What happens if the US President Elect is arrested by federal authorities before inauguration?

Question: If, after election and before inauguration, a US president elect is indicted under federal law, what would happen to the office?
Comment: I added the United States tag, as the terminology matches and that's what the first (and second) answer assumed.  If that's not the correct country please replace correctly.
Comment: We would be looking at a Constitutional crisis the magnitude we haven't seen since the Civil War.  We are well on our way.
Comment: Eugene V. Debs *ran* for president after being *imprisoned* by federal authorities. He got about a million votes.
Comment: A President can always pardon themselves for the crime or alleged crime.
Comment: Do the secret service have to hang out with him in jail?
Comment: The president elect (like anybody else) is presumed to be innocent until proven guilty. Your question makes no sense.
Comment: @MartinSchröder So what? It's your comment that does not much sense… For starters, many officials in a great many countries enjoys special procedural protections or even full immunity because being indicted or investigated (let alone arrested) can interfere with their duties or threaten their independence. To which extent this applies to the US president elect or what would happen to the procedure after he or she assumes office are valid questions.
Comment: On January 6 2021 this question has an entirely different meaning.
Answer: The President-Elect would be sworn in on January 20 and assume the office of President. They could choose to step down (and the VP-elect would take the office), but they do not have to.
Comment: @Relaxed You should really put this in a new question, but basically there is no rule that says the president can't be in prison, and no special protections, etc. The president can be subpoenaed, arrested and all but realistically what would happen is that they would be impeached real fast if they got arrested.
Comment: (+1) What would happen to the procedure after that? Does the US president enjoy special protections? Would it be stopped for the duration of the president's mandate and resume afterwards? Can a president be forced to appear in court, arrested, etc.?
Answer: @cpast's answer is correct as far as it goes.  An indictment would not prevent a a president-elect from assuming office.  In that situation, Congress could impeach the new president or refuse to certify the election results (which would provoke a constitutional crisis).
It seems a bit unlikely though.  An indictment (or even an investigation) before the election would be more effective at keeping that person from being elected.  If done soon enough, the candidate's party could replace her or him on the ballot.  If done just before the election, this could easily cause that candidate to lose.  So this would generally be done earlier in the process.
Comment: *If done just before the election, this could easily cause that candidate to lose.* - you would think....
Answer: An indictment is just a formal accusation that a person committed a crime. It does not mean that it was already proved that the person is guilty. In a society which respects rule of law (like the United States) a person is considered innocent until convicted by a court of law. So the indictment alone would not have any consequences whatsoever for the status of the president, except for being forced to follow instructions by law enforcement. In theory it might even come to the weird situation that the president is forced to lead the country from their jail cell while waiting for the court case to finish.
Curiously even a conviction of a major crime does not yet mean that the president needs to step down. However, being convicted of "treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors" is reason to start the formal impeachment procedure which eventually results in removing the president from office if congress and senate agree to do so.
Comment: *considered innocent* only in theory if you are not wealthy and powerful or popular...
Answer: This depends.  If the President-elect is arrested but not yet convicted, he or she is still capable of entering the White House.  However, many of his/her privileges would (could) be restricted, such as his/her security clearance (see below).  Knowing that an arrest might hinder his/her ability to do the job, he/she has two effective choices: (1) move forward with the swearing-in ceremony, allow the judicial process to continue, and if found guilty, almost certainly be impeached while simultaneously pardoning him/herself; (2) move forward with the swearing-in ceremony and resign shortly thereafter, giving the White House to his/her Vice President.
Here is where it gets tricky:
One thing that would probably not happen is a step-down after election but before the inauguration because that would place the decision of the Presidency in the hands of the House of Representatives.  In other words, it is treated as if neither party won the electoral college. The President-Elect cannot turn over the White House to his/her VP because he/she has not yet been inaugurated, thus that power to resign is not yet vested (i.e., you cannot resign from that which you do not yet have).
Another curve ball...
If the President-Elect is arrested for a federal statute outside of the scope of judicial process (e.g., mishandling classified documents, 18 U.S. Code § 798) that could eliminate a trial process [believe it or not, this happens].  If an executive  statute is broken (CFR), the President is obligated through the presiding cabinet official (Secretary of State... Defense... Attorney General, etc) to deny the President-Elect executive privileges typically consistent with the Office of the Presidency (this is called debarment; not to be confused with disbarment, a procedure reserved for lawyers).  There is no right to judicial process - as an American - if you are arrested and determined to have broken an executive statute.  It is the only process in the United States within which someone accused is presumed guilty and must prove innocence during a review run by technocrats.  If the President fails to act, the Senate could demand the Sergeant of Arms remove the President-Elect's privileges by a straight up-and-down vote.  At that point, the Sergeant of Arms literally bars the President-Elect from entering the White House until he/she can be removed by Congress or he/she resigns.
The latter would be a bad day for the United States...
Comment: Do you have some kind of citation for this disbarment process you describe, distinct from that used for federal contractors? Because the Sergeant of Arms blocking the doors to the White House raises all kinds of Separation of Powers problems, and at that point you're really not following any kind of Constitutional procedure so much as making stuff up and seeing what happens, and once you've thrown out the owner's manual, basically anything is a possible answer to "what happens if."
Comment: @ZachLipton, further cause for skepticism is the following page, with much the same text, attributed to an author of the same name, with the addition of a photoshopped picture of Clinton in some kind of restraint and a scenario in which she's subject to the debarment process for mishandling classified documents:  http://baconbooksandbullets.com/what-happens-if-a-president-elect-is-indictedarrested-answer/
Comment: @AlexCoventry Good find. I'm not aware of any serious sources indicating that debarment, a process that applies to federal contractors accused of wrongdoing, applies to the Presidency. If someone for some reason did try to apply such a process, we'd be in Constitutional Crisis/[Calvinball](http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kf8T8vJfp2g/U9-I4cwJ0bI/AAAAAAAAHc4/YtRx4DDyJnc/s1600/calvinball1.gif) land where no rules apply and you can't really predict what would happen. Once you're just making up the rules, there's no governmental process you can apply to see what will happen next.
Comment: In short, the last paragraph basically boils down to "what happens if the Senate declares a coup?" And the answer is nothing good, but who knows?
Answer: A president cannot be impeached for crimes that occurred before they became president.  If the indictment comes before the election, there are many scenarios that could take place.
1.  They could drop out voluntarily
2.  Their party could replace them with whomever they all                 agree on.
3.  They could be elected and the electoral college could reject the outcome.
4.  They could be elected and after they are sworn in they could pardon them self.
Comment: If that is true about impeachment, you should link to some kind of source supporting it.
Comment: "The President ... of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors."  Nothing in there about "before" or "after".
Answer: The current president would nullify the election results and call for a special election and would vacate the office of the presidency after the new election results are formed. How long that might be who knows. We will see claims of dictatorship for sure. We might be seeing a historical event happen here with the current election and its scandals
Comment: There is no provision for calling for a special election for President, so this would not happen.


How many people trampled would it take for blood to flow out for a distance of 1600 stadia?

Question: Looking at Revelation 14:19-20 it describes a large amount of people being trampled with a winepress and blood flowing out for 1600 stadia. How many people would be needed for this? Does the blood rising as high as "a horses bridals" help calculate this? Is it possible to calculate this?
Comment: Some have noted that the dimensions of the blood flow would cover the entire land of Israel. Up-voted +1.
Comment: The allegory links to the multitudes in the valley of decision (outside earthly Jerusalem) which, spiritually," is called Sodom & Egypt, where also our Lord was crucified" (Rev.11:8). So also the land of Israel, promised to Abraham, spiritually refers to the whole world throughout all time. Rev.14:20 does not speak of 'the land'. It implies it. 160 miles = the length of the land of Israel. Spiritually, that answers to the whole world covered by God's wrath on that Last Day of judgment.
Comment: Moses turned the water of Egypt into blood in Ex 7
Answer: To answer the literal question you asked:
In my opinion, there are two 'useful' interpretations of the 1600 Stadia: Either as the length of a road or as the radius of a circle. The "actual" number will be somewhere in between most likely:
First of all, 1600 Stadia is about 300 km. For convenience, I will assume that a horse's bridle is about 1.5 m above the ground. For the circle:
(150 km)² * pi = 471.2 km². 471.2 km² * 1.5 m = 0.702 km³ = 7.07 * 1011 litres
For the road, I will assume the width of a road to be about 4 metres:
300 km * 4 m * 1.5 m = 0.0018 km³ = 1.8 * 109 litres.
Now a human has about 5 litres of blood meaning for the circle we need 7.07/5 * 1011 ≈ 140 billion humans, which is more than the number of humans that have ever lived.
For the road we have: 1.8/5 * 109 humans = 3.6 * 108 humans = 360 million humans.
Comment: CORRECTION (outside of edit time limit): it's simple, integration just needed for proof, not for formula: Volume of a cone = ground-surface x height / 3, so if the pool is 1.5 deep at the centre extending to zero depth at 300km further, it's just 1/3rd of @SirHawrk's result.
Comment: *So the four angels, who had been prepared for the hour, the day, the month, and the year, were released to kill a third of mankind.* - Revelation 9:15. These are the four horsemen, which explains the reference to horses and trampling
Comment: This makes sense. In my imagination I figured it would look exactly how blood would flow out of a winepress. Somewhat of a semi circle. Though it is impossible to know. Keep in mind when I asked this question I just wanted to know in relation to the vision. As in literally how much blood did John see? Whether this will this will/did happen literally is not what I was intending to ask.
Comment: I would consider the circle too, but the depth to be near 'the winepress' only --- 300 stadia far, it's just a droplet deep. Because liquids run from high to low ground... This makes the calculation much harder (the cross section is a triangle, but the volume you have to integrate around a circle), but it makes more sense than the current "A swimming pool diameter 300km, with no edge yet staying that shape".
Answer: I suggest that the numbers need to be understood symbolically, which makes any calculation impossible.
1600 works out as 4x4x10x10.
In the system of symbolic numbers which, I believe, works in the texts of Revelation, "4" indicates "to or from all directions", and "10" indicates "completeness" or "the whole world". E.g "Four horsemen/ four winds" (chs 6-7) and "ten kings" (ch17). In other words, the blood spreads out over the entirety of the world in all directions.
I suggest also that this image is an echo of Joel ch3 v13 ("The winepress is full, the vats overflow, for their wickedness is great" RSV), in which the overflow is a measure of the wickedness of the world. Literal interprtation hinders the reading of Revelation more frequently than it helps.
Comment: 1600 and 4x4x10x10; you have an extra factor of 10 in both places.
Comment: Quite right. My apologies. Corrected.
Comment: Just a typo; it doesn't affect your answer in any meaningful way.
Comment: 1600 is also 40 x 40, where 40 is a number associated with testing.
Answer: The language is hyperbolic, and metaphorical.  The 1600 stadia is representative of the race course pattern that Vespasian rode through Judea and Galilee circling inward toward Jerusalem.  The word "stadia" is the picture of a Roman stadium, and works out to be about 200 miles.  It is not that the blood would flow out 1600 stadia.  The 1600 stadia was the distance of the path through Judea which Vespasian took on his campaign during the Roman-Jewish wars of AD 67-70.

