text:
Books and tutorials covering many aspects of Haskell.
Language and library definition
Simon Peyton Jones: "Haskell 98 language and libraries: the Revised Report", Cambridge University Press, 2003, Hardback, 272 pages, ISBN 0521826144, £45.00
Book Description
Haskell is the world's leading lazy functional programming language, widely used for teaching, research, and applications. The language continues to develop rapidly, but in 1998 the community decided to capture a stable snapshot of the language: Haskell 98. All Haskell compilers support Haskell 98, so practitioners and educators alike have a stable base for their work. This book constitutes the agreed definition of the Haskell 98, both the language itself and its supporting libraries. It has been considerably revised and refined since the original definition, and appears in print for the first time. It should be a standard reference work for anyone involved in research, teaching, or application of Haskell.
The entire language definition is also available online: Language and library specification.
- Paul Hudak: The Haskell School of Expression: Learning Functional Programming through Multimedia, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2000, 416
pp, 15 line diagrams, 75 exercises, Paperback $29.95, ISBN 0521644089, Hardback $74.95, ISBN 0521643384
Book Description
This book teaches functional programming as a way of thinking and problem solving, using Haskell, the most popular purely functional language. Rather than using the conventional mathematical examples commonly found in other programming language textbooks, the author draws examples from multimedia applications, including graphics, animation, and computer music, thus rewarding the reader with working programs for inherently more interesting applications. Aimed at both beginning and advanced programmers, this tutorial begins with a gentle introduction to functional programming and moves rapidly on to more advanced topics. An underlying theme is the design and implementation of domain specific languages, using three examples: FAL (a Functional Animation Language), IRL (an Imperative Robot Language), and MDL (a Music Description Language). Details about programming in Haskell are presented in boxes throughout the text so they can be easily referred to and found quickly.
The book's Web Site contains source files for all programs in the text, as well as the graphics libraries to run them under Windows and Linux platforms. It also contains PowerPoint slides useful for teaching a course using the textbook.
- Simon Thompson: Haskell: The Craft of Functional Programming, Second Edition,
Addison-Wesley, 507 pages, paperback, 1999. ISBN 0-201-34275-8.
Book Description
The second edition of Haskell: The Craft of Functional Programming is essential reading for beginners to functional programming and newcomers to the Haskell programming language. The emphasis is on the process of crafting programs and the text contains many examples and running case studies, as well as advice an program design, testing, problem solving and how to avoid common pitfalls.
Building on the strengths of the first edition, the book includes many new and improved features:
- Complete coverage of Haskell 98, the standard version of Haskell which will be stable and supported by implementations for years to come.
- An emphasis on software engineering principles, encouraging a disciplined approach to building reusable libraries of software components.
- Detailed coverage of the Hugs interpreter with an appendix covering other implementations.
- A running case study of pictures emphasizes the built-in functions which appear in the standard prelude and libraries. It is also used to give an early preview of some of the more complex language features, such as high-order functions.
- List comprehensions and the standard functions over lists are covered before recursion.
- Early coverage of polymorphism supporting the "toolkit" approach and encouraging the resuse of built-in functions and types.
- Extensive reference material containing details of further reading in books, journals and on the World Wide Web.
- Accompanying Web Site supporting the book, containing all the program code, further teaching materials and other useful resources.
This books introduces Haskell at a level appropriate for those with little or no prior experience of functional programming. The emphasis is on the process of crafting programs, solving problems, and avoiding common errors.
- Richard Bird: Introduction to Functional Programming using Haskell, 2nd edition, Prentice Hall Press, 1998, 460 pp., ISBN 0-13-484346-0.
From the cover:
After the success of the first edition, Introduction to Functional Programming using Haskell has been thoroughly updated and revised to provide a complete grounding in the principles and techniques of programming with functions.
The second edition uses the popular language Haskell to express functional programs. There are new chapters on program optimisation, abstract datatypes in a functional setting, and programming in a monadic style. There are completely new case studies, and many new exercises.
As in the first edition, there is an emphasis on the fundamental techniques for reasoning about functional programs, and for deriving them systematically from their specifications.
The book is self-contained, assuming no prior knowledge of programming, and is suitable as an introductory undergraduate text for first- or second-year students.
- Graham Hutton: Programming in Haskell, Paperback: 200 pages, Cambridge University Press (January 31, 2007), English, ISBN 0521692695
Book Description
Haskell is one of the leading languages for teaching functional programming, enabling students to write simpler and cleaner code, and to learn how to structure and reason about programs. This introduction is ideal for beginners: it requires no previous programming experience and all concepts are explained from first principles via carefully chosen examples. Each chapter includes exercises that range from the straightforward to extended projects, plus suggestions for further reading on more advanced topics. The author is a leading Haskell researcher and instructor, well-known for his teaching skills. The presentation is clear and simple, and benefits from having been refined and class-tested over several years. The result is a text that can be used with courses, or for self-learning. Features include: freely accessible Powerpoint slides for each chapter; solutions to exercises, and examination questions (with solutions) available to instructors; downloadable code that's fully compliant with the latest Haskell release.
- Antony Davie: An Introduction to Functional Programming Systems Using Haskell, Cambridge University Press, 1992. ISBN 0-521-25830-8 (hardback). ISBN 0-521-27724-8 (paperback).
Functional programming is a style of programming that has become increasingly popular during the past few years. Applicative programs have the advantage of being almost immediately expressible as functional descriptions; they can be proved correct and transformed through the referential transparency property.
This book presents the basic concepts of functional programming, using the language Haskell for examples. The author incorporates a discussion of lambda calculus and its relationship with Haskell, exploring the implications for raparallelism. Contents: SASL for Beginners / Examples of SASL Programming / More Advanced Applicative Programming Techniques / Lambda Calculus / The Relationship Between Lambda Calculus and SASL / Program Transformation and Efficiency / Correctness, Equivalence and Program Verification / Landin's SECD Machine and Related Implementations / Further Implementation Techniques / Special Purpose Hardware / The Applicative Style of Semantics / Other Applicative Languages / Implications for Parallelism / Functional Programming in Von Neumann Languages
- Fethi Rabhi and Guy Lapalme: Algorithms: A functional programming approach,
Addison-Wesley, 235 pages, paperback, 1999. ISBN 0-201-59604-0
Book Description
The authors challenge more traditional methods of teaching algorithms by using a functional programming context, with Haskell as an implementation language. This leads to smaller, clearer and more elegant programs which enable the programmer to understand the algorithm more quickly and to use that understanding to explore alternative solutions.
Key features:
- Most chapters are self-contained and can be taught independently from each other.
- All programs are in Haskell'98 and provided on a WWW site.
- End of chapter exercises throughout.
- Comprehensive index and bibliographical notes.
The book is organised as a classic algorithms book according to topics such as Abstract Data Types, sorting and searching. It uses a succession of practical programming examples to develop in the reader problem-solving skills which can be easily transferred to other language paradigms. It also introduces the idea of capturing algorithmic design strategies (e.g. Divide-and-Conquer, Dynamic Programming) through higher-order functions.
Target audience
The book is intended for computer science students taking algorithms and/or (basic or advanced) functional programming courses.
- Jeremy Gibbons and Oege de Moor (eds.): The Fun of Programming,Palgrave, 2002, 288 pages. ISBN 0333992857.
Book description:
In this textbook, leading researchers give tutorial expositions on the current state of the art of functional programming. The text is suitable for an undergraduate course immediately following an introduction to functional programming, and also for self-study. All new concepts are illustrated by plentiful examples, as well as exercises. A website gives access to accompanying software.
- Simon Peyton Jones: Implementation of Functional Programming Language], 500 pages, Prentice-Hall, 1987. ISBN 0134533259.
This 1987 book is now out of print, but it is now available online in its entirety.
- Simon Peyton Jones, David Lester: Implementing Functional Languages, Paperback: 288 pages, Prentice Hall (August 1992), English, ISBN 0137219520
The book is out of print. The full sources and a postscript version are available for free.
This book gives a practical approach to understanding the implementations of non-strict functional languages using lazy graph reduction. The emphasis of the book is on building working prototypes of several functional language implementations (template- instantiation, G-Machine, TIM, parallel G-Machine. In each case the authors provide a complete working prototype of a particular implementation, and then lead the reader through a sequence of improvements which expand its scope. This enables readers to develop, modify and experiment with their own implementations and for use as a source of practical laboratory work material.
- Simon Thompson: Type Theory and Functional Programming, Addison-Wesley, 1991. ISBN 0-201-41667-0. Hardcover: 388 pages.
Now out of print, the original version is available here.
Preface: Constructive Type theory has been a topic of research interest to computer scientists, mathematicians, logicians and philosophers for a number of years. For computer scientists it provides a framework which brings together logic and programming languages in a most elegant and fertile way: program development and verification can proceed within a single system. Viewed in a different way, type theory is a functional programming language with some novel features, such as the totality of all its functions, its expressive type system allowing functions whose result type depends upon the value of its input, and sophisticated modules and abstract types whose interfaces can contain logical assertions as well as signature information. A third point of view emphasizes that programs (or functions) can be extracted from proofs in the logic.
