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Business update: As births drop around world, economic fears rise
NEW YORK — Nancy Strumwasser, a high school teacher from Mountain Lakes, New Jersey, always thought she'd have two children. But the layoffs that swept over the U.S. economy around the time her son was born six years ago helped change her mind. Though she and her husband, a market researcher, managed to keep their jobs, she fears they won't be so fortunate next time.
"After we had a kid in 2009, I thought, 'This is not happening again,'" says Strumwasser, 41, adding, "I never really felt comfortable about jobs, how solid they can be."
For those who fear an overcrowded planet, this is good news. For the economy, not so good.
We tend to think economic growth comes from working harder and smarter. But economists attribute up to a third of it to more people joining the workforce each year than leaving it. The result is more producing, earning and spending.
Now this secret fuel of the economy, rarely missing and little noticed, is running out.
"For the first time since World War II, we're no longer getting a tailwind," says Russ Koesterich, chief investment strategist at BlackRock, the world's largest money manager. "You're going to create fewer jobs. ... All else equal, wage growth will be slower."
Births are falling in China, Japan, the United States, Germany, Italy and nearly all other European countries. Studies have shown that births drop when unemployment rises, such as during the Great Depression of the 1930s. Birth rates have fallen the most in some regions that were hardest hit by the financial crisis.
In the United States, three-quarters of people surveyed by Gallup last year said the main reason couples weren't having more children was a lack of money or fear of the economy.
The trend emerges as a gauge of future economic health — the growth in the pool of potential workers, ages 20-64 — is signaling trouble ahead. This labor pool had expanded for decades, thanks to the vast generation of baby boomers. Now the boomers are retiring, and there are barely enough new workers to replace them, let alone add to their numbers.
Growth in the working-age population has halted in developed countries overall. Even in France and the United Kingdom, with relatively healthy birth rates, growth in the labor pool has slowed dramatically. In Japan, Germany and Italy, the labor pool is shrinking.
"It's like health — you only realize it exists until you don't have it," says Alejandro Macarron Larumbe of Demographic Renaissance, a think tank in Madrid.
The drop in birth rates is rooted in the 1960s, when many women entered the workforce for the first time and couples decided to have smaller families. Births did begin rising in many countries in the new millennium. But then the financial crisis struck. Stocks and home values plummeted, blowing a hole in household finances, and tens of millions of people lost jobs. Many couples delayed having children or decided to have none at all.
Couples in the world's five biggest developed economies — the United States, Japan, Germany, France and the United Kingdom — had 350,000 fewer babies in 2012 than in 2008, a drop of nearly 5 percent. The United Nations forecasts that women in those countries will have an average 1.7 children in their lifetimes. Demographers say the fertility rate needs to reach 2.1 just to replace people dying and keep populations constant.
The effects on economies, personal wealth and living standards are far reaching:
— A return to "normal" growth is unlikely: Economic growth of 3 percent a year in developed countries, the average over four decades, had been considered a natural rate of expansion, sure to return once damage from the global downturn faded. But many economists argue that that pace can't be sustained without a surge of new workers. The Congressional Budget Office has estimated that the U.S. economy will grow 3 percent or so in each of the next three years, then slow to an average 2.3 percent for next eight years. The main reason: Not enough new workers.
— Reduced pay and lifestyles: Slower economic growth will limit wage gains and make it difficult for middle-class families to raise their living standards, and for those in poverty to escape it. One measure of living standards is already signaling trouble: Gross domestic product per capita — the value of goods and services a country produces per person — fell 1 percent in the five biggest developed countries from the start of 2008 through 2012, according to the World Bank.
— A drag on household wealth: Slower economic growth means companies will generate lower profits, thereby weighing down stock prices. And the share of people in the population at the age when they tend to invest in stocks and homes is set to fall, too. All else equal, that implies stagnant or lower values. Homes are the biggest source of wealth for most middle-class families.


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subset: commoncrawl


text:
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8.2 The Customer shall on the Effective Date provide to the Supplier's designated payment platform a valid, up-to-date and complete direct debit mandate with its bank or credit card order information acceptable to the Supplier's payment platform and any other relevant valid, up-to-date and complete contact and billing details.
8.3 If the Customer provides its direct debit or credit card details to the Supplier's payment platform, the Customer hereby agrees to organise with its bank the authority for the Supplier's payment platform to direct debit its bank account or authorises the Supplier's payment platform to bill such credit card:
for Subscription Fees payable in respect of such month.
8.4 If the Supplier's payment platform has not received payment within 30 days after the due date, and without prejudice to any other rights and remedies of the Supplier:
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10.7 This clause 10 shall survive termination of this agreement, however arising.
