 300 total deployed warheads, compared to the 1550 now allowed by the 2010 New Start agreement. 4 In 2019, funding for the GBSD, was cut not insignificantly by the House, although the final defense bill signed by the President fully funded the administration's requested nuclear modernization elements, including GBSD. Senate supporters successfully held out for a fully-funded nuclear enterprise. 5
Should the US cancel the new ICBM, the strategic balance between Russia, China, and the United States will shift dramatically. In addition, these great power adversaries might be more willing to challenge the US militarily, as they perceive the US lack of commitment to its own nuclear deterrent as a signal the United States is no longer seeking to remain the leader of the free world. Consequently, Chinese and Russian action could thus lead to expanded conventional or nuclear conflict, with all the impacts that would have on national security and prosperity.
The Source of Opposition to ICBM Force Modernization
What is the basis for the opposition to modernizing the ICBM leg of the triad? Opposition is based on two key concerns: (1) on the assumption our ICBMs are not deployed in a survivable mode and thus able to withstand a Russian missile attack, and consequently, (2) the price tag for the GBSD of $65 billion over the next few decades is not worth the investment.
Critics assume that because the 400 ICBM silos are in known fixed positions, our adversaries might strike the ICBM silos in any crisis or anticipated conflict. 6 The assumption is the American ICBMs would be destroyed in their silos prior to the US being able to use them. This perceived instability is thus thought of as too risky, and would be eliminated if ICBMs were eliminated.
The concern over American ICBM survivability is not new. It first arose in the late 1970's when the Soviet Union had thousands of highly accurate high-yield ICBMs. Then-presidential candidate Ronald Reagan argued the Soviet advantage was so large that they could destroy the 1050 Minuteman II and III ICBMs using a small portion of their own nuclear forces. It was thus feared a Soviet strike could simultaneously eliminate the most accurate and prompt missile forces in the US arsenal—leaving the Soviets with a huge advantage in remaining nuclear forces.
It was further feared such a potential imbalance would enable the Soviets to blackmail or coerce the US into standing down in a crisis. This "window of vulnerability," as Reagan described it, was part of an overall Soviet military advantage that grew in the 1970s and included the Soviets' conventional forces and military proxies worldwide.
The Reagan administration knew that at least since 1974, the US tried to modernize its ICBM force by planning to deploy upward of 200 ten-warhead "MX" missiles, eventually deploying a more modest force of fifty Peacekeeper (PK) missiles in Wyoming starting in 1986. In the interim, the US had great difficulty modernizing the ICBM force because of not being able to find a survivable basing mode for the MX missile. This long running battle tended to cement a narrative within some in the nuclear community that ICBMs were simply not worth deploying.
The eventual solution for ensuring the survivability of the triad involved three parts. The US under Reagan's revolutionary plans did build and deploy the Peacekeeper missile, but we also emphasized the further complimentary future deployment a new single-warhead small ICBM (dubbed Midgetman), as well as our planned Ohio class submarines and B1 and B2 strategic bombers, all elements together capable of surviving a Soviet attack.
Reagan then did arms control, proposing to reduce Soviet and American strategic forces by nearly 90%, lessening the availability of large numbers of Soviet ICBM warheads necessary to carry out a first strike against the United States ICBM force. And finally, and most importantly, Reagan added in proposed missile defenses in a March 1983 speech, so the US could blunt any missile attack, and make far less likely the use of nuclear forces against the United States.
As the USAF Chief of Staff, General David Goldfein told the Mitchell Institute on April 1, 2020 in seminar remarks, the remaining 400 single warhead Minuteman missiles we now have deployed in silos spread over five very large upper mid-western states, cannot be effectively attacked by the Russians. Although not mobile as envisioned by the planned Midgetman missiles, the Minuteman missiles are highly survivable says the Chief, as is the entire US nuclear Triad. 7
Now many nuclear critics especially in the disarmament community, did not think the Reagan plan of modernized forces, arms control and missile defense would improve the strategic balance and strengthen the deterrent mission of the US military, including of course the USAF. At the time, most of the disarmament community sought a nuclear freeze on all US modernization, even though the Soviet forces were nearly fully modernized.
Now, some four decades later, the United States is again having a variation of this old debate, but the opponents of ICBMs are calling for sustaining the ICBMs as is or eliminating the force altogether, while also seeking not a freeze on nuclear force levels but the reduction of nuclear forces to zero.
So even after successfully ending the Cold War and dismantling the Soviet empire, arguments remain that despite a 90% reduction in warheads, further reductions to zero are required, and that since in the view of much of the disarmament community our ICBMs remain highly vulnerable to attack, they should be eliminated, even unilaterally.
The Current Push to Eliminate ICBMs
In addition to the question of vulnerability, as we have noted, opponents of ICBM modernization make several additional claims with respect to ICBMs and the GBSD program. These critics say: (1) the cost of ICBMs is unaffordable; (2) the force is not needed because as we previously detailed, ICBMs would not survive a Russian first strike and be able to effectively retaliate, and (3) the limited survivability puts pressure on a US commander to be tempted to launch the ICBM force in a crisis, thus possibly leading to an inadvertent launch of nuclear weapons and strategic instability. 8
As to whether the ICBM warheads are necessary to maintain in the Triad force to maintain deterrence, disarmament advocates believe the number of sea-based warheads available for retaliation is sufficient to maintain deterrence, and if required, the warheads maintained by the ICBM force could be transferred and thus added to the 192 sea-based missiles planned for our new 12 Columbia-class submarines, thus allowing the US to safely remove the entire ICBM force from our deterrent.
The Basis for Keeping and Modernizing ICBMs
These are all important issues and need to be addressed. First, as for the cost of ICBMs, the total acquisition cost for the new ICBM force is estimated at between $65B and $85B depending on certain assumptions. This cost is estimated over multiple decades. Annual total research and acquisition costs estimates vary, but a range of $3.2-$4.2 billion annually looks most likely, some 1.6% of the current USAF budget, 1/2 of 1% of the defense budget, and $1 out of every $1200 spent annually in the Federal budget. 9
Looked at a different way for example, the cost per warhead on alert—available for the day to day deterrence mission--is lower for ICBMs than any other leg of the nuclear force. And the total modernization and operational costs for ICBMs are the least expensive overall of other elements of the nuclear Triad. Future operational costs for the GBSD are also projected to be less than current costs due to new technologies and new designs built-into the GBSD force, such as modular technology, further undercutting the argument that ICBMs are unaffordable.
As for the stability of the ICBM force, since its first deployment in October 1962, the force has been on alert for nearly 30 million minutes and not once has a US President ordered the missiles to be launched. This despite major crisis and multiple conventional conflicts involving our nuclear armed adversaries. Not only that, the threat of a Soviet (now Russian) all-out attack on America's entire nuclear
ICBM force, largely no longer applies. The idea that the Russians would launch an attack on just our 400 Minuteman missiles and our 48-launch control centers, assumes the Russian leaders would dismiss as inconsequential the almost certain retaliatory strike from nuclear armed US bombers and submarines. Though this view is not accepted within the disarmament community, one recent essay from the Federation of American Scientists surprisingly admitted that the chances of Russia conducting an all-out attack on the US land-based missiles was essentially "basically zero." 10
Now, to be clear, although the likelihood of a large-scale Russian nuclear attack on the US homeland may be minuscule, that does not mean all Russian threats have gone away. Particularly worrisome is what General John Hyten, the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, described as an "escalate to win" Russian strategy, explained as the use of limited nuclear strikes against the US in a crisis or conventional conflict. In fact, given this kind of "limited" and probably regional use of nuclear weapons envisioned by Russian President Putin, our ICBM force would be fully survivable and available for deterrence. 11
As the USAF Chief of Staff recently explained no nuclear adversary of the US, including the Russians, could confidentially plan to take out all 400 ICBM land-based missiles spread out over five upper mid-West states. Said the Chief, such a nuclear strike is too complicated and difficult to carry out and not a credible option for any adversary of the US to pursue. 12
As for giving away the ICBM force unilaterally or even trading it away, the Chief explained that an effective and credible US nuclear deterrent must include a robust ICBM nuclear force as envisioned by the GBSD and that he would never recommend eliminating the force from our deterrent. 13 As many nuclear professionals have concluded, the ICBM force is capable of a very accurate and prompt retaliatory strike against our enemies, ensuring the adversaries military forces cannot remain in a sanctuary, free to fire on the US and its allies.
The great value of the ICBM force is illustrated by the Cuban missile crisis. For example, at the end of the crisis, and at a time when the Soviets had limited ICBM capability, President John Kennedy explained that the Minuteman I ICBM force, which had for the first time gone on alert the very day in October when Kennedy announced Soviet missiles were deployed in Cuba, was "my ace in the hole." 14 Kennedy believed our new Minuteman missiles compelled the Soviets to stand-down and avoid nuclear Armageddon. Our Minuteman ICBMS could strike the Soviet Union in thirty minutes, able to hit any target, for which Moscow had no defense. Finally, is the US ICBM force consistent with projected arms control? Historically, from 1972 to
1987, strategic nuclear "arms control" consisted of the SALT I and II agreements that governed mutually agreed upon build-ups in US and Soviet strategic nuclear forces from a couple of thousand to over twelve thousand warheads. Unfortunately, the Soviets built up very quickly, while the US in the 1970s largely failed to modernize, often either cutting nuclear modernizing funding or delaying programs altogether.