- Claudio Cesar de Sá and Marcio Ferreira da Silva: Haskell: Uma Abordagem Prática, Novatec Editora Ltda., 2006, 296 pages, ISBN 85-7522-095-0. The price is R$ 62,00 (in Reais). Language: Portugese
This book is being published by Novatec Editora Ltda. You can access directly here.
Book description:
This book brings a comprehensive vision of Haskell language. No knowledge in another functional programming language is expected. In addition, no background in programming is required. The book presents issues from basic up to an intermediate level; it also includes some advanced aspects of Haskell. The title of the book, Haskell: Uma Abordagem Prática, in English Haskell: A Practical Approach, is the essence of the book. The result is a text that can be used in courses of programming and paradigms languages. Finally, many practical examples can be found throughout the book.
An additional page containing comments on this book is found here: [1]. Other data as bibtex entry, cover's book in several formats, Winhugs-2001 for download, and so on. This page is Portugese.
- Blas C. Ruiz, Francisco Gutiérrez, Pablo Guerrero y José E. Gallardo. Razonando con Haskell, Thompson 2004. ISBN 84-9732-277-0. Language: Spanish
Descripción El objetivo principal de este libro es el de servir como libro de texto de las asignaturas de Programación Declarativa correspondientes a los estudios de Informática o Ciencias de la Computación, y otras ciencias en general ( Matemáticas, Física, etc.). El texto es fruto de una larga experiencia docente de los autores dentro de las distintas asignaturas que desarrollan la Programación Funcional en distintas titulaciones de la Universidad de Málaga. Aún así, su lectura no queda condicionada a un conocimiento previo sobre lenguajes de programación (de computadores), ni sobre Informática. De esta forma, el libro puede ser utilizado por todo aquel que desee tener un conocimiento amplio sobre la Programación Funcional.
- Haskell Primer: The first functional language to learn. Jun Mukai. In Japanese. Yen 2,730.
- Practical Haskell Programming, Minero Aoki and Nobuo Yamashita. A primer on functional programming for real world programs. In Japanese. Yen 2,940.
- Purely Functional Data Structures
- Chris Okasaki, 232 pp., Cambridge University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-521-63124-6
From the cover:
Most books on data structures assume an imperative language like C or C++. However, data structures for these languages do not always translate well to functional languages such as Standard ML, Haskell, or Scheme. This book describes data structures and data structure design techniques from the point of view of functional languages. It includes code for a wide assortment both of classical data structures and of data structures developed exclusively for functional languages.This handy reference for professional programmers working with functional languages can also be used as a tutorial or for self-study. Haskell source code for the book
Book Description
Данная книга является первым в России изданием, рассматривающим функциональное программирование в полном объеме, достаточном для понимания новичку и для использования книги в качестве справочного пособия теми, кто уже использует парадигму функционального программирования в своей практике. Изучение прикладных основ показано на примере языка Haskell, на сегодняшний день являющегося самым мощным и развитым инструментом функционального программирования. Издание можно использовать и в качестве учебника по функциональному программированию, и в качестве самостоятельного учебного пособия по смежным дисциплинам, в первую очередь по комбинаторной логике и ?-исчислению. Также книга будет интересна тем, кто всерьез занимается изучением новых компьютерных технологий, искусственного интеллекта и экспертных систем. К книге прилагается компакт-диск с транслятором Haskell, а также различными библиотеками к нему, дополнительными утилитами и рабочими примерами программ, рассмотренных в книге.
Types and Programming Languages
- Benjamin C. Pierce. 645 pages, The MIT Press, (February 1, 2002), English. ISBN 0262162091
From the cover:
A type system is a syntactic method for automatically checking the absence of certain erroneous behaviors by classifying program phrases according to the kinds of values they compute. The study of type systems--and of programming languages from a type-theoretic perspective-has important applications in software engineering, language design, high-performance compilers, and security. This text provides a comprehensive introduction both to type systems in computer science and to the basic theory of programming languages. The approach is pragmatic and operational; each new concept is motivated by programming examples and the more theoretical sections are driven by the needs of implementations. Each chapter is accompanied by numerous exercises and solutions, as well as a running implementation, available via the Web. Dependencies between chapters are explicitly identified, allowing readers to choose a variety of paths through the material. The core topics include the untyped lambda-calculus, simple type systems, type reconstruction, universal and existential polymorphism, subtyping, bounded quantification, recursive types, kinds, and type operators. Extended case studies develop a variety of approaches to modeling the features of object-oriented languages.
- Advanced Topics in Types and Programming Languages
- Benjamin C. Pierce (Editor), Hardcover: 608 pages, The MIT Press (December 23, 2004), Language: English, ISBN 0262162288.
From the cover:
The study of type systems for programming languages now touches many areas of computer science, from language design and implementation to software engineering, network security, databases, and analysis of concurrent and distributed systems. This book offers accessible introductions to key ideas in the field, with contributions by experts on each topic. The topics covered include precise type analyses, which extend simple type systems to give them a better grip on the run time behavior of systems; type systems for low-level languages; applications of types to reasoning about computer programs; type theory as a framework for the design of sophisticated module systems; and advanced techniques in ML-style type inference. Advanced Topics in Types and Programming Languages builds on Benjamin Pierce's Types and Programming Languages (MIT Press, 2002); most of the chapters should be accessible to readers familiar with basic notations and techniques of operational semantics and type systems -- the material covered in the first half of the earlier book. Advanced Topics in Types and Programming Languages can be used in the classroom and as a resource for professionals. Most chapters include exercises, ranging in difficulty from quick comprehension checks to challenging extensions, many with solutions.
- Programming Languages: Theory and Practice
- Robert Harper. (Draft).
A working draft of a planned book on the theoretical foundations of practical programming languages.
- Computational Semantics and Type Theory
- Jan van Eijck. Draft. Text online.
- Programming language theory texts online
- Collection of online programming language theory texts maintained by Frank Atanassow
See Books and tutorials/Mathematics
Introductions to Haskell
These are the recommended places to start learning, short of buying a textbook.
Best places to start
- Yet Another Haskell Tutorial
- By Hal Daume III et al. A recommended tutorial for Haskell that is still under construction but covers already much ground. Also a classic text. Now available as a wikibook.
- Haskell Wikibook
- A communal effort by several authors to produce the definitive Haskell textbook. Its very much a work in progress at the moment, and contributions are welcome.
- Write Yourself a Scheme in 48 Hours in Haskell
- A Haskell Tutorial, by Jonathan Tang. Most Haskell tutorials on the web seem to take a language-reference-manual approach to teaching. They show you the syntax of the language, a few language constructs, and then have you construct a few simple functions at the interactive prompt. The "hard stuff" of how to write a functioning, useful program is left to the end, or sometimes omitted entirely. This tutorial takes a different tack. You'll start off with command-line arguments and parsing, and progress to writing a fully-functional Scheme interpreter that implements a good-sized subset of R5RS Scheme. Along the way, you'll learn Haskell's I/O, mutable state, dynamic typing, error handling, and parsing features. By the time you finish, you should be fairly fluent in both Haskell and Scheme.
More tutorials
- A Gentle Introduction to Haskell
- By Paul Hudak, John Peterson, and Joseph H. Fasel. The title is misleading. Some knowledge of another functional programming language is expected. The emphasis is on the type system and those features which are really new in Haskell (compared to other functional programming languages). A classic, but not for the faint of heart (its not so gentle).
- H-99: Ninety-Nine Haskell Problems
- A collection of programming puzzles, with Haskell solutions. Solving these is a great way to get into Haskell programming.
- Haskell Tutorial for C Programmers
- By Eric Etheridge. From the intro: "This tutorial assumes that the reader is familiar with C/C++, Python, Java, or Pascal. I am writing for you because it seems that no other tutorial was written to help students overcome the difficulty of moving from C/C++, Java, and the like to Haskell."
- Beginning Haskell
- Online Haskell Course
- By Ralf Hinze (in German).
- Tutorial Papers in Functional Programming.
- A collection of links to other Haskell tutorials, from John Hughes.
- Two Dozen Short Lessons in Haskell
- By Rex Page. A draft of a textbook on functional programming, available by ftp. It calls for active participation from readers by omitting material at certain points and asking the reader to attempt to fill in the missing information based on knowledge they have already acquired. The missing information is then supplied on the reverse side of the page.
- Haskell-Tutorial
- By Damir Medak and Gerhard Navratil. The fundamentals of functional languages for beginners.