"And the winepress was trodden without the city, and blood came out of the winepress, even unto the horse bridles, by the space of a thousand and six hundred furlongs."  (Rev. 14:20, KJV)

The word translated as "furlong" is Strong's Gr. 4712, "stadion" and means a racecourse used for public games, about 1/8 of Roman mile.  Source: Biblehub
The blood was going to be spilled "outside the city," meaning without Jerusalem.  The imagery was of the no-holds-barred warfare that the Roman legions used to put down rebellions in a scorched earth policy to dissuade others from rebelling.  Blood up to the horses bridles indicated that few would survive that Roman war.
Excerpt from my post "Ezekiel in Revelation - Part III: Jerusalem, The Vine Tree, and The Winepress -

"Vespasian marched from Antioch south to Ptolemais on the eastern Mediterranean shore in AD 67 where he concentrated his forces with those of his son Titus for an approx. total of 60,000 Roman soldiers. He then marched inland to Galilee to put down resistance throughout all of Judea before attempting the siege at Jerusalem.  His plan to subdue the will of the people via scorched-earth warfare was a bloody campaign with an estimated 100,000 people slaughtered just throughout Galilee. (See map at Note 1))

The path of his campaign through Galilee, and on through Idumea and Samaria toward Jerusalem encompassed approx. 200 miles.(6)  He marched through Meggido in 67 AD. By early 68 AD Vespasian had defeated all of the Jewish strongholds in the north and had isolated Jerusalem.  And the imagery of the blood up to the horse's bridles is very clear."  Source: ShreddingTheVeil

Vespasian attacked Gabara first, killing all of the men, and then burned the city, and the surrounding villages and towns. Estimated dead in the siege of Jotapata was 40,000, where Josephus was captured. Women and children were slaughtered in the sack of Gamala where an estimated 9,000 were killed and only two women survived.  The people knew of Vespasian's attack on the towns of Perea when they saw the thousands of bodies floating down the Jordan to the Dead Sea.  (Source: History.net)
An estimated 100,000 were killed throughout Galilee before the siege of Jerusalem where Josephus estimated another 1.1-Million people died. Thus, the imagery of blood up to the horses' bridles.
See also the posts:
Ezekiel in Revelation - Part V: The Time of Gog ShreddingTheVeil
Ezekiel in Revelation - Part VI: The Land of Gog here
Ezekiel in Revelation - Part VII: Who Was Gog here
Note:

Insurgency in Ancient Times: The Jewish Revolts....by LTC William T. Sorrells, US Army Ft. Levenworth, KS, p 41 here

Josephus' War Chronology - here
Answer: I think that this refers to the destruction of Israel after building the new temple at the Dome of the Rock. It would be logical that there would have to be more people in Israel than current numbers. I think this would suggest that there would be a gathering like what is witness with Arabs going to Mecca . Jews from all over the world wanting to come and participate in something that hasn't happened in over 2,000 years. An out break of Ebola could have them bleeding? Or some weapon current or yet to be used? Or God creates a vacuum and they explode like eggs in a microwave. The irony is that Israel's military still have those that ride horses.
Comment: Your answer could be improved with additional supporting information. Please [edit] to add further details, such as citations or documentation, so that others can confirm that your answer is correct. You can find more information on how to write good answers [in the help center](/help/how-to-answer).
Answer: To address the question posed of how many people would have to be trampled for the resulting blood flow to reach 1600 stadia (approx 200 miles) at a height of (approx 4 1/2 ft), in addition to mathematical calculations, there are other considerations that are needed for a sound hermeneutical response. The helpful answers given, must be understood in the context of their differing theological & eschatogical underpinnings, employed. It would be useful to identify these with the answers, to better understand why they interpret this question, a certain way?
One,the Preterist view, which interprets Revelation as having already taken place, primarily in the 1st Century.
Two, Historicism, looking for Revelation in historical events thru out Church history. Three, Idealism, interpreting Revelation as symbolism, the battle between good & evil. Four, Futurism, interpreting Revelation as something that happens in the future.
I personally believe that to interpret the Bible, with sound hermeneutics, the Holy Spirit is necessary, as in getting inspiration, as all four methods of interpreting Revelation can be true & valid. ie: The conquering of the Jewish Rebellion by Vespasian & destruction of all the Jewish strongholds, then Jerusalem & millions of its inhabitants, was a historical fact, that had occurred about 20 yrs prior to John's Vision from God on Patmos, so the early Church knew about this & this would give them hope, encouragement and/or admonishment, that God is still in charge, that He wins in the end. This historical event doesn't mean that this was not also a foreshadowing of the End of Days scenario, that at this time is still in the future. The Bible is the Living Word of God, thus it can apply to one personally, give account of historical events, give prophetic vision of things to come, all at the same time!
Comment: As it's currently written, your answer is unclear. Please [edit] to add additional details that will help others understand how this addresses the question asked. You can find more information on how to write good answers [in the help center](/help/how-to-answer).


Querying via Service Bus

Question: Is it recommended to also do querying via a Service Bus? As I see it, you should only send fire and forget commands/events.
What is your opinion and/or experience?
Answer: What exactly do you mean by queruing? Retrieving data from database? Aggregating multiplie responses from several services? All those things are done quite good with Service Bus. Some specific products like WebSphere ESB or Oracle Service Bus offer ability to generate database adapters which can retrieve data from tables or call stored procedures.
Answer: Service bus is not only suited to "fire and forget" scenarios. In fact it can be used in many others like "request response". But in contrast to classic remote procedure calls or invocations, service bus provides means to decouple actual requester from actual responder. And that opens the door for easier scalability and/or improved resilience.
There are plenty of posts, articles and books written on the subject of messaging and service bus patterns, and will provide valuable insights and ideas. Just look for service bus or message queue integration, patterns.

Querying via Service Bus


How do I check to see if my computer is infected with the OSX/Crisis Trojan?

Question: Just recently, a new trojan for OS X was discovered. Apparently it only affects Snow Leopard and Lion. Whether it does/doesn't affect Mountain Lion is still unknown. The trojan sits on your computer and hides, doing nothing so far. How do I check to see if this trojan has been installed on my system? If it is, how do I remove it?
Answer: Apparently, Intego has been investigating this trojan and has found that the trojan will only be on your machine if the following folder exists:
/Library/ScriptingAdditions/appleHID/
If it was installed with admin privileges, this files/folders will exist:

/System/Library/Frameworks/Foundation.framework/XPCServices/
/System/Library/Frameworks/Foundation.framework/XPCServices/com.apple.mdworker_server.xpc/Contents/MacOS/com.apple.mdworker_server
/System/Library/Frameworks/Foundation.framework/XPCServices/com.apple.mdworker_server.xpc/Contents/Resources/
/Library/ScriptingAdditions/appleHID/Contents/Resources/appleOsax.r

These files ping the IP address 220.127.116.11 every 5 minutes. It currently doesn't do anything, but at any point the trojan could activate and potentially cause problems. Intego also reports that Mountain Lion is not affected by the trojan. Intego's VirusBarrier will remove the trojan.
Comment: I did; I'm saying they're oversimplifying/mischaracterizing the nature of that directory: its mere existence does not indicate you have OSX/Crisis. I found [Kaspersky Lab's account of the trojan](https://www.securelist.com/en/blog/719/New_malware_for_Mac_Backdoor_OSX_Morcut) to be more accurate/measured.
Comment: The existence of `/System/Library/Frameworks/Foundation.framework/XPCServices/` does not indicate whether you have this trojan: its a normal directory and is part of the well-documented XPC Services API.
Comment: @MarkTrapp Okay, but according to Intego, that is a part of the trojan. Did you read the article?
Comment: Okay. I understand. Just a note on the article you linked to; it says the name of the malware is "Backdoor.OSX.Morcut". Intego labels it as "OS/X Crisis" Is this the same piece of malware?
Comment: Yeah: [OSX/Crisis is Intego's name, Backdoor.OSX.Morcut is Kaspersky's name](http://arstechnica.com/security/2012/07/mac-spying-malware/).


What's the difference between installing and trying Ubuntu?