Under President Reagan, the traditional arms control sanctioned year-by-year increase in nuclear weapons, was replaced with a revolutionary new concept. The US would modernize its nuclear force but make it more stabilizing while simultaneously reducing overall numbers. Added into the mix were planned missile defenses which could significantly blunt any nuclear missile threats further improving deterrence.
Reagan's push for missile defense, nuclear modernization and major warhead reductions was successful, as under the 1991 START I, the 2002 Moscow and 2010 New Start agreements, overall deployed US and Russian strategic nuclear forces were reduced by nearly 90%, from over 12000 to 1550 warheads.
For ICBMs, the 1050 land based MMII and MMIII missiles the US maintained were reduced to the current 400. Instead of carrying three warheads, each Minuteman III (and the GBSD missile) will carry only one warhead, making the missiles a highly unattractive target, while still allowing the US to maintain an ICBM force capable of credible, accurate and punishing strikes against our adversaries.
A possible future arms deal could try and duplicate the START II treaty ban on multiple warheads on land-based missiles which President Bush and President Yeltsin signed in January 1993. Consistent with the deal, the US did download all its ICBMs to only one warhead.
Russia's Duma refused to ratify START II without a parallel ban on US missile defenses, a deal the Congress and Clinton administration would not approve. So very decidedly, the Minuteman force, and certainly the follow-on GBSD force, are both perfectly compatible with arms control and improving strategic stability. Finally, is there any urgency for the US to proceed to modernize its ICBMs? Is the US as many critics contend, engendering some kind of "arms race" if we go forward with our own nuclear modernization effort?
The necessity for the US to proceed with all due haste to modernize its nuclear forces is based on both what Russia is doing under the ceilings imposed by the New Start treaty of 2010 as well as what Russia is doing with nuclear forces not restrained by the New Start treaty.
While "official" and accountable Russian strategic nuclear deployed forces number 1550, as the 2010 New Start treaty allows, the Russians are building additional new nuclear forces that Moscow's asserts are not covered by the 2010 treaty. These Russian forces are estimated to reach 400 warheads by the middle of the current decade. This is on top of Russia modernizing 87% of its entire New Start Treaty allowed nuclear force by the end of 2020, while the US by comparison will have zero percent of its bombers, submarines and land-based missiles modernized by that time. 15
Stopping our current modernization effort now might send a signal to the Russians we are no longer serious about the deterrent business. And as our existing nuclear platforms are reaching the end of their service life, they need to be replaced in a timely manner to avoid as one commentator said US forces "rusting to obsolescence." 16
Given Russia has completed 87% of its nuclear modernization and US has completed 0%, the assertion that US nuclear modernization effort is "opening the door to an expensive arms race" may need to be re-examined.
Why is the Role the Airman Plays Important to US National Security?
In the nuclear age—since 1945—there have not been large scale conventional wars between and among the world's strongest military powers. The 75-year period of relative peace is unprecedented in most of human history. The USAF airman who have maintained and operated our nuclear deterrent especially our land-based ICBM and strategic bomber force, have helped kept the peace year after year.
However, in appreciating the role of the USAF in keeping the peace, our airmen should understand some critics of our nuclear forces don't fully buy into the idea that our nuclear umbrella protecting our allies in Europe and Asia really did keep the peace. As was argued recently, international "agreements" were just as responsible for keeping the peace as America's nuclear umbrella.
No doubt, international agreements, including arms control, have reduced the chances for conflict. But the US nuclear deterrent for most of the Cold War was and is to today designed, in part, to prevent the Soviets and now the Russians from invading Western Europe, to stop the DPRK from invading the Republic of Korea and from preventing China from going to war against Taiwan.
But for each of these possible conflicts, there were and are no agreements where the feared aggressors pledged not to use force. And if there were such "agreements," would it be prudent to rely on such "deals" for our security and consequently stand-down our deterrent?
So, the USAF airmen in their nuclear role are preserving the peace in a very big way. Not only are they helping to prevent major war between the world's nuclear armed superpowers, but over many decades have significantly reduced casualties from wars. As the former head of Strategic Command Admiral Richard Mies laid out in a 2017 essay on the US nuclear deterrent, the number of casualties from military conflict has dropped 98% since the dawn of the nuclear age.
For example, from the beginning of WWI and to the end of WWII, (1914-1945 or 30 years) an estimated 90 million people both military and civilian perished from war. 17 Since then, during the nuclear age from 1945, annual average fatalities from war of all kinds over a 75-year period have plummeted by close to 98%, although the number of armed conflicts have remained nearly the same over each decade. 18
The Role of the USAF's Deterrence Capability
As our USAF airmen have maintained and operated our land-based missiles now for nearly six decades, there has been significant world-wide expansion of peace and prosperity. The end of the Soviet empire and the Cold War led to the liberation from tyranny of nearly one billion people.
Additionally, the end of the Cold War saw annual average per capita income of people in the free and near free world increase significantly, by $7800 over the subsequent 30 years compared to $3100 in the previous three decades. 19 And according to Freedom House, the number of people now living in complete or relative freedom reached 130 nations compared to 80 at the height of the Cold War, bringing additional billions of people into the ranks of free people around the globe. 20
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However, despite these positive developments, the need for the USAF nuclear deterrent remains critical. Both China and Russia continue to threaten what former Secretary of Defense Mattis described as "mayhem." As do their rogue allies such as the DPRK, Syria and Iran and in turn their terrorist accomplices. As former Director of Central Intelligence R. James Woolsey commented shortly after the end of the Cold War, "While the Soviet bear in the Cold War woods may be gone, there indeed are still multiple snakes, tigers and dragons" hiding in the new woods of great power competition, representing threats that require a strong, modern and credible US nuclear deterrent.
Peter R. Huessy – Mr. Huessy is the President of Geostrategic Analysis, a Potomac, Maryland-based defense and national security consulting business, and Director of Strategic Deterrent Studies at the Mitchell Institute, a Senior Fellow at ICAS, a senior consultant with Ravenna Associates, and previously for 22 years Senior Defense Consultant with the National Defense University Foundation at Fort McNair in Washington, D.C.
He is and has been a Guest Lecturer at the School of Advanced International Affairs at Johns Hopkins University, at the Institute of World Politics, at the University of Maryland, at the Joint Military Intelligence School, at the Naval Academy and at the National War College.
1 Maj Gen Roger W. Burg, USAF (Ret), America's Nuclear Backbone: The Value of ICBMS and the New Ground
Based Strategic Deterrent", Mitchell Institute for Aerospace Studies, January 2017,
2 Wilson Brissett, "Replacing Minuteman", Air Force Magazine, December 21, 2017,
3 Chairman Adam Smith, "Trim budget fat in America's nuclear triad", Defense News, March 12,2019,
Https://www.defensenews.com › congress › 2019/03/12 › smit.
4 Rep. Adam Smith, "On US Nuclear Policy", Transcript of Remarks, October 24,2019, Ploughshares Fund Briefing
on the Future of US Nuclear Policy, https://ploughshares.org/issues-analysis/article/rep-adam-smith-us-nuclear-
5 Peter Huessy, "Weekly Ear Report", July 30, 2019, unpublished available from the author. See also Matt Korda,
"Democrats May Fund Trump's Nuclear Modernization Plan Without a Fight", Forbes, June 30, 2020,
6 Peter Huessy, "Nuclear Policy: Whatever Happened to Common Sense?", Gatestone Institute, July 7, 2020,
7 Gen. David Goldfein, Chief of Staff, USAF, "A Conversation", Mitchell Institute for Aerospace Studies, April 1,
2020, "Dahttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SBtud_867s4.
8 Peter Huessy, "The Case for a 21 st Century Deterrent", The Gatestone Institute, March 22, 2016,
https://www.gatestoneinstitute.org/7628/modern-nuclear-deterrent and Peter Huessy, "The Ability to Retaliate",
Gatestone Insitute, July 17,2013, https://www.gatestoneinstitute.org/3856/deterrence-retaliation and Peter Huessy,
"The Real Cost of Nuclear Deterrence, The Gatestone Institute, February 8,206,
9 Ibid.
10 Matt Korda, "Congress Should Hit Pause on the New ICBM", April 21, 2020,
11 Gen. John Hyten, "Symposium Remarks", Space and Missile Command Symposium, August 7, 2018,
12 Gen. David Goldfein, Chief of Staff, USAF, "A Conversation", Mitchell Institute for Aerospace Studies, April 1,
2020, "Dahttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SBtud_867s4.
13 Gen. David Goldfein, Chief of Staff, USAF, "A Conversation", Mitchell Institute for Aerospace Studies, April 1,
2020, "Dahttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SBtud_867s4
14 Constance Baroudes and Peter Huessy, "Why We Still Need Those Nuclear Missile Silos", April 14, 2016,
Breaking Defense, https://breakingdefense.com/2016/04/why-we-still-need-those-nuclear-missile-silos/.
15 Mark Schneider, "Russia's Nuclear Weapons: Doctrine, Forces and Modernization", Real Clear Defense, March
24, 2020,
16 Peter Huessy, "Nuclear Obsolescence", Real Clear Defense, March 23, 2017,
17 Adm. Richard W. Mies, USN (ret.), "Strategic Deterrence in the 21 st Century", Undersea Warfare, Spring 2012,
(ret), https://www.public.navy.mil/subfor/underseawarfaremagazine/Issues/PDF/USW_Spring_2012.pdf.
18 Ibid.pg.19.
19 I calculated these numbers from a considerable amount of material from the World Bank; the World Bank income
figures are also estimated but are roughly close to the numbers contained in this essay, taking into account I had to
regroup https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2020/leaderless-struggle-democracy.
20 I used information from Freedom House; their index of freedom is a relative assessment and Freedom House does
use its judgment as to whether a nation is free, partially free, and not free, https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-