- Video Lectures
- Lectures (in English) by Jürgen Giesl. About 30 hours in total, and great for learning Haskell. The lectures are 2005-SS-FP.V01 through 2005-SS-FP.V26. Videos 2005-SS-FP.U01 through 2005-SS-FP.U11 are exercise answer sessions, so you probably don't want those.
- Albert's Functional Programming Course
- A 15 lesson introduction to most aspects of Haskell.
- Introduction to Haskell
- By Chris Dutton, An "attempt to bring the ideas of functional programming to the masses here, and an experiment in finding ways to make it easy and interesting to follow".
- An Introduction to Haskell
- A brief introduction, by Brian Howard.
- Introduction to Haskell
- By Isaac Jones (2003).
- Translating Haskell into English
- By Shannon Behrens, a glimpse of the Zen of Haskell, without requiring that they already be Haskell converts.
Motivation for using Haskell
- Why Functional Programming Matters
- By John Hughes, The Computer Journal, Vol. 32, No. 2, 1989, pp. 98 - 107. Also in: David A. Turner (ed.): Research Topics in Functional Programming, Addison-Wesley, 1990, pp. 17 - 42.
Exposes the advantages of functional programming languages. Demonstrates how higher-order functions and lazy evaluation enable new forms of modularization of programs.
- Why Haskell matters
- Discussion of the advantages of using Haskell in particular. An excellent article.
- Higher-order + Polymorphic = Reusable
- By Simon Thompson. Unpublished, May 1997.
Abstract: This paper explores how certain ideas in object oriented languages have their correspondents in functional languages. In particular we look at the analogue of the iterators of the C++ standard template library. We also give an example of the use of constructor classes which feature in Haskell 1.3 and Gofer.
- Explore functional programming with Haskell
- Introduction to the benefits of functional programming in Haskell by Bruce Tate.
Practical Haskell
These tutorials examine using Haskell to writing complex real-world applications
- Tackling the awkward squad: monadic input/output, concurrency, exceptions, and foreign-language calls in Haskell
- Simon Peyton Jones. Presented at the 2000 Marktoberdorf Summer School. In "Engineering theories of software construction", ed Tony Hoare, Manfred Broy, Ralf Steinbruggen, IOS Press, ISBN 1-58603-1724, 2001, pp47-96. The standard reference for monadic IO in GHC/Haskell.
Abstract:Functional programming may be beautiful, but to write real applications we must grapple with awkward real-world issues: input/output, robustness, concurrency, and interfacing to programs written in other languages.
- Hitchhikers Guide to the Haskell
- Tutorial for C/Java/OCaml/... programers by Dmitry Astapov. From the intro: "This text intends to introduce the reader to the practical aspects of Haskell from the very beginning (plans for the first chapters include: I/O, darcs, Parsec, QuickCheck, profiling and debugging, to mention a few)".
- Haskell I/O inside: Down the Rabbit's Hole
- By Bulat Ziganshin (2006), a comprehensive tutorial on using IO monad.
- A Guide to Haskell's Foreign Function Interface
- A guide to using the foreign function interface extension, using the rich set of functions in the Foreign libraries, design issues, and FFI preprocessors.
- A Brief Introduction to Haskell
- A translation of the article, Introduction to OCaml, to Haskell.
- Roll your own IRC bot
- This tutorial is designed as a practical guide to writing real world code in Haskell and hopes to intuitively motivate and introduce some of the advanced features of Haskell to the novice programmer, including monad transformers. Our goal is to write a concise, robust and elegant IRC bot in Haskell.
- Developing Gnome Apps with Glade
- For the absolute beginner in both Glade and Gtk2Hs and covers the basics of Glade and how to access a .glade file and widgets in Gtk2Hs. Estimated learning time: 2 hours.
- Applications of Functional Programming
- Colin Runciman and David Wakeling (ed.), UCL Press, 1995, ISBN 1-85728-377-5 HB. From the cover:
This book is unique in showcasing real, non-trivial applications of functional programming using the Haskell language. It presents state-of-the-art work from the FLARE project and will be an invaluable resource for advanced study, research and implementation.
Reference material
- A growing list of Haskell tutorials on a diverse range of topics
- Available on this wiki
- A Tour of the Haskell Prelude (basic functions)
- By Bernie Pope and Arjan van IJzendoorn.
- Tour of the Haskell Syntax
- By Arjan van IJzendoorn.
- Haskell Reference
- By Miloslav Nic.
- A tour of the Haskell Monad functions
- By Henk-Jan van Tuyl.
- Useful Haskell functions
- An explanation for beginners of many Haskell functions that are predefined in the Haskell Prelude.
- Haskell's Standard List Functions
- A tour of the standard Haskell functions, directed by what you want to achieve
- Documentation for the standard libraries
- Complete documentation of the standard Haskell libraries.
- Haskell idioms
- A collection of articles describing some common Haskell idioms. Often quite advanced.
- Useful idioms
- A collection of short, useful Haskell idioms.
- Programming guidelines
- Some Haskell programming and style conventions.
- Lightning Tour of Haskell
- By John Hughes, as part of a Chalmers programming course
- The Little Haskeller
- By Cordelia Hall and John Hughes. 9. November 1993, 26 pages. An introduction using the Chalmers Haskell B interpreter (hbi). Beware that it relies very much on the user interface of hbi which is quite different for other Haskell systems, and the tutorials cover Haskell 1.2 , not Haskell 98.
- Functional Programming
- By Jeroen Fokker, 1995. (153 pages, 600 KB). Textbook for learning functional programming with Gofer (an older implementation of Haskell). Here without Chapters 6 and 7.
Comparisons to other languages
Articles constrasting feature of Haskell with other languages.
- Haskell verus Scheme
- Mark C. Chu-Carroll, Haskell and Scheme: Which One and Why?
- Comparing Haskell and Python
- A short overview of similarities and differences between Haskell and Python.
- Monads in OCaml
- Syntax extension for monads in OCaml
- An algorithm for RELAX NG validation
- by James Clark (of RELAX NG fame). Describes an algorithm for validating an XML document against a RELAX NG schema, uses Haskell to describe the algorithm. The algorithm in Haskell and Java is then discussed here.
- Haskell + FastCGI versus Ruby on Rails
- A short blog entry documenting performance results with ruby on rails and Haskell with fastcgi
- Haskell vs. Ada vs. C++ vs. Awk vs. ..., An Experiment in Software Prototyping Productivity (postscript)
- Paul Hudak and Mark P. Jones, 16 pages.
Description of the results of an experiment in which several conventional programming languages, together with the functional language Haskell, were used to prototype a Naval Surface Warfare Center requirement for Geometric Region Servers. The resulting programs and development metrics were reviewed by a committee chosen by the US Navy. The results indicate that the Haskell prototype took significantly less time to develop and was considerably more concise and easier to understand than the corresponding prototypes written in several different imperative languages, including Ada and C++.
- A Comparative Study of Language Support for Generic Programming (pdf)
- Ronald Garcia, Jaakko Jrvi, Andrew Lumsdaine, Jeremy G. Siek, and Jeremiah Willcock. In Proceedings of the 2003 ACM SIGPLAN conference on Object-oriented programming, systems, languages, and applications (OOPSLA'03), October 2003.
An interesting comparison of generic programming support across languages, including: Haskell, SML, C++, Java, C#. Haskell supports all constructs described in the paper -- the only language to do so.
- Functional Programming in the Real World
- A list of functional programs applied to real-world tasks. The main criterion for being real-world is that the program was written primarily to perform some task, not primarily to experiment with functional programming. Functional is used in the broad sense that includes both `pure' programs (no side effects) and `impure' (some use of side effects). Languages covered include CAML, Clean, Erlang, Haskell, Miranda, Scheme, SML, and others.
- Lisp in Haskell
- Writing A Lisp Interpreter In Haskell, a tutorial
Teaching Haskell
- Where do I begin? A problem solving approach to teaching functional programming
- By Simon Thompson. In Krzysztof Apt, Pieter Hartel, and Paul Klint, editors, First International Conference on Declarative Programming Languages in Education. Springer-Verlag, September 1997.
Abstract: This paper introduces a problem solving method for teaching functional programming, based on Polya's `How To Solve It', an introductory investigation of mathematical method. We first present the language independent version, and then show in particular how it applies to the development of programs in Haskell. The method is illustrated by a sequence of examples and a larger case study.
- Functional programming through the curriculum
- By Simon Thompsonand Steve Hill. In Pieter H. Hartel and Rinus Plasmeijer, editors, Functional Programming Languages in Education, LNCS 1022, pages 85-102. Springer-Verlag, December 1995.
Abstract: This paper discusses our experience in using a functional language in topics across the computer science curriculum. After examining the arguments for taking a functional approach, we look in detail at four case studies from different areas: programming language semantics, machine architectures, graphics and formal languages.
- The Risks and Benefits of Teaching Purely Functional Programming in First Year
- By Manuel M. T. Chakravarty and Gabriele Keller. Journal of Functional Programming 14(1), pp 113-123, 2004. An earlier version of this paper was presented at Functional and Declarative Programming in Education (FDPE02).
