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Ledger Hardware Wallet Review
The Ledger Hardware wallet may be the best choice if you are looking for a safe way to store crypto assets. The Ledger Hardware wallet is a great choice for anyone looking to buy, trade, or grow crypto assets. This wallet combines hardware and software to protect your assets.
Ledger Nano S
Ledger NanoS is a popular hardware wallet that allows you to store, trade, exchange and grow crypto assets. This device comes with all the features that you need to safeguard your crypto assets. The Ledger nano S is the most widely used hardware wallet. It's easy to use and offers many benefits to crypto users.
The Ledger Nano S hardware wallet comes with a micro-USB cable, shoulder strap, key ring, and activation guide. A note will be included to record your recovery seed (a few words encoded in BIP39). This wallet can be used with the Ledger Interactive live platform for Windows, Mac and Linux.
The Ledger nano S comes in a white, sleek case with a protective seal. It is similar to Apple products. The wallet is easy to open without breaking the seal, but there's a warning about modifying the firmware. Be aware that this wallet does not have open source firmware. It is also subject to a non-disclosure agreement with the manufacturer of its security chip.
Ledger Nano X
The Ledger Nano X Hardware Wallet is a powerful tool for storing and transferring cryptocurrency. The hardware wallet uses a 4- to 8-digit PIN code to make transactions more secure. A PIN must be entered each time the hardware wallet starts. The Ledger will provide a backup passphrase of 24 words in English if the PIN code is lost.
Purchasing the Ledger Nano X Hardware Wallet from an authorized reseller is essential. A list of authorized resellers will be available on the official website. Avoid purchasing from unscrupulous sellers. It is difficult to determine if the wallet has been altered before distribution. You also run the risk of the seller having access your crypto tokens.
The Ledger Nano X hardware wallet offers more features and storage than the Nano S. Its larger screen and added memory allow users to install more wallet applications. The Nano X supports more crypto assets than the Nano S. This makes it an ideal choice for those with diverse portfolios. Although the Nano X is a step up from the Nano S, it has some drawbacks, such as a long setup process for beginners. However, most people will be able to set up the device by following the manual.
Ledger Nano S Plus
The Ledger Nano S hardware wallet is one of the most popular devices for storing and managing your crypto assets. It allows you to buy, store, exchange, and grow your crypto assets. It has a variety of security features that will make it a great choice for those who want to protect their digital assets.
First, install Ledger Live on your desktop computer to use the hardware wallet. Next, you will need to create your recovery seed phrase. This is a 24-word recovery phrase. Once you've done this, you can move on. If you type a wrong word, you will need to start again. You have two options to back up your hardware wallet.
The Ledger Nano S Plus comes with a USB-C to USB-A connector cable, seed phrase recovery sheets, and a leaflet that explains its features. In addition, the device comes with a cool Ledger logo sticker. The Ledger Nano Plus hardware wallet is safe and simple to use. You'll love having it in your digital assets collection.
Is it Safe?
The Ledger hardware wallet has been the subject of controversy in the crypto world, with a recent data breach leaving 272,000 customers' information vulnerable. Data breaches revealed a large amount of personal data, including email addresses. These emails were uploaded to Raidforums, a website that shares data. Ledger employed a Chief Information Security Officer (CISO), and ran a series penetration tests to address the issue.
The Ledger hardware wallet family is the only one that has been certified fully by ANSSI. The Ledger Nano S and Nano X feature a secure element, a black, medium-sized chip that's tamper-resistant.
Although this is a great feature for many users, it doesn't make the wallet safe. The software that runs it is a big part of the security of any hardware wallet. This software must be secure and up-to-date to avoid vulnerabilities. The most widely used hardware wallets, ledger hardware wallets, have a large user base. Many decentralized exchanges also use them.
Supported Coins
Currently, the Ledger hardware wallet supports over 5,500 different coins. The company is actively working to add more. The Nano S supports up to six coins, while the Nano X supports up to 100 coins. You must first uninstall the wallet you have and then install the new one.
It is important to secure your private keys when using a hardware wallet. The hardware wallet stores your private keys offline and provides additional security. Private keys are highly vulnerable online, so storing them offline gives you a level of protection you might not get from a software wallet. The USB driver is protected from hackers by hardware devices, which stores critical information. The hardware device also provides users with a back-up recovery phrase so that you can recover your assets in the event of an emergency.
