How can baseboards be attached to a plaster-on-masonry wall?

Question: The walls on the sides and back of my fireplace are plaster on masonry. How can I attach baseboards to these walls? I tried bonding with HMA but eventually that just peels the paint off.
Comment: HMA? Do you mean [hot glue](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot-melt_adhesive)?
Answer: If by HMA you mean Hot-Melt Adhesive, that stuff is for arts & crafts, not construction.

You should be using construction adhesive.
LOCTITE®, LIQUID NAILS®, DAP®, and possibly other adhesive manufacturers offer a molding adhesive.
Comment: If HMA sticks the baseboard to the paint instead of the wall, why would these products behave differently?
Comment: Not sure, I'm not a chemist. All I know is hot glue hardens and becomes brittle over time, where as construction adhesive does not.
Comment: It could be the hot glue interacts with the paint in a strange way. I do know I've used Liquid Nails on baseboard in a similar situation (drywall over [one course concrete blocks](http://i.imgur.com/HpZDATi.jpg) - in case you're wondering why I didn't use strapping) and never had a problem for the 4+ years I lived in the house. I'd also suggest doing this with a proper construction adhesive, and if there's still a problem, come ask about that.
Comment: Thanks for your opinions. I've had only terrible experiences with construction adhesive so I'd like another option. In fact, my experience is the opposite: I've seen EVA (same substance as HMA) stay pliable after 30 years of outdoor exposure in direct sunlight and construction adhesive hard and brittle after <5 years indoors protected between layers of construction materials.
Comment: I agree with using adhesive designed for the job. Test some different products with scrap if you are concerned about performance.
Answer: Paint difficulties can be resolved by scraping and priming with a shellac or oil based primed.  I prefer the polyurethane based construction adhesives for strength and toughness.  Their down side is cure time (overnight)
Another scheme would be to cut back the plaster to 75% of the baseboard height with a diamond blade in an angle grinder (yes, very messy: floor to ceiling tarping, shop vac.. ) Then place 1x or thicker wood and blue screw (one brand of masonry screws are blue and need only a pilot hole (also comes in counter sinkable flat heads))(Tapcon brand, GRK and Spax are also good) it to masonry.  Overfill with setting joint compound to flush surface.  Nail baseboard normally.

Not afflliated with either company.  Have used both.
Comment: PL Premium is like the duct tape of the adhesive world. (i.e. I use it for everything). +1 for polyurethane!
Comment: I agree with everything here - except I would definitely apply pressure to the baseboards until they cured - at least 12 hours.
Comment: What does "*blue screw it to masonry*" mean?  Also, pictures make everything better ;)


Which Articles in the UDHR are related to women's rights?

Question: Which of the 30 articles are related to protecting women from assault and other violence?
Answer: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Article 5.

No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or
  degrading treatment or punishment.

Article 12.

No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy,
  family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and
  reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law
  against such interference or attacks.

But the UDHR treat all people equally, so it wouldn't be specifically for woman, it would be for everyone.
Article 30.

Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for any
  State, group or person any right to engage in any activity or to
  perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and
  freedoms set forth herein.
Answer: The UDHR does not spell out any rights which apply to women specifically. It does instead emphasize in multiple places that any rights granted by it apply to men and women equally.
Article 1 says:

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.

Article 2 says:

Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, [...]

The word "women" only appears in Article 16, which is concerned with the right to marriage and which mandates that men and women have the same rights in a marriage and that none may be forced to marry against their will:

(1) Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion, have the right to marry and to found a family. They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution.
(2) Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses.

There is also Article 25 which spells out an entitlement to special care and assistance for "motherhood". According to traditional gender theory, motherhood would only apply to women, but more progressive approaches to gender theory might allow for people who not identify as women to be considered mothers.

(2) Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance.

(all emphasis mine)
So according to the UDHR, women are protected from assault and other violence in exactly the same way as men are. The articles which offer this protection are the Articles 3 and 5:

Article 3: Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.
Article 5: No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.


Constructing smoothing splines with cross-validation

Question: Can someone provide me with a book or online reference on how to construct smoothing splines with cross-validation? I have a programming and undergraduate level mathematics background.  I would also appreciate an overview of whether this is smoothing technique is a good one for smoothing data and whether there are any disadvantages of which a non-statistician needs to be aware.
Answer: Nonparametric Regression and Spline Smoothing by Eubank is a good book.  You probably want to start with Chapters 2 and 5 which cover goodness of fit and the theory and construction of smoothing splines.  I've heard good things about Generalized Additive Models: An Introduction with R, which might be better if you're looking for examples in R.  For a quick introduction, a google search turns up a course on Nonparametric function estimation where you can peruse the slides and see examples in R.
The general problem with splines is overfitting your data, but this is where cross validation comes in.
Comment: Good references, but I don't understand your last comment about a parametric distribution. Splines are usually used for modelling the conditional mean of Y|X and are not directly to do with the distribution of either Y or X. I know you can fit spline-based density estimates, but I doubt that is what Henry was asking about.
Comment: Yes, the latter, but due to meandering and unrelated thoughts, not meant for "publication".  I was thinking about density estimation because of some other question and, in light of this question, was working through explaining spline methods to *myself*.  Strangely, I remember thinking what I typed was cogent -- because of what was in my *head*.  Ridiculous.  :-/  Thanks for the catch; impressed that it occurred to you, though I shouldn't be based on your quality answers.


how to play the 3 staves on bruyers?

Question: Just wondering how I would play this composition as it has 3 staves (one treble and 2 bass clefs).
Cheers
Comment: Is that music for pipe organ?
Comment: Not at all: this is Claude Debussy's Bruyères, 5th of the volume 2 of the Preludes for piano.
Answer: This is piano music: sometimes composers find it easier to lay out the notes on three staves rather than two, because in more advanced piano music there is no rigid rule putting the right hand notes on the top staff and the left hand notes on the bottom. In this case, the bracket on the second bar shows that the right hand plays all the note in staves 1 and 2; then the bracket on the fourth bar shows that the left hand plays staves 2 and 3 -- jumping from the low grace note to the chord.
In this case I think these could quite easily be combined in two staves, but it's the composer's choice, and we don't know what comes next.
Answer: In this piano pièce by Debussy, the three staves (as previously used by several composers during the 19th century, such as Franz Liszt) are there both to give more clarity to the composer's intent and ease the player's reading and interpretation.  The clef used are just the most convenient at a given time. You can find examples with two treble clefs and one bass clefs.
To play this, just think about how you can split the notes between your hands, and where continuity (legato, melody) is required.
As already noted in other answers, vertical brackets group notes that should be played together by one hand (e.g. second bar, between the two upper staffs). Sometimes editors add such brackets when they feel there is an ambiguity or a technical advice useful to students.
In this relatively easy prelude (believe me, there are a lot more technically demanding ones in the book), the notation might look daunting but there is no 'transcendental' technique required.
The left hand has sometimes large horizontal moves to do, helped by the sustain pedals (e.g. 4th bar, first beat: a profound bass note shortly before the chord in the middle of the keyboard played by the left hand).
Answer: If this is an organ, the bottom staff is for the pedals and the octaves would tend to indicate that an octave coupler is engaged.
If the piece is for piano, the composer (or editor) has helpd a bit. There are some vertical square brackets here and there. I would guess that in measures 2 3, the top two staffs are played by the right hand, whereas in measure 4, the bottom two staffs are played by the left. I think the point is to make the music easier to read by spreading things out.
Answer: There is nothing here with a stretch of more than an octave, so it can be reached by most. extensive pedal use will be required, but that's down to the player - it's hinted at by the notes concerned - but unmarked. Probably written on three staves to make it clearer to read, and interpret.
There is also the benefit (?) of not having many ledger lines to read.

how to play the 3 staves on bruyers?


Interview questions for Late-Paying clients

Question: I am currently doing a thesis for a company that engage in B2B.The main problem of the company right now is that about 20% (+/- 15 clients) of their clients are constantly paying their invoice late, some are even 90+ days overdue. As part my of research I have to contact these clients and do an interview with them over late-payment. I know it's a tough question to ask a client on why they are paying their invoices late. But , what are possible smart interview questions that I can ask over these late payments without offending these clients.
Comment: Not completely certain this is related to freelancing in any way. I mean.. yeah freelancers hate late payments.. but they often don't ask or *care* why payment is late, just that it gets made.
Answer: This is a pretty neat idea, because a lot of freelancers (myself included) struggle with late payments. What's probably really important is to get a picture of these types of companies - are there certain things that make a company more likely to pay late?