Question: I was wondering what the difference between running and trying Ubuntu and I was also wondering if there was any downfall to running Ubuntu on a USB drive.
Comment: Please remember to accept/upvote the best answer to your question (tick/check mark on the left). This way, the question is marked as "answered" and future readers can refer to it knowing the solution works. Thank you...:)
Answer:
Running (or installing) Ubuntu usually means you put it permanently on your hard disk, either by itself or alongside Windows, etc. You use it every day, all your documents/settings are saved, just like Windows.
Trying Ubuntu usually means you start it from a Live-CD or a Live-USB. You can use it for the duration of that session, but your saved documents/changes/etc. are lost when you shut the computer down (although you can set up "persistence" to prevent that).
Running Ubuntu from a USB drive is possible, either using persistence or actually installing to the drive as if it were a hard drive. The downsides include:

Slow: Regular USB "stick/flash" drives are nowhere near as fast as hard drives, and it will show, possibly detracting from your experience.
Lower life:: The frequent writes/swapping done by an operating system may be injurious to the health of your flash drive. e.g. it may only last one year instead of a normal five.
Limited space: If you intend to use Ubuntu for a decent period of time and/or use it for multimedia (movies, music, etc.), you will eventually run out of space even if you get, say, a 32 GB flash drive. That doesn't happen with hard drives, which are typically much larger.
Answer: Try Ubuntu or Install Ubuntu when installing
Makes no difference, I use them interchangeably when installing Ubuntu.
Try Ubuntu gives a chance to prepare the target disk in GParted or double check the partition table, but it can be prepared in "Something else" just as easy.
Choosing Install Ubuntu is slightly more direct.
Both have all the same options, the end results are the same.


deletion of folders

Question: how can i delete a folder using python script?and what are the return values??
Answer: If you want to delete a folder that's empty use os.rmdir:
import os
os.rmdir('/mypath')

If you want to delete a folder that's not empty use shutil.rmtree:
import shutil
shutil.rmtree('/mypath')

Answer: you can use os.rmdir() to remove a directory. To remove a directory tree recursively, you can use shutil.rmtree. If you know that you already have empty directory nodes, you can also check out os.removedirs()

deletion of folders


Difference between syncExec() and asyncExec() of Display class

Question: I'm working on a plugin project in which I'm using Eclipse background processing.
What's the difference between the syncExec() and asyncExec() methods of the Display class? In which situations are they applicable? Any example could be helpful.
Answer: from Q: Why do I get the error "org.eclipse.swt.SWTException: Invalid thread access"?

To allow background threads to perform operations on objects belonging to the UI-thread, the methods syncExec(Runnable runnable) and asyncExec(Runnable runnable) of Display are used. These are the only methods in SWT that can be called from any thread. They allow a runnable to be executed by the UI-thread, either synchronously, causing the background thread to wait for the runnable to finish, or asynchronously allowing the background thread to continue execution without waiting for the result. A runnable that is executed using syncExec() most closely matches the equivalent direct call to the UI operation because a Java method call always waits for the result before proceeding, just like syncExec().
Answer: Adding to Tom Seidel's answer, here are examples of situations where you might want to use one or the other:

Use asyncExec when you want to update something in the UI without caring about the results. For example updating a label or a progress bar.
Use syncExec where the code following that method call needs to be sure that the UI is in a consistent state, or needs some data from the UI. For example getting some data from a user dialog. Or you update a widget and before doing anything else (e.g. another UI update) you want to know that the widget update has completed.
Answer: SWT implements single threaded UI model. In this model, only the UI-thread can invoke UI operations. If you try and access an SWT object from outside the UI-thread, you get the exception "org.eclipse.swt.SWTException: Invalid thread access". So to allow other threads to perform operations on objects belonging to the UI-thread, SWT provides syncExec and asyncExec methods.
This link may help you with an example


An argument for principle of maximum entropy which I don't understand

Question: While having a look at a book on statistical physics (Statistical Physics and Protein Folding), I came across an argument for the principal of maximum entropy which I don't understand. It goes as follows. Assume there two subsystems $S_1$ and $S_2$ in contact with each other with total energy $E=E_1 + E_2$. Total energy is constant but the subsystems are allowed to transfer energy to each other. Assume that the we have a experimental resolution $\Delta$ for energy levels of the system AND $E_0$ is the minimum energy the subsystems can achieve. Let $\Gamma_1(E_1)$ and $\Gamma_2(E_2)=\Gamma_2(E-E_1)$ be the total number of accessible states in each subsystem with given energy $E_1$. Then the total number of states in the whole system is $\sum_{E_0 < E_1 < E}\Gamma_1(E_1)\Gamma_2(E-E_1)$ and the total entropy is then
 $S(E)= k_B \ln(\sum_{E_0 < E_1 < E}\Gamma_1(E_1)\Gamma_2(E-E_1))$. Now assume that in the summation the maximum term is achieved at $E_1 = \bar{E}_1$. Then this summation (i.e the total entropy) has the lower bound
$$
 k_B \ln(\Gamma_1(\bar{E}_1)\Gamma_2(E-\bar{E}_1)),
$$
and the upper bound
$$
 k_B \ln(\Gamma_1(\bar{E}_1)\Gamma_2(E-\bar{E}_1)) + k_B \ln(\frac{E}{\Delta}).
$$
Then the book goes on saying that in a macroscopic system of N particles we expect $S$ and $E$ both to be of order $N$. Therefore we can write
$$
S(E) = k_b \ln\Gamma_1(\bar{E}_1) + k_b \ln\Gamma_2(E-\bar{E}_1) +O(\ln(\frac{N}{\Delta}))
$$
So then if we "neglect" the last term then
$$
S(E) = S(\bar{E}_1) + S(\bar{E}_2)
$$
with $\bar{E}_2 = E -\bar{E}_1$. Now the principle of maximum entropy says entropy of an isolated system never decreases. I don't quite understand how the equation above gives us this since I don't see how the equation above says anything about subsystems $S_1$ or $S_2$. I don't think it implies that the system $S_1$ prefers the energy $\bar{E}_1$ and moreover as our ability to make more precise measurement increases and $\Delta \rightarrow 0$ the error term $\ln$ grows and so it sort of says that the above equality is susceptible to fluctuations. Can somebody clarify these points?
Comment: Related: https://physics.stackexchange.com/q/334813/226902, https://physics.stackexchange.com/q/531646/226902. Additivity of entropy: https://physics.stackexchange.com/q/481879/226902
Answer: I think you're misreading their argument. What they're presenting isn't a proof of the second law of thermodynamics, it's a proof that the entropy is dominated by states in which the energy is within $\Delta$ of being shared in a certain way. You're certainly correct that if $\Delta$ is small the error term gets big. That makes sense, because it's not true for all $\Delta$ that the energy is within $\Delta$ of being shared in the preferred way.
Although this argument could be part of a proof of the second law starting from statistical principles, one way to see that it isn't complete for that purpose is that it doesn't mention time.
Answer: Yes, the equation doesn't imply any preferred state. It is the second law that states, for an isolated system, the entropy will keep increasing till its maximum. This is law so there is no need for a proof.
Comment: Well I dont really need a proof but a thought example/experiment like this to get some intuition would be nice. I cant just see how this example is related to the law though.
Comment: well, the example gives all possible states with their entropy. The maximum entropy principle says the equilibrium state is the one that has the maximum   value of entropy.
Comment: *This is law so there is no need for a proof.* It's not true that laws can never be proved. The issue is what principles you're going to take to be more fundamental so that you can use them in your proof.


Difference between scalars, vectors, matrices and tensors

Question: What is the difference between a scalar, vector, matrix and tensor in simple terms? Are vector fields and tensors related?
Comment: Scalar is a representation of a tensor of zero rank, vector is a rep of a first rank tensor, and matrix is is a rep of an n-rank tensor, depending on the dimensions of the matrix: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor
Comment: @MsTais You are effectively trying to answer in a comment, please don't do that.  Post a proper answer.  The OP cannot accept a comment as an answer.
Comment: What level of explanation do you mean by simple terms? How much linear algebra have you studied? Are you familiar with the concept of a vector space and its dual?
Comment: Do you know the difference between a scalar and a vector ?  If not then start there, because a tensor is another level of complexity.
Comment: Possible duplicates: https://physics.stackexchange.com/q/41211/2451 , https://physics.stackexchange.com/q/20437/2451 and links therein.
Answer: A matrix is an array of numbers used in linear algebra. Various classes of matrices might form groups and other fun mathematical structures, but a lone matrix is not much more than a mathematical object.
Scalars, vectors, and tensors, on the other hand, are geometric objects. What makes them important is that these are the geometric object we encounter in nature. "Scalar" and "Vector" are special names for Rank-$0$ and Rank-$1$ tensors, while "Tensor" may refer to Rank-$2$ or  Rank-$n$...depending on context.
They can be classified by how the transform under rotations. Scalars have the property of being completely spherically symmetric: they look the same no matter how you rotate them. Vectors, with their magnitude and direction, are the simplest non-trivial thing that can be rotated nicely (under normal 3D rotations).
Tensors are more complicated: naively they transform like the dyadic product of 2 vectors, and that requires 2 application of a rotation, which gets messy for 2 reasons:
1) Rotations don't commute
2) Cartesian coordinates obscure much of their symmetries
Wigner, Clebsch and Gordon, and others have addresses this. In summary: a "natural form" rank-$n$ tensor is symmetric, and traceless, and has $2n+1$ degrees of freedom that "look" exactly like, and transform exactly like, the $2l+1$ spherical harmonics of degree $l=n$: $Y_l^m(\theta, \phi)$. I find this to be the best way to understand their geometric nature (esp. since it easy to find pictures of them, e.g. atomic orbitals).
The biggest point of confusion when 1st exposed to them is the confusion between the geometric object (which is an abstraction of "thing" encountered in nature), and their representations, which look like matrices (at least up to rank-$2$). The numerical representation of a geometric object is not the geometric object. The former is a coordinate dependent thing, while the geometric object itself exists independent of any coordinate system, and people do try to formulate the laws of physics in a coordinate-free manner.
Another point of confusion is the notion, from computer science, that "scalar" means "number". While a number can represent a scalar, a number cannot be rotated: it is not a geometric object.
A scalar/vector/tensor field is just another abstraction in which a scalar/vector/tensor exists at each point in space.
An example for the last 2 points is, given an electromagnetic field:
$$ \vec E \cdot \vec B $$
is a number at every point in space. It's a (pseudo)scalar field. I you rotate the coordinates, $\vec E$ and $\vec B$ change, but their dot product remains the same. But it is not a number: if I reflect the coordinates it changes sign (which is way I added "pseudo" to it). Numbers don't change signs. Scalar are not numbers.
That being said, there is also a complementary view of rank-$n$ tensors as multi-linear functions that map $n$-vectors to a real number in a coordinate independent manner. This view is useful in the development of coordinate-free laws of physics.