The hardware wallet requires software installation, which you download from the company's website. Once you have the software installed, you can proceed to create your wallet. Before you can use your hardware wallet, you must transfer your cryptocurrency to it. Some hardware wallets include an integrated exchange.
Customer Support
Ledger offers many support resources for its customers on its website. You will find answers to most common questions in the FAQ section, as well as a Ledger Academy, which teaches crypto basics. There is also an online contact form. Trustpilot has both positive and negatively reviewed the company. It has been awarded a rating of 3.2 stars overall.
Another useful feature is Ledger's Live App. This app provides detailed information about how to set up the wallet and how to use it. You can follow the instructions to set up your wallet and receive recommendations for additional security. In addition, the software allows you to store and transfer cryptocurrency from other sources. Some of its models have an integrated exchange, which can make it easier to transfer funds.
Ledger offers a newsletter to keep users updated about new features. Customers can also chat with a Ledger support bot if they experience technical difficulties. Customers should also expect Ledger to adhere to the highest security standards. The hardware wallets are equipped with a certified chip that is immune to the most recent cyberattacks. Users should ensure that their Ledger devices are updated regularly to prevent phishing.
Ledger NanoS is a popular hardware wallet. You can store and manage all your crypto assets with this device. You can also keep track of your balances and transactions. It is easy to use and manage all your crypto assets.
Pricing of Ledger Hardware Wallet is not cheap but it does come with several benefits. It is well-reviewed and widely available. Its main flaws are its inability to connect to Bluetooth, safety protocols and storage space. The manufacturer does disclose the storage capacity so that buyers can make an informed decision. The Ledger wallet retails for $59 USD. It is available from a number of resellers and occasionally comes with free shipping to many countries.
Instructions for how to store coins can be found in the Ledger Live App. It supports all major cryptocurrencies and blockchains. For less popular coins, you may have to use third-party wallets.
Refund Policy
If you are unhappy with your Ledger Hardware Wallet, you have the right to return it for a refund. You can manage your crypto assets, check your balance and more with the Ledger Hardware wallet's dedicated desktop or mobile app. The app allows you to send and receive crypto, as well as sell it for fiat. You can also log in to the Ledger app using any web browser to view your account.
To withdraw from your order, you must first send a return request to Ledger. You can do this by filling out an online form. Then, you will receive an email acknowledging your withdrawal decision. Ledger will give you fourteen (14) days to return the product. The company will cover the return shipping charges.
You must be at least eighteen years of age to place an order on the Website. You must also be legally able to enter into a binding contract. You must also confirm that you have the authority to order Products on behalf of another entity. You should also carefully examine the compatibility between the Products you are planning to purchase.
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Calling Support [+1~866=971=2778] AIM Customer Service Phone Number
In case you encounter any other technical glitch, dial +1 (866) 971-2778 the AIM Mail Support Phone Number and stop it from getting too hideous.
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AIM Mail Accountant
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You and your colleagues can work simultaneously on AIM Mail account online. AIM Mail is cloud-based software and hence you can collaborate it with colleagues.
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subset: commoncrawl


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I have previously posted on the Misadventures, Deaths, and Near Misses of my family members, but as people could hurt themselves in so many ways in the 19th and early 20th century I thought I would share some more. I have included a couple of people related to me, but most are just everyday people doing everyday things. If you click on the "victim's" name it will take you to Trove and the original article.
Beware the perils of rabbit shooting. Henry Beaton, Reverend T Scanlan & John Kinghorn all knew the dangers, at least in hindsight.
Poor Henry was climbing through a fence with his Winchester when it went off and shot him in the foot. John Kinghorn, a somewhat accident prone lad, lost the flesh below his thumb after the barrel of his gun exploded in 1890. On another day not long after, he was riding to Hamilton with the Byaduk Mounted Rifles when another horse kicked him in the leg resulting in a severe leg injury to John.
Reverend Father Scanlan was shooting rabbits with Reverend Father Timmins. Father Timmins wounded a hare so Father Scanlan pointed his gun through a hedge to take a last shot when the gun exploded, wounding him in the thigh.
A search at Trove found 1624 article headlines containing "Peculiar Accident" So what characterizes a peculiar accident? Well Mrs C.E. Lewis qualified after a cow's horn ripped her eyelid.
Mr W.B Edgar made the grade while trying to relive his golfing days only to have some protective plovers attack him.