Abstract We argue that teaching purely functional programming as such in freshman courses is detrimental to both the curriculum as well as to promoting the paradigm. Instead, we need to focus on the more general aims of teaching elementary techniques of programming and essential concepts of computing. We support this viewpoint with experience gained during several semesters of teaching large first-year classes (up to 600 students) in Haskell. These classes consisted of computer science students as well as students from other disciplines. We have systematically gathered student feedback by conducting surveys after each semester. This article contributes an approach to the use of modern functional languages in first year courses and, based on this, advocates the use of functional languages in this setting.
Using monads
See also the Monad HaskellWiki page.
Recommended tutorials
- All About Monads
- By Jeff Newbern. This tutorial aims to explain the concept of a monad and its application to functional programming in a way that is easy to understand and useful to beginning and intermediate Haskell programmers. Familiarity with the Haskell language is assumed, but no prior experience with monads is required.
- Monad Transformers Step by Step
- Martin Grabmüller: a small tutorial on using monad transformers. In contrast to others found on the web, it concentrates on using them, not on their implementation.
More tutorials
- The Haskell Programmer's Guide to the IO Monad - Don't Panic.
- Stefan Klinger. This report scratches the surface of category theory, an abstract branch of algebra, just deep enough to find the monad structure. It seems well written.
- A (hopefully) painless introduction to monads
- By Dan Bensen. A brief beginner's guide to using the IO monad in Haskell.
- What the hell are Monads?
- By Noel Winstanley. A basic introduction to monads, monadic programming and IO. This introduction is presented by means of examples rather than theory, and assumes a little knowledge of Haskell.
- Monads for the Working Haskell Programmer -- a short tutorial
- By Theodore Norvell.
- You Could Have Invented Monads! (And Maybe You Already Have.)
- A short tutorial on monads, introduced from a pragmatic approach, with less category theory references
- Systematic Design of Monads
- John Hughes & Magnus Carlsson. Many useful monads can be designed in a systematic way, by successively adding facilities to a trivial monad. The capabilities that can be added in this way include state, exceptions, backtracking, and output. Here we give a brief description of the trivial monad, each kind of extension, and sketches of some interesting operations that each monad supports.
- Meet Bob The Monadic Lover
- by Andrea Rossato. A by-the-author-supposed-to-be funny and short introduction to Monads, with code but without any reference to category theory: what monads look like and what they are useful for, from the perspective of a ... lover. (There is also the slightly more serious The Monadic Way by the same author.)
- Monstrous Monads
- Andrew Pimlott's humourous introduction to monads, using the metaphor of "monsters".
See also Research papers/Monads and arrows
Workshops on advanced funtional programming
- Advanced Functional Programming: 1st International Spring School on Advanced Functional Programming Techniques, Bastad, Sweden, May 24 - 30, 1995. Tutorial Text (Lecture Notes in Computer Science)
- Advanced Functional Programming: 2nd International School, Olympia, Wa, Usa, August 26-30, 1996 Tutorial Text (Lecture Notes in Computer Science)
- Advanced Functional Programming: 3rd International School, AFP'98, Braga, Portugal, September 12-19, 1998, Revised Lectures (Lecture Notes in Computer Science)
- Advanced Functional Programming: 4th International School, AFP 2002, Oxford, UK, August 19-24, 2002, Revised Lectures (Lecture Notes in Computer Science)
- Advanced Functional Programming: 5th International School, AFP 2004, Tartu, Estonia, August 14-21, 2004, Revised Lectures (Lecture Notes in Computer Science)
More advanced materials available from the conference proceedings, and the Research papers collection.
Some books and links listed here can be found also in the articles of Theoretical foundations category
- see Mathematics
- or browse Theoretical foundations among Special:Categories.
- Practical Foundations of Mathematics
- Paul Taylor. Cambridge University Press, ISBN: 0-521-63107-6, xii+576 pages, September 2000.
- Toposes, Triples and Theories
- Michael Barr and Charles Wells. The revised version of their formerly Springer Verlag published book is online for free download. Note that they use the name triple instead of monad.
Research papers
- Haskell research papers are collected on haskell.org
- Also, an online bibliography of Haskell research at ReadScheme.org
Formal Languages and Automata, Grammars and Parsing using Haskell
- Grammars and Parsing by Johan Jeuring and Doaitse Swierstra is available:
- Download and take a look to the folowings:
3.1 The type 'Parser' pp 47 3.2 Elementary parsers pp 49 3.3 Parser combinator pp 52 and more ... including 5.1 Finite state automata pp 85 and more ...


text:
NEW YORK – So long, dingy sweatpants.
Workout clothes for women, once relegated to the back of the closet, are moving to the front of the fashion scene.
Yoga pants are the new jeans, neon sports bras have become the 'it' accessory and long athletic socks are hipper than high heels.
'I've actually had more excitement buying workout gear than normal jeans and dresses,' says Amanda Kleinhenz, 27, who wears workout gear both in and outside of the gym in Cleveland. 'I want to look good.'
Blame it on the push by many Americans toward a more active lifestyle. Or call it an extension of the nation's fascination with fashion. Either way, these days jogging suits are just as likely to be seen on a runway in New York as a treadmill in Texas.
In fact, sales of workout gear are growing faster than sales of everyday clothing – by a lot. Spending on workout clothes jumped 7 percent to $31.6 billion during the 12-month period that ended in August from the same period a year ago. That compares with a 1 percent rise in spending for other clothing to about $169.2 billion.
But these aren't cheap cotton T-shirts and spandex jumpsuits. Top designers like Calvin Klein, Stella McCartney and Alexander Wang all rolled out fitness chic clothing lines, with everything from $50 leggings to $125 zip-front hoodies and $225 long john sweatpants. And big nationwide retailers like Gap, Forever 21, Victoria Secret and Macy's have fitness lines, too.
'Active has become an important part of what customers are wearing,' says Karen Hoguet, chief financial officer at Macy's, which is expanding its active wear label to 400 stores from 160. 'Sometimes it's for athletic endeavors. Sometimes it's just to run errands.'
This is the latest evolution in fitness fashion. Sweatpants and tees were the hallmark of athletic clothing for decades. That changed with the invention of spandex in 1959, then again with the aerobics craze of the 1980s when tights, leotards, legwarmers and nylon track suits became popular.
Athletic gear giants like Nike, Reebok and Adidas were popular for years as synthetic material like Gore Tex and Lyrcra gained popularity because of their performance qualities. Then, in the late 1990s, it became cool to wear workout clothes everywhere after the Lululemon athletic chain opened and gained a loyal following of fitness enthusiasts willing to shell out $100 for yoga pants.
Annie Georgia Greenberg, a New York editor for style blog Refinery29, says she noticed the trend at the New York Fashion week in September as more people were choosing shoes like the neon Nike Free Flyknit over designer pumps. Greenberg herself paired a 'Gold's Gym' t-shirt and Adidas Samba sneakers with a two-piece bejeweled suit – something she wouldn't have done a couple years ago.
'It is almost cooler to be comfortable and athletic and feel like yourself than to be overly glam,' Greenberg says.
Fitness chic also sends a message to others that you are living a healthy lifestyle, says Noreen Naroo, senior creative director for apparel at fitness brand Under Armour. Recently, Naroo did a mile run at her daughter's elementary school with leggings, a sports bra, t-shirt and sneakers. She changed from her sneakers into boots to go to work.
'This is exactly what women are doing – running between work and play,' Naroo says.
Nike says that's one reason its women's business has added $1 billion in revenue since fiscal 2010 to reach $4 billion in fiscal 2013. It's been fueled in part by demand for fashionable workout gear like its leggings with compression technology that is made to be flattering. Another hit has been its 'tights of the moment,' limited edition running tights with geometric or neon prints.
And to capitalize on the popularity of classes like Barre and Pilates in which people usually go barefoot, Nike says it created a lightweight foot wrap called the Studio Wrap which helps with hygiene and slippage, but also looks stylish. 'Women don't want to compromise performance or style,' says Heidi O'Neill, Nike's vice president and general manager of women's training.
CrossFit, a high intensity group training program, also has inspired fitness chic with brightly colored knee-high socks, colorful tanks and accessories like headbands and compression arm bands. 'We're seeing fitness become a fashion look,' said Chris Froio, vice president of fitness and training at Reebok, which sponsors the CrossFit Games.
Danielle Duffy, 31, wears CrossFit t-shirts and sparkly silver headbands or customized pink-and-purple Reebok shoes both in the gym and out hanging out with pals.
'Sometimes we'll dress up in normal clothing … but mostly we're the sweaty girls in CrossFit clothes hanging out in a bar,' says Duffy, who lives in Washington, D.C. 'We own it and we're going to be those people.'

