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Difference between revisions of "MANUAL 0 8"
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* a working ''mail'' command
* a working ''mail'' command
* [http://www.gnome.org/~veillard/gamin/ Gamin] the File Alteration Monitor
* [http://www.gnome.org/~veillard/gamin/ Gamin] the File Alteration Monitor
You will probably need at least one firewall software like ''iptables'' or ''shorewall''. If you want a software which is not supported, please feel free to contact the author.
You will probably need at least one firewall software like ''iptables'' or ''shorewall''. If you want a software which is not supported, please feel free to contact the author.
Revision as of 21:39, 19 April 2011
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Installation
- 3 Usage
- 4 Configuration
- 5 Testing
- 6 Limitations
The problem
Brute-force break-in attempts are quite frequent against an SSH server and other password protected internet-services (such as ftp,pop,...). Automated scripts try multiple combinations of username/password (brute-force, dictionary attack) and sometimes changing the port to something other than the default can't be done. Furthermore, scouring your log files yourself is not only time consuming, but can be difficult too.
Fail2ban attempts to alleviate these issues by providing an automated way of not only identifying possible break-in attempts, but acting upon them quickly and easily in a user-definable manner.
The solution
Log files contain interesting information, especially about failed logins. This information can be used to ban an offensive host. This is exactly what Fail2ban does. It scans log files and detect patterns which correspond to possible breakin attempts and then performs actions. Most of the time, it consists of adding a new rule in a firewall chain and sending an e-mail notification to the system administrator.
Here is a list of the most important features available in Fail2ban:
- client/server
- multithreaded zithromax generic
- Gamin support
- autodetection of the date/time format
- wildcard support in logpath option
- support for a lot of services (sshd, apache, qmail, proftpd, sasl, etc)
- support for several actions (iptables, tcp-wrapper, shorewall, mail notifications, etc)
The code has been completely rewritten since 0.6.x. Fail2ban is entirely written in Python and thus should work on most of the *nix systems.
In order to use Fail2ban, the following software are required:
- Python >= 2.4
Warning: Python 2.4 does not re-open the syslog socket when it encounters a failure. This is a Python bug. If you want to use "logtarget = SYSLOG", please use a newer version of Python like 2.5.
The following software are optional but recommended:
- iptables
- shorewall
- tcp-wrappers
- a working mail command
- Gamin the File Alteration Monitor
- zithromax generic
You will probably need at least one firewall software like iptables or shorewall. If you want a software which is not supported, please feel free to contact the author.
Gamin is a file alteration monitor. Gamin greatly benefits from a "inotify"-enabled kernel. Thus, active polling is no longer required to get the file modifications.
Installing from sources on a GNU/Linux system
You will need to obtain the latest version of the source code in order to compile Fail2ban yourself. Once you have done this, change to the directory where you downloaded the source code and execute the following:
tar xvjf fail2ban-x.x.x.tar.bz2
You will have the Fail2ban source code extracted to a directory under the current working directory. You must now move to the new directory.
Now run the installation script as root:
./setup.py install
Fail2ban should now be installed into /usr/share/fail2ban/ and /usr/bin/. You will also have to copy the content of config/ into /etc/fail2ban/ (not so in version 0.8.1). You are now ready to use the application.
Integrate fail2ban into your INIT-Process:
Go into the files-folder where you extracted the sources:
# cd /usr/local/src/fail2ban-0.8.1/files
and copy the init-script fitting your distribution to /etc/init.d.
# cp suse-initd /etc/init.d/fail2ban # chmod 755 /etc/init.d/fail2ban
- [the default-debian-script is missing in the source-files currently; but deb-package is available...]
Here's the one from the official deb-package (for those of you that want to install from source), hopefully it will be added or be replaced with a universal init-script in a future release...:
#! /bin/sh ### BEGIN INIT INFO # Provides: fail2ban # Required-Start: $local_fs $remote_fs # Required-Stop: $local_fs $remote_fs # Should-Start: $time $network $syslog iptables firehol shorewall ipmasq # Should-Stop: $network $syslog iptables firehol shorewall ipmasq # Default-Start: 2 3 4 5 # Default-Stop: 0 1 6 # Short-Description: Start/stop fail2ban # Description: Start/stop fail2ban, a daemon scanning the log files and # banning potential attackers. ### END INIT INFO # Author: Aaron Isotton <email@example.com> # Modified: by Yaroslav Halchenko <email@example.com> # reindented + minor corrections + to work on sarge without modifications # PATH=/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin DESC="authentication failure monitor" NAME=fail2ban # fail2ban-client is not a daemon itself but starts a daemon and # loads its with configuration DAEMON=/usr/bin/$NAME-client SCRIPTNAME=/etc/init.d/$NAME # Ad-hoc way to parse out socket file name SOCKFILE=`grep -h '^[^#]*socket *=' /etc/$NAME/$NAME.conf /etc/$NAME/$NAME.local 2>/dev/null \ | tail -n 1 | sed -e 's/.*socket *= *//g' -e 's/ *$//g'` [ -z "$SOCKFILE" ] && SOCKFILE='/tmp/fail2ban.sock' # Exit if the package is not installed [ -x "$DAEMON" ] || exit 0 # Read configuration variable file if it is present [ -r /etc/default/$NAME ] && . /etc/default/$NAME DAEMON_ARGS="$FAIL2BAN_OPTS" # Load the VERBOSE setting and other rcS variables [ -f /etc/default/rcS ] && . /etc/default/rcS # Predefine what can be missing from lsb source later on -- necessary to run # on sarge. Just present it in a bit more compact way from what was shipped log_daemon_msg () { [ -z "$1" ] && return 1 echo -n "$1:" [ -z "$2" ] || echo -n " $2" } # Define LSB log_* functions. # Depend on lsb-base (>= 3.0-6) to ensure that this file is present. # Actually has to (>=2.0-7) present in sarge. log_daemon_msg is predefined # so we must be ok . /lib/lsb/init-functions # # Shortcut function for abnormal init script interruption # report_bug() { echo $* echo "Please submit a bug report to Debian BTS (reportbug fail2ban)" exit 1 } # # Helper function to check if socket is present, which is often left after # abnormal exit of fail2ban and needs to be removed # check_socket() { # Return # 0 if socket is present and readable # 1 if socket file is not present # 2 if socket file is present but not readable # 3 if socket file is present but is not a socket [ -e "$SOCKFILE" ] || return 1 [ -r "$SOCKFILE" ] || return 2 [ -S "$SOCKFILE" ] || return 3 return 0 } # # Function that starts the daemon/service # do_start() { # Return # 0 if daemon has been started # 1 if daemon was already running # 2 if daemon could not be started do_status && return 1 if [ -e "$SOCKFILE" ]; then log_failure_msg "Socket file $SOCKFILE is present" return 2 fi start-stop-daemon --start --quiet --chuid root --exec $DAEMON -- \ $DAEMON_ARGS start > /dev/null\ || return 2 return 0 } # # Function that checks the status of fail2ban and returns # corresponding code # do_status() { $DAEMON ping > /dev/null return $? } # # Function that stops the daemon/service # do_stop() { # Return # 0 if daemon has been stopped # 1 if daemon was already stopped # 2 if daemon could not be stopped # other if a failure occurred $DAEMON status > /dev/null || return 1 $DAEMON stop > /dev/null || return 2 # now we need actually to wait a bit since it might take time # for server to react on client's stop request. Especially # important for restart command on slow boxes count=1 while do_status && [ $count -lt 60 ]; do sleep 1 count=$(($count+1)) done [ $count -lt 60 ] || return 3 # failed to stop return 0 } # # Function to reload configuration # do_reload() { $DAEMON reload > /dev/null && return 0 || return 1 return 0 } # yoh: # shortcut function to don't duplicate case statements and to don't use # bashisms (arrays). Fixes #368218 # log_end_msg_wrapper() { [ $1 -lt $2 ] && value=0 || value=1 log_end_msg $value } case "$1" in start) [ "$VERBOSE" != no ] && log_daemon_msg "Starting $DESC" "$NAME" do_start [ "$VERBOSE" != no ] && log_end_msg_wrapper $? 2 ;; stop) [ "$VERBOSE" != no ] && log_daemon_msg "Stopping $DESC" "$NAME" do_stop [ "$VERBOSE" != no ] && log_end_msg_wrapper $? 2 ;; restart|force-reload) log_daemon_msg "Restarting $DESC" "$NAME" do_stop case "$?" in 0|1) do_start log_end_msg_wrapper $? 1 ;; *) # Failed to stop log_end_msg 1 ;; esac ;; reload|force-reload) log_daemon_msg "Reloading $DESC" "$NAME" do_reload log_end_msg $? ;; status) log_daemon_msg "Status of $DESC" do_status case $? in 0) log_success_msg " $NAME is running" ;; 255) check_socket case $? in 1) log_warning_msg " $NAME is not running" ;; 0) log_failure_msg " $NAME is not running but $SOCKFILE exists" ;; 2) log_failure_msg " $SOCKFILE not readable, status of $NAME is unknown";; 3) log_failure_msg " $SOCKFILE exists but not a socket, status of $NAME is unknown";; *) report_bug "Unknown return code from $NAME:check_socket.";; esac ;; *) report_bug "Unknown $NAME status code" esac ;; *) echo "Usage: $SCRIPTNAME {start|stop|restart|force-reload|status}" >&2 exit 3 ;; esac :
Finally after editing the file, and adjusting the paths to fail2ban-client and fail2ban-server run chkconfig or update-rc.d or create the symbolic links manually...
chkconfig -a fail2ban
update-rc.d fail2ban defaults
ln -s /etc/init.d/fail2ban /etc/rc2.d/S20fail2ban ...