An over exuberant crack of a stock whip resulted in Stephen Moodie's peculiar accident. Another peculiar accident occurred to an unknown and probably embarrassed customer of Page's store in Warracknabeal. Lucky in-store video surveillance was not around then or the footage may have made it to a 1920s equivalent of Funniest Home Videos.
Young Alex McIntyre would have thought twice before he messed with a bottle of spirits of salts again. Deciding the best way to make sure the cork was in the bottle was to stomp down on it with his boot, he caused the bottle to explode. It was enough to blow the hat from his head. Luckily he escaped with minor burns and a dose of sense.
While the following peculiar accidents were not headlined as such, I do believe they fall into that category. Feeding peanuts to a leopard at Melbourne Zoo did it for David Horsfall and Mrs Hill of Casterton found a lost needle in her hand, 35 years later.
Miss Gladys Makin would have been wary of yawning after her peculiar accident in 1908.
"Eyes Damaged by Paper" was the headline for Mr H. Foster's peculiar accident. From the Minyip "Guardian" newspaper, Mr Foster took paper cuts to a whole new level. Fingers are the usual victims of the dreaded paper cut, but the gentleman managed to have the paper he was carrying pass over his eyeball. Several days in a dark room was the remedy.
The headline "painful accident" was found 2149 times at Trove, although I think most accidents would fit this description.
Walter Greed of Hamilton was a victim of a painful accident in 1891. Walter was the son-in-law of Reuben Harman and husband of Jesse Harman. While working at his uncle's coach building business Walter's hand became caught in a studded drum used to prepare stuffing for carriage seats. Once released, he ran, blood dripping, to Rountree's Chemists in Gray Street where his hand was bandaged. The chemist recommended Walter attend the Hamilton Hospital where it was found he had no broken bones.
It goes without saying that Mr Matthews' accident was painful. While mustering sheep in the Grampians in 1898 a fall on to dry sticks saw one of them enter three inches into his leg. Wood was also the cause of Mr J. Sullivan's painful accident near Warrnambool. A chip of wood flew up and hit him in the eye, resulting in the eye being removed.
I feel bad smiling while reading the following article. But when I begin to visualise what John Brisbane was doing it is becomes cartoon-like, particularly if I think of what might have happened and thankfully didn't. Apologies to John's descendants for my mirth.
Death by misadventure best describes the unfortunate death of my gg uncle and again spirit of salts proved a very dangerous substance. In 1939, Ernest Richard Diwell drunk spirits of salts thinking it was whiskey. This was a fatal mistake.
Only two years earlier, Ernest's, uncle William Diwell had his own misadventure.
I could go on all day with examples. I have hundreds of them including "unusual accidents", "extraordinary deaths" and articles with headlines such as "Horse Jumps in Side-Car" and "Cakes Flew When Horse Bolted", but I will save them for another time.


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Each year one girl will walk away with a local crown, compete at Miss New York (possibly win!), and at the end of her year- she will pass the crown on to the next girl. But these amazing, smart, beautiful, and talented women should not be forgotten. They are an important part of the Miss New York legacy.
If you have any additional information about the titleholders below, please let us know!
1939 Claire E. Foley (Competed at Miss America)


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Sometimes with family history it's one small fact that is the key to opening a door. Such was the case with the enclosure documents I'd photographed while visiting the Hertfordshire Archives and Local Studies (HALS) last year. Despite having the information for nearly a year I hadn't got round to looking at it in detail until I took the Pharos course on Enclosure Maps and Records for Family Historians.[i]
I won't attempt to go into the details of enclosure here except to say that it was the process, put simply, whereby formerly common lands were enclosed for private use usually by the bigger landowners of a parish. Also during this process the landowners may have "swapped" their land plots with others in order to consolidate their properties in a more rational and productive way. The National Archives has this informative guide to Enclosure Records.
Sandon parish in Hertfordshire, where one branch of my ancestors lived, commenced this process in 1840 and the award was enrolled in 1842. [ii] At the conclusion of the enclosure process a detailed map was produced and all land adjustments recorded. This comprehensive map is available through HALS.[iii]
At the commencement of the enclosure process, a community meeting was held to discuss the ramifications and proposals around the enclosure. The meeting was advertised in advance by notices on the church door and also in the local newspaper, The Reformer. However it was the location of the meeting that was to be my gold key. It was held at the public house of Richard Kent known by the sign of the Anchor at Roe Green, a hamlet in the parish.