subset: commoncrawl


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"For gritty reality and rust-belt appearance, Garage Gothic Regular was derived from numbered tickets given at city parking garages. 'Irregular contours and rough alignments found on the lettering were retained in the font, albeit disciplined and restrained' says driver and designer Tobias Frere-Jones. Tickets from other garages suggested a pair of heavier weights, which Frere-Jones formed into the Garage Gothic series." — Font Bureau, 1992. Originally published by Font Bureau. Moved to Frere-Jones Type in 2020.
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A steady afternoon rain and temperatures in the 40s put a damper on the first-ever springtime NatsFest on Wednesday at Nationals Park, as many of the planned outdoor activities were moved, postponed, or canceled altogether.
An open batting practice had been billed as the main afternoon attraction,
but the field remained covered for most of the day, leaving Nationals mascot Screech to pray for the sun to come out, and fans to wait until evening for meet-and-greet opportunities.
Fans were still invited to enter a raffle for a chance to race against the GEICO racing presidents, but the announcement of the winners was postponed, as was the race itself.
Unlike previous years, there were no opportunities for fans to request autographs, but the change made for shorter lines and a much faster-moving meet-and-greet opportunity with nearly every opening day starter, plus a few players brought up from Florida for the event, including pitcher Stephen Strasburg and future stars Bryce
Harper and Derrick Norris.
The forecast calls for a 70% chance of rain for Thursday's season opener at Nationals Park. A team spokesman said that they would consider moving the game to Friday afternoon, but will not make that call until Thursday morning.


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|A fermented drink made from sweet rice and koji (a grain catalyst in the fermentation process). Creamy in texture and possessing a mild sweetness Amasake is nutritious and easy to digest. This traditional Japanese food works well in desserts.
|Anise seed
|Indigenous to the Mediterranean this member of the parsley family has a sweet licorice flavor similar to fennel seeds. Anise seed is a welcome addition to soups, stews, curries, liquors, and baked goods. It also serves as a digestive aid and folk tradition posits many other medicinal properties.
|Apple Cider Vinegar
|Made by fermenting apple juice into hard cider the alcohol reacts with airborne bacteria to create acetic acid (vinegar). The process produces a tangy fruity flavor suitable for use in many dishes but particularly good in those containing fruit.
|A mild tasting sea vegetable belonging to the brown group of algae. Arame is an effective against high blood pressure and many female disorders. Highly nutritious it is an abundant source of minerals especially iodine and calcium.
|Arborio Rice
|A firm long grain rice (often mistakenly referred to as short grain) hailing from Piedmont in northern Italy It is perfectly suited to the dish Risotto as it produces a creamy yet firm texture.
|Derived from the root of a tropical American plant. Like cornstarch it thickens puddings and sauces but is much less processed being only dried and powdered. It may also be used to replace some of the flour in baked goods yielding a more tender product. It is high in calcium and quite easy to digest.
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text:
Home Visiting Program May Be Struggling to Reduce Child Injuries
Published on in CHOP News
Skip to content
Published on in CHOP News
December 21, 2012 — New research from PolicyLab at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia shows that one of the nation's largest programs providing home visitation support for at-risk mothers and children may not be as successful in reducing early childhood injuries as it was in earlier evaluations.
The researchers evaluated the Nurse-Family Partnership (NFP) over seven years of widespread implementation in Pennsylvania and found that children served by the program had no fewer injuries than children in comparable families not enrolled in the program — and in some less serious cases, had higher injury rates. The results of the study are published in the current issue of Maternal Child Health Journal.
"A lot of evidence for the home visitation program had shown positive outcomes for mothers and children within the targeted geographic areas of randomized clinical trials," said David Rubin, MD, MSCE, co-director of PolicyLab and one of the study's authors. "Our research has previously reported on continued effectiveness for some of these outcomes as the service area grew larger, such as reducing rapid-succession second pregnancies and smoking among mothers. However, regrettably, this study failed to demonstrate the program's previous success in preventing child injuries."
The current peer-reviewed evaluation found that nearly one-third of the families served by NFP in Pennsylvania had emergency room visits for injuries to children from birth through the second birthday, a rate 12 percent greater than for families not enrolled in the program.
"We should not be surprised that there have been some bumps in the road as we increase the scale of home visiting programs. This research highlights the need to continue evaluating these programs after they have been implemented in communities," said the study's lead researcher Meredith Matone, MHS." Evaluation should focus on identifying local barriers that may be undermining a program's success. By identifying these barriers, we can foster smarter programs that are better equipped to serve families in diverse communities."
"This study points to an important lesson as states expand home visiting," said Libby Doggett, director of Pew's Home Visiting Campaign. "It's critical that programs monitor and evaluate, and use that data to constantly improve the services they provide."
The study authors stress that as programs like NFP achieve increased public funding, policymakers and program managers must allocate sufficient resources for effective program evaluation and quality improvement initiatives to ensure that programs respond quickly to challenges at the local level.
"This kind of study has its limitations, which the authors note in their paper. However, the PolicyLab findings were sufficiently important for us to take action to improve our implementation of the NFP as it is spread to new communities throughout the country," said NFP President and CEO Thomas R. Jenkins Jr.
"The findings from PolicyLab's study over the past year have led us to add new training for nurses to enhance their effect on reducing serious childhood injuries among the families they serve. This adds to our ongoing continuous quality improvement work using thorough data collection and analysis. "
PolicyLab has a growing portfolio of research into family and parenting supports. To learn more about this body of work, visit the PolicyLab website.
PolicyLab develops evidence-based solutions for the most challenging health-related issues affecting children. PolicyLab engages in research that is both responsive to community needs and relevant to policy priorities, partnering with practitioners, policymakers, and families throughout the research process. Through its work, PolicyLab identifies the programs, practices, and policies that support the best outcomes for children and their families, disseminating its findings beyond research and academic communities as part of its commitment to transform evidence to action. policylab.chop.edu


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Hurtado Accent Chair
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The madness of the whaling – hunting species after species to the verge of extinction – is the same model now being used in modern fishing today. Protecting the whales – not just from hunting but the many other daily threats they face – would be a signal that governments are serious about all ocean protection.
"Save the Whales" is the famous shout out that brought millions of people together and produced a worldwide ban on commercial whaling in 1986. Whales were and still are the most extreme example of the shocking exploitation and lack of protection of ocean life.
It was claimed that there used to be so many Right whales in Cape Cod Bay on the east coast of the USA, that locals could walk across their backs from one side of the bay to the other – a distance of 40km. It is estimated that there are 400 left in the area. The global movement that "saved the whales" is still needed today.
Activists have risked their lives in the Southern Ocean, putting themselves between the whales and the harpoons; campaigners in Japan have risked their freedom to expose the corruption of the whaling programme, people have marched, petitioned and demanded change; in 2013 one government took Japan to court over its continued whaling. Even cartoon characters want to save the whales – so why are they still at risk?
Not only do whales continue to be hunted by Japan, Norway and Iceland, they are also increasingly falling victim to ship strikes and being caught in nets as bycatch. Hundreds of thousands of whale and dolphins die each year in this way. Pollution, plastic trash in the ocean and overfishing are taking a heavy toll. The blubber in some whales caught in Arctic regions is so heavily contaminated with airborne chemicals and pesticides that it would class as toxic waste and numerous whales have been washed ashore having starved to death with plastic bags and sheeting stuck in their oesophagus or stomachs.
Whales are long-lived, from 70-150 years, and slow to reproduce. It makes them very vulnerable to population collapses. Blue whales – the biggest animal to have ever existed – have still not recovered from being hunted to the brink of extinction. Only one population, the East Pacific grey whale, is thought to have recovered to its pre-hunting levels, but the closely related West Pacific grey whale population is the most endangered in the world. It hovers on the edge of extinction with just over one hundred remaining. The north Atlantic right whales are endangered.
And even these estimates may not be reliable. Previous estimates of population sizes have had to be dramatically reduced by the International Whaling Commission (IWC), the organisation whose job it is to enforce the whaling ban and monitor populations.
Some measures are being taken to protect whales. The Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary came as the result for great public demand for protected areas for the great whales. The Japanese whaling fleet continues to ignore the sanctuary status of the Southern Ocean, but a properly enforced ocean sanctuary could provide much needed protection for whales and countless other marine species.


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Magic Johnson remembers Jerry Buss as 'second father'
- Despite their age difference%2C Magic Johnson and Jerry Buss would hang out together
- You might find them playing pool%2C you might find them together in Las Vegas
- Johnson learned his business skills observing Buss
Earvin "Magic" Johnson joined the Los Angeles Lakers in 1979, drafted by owner Jack Kent Cooke. Johnson later learned what was among the reasons he was taken -- his selection by Cooke was part of the agreement for the impending sale of the Lakers to Jerry Buss.
Buss, who passed away early Monday, took the 19-year-old Michigan State player under his wing, and the two enjoyed success immediately with an NBA championship that first season together.