Integrate fail2ban into logrotate:
create file "/etc/logrotate.d/fail2ban":
/var/log/fail2ban.log { weekly rotate 7 missingok compress postrotate /usr/local/bin/fail2ban-client reload 1>/dev/null || true endscript }
The path to your fail2ban-client needs to be adjusted (# whereis fail2ban-client)
Installing Fail2ban on a Debian based system is very straightforward, just install the package through Synaptic or
apt-get install fail2ban
Fail2ban is available in Portage. To install it, just run:
emerge fail2ban
The FAQ has a more detailed explanation of installing using distributions such as Debian, Red Hat and Gentoo
Installing Fail2ban on a Fedora 9+ based system is also very straightforward. Execute the following code as the root user:
yum install fail2ban
Mac OS X
HOWTO Mac OS X Server (10.4)
or HOWTO Mac OS X Server (10.5)
Before we begin, it is important to clarify some terms used in the following sections.
|a filter defines a regular expression which must match a pattern corresponding to a log-in failure or any other expression
|an action defines several commands which are executed at different moments
|a jail is a combination of one filter and one or several actions. Fail2ban can handle several jails at the same time
|refers to the script fail2ban-client
|refers to the script fail2ban-server
Fail2ban is composed of 2 parts: a client and a server. The server is multi-threaded and listens on a Unix socket for commands. The server itself knows nothing about the configuration files. Thus, at start-up, the server is in a "default" state in which no jails are defined. The following options are available for fail2ban-server:
-b start in background -f start in foreground -s <FILE> socket path -x force execution of the server -h, --help display this help message -V, --version print the version
fail2ban-server should not be used directly except in case of debugging. The option -s <FILE> is probably the most important one and is used to set the socket path. Thus, it is possible to run several instances of Fail2ban on different sockets. However, this should be not required because Fail2ban can run several jails concurrently.
If fail2ban-server crashes (does it?), it is possible that the socket file has not been removed correctly. The -x option tells the server to delete the socket file before start-up. If the socket file of a running server is removed, it is not possible to communicate with this server anymore.
The server handles the signals SIGTERM and SIGINT. When receiving one of these signals, fail2ban-server will quit nicely.
fail2ban-client is the frontend of Fail2ban. It connects to the server socket file and sends commands in order to configure and operate the server. The client can read the configuration files or can simply be used to send a single command to the server using either the command line or the interactive mode (which is activated with the -i option). fail2ban-client can also start the server. The following options are available for fail2ban-client:
-c <DIR> configuration directory -s <FILE> socket path -d dump configuration. For debugging -i interactive mode -v increase verbosity -q decrease verbosity -x force execution of the server -h, --help display this help message -V, --version print the version
As for fail2ban-server, the option -s <FILE> can be used to set the socket path. Notice that this command line option overrides the socket option set in fail2ban.conf. The default configuration directory is /etc/fail2ban but can be override with the -c <DIR> option. The -x option is simply forwarded to fail2ban-server when starting the server.
A useful option for debugging is -d. This prints the configuration parsed by fail2ban-client. The output corresponds to the stream sent to the server. If the output of -d shows:
['set', 'loglevel', 1] ['set', 'logtarget', 'STDERR']
It is possible to achieve the same with:
$ fail2ban-client set loglevel 1 $ fail2ban-client set logtarget STDERR
Everything set in the configuration files can be configured manually. The configuration is just a simple and efficient way to configure the server. fail2ban-client only translates the configuration into a suite of commands. However, fail2ban-client has 2 more commands for its internal use. The first one is start. When typing:
$ fail2ban-client start
the client will first try to fork a server instance. The client then waits for the server to start-up by sending ping requests to it. Once the server responds to these requests, fail2ban-client parses the configuration and sends the corresponding commands to the server. The second one is reload. When typing:
$ fail2ban-client reload
the client will tell the server to stop all jails, parses the configuration files again and send the commands to the server. This is useful when a new configuration must be loaded without shutting down the server. This is also very useful when debugging the server. It is possible to start the server with fail2ban-server -f in one terminal and to load the configuration by typing fail2ban-client reload in an other one. Thus, client and server output will not be mixed up.
Any other commands are simply sent to the server without any specific treatment. However, most of the time, only the 2 above commands and stop will be used.
There is probably one last useful command: status [jail]. Without a jail name, the global status of the server is returned. If jail corresponds to an existing jail, the status of this jail is displayed.
A list with all commands is available here.
The standard path for the configuration is in /etc/fail2ban. This can be set with the -c option of fail2ban-client. A typical configuration looks like this:
/etc/fail2ban/ ├── action.d │ ├── dummy.conf │ ├── hostsdeny.conf │ ├── iptables.conf │ ├── mail-whois.conf │ ├── mail.conf │ └── shorewall.conf ├── fail2ban.conf ├── fail2ban.local ├── filter.d │ ├── apache-auth.conf │ ├── apache-noscript.conf │ ├── couriersmtp.conf │ ├── postfix.conf │ ├── proftpd.conf │ ├── qmail.conf │ ├── sasl.conf │ ├── sshd.conf │ └── vsftpd.conf ├── jail.conf └── jail.local
Every .conf file can be overridden with a file named .local. The .conf file is read first, then .local, with later settings overriding earlier ones. Thus, a .local file doesn't have to include everything in the corresponding .conf file, only those settings that you wish to override.
Modifications should take place in the .local and not in the .conf. This avoids merging problem when upgrading. These files are well documented and detailed information should be available there.
General settings
The file fail2ban.conf contains general settings for the fail2ban-server daemon, such as the logging level and target. You can also specify here the socket path used for communication between the client and the server.
The most important file is probably jail.conf, which contains the declaration of your jails. By default, some sections are inserted as templates. You must enable the sections of interest and adapt to your local configuration. Here is an example of the ssh-iptables section:
[ssh-iptables] #enabled = false enabled = true filter = sshd action = iptables[name=SSH, port=ssh, protocol=tcp] # mail-whois[name=SSH, firstname.lastname@example.com] #logpath = /var/log/sshd.log logpath = /var/log/auth.log maxretry = 5
- With these settings a few things will happen:
- the section ssh-iptables is enabled;
- the filter sshd.conf in sub-directory filter.d will be processed;
- the action(s) described in iptables.conf (sub-directory action.d) will be executed if the outcome of the filter process is true. In this example, the additional action mail-whois.conf is commented out.
- the log file to be scanned by the filter is auth.log.
Filter and actions are combined to create jails. Only one filter is allowed per jail, but it is possible to specify several actions, on separate lines. For example, you can react to a SSH break-in attempt by first adding a new firewall rule, then retrieving some information about the offending host using whois and finally sending an e-mail notification. Or maybe you just want to received a notification on your Jabber account when someone accesses the page /donotaccess.html on your web server.
Fail2ban is not limited to SSH. It contains default filters and actions for many daemons and services. You can easily modify them or create new ones. If you take a look in the filter.d you will notice a few default filters that don't occur in the standard jail.conf that come with the sources. In this example we take the "sshd-ddos.conf". To integrate the filter into fail2ban edit your jail.conf:
[ssh-ddos] enabled = true port = ssh,sftp filter = sshd-ddos logpath = /var/log/messages maxretry = 2
Always remember to adjust $logpath to your log-file as mentioned above.
Jail Options
Every jail can be customized by tuning following options:
|Name of the filter to be used by the jail to detect matches. Each single match by a filter increments the counter within the jail
|Path to the log file which is provided to the filter
|Number of matches (i.e. value of the counter) which triggers ban action on the IP.
|600 sec
|The counter is set to zero if no match is found within "findtime" seconds.
|600 sec
|Duration (in seconds) for IP to be banned for.
The directory filter.d contains mainly regular expressions which are used to detect break-in attempts, password failures, etc. Here is an example for filter.d/sshd.conf with 3 possible regular expressions to match the lines of the logfile:
failregex = Authentication failure for .* from <HOST> Failed [-/\w]+ for .* from <HOST> ROOT LOGIN REFUSED .* FROM <HOST> [iI](?:llegal|nvalid) user .* from <HOST>
In the above example the default regex has been changed to allow the absence of user in a line such as:
Jan 10 07:02:37 homebrou sshd[18419]: Failed password for root from 220.127.116.11 port 55236 ssh2
If you're creating your own failregex expressions, here are some things you should know:
- A failregex can have multiple lines, any one of which may match a line of the log file.
- In every line of failregex, the part that matches the host name or IP address must be wrapped in a
(?P<host> ... )sandwich. This is a Python-specific regex extension that assigns the contents of the match to the name <host>. The <host> tag is how you tell fail2ban which host was connecting, so it has to be present in every line of failregex. If it's not, fail2ban will issue an error message about "No 'host' group".
- As a convenience, you can use the predefined entity
<HOST>in your regexes.
<HOST>is an alias for
(?:::f{4,6}:)?(?P<host>\S+), which matches either a hostname or an IPv4 address (possibly embedded in an IPv6 address).
- In the action scripts, the tag
<ip>will be replaced by the IP address of the host that was matched in the
- In order for a log line to match your failregex, it actually has to match in two parts: the beginning of the line has to match a timestamp pattern or regex, and the remainder of the line has to match your failregex. If the failregex is anchored with a leading
^, then the anchor refers to the start of the remainder of the line, after the timestamp and intervening whitespace.
- The pattern or regex to match the time stamp is currently not documented, and not available for users to read or set. See Debian bug #491253. This is a problem if your log has a timestamp format that fail2ban doesn't expect, since it will then fail to match any lines. Because of this, you should test any new failregex against a sample log line, as in the examples below, to be sure that it will match. If fail2ban doesn't recognize your log timestamp, then you have two options: either reconfigure your daemon to log with a timestamp in a more common format, such as in the example log line above; or file a bug report asking to have your timestamp format included.
As an example of the above points, run the following commands in your console and compare the results:
fail2ban-regex 'Jul 18 12:13:01 [184.108.40.206] authentication failed' 'authentication failed' fail2ban-regex 'Jul 18 12:13:01 [184.108.40.206] authentication failed' '\[<HOST>\] authentication failed' fail2ban-regex '18-07-2008 12:13:01 [188.8.131.52] authentication failed' '\[<HOST>\] authentication failed' fail2ban-regex '18-7-2008 12:13:01 [126.96.36.199] authentication failed' '\[<HOST>\] authentication failed'
The 1st command fails, with a "No 'host' group" error message. The 2nd command succeeds, and finds the host address 220.127.116.11. The 3rd command succeeds, and finds the host address 220.127.116.11 (at least with v0.8.4). The 4th command fails. It does tell you why---it says "...no valid date/time found for..."---and clearly it's not able to match the unusual timestamp format---which is not part of your failregex.