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12.1 This clause 12 sets out the entire financial liability of the Supplier (including any liability for the acts or omissions of its employees, agents and sub-contractors) to the Customer:
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12.4 Subject to clause 12.2 and clause 12.3:
13.1 This Licence shall, unless otherwise terminated as provided in this clause 13, commence on the Effective Date and shall continue for the Initial Subscription Term and, thereafter, this Licence shall be automatically renewed for successive periods of one month (each a Renewal Period), unless:
and the Initial Subscription Term together with any subsequent Renewal Periods shall constitute the Subscription Term.
The Customer may end the Paid Services at any time by reverting to the Free Subscription or disabling the Domain.
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Except as expressly provided in this agreement, the rights and remedies provided under this Licence are in addition to, and not exclusive of, any rights or remedies provided by law.
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21.1 The Customer shall not, without the prior written consent of the Supplier, assign, transfer, charge, sub-contract or deal in any other manner with all or any of its rights or obligations under this Licence.
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Nothing in this Licence is intended to or shall operate to create a partnership between the parties, or authorise either party to act as agent for the other, and neither party shall have the authority to act in the name or on behalf of or otherwise to bind the other in any way (including, but not limited to, the making of any representation or warranty, the assumption of any obligation or liability and the exercise of any right or power).
This Licence does not confer any rights on any person or party (other than the parties to this Licence and, where applicable, their successors and permitted assigns) pursuant to the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
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This Licence and any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with it or its subject matter or formation (including non-contractual disputes or claims) shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales.
Each party irrevocably agrees that the courts of England and Wales shall have exclusive jurisdiction to settle any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with this Licence or its subject matter or formation (including non-contractual disputes or claims).


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US military expands its billion dollar drug war in Latin America
The crew members aboard the USS Underwood could see through their night goggles what was happening on the fleeing go-fast boat: Someone was dumping bales.
When the Navy guided-missile frigate later dropped anchor in Panamanian waters on that sunny August morning, Ensign Clarissa Carpio, a 23-year-old from San Francisco, climbed into the inflatable dinghy with four unarmed sailors and two Coast Guard officers like herself, carrying light submachine guns. It was her first deployment, but Carpio was ready for combat.
Fighting drug traffickers was precisely what she'd trained for.
In the most expensive initiative in Latin America since the Cold War, the U.S. has militarized the battle against the traffickers, spending more than $20 billion in the past decade. U.S. Army troops, Air Force pilots and Navy ships outfitted with Coast Guard counternarcotics teams are routinely deployed to chase, track and capture drug smugglers.
The sophistication and violence of the traffickers is so great that the U.S. military is training not only law enforcement agents in Latin American nations, but their militaries as well, building a network of expensive hardware, radar, airplanes, ships, runways and refueling stations to stem the tide of illegal drugs from South America to the U.S.
According to State Department and Pentagon officials, stopping drug-trafficking organizations has become a matter of national security because they spread corruption, undermine fledgling democracies and can potentially finance terrorists.
U.S. drug czar Gil Kerlikowske, pointing to dramatic declines in violence and cocaine production in Colombia, says the strategy works.
"The results are historic and have tremendous implications, not just for the United States and the Western Hemisphere, but for the world," he said at a conference on drug policy last year.
The Associated Press examined U.S. arms export authorizations, defense contracts, military aid, and exercises in the region, tracking a drug war strategy that began in Colombia, moved to Mexico and is now finding fresh focus in Central America, where brutal cartels mark an enemy motivated not by ideology but by cash.
The U.S. authorized the sale of a record $2.8 billion worth of guns, satellites, radar equipment and tear gas to Western Hemisphere nations in 2011, four times the authorized sales 10 years ago, according to the latest State Department reports.
Over the same decade, defense contracts jumped from $119 million to $629 million, supporting everything from Kevlar helmets for the Mexican army to airport runways in Aruba, according to federal contract data.
Last year $830 million, almost $9 out of every $10 of U.S. law enforcement and military aid spent in the region, went toward countering narcotics, up 30 percent in the past decade.
Many in the military and other law enforcement agencies -- the Drug Enforcement Administration, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, FBI -- applaud the U.S. strategy, but critics say militarizing the drug war in a region fraught with tender democracies and long-corrupt institutions can stir political instability while barely touching what the U.N. estimates is a $320 billion global illicit drug market.
Congressman Eliot Engel (D-N.Y.), who chaired the U.S. House Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere for the past four years, says the U.S.-supported crackdown on Mexican cartels only left them "stronger and more violent." He intends to reintroduce a proposal for a Western Hemisphere Drug Policy Commission to evaluate antinarcotics efforts.
"Billions upon billions of U.S. taxpayer dollars have been spent over the years to combat the drug trade in Latin America and the Caribbean," he said. "In spite of our efforts, the positive results are few and far between."
At any given moment, 4,000 U.S. troops are deployed in Latin America and as many as four U.S. Navy ships are plying the Caribbean and Pacific coastlines of Central America. U.S. pilots clocked more than 46,400 hours in 2011 flying anti-drug missions, and U.S. agents from at least 10 law enforcement agencies spread across the continent.