Is the client large, medium, small, or a single-member/entrepreneur?
Is there a chain of approval for invoices received, and how does that work?
Do they have a set billing/payment schedule that they adhere to for
all vendors? For example, at least one of my clients is a very large
company with their own billing system. Even though my invoices are
net 10, they pay 30 days regardless.
How long has the client been working with the company? (Perhaps they
take the relationship for granted?)
What type of business is the client company?
How does the client pay? Certain types of payments tend to be faster than others (ie credit card payments are quicker than checks, etc.)
This may be a touchy subject - but does the client have cash-flow problems that cause late payments?
Is there anything the company can do to expedite receiving payments from the client? (ie, how the invoice is received, how often invoice reminders are sent, late fees, etc.)
How valuable is the service offered by the company (the biller) to the client? (this may give insight into late/missed payments)

That's all I can think of, but I'd bet there are some additional questions you could ask. Only one or two of these would seem to step on toes, and depending on how you ask them, they could provide a lot of insight. Best of luck on your thesis!
Answer: I Can Understand asking these type of question to your clients is very tough but surely you can put some smart question .
=>Asking for client satisfaction is very import over your work . Most of the clients pay late just because they were not happy with your work or they might need more modifications.
=>Always try to find the reason behind late payment never argue with your client for payment, be gentle and ask the reason for delay .
=>Choose payment verified clients before bidding for work . You can also have payments in different sprints of work completion .
=>Last but always try to gain faith over your client.Keep Questioning if you get a chance because this will only bring trust and you can have better outcomes.


Active Directory/Ldap Get DataType or Syntax of specific attributes in NodeJS

Question: I am able to query active-directory/ldap to get the user information along with custom attributes. However I would to know the underlying DataType/attributeSyntax for each of those attribute returned.
Another the problem is that the query will not return the attribute itself if it does not contain any value.
So if can get fetch the attributes and their respective DataTypes then it provides me flexibility to set a default value basing on the DataType while preparing the final output object.
Eg:
1. I query AD to find foo user with attributes givenName, mail, myCustom1, myCustom2
{
    givenName : "foo foo",
    mail : "email@example.com",
    myCustom1 : "TRUE"
}

but may not contain myCustom2 because it is not holding the value in AD.

get syntax for attributes givenName, mail, myCustom1, myCustom2

{
    givenName : unistring,
    mail : unistring,
    myCustom1 : boolean,
    myCustom2 : integer,
}

using above I can map the first result and prepare the final object as

{
    givenName : "foo foo"
    mail : "firstname.lastname@example.com"
    myCustom1 : "TRUE"
    myCustom2  : //usingHelperFunctionGetDefaultValueFor -> myCustom2
}

Comment: Fix formatting and grammar
Comment: is it better now ?
Answer: Active Director does not return attributes that do not have values, so that's not just the LDAPjs library, that's just how AD works.
Every object has an attribute called allowedAttributes that will show you every valid attribute that the object can potentially have.
If you need it, allowedAttributesEffective will list every attribute that the current user has permissions to modify.
These are both constructed attributes, meaning you have to ask for them specifically, or else you won't get them. For example, when searching, you have the option to specify the attributes you want to get back. If you specify nothing, you will get every non-constructed attribute that has a value. If you want any constructed attributes, you have to add it specifically to that list.
That's just a list of attributes. It won't tell you the type. You have to look to the schema for that, which is more difficult. You have to do a search using the base DN of CN=Schema,CN=Configuration,DC=domain,DC=com, where "domain.com" is the root domain of your forest, which may or may not be the same as the domain you're searching. You could look at the subSchemaSubEntry attribute of any object to find the location of the schema, although it will usually be CN=Aggregate,CN=Schema,CN=Configuration,DC=domain,DC=com (note the added CN=Aggregate).
But anyway, each object in there will have an attribute called ldapDisplayName, which is the name of the attribute as it appears on objects.
So if you want to find details on the givenName attribute, you would search the schema for (ldapDisplayName=givenName). Then the oMSyntax attribute is an enum that will tell you the type. The enum values are shown here. For givenName, that would be 64, which is a Unicode string.
The only benefit to looking up the types like this is if you are expecting your code to be run on any AD environment. If your code will only ever be run in one environment, then you can save coding time and run time by just hard-coding the attributes you are looking for and their types.


In an age of aircraft and long-range missiles, what justification is there for battleships?

Question: The title says it all: in an age of long-range force projection, why would battleships still be a thing? Clearly, they're rather obsolete in our world, but I'm not talking about our world; what military, industrial, strategic, or sociological reason would justify the use of battleships with a modern-day tech level?
Comment: @KerrAvon2055  I don't think closure as a duplicate is warranted here.  That question is about historical justification where this one is about present day technology.
Comment: Guided missle frigates could be renamed guided missile battleships.
Answer: Technological advancements have neutralized aircraft and missiles
In the near future, continued advancements in sensors and directed energy weapons like lasers (e.g. THEL) and other have resulted in advanced air defense systems where anything that comes over the horizon that is visible long enough is highly vulnerable.  Missiles and aircraft with engines operating, regardless of altitude, are highly visible and quickly destroyed.  Tactical ballistic missiles (e.g. the Scud) have a high enough trajectory that they stay in the air long enough to be easily tracked and easily destroyed.  Air superiority is now a thing of the past.
This results in accelerated development in conventional artillery technology or railgun artillery technology firing rocket assisted and ramjet assisted shells and projectiles at much higher velocities and lower trajectories than before to reduce the chance of interception.  On the naval side, this brings the resurgence of gun based warships, leading to a new global arms race to produce the mightiest navy led by powerful battleships.
[EDIT] It's worth noting that gun equipped warships have a dual role in both countering other warships and providing powerful shore bombardment.  This video, which covers naval shore bombardment in WW2, makes the point that the most mobile and rapidly deployable artillery was in the form of warships, with the heaviest and longest ranged guns being on battleships.   (A few land based artillery pieces were as large or larger, true, but mobility was extremely poor and deployment took a very long time once the artillery arrived at its destination.  A warship, in contrast, is a self-contained artillery base that is ready to fire at a moment's notice.)
With current and near future technology increasing the range and accuracy of artillery shells, that puts an immense amount of inhabited territory within naval bombardment range; this, for example, says that 40% of the world's population lives within 100 km (~62 mi) of a coast, meaning that battleships not only dominate the sea, they will be an important source of supporting artillery fire in land campaigns in this hypothetical scenario as well.
Comment: @HenryShao "smaller vessels will still be more favored, as they're faster and offer less of a target." -- Not if they're displacement hulls (which they will be, in order to mount multiple nuclear reactors and give long combat duration.  Speed is directly proportional to waterline length.  Carriers and battleships were the fastest ships in WWII, much faster than destroyers and smaller cruisers.
Comment: That said, i believe smaller vessels will still be more favored, as they're faster and offer less of a target. A battleship may be more symbolic than practical.
Comment: @HenryShao Why? If missiles and aircraft that are visible can be hit, a small vessel can definitely be hit. You want a big vessel that can (a) fit a lot of point defense systems and (b) take a lot of hits.
Comment: There's a concept called a [pole of inaccessibility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole_of_inaccessibility), basically as far as you can get from land or sea, even by conservative estimates, everywhere in my country (the UK) is within reach of modern-day artillery (pretty spooky!)
Comment: I don't know about taking a lot of hits, but modern missiles are much easier to shoot down than devise a solution to tank the hits. Standard anti-ship missiles of our age can't really knock out battleships, this is true. They are built to hit virtually unarmored destroyers. That being said, munitions tech has come a long way. They don't build heavier missiles just because it is more expensive. If someone fielded battleships heavy hitting missiles would pop up fast. AI guided autocannon AA fire has been proven effective combined with hard-kill missile interceptors. Bigger missiles = EZ targets?
Comment: Something the size of *Nimitz* or *Lincoln*, with similar power plant, but built and armed like *Missouri* -- say, two railgun turrets each fore and aft, laser point defense and AA, plus highly effective anti-submarine and anti-torpedo systems...
Answer: Depend on the definition of "battleship", they never disappear in our world too. Because weapons are developped to fulfill roles in a combat doctrine, a countries that adopts a combat doctrine that requires a "battleship-esque" ship will built themselves a battleship. Consider the Soviet/Russian Kirov Class battlecruiser. It is big, carries a lot of weapon (instead of guns, they carry missiles), and its goal is to deliver a wallop of punch toward targets at sky, at sea, and underwater at the same time. Because Russia is self-sufficient, its combat doctrine is primarily defensive. Since their primary enemy is a US carrier strike group, Kirov would be used as the center of a Russian counter-strike group. In the battle, while Kirov will be launching missiles at US carriers and the submarines in the carrier strike group, the rest of the ships will protect it (while being supported by ground based bombers and missile batteries). And Russia is still using and upgrading Kirov right now.
If you somehow want the classic ships like the Iowa, the Missouri, or even the Yamato to be in a modern navy, then their armaments will need some upgrade, and they still might fulfill different function. Such as upgrading their main gun from using chemical to use electromagnetic power, adopt long-range missile (just like during the gulf-war), and use much better Anti-air. But if it is just one ship, no matter how much anti-air you have on it, enough missiles will overwhelm it and sunk that huge thing. And the best railgun right now still can't match the range of the tomahawk missile.
I would say their size and armor in a more creative way. In red alert 3 there is a unit known as "assult destroyer". This ship has a special skill called black hole armor. What if these new ships are equipped not with guns, but with shielding equipments? Imagine when a US carrier strike group is being targeted by millions of missiles and artillery rounds while the Aegis system is fried by a powerful EMP. And suddenly these "Battleships" start broadcasting their own radar return to attract missiles toward them instead of the more vulnerable ships inthe group. The better armored "battleship" barely survives the hit, the carrier do its thing and eliminate the threat, mission accomplished. Similar tactics had been used by the Soviets in Afghanistan in 1980s. They use the more armored Mi-24 hind to be a meatshield for their more vulnerable tranport helicopter against the stinger missile fired by the Afghans.