The directory action.d contains different scripts defining actions. The actions are executed at well-defined moments during the execution of Fail2ban: when starting/stopping a jail, banning/unbanning an host, etc.
Many things can be tested after configuration but the following commands can help to verify your settings:
# fail2ban-client -d
will dump the current configuration.
# fail2ban-regex "line" "failregex"
will test a single regular expression failregex (such as given in sshd.conf) with a single line of your logfile. Don't forget the double quotes around your line and failregex definitions.
fail2ban-regex accepts files too. Thus, it is easier to test and debug your own regular expressions.
# fail2ban-regex /var/log/auth.log /etc/fail2ban/filter.d/sshd.conf
You can use a combination of both:
# fail2ban-regex /var/log/auth.log "Failed [-/\w]+ for .* from <HOST>"
Reaction time
First of all, remember that Fail2ban is a log parser. It cannot do anything before something is written in the log files. Lots of syslog daemons buffer their outputs. This can impact performance of Fail2ban. Thus, it could be good to disable buffering of your syslog daemon.
It is quite difficult to evaluate the reaction time. Fail2ban waits 1 second before checking for new logs to be scanned. This should be fine in most cases. However, it is possible to get more login failures than specified by maxretry.
Here is an excerpt of a /var/log/auth.log:
Jan 15 15:28:46 homebrou sshd[29778]: Invalid user recruit from 126.96.36.199 Jan 15 15:28:46 homebrou sshd[29778]: error: Could not get shadow information for NOUSER Jan 15 15:28:46 homebrou sshd[29778]: Failed password for invalid user recruit from 22.214.171.124 port 47672 ssh2 Jan 15 18:33:27 homebrou sshd[2156]: Did not receive identification string from 220.127.116.11 Jan 15 19:23:37 homebrou sshd[3418]: Invalid user test from 220.127.116.11 Jan 15 19:23:37 homebrou sshd[3418]: error: Could not get shadow information for NOUSER Jan 15 19:23:37 homebrou sshd[3418]: Failed password for invalid user test from 18.104.22.168 port 41017 ssh2 Jan 15 19:23:38 homebrou sshd[3420]: Invalid user test from 184.108.40.206 Jan 15 19:23:38 homebrou sshd[3420]: error: Could not get shadow information for NOUSER Jan 15 19:23:38 homebrou sshd[3420]: Failed password for invalid user test from 18.104.22.168 port 41096 ssh2 Jan 15 19:23:38 homebrou sshd[3422]: Invalid user test from 22.214.171.124 Jan 15 19:23:38 homebrou sshd[3422]: error: Could not get shadow information for NOUSER Jan 15 19:23:38 homebrou sshd[3422]: Failed password for invalid user test from 22.214.171.124 port 41162 ssh2 Jan 15 19:23:38 homebrou sshd[3424]: Invalid user test from 18.104.22.168 Jan 15 19:23:38 homebrou sshd[3424]: error: Could not get shadow information for NOUSER Jan 15 19:23:38 homebrou sshd[3424]: Failed password for invalid user test from 22.214.171.124 port 41209 ssh2 Jan 15 19:23:39 homebrou sshd[3426]: Invalid user test from 184.108.40.206 Jan 15 19:23:39 homebrou sshd[3426]: error: Could not get shadow information for NOUSER Jan 15 19:23:39 homebrou sshd[3426]: Failed password for invalid user test from 220.127.116.11 port 41267 ssh2 Jan 15 19:23:39 homebrou sshd[3428]: Invalid user test from 184.108.40.206 Jan 15 19:23:39 homebrou sshd[3428]: error: Could not get shadow information for NOUSER Jan 15 19:23:39 homebrou sshd[3428]: Failed password for invalid user test from 188.8.131.52 port 41323 ssh2 Jan 15 19:23:40 homebrou sshd[3430]: Invalid user test from 220.127.116.11 Jan 15 19:23:40 homebrou sshd[3430]: error: Could not get shadow information for NOUSER Jan 15 19:23:40 homebrou sshd[3430]: Failed password for invalid user test from 18.104.22.168 port 41376 ssh2 Jan 15 19:23:40 homebrou sshd[3433]: Invalid user test from 18.104.22.168 Jan 15 19:23:40 homebrou sshd[3433]: error: Could not get shadow information for NOUSER Jan 15 19:23:40 homebrou sshd[3433]: Failed password for invalid user test from 184.108.40.206 port 41433 ssh2 Jan 15 19:23:41 homebrou sshd[3435]: Invalid user test from 220.127.116.11 Jan 15 19:23:41 homebrou sshd[3435]: error: Could not get shadow information for NOUSER Jan 15 19:23:41 homebrou sshd[3435]: Failed password for invalid user test from 18.104.22.168 port 41484 ssh2 Jan 16 12:13:43 homebrou sshd[32249]: Did not receive identification string from 220.127.116.11
Looking at /var/log/fail2ban.log around the corresponding period of time:
2007-01-15 15:38:47,142 fail2ban.actions: WARNING [ssh-iptables] Unban 184.108.40.206 2007-01-15 19:23:41,175 fail2ban.actions: WARNING [ssh-iptables] Ban 18.104.22.168 2007-01-15 19:23:42,373 fail2ban.actions: WARNING [ssh-iptables] 22.214.171.124 already banned 2007-01-15 19:33:41,508 fail2ban.actions: WARNING [ssh-iptables] Unban 22.214.171.124 2007-01-16 12:29:50,496 fail2ban.actions: WARNING [ssh-iptables] Ban 18.104.22.168
Thus, you can see that between 19:23:37 and 19:23:41, i.e. within 4 seconds, 9 login (ssh) attempts (instead of only 3) from 22.214.171.124 have been recorded in auth.log before it has been banned by Fail2ban.


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- Four wheel independent suspension
- Front anti-roll bar
- Front tires: 275/45HR20.0
- Power steering
- Rear anti-roll bar
- Rear tires: 275/45HR20.0
- Speed-sensing steering
- Sport suspension
- Wheel size: 20"
- 1st row LCD monitors: 2
- AM/FM radio: SiriusXM with 360L
- Diversity antenna
- Primary LCD size: 14.9"
- Radio data system
- Satellite radio trial duration with new vehicle purchase (months): 12
- Smart device integration: Apple CarPlay and Android Auto Compatibility
- Speaker type: harman/kardon
- Speakers: 16
- Steering wheel mounted audio controls
- Wireless phone connectivity: Bluetooth
- Basic warranty: 48 months/50,000miles
- Corrosion perforation warranty: 144 months/ unlimited distance
- Hybrid/electric system compone warranty: 96 months/80,000miles
- Maintenance warranty: 36 months/36,000miles
- Powertrain warranty: 48 months/50,000miles
- Roadside assistance coverage: 48 months/ unlimited distance
- Front center armrest
- Front seats: bucket
- Genuine wood console insert
- Genuine wood dashboard insert
- Genuine wood door panel insert
- Heated front seats
- Leather shift knob
- Max seating capacity: 5
- Power 4-way driver lumbar support
- Power 4-way passenger lumbar support
- Power driver seat
- Power passenger seat
- Rear seat center armrest
- Rear seats: bench
- Rear seats Folding position: fold forward seatback
- Seat Upholstery: leatherette Sensafin
- Split folding rear seat
- Sport steering wheel
- Ventilated front seats
- Alternator hybrid electric motor
- Compressor: twin turbo
- Cylinder configuration: V-8
- Drive type: xDrive all-wheel
- Electric motor 1 torque: 147 lb.-ft.
- Electric motor horsepower: 12hp @ RPM
- Engine liters: 4.4L
- Engine location: front
- Fuel tank capacity: 21.9gal.
- Horsepower: 523hp @ 5,500RPM
- Hybrid electric powertrain type: MHEV (mild hybrid electric vehicle)
- Hybrid traction battery type: lithium ion
- Hybrid traction battery voltage: 48
- Limited slip differential: electro-mechanical
- Manual-shift auto: STEPTRONIC
- Mode select transmission
- Number of valves: 32
- Powertrain number of motors: 1
- Recommended fuel: Premium Unleaded
- Standard fuel economy fuel type: gasoline
- Starter hybrid electric motor
- Torque: 553 lb.-ft. @ 1,800RPM
- Transmission: 8 speed automatic
- Variable intake manifold
- Variable valve control
- Approach angle: 24 deg
- Departure angle: 22 deg
- Ground clearance (max): 221mm (8.7")
- Ramp breakover angle: 19 deg
- Auto-dimming door mirrors
- Bumpers: body-color
- Heated door mirrors
- Power door mirrors
- Rear cargo: power liftgate/tailgate
- Roof rack: rails only
- Spoiler
- Tailpipe finisher: powdercoated
- Trailer sway control
- Turn signal indicator mirrors
- Compression ratio: 10.50 to 1
- Curb weight: 2,429kg (5,355lbs)
- Engine bore x stroke: 89.0mm x 88.3mm (3.50" x 3.48")
- Engine displacement: 4.4 L
- Engine horsepower: 523hp @ 5,500RPM
- Engine torque: 553 lb.-ft. @ 1,800RPM
- Exterior body width: 2,004mm (78.9")
- Exterior height: 1,765mm (69.5")
- Exterior length: 4,935mm (194.3")
- Front headroom: 1,034mm (40.7")
- Front legroom: 1,011mm (39.8")
- Front shoulder room: 1,524mm (60.0")
- GVWR: 3,070kg (6,768lbs)
- Interior cargo volume: 650 L (23 cu.ft.)
- Interior maximum cargo volume: 1,869 L (66 cu.ft.)