The U.S. trains thousands of Latin American troops, and employs its multibillion dollar radar equipment to gather intelligence to intercept traffickers and arrest cartel members.
These work in organized-crime networks that boast an estimated 11,000 flights annually and hundreds of boats and submersibles. They smuggle cocaine from the only place it's produced, South America, to the land where it is most coveted, the United States.
One persistent problem is that in many of the partner nations, police are so institutionally weak or corrupt that governments have turned to their militaries to fight drug traffickers, often with violent results. Militaries are trained for combat, while police are trained to enforce laws.
"It is unfortunate that militaries have to be involved in what are essentially law enforcement engagements," said Frank Mora, the outgoing deputy assistant secretary of defense for Western Hemisphere affairs. But he argues that many governments have little choice.
"We are not going to turn our backs on these governments or these institutions because they've found themselves in such a situation that they have to use their militaries in this way," Mora said.
Mora said the effort is not tantamount to militarizing the war on drugs. He said the Defense Department's role is limited, by law, to monitoring and detection. Law enforcement agents, from the U.S. Coast Guard, Customs and Border Protection or other agencies are in charge of some of the busts, he said.
But the U.S. is deploying its own military. Not only is the Fourth Fleet in the Caribbean, the Pacific and the Atlantic, but the Marines were sent to Guatemala last year and the National Guard is in Honduras.
The Obama Administration sees these deployments as important missions with a worthy payoff. Hundreds of thousands of kilograms (pounds) of cocaine are seized en route to the U.S. every year, and the Defense Department estimates about 850 metric tons of cocaine departed South America last year toward the U.S., down 20 percent in just a year. The most recent U.S. survey found cocaine use fell significantly, from 2.4 million people in 2006 to 1.4 million in 2011.
Aboard the Underwood, the crew of 260 was clear on the mission. The ship's bridge wings bear 16 cocaine "snowflakes" and two marijuana "leaves," awarded to the Underwood by the Coast Guard command to be "proudly displayed" for its successful interdictions.
Standing on the bridge, Carpio's team spotted its first bale of cocaine. And then, after 2 1/2 weeks plying the Caribbean in search of drug traffickers, they spotted another, and then many more.
"In all we found 49 bales," Carpio said in an interview aboard the ship. "It was very impressive to see the bales popping along the water in a row."
Wrapped in black and white tarp, they were so heavy she could barely pull one out of the water. Later, officials said they'd collected $27 million worth of cocaine.
The current U.S. strategy began in Colombia in 2000, with an eight-year effort that cost more than $7 billion to stop the flow from the world's top cocaine producer. During Plan Colombia, the national police force, working closely with dozens of DEA agents, successfully locked up top drug traffickers.
But then came "the balloon effect."
As a result of Plan Colombia's pressure, traffickers were forced to find new coca-growing lands in Peru and Bolivia, and trafficking routes shifted as well from Florida to the U.S.-Mexico border.
Thus a $1.6 billion, 4-year Merida Initiative was launched in 2008. Once more, drug kingpins were caught or killed, and as cartels fought to control trafficking routes, increasingly gruesome killings topped 70,000 in six years.
Mexican cartel bosses, feeling the squeeze, turned to Central America as the first stop for South American cocaine, attracted by weaker governments and corrupt authorities.
"Now, all of a sudden, the tide has turned," said Brick Scoggins, who manages the Defense Department's counter-narcotics programs in most of Latin America and the Caribbean. "I'd say northern tier countries of El Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala and Belize have become a key focus area."
The latest iteration is the $165 million Central America Regional Security Initiative, which includes Operation Martillo (Hammer), a year-old U.S.-led mission. The operation has no end date and is focused on the seas off Central America's beach-lined coasts, key shipping routes for 90 percent of the estimated 850 metric tons of cocaine headed to the U.S.
As part of Operation Martillo, 200 U.S. Marines began patrolling Guatemala's western coast in August, their helicopters soaring above villages at night as they headed out to sea to find "narco-submarines" and shiploads of drugs. The troops also brought millions of dollars' worth of computers and intelligence-gathering technology to analyze communications between suspected drug dealers.
Assistant Secretary of State William Brownfield, head of the Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, predicts the balloon effect will play out in Central America before moving to the Caribbean.
The goal, he said, is to make it so hard for traffickers to move drugs to the U.S. that they will eventually opt out of North America, where cocaine use is falling. Traffickers would likely look for easier, more expanding markets, shifting sales to a growing customer base in Europe, Africa and elsewhere in the world.
Brownfield said almost all Peruvian and Bolivian cocaine goes east through Brazil and Argentina and then to Western Europe. Cocaine that reaches North America mostly comes from Colombia, he said, with U.S. figures showing production falling sharply, from 700 metric tons in 2001 to 195 metric tons today -- though estimates vary widely.