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Cal Poly
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Want to become a member? Easy! Come to a meeting and talk to one of our officers about getting involved.
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Cal Poly EWH is a great way to learn about engineering and make friends at the same time. Our officers do their best to make the club environment as comfortable and smooth as possible for all involved.

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WASHINGTON, D.C. — Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack recently announced the USDA Forest Service will invest more than $218 million to fund Great American Outdoors Act projects to conserve critical forest and wetland habitat, support rural economic recovery, and increase public access to national forests and grasslands.
Leveraging the Land and Water Conservation Fund (LWCF) provided by Congress, this investment will improve public access by funding strategic land acquisitions. Funds will also support work with state agencies to encourage private forest landowners to protect their land through conservation easements or land purchases.
"These investments reflect President Biden's commitment to supporting locally led conservation efforts from coast to coast and to honoring and building on the proud private land stewardship traditions of farmers, ranchers, and forest owners," said Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack. "The investments will not only protect our natural heritage, they will also create jobs, expand access to the outdoors, and help tackle climate change."
The Forest Service administers two LWCF programs: the Forest Legacy Program and the Land Acquisition Program. Together, these programs conserve critical and strategic lands across the nation's forests on both private and public lands. The Forest Service will invest more than $94 million to fund 28 projects under the Forest Legacy Program and $123 million to fund Land Acquisition Program projects, including projects for recreation access and other needs.
Land Acquisition Program highlights include:
- $6.4 million in FY 2021 to acquire 8,590 acres for the Lolo Trails Project in Montana. This project aims to mitigate the effects of climate change by providing the cold water that federally listed bull trout and other species need to sustain healthy populations in a warming climate.
- $3.7 million to acquire 1,550 acres in the Yakima River Basin for the Washington Cascades Project. Supported by a wide coalition of public, private and nonprofit partners, this project seeks to ensure a long-term water supply in the face of climate change.
Forest Legacy Program highlights include:
- Protecting 12,500 acres of habitat, water and timber on the Ceylon Forest in Georgia. Two and a half million people depend on the Ceylon for drinking water that flows from and through the forest. As a working forest, the Ceylon supports a local wood-based economy that includes 121 mills, with a $1.69 million payroll impact. Once completed, the area will also become part of a much larger Wildlife Management Area, and serve as an ideal hunting and fishing destination for sportsmen across the Southeast.
- The East Grand-Weston in Maine builds on a century-old tradition of sustainable forestry and expands recreation opportunities over more than 4,300 acres. The property supports a thriving local recreation industry by protecting lands, waters and trails while also providing sustainable wood products to up to 15 mills. The property will remain in private hands while continuing to be managed for public benefits.
- The second phase of the Kootenai Forestlands Conservation Project will permanently protect nearly 28,000 acres of land in northwest Montana. The project area belongs to the Stimson Lumber Company and contributes to the local economy while allowing free public access as a recreation destination for hunting, fishing, skiing, hiking, snowmobiling and more. The project will also protect the area from further residential development, reducing future firefighting costs by more than half.
The Forest Service has been administering LWCF projects since 1964 along with the Department of the Interior.
For the latest news on everything happening in Chester County and the surrounding area, be sure to follow MyChesCo on Google News.
Thanks for visiting! Looking for some Chester County pride? We got you covered! Shop our MyChesCo store and show your love for Chester County, Pennsylvania. We got shirts, hats, and more – all with a unique ChesCo flair. Plus, proceeds from each purchase helps support our mission of bringing reliable information and resources to the people of Chester County.


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Painting that looks like a white canvas set to sell for $3.5million at auction
A PAINTING that looks all white from a distance is expected to sell for $3.5million.
It is only closer up that the 2008 work by US artist Glenn Ligon can be seen to feature text from Stranger in the Village, a 1953 essay on civil rights by activist and author James Baldwin.
The painting, Stranger #37, will be sold by London-based Sotheby's at auction next Tuesday.
While most might struggle with its meaning, the auction catalogue helpfully points out that it uses "a medium that expresses the inability to articulate".
Sotheby's calls it "profoundly poetic and compelling" — a "monument to the Black American struggle for visibility, recognition and ultimately freedom".
If you're still scratching your head, all soon becomes clear.
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The catalogue explains: "Ligon layers coal dust and white oil stick, rendering recognisable characters that are dichotomously decipherable and concealed.
"Stranger #37 becomes a visual metaphor for the fragmented experience and representation of both the Black individual and artist in America.
"Employing radical abstraction and the symbolic poeticism of a monochromatic visual landscape, Stranger #37 is an exquisite example of both Ligon's singular conceptual artistic vocabulary and career-long exploration of questions of race and representation."
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Men's soccer team sweeps final 3 conference foes
After a non-conference, overtime loss to UW-Platteville, the Duhawks finished off their regular season with three straight conference opponents.
This final stretch began with a visit to Decorah and a match against the No. 17 Luther Norse. This match-up saw the return of sophomore defender Jimmy Ralph and the season debut of junior midfielder JoJo Schmidt, both of whom had been sidelined by injuries.
From the beginning, the game was an all-out sprint for both sides, resulting in a number of scoring chances. The Norse struck first when JW Slauson found Clay Walker on a cross to make it 1-0 in the 22nd minute.
Despite the early disadvantage, the Duhawks were able to keep their composure and not allow Luther to gain any momentum going forward. In the 40th minute, Jimmy Ralph found the head of junior Bryan Irwin and he sent it towards the net. After a scramble in front, senior Mike Pizzello blasted the loose ball home to tie the game at one.
As the second half began, both teams picked up where they left off and the high tempo play resulted in chances up and down the pitch. Loras was able to show off their roster depth, making 15 substitutions before the 70th minute. These fresh legs allowed the Duhawks to put on constant defensive pressure and resulted in chances on the offensive end. In the 70th minute, Jimmy Ralph sent a ball to the far post for Bryan Irwin. Instead of taking a shot on goal, Irwin found JoJo Schmidt in front to put away the game winner. This goal came only 54 seconds after Schmidt was brought on.
"I knew I wasn't going to miss it point blank, I just kept my composure and put it away," JoJo Schmidt said of his game-winner. The Norse tried to equalize, with a number of opportunities in the attacking third, but could not put any shots on frame, and the Duhawks took the match, 2-1.
The win set the stage for the Duhawks' final regular season home game against the No. 15 Wartburg Knights.
The atmosphere was playoff-like as the Duhawks honored the class of 2015 and hosted rival Wartburg. With a victory, Loras would clinch the Iowa Conference regular season championship for the third consecutive year. Coach Dan Rothert knew the significance of this game more than any other on the schedule.
"Last year, we tried to treat this game like any other on the schedule and that ended in a loss at Wartburg," he said. "We looked at this as our first NCAA Tournament game."
Even with this high energy, the visitors took the early lead when Zubeen Azari blasted a shot past sophomore Adam Roloff to put the Knights up 1-0 in the 18th minute.
The Duhawk subs played a huge role again, equalizing the game when sophomore Kyler Olson found Bryan Irwin for the header goal. Still reeling from the tying goal, the Duhawks were able to take full advantage of the momentum when senior JD Perez sent a 50 yard free kick into the back of the net.
The Duhawks held off the Wartburg attack and put the game away late. Senior Dillon Olson broke through a slew of Knight defenders and dribbled 40 yards down the field. Olson saw his chance and buried the insurance goal, celebrating with an acrobatic flip.
"I saw an opening, took it past a couple guys and when I saw the last defender, he hesitated, and I curled it home," Olson said about his title-clinching goal.
With the victory, the Duhawks clinched their ninth Iowa Conference regular season championship and earned a bye in the conference tournament. They were now onto Cedar Rapids for the regular season finale against the Coe Kohawks.
Early on against Coe, the Duhawk offense could not break the scoreless draw. Coe goalkeeper Eric Hoar stopped three shots on goal in the first 15 minutes, but first-year Spencer Moore was able to beat him to make it 1-0 in favor of the Duhawks.
The second line for Loras came on in the 25th minute and swung the momentum in their favor. Junior Jorge Simon found fellow junior Mike Gordon on the run and he scorched the shot past Hoar for a 2-0 advantage. Three minutes later, senior Mike Pizzello hit a long distance shot for his 11th goal of the year, increasing the lead to three. The final goal of the first half came only 57 seconds later when sophomore Austin Jacobi blasted a shot through Hoar's hands to make it 4-0 Duhawks at half.
With the game in hand, Coach Rothert chose to rest his starters and allow the bench to get quality minutes. Bryan Irwin found Chris Paulino on a redirection, extending the lead to 5-0. With four more goals over the final 30 minutes the Duhawks finished their rout with a score of 9-0.
"We did a great job finishing tonight, said sophomore Chris Paulino. "Lots of guys got opportunities and that will help us when it comes to the postseason."
The Duhawks finished the regular season with an overall record of 14-2-1 and a perfect 7-0-0 record in conference play.
The Duhawks moved onto Iowa Conference tournament play, where they took on the University of Dubuque Wednesday night in the Rock Bowl.
The late result can be found online at Duhawks.com.