"Dr. Buss was just a fun-loving guy. He was very intelligent, he studied history, he could quote things. But the man was very competitive, as well," Johnson, now an ESPN NBA analyst, said on the network Monday. "He wanted to win championships. He brought all of us in to do that ... and at the same time he wanted to be friends to the players."
Johnson said Buss was a businessman, an entertainer, a visionary -- and to him, a very close friend. And more.
"He gave us everything we needed to win a championship," Johnson said. "We stayed at the best hotels, we had the best trainers, we had the best equipment. ... And sure enough, we were able to win the championship my first year, his first year. We were both rookies the same time. ...
"But he actually became my second father. He actually took me in. He took me to my first USC football game. We went every Saturday that they played at home."
Buss understood the youngster felt out of place, at first, coming from Michigan to the fast lane in Los Angeles. So, they hung out together.
"We played pool. That was our favorite thing to do," Johnson said. "He took me to Las Vegas. We hung out. Last but not least, he taught me the Laker business."
When his playing days were over, Johnson went on to own movie theaters and many businesses and contribute to numerous charitable organizations -- and become a part owner of the Lakers.
"He allowed me to look at the books. He took me through the books. That's the reason I'm a businessman today, because of Dr. Buss. He allowed me to buy into the Lakers," Johnson said. "(Next to the championships) ... it was my second greatest moment, owning the Lakers. I'm indebted to him.
"He is a man that touched so many peoples' lives. He allowed me to be one of the Buss boys."
Most recently, Johnson said Buss took great pride in Johnson buying into the Los Angeles Dodgers, the team that had owned Los Angeles before Buss turned L.A. into Showtime for the Lakers.
"The first call I got when we bought the Dodgers was from Dr. Buss. I thought he bought the Dodgers, he was so happy," Johnson said. "It was just a father being proud of a son. He would always ask me, 'What's your next move?' "
When Johnson announced he had to retire from the NBA because of having the HIV virus, he said Buss was right there with him.
"He didn't know what would happen," Johnson said. "He felt, like most people, they were losing a son. Once I got going and we made the announcement and I got on the regimen .. and lived one year, then two years, then he stopped asking me how I was doing. He could see how I was doing. He was just there for me every step of the way.
"I had never seen Dr. Buss cry until that moment. That showed me he loved me and cared for me, my well being. ... Every time I had a high or low moment, he was there."
And when Johnson visited Buss one of the last times, they shared many laughs -- including a story Johnson said Buss often told about introducing him to Los Angeles Clippers owner Donald Sterling in Johnson's rookie season.
"Donald Sterling gives an annual beach party. It was a week before training camp and Dr. Buss took me to meet Donald Sterling," Johnson recalled. "He said, 'What are you having?' And I said some combination of cranberry juice, orange juice and pineapple juice, all together.
"When were in the hospital (recently) talking, guess what he remembers? That drink. He said, 'I'm so proud of you, never to have seen you take a drink in your life. That's why I love you. You'll always be a man to take care of your body.' He would always tell people that.
"He was a hero, a legend," Johnson said of Buss, "and I got to see him up close and personal and be part of this empire that he has built. Again, I may not have a Buss last name, but I feel like I am one, just like the other kids."


text:
Homes Targeted
|What is affected
|Type of violation
|18 November 2012
|MENA [ Middle East/North Africa ]
Affected persons
|Proposed solution
|Housing losses
|- Number of homes
|- Total value €
Duty holder(s) /responsible party(ies)
|Brief narrative
An Israeli missile ripped through a two-story home in a residential area of Gaza City on Sunday, killing at least 11 civilians, including four young children and an 81-year-old woman, in the single deadliest attack of Israel's offensive against Islamic militants.
A similar scene unfolded elsewhere in the city early Monday, when an airstrike leveled two houses belonging to a single family, killing two children and two adults and injuring 42 people, including children, said Gaza heath official Ashraf al-Kidra. Rescue workers were frantically searching for 12 to 15 members of the Azzam family under the rubble.
While the airstrikes relentlessly targeted militant rocket operations, Israeli gunboats unleashed a steady tattoo of heavy machine gun fire and shells at militant facilities on Gaza's coastal road.
The bloodshed was likely to raise pressure on Israel to end the fighting, even as it pledged to intensify the offensive by striking the homes of wanted militants. High numbers of civilian casualties in an offensive four years ago led to fierce criticism and condemnation of Israel.
In all, 81 Palestinians, about half of them civilians, have been killed in the five-day onslaught and 720 have been wounded. Three Israeli civilians have died from Palestinian rocket fire and dozens have been wounded..
President Barack Obama said he was in touch with players across the region in hopes of halting the fighting, while also warning of the risks of Israel expanding its air assault into a ground war.
We're going to have to see what kind of progress we can make in the next 24, 36, 48 hours, Obama said during a visit in Thailand.
U.N. chief Ban Ki-moon urged the two warring parties to achieve an immediate cease-fire. He said he was heading to the region to appeal personally for an end to the violence, but no date was given in the U.N. statement for his arrival.
On the ground, there were no signs of any letup in the fighting as Israel announced it was widening the offensive to target the military commanders of the ruling Hamas group.
The Israeli military carried out dozens of airstrikes throughout the day, and naval forces bombarded targets along Gaza's Mediterranean coast. Many of the attacks focused on homes where militant leaders or weapons were believed to be hidden.
Palestinian militants continued to barrage Israel with rockets, firing more than 100 on Sunday, and setting off air raid sirens across the southern part of the country. Some 40 rockets were intercepted by Israel's U.S.-financed Iron Dome rocket-defense system, including two that targeted the metropolis of Tel Aviv. At least 10 Israelis were wounded by shrapnel.
Israel's decision to step up its attacks in Gaza marked a new and risky phase of the operation, given the likelihood of civilian casualties in the densely populated territory of 1.6 million Palestinians. Israel launched the offensive Wednesday in what it said was an effort to end months of intensifying rocket fire from the Hamas-ruled Gaza Strip.
In the day's deadliest violence, the Israeli navy fired at a home where it said a top wanted militant was hiding. The missile struck the home of the Daloo family in Gaza City, reducing the structure to rubble.
Frantic rescuers, bolstered by bulldozers, pulled the limp bodies of children from the ruins of the house, including a toddler and a 5-year-old, as survivors and bystanders screamed in grief. Later, the bodies of the children were laid out in the morgue of Gaza City's Shifa Hospital.
Among the 11 dead were four small children and five women, including an 81-year-old, Gaza health official Ashraf al-Kidra said.
More than a dozen homes of Hamas commanders or families linked to Hamas were struck on Sunday. Though most were empty — their inhabitants having fled to shelter — at least three had families in them. Al-Kidra said 20 of 27 people killed Sunday were civilians, mostly women and children.
Sami Abu Zuhri, a Hamas spokesman, said that the Israeli people will pay the price for the killing of civilians.
Israel sought to place the blame on militants, saying they were intentionally operating in places inhabited by civilians. The military has released videos and images of what it says are militants firing rockets from mosques, schools and public buildings.
Hamas is using the Gaza population as human shields, said Brig. Gen. Yoav Mordechai, the chief Israeli spokesman. They are exploiting crowded residential urban areas.
He acknowledged, however, that it was not clear whether the militant targeted in Sunday's attack was killed, despite earlier claims of success. I still don't know what became of him, Mordechai told Channel 10 TV.
The prospect of mounting civilian casualties could quickly change the momentum of Israel's operation. Israel launched the offensive on Wednesday with a lightning airstrike that killed Hamas' military chief. Since then, it has carried out a blistering campaign of more than 1,200 airstrikes, targeting suspected rocket storage and launching sites.
Israel also struck two high-rise buildings housing media outlets, damaging the top-floor offices of the Hamas TV station, Al Aqsa, and a Lebanese-based broadcaster, Al Quds TV, seen as sympathetic to the Islamists. Six Palestinian journalists were wounded, including one who lost a leg, the Gaza press association said.
Foreign broadcasters, including British, German and Italian TV outlets, also had offices in the buildings.
Lt. Col. Avital Leibovich, an Israeli military spokeswoman, said the strikes targeted Hamas communications equipment on the rooftops. She accused the group of using journalists for cover.
Israeli officials expressed readiness to take the offensive even further with a ground invasion of Gaza. Israel has mobilized thousands of forces and columns of armored vehicles along the border ahead of a possible incursion.
The Israeli military is prepared to significantly expand the operation, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu declared at the start of the weekly Cabinet meeting.
The threats come at an important crossroads — with a fateful choice between further escalation or agreeing to a cease-fire with Hamas. Israel and the West consider Hamas, which seized control of Gaza in 2007, to be a terrorist group.
Obama and British Foreign Secretary William Hague cautioned against a potential Israeli ground invasion of Gaza.