When the drug war turns bloody, he said, the strategy is working.
"The bloodshed tends to occur and increase when these trafficking organizations, which are large, powerful, rich, extremely violent and potentially bloody, ... come under some degree of pressure," he said.
Yet the strategy has often backfired when foreign partners proved too inexperienced to fight drug traffickers or so corrupt they switched sides.
In Mexico, for example, the U.S. focused on improving the professionalism of the federal police. But the effort's success was openly questioned after federal police at Mexico City's Benito Juarez International Airport opened fire at each other, killing three.
In August critics were even more concerned when two CIA officers riding in a U.S. Embassy SUV were ambushed by Mexican federal police allegedly working for an organized crime group. The police riddled the armored SUV with 152 bullets, wounding both officers.
The new strategy in Honduras has had its own fits and starts.
Last year, the U.S. Defense Department spent a record $67.4 million on military contracts in Honduras, triple the 2002 defense contracts there well above the $45.6 million spent in neighboring Guatemala in 2012. The U.S. also spent about $2 million training more than 300 Honduran military personnel in 2011, and $89 million in annual spending to maintain Joint Task Force Bravo, a 600-member U.S. unit based at Soto Cano Air Base.
Further, neither the State Department nor the Pentagon could provide details explaining a 2011 $1.3 billion authorization for exports of military electronics to Honduras -- although that would amount to almost half of all U.S. arms exports for the entire Western Hemisphere.
In May, on the other side of the country, Honduran national police rappelled from U.S. helicopters to bust drug traffickers near the remote village of Ahuas, killing four allegedly innocent civilians and scattering locals who were loading some 450 kilograms (close to 1,000 pounds) of cocaine into a boat.
The incident drew international attention and demands for an investigation when the DEA confirmed it had agents aboard the helicopters advising their Honduran counterparts. Villagers spoke of English-speaking commandos kicking in doors and handcuffing locals just after the shooting, searching for drug traffickers.
Six weeks later, townspeople watched in shock as laborers exhumed the first of four muddy graves. At each burial site, workers pulled out the decomposing bodies of two women and two young men, and laid them on tarps.
Forensic scientists conducted their graveside autopsies in the open air, probing for bullet wounds and searching for signs the women had been pregnant, as villagers had claimed.
Government investigators concluded there was no wrongdoing in the raid. In the subsequent months, DEA agents shot and killed suspects they said threatened them in two separate incidents, and the U.S. temporarily suspended the sharing of radar intelligence because the Central American nation's air force shot down two suspected drug planes, a violation of rules of engagement. Support was also withheld for the national police after it was learned that its new director had been tied to death squads.
As the new year begins, Congress is still withholding an estimated $30 million in aid to Honduras, about a third of all the U.S. aid slotted for this year.
But there are no plans to rethink the strategy.
Scoggins, the Defense Department's counter-narcotics manager, said operations in Central America are expected to grow for the next five years.
"It's not for me to say if it's the correct strategy. It's the strategy we are using," said Scoggins. "I don't know what the alternative is."


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A Newsweek correspondent wonders so many people are dissatisfied with their homes
House Lust: America's Obsession With Our Homes. By Daniel McGinn. Doubleday, 272 pp., $24.95.
By Janice Harayda
In California a licensed marriage and family therapist specializes in treating "renovation anxiety and distress," the trauma of giving a house a face-lift. On the evidence of the lively House Lust, it will take more than counseling – or the Great Recession – to cure Americans of their tendency to covet better homes.
Why do so many people lust after mud rooms, brushed-nickel toilet-paper holders, or countertops made from Giallo Ornamental Granite, imported from Brazil? The forebears of today's house-hunters may have wanted simply to keep up with the Joneses and their carport or Danish modern sofa.
But Newsweek correspondent Daniel McGinn argues that the psychology of homeownership has become more complex. Drawing on the theories of Cornell economist Robert Frank and others, he suggests that residential upgrades often involve what he calls the "I've earned it" hypothesis: Some people have less desire to impress their neighbors than to impress themselves (or, as McGinn writes diplomatically, to "comfort" or "treat" themselves). Americans are more likely than their grandparents to spend fortunes on spaces few others may ever see:
"Today a top-of-the-line master bath might include a multiple-head steam shower, a $5,000 remote-controlled toilet and a jetted [tub] with nearly as much horsepower as a riding lawnmower," McGinn writes in House Lust. "Few people in our lives will ever catch a glimpse of these improvements, but we still covet them. Why? Because we've earned it."