While I'd known from the 1841 and 1851 census enumerations that Richard Kent (and indeed his father) was a publican I had never known the name of the pub. This snippet giving its name was indeed the key to learning more about his life before he, his wife and adult family emigrated in 1854.
The next strategy I applied was to ascertain whether the pub was one of the UK's listed buildings. I figured if it had been around for a couple of centuries, this might be possible.
There were two pathways to this information:
1. The first, through British Heritage, enables a search of a locality http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/. I used the advanced search to locate Sandon in Hertfordshire and not others.
2. The second provides the same information but you go directly through the Listed Buildings site at http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/england/hertfordshire which let me then choose the parish and the building.
Both provided me with a listing for The Old Anchor as it was also known in subsequent years. Both also provided me with detailed descriptions, but overall I think I prefer the first option as a search tool. So what did I learn about the building? The full description is subject to Crown Copyright but you can read it here. In essence, it is a former public house dating from the 17thcentury and is grade II listed. It also provides its grid reference and a local map. It must be said though that the location of the building on the map can be a little imprecise.
Armed with this additional information, and the alternative title, I googled the name for more information, using various search combinations. This turned up a range of information ranging from real estate sales to renovation approvals, hiking/walking trails and general information. All of which are grist for the family history mill.[iv] One site in particular deals with the common lands, remaining after enclosure, in Sandon parish and specifically in the locality of Roe Green.
Google images provided me with a great photo of the house taken by Mark Jordan for Panoramio. It was so evident it was the Anchor, that I went back to my own photos, taken on a scattergun approach before I learned the name of the family's public house and knew its location. Lo and behold I had taken a photo which did show the anchor over the front door but it is nowhere near as obvious as on Panoramio. I'm indebted to Mark and his photo for giving me the "tipoff". (Rhetorical question: why do you always learn pivotal information after you've visited the place??)
Another useful site I came across shows images of listed buildings circa 2001, at the turn of the 20thcentury. Images of England is linked to the National Monuments Record website. The Old Anchor is photographed on this site and the copyrighted image can be seen here.
There are also a couple of sites which deal with old pubs or inns in Hertfordshire and mention this public house. They are a Flickr discussion site and Dead Pubs though both discuss later periods. Previous to learning the pub's name I hadn't had enough detail to know in which property at Roe Green the Kent family had lived. Now I could go back and trace it through all the decennial census records from 1841 through to 1911 using Findmypast UK: while not every census gives the actual name of the building, a couple do, which makes it possible to link them up. Historical Directories also provide useful information on the inhabitants over time.
What becomes apparent is that while Richard Kent classed himself in 1851 as a publican, as well as a farmer of 40 acres, presumably through a lease agreement. This was not the case with subsequent owners/tenants of The Anchor. Why was this so? Had his land lease been taken away? Was this one of the reasons the family left for Australia in 1854? Did the next tenant simply not want to take on the farming lease given they already had a trade? So many questions which only further research both in reading and in the archives might address.
Meanwhile I'm looking forward to learning more about the background by reading Behind the plough: agrarian society in nineteenth-century Hertfordshire by Nigel E Agar and Brewers in Hertfordshire – A historical gazetteer by Alan Whittaker.
This research is © P Cass September 2011.
[i] These courses provide historical context for family history research and are excellent.
[ii] The Award is also available from The National Archives at Kew at CP 40/4003.
[iii] HALS reference QS/E/85. Sandon parish is also fortunate to have the Tithe map from 1840 as well. DSA4/90/2
[iv] Other useful sites include: http://www.explorebritain.info/locality-hertfordshire-roe-green-tl3133 and British History Online at: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=43616


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Canonical has announced the official release of Ubuntu 11.04, codenamed Natty Narwhal. This major update introduces the new Unity desktop shell, which is designed to improve ease of use and deliver a more modern user experience.
Ubuntu founder Mark Shuttleworth unveiled the Unity project a year ago during an Ubuntu Developer Summit keynote in Brussels. The new shell was originally created for the Ubuntu Netbook Edition and first shipped as the default netbook environment in Ubuntu 10.10. The Ubuntu developers have worked intensively over the last six months to adapt Unity for the desktop. The effort entailed a significant overhaul of the Unity frontend that boosts its performance, reliability, and suitability for use on larger screens.