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Kristin Bauer van Straten (Pamela De Beaufort) stopped by the Young Hollywood Studio recently to chat with host Oliver Trevena to discuss True Blood and other things. Looking lovely as always, Kristin rocked a Rolling Stones t-shirt and jeans for the occasion. Among the topics up for discussion was the actress' very long name of which she said sounded very royal. Also on the table was a brief mention of the witches that Pam will face this season. According to Kristin, they are formidable opponanants because they can make things happen from a distance. She also admitted that she watched episode 2, "You Smell Like Dinner" recently and that she counted six breasts by the time it ended.
And no interview could be complete without talking about Kristin's co-star Alexander Skarsgård (Eric Northman) who is also friends with Trevena. He apparently instructed the host to give Kristin "A wet smooch from daddy." Aww! They then proceeded to discuss how short and ugly Alexander is. Watch the charming interview below:
Source: YoungHollywood.com- "Kristin Bauer van Straten Sharpens Her Fangs on True Blood"
Image Credit: Young Hollywood.com


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Hollywood still has inclusion problem, report shows
LOS ANGELES — Hollywood studios are still lacking when it comes to representation behind and in front of the camera, according to USC's latest study on diversity in movies.
A review of the 1,300 top grossing films from 2007 to 2019 by the university's Annenberg Inclusion Initiative found improvements in some areas, such as an increase in the number of women of color in leading or a co-leading roles. But the study also documented little to no progress in other key categories.
"We're noting that there have been increases, but when you look to speaking characters or disability onscreen, a very different picture emerges," professor Stacy L. Smith said in an interview. Studios are "not ensuring that the world that we live in is reflected in storytelling."
The analysis highlights the pressure on studios and other organizations in the entertainment industry to improve diversity at all levels, and to find entryways into the industry for people from underrepresented groups.
On Tuesday the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Science announced new representation standards for films to be eligible to compete for best picture. It follows campaigns to shake up Hollywood's clique of white creators, with campaigns such as #OscarsSoWhite drawing attention to the disparities.
There were some small upticks in diversity in movies from 2018 to 2019, according to the USC report.
Across the top 100 movies released in 2019, the percentage of speaking characters identifying as female was 34%, up from 29.9% in 2007.
The share of girls or women as leads and co-leads in the top movies last year reached 43%, a record level and 23 percentage points higher than 2007.
Last year's films were more than twice as likely as 2007 movies to depict a character from an underrepresented racial or ethnic group (32% versus 13%), such as Black, Native American or Middle-Eastern actors.
And last year's top-grossing movies showed strides for women and girls of color, with about 17% featuring them as leads and co-leads driving the plot, versus 11% in 2018 and just 1% in 2007.
However, when looking at all speaking characters across the top 100 films of 2019, 34.3% were from underrepresented groups, a slight decrease from 2018 and well below the share of the U.S. population.
"Women from every underrepresented racial ethnic group are being erased in numbers that are horrifying on screen," Smith said. "They're not building the pipeline of talent in those smaller roles that can lead to carrying a film."
Among the top 100 films, 15 featured no Black characters in speaking roles in 2019, compared with 12 in 2018 and 17 in 2015. Forty-four of the top movies had no Latino speaking characters, about the same level as 2018. Asian speaking or named characters were missing altogether from more than a third (36) of all movies in the 2019 sample.
And the film industry continues to marginalize women over 40, who accounted for about a quarter of the top films of 2019, virtually unchanged from 2018 or 2007.
The study found that of the 100 top films of 2019, just 2.3% of speaking characters were shown with a disability, a number largely unchanged over the last five years.
Only 1.4% of all characters in the top films of 2019 were from the LGBTQ community, an increase over the last two years. "Rocketman" and "Booksmart" were the only two of the top-grossing movies of 2019 to depict queer lead or co-lead characters. Across 600 films from 2014 to 2019, only four characters were transgender. In total, they have 2 minutes of screen time — roughly the run time of a film trailer.
Behind the camera, the divide remains. Of a total of 1,518 people working in so-called above-the-line roles — such as directors, writers and producers across the 100 hit films of 2019 — just 22.3% were women.
Directors are still primarily white men. Out of 1,300 films and 1,447 directors between 2007 and 2019, 6.1% were Black, 3.7% were Latino and 3.3% were Asian. Just 5% were women, though the number and percentage of women directors reached a high in 2019.
The percentage of Black directors increased in 2018, but reversed during 2019. Only 13 women of color have directed any of the 1,300 top films over 13 years.
The number of women writers increased in 2019, while the number of female producers was unchanged. Men of color accounted for 2.2% of 2019's casting directors.
Walt Disney's female-centered storylines driven by underrepresented leads or co-leads were far and away the box office front-runners, generating more than $4 billion globally on stories featuring girls and women, and an additional $2.7 billion for features with underrepresented leads or co-leads.
However, Disney lagged its peers by 19 other measures of inclusivity, such as the percentage of female leads and co-leads, women writers, underrrepresented directors and LGBTQ speaking characters. Among all the studios, Universal and Paramount Pictures had the highest score based on the 19 inclusion indicators, followed by Warner Bros., Sony Pictures, 20th Century Fox and Lionsgate.
The study called out Netflix's lead in attaching 12 women directors to their U.S. films in 2019, 21% of all the directors in their movies in that year.


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The Texas Department of State Health Services is the principal authority on matters relating to health and safety conditions at youth camps in Texas. All youth camps must obtain a license prior to operating. Any youth camp may be inspected during operation to determine compliance with the Youth Camp Safety and Health Act and the Youth Camp Rules.
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A severe authentication bypass vulnerability allowed anyone to log in as an administrator to an affected version of a WordPress website running the InfiniteWP Client due to a logic error in the code.
Based on active installations tracked by the WordPress plugin library, the open-source InfiniteWP plugin is currently installed on more than 300,000 websites, and the plugin website claims to be installed on more than 513,000 websites.
During the installation process, InfiniteWP Client is designed to allow its users to manage an unlimited number of WordPress websites from a central location, and "update all content on WordPress, plugins, and themes with one click" website, as well as WordPress, plugins on all your websites and theme one-click updates by WordPress Department.
Critical Authentication Bypass Vulnerability
One day after researchers at WebARX, a web application security company, disclosed the vulnerability on January 7, plug-in maker Revmakx released InfiniteWP Client 18.104.22.168 on January 8 to correct the vulnerability.
Since the release of the InfiniteWP client version (including security patches), more than 167,000 users have updated their installations and need to correct about 130 KB of space to protect their websites from potential future attacks.
"For the request to even reach the vulnerable part of the code, we must first code the payload using JSON, then use Base64, and then send it raw to the POST request," WebARX said.
"We just need to know the administrator username on the site. After sending the request, you will be automatically logged in as the user."
The problem was discovered in the iwp_mmb_set_request function of the init.php file, which is designed to check if the operation attempted by the user has been authenticated.
However, the researchers found that readd_site and add_site do not have authorization checks, and this flaw can be exploited with the correct payload to allow the InfiniteWP server to automatically log in to any user as an administrator.
"Once the payload meets these conditions, the provided username parameter will be used to record the requestor as a user without performing additional authentication," WebARX said.
It is recommended that administrators still using InfiniteWP client 188.8.131.52 or earlier update their installation as soon as possible to prevent damage to their website.
Another authentication workaround caused by incorrect authentication logic was found in the WordPress plugin nicknamed WP Time Capsule, which allowed users to log in as administrator.
The WP Time Capsule plugin is also developed by Revmakx and is valid on more than 20,000 websites. The vulnerability was also fixed by the WordPress developers, and then almost all users have fixed their installations.
if you want to get the WordPress development and WordPress Support services then feel free to contact us.


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FFA students celebrate Spirit Week at Buena Regional
BUENA VISTA – The Buena Regional High School Future Farmers of America chapter celebrated National FFA Week from Feb. 21 to 28 with a Spirit Week full of activities.
The week began with staff and students wearing their FFA gear and sporting FFA badges handmade by the agricultural students. Thematic days included wearing green for smart environmental choices, dressing like a farmer or farm animal, wearing camouflage or floral print, and wearing the school colors of blue and gold.
Brian Palmer, Perdue Agricultural Northern Regional merchandiser; Tim Schuler, stat apiarist; and Nicholas Saumweber, Natural Resource Conservation Service District conservationist, visited Patty Thorne's agricultural classes to speak on career and conservation issues. Caleb Gustin, vice president of the FFA Western Region, also gave the horticulture class a workshop on leadership. Sarah Kelly and Sam Principato, student FFA officers, presented their project workshop on the importance of leadership and teamwork.
Other fun activities included door decorating for the agriculture room, face painting, an FFA Fun Fact of the Day read during morning announcements, and a cornhole tournament (a beanbag toss game) held during all lunch periods.
The chapter also was honored with a state Senate and General Assembly citation for developing leadership, personal growth and career success in the science, business and technology of agriculture. The chapter plans to continue its Spirit Week excellence in promoting citizenship, volunteerism, patriotism and cooperation.