An entire book about theories like these might have been as dry as plaster dust. But McGinn enlivens his arguments with colorful and at times witty reporting on an array of related fads: timesharing, "staycations," television shows like Flip This House, "Do-It-Herself" workshops for women at Home Depot, and the Web site Zilllow that lets you look up the value of homes owned by friends and relatives. McGinn also visits Braden Keil, who writes the "Gimme Shelter" gossip column for the New York Post, and learns that Keil believes that three things make for great real-estate item: a top-drawer celebrity, a record-breaking price paid for a property, or a home with an interesting history, such an apartment where a spectacular murder occurred. "In this worldview," McGinn writers, "the perfect 'Gimme Shelter' item might carry the headline: 'Britney Spears Drops $200 Mill on Kennedy Compound."
Best line: No. 1: "In 1950, the average American home measured just 983 square feet. … But over time, the average has crept steadily upward – and by 2005, according to Census data, the average newly-built U.S. home measured 2,434 square feet. … When it comes to American homes, the only thing that's decreased in recent years is the size of the plot of land on which they're built and the size of the families who live inside." No. 2 (quoted in the post that preceded this one): Some new homes are so big that "visitors might require MapQuest to navigate their way from room to room."
Worst line: "When historians look back on the first years of 21st century American life, the housing boom will be a secondary story, a distant background note to 9/11 and the War on Terror." Or so it appeared in the pre-crash summer of 2007, when McGinn finished writing House Lust.
Recommendation? The provocative questions and engaging writing style of House Lust might appeal to many book clubs, but the reading group guide on the author's site is one of the worst I've seen. Only three out of its 21 questions mention House Lust. And most are pointless: They in no way enrich your understanding of the book and might have occurred to you whether or not you'd read it. Sample: "If you had a chance to pitch a new show idea to HGTV, what would it be?" How does this help you understand the book? What's odd is that irrelevant questions like these are usually intended to distract you from the poor quality of a book, but House Lust is good, so they're self-defeating.
Caveat lector: This review was based on an advance reader's copy. Some material in the finished book may differ.
Published: January 2008
About the author: McGinn is a national correspondent for Newsweek who lives near Boston.
© 2009 Janice Harayda. All rights reserved.


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In-depth news and talking heads waltzed over country music to lead the Chico radio market last fall.
Northstate Public Radio (KCHO-FM 91.7) and KPAY-AM 1290 tied for first in the share of total listeners, based on Arbitron Inc.'s ratings for fall 2005.
For the past year, country music ruled the highly segmented radio roost in the twice-yearly surveys.
The Blaze (KHSL-FM 103.5) was king in the spring but shared third place with Club 967 (KZAP-FM 96.7) in the fall. Country station KALF-FM 95.7 was first in fall 2004 but came in fourth last quarter.
Joe Oleksiewicz, KCHO's program director, said the high placement is good news which he attributes to the station's lineup. He noted that "Morning Edition" is the station's best-ranked program, often ranking at or near the top compared to other morning programs.
"I'm impressed that the overall numbers are so good," he said.
Northstate Public Radio is operated by Chico State University.
Noncommercial radio ratings aren't listed alongside commercial stations but the data is the same, according to Arbitron spokeswoman Jessica Benbow. She said Arbitron provides commercial data to be used to help sell advertising. Noncommercial radio data is licensed to the Radio Research Consortium.
Benbow said many public radio stations appear to have a high market share, but didn't have firm information.
"I believe it happens often," she said.
KCHO's No. 1 position appears to be unique among many Northern California radio markets although San Francisco's KQED-FM 88.5 is the second-highest rated station in its market.
Chico community station KZFR-FM 90.1 ranks ninth. In Redding, KCHO's sister station KFPR-FM 88.9 checks in at eighth. Capital Public Radio in Sacramento has two stations — KXPR-FM 88.9 and KXPR-FM 90.9 — which rank 11th and 12th there.
Nationally, KCHO is 16th on the consortium's top 30 ranking of public radio stations based on their hold of the local market. Only one California public radio station — KCBX-FM 90.1 in San Luis Obisbo — has a larger piece of its local market.
The commercial news-talk format appears to fare better in San Francisco and Sacramento with KGO-AM 810 and KFBK-AM 1530 topping their respective cities' charts.
Dino Corbin, general manager and co-owner of Deer Creek Broadcasting, said it's great to have No. 1 bragging rights, but stations look at more specific data to target advertisers. Deer Creek owns KPAY, The Blaze and four other stations in Chico.
"Although that's a nice fun thing, that doesn't mean anything in our world," Corbin said.
Arbitron's publicly available data reports listeners older than 12 years who listen to the radio some time between 6 a.m. and midnight everyday. Radio stations pay Arbitron for more specific information breaking the numbers down based on certain time periods and a listener's age and buying habits.
"Ratings — you can slice the bologna a lot of different ways," Corbin said.
Looking at KHSL's decline, Corbin said ratings for specific radio stations can swing from season to season. He said the station's drop isn't as great in its key demographic and it remains very highly ranked for women ages 18 to 49.