Can the distribution of Al28 across the Earth tell us if the solar system formed from a gas cloud that collapsed itself or by a supernova explosion?

Question: A single supernova could have collapsed a gas cloud and left Aluminium 28 on one side of the Earth . If there were many supernovae in all directions that gradually sent material to Earth then the Aluminium 28 would be found  on all sides of Earth .
Comment: just fyi I'm guessing that the downvotes are probably for lack of research effort https://i.stack.imgur.com/dQB1z.png
Answer: A supernova explosion that collapsed a gas and dust cloud to form the solar system wouldn't leave aluminum 28 on one side of the Earth.
The Earth would have to already be formed in order to receive aluminum 28 on one side. But the speculation in the question is about a supernova explosion collapsing a cloud and starting the formation of the Earth, a process which  no doubt took many millions of years.
If a supernova explosion started the collapse of the cloud of gas and dust which formed the solar system all the atomic nuclei of aluminum 28 would attach to orbiting grains of dust or else orbit around the center of mass of the condensing gas cloud.
And of course the closer an orbiting gas molecule or grain of dust was to the center of mass, the faster it would complete one orbit around the center of mass.
So some particles which eventually winded up on Earth would take days to make one orbit around the center of mass, and others would take centuries or millennia to make one single orbit.
And it would take millions of years for atoms and molecules and grains of space dust to clump into somewhat larger particles, and those to clump into larger objects, and so on and so on.  Eventually objects kilometers or miles in diameter would be colliding and sometimes sticking together to slowly build planets.
And during that time some particles of aluminum 28 which eventually found their way into the forming Earth would orbit the forming Sun thousands of times as often as some other particles of Aluminum 28 did.  The particles of aluminum 28 would be thoroughly mixed in the collapsing nebula long before Earth formed.  The idea that particles of Aluminum 28 would be more common on one side of the nebula which Earth formed out of is false.
Comment: Since perfect mixing  in nature is rare I would think Al28 could be  more common on one side  of the nebula than the other but whether or not people can measure the difference is another question.


In House Print Resolution

Question: What is the standard setting for low, med and high print resolution when exporting (under Compression menu) a PDF file from InDesign at an in-house studio?
Answer: Any resolution would be highly dependent upon the capabilities of the print device(s).

For most end use Inkjet printers 150dpi is as high as is necessary.
Some higher-end inkjets, with a RIP, are capable of supporting 300dpi. As are laser or wax printers.

These are typically the only two numbers you need for printing resolution. Anything lower than 150dpi would be of lower quality. The lower the resolution, the lower the quality.

In House Print Resolution


Can a question with an accepted answer be updated with results of suggestions?

Question: I asked How do I progress with this death record? and accepted an answer. Since then I have undertaken the great suggestions and while not fully resolved, I have progressed somewhat. Am I able to use the question to report back my results or would this be extra 'chatter'?
Answer: Absolutely!
I've done that quite often over at Stack Overflow. When I finally solve my problem, or find a better solution, I go back and add a followup to my question.
See, for example this question, where I later added an "edit" and then finally a "conclusion".
It is what makes a question complete. You get the question, a number of answers, an accepted answer, and the final reasoning/thoughts of the person who originally asked the question.
It should not be used to restart the conversation, but just to complete it.
Comment: +1 because I could not agree more.  What I like to see are clear Questions with clear Answers - the first draft of either is rarely going to be the best possible.
Comment: I'd also add if you do have new questions based on your results, ask them in a new question, not as an "update" on the old question.


How do I pause the game immediately when it starts?

Question: I want my Unity game to start with Time.timeScale = 0f becuase it starts with a main menu that is in the same scene as the game. I tried to put Time.timeScale = 0f in Awake() but that did not work as expected. Putting it in Awake() paused it almost immediately but somehow the update funtions run at least once because some objects moved a little before the game paused. How do I pause it immediately when the game starts?
Comment: Thanks for the feedback, but I have already thought about that. I have animations playing anyway by setting the animators update mode to unscaled time.
Comment: As a side note it may be nicer to have the game running idle animations in the background instead of being completely paused. Keeping the screen moving is a key part of user engagement.
Comment: Also check your Script execution order. Edit->project settings->script execution order. Make sure your code is being called first. Setting timeScale to 0f, is the correct way.
Answer: You can specify the setting on launch using the Time section of the project settings (Edit>Project Settings>Time).
https://docs.unity3d.com/Manual/class-TimeManager.html
Answer: Note that Update function is not affected by timeScale (Though it affects all measured delta times in the Time class, except for fixedDeltaTime). So, you should build some logic to tackle this. On the start of the Update body, add if (Time.timeScale == 0f) return;. This will effectively prevent Update from running while Time.timeScale is 0.
More info on Time.timeScale from the docs.


Updating Mysql from adobe flex application

Question: Hey there,
I am very new to Flex. I want to build an application that will contain many radio buttons. I want to know how to update mysql by the status of radio buttons.
Thanks in advance.
Answer: Don't use one of these MySQL connectors.
There are plenty of reasons not to use them, but the main one is about security issues.
Anyone can decompile your application and see what's inside it. That means having access to all database requests!
Flex is for presentation, you keep business logic and data storage on the server. You would need to have something running on the server that access your database and expose its data as services. There are many possibilities depending which server language you know
Answer: Use BlazeDS/Java to update Database this post contains some usefull links
Flex 4 BlazeDS with Hibernate and MySQL database
Hopes that helps
Answer: Purchase Flex Connector for MySQL and you will be off and running when you read how to use it.


Mysterious "Installation Failed" and reboots

Question: Non-programmer here. I've noticed recently a message popping up on my 4.1.2 Galaxy S3 running stock firmware (except I have root)  build number JZO54K.T999UVDMD5. This was happening before I rooted it and before I installed DroidWall in an attempt to prevent any uncommanded activity. "Installation Failed" is what it says.  I've also happened to have observed it restarting a few times when I was not touching it. I installed aLogcat today and set it to "Events" so that hopefully I will get more information. Any suggestions on how to learn more about what's up would be appreciated.
Comment: I don't think aLogcat will be able to work on your device since you're running JellyBean. Android stops apps seeing each other's log entries from 4.1 I think, if you convert it to a system app then it should work.
Answer: Sorry for the irrelevant answer to the OP's question but felt a need to point out about aLogCat.
aLogcat seems broken at the moment under JellyBean (due to an additional introduction of permission READ_LOGS required for reading logs).
Just keep an eye out for the update soon (or flag the developer by starring the issue here).
If you fancy the alternative, try this version called CatLog found here on github, this has the permission in place to do so.
As for Droidwall, forget about that version - its old and obsoleted in favour of the more updated version AFWall+, the linky to the play store version is contained on the github page, alternative linky to F-Droid Repository here.


What is my VE status?

Question: I was an ARRL VE years ago. The info about ARRL VEs says that you remain a VE and the only way one will be dropped is loss of license. However, years ago to be a valid VE one would have to have a current date sticker on one's badge. Am I still a VE? Do I need the date sticker?
Answer: For general info, check http://www.arrl.org/volunteer-examiners.  It will point you to a PDF manual for ARRL VEC.
From http://www.arrl.org/files/file/VEs/VE%20Manual%20Web%20FINAL%202014.pdf:

"Once accredited as an examiner in the ARRL/VEC's program, your
  accreditation credentials will be good until your FCC license
  expires."

Also

"ARRL accreditation renewal is automatic for ARRL VEs who maintain a
  current address, contact phone number and/or email address on file at
  the VEC office and have participated at an exam session within the
  past 5 years. (Emphasis added.) Renewal stickers, extending the ARRL VE's accreditation
  expiration date, are issued and should be placed on your credentials.
  By issuing automatic accreditation renewals, the ARRL/VEC can ensure
  that the needs of our VEs are met; as well as the amateur radio
  community. After 5 years of inactivity, your VE accreditation will be
  placed on hold until you contact the VEC office. Depending on the
  amount of time that has passed, you may be required to reapply. No
  one's accreditation will be permanently revoked solely because of his
  or her inactivity, because many factors can contribute to a VE's
  activity level."

If you want to reactivate your credential, contact the VEC office firstname.lastname@example.com or call (860) 594-0300.
Comment: The folks in the VEC office are very helpful by email. I helped do two 75+ person exams (university extra credit was offered for an undergrad core engineering course) on the email from the VEC saying I was accredited. It also helped that I was licensed by that same team.

What is my VE status?


Question related to particle

Question: I am new to blender, doing an exercise of modeling a donut. When it comes to adding sprinkles, I was trying to use particles to do that. But when I apply the particle effect on my "icing" layer, the sprinkles were all hiding inside the icing instead of on top of that. Any idea what happened and how to fix that?
Answer: Check the source of the particle emissions near the top of the particle settings. Is it set to volume? Or perhaps the solidify modifier is after the particle modifier, so it adds sprinkles on the non-solidified icing, and then the icing solidifies over them.
PS: do not say "apply" generically, as it means something specific in blender.