- Rear headroom: 983mm (38.7")
- Rear legroom: 950mm (37.4")
- Rear shoulder room: 1,476mm (58.1")
- Turning radius: 6.0m (19.7')
- Wheelbase: 2,974mm (117.1")
- Appearance: digital/analog
- Auto high-beam headlights
- Blind spot: Active Blind Spot Detection warning
- Compass
- Configurable
- Delay-off headlights
- Exterior parking camera rear
- Front reading lights
- Fully automatic headlights
- Heads up display
- Lane departure: Lane Departure Warning warning
- Low tire pressure warning
- Outside temperature display
- Parking sensors: Parking Assistant automated
- Rain sensing wipers
- Rear reading lights
- Rear window defroster
- Rear window wiper
- Speed sensitive wipers
- Tachometer
- Traffic sign information
- Trip computer
- Variably intermittent wipers
- 4 wheel disc brakes
- ABS brakes
- Adjustable head restraints: driver and passenger w/tilt
- Brake assist
- Brakes regenerative
- Dual front impact airbags
- Dual front side impact airbags
- Electronic stability
- Forward collision: Frontal Collision Warning w/City Collision Mitigation mitigation
- Ignition disable
- Knee airbag
- Occupant sensing airbag
- Overhead airbag
- Panic alarm
- Pedestrian detection: prevention
- Perimeter/approach lights
- Power adjustable front head restraints
- Rear collision: Cross-Traffic Alert Rear warning
- Security system
- Tracker system
- Traction control
Dealer Notes
British Racing Green 2024 BMW X5 M60i 8 Speed Transmission. M60i Tartufo, 4-Zone Automatic Climate Control, Active Driving Assistant Pro, Active Park Distance Control, Carbon Fiber Trim, Climate Comfort Package, Driving Assistance Professional Package, Executive Package, Extended Shadowline Trim, Front & Rear Heated Seats, Full LED Lights, Gesture Control, Glass Controls, harman/kardon Surround Sound System, Head-Up Display, Heated Front Seats, Armrests & Steering Wheel, Highway Assistant, Increased Top Speed Limiter, M Shadowline Lights, M Sport Brakes w/Red Calipers, M Sport Package Pro, M Sport Professional Package, Panoramic Sky Lounge LED Roof, Parking Assistance Package, Parking Assistant Professional, Rear Manual Side Window Shades, Soft-Close Automatic Doors, Surround View w/3D View, Wheels: 22" x 9.5" Fr & 22" x 10.5" Rr M Double-Spoke, 16 Speakers, 3.15 Axle Ratio, 4-Wheel Disc Brakes, ABS brakes, Adaptive suspension, Air Conditioning, Alloy wheels, AM/FM radio: SiriusXM with 360L, AM/FM Stereo, Apple CarPlay, Apple CarPlay & Android Auto Compatibility, Apple CarPlay Compatibility, Auto High-beam Headlights, Auto tilt-away steering wheel, Auto-dimming door mirrors, Auto-dimming Rear-View mirror, Automatic temperature control, BMW Assist eCall, BMW TeleServices, Brake assist, Bumpers: body-color, Compass, Connected Package Pro, ConnectedDrive Services, Delay-off headlights, Driver door bin, Driver vanity mirror, Dual front impact airbags, Dual front side impact airbags, Electronic Stability Control, Emergency communication system: BMW Assist eCall, Exterior Parking Camera Rear, Four wheel independent suspension, Front anti-roll bar, Front Bucket Seats, Front Center Armrest, Front dual zone A/C, Front reading lights, Front Ventilated Seats, Fully automatic headlights, Garage door transmitter, Genuine wood console insert, Genuine wood dashboard insert, Genuine wood door panel insert, harman/kardon® Speakers, Head restraints memory, Heads-Up Display, Heated door mirrors, Heated Front Seats, Heated front seats, Illuminated entry, Knee airbag, Leather Shift Knob, Leather steering wheel, Low tire pressure warning, M Sport Brakes w/Blue Calipers, Memory seat, Multi-Contour Seats, Navigation System, Occupant sensing airbag, Outside temperature display, Overhead airbag, Panic alarm, Passenger door bin, Passenger vanity mirror, Personal eSIM 5G, Power adjustable front head restraints, Power door mirrors, Power driver seat, Power Front Seats, Power moonroof, Power passenger seat, Power steering, Power windows, Radio data system, Rain sensing wipers, Rear air conditioning, Rear anti-roll bar, Rear dual zone A/C, Rear reading lights, Rear seat center armrest, Rear window defroster, Rear window wiper, Remote keyless entry, Roof rack: rails only, Security system, Sensafin Upholstery, SiriusXM Satellite Radio, Speed control, Speed-sensing steering, Speed-Sensitive Wipers, Split folding rear seat, Spoiler, Sport steering wheel, Steering wheel mounted audio controls, Tachometer, Telescoping steering wheel, Tilt steering wheel, Traction control, Trip computer, Turn signal indicator mirrors, Variably intermittent wipers, Ventilated front seats, Wheels: 20" x 9" M Star-Spoke Bi-Color, Wireless Device Charging, 8 Speed Transmission, New Arrival!!!, Tartufo, 4-Zone Automatic Climate Control, Active Driving Assistant Pro, Active Park Distance Control, Carbon Fiber Trim, Climate Comfort Package, Driving Assistance Professional Package, Executive Package, Extended Shadowline Trim, Front & Rear Heated Seats, Full LED Lights, Gesture Control, Glass Controls, harman/kardon Surround Sound System, Head-Up Display, Heated Front Seats, Armrests & Steering Wheel, Highway Assistant, Increased Top Speed Limiter, M Shadowline Lights, M Sport Brakes w/Red Calipers, M Sport Package Pro, M Sport Professional Package, Panoramic
KBB.com Consumer Reviews
- 5.0
Super Fun, Powerful, Quiet and Comfortable...!
By TB on Wednesday, June 26, 2019This is my second BMW X5 xDrive50i. Previous was the 2016 and now is the incredible 2019 X5 xDrive50i. It provides the all familiar power but with so much more in this version. Not only more power than my previous X5 but it is also very quiet in the cabin and very comfortable. Great access both in and out of the vehicle. I am 6'2" and don't like to fold myself in half to get in and out of a vehicle. Both versions of the X5 provided great access. This car provided me such joy at the start and the end of my work day despite having to deal with such hellacious traffic on the 405 and 101 every single day. The seats support every segment of my body and this new version adds more to the ventilation feature as well as many massage options. The massage levels don't provide enough strength to really get into the stress points in the neck, shoulders and low back but it is relaxing. I wish I could ratchet it up a few. The hot & cold cup holders, only for the front, are yet another added feature to this car that really makes this a new experience for me despite coming from a 3-year lease of what I thought would be a lateral move. I could not be more wrong. This car is so much more than a small incremental change from the previous model. The car drives so much smoother, quieter, and more refined that if I was blind folded and put behind the wheel and allowed to drive this car, I would be adamant that I was not driving an X5 or a BMW. The steering wheel is familiar yet so different. It is a beefy grip and again extremely comfortable. The iDrive is so much better than years past and I started with the original with my 2004 BMW 745Li. Lots of redundancy and intuitive. The gesture control requires time to learn and appreciate it. I don't feel that it is gimmicky as many reviews seem to categorize it. The HVAC system is super and reaches your desired climate very quickly. The audio, Harman Karden base system is just fine for me. I custom built my 2019 X5 with most options selected less the off-road air bags. Options selected: M Sport, Executive Tier, 21" M Y-Spoke bi-color wheels style 741M performance run-flats, Coffee Extended Merino Leather, Anthracite-Brown Poplar Matte Finish wood trim, Dynamic Handling Package, Luxury Seating Package, Acoustic Glass, Glass Controls, Heated front seats, armrests, and steering wheel, Leather Dashboard, and BMW rubber floor mats. When I had my 2004 BMW brake dust drove me nuts. The M Sport Brakes does bring back a slight bit of brake dust on the wheels but nothing remotely like in years past when it was common to see a BMW with black wheels beckoning to be cleaned. There is a lot to enjoy about this car and it truly starts my day off wonderfully and ends it the same. Enjoying the comfort of a very well climatized interior, super comfortable seats, great audio whether music or audible books to get my mind off of work or traffic (or both most of the time), and the pure fun to drive this car made this a worthy expenditure for the past 3-years and again as I venture into another 3-year lease with this incredible 2019 X5 xDrive50i MSport. The negative comment aside from the fee for Apple Car Play is the body flare at the door sills which some reviews focus on getting your clothes dirty but it is likely to be a maintenance issue to try not to damage the paint finish via shoes or grime scratching the finish. Not well thought out especially when running boards are not offered as a remedy.
- 5.0
Great upgrade vehicle for wife
By Retread on Saturday, September 25, 2021It was hard to find the X5 Xdrive40i we wanted so we ordered a 2022 in July 2021, delivered in August. Traded our one-owner 2012 Ford Edge Limited with every option & 145K miles. Wife thought she wanted a MB E350 but the BMW driving dynamics and very tasteful styling swept her off-her feet. The driving & handling dynamics are very solid and the interior & exterior styling of the vehicle is a step above the many vehicles we test drove, a complete package. The front leather seats are comfortable, the interior is very roomy, quiet, and the feel with the panoramic roof open makes driving and the view enjoyable and fun to drive. The value is very good overall considering outstanding build quality, standard equipment & the standard electronics packages. We ordered only 4 options; metallic paint, leather seats, parking assist package, and 20" tires. With a discount and low BMW financing we are very happy and ready to enjoy this vehicle for the next 10 years.
- 1.0
Major Electrical Issues <9k miles
By Rob R on Tuesday, October 18, 2022Bought the X5 x-drive 4.0 vehicle new, less than 9,000 miles and has been in the BMW dealer repair shop for a total of 8 weeks. We've picked it up twice only to have the same electrical issue occur the same day. The vehicle check engine light comes on followed by a warning to immediately pull over and call road side assistance. If you continue to drive it the shutdown process begins and eventually the vehicle shuts down and can't be restarted. They have replaced the Power control module, the battery ($2,600 battery BTW) and the generator. My X5 is not a hybrid, but I guess the generator is need to charge the second battery on-board. It has now been 8 weeks in the shop and we still do not have the vehicle back. I have attempted to work with BMW Customer Care Group to get the vehicle replaced, but they are unresponsive. I'm told my case has been escalated, but they never call me and I have to try and reach them. I never get past the initial rep and always end up leaving a v-mail with my case manager who never calls back. Highly disappointed with BMW, both the vehicle and their customer care group. Shocking really when you pay $80k for the "Ultimate Driving Machine". If only I could actually drive it.