Corbin said Arbitron will begin averaging the ratings between two different periods to provide a more accurate picture. Arbitron collects its data by having people record their listening in diaries. The number of diaries and survey frequency depends on the market's size. Arbitron collected 544 diaries in its twice-annual survey of Chico, the nation's 199th largest radio market.
"The sample that we have is reflective of the population in that particular market," Benbow said.
Although KPAY competes with Northstate Public Radio for a share of total listeners, Corbin said KPAY's offerings of conservative talk shows don't directly face-off with Northstate Public Radio's mix of news and classical music.
KCHO can't publicly compare its ratings to others, but Oleksiewicz is able to determine that younger, male listeners tend to listen to KCHO's news programming while older, female listeners tend to skew towards classical music. In addition to "Morning Edition," weekend fare such as "Car Talk" and "A Prairie Home Companion" are also popular.
Northstate Public Radio uses its ratings alongside pledge drives and listener feedback to determine how its programming is doing. The Corporation for Public Broadcasting and others use the ratings to determine KCHO's level of funding.
"It's part of the mix," Oleksiewicz said.
Staff writer Ryan Olson can be reached at 896-7763 or firstname.lastname@example.com.


text:
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Family Photo Shoot & Avon's First Birthday Party
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Dani Starts Kindergarten
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Grandma and Grandpa Watch Four Kids
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Ruth Chan Event
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99 questions/1 to 10
This is part of Ninety-Nine Haskell Problems, based on Ninety-Nine Prolog Problems and Ninety-Nine Lisp Problems.
If you want to work on one of these, put your name in the block so we know someone's working on it. Then, change n in your block to the appropriate problem number, and fill in the <Problem description>,<example in lisp>,<example in Haskell>,<solution in haskell> and <description of implementation> fields.
Problem 1
(*) Find the last element of a list.
(Note the the Lisp transcription of this problem is incorrect.)
Example in Haskell:
Prelude> myLast [1,2,3,4]
Prelude> myLast ['x','y','z']
myLast :: [a] -> a
myLast [x] = x
myLast (_:xs) = myLast xs
myLast :: [a] -> a
myLast = foldr1 (const id)
Prelude also provides the function
Problem 2
(*) Find the last but one element of a list.
(Note the the Lisp transcription of this problem is incorrect.)
Example in Haskell:
Prelude> myButLast [1,2,3,4]
Prelude> myButLast ['a'..'z']
myButLast :: [a] -> a
myButLast = last . init
myButLast :: [a] -> a
myButLast [x,_] = x
myButLast (_:xs) = myButLast xs
Problem 3
(*) Find the K'th element of a list. The first element in the list is number 1.
* (element-at '(a b c d e) 3) C
Example in Haskell:
Prelude> elementAt [1,2,3] 2
Prelude> elementAt "haskell" 5
This is (almost) the infix operator !! in Prelude, which is defined as:
(!!) :: [a] -> Int -> a
(x:_) !! 0 = x
(_:xs) !! n = xs !! (n-1)
Except this doesn't quite work, because !! is zero-indexed, and element-at should be one-indexed. So:
elementAt :: [a] -> Int -> a
elementAt list i = list !! (i-1)
Problem 4
(*) Find the number of elements of a list.
Example in Haskell:
Prelude> myLength [123, 456, 789]
Prelude> myLength "Hello, world!"
myLength :: [a] -> Int
myLength [] = 0
myLength (_:xs) = 1 + myLength xs
This is
length in
Problem 5
(*) Reverse a list.
Example in Haskell:
Prelude> reverse "A man, a plan, a canal, panama!"
"!amanap ,lanac a ,nalp a ,nam A"
Prelude> reverse [1,2,3,4]
Solution: (defined in Prelude)
reverse :: [a] -> [a]
reverse = foldl (flip (:)) []
The standard definition is concise, but not very readable. Another way to define reverse is:
reverse :: [a] -> [a]
reverse [] = []
reverse (x:xs) = reverse xs ++ [x]
However this definition is more wasteful than the one in Prelude as it repeatedly reconses the result as it is accumulated. The following variation avoids that, and thus computationally closer to the Prelude version.
reverse :: [a] -> [a]
reverse list = reverse' list []
reverse' [] reversed = reversed
reverse' (x:xs) reversed = reverse' xs (x:reversed)
Problem 6
(*) Find out whether a list is a palindrome. A palindrome can be read forward or backward; e.g. (x a m a x).
Example in Haskell:
*Main> isPalindrome [1,2,3]
*Main> isPalindrome "madamimadam"
*Main> isPalindrome [1,2,4,8,16,8,4,2,1]
isPalindrome :: (Eq a) => [a] -> Bool
isPalindrome xs = xs == (reverse xs)
Problem 7
(**) Flatten a nested list structure.
Transform a list, possibly holding lists as elements into a `flat' list by replacing each list with its elements (recursively).