Question related to particle


Succulent clean up and growth

Question: I've learnt from a YouTube video that succulent "leaves" can be cleaned with milk and that would remove water stains as well. I wanna know if this can cause any harm to the leaves. My succulent has gotten very dusty and I would like to clean it up.
Another thing I wanna know about is why it isn't growing. It has been the same since i bought it (which was around 3 months ago. There has been no growth at all. Is this normal? Are they slow growing plants?
Answer: Milk? Really? Sure, go ahead, YouTube is never wrong. I'd suggest water, personally. You don't mention where you are, but if you are in the northern hemisphere you plant is probably dormant or growing very slowly. Once days get longer and warmer it should wake up and grow.
A few questions: does that pot have a drain hole? If not, it needs one ASAP. Either drill one in that pot or use a pot with holes. What potting media are you using? You should use cactus/succulent soil with no or very little peat. Add some perlite or pumice to loosen things up and provide airspace.
Comment: I'm from South India. The pot does have drainage holes and I will surely add some perlite into the soil. It sits in plain garden soil that drains off quickly. No peat. Recently I've noticed that one of its roots has begun to rot. Do you think it's because of the potting medium?
Comment: YouTube is never wrong? Seriously?
Comment: No, never. BTW, I have a bridge you may be interested in.

Succulent clean up and growth


why the letters in keyboards are arranged like this?

Question: Does anyone have a good explanation why the keyboard of computers has this weird way of arrangements?
QWERTY and others? I know they take it from typewriters? but still?
why didn't they arrange it alphabetically, in the first place?
Answer: They were arranged in the QWERTY order so that keys wouldn't be easily broken. In the very old typewriter days, if you hit too many keys too close to each others too often, they would start interfering with each other. The QWERTY method was designed so that keys that are usually close to each other in words are not so on the keyboard. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QWERTY for more information.
Comment: Many people do believe that the QWERTY intending to slow you down story is just a myth. Here's one article: http://www.independent.org/newsroom/article.asp?id=356
Comment: lol..."hurt" each other...they would get jammed, yes
Answer: Old typewriters have long arms for each key on the keyboard which have the "type" (i.e. the outline of the letter) at the very end of each arm.
When you press a key the arm swings out, and through the ribbon makes its imprint of the letter, and then swings back in again when you release the key.
Each arm is angled so that they hit the same point on the page, but if you press two keys that are in the same part of the keyboard in very quick succession these arms can (and do) collide.
The QWERTY layout was supposedly then designed so that most words would use letters from opposite sides of the keyboard, which reduces the risk of the arms colliding.
Answer: I think you'll find this story enlightening. It includes the most thoroughly researched report I've seen on the origins of the QWERTY keyboard.
http://www.reason.com/news/show/29944.html

A watershed event in the received version of the QWERTY story is a typing contest held in Cincinnati on July 25, 1888. Frank McGurrin, a court stenographer from Salt Lake City who was purportedly the only person using touch typing at the time, won a decisive victory over Louis Taub. Taub used the hunt-and-peck method on a Caligraph, a machine with an alternative arrangement of keys. McGurrin's machine, as luck would have it, just happened to be a QWERTY machine.
According to popular history, the event established once and for all that the Remington typewriter, with its QWERTY keyboard, was technically superior. Wilfred Beeching's influential history of the keyboard mentions the Cincinnati contest and attaches great importance to it: "Suddenly, to their horror, it dawned upon both the Remington company and the Caligraph company officials, torn between pride and despair, that whoever won was likely to put the other out of business!" Beeching refers to the contest as having established the Remington machine "once and for all." Since no one else at that time had learned touch typing, owners of alternative keyboards found it impossible to counter the claim that Remington's QWERTY keyboard arrangement was the most efficient.

There's lots more relevant information at the site, I urge you to read it.
Comment: sadly, qwerty was superior just because it was so good at avoiding typebar clashes, not because it was superior typing fast.
Comment: @rpr: Avoiding clashes WAS the way to increase typing efficiency back in the day of mechanical typwriters.
Answer: What makes you believe alphabetic would be better?
When typewriters were being developed there were many layouts and many competitions to find the best layouts. QWERTY won - it was the fastest and jammed the typewriters less often.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QWERTY#History_and_purposes
Now we have electronic keys and the mechanical limits don't apply but nobody has demonstrated that alternaitive layouts would be better - not even Mr Dvorak has shown his claims to be true in real world tests (I'm sure I'll get lots of angry comments for saying that but it's true).
Also, QWERTY has a lot of inertia. Changing keyboards would annoy an awful lot of people and this is a big factor.
Answer: The main reason we use a QWERTY layout today is tradition. It's far from the most efficient layout. Its letter placement is mostly arbitrary or based on flawed premises (e.g. the most commonly used letters should be scattered across the keyboard as widely as possible). Keys were even moved around so that early typewriter salesmen could show off their product by typing the word "TYPEWRITER" using only the top row of keys.
Edit: Check out this link for more information.
Answer: @Jimmy J

When typewriters were being developed
  there were many layouts and many
  competitions to find the best layouts.
  QWERTY won - it was the fastest and
  jammed the typewriters less often.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QWERTY#History_and_purposes
Now we have electronic keys and the
  mechanical limits don't apply but
  nobody has demonstrated that
  alternaitive layouts would be better -
  not even Mr Dvorak has shown his
  claims to be true in real world tests
  (I'm sure I'll get lots of angry
  comments for saying that but it's
  true).

Was it fastest? Sure, any layout that could prevent typebar clashes would have been faster than one that does not. But is any part of what you say based on facts?
Man, you should really read what you link into. First of all, it was fastest and jammed typewriters less often? Quote behind your link:
Under "Contemporary alternatives":
There was no particular technological requirement for the QWERTY layout, since at the time there were ways to make a typewriter without the "up-stroke" typebar mechanism that had required it to be devised. Not only were there rival machines with "down-stroke" and "frontstroke" positions that gave a visible printing point, the problem of typebar clashes could be circumvented completely
...and...
The early Blickensderfer's "Ideal" keyboard was also non-QWERTY, instead having the sequence "DHIATENSOR" in the home row, these 10 letters being capable of composing 70% of the words in the English language.
That was just from part of the article - it seems to be full of text that instead of supporting your view points out the very issues that, in writing English language supports the assumption that logically Dvorak is faster to write with and perhaps even more importantly will put great deal of less strain on your hands - you know, only 100 english words can be typed without leaving home row and most commonly used letters of language reside on top & bottom rows - Dvorak keyboard devotes the home row to nine of the 12 most common English letters--including all five vowels and the three most common consonants (T, H, N)--while the six rarest letters (V, K, J, X, Q, and Z) are relegated to the bottom row. As a result, 70 percent of typing strokes remain on the home row, only 22 percent are on the upper row, and a mere 8 percent are on the hated bottom row; thousands of words can be typed with the home row alone.
Another design principle of Dvorak has to do with alternating hands:
Whenever the left and right hands type alternate letters, one hand can be getting into position for the next letter while the other hand is typing the previous one.
Yet QWERTY typing tends to degenerate into long one-handed strings of letters, especially strings for the weak left hand. More than 3,000 English words utilize QWERTY's left hand alone, and about 300 the right hand alone.
More about QWERTY's faults can be found at: discovermagazine.com/1997/apr/thecurseofqwerty1099/
But I still wonder your choice of link - perhaps this part was interpreted by you to mean that "no alternatives have been demonstrated better":
Several alternatives to QWERTY have been developed over the years, claimed by their designers and users to be more efficient, intuitive and ergonomic. Nevertheless, none has seen widespread adoption, due partly to the sheer dominance of available keyboards and training. Although studies have shown the superiority in typing speed afforded by alternative keyboard layouts economists Stan Liebowitz and Stephen E Margolis have claimed that these studies are flawed and more rigorous studies are inconclusive as to whether they actually offer any real benefits. The most widely used such alternative is the Dvorak Simplified Keyboard; another increasingly popular alternative is Colemak, which is based partly on QWERTY and is therefore easier for an existing QWERTY typist to learn while offering several optimisations.
Just by analyzing the design principles and how they were put into effect should at least convince anyone that Dvorak puts much less strain on hands - and has clearly very obvious benefits that affect writing speed when writing in english - it seems to me apparently that not only has Dvorak been especially designed to benefit in several ways of common letters and also common letter combinations (left hand, right, etc.) but surprisingly Qwerty not only seems to be designed without much thought on these things but it actually miserably fails by having things Dvorak does really good designed exactly opposite way - like the home row, or alternating hands.
So finally, at least I don't feel angry - I'm happy with using Swedish variant of Dvorak (I'm finnish, I write mostly in english so I chose that instead of DAS layout, but I need å, ä and ö so regular dvorak wont cut it). I just wonder about you saying "but it's true" when clearly not even your link spoke in favor of you :)

Also, QWERTY has a lot of inertia.
  Changing keyboards would annoy an
  awful lot of people and this is a big
  factor.

That is true, however it's not a problem for me. It doesnt matter much to me what layouts other people use - and regular dvorak is supported enough that I can challenge you to find me one OS (for home computers, not some special weird stuff nor Contiki for C-64) that does not readily ship with dvorak layout as one option ;) The variant I use though, that one I have to carry on USB stick with me if I want to use it on computer other than my own.
@tuinstoel

People say that qwerty is invented to
  slow you down and dvorak will speed
  you up, that might be true for the
  English language.
But maybe there are natural languages
  that are more suitable for qwerty than
  for dvorak? For instance in Dutch you
  use the k much more often than in
  English.
Maybe each language should have its
  own keyboard?

Well, Dvorak is optimized specifically for English and while qwerty clearly is not optimized for any specific language it might be that it would be faster for some languages - especially for some from totally different language family (although finnish is unrelated to english and yet the claim is that Dvorak is, if not faster, at least not slower in writing finnish than qwerty).
There actually is a layout designed with much of same principles as Dvorak, but for finnish:
DAS - The Improved Keyboard Layout for Finnish
I chose Dvorak when I decided to switch layout because I write numerous times more english than I do finnish - and there was this claim that Dvoraks variant with å, ä & ö included would not be slower than qwerty in writing finnish, but on that page about DAS layout in the list of it's features and improvements over qwerty there was also following line:

DAS layout suits also for writing English - at least it is better than Qwerty. Therefore it is not necessary to switch back to Qwerty if you write occasionally English.