Obama blamed Palestinian militants for starting the round of fighting by raining rockets onto Israel and said the U.S. supported Israel's right to protect itself. Israel has every right to expect that it does not have missiles fired into its territory, Obama said.
Hague also said Hamas bears principal responsibility for initiating the violence, but made clear the diplomatic risks of an Israeli escalation. A ground invasion is much more difficult for the international community to sympathize with or support, he said.
A ground operation would carry grave risks, given the likelihood of heavy casualties on both sides. The Israeli offensive into Gaza four years ago left hundreds of civilians dead, drawing fierce international condemnation and war crimes accusations.
Israel says its intelligence and technology have been perfected since then to minimize civilian casualties. But Gaza's crowded urban landscape makes it all but impossible to avoid them altogether, as Sunday's attack in Gaza City illustrated.
In this case, you can't avoid collateral damage if they position the rockets in densely populated areas, in mosques, school yards, said Israeli Vice Premier Moshe Yaalon. We shouldn't be blamed for the outcome.
Avihai Mandelblit, a recently retired chief advocate general in the Israeli military, said that from a legal perspective, there's no immunity to anyone if you put weapons inside of civilian infrastructure.
But he acknowledged the sight of dead civilians could create a public relations debacle for Israel. As more civilians will get hurt, the legitimacy clock is going to click faster to end this operation, he said.
Obama said he had been in touch with Netanyahu as well as the leaders of Egypt and Turkey as international attempts to broker a cease-fire continued. Egypt, which often serves as a mediator between Israel and Hamas, has taken a leading role in the efforts.
Israeli TV stations said an Israeli envoy traveled to Cairo on Sunday, and was returning to Israel with details of cease-fire proposals. Channel 2 TV, citing American diplomats, said Netanyahu's personal envoy, Yitzhak Molcho, would be headed to Washington in the coming days.
Hamas officials said their supreme leader, Khaled Meshaal, also held talks with Egyptian President Mohammed Morsi, and that Turkish Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoglu was to visit Gaza on Tuesday.
Israel and Gaza's militant Hamas rulers remain far apart on any terms for a halt to the bloodshed.
Hamas is linking a truce deal to a complete lifting of the border blockade on Gaza imposed since Islamists seized the territory by force. Hamas also seeks Israeli guarantees to halt targeted killings of its leaders and military commanders. Israeli officials reject such demands.
They say they are not interested in a time-out, and want firm guarantees that militant rocket fire into Israel will end. Past cease-fires have been short lived.
Federman reported from Jerusalem. Associated Press Writer Lauren E. Bohn in Jerusalem contributed to this report.
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Exclusive Arrow First Look: Seth Gabel Debuts as The Count
The Count is coming!
Fringe alum Seth Gabel will make his way to Arrow in the upcoming Wednesday, Jan. 30 episode, fittingly titled "Vertigo." The Count is actually based on DC Comics' supervillain Count Vertigo, though in Arrow's take, Vertigo will actually be the name of a drug that plagues Starling City.
That drug comes from The Count, so it should come as no surprise that when Thea (Willa Holland) falls victim to it, Oliver (Stephen Amell) will go after the man himself. "What gets Oliver into The Count's orbit and puts the two of them in conflict is actually a really personal motivation," executive producer Marc Guggenheim tells TVGuide.com. "Someone close to him is actually hurt by The Count. This is the first time the Arrow goes after someone purely out of revenge. There's argument to be made that the Arrow's general mission is one of vengeance, but this is very specific. This time, it's personal."
FringeOral History Part 1: Building the world of "science fact"
His name may have changed, but expect The Count to be as diabolical as his comic book counterpart. "He's a very interesting character, and the way Seth performs him, he plays him with a lot of flair," Guggenheim says. "The fun thing about The Count is he's actually a businessman. He's got a little bit of a sociopathic streak in him, for sure, but he sees himself as an entrepreneur, as creating not drugs, but art. He compares his drug to performing a social service and to a fine wine, so he has a very skewed view of what it is that he does. At the same time, we know that he's not only sociopathic, but he's very sadistic as well."
Will Oliver be able to take down The Count? Check out an exclusive first look at Gabel's debut as The Count below and hit the comments with your thoughts!
Arrow airs Wednesdays at 8/7c on The CW.
View original Exclusive Arrow First Look: Seth Gabel Debuts as The Count at TVGuide.com
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Almost everyone has, or will, play a crossword puzzle at some point in their life, and the popularity is only increasing as time goes on. Crosswords themselves date back to the very first one that was published on December 21, 1913, which was featured in the New York World. The crossword was created to add games to the paper, within the 'fun' section.
The forever expanding technical landscape that's making mobile devices more powerful by the day also lends itself to the crossword industry, with puzzles being widely available with the click of a button for most users on their smartphone, which makes both the number of crosswords available and people playing them each day continue to grow.
Although fun, crosswords can be very difficult as they become more complex and cover so many areas of general knowledge, so there's no need to be ashamed if there's a certain area you are stuck on. That's where we come in to provide a helping hand with the Put two and three together e.g. crossword clue answer today.
Put two and three together e.g. Crossword Clue Answer
We have searched far and wide for all possible answers to the clue today, however it's always worth noting that separate puzzles may give different answers to the same clue, so double-check the specific crossword mentioned below and the length of the answer before entering it. The clue below was found today, November 21 2022 within the Universal Crossword.
- 3 Letters
There you have it, we hope that helps you solve the puzzle you're working on today. If it was the Universal Crossword, we also have all Universal Crossword Clue Answers for November 21 2022.
Check back tomorrow for more clues and answers to all of your favourite Crossword Clues and puzzles.


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Kate Gosselin Insists Kids Are "Normal" Despite Jon's "Hurtful" Criticism
Kate Gosselin wants to set the record straight, even if it means continuing the conversation that her ex Jon Gosselin started.
On OWN's Where Are They Now? special Sunday, Jon expressed regret for putting their eight children on the hit reality TV show Jon & Kate Plus 8. "Developmentally, they have problems with their peers, and they have problems with talking to other people," he said about being raised under the microscope. Kate took to her blog to address his comments:
VIDEO: Jon Gosselin claims reality TV gave his children developmental problems
"I find it very heart breaking [sic] that my children's father chooses a public forum to discuss his current opinions of the 'development' of our children. These opinions are, in reality, value judgements made about our children and they are based on his limited visits (albeit mutually agreed upon) with our children.
Because he has spoken negatively about our children, I feel I owe it to them to respond on their behalf. Each and every one of our children has met and continues to exceed all physical, mental and emotional developmental milestones throughout their lives. Their normal development is regularly monitored by myself, their pediatrician and school staff, as is usual within any family.
It is also very normal in a family, especially a large family, to have a full range of personalities, abilities, talents, hobbies and struggles. Ours is no different. However, anyone who has personally met our children all have the same thing to say: they are the most normal, pleasant, polite, loving and well adjusted children they have ever met. Most even go on to say that they are a 'a delight" to be around.'
When our kids grow up, they may see their father's latest interview and wonder why he made untrue and hurtful statements about them. I know that I risk stirring up an unwanted public and private 'frenzy' by commenting on this, but, if our children ever stumble upon that interview, I want to be able to point them to this statement so that they know that I publicly set the record 100% straight on this one, for their sake."
Jon & Kate featured the Gosselins and their eight children: twins Maddy and Cara, and sextuplets: Aaden, Collin, and Joel, and daughters, Leah, Alexis, and Hannah. The couple finalized their divorce in December 2009.
Which parent do you agree with?
View original Kate Gosselin Insists Kids Are "Normal" Despite Jon's "Hurtful" Criticism at TVGuide.com
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Long Islanders fume over utility's Sandy response
- The Long Island Power Authority still has thousands of customers without power
- Company says computer system for keeping customers notified is outdated
- One local lawmakers says LIPA is probably one of the most poorly run utilities
HICKSVILLE, N.Y. (AP) — Priscilla Niemiera has a message for officials at the Long Island Power Authority.
"I'd tell them, get off your rear end and do your job," the 68-year-old Seaford resident said. Well, she would if she could get in touch with anyone.
Over the last two weeks since she lost power from Superstorm Sandy, she says, "every time I called they hung up on me."
While most utilities have restored electricity to nearly all their customers, LIPA still has tens of thousands of customers in the dark.
The company said that the storm was worse than anyone could have imagined and that it didn't just damage outdoor electrical lines; it caused flooding that touched home and business breaker boxes. It acknowledged that an outdated computer system for keeping customers notified has added to people's frustration.
But some say the government-run utility should have seen it coming. It was recently criticized in a withering state report for lax preparation ahead of last year's Hurricane Irene and for the 25-year-old computer system used to pinpoint outages and update customers.
"It's antiquated. I think they're negligent," said Phil Glickman, a retired Wall Street executive from South Bellmore who waited 11 days to get electricity back.
LIPA has restored power to more than 1.1 million homes and offices. About 19,000 customers were still waiting for the lights to come back early Tuesday.