* (my-flatten '(a (b (c d) e))) (A B C D E)
Example in Haskell:
*Main> flatten (Elem 5)
*Main> flatten (List [Elem 1, List [Elem 2, List [Elem 3, Elem 4], Elem 5]])
*Main> flatten (List [])
data NestedList a = Elem a | List [NestedList a]
flatten :: NestedList a -> [a]
flatten (Elem x) = [x]
flatten (List x) = concatMap flatten x
We have to define a new data type, because lists in Haskell are homogeneous. [1, [2, [3, 4], 5]] is a type error. Therefore, we must have a way of representing a list that may (or may not) be nested.
Our NestedList datatype is either a single element of some type (Elem a), or a list of NestedLists of the same type. (List [NestedList a]).
Problem 8
(**) Eliminate consecutive duplicates of list elements.
If a list contains repeated elements they should be replaced with a single copy of the element. The order of the elements should not be changed.
Example: * (compress '(a a a a b c c a a d e e e e)) (A B C A D E) Example in Haskell: *Main> compress ['a','a','a','a','b','c','c','a','a','d','e','e','e','e'] ['a','b','c','a','d','e']
compress :: Eq a => [a] -> [a]
compress = map head . group
We simply group equal values together (group), then take the head of each. Note that (with GHC) we must give an explicit type to compress otherwise we get:
Ambiguous type variable `a' in the constraint:
`Eq a'
arising from use of `group'
Possible cause: the monomorphism restriction applied to the following:
compress :: [a] -> [a]
Probable fix: give these definition(s) an explicit type signature
or use -fno-monomorphism-restriction
We can circumvent the monomorphism restriction by writing compress this way (See: section 4.5.4 of the report):
compress xs = map head $ group xs
An alternative solution is
compress [] = []
compress [a] = [a]
compress (x : y : xs) = (if x == y then [] else [x]) ++ compress (y : xs)
Problem 9
(**) Pack consecutive duplicates of list elements into sublists. If a list contains repeated elements they should be placed in separate sublists.
Example: * (pack '(a a a a b c c a a d e e e e)) ((A A A A) (B) (C C) (A A) (D) (E E E E)) <example in lisp> Example in Haskell: *Main> pack ['a', 'a', 'a', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'c', 'a', 'a', 'd', 'e', 'e', 'e', 'e'] ["aaaa","b","cc","aa","d","eeee"]
pack (x:xs) = let (first,rest) = span (==x) xs
in (x:first) : pack rest
pack [] = []
This is implemented as
group in
Problem 10
(*) Run-length encoding of a list. Use the result of problem P09 to implement the so-called run-length encoding data compression method. Consecutive duplicates of elements are encoded as lists (N E) where N is the number of duplicates of the element E.
* (encode '(a a a a b c c a a d e e e e)) ((4 A) (1 B) (2 C) (2 A) (1 D)(4 E))
Example in Haskell:
encode "aaaabccaadeeee" [(4,'a'),(1,'b'),(2,'c'),(2,'a'),(1,'d'),(4,'e')]
encode xs = map (\x -> (length x,head x)) (group xs)
which can also be expressed as a list comprehension:
[(length x, head x) | x <- group xs]
Or writing it Pointfree:
encode :: Eq a => [a] -> [(Int, a)]
encode = map (\x -> (length x, head x)) . group
Or (ab)using the "&&&" arrow operator for tuples:
encode :: Eq a => [a] -> [(Int, a)]
encode xs = map (length &&& head) $ group xs


text:
Charm pack squares are the perfect size to whip up some sweet little coin purses like these:
And you can use a layer cake for the larger clutch sized version to take out on the town.
Per coin purse:
-4 charms squares ( I used these cute little prints from Little Apples by Aneela Hoey), 2 matching for the lining, and 2 matching for the exterior. Alternatively, for the exterior of the coin purse you can use several charms to cut apart and piece back together to create your own fun design, just be sure that they finish up 5 inches by 5 inches square, OR you can fussy cut 5 by 5 inch squares from a slice of layer cake!
– two 5×5 inch pieces of lightweight fusible interfacing
– OPTIONAL (but suggested): two 5×5 inch pieces of medium weight interfacing (sew in or fusible) OR quilt batting scraps will do, too!
– 3 inch (8 cm) coin purse frame or your choosing (the ones pictured was purchased here)
Per clutch bag:
– 2 slices of layer cake (shown here in the lovely Ruby by Bonnie and Camille), one for the exterior and one for the lining. Again, feel free to use extra slices to make a patchwork that finishes 10 by 10 inches. You may want to use some other bits as embellishments, like the shabby chic flower added to my clutch (see "garnishes" below).