For those who think that not only Dvorak is inferior to qwerty but simply think that likely there simply is no better I recommend checking that link above to description of how DAS is made - even though it's for writing finnish, my point is not trying to get others to use DAS, just to understand that qwerty is not that great (possibly not in any language).


How to install django?

Question: Help to install Django. When I extract the file the contents have been just dumped all over my Home folder and when I try to either import django or sudo install it I get errors.
Answer: Unless you need some cutting-edge newest version of Django, I would recommend installing it from Ubuntu's software repositories instead. From a terminal you can do this by typing
sudo apt-get install python-django

The most popular free open source software needed is available in Ubuntu's software repositories so that you won't have to do installations manually.
If you want to list all the subpackages of django that are available, you may use the command
apt-cache search django python

If you prefer not to use the terminal for installation, you can open up Ubuntu Software Centre and search for the packages there. You might have to check "Show technical items" in the bottom left corner for some packages.
Answer: An incredibly cool way to install django is this way:
sudo apt-get install python python3 python-pip
sudo pip install django

Comment: That is a good question.  This person answers it better than me.  http://askubuntu.com/questions/431780/apt-get-install-vs-pip-install

Basically, I believe languages and package managers should be installed by apt-get, in order for best compatibility with the OS, but packages for languages should be installed by language-specific  package managers to get latest versions and breadth of choices.

I use RVM for Ruby, NPM for Node.JS, and PIP for Python
Comment: Hello kevlarsen. What does "cool" mean in this context ? Is it better than the accepted solution, and why ? This is a genuine question because I'm aware that sometimes packaged version is not the best choice, sometimes having part of the software installed via apt and part installed via language-specific tools may yield some problems. Thank you.

How to install django?


Precipitation or snow cover raster data for Scandinavia

Question: I am looking for free precipitation or snow cover data in Scandinavia mountain during the winter 2011-2012. The WorldClim dataset is not enough acute. I would like 500 m scale at least. There is NASA's MODIS, but MOD10 (MOD10A2 for instance) are not available. Does anybody know where I can find these kind of data?
Thanks.
Answer: Please read this link http://nsidc.org/data/modis/data_versions.html#temporal . It says MOD10A2 V5 has temporal coverage from 2002 to present.
MODIS/Terra MOD10A2
Version 3 (V003) : 2000-10-31 to 2002-12-31
Version 4 (V004) : 2000-02-24 to 2007-01-03
Version 5 (V005) : 2000-02-24 to present


Shall usage in legal condition

Question: Is it correct to say in a legal document something like: "Shall you cross the street on red light, you will be penalised" to add some emphasis? I've seen something like this before, but cannot find a reference.
Comment: I'm voting to close this question because it asks for advice about terminology in a legal document and is better asked in a legal-oriented site.
Comment: Legal texts tend to use ***shall*** rather than ***will***. Possibly that's just because *everyone* used ***shall*** more often in the past, and by their very nature, legal texts don't change much, so *most* of them are written using old-fashioned vocabulary and syntax (that was maybe more "current" when the law was first created). But whatever the reason, many people will say that *You **shall** go to the ball* is more "forceful" than *You **will** go to the ball* (where the first one almost implies that some "Law of Nature" *compels* the predicted future).
Comment: @FumbleFingers Legal texts typically prescribe actions in the third person (notices might do it in the second person) but in either case, "will" is liable to misinterpreted as a simple prediction of the future, whilst "shall" traditionally denotes obligation (except in the first person).  However, in some jurisdictions the use of "shall" is now discouraged and "must" is promoted instead.  See also https://ell.stackexchange.com/a/284676/60894
Comment: Documents declaring laws don't directly address perpetrators in the 2nd person. They describe actions, then say what offence a person who does that action *shall* be guilty of having committed, and later in the document what the punishment *shall* be.
Answer: You can't say:

Shall you cross the street on red light, you will be penalised

That's ungrammatical.
You can say:

Should you cross the street on red light, you will be penalised

which is equivalent to

If you should cross the street on red light, you will be penalised

and means the same as

If you cross the street on red light, you will be penalised

Note: if you want to write a legal document, you should seek specialist advice.  I am not going to comment on whether this would be good wording for a legal document.

Shall usage in legal condition


Why does magento2 display errors mostly related to core instead of the custom module files where core is extended?

Question: When we extend a core module/controller, say loginPost, and if some error occurs, why does Magento2 show most core level errors,and some times a single line of our custom extended file?
Can somebody here answer in detail.
Answer: I assume that when you change some functionality, your new class still extends the original core class.
In this case, if a (public or protected) method is called from your class and that class does not override the core method, the original method is called.
If that original method has an error the debug back trace will obviously report it in the core class.
This is not a magento specific case. It is how php works.
If the call to a core method is done from your own class, then you will get in the debug trace a line with your class in it.


How should I get rid of an SSL error on accessing parked domain in https using .htaccess?

Question: I'm a beginner in .htaccess and I need help. We have this website with its store module in https. We also have a parked domain pointing to this website. The problem is, when I type "https://www.parked_domain_name.com/store/" in the address bar, I get an SSL error. However, when I type "http://www.parked_domain_name.com/store/" on the address bar, it redirects to "https://www.parked_domain_name.com/store/" without getting any SSL errors. How can I view the store w/o SSL errors when I type "https://www.parked_domain_name.com/store/" in the address bar?
Comment: What errors did you get?
Comment: Seems this question should be asked on http://serverfault.com/ instead.
Answer: In general, you can only have HTTPS running on a single domain name for a site.
There are exceptions, for example a certificate for *.example.org would let you run HTTPS on both www.example.org and web.example.org subdomains.  Also, some certificate providers will issue certificates for a fixed list of several domain names.
But in common usage, one IP address can have only one certificate, and one certificate can have only one domain name.
The behaviour you describe of the http URL redirecting the the https URL without warnings does not sound like it is possible.  Perhaps try a few different browsers - they all act a bit differently on this front.  How you reached the URL is not relevant.  If you access example.org over HTTP and the certificate says anotherdomain.com then you will get SSL warnings.
You're best off running the site only on e.g. https://example.org/ and redirecting any other domains to that one, rather than hosting the site from multiple domains.
I hope this helps.


How to Backup and Restore Android OS without Rooting

Question: I want to find a way to restore my phone in case the process of rooting my phone or dual booting a custom rom breaks it. However, most of the ones I've looked at require the phone to be rooted before installing. I know I can create a nandroid backup through system settings, but I don't know how to recover that without rooting my device, or if there are better options. I'm not terribly concerned for any personal data on my phone (I can backup my pictures pretty easily), but I mostly just want to be able reinstall Android OS or reset to factory default in case my device breaks. Thanks!
Edit: I am going to ask a new question (one different enough to justify not simply modifying this one) with the new info I learned from the possible duplicate.
Answer:
I know I can create a nandroid backup through system settings

No, you can't. Read the tag wiki of nandroid to clear your concept about nandroid backup, including how it is made.

I mostly just want to be able reinstall Android OS or reset to factory default in case my device breaks.

A factory reset wouldn't help since it only clears data, internal SD card and cache partitions while rooting mainly affects system partition. System partition is what contains the files needed for Android to run.
You can use the answers available to Full Backup of non-rooted devices. On a non-rooted device, those answers  are more or less  limited to the extent of the magic adb can perform. In essence, they would, when possible, copy an app's apk and its data. Some of them covers both system and user-installed apps.
Tip: If an app doesn't want to be backed up (such as Chrome), none of the answers there would be able to backup that app's private data - sad reality of our times.
As for re-installation and possible nandroid backup, the situation differs for device to device. Following are few generic things I can tell:

Your device is popular enough in developer community that at least one person has created and publicly hosted a custom recovery for your device and also hosted the stock ROM somewhere, either by themselves or by making a copy of what OEM probably provided . If there exists a way to flash the ROM without booting into a custom recovery mode, then you can take the moderate risk of rooting.
Make sure you meet all the requisites to flash the ROM before you begin rooting.
Your device's OEM provides stock ROMs image which can be flashed from stock recovery or through fastboot (or equivalent) mode.
Fulfill the requisites of ROM flashing and you can take the moderate risk of rooting.
You own a device with chipset from Mediatek and that chipset is supported by Smart Phone (SP) Flash Tool. If yes, then make the scatter file and use it in SP Flash Tool to make image of your device's partitions. You can call it the true nandroid backup. That backup can be used to restore the Android OS.
Note: If you've a custom recovery for your device, then you can use SP Flash Tool to flash the recovery without bothering to root the device at first. Once the custom recovery is installed and device is booted into, rooting would be a piece of cake.
Make sure you meet all the requisites before you begin rooting.
If there is no OEM or developer support for your device, then I suggest you don't take the risk of rooting. The ending might take away your peace of mind.
Comment: You may call it a partial answer since I can't possibly cover details for backup.
Answer: Helium might be something you're interested in. It backs up mainly apps, but since you said you already have solutions for photos, this could work the way you need.

Helium is the missing app sync and backup solution for Android.
Helium does NOT require root. All Android users can use Helium to backup and sync Android applications.
Helium lets you backup your apps and data to your SD card or cloud storage. With Helium, you can sync app data from your other Android devices-- even if they are not on the same network. Set up backup schedules with Helium, and never lose data again.

That being offered, if you're looking for a way to back up the entire system, an ADB nandroid backup might be better, and can be restored without root. This has been outlined in another answer here.
Comment: It is not a solution as it can't backup android os(stock rom).


How do gravitational waves propagate?