New Arrivals
2023 BMW 5 Series 530i xDrive
Quick Specs
- Sedan
- 2L 4-Cylinder Engine
- Stock Number: B12947
2023 BMW 5 Series 530i xDrive
Quick Specs
- Sedan
- 2L 4-Cylinder Engine
- Stock Number: B12948
2023 BMW 5 Series 530i xDrive
Quick Specs
- Sedan
- 2L 4-Cylinder Engine
- Stock Number: B12930
2023 BMW M4 Competition
Quick Specs
- Convertible
- 3L I6 Turbocharged DOHC 24V LEV3-ULEV70 503hp Engine
- Stock Number: B12315

subset: commoncrawl


text:
On the harrowing heels of recent news concerning the abduction and murder of 10-year-old Westminster child Jessica Ridgeway, parents and citizens throughout Colorado have been put on high alert and it seems the distress is no longer in the realm of big city issues.
In fact, a rash of reports of attempted child abductions have recently hit the rural areas of Northeastern Colorado, including in the town of Akron where Washington County Sheriff's Officials report that on Tuesday, October 23, at approximately 5:30 p.m., there was a possible attempted abduction of an 11-year-old girl. In their report, officials state that the victim noted that the driver of the vehicle asked her to come and speak to him after he followed her for a couple of blocks. She said no and he then asked her to come with him. She proceeded to run to the school to find an adult.
The vehicle, described as a newer model white Dodge or Ford pickup, was a four-door with dark tinted windows, pulling a flatbed trailer with a large round item on it. It was described as having a large grill that was made out of a propane tank and had a smoke stack on it. The item on the trailer was white in color with some rust on it. The victim also described the driver as a white male with longer shaggy brown hair that was not combed.
A similar incident was also reported in the small Logan County town of Merino where another 11-year-old girl reported being chased to school on the morning of Thursday, October 11. She said she was walking to school when she heard footsteps behind her. When she looked back, she saw a white male, who was about 40-50 years old and bald, with a grey beard and a medium build that appeared to be running toward her. The male was dressed in a blue T-shirt and blue jean shorts. He didn't say or yell anything at her.
Deputies checked the area after she reported the incident at the school and didn't find anyone who matched that description. A neighborhood canvas was also completed in regards to the incident. The vehicle description obtained by the Logan County Sheriff's Office matched the description of the vehicle reported in the Akron abduction.
According to a statement issued by BHS Principal Dave Vondy to parents of students in the Brush School District, the Brush Police Department has taken measures in light of recent news to step up patrols in marked and unmarked cars in Brush neighborhoods as well.
In the statement, Vondy notes, "Please advise your child/children that they should take safety precautions and never get in a vehicle with a stranger, walk with another person to and from school and if someone tries to approach them they should run away to a safe area while yelling for help, find someone they trust and/or call the police."
Vondy also notes the best protection will be for community and parents being vigilant as locals help watch out for the safety of children, reporting suspicious activity as soon as possible.
The Washington County Sheriff's Office asks anyone with information on the abduction case in Akron to contact them at (970) 345-2244.
Anyone with additional information on the Merino case can contact Investigator Mike Archer or Deputy Matt Williams at (970) 522-2578.
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Responding to criticisms that the Center for Copyright Information erred in its selection of a digital forensics firm chosen to evaluate its anti-piracy setup, the group behind "six strikes" now says it will choose a second entity.
Earlier this month, the CCI had chosen the company Stroz Friedberg to evaluate MarkMonitor, the software designed to see who's downloading Game of Thrones episodes and Serbian-language techno remixes of Cory Doctorow's latest Creative Commons tome.
Here's the thing: TorrentFreak and others have pointed out that the New York-based, multimillion-dollar firm had previously been the RIAA's lobbying firm from 2004 to 2009 to the tune of $637,000. One of the primary lobbyists on record was Beryl Howell, now a federal district court judge in Washington, DC.
At the time, this was no surprise to us—after all, the CCI is funded by the MPAA, the RIAA, and five major American ISPs. We didn't really expect them to pick an auditing firm sanctioned by the likes of the Electronic Frontier Foundation.
But to its credit, the CCI is now saying that it will pick a second company to re-examine the first evaluation of MarkMonitor.
"We are, however, sensitive to any appearance that Stroz lacks independence, and so CCI has decided to have another expert review Stroz's initial evaluation of the content community's processes," wrote Jill Lesser, the CCI's head, in a Tuesday blog post.
"We will be selecting the additional expert promptly and will make that information available. In addition, we believe that the report Stroz Friedberg has provided to us speaks for itself. Therefore, we will be releasing that report this week to enable interested parties to review it for themselves. As we have previously stated, CCI will periodically review the content community's methodologies to ensure they operate with the accuracy and quality we expect and that consumers deserve."
The CCI says it's still in the process of finding this second firm.


text:
Raail Spherical Kits - Peel-able Automotive Paint
- Compressor only application
- Well lit work space is needed
- Fast color coverage
- Self-leveling properties
- Spray on and peel off
- Chemical resistant
- Wet sand and buffable
- High Gloss
Kits Include
Spherical Kits Include
Clear Surfacer > Primer/Grey > Midcoat/RAL 7036 Platinum Grey > Clear Surfacer > Clearcoat
Small: 1 Surfacer Gallon, 1 Grey Spherical Primer Gallon, 2 RAL 7036 Platinum Grey Spherical Midcoat Gallons and 1 Clearcoat Gallon/Gloss
Medium: 1 Surfacer Gallon, 2 Grey Spherical Primer Gallon, 2 RAL 7036 Platinum Grey Spherical Midcoat Gallons and 1 Clearcoat Gallon/Gloss
Large: 2 Surfacer Gallons, 2 Grey Spherical Primer Gallon, 2 RAL 7036 Platinum Grey Spherical Midcoat Gallon and 1.5 Clearcoat Gallons/Gloss
XL: 2 Surfacer Gallons, 2 Grey Spherical Primer Gallon, 3 RAL 7036 Platinum Grey Spherical Midcoat Gallons and 1.5 Clearcoat Gallons/Gloss
Getting ready to spray
We suggest doing a test panel prior to spraying full scale. This is to ensure your gun setting, speed and distance along with color are set. To read a more in depth how to, click here.
Apply 2-3 tack coats of Clear Surfacer on the surface.
Apply Primer coats as suggested per correct vehicle kit size. Suggested to use the entire gallon.
Apply your Mid-Coat gallon. This may be Clear Gallons plus pearls and/or flakes. Also can be your Pre-Tinted gallon or using your own tints/dyes.
*We personally like to scuff the surface with a 3m Grey Scuff pad. Wet application. More information here.
Allow 1.5-2.0 hours to dry
Mix your Spherical Clear-Coat 1:1 (by volume) 1 Part Activator and 1 Part Clear. Apply one coat, wait 10-15 minutes and apply your second/final coat.
Allow the coating to dry overnight.
Please review the in depth how. Will update with more detailed videos and how-to shortly.
Which Kit?
Q: Can I spray Raail Spherical with a turbine?
A: The atomization needed for the Spherical just isn't there when it comes to turbine application. Better to use a compressor.
Q: Do I need a paint booth?
A: We do not require you to apply this coating in a paint booth however we do suggest having an controlled environment. The Clearcoat take hours to dry. Minimal traffic possible.
Q: Do I need to apply the Surfacer?
A: Yes, we do suggest Surfacer for the beginning of the project. 2-3 tac coats first. This will allow the Primer to have something to grip on to along with helping to prevent fish eyes. Also we suggest using the remaining Surfacer as you "sealer coat". This would be your last coat applied before spraying the Clearcoat.
Always do a test panel.
Our pearls/flakes ship from us directly here in Jacksonville, FL. Typically same business day if not next business for sure. We do have UPS and USPS shipping options at checkout. Even as fast as next day.
Raail AirWrap and Spherical along with the Drop-in tints must ship UPS ground. Those products unfortunately can not ship next day or any faster than ground. Being hazmat paint and all. However we do ship from a few locations to ensure fast shipments. Orders typically will leave in the same fashion.. 1-2 business days on average.


text:
We hope you found the Jamiaca Tax Calculator useful, this site now provides historical tax calculations only, please use the Jamaica 2023 Tax Calculator to calculate income tax in Jamaica for 2023
✔ Complete income tax calculations and salary example for $ 1,409,000.00 salary per annum
This income tax calculation for an individual earning $ 1,409,000.00 per annum is provided to allow you to compare salaries and understand the tax and payroll deductions that are applied during the 2019/20 tax year.
The Jamaica salary and tax examples provides an overview of salary deductions followed by the details of the calculations and explanation of how income tax is calculated and deducted from your salary. Our aim is to make the tax calculation transparent so you can clearly understand how your tax, salary deductions and contributions are calculated.
The $ 1,409,000.00 salary income tax calculation uses default setting to illustrate Pension, National Insurance Scheme (NIS), Education Tax, National Housing Trust (NHT) and income tax deductions. You can also produce your own bespoke income tax calculation by entering your own income and expenditure for 2019/20 in the Jamaica Income Tax Calculator.
The $ 1,409,000.00 salary example shows the payslip amounts for each month during a normal year. As a standard year has two parts of a tax year your monthly take home pay will change in Jun.