The utility says there also are some along Long Island's south shore and Rockaway Peninsula that had water damage to electrical panels and wiring, so their service can't be restored without an inspection and possibly repairs.
At its peak, the storm knocked out power to 8.5 million customers in 10 states, with New York and New Jersey bearing the brunt. Those outages have been nearly erased, though Consolidated Edison, the chief utility in New York City, has cited problems similar to LIPA's, saying about 16,300 customers in flooded areas of Brooklyn, Queens and Staten Island can't get service until their internal electrical equipment is repaired, tested and certified.
Niemiera, whose finished basement in Seaford flooded, said her house needs to be inspected and she can't get any answers. "I think LIPA should be broken up into small companies and it shouldn't be a monopoly anymore because this is every single time we have a disaster. And then they raise the rates. We're paying very high rates. We're paying high taxes, high electric. Everything," she said.
LIPA, whose board is chosen by the governor and lawmakers, contracts with National Grid for service and maintenance. Last year, its board chose a new contractor, New Jersey's Public Service Enterprise Group, which will take over in 2014. Gov. Andrew Cuomo criticized the storm response of all New York utilities in the region, saying their management had failed consumers.
Asked Monday about LIPA board vacancies he hasn't filled and whether he takes responsibility for what's happening there, Cuomo called the authority a holding company that became "an intergovernmental political organization." He said National Grid was the actual Long Island power provider, one of the monopolistic state-regulated utilities. "They're going to be held accountable," he said, citing lack of communication and preparation and even proposing they consider rebates instead of rate hikes.
A state report criticized LIPA in June for poor customer communications after Irene last year and for insufficient tree trimming. The Department of Public Service noted major problems in telling customers estimated power-restoration times, faulting its computer system, which a consultant had found deficient back in 2006.
LIPA acknowledged that customers aren't getting the information they need, partly because of the system, which it is updating. Authority officials said the new system will be operating next year.
"It is a huge computer system. After Irene we immediately accelerated that process, and even at that it is still an 18-month to two-year process," LIPA's chief operating officer, Michael Hervey, said Monday. "We would have liked to have had it up and running for now, but it's just such a large magnitude computer system that it takes that long."
Hervey said the company will be working with remaining customers over the next several weeks as they get their homes repaired. "They can't be safely re-energized from an electrical standpoint," he said. "We are ready to service those areas, but they are not ready to take it right now."
John Bruckner, president of National Grid Long Island transmission and distribution, said he had about 15,000 people working on restoration, including 6,400 linemen from all over the U.S. and Canada.
Matthew Cordaro, co-chairman of the Suffolk Legislature's LIPA Oversight Committee and a former utility executive, said Con Ed and Public Service Electric & Gas New Jersey did a good job responding to the storm, and LIPA didn't.
While a storm of that magnitude would challenge any electricity provider, he said LIPA is probably one of the most poorly run utilities and has a "crazy" public-private organizational structure that's fraught with problems and raises questions of accountability.
In New Jersey, post-Sandy recovery moved ahead, with Gov. Chris Christie announcing that the odd-even system of gas rationing would end starting Tuesday. The head of NJ Transit said a severely damaged rail line could be up and running more quickly than what had been estimated.


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If it was good enough for Il Duce, it ought to be good enough for Il Douche.
And maybe mr. barr as well. The question really has now become "just how far are we willing to let this ****ole go?"
If it was good enough for Il Duce, it ought to be good enough for Il Douche.
And maybe mr. barr as well. The question really has now become "just how far are we willing to let this ****ole go?"
Arent you supposed to be the gentlemen who lie for the good of their country?
Thats diplomats. Were not gentlemen.
So you lie to save your hides.
Thats politicians. Different game entirely.
On the trailing edge of technology.
Rome at least had the excuse of lead in the drinking water... poisoning the aristocrats, not just the hapless Flint types.
If I use the word "God," I sure don't mean an old man in the sky who just loves the occasional goat sacrifice. - Anne Lamott
I'm really disturbed by liberals adopting the sort of violent rhetoric the right has been using. Why sink to their level?
On the trailing edge of technology.
Well, John. I'd say some things can't be voted out of...
and it not only can, it is - happening here.
Yes, because we know from our resident right wingers that they can grasp a dandelion seed and float across a field and disappear over the horizon.
They need only one smear suggesting a left wing lie, to justify all of Trump's thousands of lies.
They need only one smear of Kamala Harris, to justify Trump's many molestations of women.
That said, I was kind of hoping that Trump would get hit by lightning on the 4th. It would have been a lifetime of surreal.
Last edited by twodot; 07-08-2019 at 10:49 PM.
^And here he is, the right winger grasping dandelion seeds, one in each fist, floating on a puff of wind.
No equation of the dead Duce's fate and our current president, please. As Michelle Obama said, we should go high. Not to mention the OP is the kind of thing the Secret Service might glom on to.
Albuquerque, NM
Next election, vote against EVERY Republican, for EVERY office, at EVERY level. Be patriotic, save the country.
https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/10/u...y-clinton.htmlWILMINGTON, N.C. — Donald J. Trump on Tuesday appeared to raise the possibility that gun rights supporters could take matters into their own hands if Hillary Clinton is elected president and appoints judges who favor stricter gun control measures.
Repeating his contention that Mrs. Clinton wanted to abolish the right to bear arms, Mr. Trump warned at a rally here that it would be "a horrible day" if Mrs. Clinton were elected and got to appoint a tiebreaking Supreme Court justice.
"If she gets to pick her judges, nothing you can do, folks," Mr. Trump said, as the crowd began to boo. He quickly added: "Although the Second Amendment people — maybe there is, I don't know."
On the trailing edge of technology.
I've got a feeling about this whole Epstein thing. Some big names are going down.
Come, come, my conservative friend, wipe the dew off your spectacles and see the world is moving" - Elizabeth Cady Stanton
You would not enjoy Nietzsche, sir. He is fundamentally unsound. P.G. Wodehouse (Carry On, Jeeves)
I wonder how [redacted] is going to justify forcible rape on a minor child?
Will the evangelicals clamor to stop her abortion because she is bearing the Messiah, The Chosen One, here to guide us along the path to eternal want and dissolute, wastrel cruelty?
Although anyone who has read the forum at all realizes I'm not a fan of Mr Trump, he's not nearly as bad as Mussolini.
"For a successful technology, reality must take precedence over public relations,
for nature cannot be fooled."
Richard Feynman
I'm not so sure I agree. Circumstances differed. While our checks and balances are imperfect, they tend to keep Trump moderately at bay. Our press is freer than Italy's at the time Mussolini's censorship was in full swing and thoroughly controlled by the Fascists. We should recall that Mussolini's rise to power was preceded by his time as a columnist. Like Trump, he switched philosophies first being a "socialist" but then. see sawing to facism. He was well aware that reducing the role of the free press was one of his most important missions. Almost all of his behaviors find a mirror in Trump. The real difference can be said to be a matter of degrees, but one can easily speculate that with more power, Trump would devolve to more Draconian and authoritarian rule.
The differences are not so much between the men but rather about the time, place and context. It's impossible to say with assurance just how far Trump would go had he freer reign, but he doesn't, at least not yet. The parallels are inescapable.
One of the most enduring qualities of an old wooden boat is the smell it imparts to your clothing.
yay! more assassination fantasies!
what word do you use to describe hanging the president from a lamp post?
atomic wedgie?
Thank You, Keith.
The OP is deranged.
Certainly not for lack of ambition.he's not nearly as bad as Mussolini.
But again, he hasn't been nearly as bad as Mussolini.
"For a successful technology, reality must take precedence over public relations,
for nature cannot be fooled."
Richard Feynman
To be clear, I do not wish to see Trump assassinated or even mildly physically damaged. The police shouldn't bang his head on the car if they put him into the back seat in handcuffs; they shouldn't "rough him up a little" if they put him into a paddywagon. I want Trump's actions and directions - some of which were described by Mueller in great detail - investigated honestly and thoroughly, with any resulting consequences being those mandated under your Constitution. Period. And failing that, I want him utterly trounced in the 2020 Presidential election - both in terms of Electoral College and Popular Vote. And subjected to prosecution (if that's where the evidence points) for whatever crimes put on ice because of that Department of Justice "policy" about not prosecuting a sitting POTUS.
If I use the word "God," I sure don't mean an old man in the sky who just loves the occasional goat sacrifice. - Anne Lamott
This whole thread is rather disturbing.
I for one cannot support, mob rule, Kangaroo Courts, lynching or assassination of anybody or even them being physically damaged(however mild).
Rather taken aback to see the views of some on this thread.
Left to wonder if they are Republicans, Democrats, liberals, far right wingers or far left wingers.
Nevertheless regardless of whom they support I cannot support the 'hang him from a lamp post' mentality or attitude.
[/Statement over]...