Question: How do gravitational waves work like water waves? Spacetime isn't supposed to be a surface, it is solid, so how do gravitational waves propagate through it like transverse waves on the surface of water since, as far as I know, there is no surface of spacetime? So how do gravitational waves travel through a solid medium? And also can they interfere with each other? Please mention any relevant equations and sorry for the dumb question, I can't find any information online or in books
Comment: I think you mean that a surface is two-dimensional and that spacetime is three-dimensional (actually it's four-dimensional) and has a volume. Spacetime certainly isn't solid! And any _n_ dimensions can be thought of as the surface of _n+1_ dimensions, curved in those _n+1_ dimensions. The circumference of a circle is the 1-dimensional "surface" of a 2-dimensional "solid", albeit curved in 2 dimensions. a 4-dimensional "surface" can be curved around a 5-dimensional "solid", etc.
Comment: see this answer https://physics.stackexchange.com/q/245214/ . Keep in mind that waves are periodic changes , a medium is not necessary. They are modeled by differential equations that have sine and cosine solutions.
Comment: Re *"...through a solid medium"*: See *[Michaelson-Morley experiment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelson%E2%80%93Morley_experiment)*. I couldn't find a canonical question about [ether](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminiferous_aether) here, but it *must* exist.
Comment: It is not a stupid question, but it's hard to believe that you cannot find info on this online or in books. Already Wikipedia explains it quite clearly with pictures, videos and equations not to mention the large number of simple-level explanations on YouTube. I wonder what books did you try?
Answer: There are a few misconceptions in the question. I'll try to address them in order of abstraction.
Waves don't propagate only on surfaces
I believe you are thinking of waves as surface waves, such as the ones you see when you throw a pebble on a lake. However, those aren't the only sort of waves. There are also waves that travel through space. Sound is an example: sound waves are generated by your TV speakers and detected at your eardrums, still there is no surface needed for the propagation. It can propagate through volumes as well. There is no necessity to constrain waves to two dimensional surfaces.
In the comments, Peter Mortensen also mentioned how waves are generated at earthquakes, or how animals and human-made sonars use waves to locate themselves in space. Those are other examples of waves moving through space without the need of a surface. The propagation of light through space can also be added to the list (and, while sound is a longitudinal wave, light is a transverse wave).
Spacetime is not solid
Spacetime is not fixed nor solid. You seem to be thinking of Galilean spacetime, which is indeed fixed. However, gravitational waves are a prediction of General Relativity, which is the best description we have today of gravitational physics and involves describing spacetime as a dynamic entity. Spacetime isn't solid, but rather it evolves and curves. Gravitational waves are disturbances in the spacetime structure that travel across it at the speed of light. This is a bit analogue to surface waves on a lake: the surface tension on the water makes it so that if you raise a tiny amount of water, the tiny amounts next to it raise a bit as well. When you let it go, they start moving up and down as the pieces next to them push and pull. Spacetime is way more abstract, but the essential idea is similar: a little region of spacetime is bent and this influences the regions nearby; as it oscillates up and down a pulse propagates. These ripples are generated by some strong gravitational fields, such as those around two colliding black holes. The black holes orbiting around each other disturb spacetime, and these disturbances propagate via this "push-and-pull-like" mechanism, until they can, for example, reach Earth and be detected by LIGO and Virgo.
Notice that there is no need of a surface to vibrate. We can also make an analogy with sound waves moving through the air: the pressure on a region makes the surrounding regions move, and consequently changes the pressure in those regions. The effect then propagates, as different regions get larger or smaller pressures and, as a consequence, push on each other. This analogy is a bit more realistic in the sense that gravitational waves oscillate along the directions of space on which they travel, not on some abstract surface.
Disclaimer: Spacetime is not a material medium and the "push-and-pull-like" should be taken with a grain of salt. It is intended to provide intuition, not to be taken literally.
Comment: Re: *"those aren't the only sort of waves"*: To bridge the gap, something about waves created by [earth quakes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake) could be included in the answer (with or without addressing [the different](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P_wave) [types](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_wave)). And/or communication/sonar (e.g., [whales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humpback_whale#Vocalizations)/dolphins and [artificial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisheries_acoustics)) to cover liquids not on/near the surface.
Comment: Sounds like this is describing a wave on an extra-dimensional surface.
Comment: @user19087 I'm not sure I understand what you mean
Comment: A higher-dimensional surface would encompass a lower dimensional volume, such as space-time, right? This answer makes it seem like there is a higher-dimensional medium (made of what?) upon whose surface gravitational waves propagate.
Comment: @user19087 Thanks for pointing it out! I added an extra paragraph trying to clarify this point. If you have any suggestions on how to improve the answer even more, please let me know =)
Comment: @PeterMortensen Thanks for the suggestions! Since I don't know much about those examples, I don't feel very confident in writing much about them. However, I edited the post to point out to your comment
Answer:
Spacetime isn't supposed to be a surface, it is solid

It sounds like the idea you were trying for is that space is 3 dimensional, not a 2 dimensional surface. You are right. Spacetime includes time, and is 4 dimensional.

So how do gravitational waves travel through a solid medium?

Let us start with light, because it is a wave that travels through empty space. This will be a classical description of light as opposed to a quantum mechanical description, because gravitational waves are described by general relativity which is a classical theory.
Keep in mind that physics is a mathematical description of the behavior of the universe, not the universe itself. It is never a complete description, because we don't even know the complete behavior. Sometimes we use a simpler classical description, which leaves out some of the behavior. We leave out quantum mechanics here because it is more complicated and usually only makes a difference when describing things the size of atoms and smaller.
If you look carefully at light, it becomes confusing. It is an oscillating electromagnetic field. It can exist in space, and yet space is still empty. So what exactly is it?
I explain a bit in In what medium are non-mechanical waves a disturbance? The aether? The electromagnetic field is a region in space where, if a charge is present, the charge feels an electromagnetic force. If the electromagnetic field oscillates, the charge feels an oscillating force. If no charge is present, there is no force. So in the classical description, nothing happens.
Yet something is going on. If you turn on a light, it takes a while to reach a distant point. A distant charge feels no oscillating force until the light arrives.
At first glance, it is more intuitive in the quantum mechanical description. Photons are waves, or perhaps particles, that travel from the light source outward. But quantum mechanics is notoriously counter intuitive. If you ask what is waving and where is it, the answers are even less clear than "nothing is waving."
Gravitational waves are like this.

And also can they interfere with each other? Please mention any relevant equations

Continuing with light, the relevant classical equations are Maxwell's equations. All by itself, this isn't very helpful. You have to combine two of them to see that they imply a wave equation. If you start with some initial fields distributed in space at some start time, the wave equation predicts the fields at future times. The prediction is that oscillating fields will be present at successively more distant regions of space. That is, electromagnetic waves will travel through space.
Maxwell's equations predict a great many properties of light, including how fast they travel, how big the fields and forces are, and how to generate waves from electric charges.
They predict that two waves interfere with each other. This means that the waves essentially ignore each other and pass through each other unchanged. When they arrive at a charge, the force is the vector sum of the forces from each individual wave. The electric and magnetic fields have a vector nature. They can cancel in one place, and reinforce in a nearby place. The forces also cancel and reinforce.
Gravitational waves are like this too.

Moving a step toward gravitational waves, we need to consider motion at high speed. To understand it, we need a more complete description of the universe. We need to move from classical physics to special relativity.
In classical physics, time moves forward at its implacable rate, and there is nothing you can do about it. Everyone agrees about how much time elapses between two events, even if they disagree about the distance. For example, a man shooting at a target thinks the bullet travels $100$ feet from his gun to the target. The bullet thinks it travels $0$ feet. Instead the target traveled.
If the bullet (or the target) travels fast enough, it turns out that the same kinds of observer-based disagreements apply to time intervals. To understand them, it is necessary to put time on an equal footing with space, and create spacetime. Instead of a 3 dimensional position vector, you talk about a 4 dimensional vector that describes when you are at a point as well as where that point it.
In special relativity instead of two 3 dimensional E and B vectors, the electromagnetic field is described by a single 4 dimensional anti-symmetric matrix (or anti-symmetric tensor). A 4 dimensional wave equation still predicts that an oscillating electromagnetic field will propagate through time and space. The advantage of this form is that it give correct answers for observers traveling at high speed.
It also explains electric and magnetic fields as parts of a single more complex thing instead of two related simpler things. It explains why you just see an electric field if you stand near a charge. But if you run by it, you also see a magnetic field.
Likewise, time and space are parts of a more complex thing, spacetime.

To understand gravity, we need to go one step farther to general relativity.
As I explain in Why can't I do this to get infinite energy?, time necessarily slows near a massive object.
Distances are distorted as well. A satellite above a planet measures the distance it travels in a single orbit. Dividing by $\pi$ gives the diameter. An astronaut descends to the planet, digs through it, and ascends back to orbit. He measures a longer distance and shorter time than expected from classical physics.
As described in What is General Relativity?, these distortions cause geodesics (the "straight" paths followed by objects when there are no forces) to bend. They are the cause of gravity.
Distance and time intervals are described by the metric tensor, a 4 dimensional symmetric matrix. Near a massive object, the metric tensor varies from place/time to place/time.
Like Maxwell's equations describe how charges relate to electric and magnetic fields, the Einstein field equations describes how mass relates to distortions of spacetime. (Actually it is the stress-energy tensor, not mass. Mass and energy are related, as in $E = mc^2$.)
Again it takes some work to get a wave equation out of the field equations. But the wave equation predicts that oscillating distortions of spacetime, or gravitational waves, can propagate through spacetime.
Like electromagnetism, this classical description says nothing is waving. But we experience distortions of distance and time as the wave passes. Gravitational wave detectors such as LIGO can measure these incredibly minute distortions. See The Absurdity of Detecting Gravitational Waves
Like electromagnetism, there ought to be a quantum mechanical description that says gravitons travel outward from a source. Unfortunately, so far all attempts to construct a theory of quantum gravity have failed. They lead to predictions of infinitely large values.
This is unfortunate, because we need such a theory to understand the center of black holes and the very early universe. Classical (non-quantum) general relativity predicts an infinitely dense singularity at the center of a black hole. This ignores quantum effects that we know must take place at very small scales, and so is very likely wrong.
Comment: Re *"...general relativity which is a classical theory"*: [That is not so clear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_physics#Comparison_with_modern_physics). Can you elaborate in your answer about the classification choice? (But ***without*** "Edit:", "Update:", or similar - the answer should appear as if it was written today.)
Comment: @PeterMortensen - Done. I added a couple paragraphs at the end. I didn't use Edit:, though I see no reason why it an unacceptable style. It is not unusual to describe general relativity as classical because it is not quantum. Though there is another sense where classical means Newtonian physics.
Comment: I must say that I do not find this very clear. But at the same time I find it as close to being clear as I can imagine anything could be. Thank you
Answer:
space time isn't supposed to be a surface its solid