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Adoption Surveys currently has 3 open surveys for the public. If the survey applies to you or someone you know, please feel free to share the links provided. Anonymity is guaranteed and results are posted on the Adoption Surveys WordPress page as well as respective accounts on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram.
Three currently open surveys:
1.) Were you in the US Foster Care System for at least 1 cumulative year or longer? This survey may apply to you:
Former Foster Youth Perceptions in Foster Care
2.) Were you adopted by a biological family member in a Kinship Adoption? This survey may apply to you:
Adult Adoptee Perceptions in Kinship Adoption
3.) Are you a father who had a child placed for adoption? This survey may apply to you:
Natural/Birth Father Perceptions in Infant Adoption
For further reading about who Adoption Surveys is and how results are shared, please visit our About section or click on the link, About.
Thank you,
Adoption Surveys Team


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Though your pooch is unlikely to experience cavities, he can suffer gingivitis and periodontal illness. Plaque can kind on his enamel and gums from tiny items of food and bacteria. If the plaque is not eliminated, it could flip into tartar. Eradicating tartar is far more difficult and normally requires the skills and equipment of a veterinarian.
Incorporates lauric acid which provides it anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-viral, and anti-microbial properties When fed usually to your canine, it can have many advantages for his or her pores and skin, digestion, and immune system. (2) The Guardian: British Pressure For GM Crops Unwelcome In Europe Second, position the crate in the midst of a room that receives plenty of foot visitors from you and your family. This can forestall your canine from associating it with being isolated from the individuals he loves. Go away the door open to allow him to enter and exit at will.
Canines hardly ever expertise boredom with their meals.
Having used HGH on myself several years ago and solely forced off it by other monetary demands on my then revenue, I knew it worked and my effective age had been at the time reduced by taking it. My well being had improved 1000% in only three months. Places that beforehand I might solely stroll to, I could now as easily run to. I had muscle groups like Popeye. Anyway I digress, this article just isn't about me but about these animals that grow to be so a part of our lives and families we need to maintain them approach longer than their anticipated life span. This text is about getting your previous canine again to fitness and well being and again to that dog you keep in mind of years ago that used to get so much out of his or her life. That is about payback time.
When on the point of feed your canine coconut oil, you must slowly introduce it to your canine somewhat at a time. If given an excessive amount of at first, it my trigger abdomen upset, diarrhea, or vomiting. It's because it has a detox impact and your canine has to slowly get used to it. It's really helpful to start with 1/4 teaspoon for small canines and 1 teaspoon for big canine. Each few days, improve the dosage a bit. The advisable dose for canines is 1/4 teaspoon each 10 pounds of weight, twice daily. For those who're not sure, you possibly can all the time examine together with your vet.
An excessive amount of food and not enough exercise = A Fat Pet.
The hassles dogs cause are far outweighed by the benefits they provide. Yeah, our boys mark all around the home. Do I like it? In fact not. But, I accept it. What should I do, rub their noses in it and smack 'em round a little? Of course NOT. You just clean it up, knowing they don't get it, and never will. So, who offers a flyin' rip? We have turn out to be expert pee cleaners and disinfectants, and we additionally got rid of our carpet. All completely price it. There's nothing you wouldn't do to your canine, and there's nothing they wouldn't do for you. A house without a zillion pet toys to trip on is not a home.
Cerebral Palsy, Alzheimer's, Autism, and extreme Melancholy are just a few of the circumstances that have seen enchancment by using pets. Take a second to Google 'pets +______(anything)' and also you is perhaps stunned at what you find. I've a 5 yr previous Min. Pin. and he's been going to a holistic vet for four of those years. We also have two different canines who have visited a holistic vet for most of their lives.
Country of us wanted to remain indoors throughout prolonged intervals of deep snow-fall and extended cold. This brought on the Qi (important energy) stream inside their bodies to stagnate and plenty of ailments and much struggling ensued. I became a hen professional! At house, preserve his bowl filled (make sure it does not flip over).


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Northern snowmobile trails open as southern trails wait
EAGLE RIVER – When snowmobile trails open at 4 p.m. Friday in Vilas County, Dale Mayo will not be among the riders.
"I have already done 750 miles inspecting trails over the last 11/2 weeks," said the Vilas County parks and recreation administrator. "I have gotten plenty of riding in, thank you."
He cautioned that there are some rough segments of trails and wet conditions in low-lying areas such as swamps, since it is so early in the season. And he said riders should not cross lakes unless they see a trail of barrels clearly delineating the route.
Across Wisconsin, sledders have been waiting for this day, as Mother Nature has conspired to keep trails tantalizingly close to opening as snow has fallen, but then melted away before enough accumulated to support snowmobiles.
Mayo said his county usually shoots to open its trails the Friday after muzzleloader deer season closes and it usually makes that target. This year, the muzzleloader deer season ended Dec. 10, according to the state Department of Natural Resources. Conversely, those hoping to get out on the trails in counties farther south, such as Marathon, could be waiting a while — especially with the higher temperatures expected for the weekend.
"This warm weather is probably going to do a lot of damage (to the trails)," said Jon Daniels, motorized recreation administrator for Marathon County.
Daniels said a stretch of cold weather to give the ground a penetrating frost and at least 12 inches of snow with a lot of moisture will be the key ingredients for opening the trails. But it's still early in the snowmobiling season in Marathon County, which has opened its trails early as Dec. 4 and as late as March 6 since the winter of 1991-92, according to Marathon County records.
Daniels did not have a sense of when Mother Nature might smile upon the central part of the state and reward it with snow. And that's not happy news for all the businesses and riders who have been preparing for the season.
"There is always the preseason when everyone is going to get their machines ready, because you never know when the season will open," said Allan Zahrt, co-owner of Pro Motor Sports, which repairs snowmobiles, near Brokaw.
He said the workload drops if the trails do not open by Christmas or New Year's because with few snowmobiles on the trails, fewer machines need repairs. The last two seasons, when trails were open 65 and 94 days, respectively, were great for business, he said.
He said he was not sure what to expect for this year.
"I can't gauge if it's going to be a good season or bad season," he said. "That's like predicting the weather."
Alison Dirr can be reached at 715-845-0658. Find her on Twitter as @AlisonDirr


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2013 Molony Moments
2013 has been filled to brimming with amazing Molony moments for both Damien and his fans. We have been gifted with another year of stunning performances from our favourite actor, with Damien… Continue reading
2013 has been filled to brimming with amazing Molony moments for both Damien and his fans. We have been gifted with another year of stunning performances from our favourite actor, with Damien… Continue reading
Wonderful press photos of Damien with Michael Socha, Kate Bracken and other cast in Being Human Season 5 from BBC America. Some are entirely new while others are variations on the UK… Continue reading
Photo Credit: © Touchpaper / Huw John Damien will once again be appearing on television screens across the US when the original Being Human begins it's final run on BBC America in… Continue reading
The final series of BBC Being Human premieres on BBC America this weekend. Series 5, starring a host of British talent including Damien Molony, Michael Socha, Kate Bracken, Phil Davies, Colin… Continue reading
With the Honolulu Heights sign propped up behind him on an antique trunk, Damien's interview on the Being Human Series 5 dvd is a fitting and moving goodbye to our favourite 519… Continue reading
Our vampire, werewolf and ghost heroes saw the end of their Being Human journey on Sunday 10 March, with a series 5 finale that will keep fans talking for years to… Continue reading
Hal's Last Hurrah Since joining the show in series 4 last year, Damien Molony has gained a dedicated legion of fans (including us!) for his intense, quirky and talented portrayal… Continue reading
Digital Spy spoke to Damien Molony, Michael Socha, Kate Bracken and Phil Davis on the set of Being Human series 5 filming. To hear about the fate of Hal's moustache and the… Continue reading
A brand new video interview with Damien Molony (Hal), Kate Bracken (Alex) and Michael Socha (Tom) talking about the upcoming series of Being Human has been released by the BBC Media Centre. The… Continue reading
Being Human with 'Love', 'Friendship' and 'Hope' Hal (Damien), Tom (Michael Socha) and Alex (Kate Bracken) return for the new series of Being Human on BBC Three 3rd February 10pm. The trailer,… Continue reading
Damien returns to our screens in February! Fans have found myriad ways to fill the Hal shaped void since the curtain closed on Being Human series 4 last year, but… Continue reading
The official synopsis for the upcoming series of Being Human has been revealed by a BBC Worldwide / 2entertain press release for the series 5 DVD, apparently due for release 25… Continue reading
The first magazine interview for Being Human Series 5 has hit the shelves in SciFiNow Issue 75. A gorgeously glossy photo of our supernatural trio featuring Damien and Michael Socha in… Continue reading
A vampire, a werewolf and a ghost Damien made his first TV appearance promoting Being Human series 5 alongside co-stars Michael Socha and Kate Bracken on T4 (on uk TV channel E4)… Continue reading
Being Human Series 5 Is Coming! Christmas has come early for Hal fans! The lovely folk at BBC Three have unleashed the first clips of Being Human 5 in new… Continue reading
Being Human Series 5 filming is well into it's second half, with Damien posting on his official twitter page on the day block 1 completed: The following week the second block… Continue reading
The Feb 2012 issue of Glamour Magazine featured interviews and a photoshoot with 8 of the hottest new TV stars: Damien Molony and Michael Socha – 'Being Human' Tom Riley – 'Monroe' Neil… Continue reading
From Tom: Yeah, well, we won't start liking each other because you're a d***head Hal: And you're a neanderthal all the way to Hal: Why are you doing this? Tom: Because you're… Continue reading
The lovely people at the BBC Shop are running a competition, and the Being Human Complete Series 1 – 4 DVD and Blu-ray Boxset is up for grabs. Just looking at the lineup… Continue reading
The BBC Being Human Series Four DVD / Blu-Ray includes a plethora of extras, and those including Damien Molony will be sure to please his fans! The deleted scenes include more press-ups from… Continue reading
As the Being Human Series 4 finale came to a shatteringly awesome conclusion,, it seemed all too soon that the new characters we have grown to invest in and love in a weekly… Continue reading