Does XMod work in Bluestacks?

Question: In Bluestacks app when I am installing the XMod, the app says to root device. But how can I root Bluestacks? Please help.
Comment: Related post  [How do I install and run XModGames in BlueStacks?](https://www.quora.com/How-do-I-install-and-run-XModGames-in-BlueStacks)
Answer: Yes it works and I have been using it for some time now.

Download the XMod APK This is official site
Now you need rooted bluestacks
Here is the link to Rooted Bluestacks I am using
This bluestacks does not require rooting s it is pre-rooted
Install it on PC and open the XMod APK using Bluestacks

And that is basically it. I hope it helps. :)
Answer: You have to root your BS, to work around for XMod in Bluestack.
Well there are tools that can really work to root your Bluestack. There is a best XDA thread that really works.
You need this tool - BlueStacks Auto Rooter / Unlocker

Download this tool and Chainfire's latest SuperSU. from the link given below.
Choose the 'CWM / TWRP / MobileODIN installable ZIP' version.
Extract this program and add the downloaded 'UPDATE-SuperSU-*.zip' to the program folder.
(Re)Start BlueStacks, wait until it is fully loaded, then run MultiTool and press 1.
WARNING: DO NOT stop this tool in the middle of the rooting process.
Follow the instructions on the screen carefully.
Run this tool as Administrator if your current user account is restricted.
Your BlueStacks will be restarted several times to accomplished the tasks, do not close or stop it.
For older versions of BlueStacks, press 'Yes' immediately when prompted if you want to Quit.

Taken Source :
http://forum.xda-developers.com/general/xda-assist/ive-alreadyy-rooted-bluestacks-plz-tell-t2991334
To install XMod in BlueStack : Watch this Video :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dvJ1JOx3kXQ

Does XMod work in Bluestacks?


I want to filter Snort rules by date written

Question: I would like the ability to look at Snort rules that were written in specific date ranges only given a collection of .rules files from either Sourcefire or Emerging Threats. Is this possible?
Answer: These sources do not necessarily include any sort of "date stamp" in the rules though such information could be included in the msg field of the rule options.  You may notice some URLs in the reference field contain dates but this info is not going to be populated sufficiently to rely upon it.  I don't know of any sites/systems/tools that may help and the only suggestion I have is painful...
Starting with the earliest rules you want to evaluate and working up the latest rules, essentially you want to diff from one version of the file to the next which would yield when rules was added/updated/deleted.


How to download video from a recorded webex session?

Question: I have a link to recorded webex webinar, I wish to download the video and convert into different format. How should I go about the downloading the recorded webex video ?
Appreciate your inputs.
Comment: yes, but first I need to download it, how can I do it ?
Comment: possible duplicate of [How to convert Webex' WRF to any other video format?](http://superuser.com/questions/189415/how-to-convert-webex-wrf-to-any-other-video-format), because you said you want to "convert it into different format"
Answer: I used Process Monitor to locate temp files.
Search for nbrplay.exe, operations WriteFile
Temp files are located in %TEMP% in folder named something like 29784192
Video is in DAT
SOund is in WAV
I don't know how to open DAT file though.
Answer: It seems that while watching a Webinar, there are temporary files created in your Temporary Folder.
You'd have to go to the Temp folder, arrange the items by modification date, and look for the ones created when you visit the Webinar site and start playing. If you're lucky, you'll find several files, including the biggest one, which is probably a video.
It'll probably not have the right extension, but a rename might do, or, depending on the contents, directly trying to open it with VLC. You'd have to inspect the file for any hints towards which video codec and container is used, and then try the appropriate extension (e.g. mp4 or avi).
Answer: Instead of downloading a WebEx, what you can do is use the WebEx player to stream the video to your PC and then record it using the latest version of SnagIt.  Then you can save the file as an MP4 to your hard disk.
SnagIt can record both audio and video in addition to still screenshots.
Answer: The is a comprehensive guide on downloading in proprietary format (arf), and then converting to wmv on the Webex website, both for owners (host through managing interface) and viewers (non-host through URL link)
http://support.webex.com/support/documentation/help/index.htm#9398.htm
Comment: the link seems broken.
Answer: While streaming the recording, go to %appdata%\Local\Temp
You will see a folder that has an ID number (the ID can be found in the small window that opens when you click the recording in Webex to open the Webex Player).
After that let it stream and don't close the player, enter that folder with IDs and you will find everything you need: some .wav for sound and .dat for videos, sometimes they are combined.


Upgrade from Safari 4.1.3

Question: I tried to check my yahoo email this morning and my Safari asks me to either upgrade or continue without upgrading. I am using a  Mac PowerBook G4 running 10.4.11
I clicked on continue without upgrading and the screen does not change. I restarted and then clicked on Upgrade and the same result....screen never moves to another?
Answer: Safari 4.1.3 is the last version of Safari for Mac OS X Tiger, so you're out of luck on that end. Furthermore, Chrome and Firefox (in their current versions) do not support Tiger either.
You can try looking for Mac OS X Leopard, since Safari 5.1.10 (the last version of Safari for Leopard) is available for download, but that's as far as your computer will possibly be able to go, since the latest version requires, at minimum, OS X Mountain Lion, which requires an Intel processor.
This Apple Discussions page suggests you could also try TenFourFox.
If you don't like any of these options, you'll have to purchase a new Mac.
Comment: And TenFourFox is a nice idea.
Comment: You must mean "the last version of Firefox". I am sure there are versions of Firefox compatible with Tiger.
Comment: @NicolasBarbulesco True. Thanks for the correction. I'll update my answer accordingly.

Upgrade from Safari 4.1.3


What is the difference between 捕まえられた and 捕まった?

Question: Consider the following sentences:

A: 私が警察に捕まえられた。
B: 私が警察に捕まった。

Both mean I was caught by the police.
Question
What is the difference between 捕まえられた and 捕まった ?
Comment: B警察に捕まった is natural, or 警察に捕まってしまった.
Comment: Possible duplicate of [Fun with synonyms - "to grab/catch/capture"](http://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/327/fun-with-synonyms-to-grab-catch-capture)
Answer: Both sentences are correct and the same in meaning, but sentence B is far more common and sounds natural.
For some reason, some Japanese verbs intrinsically have passive meanings, and they are used more commonly than the transitive verb + ~れる/られる version.
See the following question for the list of such verbs.

Other uses of the particle に in お兄ちゃんには見つからない

This question is also related: ところを 見つかる, this was in a highly reputable dictionary
Answer: I agree with Takahiro's comment above and naruto's answer about 捕まった being the more natural way of saying it. 捕まえられる does work as well though and I'm sure you do hear it from time to time.
I think this may be a case of the way that Japanese verbs work generating two ways of saying more or less the same thing.
「つかみ敢{あ}ふ」の転か

tsukam + a + e + ru

In the 大辞林 definition of 捕{と}らえる it mentions that the origin of that word may be 取り敢{あ}ふ.
捕まえる may have similar origins. The root "tsukam" may have been attached to the Classical Japanese helping verb 敢ふ which carries the idea of "to completely do something"(完全に...を成し遂げる), sort of like the modern 「してしまう」.
You see it in 取{と}り敢{あ}えず and 敢{あ}えて for Modern Japanese.
敢ふ is using the old kana spelling(旧仮名遣い)、 so it would be pronounced あう in Modern Japanese.
This would produce the word 「つかみあえる」which would then have been phonetically simplified(音便)to 「捕まえる」.
捕まえる could then be broken down like this:

つかm + 敢{あ} + え + る

つかむ + 敢ふ would have taken on a meaning like すっかりつかんでしまう、which may have led to it's modern usage. So, we now have in Modern Japanese:

掴{つか}む - transitive - to take hold of
捕まる - intransitive - to be caught
捕まえる - transitive - to catch

Since there's a pair of verbs, one transitive and the other intransitive it becomes possible to express passivity ("be caught") in two ways with no real change in meaning.
捕まった has less going on grammatically (it doesn't need to be put into the passive voice), so it's the more natural choice most of the time.