The new Unity-based desktop shows a task dock on the left-hand side of the screen and a panel at the top with an embedded global menu. A screen overlay that emerges from the top panel provides access to additional features through modular content panels called "lenses." The default environment comes with an application launcher lens and a file management lens.
Although many of the changes introduced in Unity represent tangible usability improvements, there are some parts of the environment—particularly the application lens—that still have some rough edges. Some users might also be put off by Unity's lack of configurability. The position of the dock is one of several key aspects that can't be customized. Users who prefer a more traditional environment or want to wait for Unity to mature further before making the switch can simply choose the "Classic" Ubuntu desktop in the system login interface.
Unity requires support for hardware-accelerated rendering, which might not work consistently across all hardware. The classic environment is also used as a fallback for users with unsupported hardware. A "2D" version of Unity, built with Qt, that doesn't require compositing is under active development and could serve as the fallback in future versions of Ubuntu. The 2D version is shipping today in the Ubuntu ARM netbook port, but not on the regular Ubuntu CD.
In addition to delivering the new Unity shell, the new version of Ubuntu also brings some improvements to desktop theming and bundled software. The Gtk+ theme has a new slim scrollbar style and a number of other enhancements.
Ubuntu's Software Center, which allows users to install and manage applications, got several noteworthy new features, including support for posting ratings and reviews. Canonical's Ubuntu One synchronization service got some nice user interface improvements and performance optimizations. The default music player in Ubuntu changed from Rhythmbox to Banshee in this new release, improving the out-of-the-box music experience for end users.
There is a lot to like in Ubuntu 11.04, but also a lot of room for improvement. We will give you an in-depth view of Unity next week in our upcoming feature-length review of Ubuntu 11.04. You can also download it for yourself today from the Ubuntu website.


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This is a guest post by friend of the blog Matthew Kustenbauder responding to a previous post.
On the question of human rights guiding America's foreign policy in Africa, I agree with you; it shouldn't be the first priority. The US needs a more pragmatic development diplomacy strategy, which would help African countries develop just as it would help American businesses thrive.
"Last year I laid out America's economic statecraft agenda in a series of speeches in Washington, Hong Kong, San Francisco, and New York. Since then, we've accelerated the process of updating our foreign policy priorities to take economics more into account. And that includes emphasizing the Asia Pacific region and elevating economics in relations with other regions, like in Latin America, for example, the destination for 40 percent of U.S. exports. We have ratified free trade agreements with Colombia and Panama. We are welcoming more of our neighbours, including Canada and Mexico, into the Trans-Pacific Partnership process. And we think it's imperative that we continue to build an economic relationship that covers the entire hemisphere for the future."
"Africa is home to seven of the world's ten fastest-growing economies. People are often surprised when I say that, but it's true. And we are approaching Africa as a continent of opportunity and a place for growth, not just a site of endless conflict and crisis. All over the world, we are turning to economic solutions for strategic challenges; for example, using new financial tools to squeeze Iran's nuclear program. And we're stepping up commercial diplomacy, what I like to call jobs diplomacy, to boost U.S. exports, open new markets, lower the playing field – level the playing field for our businesses. And we're building the diplomatic capacity to execute this agenda so that our diplomats are out there every single day promoting our economic agenda."
One of the problems, however, is that the pragmatic approach articulated by the Secretary doesn't trickle down through the bureaucracy. This is especially true, ironically, of the State Department's primary development diplomacy arm, USAID, which has a deeply entrenched culture of being anti-business. It's a huge problem, and part of the reason why American foreign policy in Africa has been so slow to adjust to new economic realities.
Academics schooled in all the latest development orthodoxies but lacking the most basic understanding of economic or business history have flocked to USAID, so that the suggestion that American economic interests should guide development policy – making it a win-win for Africa and America – is anathema. It's also why the Chinese are running all over the US in Africa.
As a prominent economic historian recently remarked in the Telegraph, "While we [Western governments] indulge our Victorian urge to give alms to the Africans, Beijing is pumping black gold." And this is just it. As long as the US approaches Africa as a beggar needing to be saved and not as a business partner worthy of attention, both sides will continue to lose out.
In this respect, what Africa does not need is another "old Africa hand" steeped in conventional development ideas and old dogmas about what's wrong with Africa and why the US must atone for the West's sins. For this reason alone, John Kerry – not Susan Rice – probably stands a better chance, as the next Secretary of State, at putting American foreign policy toward Africa on a more solid footing.