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As Canada and Mexico fire back against new U.S. steel and aluminum tariffs, a wide range of Minnesota-made products could get hit in the retaliation.
Of specific concern to Minnesota are new levies that could have an impact on exports of pork supplied by state hog farmers, as well as new taxes on agricultural exports and prepared foods from the state's large food processing industry. Manufactured products like ATVs and motorcycles, drill bits and machine enclosures also face cost increases.
Economists say these and other companies could be wounded by Canadian and Mexican retaliation against the Trump administration's protective tariffs of 25 percent on imported steel and 10 percent on imported aluminum that became effective Friday.
Canada officially announced tariffs on hundreds of products that U.S. businesses export to their northern neighbor. The tariffs are scheduled to take effect July 1. Mexico said it will impose tariffs on "various products" but did not provide a specific list.
The E.U. has a long list of products slated for tariffs, but has not officially imposed it.
For now, the trade war is in its very early stages, trade observers said, so there is still time for the United States, Canada, Mexico and the European Union to reach a compromise. However, with each punitive action, prospects diminish.
"We haven't seen a real trade war since the 1930s when one ruined the world economy," said University of Minnesota professor Tim Kehoe, who consulted for Mexico on the North American Free Trade Agreement.
Steel and aluminum amount to "a relatively small amount of trade overall," Kehoe noted. "But it's not just the initial tariffs. It's the retaliation, then the retaliation to the retaliation. At this point, no one is backing down."
As tariffs move from threats to actions and those actions spark reactions, a cycle starts that poses risks to almost everyone, said Robert Kudrle, professor of international trade and investment policy at the University of Minnesota.
"I would say all Minnesota businesses should be concerned, from agriculture to high tech to health care," Kudrle said. "Everything could be swept up in retaliation."
The White House asserts that protective tariffs will drive business to America, particularly its manufacturing sector. In addition to the steel and aluminum tariffs, the administration is preparing to impose tariffs on many Chinese imports, including parts for electronic devices, a move vocally opposed by Minnesota's high tech sector.
The administration has also toyed with increasing tariffs on imported automobiles to drive business to domestic automakers.
The White House justified the steel and aluminum import tariffs and potential auto import tariffs on the basis of national security. The president had said he would exempt Canada, Mexico and the EU from the tariffs if they would come up with concessions to deal with what he considered unfair trade practices. But after delaying implementation for several months, he went ahead Friday.
Critics say punishing loyal military allies with protective tariffs makes no sense. "Canada has been an ally since before World War I," Kudrle said. "This really doesn't pass any smell test."
Minnesota's iron ore mining operators such as Hibbing Taconite, United Taconite, Northshore Mining and others, strongly support the steel and aluminum tariffs and insist they will level the competitive playing field and prevent the illegal dumping of underpriced steel into the United States.
U.S. Steel, which owns the Keetac and Mintac mining and taconite production plants on Minnesota's Iron Range, issued a statement Friday praising Trump's actions: "Unfairly traded imports from around the world have harmed our domestic steelmaking capacity. This action will restore jobs and restart idled steelmaking facilities to support our country's long-term ability to produce steel; a critical component to our national and economic security."
U.S. Steel spokeswoman Meghan Cox said during a phone interview Friday that the new tariffs on steel imports from Canada, Mexico and Europe should "increase demand" for its Minnesota ore, U.S. made steel and boost jobs on Minnesota's Iron Range.
Alexandria Industries, one of the largest aluminum extrusion companies in Minnesota declined to comment specifically on the new tariffs. While the company sources most or all of its ingots from U.S. suppliers, a company spokeswoman noted, "We are keeping a close eye on both the aluminum import tariffs and Russian sanctions. … We hope to have something good to say about this when the dust fully settles if that happens. The difficulty here is President Donald Trump is showing us that he may/may not change his rulings as he sees fit. There seem to be exceptions that have come up along the way."
Other Minnesota industries and businesses worry that the metal tariffs will hurt by increasing material costs or by sweeping in other economic sectors through retaliation.
"We remain concerned about any retaliatory efforts advanced by our trading partners in light of this recent tariff announcement by the administration," Beth Ford, chief operating officer of Land O'Lakes Businesses said in a statement to the Star Tribune. "Additionally, Mexico is the number one export market for U.S. dairy exports. Every dollar of dairy exports to Mexico supports an additional $2.50 elsewhere in the local economy."
Medical Alley, the state's major trade group for Minnesota's massive medical technology industry, does not yet see a threat to specific products on the Canada, Mexico and E.U. lists, said CEO Shaye Mandle, but there are "definitely concerns about raising costs of goods and materials broadly that could affect pricing and sourcing."
Agricultural giant Cargill called the Trump administration's action an invitation to higher prices for consumers and uncertainty for business owners and workers.
"The unilateral trade restrictions announced this week — in this case, on some of the United States' closest and most dependable trading partners — could have detrimental effects on consumers, workers and businesses in the United States and the affected nations alike," Devry Boughner Vorwerk, corporate vice president of global corporate affairs, said in a statement.
Austin-based Hormel Foods Corp. said it has structured its operations to minimize the impact of tariffs on pork and peanut butter. Even so, in the company's second quarter earnings call last week, chief executive Jim Snee told investors, "Given the uncertain impact of the tariffs on the pork industry, we are expecting modestly lower sales in our export business."
At the University of Minnesota, Kehoe said he believes the United States is a long way from the kind of trade war that destroyed the world economy in the 1930s. But the country now has "been stalemated in the initial battle of a trade war" with its allies.
"If it escalates," he said, "it is going to be very painful for Minnesota."
Jim Spencer • 202-662-7432


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In the last centuries before the Christian Era, the Devil enjoyed an impressive rise both in his professional status and his assigned areas of responsibility.
From being a minor official at the Heavenly Court, he rose to become a fully-fledged adversary of God, almost an anti-God, and like the deity he acquired his own institutional hierarchy of inferior angels. Many of those operatives also bore individual names and titles. Satan's authority extended to the material world, and he could rely on the faithful service of significant numbers of the human population. As part of his professional advancement, his career history was retroactively written to build up his role in historic events, especially the Fall of Man.
Those concepts would have been barely comprehensible in the era of the Hebrew Bible, before about 400BC, but they were all highly developed no later than 200BC, and they continued to develop and mature over the following centuries.
I have already discussed some of the wider trends affecting Jewish thought in this time, mainly in the context of the rise of the concept of angels. Some of these contributed to the new and vastly more exalted view of Satan. Persian and Zoroastrian influences played some role, although we have to be careful not to back-project the strong Dualism of later centuries onto earlier periods.
Also, in the violently polarized political and religious worlds of the third and second centuries, Jews framed their struggles in cosmic terms, imagining that their enemies must serve demonic or diabolical figures, powerful counterparts of the true God. The flourishing sects literally demonized their rivals. They also had to explain the rampant evils of the pagan powers that occupied their land, especially the Seleucid Greeks. As they ransacked the scriptures to substantiate such claims, they found several passages that could be exploited to create and magnify such diabolical figures.
Another feature of this time was the speculation about divine hierarchies, and the division of the heavens into specific layers (usually seven), each with its appropriate angels. The more the Devil became an anti-God, it was natural to divide his realm likewise into multiple levels, and to name its demonic guardians.
The central fact, though, was an intense interest in the origins of evil. In an age when religious debate focused on a virtually closed canon, that meant focusing on relevant periods identified in the Bible. The story of the Watchers in Genesis 6 was the initial focus, which shifted in time to Eden and the Fall. In both cases, the narrative landscape was populated with demons and, increasingly, with one mighty Devil figure, whether that was named Belial or Satan.
By the time of the New Testament, Satan was clearly conceived as the Lord of this World, who had the power to offer Jesus command over earthly kingdoms.
Just to suggest how developed that system had become by this time , we might look at the frightening parable of the Wheat and the Tares, recounted in Matthew's Gospel. Jesus told of a man sowing good seed in a field. In the night, an enemy sows tares (weeds) among the wheat, and the two kinds of plant grow up together. The farmer tells his servants not to try purging the tares right now, or they will certainly damage the wheat in the process. "Let both grow together until the harvest. At that time I will tell the harvesters: First collect the weeds and tie them in bundles to be burned; then gather the wheat and bring it into my barn." Jesus explains his meaning:
The one who sowed the good seed is the Son of Man. The field is the world, and the good seed stands for the people of the kingdom. The weeds are the people of the evil one, and the enemy who sows them is the devil [diabolos]. The harvest is the end of the age, and the harvesters are angels….The Son of Man will send out his angels, and they will weed out of his kingdom everything that causes sin and all who do evil.They will throw them into the blazing furnace, where there will be weeping and gnashing of teeth. Then the righteous will shine like the sun in the kingdom of their Father.
As with so many such stories credited to him, Jesus used commonplace rural imagery, but framed in a world-view that made many assumptions about spiritual realities, about the universe and its hierarchies. God has a powerful adversary called the Devil, but also mobilizes legions of spiritual beings called angels. Forces of good and evil, light and darkness, contend in the world until God's final victory.
However familiar those ideas might be today, they were largely a creation of the preceding two revolutionary centuries.