Fluid mechanics - pressure

Question: We know that pressure inside a container depends on depth.
My question is that if this true then if I fill water in a one end closed pipe which has diameter of 2cm and height is 4m and if I fill the same water in a cylinder which has diameter 15cm and height 4m then pressure inside the bottom of the both container is the same?
See image
Answer: Yes, the pressure at the bottom of the two containers is the same. There is more water in the $15$cm diameter cylinder, but its weight is spread over a greater area.
Comment: Please elaborate I don't understand . If this is true then if I fill same density water in tube which has a diameter 3mm and same height i.e 4m then also pressure inside the bottom of the container is same ?
Comment: @SunuKodag That's how pressure works, yes.  The difference is the total force exerted by the fluid (pressure is force per unit area, and the area is different for different diameters).
Comment: @SunuKodag, you can think of it like this: Take a point on the bottom of the cylinder. The only thing pressing down on that point is the thin line of water directly above it. Thus, only by increasing the water directly above each point (increasing the height) can you increase the pressure.
Answer: Since Pressure $p$ equals force $F$ per area $A$, your pressure at any given height will be the same in both of your containers. The greater force due to the larger volume is spread over an equally larger area.
$p=\frac{F}{A}$
Answer: Yes, the pressure depends on height only, regardless of the shape of the container...
...as long as the pressure above the vessels is the same in both cases. I suppose you have atmospheric pressure in both cases, so it's the same.

Fluid mechanics - pressure


Variational auto-encoders (VAE): why the random sample?

Question: Why do people train variational auto-encoders (VAE) to encode means and variances (regularised towards 0 and 1), and then sample a random Gaussian, rather that simply encode latent vectors and regularise them to follow a standard N(0,I), which would appear as a more natural choice?
Answer: To have a common mental image of AE and VAE please take a look at this answer first.
Lets go through this "why not?" thought process step by step:

Why not deterministic? lets directly encode the latent vector $z$ inside a layer of neural network. But this way, $z$ would be deterministic, meaning a fix input $x$ always produces a fix latent vector $z$, thus, $z$ would not have distribution $q(z|x)$. This is the ordinary auto-encoder. Sampling $z$ from  $q(z|x)$ means if we try the same input $x$ twice, we should get two different values for $z$. Deterministic computations (layers) cannot achieve this. Therefore, we need to inject a random element in the calculation of $z$, otherwise the same $x$ always gives the same $z$. Note that getting a different $z$ for a different training point $x$ implies the existence of distribution $p(z)$, which exists for ordinary auto-encoder too, not the existence of conditional distribution $q(z|x)$,
Why not only mean? OK, lets add these random elements to a layer to get our beloved probabilistic $z$, lets call this layer $\mu$. So, suppose $\mu$ is calculated from previous layer $y$ as $\mu=\mbox{tanh}(y)$, then we select the random elements $\epsilon_d \sim  N(0,1)$ per dimension of $\mu$, and then calculate $z= \mu + \epsilon$ which is the same as sampling $z_d \sim  N(\mu_d, 1)$, now our $z$ is probabilistic and we have got rid of standard deviation $\sigma$ and its regularization all together, we now only need to regularize mean $\mu$ to $0$,
Why not only random elements? Lets go one step further, lets throw $\mu$ away too and set $z_d = \epsilon_d \sim  N(0,1)$, and get rid of all the regularizations. But wait a minute! now $z$ is completely disconnected from previous layers, so no information is delivered from input $x$ to latent variable $z$.

Going from VAE with two parameters $(\mu, \sigma)$ to (2) with one parameter $\mu$ and then (3) with zero parameter is the same as saying instead of using parameter $w$ and regularizing it via $\parallel w \parallel^2$, lets set $w=0$ and get rid of the regularization. Even though we want parameters to be close to zero but still we want them not to be zero and carry information. This is the same as $(\mu, \sigma)$ in VAE, we want them to carry information, although being closer to $(0, 1)$ is favorable. $(\mu, \sigma)$ are two channels through which information is distilled from $x$ to $z$. We may even add a third variable (channel) to our distribution if complexity-performance trade-off is favorable. It is safe to say that researchers have experimented with only $\mu$ and observed that adding another channel for variance would be beneficial, so here we are with two channels $(\mu, \sigma)$ and a crucial random vector $\epsilon$.
Why would VAE work better than AE?
The main difference that VAE introduces compared to AE is that now $z$ is loosely (probabilistically) related to $x$ compared to AE, this creates an additional regularization effect that throws some information of $x$ out by not obeying the exact network computations for $z$, thus this extra regularization could improve the performance in practice. Of course, this is not a complete dominance. In some tasks this extra regularization may work against VAE.
In my opinion, the why's could be answered this far as they reach a similar level to "Full Bayesian vs regularized least squares regression".
Comment: Thank you but I guess my question is really this: why do we need z to be random given x? If z is a deterministic function f of x, and f is such that q(z) = q[f(x)] is a N(0,1), then we have achieved our goal, i.e. we can sample z in N(0,1) and decode it as x=(f-1)(z). So it would seem natural to make a standard auto-encoder with the additional condition that the empirical distribution of z over the training set is as close as possible to a N(0,1). Instead, VAE make z a stochastic function of x and I guess what I don't understand is why this should work better.
Comment: Maybe it was just shown to work better in practice but I don't get the theoretical point behind it, if any?
Comment: @AntoineSavine I added updates for the "why"
Comment: Thank you @esmailian


sensations as meditation object

Question: Can sensations be a meditation object like breath? if yes how do I practice meditations with it?
Answer: Vedananupassana (contemplation of feelings) is part of the Satipatthana. There are 3 types of feelings:

Pleasant feeling or sensation,
Unpleasant feeling or sensation,
Neutral feeling or sensation.

In Vedananupassana you focus your mind on the sensation to see how and when it arises and how and when it passes away, keeping your mind steadfastly equanimous without getting attached to the pleasant sensations or averse to the painful sensation or ignorant of the transient nature of the neutral sensations.
This is a very concise description of the technique. It is best you take a course to learn it properly. Following are some pointers:

https://www.dhamma.org/en/index
http://www.internationalmeditationcentre.org/global/index.html
Answer: Yes, of course, anything that is experienced can be an object like thoughts, seeing, hearing and the detection of bodily sensations.
Moment by moment the sensations can be  witnessed  in the body and the reactions to those sensations are witnessed in the mind.
At the moment there is witnessing(mindfulness) there can't be reactions.
Reactions are put into 3 categories:

Disliking, anger, sadness, fear & in general, a pushing of the sensation away from being experienced more.
Liking, greed, attraction & in general, a pulling of the sensation towards being experienced more.
Neither pushing the sensations away or pulling the sensations towards what is being experienced.

sensations as meditation object


Which Canon 2X teleconverter model for 70-200 f2.8 L IS II USM lens?

Question: I recently acquired a Canon 70-200 f2.8L IS II USM lens and want to add a 2X extender. According to Canon, the newest EF 2.0X III extender is only compatible with the EF 70-200/2.8L, EF 70-200/2.8L IS, and EF 70-200/4L L zoom lenses. It seems likely that Canon WOULD include later 70-200L lenses like mine if they are also fully compatible. Or did they just neglect to update the description with later model 70-200 L lenses? Can anyone definitively confirm that the Canon EF 2.0X III is compatible with my 70-200 f2.8L IS II USM lens, and if it isn't which 2.0X model is best for my lens? Any info and/or links would be much appreciated.
Comment: "According to Canon" where, exactly? When the EF 2X III was introduced in August of 2010 it was listed as compatible with the EF 70-200mm f/2.8 L IS II USM that had been introduced a few months earlier in March, 2010.
Comment: Beyond that, most photographers are much happier with the results they get from the EF 1.4X III than the EF 2X III on any of the 70-200/2.8 lenses. The EF 2X III, while usable with a 70-200/2.8 on most EOS bodies, only reaches its potential with the lenses it was designed for: The Great White Primes like the EF 300mm f/2.8 L IS II, the EF 400mm f/2.8 L IS II, and so on.
Answer: On the page of EXTENDER EF1.4X III / EF2X III Instruction Manual I see EF70-200mm f/2.8L IS II USM is compatible with the extender. Here is a snapshot:


Simulates Orbit

Question: I IT developer, and I would code a small program that simulates the orbit of two bodies, the problem of two bodies eventually.
I have no problem on the part programming but I have a little trouble with the calculations to be done to retrieve the position of the second body that is in orbit around the first.
Could someone expliqer calculations me or give me a site with a concrete example, such calculations to do to have the orbit of the moon around the earth or the earth around the sun?
Comment: How about this? The only bit you really need is the one-line equation for (Newtonian) gravity between two objects, after that it's just modelling moving bodies. http://stackoverflow.com/questions/22068178/implementing-newtons-law-of-universal-gravity-in-c-sharp
Comment: An easy way to implement this is the Leapfrog Integration. Have a look at [the code in this answer](http://physics.stackexchange.com/a/230887/70207).
Answer: The equations of motion are just second order ordinary differential equations. They can be solved numerically by any of the usual methods, However, for two bodies an exact solution can be found, that solution was known to Kepler. To model the trajectory you need to know the orbital period and the eccentricty (e) of the orbit.
If you know the  period of orbit of a body, then the  "Mean anomaly (M)" is the angle time/period *2*pi radians (it increases uniformly from zero to 2pi in one orbital period.
The find the Eccentric anomaly ("E", the angle made by the body, the center of the elliptical orbit and the point of periapsis when the body is closest to the sun)  you solve $M=E-e\sin(E)$ (it can be solved by newton's method quickly, though convergence is fastest for roughly circular orbits.
You then know the body is on a ellipse, with the sun at one focus and you have calculated the ray on which the body is found at a given time. This gives you the position of the body.
There is a rough implementation of this in a python gist

Simulates Orbit


Question about polymorph

Question: For the spell polymorph, it says that you keep your alignment and personality. Does that mean when an evil character polymorphs into a t-rex, he will attack his friends and team?
Comment: related: [What kind of control should a player have over themselves when they are polymorphed?](https://rpg.stackexchange.com/q/71920/23064)
Answer: If that is how you express your personality and alignment when you are not polymorphed then, sure. Of course, one wonders how or why such a person would have "friends and team".

Question about polymorph


How is internet bandwidth allocated in a customized router using Raspberry Pi?

Question: I have a project of configuring a Raspberry Pi into a router. I would like to know how the Raspberry Pi allocates the internet bandwidth with its users? Let's say a 3Mbps internet speed is connected to my router, and 10 users were connected. How  much bandwidth each user will have?
Comment: Wouldn't it be easier to use a normal router, and flash OpenWRT or DD-WRT onto it. Cheaper than a Raspberry (plus SD, wifi dongle, and power), and you also get multiple ethernet ports for free. As to your question. Bandwidth is not divided equally.
Comment: I don't have any idea on what are talking about, the OpenWRT and DD-WRT. I'm sorry about that. What I'm focused on is on how making my raspberry pi act as a router, and I'm really concern about the bandwidth allocation when 20 users connect to my router. If those 20 users are on facebook, will they have equal distribution of the bandwidth? thanks dude.
Comment: I was merely suggesting, that when you are trying to build a router, to start with an actual router. OpenWrt, and DD-WRT are linux distributions that run on a lot of routers. So you get the benefits of being able to configure the router just as much as $400 commercial routers. PS just google dd-wrt and openwrt. There are entire communities build around these. There are probably a lot of others that had the same problem as you.
Comment: In other words, I can run DD-WRT or OpenWRT to my raspberry pi? In simple terms, it would be the firmware that will run on my raspberry pi? Sorry. I'm really confused. I'm just a newbie when it comes to RPi.
Comment: No. That's not what I'm saying.
Answer: I imagine that this would be based on whatever approach you build into the configuration.
A round-robin approach would equally allocate bandwidth for each active user or session.  If only one user active they get it all, two active it splits fairly evenly, etc.
Or, you may want to implement quality of service (QoS), in which case certain applications (such as voice over IP, or VOIP) have a higher priority to help assure call quality.
It is really dependent on configuration and the behavior you desire.
Comment: can i configure my RPi Router that it would limit one's bandwidth to a certain limit? let say I have 20 slots for the user. As far as I know, if someone is downloading a file, let say a video, he will ate up much more bandwidth than the other users. I just wondering if I can limit that? Hope you understand me. I'm sorry for my explanation.
Comment: Since it is a linux machine you can use whatever routing tools are available for the platform.  The Linux Advanced Routing & Traffic Control HOWTO explains quite a bit about what you can do:  http://www.lartc.org/lartc.html.  See Chapter 9. Queueing Disciplines for Bandwidth Management in particular
Comment: Ow. Thank you very much Sir. This will really help me a lot. Thank you! God Bless :)
Comment: Traffic control on a router is quite a complex matter.
I finally encountered a comprehensive guide **last week**:)
http://wiki.linuxwall.info/doku.php/en:ressources:dossiers:networking:traffic_control
Answer: I would think by default it would use a FIFO queue.  (First in, First out) meaning that whoever was trying to do the most, would get the most.
Not knowing what software you are using, I can't say for sure, but there should be a way to allocate x% to a given user without going through the trouble of setting up QOS.  Depending on what you are doing, as stated above, you may decide that QOS is necessary to ensure specific applications/users/ports, etc are given priority.
Comment: Thanks for the answer. I'm just wondering if I can set the priority of every user that are connected to my router to an equal one? What my goal is to have a connection for 20 users that have the same priority? Can I have that one? thanks!
Comment: @kribs Look into a QOS implementation for Linux (Debian if you are running raspberian)  Anything you find should be portable to the pi, and just a matter of configuring it to do what you want... But I have to ask, are you sure the pi is the correct hardware to be using?  It sounds to me like you need to look into a router/managed switch combination to better suit your needs... Much less brain death, and you will be using hardware that has been optimized for the task you are trying to perform.


Ambiguity in sentence

Question: Can different phrases be related to a same noun, modifying it and how to avoid ambiguity? E.g I remember man playing guitar that (this clause is related to "man", not "guitar") sounded good
Answer: Yes, they can, but there is no reliable way of avoiding ambiguity.
A possibility that sometimes works is start a new breath group (represented by a comma):

I remember a man playing a guitar that sounded good (probably the guitar)

I remember a man playing a guitar, that sounded good (probably the playing).

But even then, my "probably" indicates that these interpretations are not forced, in either case.
Note that I have inserted the articles which you omitted, and which are required in English.
Comment: you can use "who" instead of "that" to specify the person

Ambiguity in sentence


WebSphere MQ recovery of in-flight messages after failover

Question: Does WebSphere MQ v7 guarantee the recovery of in-flight messages after failover to a standby queue manager?
If so, how is this accomplished?
Thanks
Answer: There are two primary types of standby instances which support this level of recovery.  The first is in a traditional hardware cluster such as Power HA, HACMP, Veritas, MSCS and so forth.  The other is a Multi-Instance Queue Manager (MIQM).  Both of these are capable of running the queue manager on more than one server with data and log files occupying shared disk which is accessible to all instances.
In both cases, persistent messages which have been committed prior to the termination of the primary QMgr will be recovered.  The secondary QMgr will assume possesion of the data and log files during the failover event.  From the perspective of the failover node it is the same as if the QMgr was just starting up after a shutdown or crash, it just hapens to now be running on a different server.
The main differences between a hardware cluster versus MIQM is that a hardware cluster fails over the IP address and possibly non-MQ processes as well.  The MIQM recovers only the MQ processes and comes up on a different IP address.  Applications with V7 clients can be configured with multi-instance connection details to allow for the multiple IP addresses.
So for these solutions in which the state of the QMgr and any in-flight messages is stored on shared disk, bringing the QMgr up with the same shared disk but on a different node recovers the state of the QMgr, including any in-flight messages.


Meaning of "mi cabo"

Question: It's used while speaking indians (mexicans?) in a book of Mario Vargas Llosa. I am interested about origin and meaning of this phrase. Contextual it should mean something like "my friend", but it's only my opinion.
Answer: "Cabo" is a rank of military hierarchy, equivalent to "corporal" in Anglo-Saxon culture. The use of the possessive "mi" corresponds to a respectful manner, as in "Oh, captain! My captain!".
Comment: Rodrigo, we really don't say Anglo-Saxon in English, unless it refers to early settlers in in England who came over from the Europe.  We say: English-speaking cultures.
Answer: military rank corporal or between corporal and sergeant (cabo primero). I guess you're reading "La ciudad y los perros". I studied in that place...