Standard tax calculations and salary examples normally illustrate a full tax year and not a Jan-Dec year. We show this example here as this is the common example illustration on Jamaica Gov. website.
|Jan - Mar
|Apr - Dec
|Tax Year
|Monthly Income
|$ 117,416.67
|$ 117,416.67
|$ 1,409,000.00
|Income Tax
|Education Tax
|$ 2,575.83
|$ 2,575.83
|$ 30,909.94
|$ 2,348.33
|$ 2,348.33
|$ 28,180.00
|$ 2,935.42
|$ 2,935.42
|$ 35,225.00
|$ 7,859.58
|$ 7,859.58
|$ 94,314.94
|Net Pay
|$ 109,557.09
|$ 109,557.09
|$ 1,314,685.06
Income Tax is calculation based on the amount you earn. Income tax is calculated on a threshold basis with certain tax years applying different rates applied depending on your income. The table below illustrates an income tax calculation for a $ 1,409,000.00 per annum salary in 2019/20.
|$ 1,373,775.00
|Taxable Income in 2019/20
|Standard Income Tax Rate in 2019/20
|Income Tax Due in 2019/20
In Jamaica, each individual is entitled to tax free personal allowance. This allowance changes with your age with an additional element for retired Jamaicans. The table below illustrates the personal tax allowance in Jamaica for an individual aged 25 for the 2019/20 tax year.
|Standard Individual Allowance in 2019/20
|Total Personal Allowance in 2019/20
For those who prefer a full tax year calculation or to view full employer costs, tax calculation examples and more detailed outputs, use the Jamaica Tax Calculator where you can choose the type of calculation output you wish to view.
NIS is a social security scheme that is funded by compulsory deductions from employee and employer salary deductions. NIS provides financial protection to individual workers and their families in the event there is loss of income as a result of an injury on at work, if incapacitated, when retired or in the unfortunate death of the individual concerned.
The NIS example below shows how NIS deductions are calculated in 2019/20 tax year for an annual salary of $ 1,409,000.00.
|$ 1,409,000.00
|Annual Salary in 2019/20
|Other Income in 2019/20
|$ 1,409,000.00
|Total Income in 2019/20
|$ 1,500,000.00
|National Insurance Scheme (NIS) Ceiling in 2019/20
|$ 1,409,000.00
|Amount subject to NIS in 2019/20 (the lesser of the two amounts above)
|National Insurance Scheme (NIS) Rate in 2019/20
|$ 35,225.00
|National Insurance Scheme (NIS) Due in 2019/20
You can calculate and see the calculations for Employer NIS contributions on the Jamaica Tax Calculator, you can also see the total cost of employment for an employee earning $ 1,409,000.00.
Education tax is paid by all individuals aged 18 to 65. The education tax deduction is taken directly from employee salaries with education tax rates applied against employees and employers. See the Jamaica Tax tables for the latest Education Tax rates.
|$ 1,409,000.00
|Annual Salary in 2019/20
|Education Tax contribution percentage in 2019/20
|Total Education Tax due in 2019/20
NHT is a government scheme designed to provide low interest loans to NHT Contributors who in turn build, buy or repair/improve their houses. NHT can also be used to buy or build on 'lots'. The NHT calculation below illustrates the NHT salary deductions in 2019/20 for an annual salary of $ 1,409,000.00.
|$ 1,409,000.00
|Annual Salary in 2019/20
|National Housing Trust contribution percentage in 2019/20
|$ 28,180.00
|Total National Housing Trust due in 2019/20
|Pension Contributions in 2019/20
|$ 35,225.00
|Employer National Insurance Scheme (NIS) due in 2019/20
|$ 30,909.94
|Education Tax due in 2019/20
|$ 28,180.00
|National Housing Trust (NHT) due in 2019/20
|Income Tax due in 2019/20
|$ 94,314.94
|Total Salary Deductions in 2019/20
Low Income tax credits are calculated based ona threshold approach with the non-refundable tax credit phasing out as you earn more income.
|$ 1,409,000.00
|Annual Salary in 2019/20
|Education Tax contribution percentage in 2019/20
|Total Education Tax due in 2019/20
Disclaimer: whilst we aim for 100% accuracy in our payroll, tax and salary calculations we make no guarantee as to the accuracy of the information herein. This tool is provided free of charge to support those who are looking at alternate salaries or to improve the knowledge and understanding of income tax in Jamaica, it is not a 100% accurate tax return or tax refund calculation. If however you do spot a mistake in our calculations, the rates or thresholds used, please get in touch. Whilst we make no guarantees on the accuracy on the tax calculations, we do aim to be 100% accurate. This position allows us to support our community without any unnecessary grumpiness or actions from legal folk.


text:
Ever since I tasted a Halloumi Salad – pictured below – almost 3 years ago, at u café (1436 Lexington Avenue, Bet E. 93rd E. 94th St, New York, NY 10128 – In Manattan's Upper East Side – Telephone: 212.427.8223), I've been looking for this particular cheese.
Having tasted it, I understood why this is a favorite in the Eastern Mediterranean basin. I finally found some at Pomegranate Supermarket and here's is what I concocted early evening:
Deep-fried Halloumi
Serves 2
- Vegetable oil for deep-frying
- 5 ozs halloumi, cut into slices
- 1/3 cup flour
- 2 eggs
- milk
- 1/2 cup of breadcrumbs
- Pour enough in a large pan to fill about a third and heat it. Dip the halloumi rectangles in flour.
- In a bowl whisk the eggs and a bit of milk together. Dip the floured cheese in the egg mixture.
- Put the breadcrumbs in a bowl and coat the halloumi with them.
- Deep fry the breaded cheese in the oil for about 3 minutes, until faintly golden. Use a slotted spoon as you take them out of the hot oil and drain on paper towels. Put them on a preheated toaster oven grill for about 30 seconds.
- Arrange the slices on a serving plate and serve with melted butter (as I did), tomato sauce, or salsa.
- I added some sliced cherry tomatoes and cucumbers on the side, but I might even more if I had the halloumi slices with roasted peppers.
In Cyprus and Greece they like to grill these slices, they are a favorite summer fare, especially when partnered with watermelon. Since it is quite salty, the cheese should be rinsed, before use, to wash away some of the excess.
Enjoy, gentle reader, enjoy. I did!


text:
A race that was otherwise free of gimmicks got briefly ugly Wednesday night at Nationals Park.
Just after George Washington passed Teddy Roosevelt in the right field corner, Abe Lincoln came from behind and slammed Teddy into the wall, knocking off Roosevelt's glasses.
The race also marked the first appearance of the "new look" presidents at Nationals Park this season. They first made their appearance after the 2010 all star break, but had not been used in an official race this year. No comment from the team on when or why the "botox" presidents are used.
Video courtesy of YouTube member lfahome


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Katrina victims take on hurricane tour operators
NEW ORLEANS — Some New Orleans residents and city officials are pushing back against tour operators who bus out-of-towners into the city's Lower 9th Ward, where Hurricane Katrina unleashed a wall of water that pushed homes off foundations and stranded residents on rooftops when the levees failed.
About 9 million people visit New Orleans each year, mostly to see its stately homes along oak-lined avenues, dine at its renowned restaurants and take in the jazz and ribaldry of Bourbon Street. But Katrina's devastation in August 2005 unleashed an unexpected cottage tourism industry, drawing a daily parade of rubbernecking tourists for a close-up look at the city's hard-hit Lower 9th Ward.
Worried that a flood of tour buses and vans would interfere with clean-up efforts, the City Council approved an ordinance in 2006 banning them from crossing the prominent Industrial Canal entering the neighborhood that received Katrina's fury. Now, tour operators are crying foul, claiming the ordinance had been thinly enforced until recently.
They say a business that is bringing them and the city tourist dollars is being hurt.
"I can't afford to keep paying tickets," said David Lee Ducote, owner of Southern Style Tours.
As the Lower 9th Ward slowly rebuilds — vacant lots still attest to where homes once stood — visitor interest has also been piqued by housing built by actor Brad Pitt and his Make It Right foundation.
City Councilman Ernest Charbonnet, who represents the neighborhood, says residents complain the tour vehicles are blocking streets and damaging the roads. They also are weary of being gawked at.
Charbonnet said city officials didn't enforce the ordinance unless someone filed a formal complaint, an infrequent occurrence as a daily parade of buses, vans and shuttles packed with camera-wielding tourists trouped by the Pitt houses and the home of rock 'n roll star Fats Domino.
That changed in recent weeks when complaints prompted officials to stop and fine operators.
"We're fed up and tired of them coming through the neighborhood like we're some sideshow," said Vanessa Gueringer, a lifelong Lower 9th Ward resident.
"After all the suffering we have been through, we deserve more respect than this," she said. "We don't need those big buses coming through here tearing it up."
Lynn Wolken, a veteran guide who belongs to the Tour Guides Association of Greater New Orleans, said many fellow guides weren't aware of the ordinance or knew it existed but wasn't being enforced.
Yet she said no warning had been issued from the city's Taxicab Bureau, which regulates tour companies.
"A warning would have been nice," she said.
She noted that about 30 companies ply the neighborhood, charging tourists about $25 apiece.
Charbonnet said he believes there's room for compromise. He plans to gather tour guides and residents together Friday to begin discussing possible changes to the ordinance, proposals such as limiting bus sizes and requiring a single route to protect streets and the privacy of the residents.
"I feel confident that we will come up with a plan that will work for everybody," he said.
For now, many tour companies have halted tours of the neighborhood.
Ducote said his company still takes visitors elsewhere in the rebuilding city, including to the Musicians Village, a post-Katrina effort launched near the Lower 9th Ward by entertainers Harry Connick Jr. and Branford Marsalis.
Meanwhile, not all Lower 9th residents oppose the tour buses.
Some, like Sidney Williams, say they enjoy waving to tourists and selling homemade treats such as pralines, a popular New Orleans candy, as the buses wend through the neighborhood.
But the buses can be an inconvenience, some say.
"They just stop in the middle of the street, and you have to go around them," said Jadii Joseph, who lives in one of the Make It Right homes.
Wolken said she doesn't need the Lower 9th to show evidence of 2005 destruction. Tour buses are permitted in other areas bouncing back from Katrina. "But everybody wants to see the Lower 9th Ward," she said. "It's the most popular."
Kelly Schulz, spokeswoman for the New Orleans Convention and Visitors Bureau, said the Katrina tours kept the tour companies in business in the storm's aftermath when travel to the city plummeted.