– Matthew Kustenbauder is a PhD candidate in history at Harvard University.


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The bushfire emergency in Victoria is far from over tonight as the death toll for the fires has now reached 210 confirmed dead. Three fire-fighters have been injured today as a number of new fires have broken out and older fires continue to burn.
Currently under threat are communities to the east of Melbourne, where a home (in Belgrave Heights) is believed to have been destroyed today, with the possibility of others also having been destroyed. Two fire tankers have also been lost to the fire.
Communities in the Dandenong Ranges have come under threat due to a sudden wind change which is now pushing a bushfire in their direction. The blaze is thought to be threatening Upwey, Tecoma, Belgrave Heights, Belgrave South and Belgrave.
Students at Belgrave Heights Christian School were evacuated this afternoon as the fire came within 4 km of the school. Residents in the communities of Warburton and Yarram have also fled their homes as the fire approaches.
Daylesford may also come under threat, with a bushfire burning to the south of the town. The fire may cause a threat to the communities of Bullarto, Bullarto South, Leonards Hill, Musk, Woodburn and Newbury.
The huge Kilmore East fire (80 000 hectares) is moving ever closer to Warburton, while the Murrindindi North fire (155 000 hectares) is burning to the west of Enoch Point.
Another fire (19 000 hectares) is still burning out of control in the Wilsons Promontory National Park and small communities in the area are preparing for worsening fire conditions.
Current Updates and Advice on the fires can be found at the CFA web site:
The full list of fires (and there are dozens) can be found at:
BELOW: Footage from the National Day of Mourning Service


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In promotion and of advertising, a testimonial or show consists of a person's written or spoken statement extolling the virtue of a product. The term "testimonial" most commonly applies to the sales-pitches attributed to ordinary citizens, whereas the word "endorsement" usually applies to pitches by celebrities. Testimonials can be part of communal marketing.
Celebrity endorsements
Advertisers have attempted to quantify and qualify the use of celebrities in their marketing campaigns by evaluating the awareness generated, appeal, and relevance to a brand's image and the celebrity's influence on consumer buying behavior.[1]
Social media such as Twitter have become increasingly popular mediums for celebrities to endorse brands and to attempt to influence purchasing behavior. According to Bloomberg News, social-media-ad spending was expected to reach a total of $4.8 billion at the end of 2012 and $9.8 billion by 2016.[2] Advertising and marketing companies sponsor celebrities to tweet and influence thousands (sometimes millions) of their followers to buy brand products. For example, Ryan Seacrest (an American broadcaster) gets paid to promote Ford products.[3] Companies that pay celebs to tweet for them subscribe to the Malcolm Gladwell theory of influence.
Celebrity endorsements have proven very successful in China, where increasing consumerism makes the purchase of an endorsed product into a status symbol. On August 1, 2007, laws were passed banning healthcare professionals and public figures such as movie stars or pop singers from appearing in advertisements for drugs or nutritional supplements. A spokesperson stated, "A celebrity appearing in drug advertising is more likely to mislead consumers, therefore, the state must consider controlling medical advertisements and strengthen the management of national celebrities appearing in medical advertisements."
Testimonials from customers who are not famous have been effectively used in marketing for as long as marketing has existed. A past or current customer will present a formal "word of mouth" testimonial that a business can use in marketing and to build trust with future customers. Testimonials are incredibly effective when believed to be true, but a challenge is having the audience believe that testimonials presented by a business are given by real people, not fabricated by the business itself. Even so, testimonials, reviews, and case studies are still considered by most marketing experts to be the most effective means of marketing and gaining brand trust by small- and medium-sized businesses.
Testimonials have reached an all-time high in importance as the internet is now a plethora of reviews (synonymous with testimonials). Websites such as Yelp!, Google+, TripAdvisor, and many more have become 'go to' places for individuals who are seeking other customers reviews/testimonials about a particular business. To put the growth of this industry into perspective, for example, Yelp.com's growth alone can be noted: Yelp.com has more than 71 million monthly unique visitors as of January 2012.
Instagram especially has increasingly been useful in distributing testimonials on products and places. It is done by making use of the tagging feature that directly links to the original brand or the particular location that the picture was taken. Moreover, the description of the pictures are also used to write either the review or sentences that compliments the product or place. Users that are blessed with an immense amount of followers are commonly targeted for endorsement deal requests that aims to create these testimonial posts, where in return, the user receives commission for 'advertising' the place or product. However, it can only be called an endorsement deal when the company or label contacts the user directly to create such testimonial post, and the user receives commission. This is becoming a trend in Indonesia, especially amongst users with at least one thousand followers, where some are now known for posting pictures with advertising purposes.