Meaning of "mi cabo"


Kuru past tense conjugation

Question: While doing DuoLingo today, I came across a section where the app pronounced 来なかった as kinakatta.  When I selected that in the dictionary on my iPhone and had it pronouce it, it also said kinakatta.  It's been a few decades since I spoke fluently, but I always thought this was konakatta.  Am I mixed up, is the DuoLingo AI hallucinating, or are there cases for both?
Comment: I assume that that application is mistaken (since it should rather teach Standard Japanese mostly based on Tokyo dialect), but apparently there are some dialects with 来ない = きない etc. See https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/18128.
Comment: You are correct.
Comment: @user3856370:  Source for this?  I've never heard that 「きなかった」 is an acceptable reading.
Comment: @istrasci I didn't say it was. Read carefully.
Answer: As @Arfrever noted and linked in his comment, 来ない read as kinai is technically a valid pronunciation — but only for a small set of dialects, apparently stretching geographically between Gunma and Miyagi prefectures.  No one else is going to hear kinai and think 来ない — they are most likely going to think 着ない instead.
What you've got is the Duolingo team doing their usual "bang-up job" — that is, tackling a hugely complicated problem-space (teaching a language), and doing a mostly-decent job of it, but with glaring holes and mistakes in their approach.
One shortcut they take to save costs is using a lot of text-to-speech to generate the audio.  If there's a bug in the text-to-speech engine such that the output audio is incorrect, often times the Duolingo staff does not have sufficient people fluent enough in the target language to catch all the mistakes.
My strong suspicion here is that the audio pronouncing 来ない is kinai is simply an artifact of a poorly programmed text-to-speech engine (or, alternatively, a poorly programmed set of internal code that feeds the engine its input strings).

Anyone using Duolingo should be aware that they are not in the business of providing reliable and easy-to-use means to learn other languages.  Rather, Duolingo is in the business of making money.  The app is simply their way to try to do this.  With profit as their primary goal, we should not be too surprised that they cut corners here and there.
Given the inevitability of mistakes in any human effort, and the higher likelihood of certain kinds of mistakes from certain kinds of providers, anyone using Duolingo should also be using other materials, to corroborate and reinforce correct knowledge, and to identify and root out mistakes.
Comment: The annoying thing is, it used to be much, much better. Then they changed the way they did speech and completely ruined it, and then chose to ignore all the feedback on the problem.
Comment: @user3856370, I've seen the same thing with the Hungarian module. Not too long ago (a couple years back), the Duolingo company turned off commenting and shut out all the volunteer mods and unit updaters (the people who responded to users marking module errors), and around the same time they also got rid of a lot of human-recorded audio and replaced it with text-to-speech. Perhaps not coincidentally, this was right around when they held their initial stock offering. I view the overall trend of who is running the show there as a shift from language-impassioned geeks to money-obsessed hucksters.

Kuru past tense conjugation


Do hybrids perform better than (Internal Combustion Engine) ICE cars on a long drive?

Question: I was really interested in the exceptional fuel average of hybrid cars and was considering to buy one as soon as I got my hands on some savings but I read somewhere that hybrids are better for city driving where you have to "stop and go" drive, they are not that efficient on long ranges.Since I have at least 5 to 6 long drives greater than 500 km per year, my question is, that if they aren't efficient for long trips, then by what percentage does there mileage drop (In Km/hr please)? And do they still provide somewhat better mileage than normal ICE cars? An example  of any toyota hybrid would be great.
Comment: There are reports that show hybrids get really poor mileage on long runs... And the logic pays out on that - if the hybrid uses braking energy and you are not braking much then you will be relying on the ice, which is usually smaller and not efficient at full load.
Comment: Welcome to Motor Vehicle Maintenance & Repair!
Comment: Prius cars are the choice of taxi drivers for short hauls.  Toyota, Honda makes the most reliable cars and fuel is best for long haul.
Comment: it also depends on the definition of performance - what is your key factor in your long trips? time, efficiency or fuel cost? My diesel will easily cover 700 miles on one tank of fuel so the only time I have to stop is for me to recharge (coffee and toilet stop) whereas currently I think most electric cars are only nearing half that range.
Answer:
I was really interested in the exceptional fuel average of hybrid cars and was considering to buy one as soon as I got my hands on some savings but I read somewhere that hybrids are better for city driving where you have to "stop and go" drive, they are not that efficient on long ranges.

What do you mean by "that efficient"? Certainly the Atkinson cycle as employed in most non-plug-in hybrids is very efficient in long ranges.
Not only that, but hybrids having a battery boost don't require an internal combustion engine for quick acceleration bursts. Rather the ICE is sized for its average load, and the quick acceleration bursts come from the battery. This also allows using the otherwise impractical Atkinson cycle which is far more efficient than the Otto cycle.
I would expect to gain at least 10% fuel economy benefit on long drives when comparing a gasoline non-plug-in hybrid to a gasoline non-hybrid car of similar size having similar acceleration.
Not only that, but the inherent automatic transmission of hybrids is very useful on all driving ranges, short and long. Traditional automatic transmissions often have poor efficiency, and the new technologies such as dual clutch transmissions have their problems. The single-speed planetary gearset of non-plug-in Toyota hybrids is cheaper than any other transmission can be, and you get continuously variable automatic transmission rations as well.
That said, there are manufacturers who take a gasoline car with huge engine and a really poor efficiency, lacking the planetary eCVT transmission, and put the option to charge the vehicle. Thanks to some of the ridiculous driving cycles employed today, they can advertise ridiculous figures like "1 liter / 100 km fuel consumption, 25 g CO2 / km" although the car uses 10 times more fuel on long drives and emits 10 times as much CO2 on long drives. On short drives if you always have the option for charging, such a car could achieve the stated figures, but no way on a long drive.
I don't have experience with non-Toyota hybrids but I can assure you that every Toyota hybrid you can buy, non-plug-in or plug-in, is very efficient on long drives.

Since I have at least 5 to 6 long drives greater than 500 km per year, my question is, that if they aren't efficient for long trips, then by what percentage does there mileage drop (In Km/hr please)?

Their mileage doesn't drop. At least for Toyota hybrids. In fact, a Toyota hybrid will have almost constant mileage all the time, no matter the environment (city or highway) or the speed. The only exceptions are that at really low speeds, efficiency increases and for really short trips where the engine doesn't have a chance to warm up, efficiency suffers. But for normal use you should see almost constant mileage all the time no matter what the conditions are. Compare this to a regular internal combustion engine non-hybrid car that suffers a lot when driving in the city.

And do they still provide somewhat better mileage than normal ICE cars?

Yes. For good hybrids, the mileage is always better no matter what the conditions are, if you compare it to a ICE car with similar size and similar acceleration.

An example of any toyota hybrid would be great.

My answer is all about Toyota hybrids. I have no experience with other brands.
Comment: the seems like a good answer and it mirrors my experience driving a rented Ford (c-max) hybrid on a the highway. However I think you should provide links or additional information on what the Otto and Atkinson Cycles are, it's hard fully grasp this answer without understanding those.
Comment: "dual clutch transmissions have their problems" - They are heavier, but could they also be more efficient than the planetary gear setup for certain speeds?
Answer: The battery and electric motors add weight, which requires more energy/fuel to accelerate up to speed and also adds some friction once that is done.
Regenerative braking means that most of that energy can be recovered into the battery when stopping and can be used to get the car back up to speed without using fuel.
But the longer you go and the fewer times you stop, the less efficient the hybrid will be, as once the battery is discharged it is just extra weight, you are not using its advantage.
For a plug-in hybrid this is more pronounced with a larger/heavier battery, but of course unlike hybrids with smaller batteries this allows electric-only driving for short to medium distances. If you can stop and charge at motorway services it should be a bit better than a "normal" hybrid.
The UK consumer magazine "which" got ~46mpg (which is around 20km/l) for a Prius for motorway driving. So you would have to take an average of that together with your other driving.
Others got 70+ mpg with a Hyundai Ioniq according to its trip counter.
They probably tried harder apart from going more slowly - typical Brits are racers.


Sonatas for piano and violin?

Question: I'd just like to ask if there's a difference between a sonata (or any duet for that matter) for piano and violin vs sonata for violin and piano? I was watching a performance online and saw comments about how
Sonata No.9 Kreutzer is a sonata for PIANO (emphasis on the piano) and violin because they said the piano was overpowering the violin. I personally think they weren't overpowering and they followed the piece perfectly including the dynamics however that particular comment got me wondering if "sonata for piano and violin" and "sonata for violin and piano" had any difference (like who leads who).
Answer: This is easy: Beethoven named it so,  see Wikipedia. A modern piano can always drown a violin and and I guess, it was the same situation with fortepiano at Beethovens time. (So I don't buy the emphasized instrument first proposal.)
The sequence is unusual, however, since more often than not a piano is involved anyway (Advantages: supports harmonies, can supply multiple voices, etc.), so one typically starts giving the other instrument.
A bit of history is useful for understanding the context: when instrumental sonatas were invented, they were for melody instrument and basso continuo, which could be played by viola da gamba, lute or harpsichord or a combination of those, possibly joined by a bassoon or similar ensembles. J. S. Bach created in his violin sonatas some of the first, where the harpsichord was decidedly requested (marked by cembalo obligato) to make clear, that no substitution is asked for.
With invention of the piano it made itself quickly indispensable, so it become custom, to mention the second instrument only, if it is something different (as e. g. a second violin).

Sonatas for piano and violin?