"These tours are important," Schulz said. "People come to New Orleans from all over the world, and they want to see the Lower 9th Ward just like visitors to New York want to see the site of the World Trade Centers. It's human nature. It's curiosity. We certainly need to be respectful and not cause more suffering, but seeing these areas in person brings needed attention."


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What Will Sports Look Like In 20 Years?
Posted by Adam Benforado on December 6, 2011
When it rains, it pours.
My last two posts (here and here) focused on the connection between heading the ball in soccer and an assortment of different brain trauma problems. It was a single event the prompted my initial thoughts on the matter (the suicide of soccer legend Gary Speed), but in the intervening few days, there have been several stories in other news outlets concerning head injuries and sports.
The most poignant has been the New York Times series on the hockey player Derek Boogaard—perhaps the NHL's most feared enforcer who died of an alcohol and drug overdose at just 28. I enjoyed the first part of the series the most, as it explored the culture of hockey in Canada and the making of a professional fighter (Boogaard, born big and tough, realized early on that his chance at making the big leagues was with his fists, not the accuracy of his shot). But the third installment, investigating Boogaard's brain is most relevant to the topic at hand:
Boogaard had chronic traumatic encephalopathy, commonly known as C.T.E., a close relative of Alzheimer's disease. It is believed to be caused by repeated blows to the head. It can be diagnosed only posthumously, but scientists say it shows itself in symptoms like memory loss, impulsiveness, mood swings, even addiction.
More than 20 dead former N.F.L. players and many boxers have had C.T.E. diagnosed. It generally hollowed out the final years of their lives into something unrecognizable to loved ones.
And now, the fourth hockey player, of four examined, was found to have had it, too.
But this was different. The others were not in their 20s, not in the prime of their careers.
The scientists on the far end of the conference call told the Boogaard family that they were shocked to see so much damage in someone so young. It appeared to be spreading through his brain. Had Derek Boogaard lived, they said, his condition likely would have worsened into middle-age dementia.
On November 29, The New York Times also covered a recent class-action lawsuit filed in the Northern District of Illinois asserting that "the N.C.A.A. has been negligent regarding awareness and treatment of brain injuries to athletes":
The legal action comes after a five-year flurry of awareness of brain injuries in contact sports and follows lawsuits filed this year by dozens of former N.F.L. players who claim the league was negligent in its handling of brain trauma. The issue has moved from science labs to Congress and now to courtrooms, where the financial exposure of the sport's governing bodies may be tested.
The N.F.L. is subsidizing care for some of the most seriously damaged of its former players, after public and Congressional pressure forced the league to acknowledge the gravity of the issue. But the damage did not begin with the first hit in an N.F.L. training camp. Players have been absorbing blows to the brain since they were children.
This all leads to a tough question: Is it time to change our contact sports?
I am a very serious sports fan and I understand those who find the very notion of hockey without fighting, soccer without heading, and football without tackling laughable at best. I'll admit: I love watching LaRon Landry cream a receiver and Andy Carroll smack home a header. But the fact of the matter is that hockey, soccer, football, lacrosse, and boxing are just games. The rules are invented. They have changed in the past and they can change again.
As prudent a move as it is, do I think removing dangerous contact from these sports is likely in the near term?
Unfortunately, my answer is no.
As the evidence continues to build that sports are seriously endangering athletes, I think we'll see two things happen. First, there will be changes at the margins that don't get to the core of the problem but make leagues appear as if they are being responsive (e.g., fining NFL players more heavily who engage in helmet-on-helmet hits). Second, we'll see an increasing backlash from those who feel that this is just another example of how know-it-all "experts" and "nannies" are ruining the fun—indeed, attacking the very foundations of our way of life. These folks will argue that everyone knows that sports are dangerous and that people should be allowed to exercise their free choice. They may point out that athletes get paid lots of money to assume the risk of serious head injuries. And, in all likelihood, they'll trot out the slippery-slope argument to suggest that if we change the rules of football, we'll be on the road to totalitarianism where all freedoms are removed under the false promise of "eliminating dangers."
That's silliness. Rule changes made in the name of public health aren't going to kill sports and they certainly aren't going to destroy America.
* * *
Review a collection of sports related Situationist posts here or posts related to naive cynicism and backlash here.
One Response to "What Will Sports Look Like In 20 Years?"
December 20, 2011 at 5:13 pm
The following decade will promise a lot more excitement in sports. There will be an evolution on human skills and talent, and of course the evolution of the game itself. high-level of competition but less altercations hopefully. When it comes to body contact and injuries, I believe the numbers will decrease.


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This Bankruptcy is located at E 1100 S, Vernal, UT 84078. It has , 1,572 sqft of living space. This property is Bankruptcy with an estimated market value of $409,631.
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Make an offer! At this stage, you have already determined that the property is for sale, appears to be in acceptable condition, and that you can live with the terms the court-appointed receiver / trustee has spelled out. Be certain that your offer contains contingencies such as appraised value, property inspections, clear title and the financing you will need to close the deal.Step 5
Once the court-appointed receiver / trustee has signed off on your offer, have professional inspectors give detailed reports on the condition of such things as construction defects, the roof, insect infestations, mold, electrical and plumbing systems, appliances, and heating and air conditioning units. Once you are satisfied with the inspections -- and all other contingencies are assured -- have your lender give you a commitment for financing.
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Indeed, there is often a great deal of motivation for the court-appointed receiver / trustee to sell a home included in a bankruptcy filing quickly and reasonably to satisfy creditors, which can translate into a great deal for a property investor (that's you!). Just be patient -- each decision related to the sale has to be approved by the court. However, a patient real estate investor can often turn a bankruptcy situation into a sale at well below fair market price.
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Chicago is a true melting pot, with tempting food contributed by the city's many ethnicities. I love the range of restaurants — from cutting-edge restaurants with celebrity chefs to corner cafes with tasty fare. Fortunately, there are an increasing number of gluten-free dining options in Chicago, with more restaurants offering gluten-free menus or otherwise accommodating gluten-free diners.
Everyone has to make their own choices about how safe they feel eating out gluten-free. Personally, I favor restaurants that offer gluten-free menus, as I feel that means the establishment has put thought into its gluten-free options and training its staff on safe handling of gluten-free food. Some restaurants (Maggiano's comes to mind) don't offer gluten-free menus but still are very careful about preparing meals that are gluten-free and allergy-free.
Some safe gluten-free and allergy-free dining-out tips:
- When dining out on a special diet, try to avoid peak times. Dine earlier in the evening, when you can more easily get the attention of restaurant staff.
- Before you dine, call the restaurant and ask to speak to a chef or a manager about your gluten-free or allergy-free requests. Review the menu online and ask questions about one or two dishes that you are likely to order.
- At the restaurant, be sure to speak to the chef or manager again, not just your server. Ask questions about menu ingredients, preparation and dedicated equipment to be certain a dish is safe for you.
- If you feel that the staff doesn't understand your special diet concerns, or if you are served food that looks questionable, don't hesitate to leave. Pick another restaurant.
- If you've had a great experience, make sure to thank the restaurant staff and tip accordingly. It requires a lot of extra work to prepare meals for diners on special diets, so please be sure to thank the staff so they will continue to offer safe gluten-free or allergy-free meals.
I have put together a list of gluten-free restaurants on the "Restaurants" tab on the top of this site. I would love to add your suggestions too. Please feel free to email me at firstname.lastname@example.com or leave a comment with your gluten-free restaurant suggestions.
New updates to my Chicago gluten-free dining list:
— Senza, a gourmet gluten-free restaurant that offers truly sensational food, is offering a gluten-free six-course New Year's Eve dinner for $100 per person, or $175 with wine, including parsnip and apple soup, barramundi, tagliatelle with duck confit, foie gras with caramel corn brulee, lamb loin and coconut pound cake.
— Cassava, which offers gluten-free empanadas and rolls, let me know that they offer free delivery of their frozen empanadas and mini rolls in the Chicago metro area, so they can be baked fresh at home.


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I walk around with a map in my head. Or at least I try to. I have driven in Tokyo, Manhattan, Vancouver, Kobe, Toronto, Chicago, Montreal, and–most terrifying of all–Wales. There were times in the wilds of Japan or BC that I got a bit mentally confused, twisting up and down mountainsides and valley on the way to some shrine or hipster organic food colony. And I once took a wrong turn walking through London. But generally, I have inherited from my father a pretty good sense of mental geography, and not just a little luck.
Honestly, though, a lot of that good navigation is preparation and good map-reading. Making wrong turns, even with an internal compass, is tiresome and wasteful. Plus, the National Institute of Made-up Statistics (NIMS) says that 31.3% of fights in the car begin with this sentence: "I'm not lost! I just haven't figured out where I am yet!" So a lot of that map-in-my-head instinct is frankly a commitment to having the right tools at hand. The hunches and risks of an internally compassed guide are usually working hand-in-hand with a map or a pretty good app.
My wife does not share my sense of direction. She has become a pretty good map reader over the years, and we are an excellent team during a road trip. But after a decade in our south-facing home with the sun rising to the east and setting on the west, leaving beautiful golden warmth in our front porch, if I say "the north side of the house" she still hesitates. I don't think she is terribly unusual among urbanites of our age. I am the one is out of step by saying things like "the north side of the house" when front and back would do just fine.
And in an age of apps that walk us from the unknown wilds to our cozy destination in a few easy steps, what good is the map inside my head, really?
For King Edmund the Just of Narnia, though, this compass-deficit is a boundary-line between girls and boys in all worlds. Prince Caspian is a book of wanderings, a wilderness echo of the biblical book of Numbers, where the choice to ignore the directions of Lucy will lead the heroes into a longer, more dangerous journey. Before the Pevensies and Trumpkin the Dwarf find their way to Lucy's point of view, however, Edmund drops one of the more petulant sexist moments in the series:
"That's the worst of girls," said Edmund to Peter and the Dwarf. "They never carry a map in their heads" (Prince Caspian, ch. 2).