What exactly is the nature of this comparison ? a solid is a state of matter and a surface is a topological concept. You need to make your question clearer.
Waves can be thought of as disturbances propagating through a medium.
While mass / energy are needed in order to generate a gravitational wave, the disturbance itself does not require matter as a medium to propagate through. In the case of gravitational waves the "medium" is spacetime and it is a disturbance in its curvature that propagates. While it isn't as trivial as water or sound waves, it is a prediction of general relativity and it has been observed to be true.
You have ample information in Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_wave
If you have a solid background and physics and math and are looking to get invested in the topic, I strongly recommend the introductory text
Gravity : An Introduction to Einstein's General Relativity by Hartle
Answer: I'm going to take a stab at this with an engineer's basic understanding, and I'll let the better-trained physicists here correct me.
I think, fundamentally, you might be thinking of gravitational waves as a unique phenomenon, when they're not. All you really need to understand to predict them, beyond Newtonian physics, is the fact that information (in this case, a massive object's gravitational effect) can't move through space faster than c. So, when two black holes orbit each other, for example, we don't instantly receive the gravitational effects of each. If we did, we could consider the pair as a point mass, and we wouldn't detect any variation. Instead, we receive the rising and falling gravitational pull of each as they move closer to and further from us, a strength that is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from each black hole to us. Since that information/force/distortion can't move faster than c, the net gravitational effect of the pair rises and falls as they orbit each other, following a sinusoidal pattern. Thus, we call it a wave, simply as an apt descriptor. These effects will be more pronounced if the detector (us) is in the plane of the orbit of the black holes.
In short, if there's nothing weird about gravity propagating in all directions, there's nothing weird about gravitational waves propagating in all directions. We just tend not to naturally think of gravity propagating at c.
Answer: Even in the absence of visible matter "SpaceTime" is still made up of undetectable particles so there's still matter there whether you see it or not, allowing the propagation.

How do gravitational waves propagate?


Map Layout in Google Earth Engine

Question: Is it possible to create a map layout in the Google Earth Engine?
For example, I would like to create a layout that contains several images on one page. Below is what I would like to see in the layout.
Answer: Here's an example of creating a grid out of ui.Thumbnail widgets. These are non-interactive, simple single images that look like you showed; it'd also be possible to use ui.Maps instead if you wanted.
I built this by heavily editing the "Airstrip Thumbnails" example available in the Code Editor; replacing its previous/next buttons with a grid layout.

var box = ee.Geometry.Polygon([[
 [-62.955, 2.433], [-62.830, 2.433],
 [-62.830, 2.559], [-62.955, 2.559]]]);

function makeGridCell(image, caption) {
  var thumbnail = ui.Thumbnail({
    image: image,
    params: {
      bands: ['B3', 'B2', 'B1'],
      min: 0,
      max: 1200,
      gamma: [1.1, 1.1, 1],
      dimensions: '256x256',
      region: box,
    },
    style: {margin: '0.5em 0.5em 0.1em 0.5em'}
  });

  var imagePanel = ui.Panel([thumbnail]);
  var captionLabel = ui.Label({
    value: caption,
    style: {margin: '0 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em'},
  });
  var mainPanel = ui.Panel({
    widgets: [imagePanel, captionLabel],
  });

  return mainPanel;
}

function makeGridFromCollection(columnCount, imageCollection) {
  var gridPanel = ui.Panel({layout: ui.Panel.Layout.flow('vertical')});

  // Fetch the collection to find out how many images it has, what to label the cells,
  // and what the collection IDs are.
  imageCollection.toList(30 /* maximum count */).evaluate(function (imageCollectionInfo) {
    // Loop over rows and then columns, filling out the grid with images.
    var imageIndex = 0;
    while (imageIndex < imageCollectionInfo.length) {
      // Construct a panel to serve as one row of the grid.
      var row = ui.Panel({layout: ui.Panel.Layout.flow('horizontal')});

      // Fill the row with images, until it is full or there are no images.
      while (imageIndex < imageCollectionInfo.length && row.widgets().length() < columnCount) {
        // evaluate() gave us JSON data but we need an `ee.Image`;
        // find it by matching the system:index (which is guaranteed to be present).
        var imageInfo = imageCollectionInfo[imageIndex];
        var imageObject = imageCollection
          .filter(ee.Filter.equals(
            'system:index',
            imageInfo.properties['system:index']))
          .first();

        // Add the image and its caption.
        row.add(makeGridCell(imageObject, imageInfo.properties['SENSING_TIME']));

        // Advance to the next image in the collection
        imageIndex += 1;
      }
      gridPanel.add(row);
    }

  });

  // Note: this panel is returned *before* it is filled by the evaluate().
  return gridPanel;
}

var images = ee.ImageCollection('LANDSAT/LT05/C01/T1_SR')
    .filterBounds(box)
    .filterDate('1984-01-01', '1987-08-01');
ui.root.clear();
ui.root.add(makeGridFromCollection(4, images));

https://code.earthengine.google.com/738f46defbc9346d8cd5bd4d726307d3
Comment: Thank you Kevin; Can you please let me know how to save the thumbnails and download them?
Comment: @YasirAl-husseinawi You can use [`ee.data.getThumbId`](https://developers.google.com/earth-engine/apidocs/ee-data-getthumbid) followed by [`makeThumbUrl`](https://developers.google.com/earth-engine/apidocs/ee-data-makethumburl) to download the same image that `ui.Thumbnail` produces. If you want a single image containing the entire thumbnail layout — EE doesn't have a feature to do that, and while it's possible to build as if it were a geographic image using extensive reprojection tricks, that's not my expertise.

Map Layout in Google Earth Engine


Installing pandas: UnicodeDecodeError: 'ascii' codec can't decode byte 0xe2 in position 72: ordinal not in range(128)

Question: I have some problem while installing pandas on Linux Server
I'm trying to install it, it creates it own venv, my requirement files looks like this:
Flask==0.10.1
pandas==0.16.2

Locally it is installed correctly but only on the server, I can't do it for some reasons that I can't understand.
I tried t find a solution but I don't get what could be the problem? Please help me!
My errors looks like this

So:
Command /var/www/jsonify-it/venv/bin/python -c "import setuptools;__file__='/var/www/jsonify-it/venv/build/pandas/setup.py';exec(compile(open(__file__).read().replace('\r\n', '\n'), __file__, 'exec'))" install --record /tmp/pip-B_NcK3-record/install-record.txt --single-version-externally-managed --install-headers /var/www/jsonify-it/venv/include/site/python2.7 failed with error code 1 in /var/www/jsonify-it/venv/build/pandas
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/var/www/jsonify-it/venv/bin/pip", line 9, in <module>
    load_entry_point('pip==1.4.1', 'console_scripts', 'pip')()
  File "/var/www/jsonify-it/venv/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/pip/__init__.py", line 148, in main
    return command.main(args[1:], options)
  File "/var/www/jsonify-it/venv/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/pip/basecommand.py", line 169, in main
    text = '\n'.join(complete_log)
UnicodeDecodeError: 'ascii' codec can't decode byte 0xe2 in position 72: ordinal not in range(128)
Installation complete.

I don't get what could be the problem? Please help!
UPDATE:
Solution:
Finally, I found my problem:
I did this:
sudo apt-get install g++

Then the solution (if you have no ability to increase memory on that machine) is to add swap file.
sudo dd if=/dev/zero of=/swapfile bs=1024 count=524288
sudo chmod 600 /swapfile
sudo mkswap /swapfile
sudo swapon /swapfile

Answer: new version of pip solve the problem. Update pip will solve problem.
pip install --upgrade pip


How do I transfer copyright ownership in India?

Question: Suppose I have a friend who wants to transfer ownership of a piece of their artwork to me. What is the simplest way that my friend can do so? Assume that we both live in India.
Comment: While this site may provide an answer that explains the law in India concerning transfer of copyright, the best way to do this is to find a qualified Indian lawyer with Indian (and perhaps international) copyright expertise and engage the lawyer to draft a contract to transfer the copyright.
Answer: This is governed by Section 19 of the Copyright Act, 1957 in India (see, e.g. here and here).
In the cleanest scenario, the copyright is first registered and then transferred with a written assignment meeting multiple formal requirements of that section that is filed with the copyright registrar.
The assignment document is only valid if it is written and duly signed by the assignor or their duly authorized agent or representative. The transfer of a copyright in work must recognize the work and specify the kind of rights assigned and the duration and regional extent of such transfer. Moreover, it must specify the amount of royalty payable, if any, to the author or their legal representatives during the continuance of transfer, and the transfer will be subject to extension, revision or termination on terms jointly agreed upon by the parties. If the time of transfer is not mentioned, it will be deemed to be taken as five years from the transfer date. If the regional extent of such transfer is not stipulated, it will be taken as applicable across India.
Disputes over ownership of registered copyrights in India are usually handled by the Appellate Board connected to the Copyright Registrar's office, described in Section 11 of the Act, rather than by the ordinary courts.