Question about equivalence and equality

Question: What is it that equality and equivalence have in common, and how are they distinct.
Please give detailed answer
Comment: In logic, equality between objects, equivalence between statements.
Answer: The meaning of 'equality' and 'equivalence' rather depends on the context.
In logic and mathematics:

Equality is a relation between objects. It is the relation that every object has to itself and does not have to anything that is not itself. So to say of two expressions that they are equal is to say they represent one and the same object or have one and the same value. Philosophers usually use the word 'identity' for this relation, though confusingly mathematicians often reserve the word 'identity' for the equality of functions or for equality within the scope of universally quantified variables.

Equivalence is a relation between propositions or sentences. Two propositions are materially equivalent if they have the same truth value. They are logically equivalent if they have the same truth value under all interpretations.

In everyday use:

Equality is often used loosely to mean that two things share important qualities in common. What qualities and how important they are will depend on the context. This is the sense in which one might say: All people are equal under the law.

Equivalence is often used to indicate that two things can be substituted for each other without any significant difference. For example, This qualification is equivalent to that one, meaning that either will suffice to meet the criteria for a job or a course, etc.

Question about equivalence and equality


How to harmonize a bassline with a scalar soprano

Question: Here is an exercise I am working on and I can't figure out the second bar that has a bass that goes ^4 ^6 ^5. If I am right, the scalar soprano should start on ^6 and work its way down to ^3 over the last beat of the 1st measure but then I get totally stuck. The only chord in my current list of available diatonic chords built on scale degree ^4 of bar 2 that fits with a ^2 would be a ii6 chord. But then that needs to go to ^1 on the next chord and I dont know what that could be. In fact the pattern ^4 ^6 would be like a iv chord with a voice exchange and then descending to V or V64 but that doesnt work with my scalar soprano. What chords could I use to accomodate a continued descent in the soprano in bar 2?
Comment: Well, the bass is descending in scalar motion in the first measure. Mightn't it be easier if the soprano is *ascending*? Like, maybe starting on a B and taking it from there? At any rate, this might not be a universal opinion, but I imagine it's better to take this bass line, add the soprano line (at least for the first two mm) and then ask yourself what chords fit, rather than picking chords first and trying to finegle a line out of them. I mean, know the big picture of where you're headed (does the second bar end in a V 6/4?), but...
Comment: Yes.. my first guess was to go in contrary motion but I dont see how ^4 ^5 ^6 ^7 can be harmonized with the given descending bass of ^4 ^3 ^2 ^1. The harmonization for the 1st bar I provided  (^6 ^5 ^4 ^3) is very idiomatic and I thought I must be in the right direction with it. The bass is unfigured so the second bar end with  V or V64 but the V6 in the following bar tells me that it must be V since how can V64 go to V6? It might but I have not seen such a progression yet in my voice leading book so I dont think they would try and stick it in.
Comment: in fact even the 1st beat of bar two I would do a ii6 chord there with ^2 in the soprano but it is at that point where I get to a roadblock because iv6 or VI should not come after the ii6 and those are the only two chords that could then descend to V...hmmm
Comment: (Actually, I was talking crazy-talk when I said V6/4. I have the hardest time looking at this and not thinking about B minor. It would probably be easier if I actually sat down at a piano.)
Comment: I haven't digested all the detail of your questions, but I asked a similar question about harmonizing a scale in soprano: https://music.stackexchange.com/questions/99731/how-to-complete-a-scale-harmonization-using-quantz-versuch
Answer: Since the segment ends with a descending D–C♯, this suggests to me that the soprano likely wants to ascend to be in contrary motion with this bass. (This isn't necessarily 100% true, but it will work.)
This D–C♯ is the bass for a Phrygian half cadence, which often has scale-degrees 4–5 (B–C♯) in the soprano. So let's take that as a given and work backwards.
We end with C♯ preceded by B. Continuing the scale, the downbeat of m. 2 could be an A, but that doesn't quite work; why not repeat this B? (Or if you think a repeated note messes with the scalar aspect, why not have the soprano be a half note B here?)
With that B on the downbeat of m. 2, the end of m. 1 ends up pretty clear: with a voice exchange with the bass, and thus F♯–G♯–A on beats 2–4.
Lastly, the downbeat of m. 1 could continue the scale backwards with an E♯ harmonized with the bass B as a V42 chord. Admittedly, this means the bass leaps into the chordal seventh, which is a little odd. You could also just have an F♯ on the downbeat.
Comment: This is fantastic Richard. Thank you for sharing your thought process. Regarding your suggestion about the Use of 8th notes well, this wont work because I need to harmonize one chord per bass note. Having  double B works but I wasnt aware that this would be possible to be honest as the instruction is "scalar" so I thought no repeated notes. Am I overthinking? The leap to V42 is fine and such leaps appear in my harmony book so that doesnt worry me at all... I should have seen that V42 as an option :). NICE! I did something different (SEE ABOVE) on my end and would be nice to see what you think.
Comment: @armani I think your solution works great, and I actually like it better than mine! You should add it as an answer.
Comment: :) Ok I will. Thats great and very reasuring to hear. Thanks for your help Richard
Answer: I had a similar solution as yours, Armani.
Basically, when looking at the given descending bass, and assignment to add a scalar soprano, by first though for most obvious thing to do was: harmonize in thirds, then fill in the middle voices. Mine was...

I also tried this...

...but it's mostly inverting the voices and the soprano part ends up with not much scalar movement.
Answer:
Here is my solution with a descending soprano.... would be nice to hear some feedback as I might be wrong to go from ii°6 to ii°43 but I know that ii°43 does lead to V as does iv6 so maybe it could work :)
Comment: I vaguely remember you're not supposed to have that E sharp and B in the upper staff, when the movement toward it is parallel.  Maybe someone else will have a better idea about that, though. / Personally I think that when an instructor gives such specific instructions, they're actually asking you to read their mind and be a clone of them, and I would encourage you to depart slightly from the instructions in order to write something that follows the basic rules of harmony and sounds pleasing to you.


Error ERR_REQUIRE_ESM require() of ES Module

Question: I know this is a popular error but, I can't understand why I'm getting it at this point or maybe how to fix it. I have a TS project that I compile to JS and run. To build the project I simply run
tsc -p tsconfig.json
Then to run the project I run
node ./build/index.js
I have many modern packages like
  "dependencies": {
    "@fastify/cookie": "^8.3.0",
    "@fastify/cors": "^8.1.0",
    "@fastify/multipart": "^8.0.0",
    "@fastify/websocket": "^7.0.1",
    "@prisma/client": "^5.5.2",
    "fastify": "^4.6.0",
    "file-type": "^18.7.0",
    "mime-types": "^2.1.35",
    "nodemailer": "^6.8.0",
    "openai": "^3.1.0",
    "pg-error-enum": "^0.6.0",
    "ts-loader": "^9.4.2",
    "useragent": "^2.3.0"
  },
  "devDependencies": {
    "@types/jest": "^29.5.8",
    "@types/mime-types": "^2.1.1",
    "@types/node": "^18.7.20",
    "@types/nodemailer": "^6.4.6",
    "@types/useragent": "^2.3.1",
    "@types/ws": "^8.5.3",
    "jest": "^29.7.0",
    "nodemon": "^2.0.20",
    "prisma": "^5.5.2",
    "ts-jest": "^29.1.1",
    "typescript": "^5.2.2"
  },

And have been going without issues, until one day I added file-type
This package appears to be as modern as the rest. Yet I get this error as soon as I import it.
Error [ERR_REQUIRE_ESM]: require() of ES Module C:\xx\node_modules\file-type\index.js from C:\xx\build\File.js not supported.
Instead change the require of index.js in C:\xx\build\File.js to a dynamic import() which is available in all CommonJS modules.

My ts config file is as such
{
  "compilerOptions": {
    "declaration": true
    "composite": true
    "declarationMap": true
    "target": "es2021"
    "module": "commonjs"
    "rootDir": "./src"
    "moduleResolution": "node"
    "sourceMap": true,
    "outDir": "build",
    "esModuleInterop": true,
    "forceConsistentCasingInFileNames": true,
    "skipLibCheck": true
  },
  "ts-node": {
    "compilerOptions": {
      "module": "commonjs"
    }
  }
}

I've genuinely tried changing so many of these fields and also adding type: module to my main package.json, but everything I do just breaks something else.
It kind of seems to me that somehow, file-type is the first package I've added that uses import/export natively, while things like fastify seem to use require() in their actual source or maybe build code. Can I not support using both types of packages?
Answer: In order to fix this I had to do a few things

Change my tsConfig.json module option from commonjs to es2022
Change my tsConfig.json ts-node.compilerOptions.module to es2022
Add tsc-alias because of the refusal of either Typescript or Node developers to support import { thing } from './myfile' without a .js extension like import { thing } from './myfile.js'.