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Join our Teachers for Research & Feedback community to receive (paid!) opportunities to contribute your instructional expertise to educational research studies, and to help pilot new ASSISTments features. This blog post is part of our series on Evidence-Based Instructional Practices that sheds light on teaching practices grounded in learning science. You can find all posts in the series here.
If you don't know what formative assessment is, chances are you're probably already using this evidence-based practice. Do you assign your math students quizzes? Homework? Do nows? Do you use these assignments to give your students feedback, support their learning growth, or adjust your own lesson planning? If any of these are part of your instruction, you're already implementing formative assessment in your classroom.
Formative assessment is one of many instructional practices that is actually evidence based, meaning that research has been done to understand why and in what ways they are effective for student learning. Read on for more on the evidence behind formative assessment, what this practice looks like in classrooms, and how tools like ASSISTments can support your use of formative assessment.
The evidence behind formative assessment
Formative assessment is an instructional practice that relies on frequent informal student evaluation as they learn new skills. In contrast to summative assessment which formally assesses student performance at the end of the learning process, formative assessment allows teachers to evaluate students frequently in flexible formats, get a sense of concept attainment, give feedback and adjust course as necessary.
In his book Transformative Assessment, James Popham states, "Formative Assessment is a planned process in which teachers or students use assessment-based evidence to adjust what they are currently doing" (Popham 2008).
Popham's definition emphasizes the dynamic and individual interaction taking place between teachers and students through formative assessment. Many teachers rely on formative assessment because it allows them to make adjustments to their instruction based on student need (Popham 2006). By checking in on a regular basis and tying those check ins to a plan, teachers use formative assessment as an opportunity to understand where their students are in the learning process and focus on growth. Students use the opportunity to reflect and adjust.
Research has shown that formative assessment such as homework works best if students receive feedback (Paschal et al., 1984). When given feedback, it serves as additional instructional input that keeps students on track, helping to identify areas of strength and where they need to adjust their practice as needed.
When teachers assign formative assessment for students to complete in class or at home, it's an opportunity for them to work through problems independently. In fact, studies support the value that students gain from feedback on the work they do independently (Hattie 2009). Without any feedback or instructional guidance, they may complete the same type of problem incorrectly each time, reinforcing a misconception, and making homework a frustrating missed opportunity for learning.
With tools like ASSISTments, which provides immediate feedback to students completing assignments using the platform, students get the added benefit of being able to check their progress, work through problems, and adjust course based on feedback that comes in real time, so that formative assessment becomes an activity that reinforces correct math practice.
Classroom applications for formative assessment
When most people hear formative assessment, they usually think of a quiz or homework, but the assignment itself is actually just one part of the formative assessment process. In her book, Formative Assessment: Making It Happen in the Classroom (2010) Margaret Heritage breaks down formative assessment into a 5-step cyclical process that any teacher can apply in class to take assignments to the next level through formative assessment. The processes requires teachers and students to:
Using formative assessment shifts the focus from grades to regular touchpoints indicating where students are at in their learning and how teachers can adjust course to best support them. Formative assessment assignments are low-stakes, with scores being omitted or counting very little toward a student's final grade, which is often the case with homework, quizzes or do-nows.
Teachers might find that the class was struggling to learn integers last week, but the concept really clicked with students this week. Formative assessment allows for classroom follow up that may prompt teachers to change the pace of the class or update lesson plans and assignments to accommodate or differentiate for the learning needs of students. They might see that certain students are still struggling with measuring circles or that the class is ready to move on to angles and triangles.
How ASSISTments supports this evidence-based practice
Formative assessment is all about the adjustments that students and teachers can make to help stay on track toward targets and achieve learning. ASSISTments uses technology to make formative assessment more meaningful and actionable by enhancing the instructional methods that teachers are already using in class.
We're all about streamlining the pieces of the process that just make formative assessment work:
Judy Cain is a teacher in Virginia who uses ASSISTments to assign math homework. She particularly appreciates its ability to both help students practice skills and help her identify sticky points. The Assignment Report "helps me decide which problems need more instruction or practice before class starts," says Ms. Cain. By allowing her target review sessions to the exact needs of her students, formative assessment through ASSISTments "reduces the amount of class time spent going over homework."
The Assignment Report is powerful because it takes care of all the prep that teachers typically do to understand class performance, saving all that time for targeted instruction. But how do teachers get to that crucial point of formative assessment where they're adapting instruction and targeting time to student needs?
Let's take an example of an assignment report and focus on 4 powerful considerations that teachers like Judy may have in mind when they're planning class time. The visual of a report from a hypothetical 6-part problem (parts A-F as written below) is here for support, but feel free to jump straight to the considerations below, which are applicable to any report.
How can a teacher use the Assignment Report to assess student progress and adapt instruction to most effectively meet learning targets?
Using these approaches, teachers can make adjustments to instruction using what they know from the data about their class's unique needs. They may simply drop in a quick reminder about a common misconception, or sort and differentiate groups of students who had similar difficulties and assign them targeted problem sets. They may identify a need to really dig deeper on a skill area where many students struggled. Or, if the teachers see a smaller group of struggling students, they may choose to pull these students aside to determine what is confusing them
Would you like to support evidence-based practice by contributing to learning science research? We invite all ASSISTments teachers to join our Teachers for Research & Feedback community to receive the monthly newsletter with all future opportunities.
For more on formative assessment, check out the recent talk for Teachers College by Cristina Heffernan, ASSISTments co-Founder, on Mathematics Formative Assessment in COVID-19 Times and Beyond here.
How do we make kids both math-competent and math-confident? In a new Psychology Today article from Ulrich Boser, founder of the Learning Agency, discover the importance of teacher-student relationships, growth mindset, and how education technology tools like ASSISTments can help.Continue Reading
Cristina Heffernan, Executive Director of The ASSISTments Foundation, joins the Policy 2050 Podcast to discuss how better student assessment data can transform education and set up the next generation for success.Continue Reading