– one 10 x 10 inch piece of lightweight fusible interfacing
– one 10 x 10 inch piece of medium or heavy weight interfacing (sew in or fusible) OR quilt batting
– one 8 inch OR one 6 inch purse frame of your choosing (mine was purchased here)
*For both projects, you will also require some adhesive (mine was purchased here) as well as a long thin object (such as a butter knife) to be used to help insert the purse in the frame. It will get full of glue, so don't use anything too precious 😉
In addition- the usual suspects: thread, scissors, machine, rotary cutting tools, etc.
Embellishments are a fun addition to your clutch or coin purse. Be creative! You could add hand stitching, buttons, lace, ribbon, ric rac, and so on. Endless possibilities!
1. Prep work
Iron the lightweight fusible interfacing to the wrong side of the 2 outer charm squares (for the coin purses) or the outer layer cake slice (for the clutch). If your medium weight interfacing is also fusible, iron it to the other side of the lightweight interfacing as well.
2. Make a template
You will need to make a customized template to correspond with your purse frame. Easy!
For the coin purse (3 inch frame):
Grab one charm and fold in half vertically. Center your frame at the top of the folded edge, 1/4 inch down from top edge. Draw a line, following the contour of your frame, but 1/4 inch out to be your seam allowance. where the frame ends, extend in a line to the bottom corner. Cut.
In addition, you may wish to round your bottom corners while it is still folded in half so that they are a mirror image.
Use this piece as your template! Now fold the remaining outer, lining, and interfacing pieces in half and cut to match.
For the clutch purse (8 inch frame):
Fold layer cake fabric for outer in half top horizontally, then again vertically to make a 5 inch square.
For 6″ rectangle frame– mark a spot 1.75 inches from outer corners and cut towards bottom folded corner.
For 8″ rectangle frame– mark a spot 3/4 inches from outer corners and cut towards bottom folder corner.
Round corners, etc as described for coin purse and use this piece as your template. However, do NOT round bottom corners of clutch. Fold and cut remaining lining and interfacing pieces to match.
Note- if you want to add interior pocket or labels to your bags, do so at this time.
3. Time to sew the bags!
For both sized purses:
a) Unfold vertical folds (i.e. completely unfold for charms/coin purses, but keep horizontal fold in place for clutch bag). Hold your frame over the top portion of the outer and lining fabrics, and mark a line on the wrong side that corresponds with the bottom edge of the frame hinge.
For coin purse:
Place exterior pieces, right sides together, with interfacing on the outside. Sew, stopping at marked line. For coin purses, you will sew from marking to bottom corner, then across bottom and up again to second marking. The top remains unsewn.
For clutch:
The bottom edge is folded fabric, so you will only need to sew 2 short lines from the bottom corners up to the markings.
Repeat for lining pieces.
For clutch only:
Square off corners by aligning side seam with bottom fold as shown, and making a perpendicular line 3/4 inch from the corner.
Sew along the line, and trim off excess, leaving a 1/4 inch seam.
When you turn it right side out, your corners will be boxed, like this:
Repeat for second corner, and again for both corners of the lining piece.
b) For both bag styles: Invert exterior bag right side out, and slide inside of the lining bag, which remains inside out such that right sides of exterior and lining are facing each other.
Sew around top edges of the bag to join lining and outer, leaving a small opening at one of the top edges.
Use this opening to invert the bag right side out. You may want to use a blunt object, such as a chopstick, to press out the corners and edges. Press edges.
c) Tuck raw edges of opening inward and sew with a small 1/8 inch seam to close.
4. Time to attach the frame!
Apply a thin bead of glue to the inside of one half of the frame. You really don't need a lot and too much will gush out and stain your fabrics, so be conservative!
Lay the glued side flat on a surface protected with paper. Center one side of the bag below it, then gently push fabric upwards into the channel of the frame. Use edge of butter knife (I am using a Whiltsire- I like to live dangerously!) to tuck fabric into the frame.
Flip the bag over to ensure that both sides are inserted neatly and evenly, and quickly wipe off excess glue on the fabric or metal frame. Work quickly and continue until all edges are concealed in the frame channel.
Take a mini break to let the glue adhere. Check your email. Read my blog 🙂 Have a snack. Maybe some chocolate?
Back at it! Repeat for the other side of the frame.
Let the glue dry for a few hours or overnight.
Your finished bag will look like this:
Want to embellish it?
I added a flower- I cut one 3″ circle, a 2″ circle and a 1.5″ circle and stacked them I put mine through the washer and drier to shabby them up a bit 🙂 Then, I found a pretty little sparkly button and sewed it onto the front of the bag. Easy as that!
Voila! One pretty frame purse just for you!
Keep making your way through that charm pack or layer cake and you will have a stack of them ready in no time! The clutch is a perfect gift for the girlfriends, and the coin purses are much loved by the little ones…especially if you add a few coins in there for them!
I hope you enjoyed this tutorial! I would love to see what you made, so please be sure to add them to my Flickr group!
Kristie Maslow