The downside to such explosive importance in this arena is the massive amount of fraud in the form of fake reviews or opinion spam, testimonials that are not authentic. Often, a business owner will open multiple email addresses and then corresponding Yelp! accounts and write a multitude of testimonials seemingly by many customers of said business.
Similarly, the same owner may also write negative reviews of competitors. Additionally, the authentic testimonials blog admits, "Just do a search on the recent phenom website fiverr.com using the search term 'testimonial' or 'review' and there are almost 5,000 results of people offering to 'write great testimonial for your product or service'. From a NY Times article about the same topic, "On another forum, Digital Point, a poster wrote, 'I will pay for positive feedback on TripAdvisor.' A Craigslist post proposed this: 'If you have an active Yelp account and would like to make very easy money please respond.' There are tens-of-thousands of ads out there all over the internet of people requesting you to write bogus reviews for their business and people offering to do the same."
There have also been allegations that review sites themselves are prepared to manipulate reviews in return for companies buying advertising subscriptions,[4][5] with a class action being filed against Yelp to this effect in February 2010.[6]
While a few universities and corporations are working on a method to defeat these fake reviews, none seems to have yet been reliably successful. Testimonial Shield, a private company that began third party testimonial and review verification in the mid-2000s was awarded an independent business award for "the 2013 San Diego Award in the Data Verification Service category" for their ability to automatically discern with a claimed 90+% accuracy the difference between a legitimate review and an fake review, which displays great progress towards the prevention of fake reviews and testimonials on the internet.[7]
Research by Martin, Wentzel and Tomczak (2008) found that the effectiveness of testimonials depends on the degree to which consumers are influenced by normative pressure and the quality of the product features highlighted. Results showed that people influenced by peer pressure (high-SNI consumers) place a greater emphasis on the testimonial than on the attribute information. In contrast, people who ignore the opinions of others (low-SNI consumers) are more influenced by attribute information.[8]
The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) found that in US businesses, an alarming number of testimonials were in fact fictitious and misleading. In December 2009, they introduced a new set of rules governing testimonials.[9] In essence, it is now illegal to use testimonials that "...mislead consumers and affect consumers' behavior or decisions about the product or service." However, despite new regulations, online consumers often view testimonials with a high degree of skepticism. Companies from the private sector have begun to offer testimonial verification services to help consumers verify the authenticity of displayed testimonials.
See also
- Staunton chess set, possibly the first use of an expert testimonial to promote a product.
- ↑ "The peculiarities of celebrity endorsement in Los Angeles ,' [U.S. Celebrity Endorsements". Celebrity Connected.
- ↑ Olga Kharif (May 15, 2012). "Social-Media Ad Spending to Jump to $9.8 Billion in 2016". bloomberg.com. Retrieved November 27, 2015.
- ↑ Olivia Roat (July 24, 2012). "Celebrity Endorsements and Twitter: Do We Buy Things When Celebrities Tell Us To?". Business 2 Community. Retrieved November 27, 2015.
- ↑ Jim Edwards (February 25, 2010). "Inside Yelp's "Blackmail" Lawsuit: CEO Stoppelman Seems to Hate His Advertisers". CBS News. Retrieved November 27, 2015.
- ↑ Kathleen Richards (February 18, 2009). "Yelp and the Business of Extortion 2.0". East Bay Express. Retrieved November 27, 2015.
- ↑ John Cook (February 24, 2010). "Yelp Class-Action Complaint". Gawker.com. Retrieved November 27, 2015.
- ↑ San Diego Award Program, San Diego Award Program (March 13, 2014). "Testimonial Shield, LLC Receives 2013 San Diego Award". San Diego Business. Retrieved October 21, 2013.
- ↑ Martin, Brett A. S., Daniel Wentzel, Torsten Tomczak (2008). "Effects of Susceptibility to Normative Influence and Type of Testimonial on Attitudes toward Print Advertising" (pdf). Journal of Advertising. pp. 29–43.
- ↑ BCP Business Center. "Advertising and Marketing on the Internet: Rules of the Road". Federal Trade Commission.