The irony of Edmund criticizing Lucy for her sense of direction is one of the critical foundations of an entire book that is about leadership. Peter and Susan refuse to submit to Lucy's leadership, and they find themselves lost in a way that could be–perhaps is–fatal for some faithful Old Narnians. The entire book critiques Edmund's sexism on precisely this point, and Alicia Burrus notes that "Jill's marked competence" in The Last Battle–Jill Pole goes on to become a strong marksman and an excellent scout–is a kind of rebuke to Edmund's tiresome beliefs about boys and girls ("Gender Differentiation and Gender Hierarchy in C.S. Lewis," 30).
As Monika Hilder notes in The Feminine Ethos in C.S. Lewis's Chronicles of Narnia, Edmund is not the only character that goes to easy "girl" stereotypes to limit Lucy's leadership. Susan calls Lucy the "worst," "naughty," and someone who has "no right" to lead the group. Hilder is right in noting that one of the challenges of Prince Caspian is for the characters to recognize the wisdom of Lucy's leadership. Instead, they are looking around hard for classical, masculine models of leadership–the brawny, woodsy kind of leadership where people know the points of the compass even if they can't spot the ultimate Guide: Aslan.
It is intriguing that when Lewis slides into the text with his own voice, he is not as confident as the boys in his books. "It's an extraordinary thing about girls that they never know the points of the compass," Eustace Scrubb says to Jill Pole when she can't point him east. While Lewis says that Jill doesn't have a compass in her head, he admits that "I don't know about girls in general" (Silver Chair, ch. 1-2). He probably didn't know, and perhaps still doesn't.
Plus, for all Edmund is dismissive of girls for getting turned around in a woods, before he ascended to the throne at Cair Paravel, he had his own difficulty with directions. Beyond the fact that the entire first book, The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, is about the moral compass that people carry around in their heads, Edmund had a wee bit of trouble about simple directions. After following Lucy into her "make-believe" country inside the wardrobe:
He jumped in and shut the door, forgetting what a very foolish thing this is to do. Then he began feeling about for Lucy in the dark. He had expected to find her in a few seconds and was very surprised when he did not. He decided to open the door again and let in some light. But he could not find the door either. He didn't like this at all and began groping wildly in every direction; he even shouted out, "Lucy! Lu! Where are you? (ch. 3).
He couldn't find the door? How big is a wardrobe, if it really is a wardrobe? No bigger than a cart horse or a young elephant. Edmund mocked the girls for getting confused in untamed wilderness while he got lost in a 4'x8′ wardrobe.
Perhaps that bit of irony is a wee bit too easy. And we don't even have to wait for the deeper resonances of the book as a whole to punch back against Edmund's childhood chauvinism. He makes his complaint about "the worst of girls" living in mental maplessness, and Lucy shoots back without missing a beat:
"That's because our heads have something inside them," said Lucy (Prince Caspian, ch. 2).
It's a zinger, and Edmund deserved it. But Lucy's answer is really a kind of reverse sexism, isn't it? It occurs once more, as the adventurers are on the edge of a brawl on Goldwater Island (later Deathwater Island). As Kings Edmund and Caspian–really good friends in unenchanted places–are near to blows, Lucy cries out:
"Oh, stop it, both of you," said Lucy. "That's the worst of doing anything with boys. You're all such swaggering, bullying idiots – oooh! -" Her voice died away into a gasp. And everyone else saw what she had seen (Voyage of the Dawn Treader, ch. 8).
Just as Lucy falls precisely into Edmund's trap of talking about the "worst" of the other sex, Aslan appears on the hillside, silencing them of their petty words.
When we think about sex and gender, there are really troubling things in Narnia. There are individual bits, like Father Christmas' weird statement about women at war or all those fat-legged girls and piggish boys in Prince Caspian. Some of those moments require close rereading, though. I think Susan's exit in The Last Battle is inelegant and false to the series, and Lewis' symbols of lipstick and parties is a tiresome trope. However, I think there is more going on. And a closer reading of Mrs. Beaver will put accusations of "fussiness" in another light.
While there are some things to be concerned about when reading Narnia to kids today, two things are worth noting.
First, there is a lot of interesting upside-downness in Narnia that really challenges how we understand power. The leadership thing and Lucy, for example, shows how quickly we are to value traits we think of as manly (like map reading and swords) and how easily we ignore traits we think of as womanly (like healing and spiritual vision). The Voyage of the Dawn Treader is a book where Lucy shows steady wisdom and judgment, even when other characters lose their ability to lead. This maturity, and the humble growth in characters like Eustace, Edmund, Jill, and Digory, is critical to the way that Lewis changes the rules of the game in Narnia.
Narnia is a place where tears, friendship, curiosity, hope, obedience, and humble courage are prime values and key tools for success. Frankly, we think some things are sexist or problematic because we have bought sexist and problematic ideas about power and leadership with us into Narnia.
Second, I wish that Lewis was even more transformed in Narnia by his own upsidedown spirituality. After showing great leadership and wisdom in Prince Caspian–and taking great risks–Lucy is not invited into the council of the king. She is not valueless in the revolution, but as a result the entire council misses the wisdom she can offer–wisdom only Lucy can offer, the wisdom of a girl, a woman, a queen, and someone with particularly acute spiritual perspective. It is the wisdom of an especially Aslanic tang, but Caspian's court will miss that wisdom in a moment of great need. More than once in Dawn Treader that wisdom saved them or enriched their experience.
The roles in Narnia often fall along gender lines. I don't know why this would be surprising for a male author in the early 50s who never had sisters or a mother, whose primary companions were his brother and fellow dons, and who worked in an almost entirely masculine environment.
I am not condemning, nor am I defending. Instead, I am suggesting that if Lewis could see the transformative vision of his own upsidedown spirituality enough to let it infiltrate all of Narnian leadership, so much would have been gained–both for the children in Narnia and the boys and girls reading the books then and today.
Unfortunately, the mental map Lewis had of gender and sex roles was more powerful than his own curiosity and spiritual perspective that liked to play with those roles in unexpected–and often prophetic–ways. It is a loss in a fine series. Because, after all, boys and girls–readers, writers, and adventurers of all kinds–walk around with all kinds of things in their heads.


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Full-time job
2023 May, 25
Rs 3.00 - 8.00 Lacs p.a.
24 July, 2023
9:00 am to 5:00 pm
Student/Self Employed
New Global Technologies Job Circular has recently been published. According to the job circular, they will recruit Not Specific people in their organization. In this article, we have covered everything about the New Global Technologies job circular.
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Job Details
|Job Title
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The Same Mistakes: (belated) 2022 Year-in-Review
2022 was… a year, I guess? Not a good one, but a year.
That most intangible of art forms gets a word or two from li'l ol' me.
2022 was… a year, I guess? Not a good one, but a year.
His misogynoir towards Megan Thee Stallion is part of a long pattern.
It's taken me SIX YEARS to write this piece.
Looking back at the two years (and counting) of pop culture during pandemic purgatory.
My belated look at 2019 puts 2020 into perspective.
I caught the first-ever show of the DNA Lounge's new monthly EDM showcase. Not bad at all.
In which I find hope in the climax of this Batman's-dick-of-a-year.
Sorry, Frank – it was NOT "a very good year".
Still, there were bright spots to be found.
Another year in the can…
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Our family's journey navigating this thing called colon cancer
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"Theatre for People Who Didn't Know They Liked Theatre"
Love lover, writer, voiceover artist, actor, mama, wife, Hufflepuff Prefect, Bachelor franchise junkie, the ultimate fan of dipping foods in other foods.
Food, utter nonsense and general fuckery
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World Premiere Female Driven Play in San Francisco
Tips and tricks from a gal who's been there
Make it good, keep it casual, have a beer.
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Blogging about Culture, Equity, and the Arts since 2013
The adventures of an SF gal heading East
Performer, Writer, and Theatre Creator
the creative writing of Barbara Jwanouskos
Larissa Archer


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Blogger Chris Needham has has hung up his keyboard after almost 4 years at the helm of Capitol Punishment. Chris's blog was required daily reading by every Nationals blogger, beat writer, and team executive (not necessarily in that order).
This is going to really sink in the next time Jimbo pulls the trigger on a trade, when the rest of us will be flailing around looking for thoughtful, well-researched analysis.
Chris, I raise a Hard Times chili nacho in your honor. You were great reading — a valuable and informed alternate perspective that will sorely be missed.


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Losing teeth will certainly disrupt your otherwise beautiful smile. It could also potentially affect your food choices and whether or not you receive proper nutrition.
But something else just as consequential could be happening beneath the surface of your gums—you could be losing bone. Significant bone loss in the jaw could adversely affect remaining teeth and facial structure, as well as limit your future restoration choices.
To understand why this occurs we must first consider what bone is: living, cellular tissue. Like the body's other cells, bone has a life cycle: cells form, live and eventually dissolve (or resorb), and are then replaced by new cells. Stimulation from forces generated during chewing traveling up through the tooth roots to the jawbone keep this cycle going at a healthy pace.
But when a tooth is missing, so is this stimulation. This could slow the replacement rate and cause bone volume to gradually decrease. The jawbone width could decrease by as much as 25% the first year alone and several millimeters in height after just a few years.
Although dentures (a popular and affordable choice) can restore lost function and appearance, they can't duplicate this needed stimulation. They even accelerate bone loss by irritating and creating compressive forces on the bony ridges and the gums they rest upon.
One restoration, however, can actually help stop bone loss and may even reverse it: dental implants. This happens because an implant's metal titanium post imbedded in the jawbone attracts bone cells to grow and adhere to its surface. This could actually increase bone density at the site.
To gain this advantage, it's best to obtain implants as soon as possible after tooth loss. If you allow bone loss to occur by waiting too long, there may not be enough to properly support an implant. Even then it might be possible to build up the diminished bone through grafting. But if that's not possible, we'll have to consider a different restoration.
To determine the condition of your bone after losing teeth, visit us for a complete examination. Afterward, we'll be able to discuss with you the best way to address both your overall dental health and your smile.
If you would like more information on treating missing teeth, please contact us or schedule an appointment for a consultation. You can also learn more about this topic by reading the Dear Doctor magazine article "The Hidden Consequences of Losing Teeth."