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Top Items:
AddyDugdale / Gizmodo:
AT&T Memo to Retail Managers Shows iPhone 3G Policy — We knew it wouldn't be long before someone from AT&T leaked a policy memo vis-a-vis the iPhone 3G's July 11 launch. As well as all the mobile provider's pricing details from yesterday, the document contains a bit more info …
Christina Warren / The Unofficial Apple Weblog: iPhone upgrade breakdown
Steven Hodson / WinExtra: Don't blame Apple for that sucking sound around your wallet
Cyndy Aleo-Carreira / Profy.Com: Sipping the AT&T Haterade: Why the iPhone 3G May Not Win Fans
Warner Crocker / GottaBeMobile: Thoughts on the iPhone 3G
John Gruber / Daring Fireball: Twice as Fast, Half the Price
Don Reisinger / The Digital Home:
Apple may have killed the BlackBerry — During the first hour of Steve Jobs' keynote at WWDC, I was wondering why I was wasting my afternoon listening to his stooges drone on about software. But then, in a moment of pure triumph, Steve walked onto the stage and unveiled the new 3G iPhone.
Discussion: Mark Evans, Business Technology, CNET News.com, BB Geeks, Crave, VoIP & Gadgets Blog, TomsTechBlog.com, Webware.com and Coop's Corner
Marguerite Reardon / CNET News.com: Apple answers call for iPhone applications
Jennifer Guevin / Webware.com: Video roundup: New apps coming to the iPhone
Don Reisinger / The Digital Home:
Apple may soon be free from AT&T — While everyone else was calling the iPhone the greatest device of all time and putting Steve Jobs on that pedestal he enjoys so much yesterday, AT&T quietly told its investors that the revenue sharing deal it had with Apple for the past year has ended.
Discussion: Macworld, IDG News Service and David Adewumi
Om Malik / GigaOM:
Inside the 3G iPhone Money Machine — A lot has been written about the new 3G iPhone, its price and its impact. Now it's time to shift attention to the most important question about this device: How much money will it make for Apple and its carrier partners?
Discussion: Valleywag and Business Wire
Dianne de Guzman / Valleywag: But can the 3G iPhone fold my laundry?
Om Malik / GigaOM:
AT&T Mobility Chief: New 3G iPhone Is a Game-changer — After months of rumor-driven frenzy, the much talked about 3G iPhone from Apple finally became a reality, promising yet another revolution in the mobile Internet experience. Offering a combination of great user interface with (slow) …
Amol Sharma / Wall Street Journal: AT&T's Bet on the iPhone — Wireless CEO de la Vega Subsidizes Cost …
Tricia Duryee / paidContent.org: Apple 3G Interview: The Real Power Is Combining Hardware, Software And Services
Kevin C. Tofel / jkOnTheRun: Hello 3G iPhone. Goodbye included SMS messages.
Pat Phelan / Telecomms Disruptor: O2 Ireland announce iPhone 3G
Thoughtfix / TabletBlog.com: iPhone 3G: Keep trying, Apple.
Andy Space / 9 to 5 Mac: Analysts reaction to iPhone 3G trickling out
Matthew Miller / The Mobile Gadgeteer: You almost had us Steve, but the new iPhone 3G models comparison price …
Andrew Smith / techblog.dallasnews.com: iPhone rumor: AT&T's 3G network may crash
Richard MacManus / ReadWriteWeb: iPhone 2.0 Big in Bubbleland, But 2-3 Years Behind the Times in The Real World?
Henry Blodget / Silicon Alley Insider:
Does Apple's Steve Jobs Have Cancer Again? * — Many readers will consider this post inappropriate, and we apologize in advance for that. After seeing photos of Steve Jobs at WWDC yesterday (AAPL), however, we weren't the only ones who wondered whether Steve Jobs is sick again.
Discussion: Business Technology, BBC NEWS and Coop's Corner
Maggie Shiels / BBC NEWS | dot.life: Hands on with iPhone 3G
Charles Cooper / Coop's Corner: Give the Jobs cancer story a rest
MG Siegler / VentureBeat:
Your perception is Apple's reality
Your perception is Apple's reality
Discussion: ParisLemon, Tech Beat and The Register
MG Siegler / ParisLemon: WWDC: Came. Saw. Wrote a lot.
Olga Kharif / Tech Beat: The Flip Side of a Subsidized iPhone
Bill Ray / The Register: O2 prices up the latest iPhone
Ed Bott / Ed Bott's Windows Expertise:
The myth of the cheaper iPhone
The myth of the cheaper iPhone
Discussion: Sramana Mitra on Strategy, Incremental Blogger, Computerworld Blogs and Macworld
Sramana Mitra / Sramana Mitra on Strategy: 3G iPhone Going For Market Share
Sharon Machlis / Computerworld Blogs: iPhone economics: The 3G isn't cheaper in the long run
Steve O'Hear / last100: Finally, Apple takes enterprise seriously
Business Wire:
Disney.com Breaks New Ground Streaming Full-Length Movies Online for the First Time Ever — 'Wonderful World of Disney' Films Will Hit the Web Following ABC Television Presentation — NORTH HOLLYWOOD, Calif.—(BUSINESS WIRE)—Disney.com announced today that for the first time ever the site …
Discussion: Podcasting News, Alice Hill's Real Tech News and Engadget HD
James Lewin / Podcasting News: Disney To Stream Full-Length Movies Online
Michael Santo / Alice Hill's Real Tech News: Disney.com to Stream Full-Length Movies
Darren Murph / Engadget HD: Disney to stream full-length films on web this summer
Dawn Chmielewski / L.A. Times Tech Blog:
Disney puts movies online for free — "The Wonderful World of Disney," the venerable prime-time TV show originally hosted by Walt Disney himself, is getting its geek on. — For the first time, Disney.com plans to stream full-length movies online. The films will air on TV …
Discussion: Silicon Alley Insider, Mashable! and WebProNews
Michael Learmonth / Silicon Alley Insider: Disney Gives Away 'Nemo,' 'Monsters Inc.' Online For Free
Paul Glazowski / Mashable!: Disney XD Introduces Weekly Movie Streams
Mike Sachoff / WebProNews: Disney To Offer Full-Length Movies Online
Chris Foresman / Infinite Loop:
Amid iPhone din, Apple previews Snow Leopard Server — In addition to publicly sharing a few details about the next major release of Mac OS X, called Snow Leopard, Apple has also posted a preview of Snow Leopard Server as well. — The server version of Snow Leopard will, of course …
Discussion: Microsoft Watch, AppleInsider, Computerworld and The iPhone Blog
Joe Wilcox / Microsoft Watch: Apple-Microsoft: Friendly Exchange
Gregg Keizer / Computerworld: Apple confirms Snow Leopard as next Mac OS X
Rene Ritchie / The iPhone Blog: Apple Gives First Hints of OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard
John Markoff / Bits:
Apple in Parallel: Turning the PC World Upside Down?
Apple in Parallel: Turning the PC World Upside Down?
Discussion: Ars Technica, The Tech Report, Laughing Squid and Cult of Mac
John Siracusa / Ars Technica: Snowed out — Right up until the day it was published …
Cyril Kowaliski / The Tech Report: Next Mac OS to include GPGPU programming interface
Scott Beale / Laughing Squid: Apple Previews Snow Leopard, Mac OS X 10.6
Pete Mortensen / Cult of Mac: Jobs Claims PA Semiconductor Will Make iPhone, iPod Chips
Arn / MacRumors:
Apple Seeds Safari 4 to Developers
Apple Seeds Safari 4 to Developers
Discussion: Infinite Loop
Chris Foresman / Infinite Loop: Safari 4 to include SSB feature and fastest JavaScript ever
Declan McCullagh / CNET News.com:
N.Y. attorney general forces ISPs to curb Usenet access — New York Attorney General Andrew Cuomo announced on Tuesday that Verizon Communications, Time Warner Cable, and Sprint would "shut down major sources of online child pornography." — What Cuomo didn't say is that his agreement …
Discussion: oag.state.ny.us, Techdirt and Digital Daily
Michael Masnick / Techdirt: NY Pressures ISPs Into Blocking Child Porn Websites, News Groups
John Paczkowski / Digital Daily: Announcing Net Nanny, Andrew Cuomo Edition TM
USA Today:
Judge orders teens to post apology on YouTube — VIERA, Fla. — A judge here is using YouTube to punish two boys who used the video-sharing website for a prank that ended with battery and criminal mischief charges against them. — The prank, known as "fire in the hole," has become common in the past year.
Jackson West / Valleywag: YouTube pranksters receive punishment that fits the crime
Tim Stevens / Switched: Court Orders Prankster Teens to Post YouTube Apology
Jordan McCollum / Andy Beal's Marketing Pilgrim: YouTube Pranks: A Legal Remedy?
Michael Masnick / Techdirt: Better Response To Crimes On YouTube: Force The Criminals To Apologize On YouTube
Stan Schroeder / Mashable!: Judge: Apologize On YouTube, You Silly Kids
Crave at CNET UK:
O2 3G iPhone: Apple cracks down on unlocking — According to our sources at O2, Brits who want to buy a 3G iPhone are going to have to sign up to a contract before they can get their hands on one, wherever they buy it. This is seriously bad news for people eager to unlock their new iPhone …
Discussion: Engadget, TechCrunch UK, Macworld UK, CrunchGear, 9 to 5 Mac and Slashdot
Chris Ziegler / Engadget: The iPhone 3G on AT&T: we ask the burning questions
Mike Butcher / TechCrunch UK: O2 confirms free iPhone deal and more
Andy Space / 9 to 5 Mac: iPhone v.1 resale value secured...
CmdrTaco / Slashdot: Apple Cracks Down On iPhone Unlockers
O2 confirms free iPhone 3Gs as part of plans
O2 confirms free iPhone 3Gs as part of plans
Discussion: Infinite Loop and The iPhone Blog
David Chartier / Infinite Loop: O2 to offer iPhone 3Gs free with some plans
Rene Ritchie / The iPhone Blog: O2 to Offer iPhone 3G for "Free"?!
Marshall Kirkpatrick / ReadWriteWeb:
Do You Trust Google to Resist Data Mining Across Services? — Google's breadth of services is truly awesome and the amount of information the company touches concerning our lives and world can sometimes feel downright frightening. While almost no one takes the old phrase "Don't Be Evil" …
Roger Friedman / Fox News:
Coldplay, Beatles Lose Leader — Coldplay, Beatles Lose Leader — By the time you read this column, Lee Trink, the popular and affable president of Capitol Records, will be telling his troops his last day is June 30. — Sources tell me Trink's resignation will be followed in short order …
Discussion: Silicon Alley Insider, Guardian, Coolfer and hypebot
Owen Gibson / Guardian: EMI recruits creator of Second Life Cory Ondrejka
Bruce Houghton / hypebot: Capital & Virgin Execs Rumored Ousted
Jiajun Zhu / Google LatLong:
Street View turns 1, keeps on growing — To celebrate Street View's one year birthday, I am very happy to announce we are bringing Street View to 37 (you heard me - 37!) new areas and we have expanded coverage in 15 of our existing areas. All in all, this effectively doubles our coverage.
Discussion: Google Blogoscoped, WebProNews and Google Maps Mania
Philipp Lenssen / Google Blogoscoped: Expanded Google Street View Imagery
Doug Caverly / WebProNews: Google Street View Gets Another Set Of Upgrades
Keir Clarke / Google Maps Mania: Huge Update to Google Maps Street View