Note that I don't use a bundler, I just build with typescript, so #3 is not necessary if you use webpack.. probably.
Answer: It's because some of your library build with ESM https://gist.github.com/sindresorhus/a39789f98801d908bbc7ff3ecc99d99c
For Example: the package mime 4 also have that issue if your module is commonjs


What is an igniter?

Question: In researching this question about the behavior of the tach on a Mazda Miata I came across references to a part called the "igniter" that apparently has a role in generating the signal that drives the tach. What is this? It has been quite a while since I've had a "modern" gasoline engined car – the last one, IIRC, was a mid-80s SAAB 900 and I don't recall an "igniter."
Answer: The igniter is the step up transformer that sits inline between the engine control computer and the ignition coil. It takes the low amperage signal from the computer, usually a 12 volt square wave, and steps it up to higher amperage trigger signal for the ignition coil. Most use a high current rated transistor as its primary component. This circuit design protects the PCM by removing a high current device that is a common failure part from being part of an expensive engine control computer.
It sometimes has a terminal that is used to supply the tach signal.
In engines with distributor and electronic engine control it is usually a separate part, often located in the distributor.
In early electronic ignition systems that do not use an engine control computer the igniter often was located in the distributor and included a pick-up coil as part of the igniter unit. Thus becoming electronic distributor points.
In engines with coil on plug (COP) type ignition system design a transistor for this purpose is usually incorporated into each coil. Most systems of the last decade use COP units as a way to control ignition timing to each cylinder individually to compensate for differences in cylinder conditions. This is done to improve emissions, power and fuel consumption.
Comment: So, it's there to drive the current needed by the coil since the ECUs typically aren't designed to handle high current loads? Is it something that is usually or always there these days? Is it actually a transformer or is it a high-current transistor?
Comment: @dlu  see my additions to my answer.

What is an igniter?


Why not have unit health bars displayed at all times in Starcraft II?

Question: It seems in all the pro replays videos that I've watched they don't have unit health bars displayed at all times and instead press Alt to see them.  Why is that?  I find it invaluable information to see at all times and having to press an extra button to see it takes extra mental energy to consciously think of doing it that could have been better spent keeping other things in mind.  What disadvantage is there to having them displayed at all times?
Comment: How do you have the health bars displayed at all times in Starcraft II?:  http://gaming.stackexchange.com/questions/5426/how-to-have-health-bars-displayed-at-all-times-in-starcraft-ii
Answer: Actually, I'd say it's the shoutcasters turning off the health bars. You never see replays of the gamer himself because that could cost him performance. Those games are either frapsed live through spectators or they just comment on the replay. So you never actually see the player's settings in a game.
Any pro-gamer worth his salt will tell you that you should have the health bars on at all times.
It makes it much easier to focus targets that are already low and makes it much easier for you to see what unit needs to be pulled back.
And even in macro game the health bars still stick perfectly to the units, so you can still see very well (I'd argue that it's easier with bars on than without) what's going on on the battle field.
Answer: It can make it hard to see everything because they get in the way of viewing all of the units(more so when there are a lot of them).
Answer: In some cases, the bars can get in the way of the action.  This varies by the size of the unit.  20 ultralisks/thors/collusi with health bars will look fine.  50 zerglings/marines/zealots with health bars will look a lot more cluttered.
Answer: Not really an answer but I find this to be annoying too. In games like Heroes of Newerth, they managed to make the health bars clean and more or less clutter-free. No reason for SC2 not to, but they do anyway.
The stuff posters said about clutter is far more applicable in large-scale RTS games like SC2, though, and it makes this game way harder to micro for.
As far as I'm concerned this is a UI oversight that Blizzard needs to figure out.
Answer: Because if you have twenty units, your opponent has twenty units and those two mods clash: how well do you think you can still see the independent health bars? Since they will most likely overlap each other.
Also, most of the time they know which units will get killed, so they don't need the health bars to tell
Example from Ars Technica: I don't find this very useful... And the colors below already show me which unit is dying.

Side-note: It might actually be detrimental for your performance, since it would have to update a whole lot of health bars very very fast, so unless you have a low ping and a fast computer, I'd not use it with large groups
Comment: -1 for the side note; detailed 3D models and complex AI are fine, but if you want to render a few simple 2D health bars you need low ping (???) and a fast computer?
Comment: See, I don't find that hard to see at all and I don't see any overlapping.  I can easily see which units I should try to focus fire and which to try to pull back.  Just looking at the health in the selection I can see some are dying, but are they inside? are they outside? I can't see the unit position and health at the same time without the health bars.  That said I can see how it'd be hard to see for some people, but holding Alt is so awkward and it takes me a second to parse the information so if I had to press Alt, that 1 second timer would start after I press it instead of right away.
Comment: -1 for being plainly wrong. Health bars are a must at the competitive level. Competitive players have them all at all times..
Also there is no overlap whatsoever in Starcraft 2..
Comment: Take note that it's not just the health bars are displayed, but the units' and structures' status (i.e., energy capacity, and if you're Protoss, shields).

That being said, I find it invaluable for those information to be displayed all the time. It not only frees you up from user-intervention for those to be displayed, but you can also adjust your strategy accordingly, especially while in a very hectic confrontation with the opponent.
Comment: @Davy: I agree, it's nice to have them always on so you can at a glance see a building that you might not realize is damaged, or see where geographically in your army the most damage is being taken during a battle.
Answer: Because it looks cooler to not have the UI in the way. But if you're playing to win, turn them on.


What is a "jump response" of a filter?

Question: I know how to determine if a filter is FIR or IIR, but I don't understand the question. What is a "jump response"?
Answer: It's a bad translation of step response, i.e., the filter's response to a unit step $u[n]$ at the input. Note that the step response is the convolution of the unit step with the filter's impulse response:
$$s[n]=\big(u\star h\big)[n]=\sum_{k=0}^nh[k],\qquad n\ge 0\tag{1}$$
where I've assumed causality, i.e., $h[n]=0$ for $n<0$.
From the given step response and Eq. $(1)$ it should be easy to derive the impulse response $h[n]$. You can also immediately draw a conclusion about its length. Then, by considering the symmetry of $h[n]$, I'm sure you know how to derive the group delay of the filter.
Comment: Yeah, that makes sense. Knowing it is a step response, it would be very easy to continue on! Thank you very much

What is a "jump response" of a filter?


Font Pairing for Stix

Question: I'm currently writing my dissertation and most of the text is set in Stix. I'll have to include a good bit of code and the default Courier looks rather ugly (too wide and doesn't fit well).  Can someone either recommend a good code font to go with Stix or give some pointers on how to properly pair a font with it?
Comment: There are too many options and the answer is too opinion based for our Q&A format. See the [help center about "Asking"](http://graphicdesign.stackexchange.com/help) for more details about what good questions to ask would be
Comment: You're assuming everyone knows what Stix looks like.
Answer: Don't know what you're using to lay the document out but if you plan to set monospace and STIX on the same line I would focus on linespacing metrics - in other words, does swapping a few words to monospace font in the line of the text throw the linespacing out in your paragraphs? That would be the most distracting thing to avoid.
I don't think most any mono font will complement STIX better than any other - they all have quite different letter structures.

Font Pairing for Stix


How to completely disable auto-save and versions in Mac OS X Lion?

Question: I hate the automatic saving and versioning in Mac OS X Lion.
Is there a way to completely turn it off?
(This has been asked before here, but the answer and the linked article are completely wrong, so I thought I'd try again.)
Answer: I intentionally was searcing for hidden defaults1 and fortuitously stumbled across a defaults setting that disables Auto Save, Versions and Resume, all at once.
If you have a tolerance for potentially breaking things (joke), try the following Terminal command (for Preview in this example):
defaults write -app 'preview' ApplePersistence -bool no

Replace preview with the name of whatever app you wish to perform this on.
Alternatively, you can configure this globally with this command (but beware that this causes slow logins, so not recommended):
defaults write -g ApplePersistence -bool no

I can confirm that this works for TextEdit, Preview, Automator and Safari (for disabling Resume), but it should also work for other Apple applications like iWork, Xcode, iPhoto etc. It also works for some, but not all, third party applications. My machine hasn't gone up in flames (joking again) but as long as you have a good backup system, these settings seem stable to change and test.
For TextEdit, you must additionally run the following command, in order to avoid sandbox errors:
defaults write -app textedit AutosavingDelay -int 0

[This effectively disables the old-style, pre-Lion autosaving completely, so the sandbox won't complain anymore about TextEdit trying to automatically save stuff without your "consent".]
Another option, is a TextEdit fork called "TextEdit+", that thankfully isn't sandboxed (surprisingly, TextEdit is actually open source). It can be downloaded here.
Disabling ApplePersistence also restores Save As in most apps, except in Preview, iWork and maybe some others. In those cases you can use the Export… menu item instead. This is almost identical to Save As, except that you have to manually open the document after saving it. Just assign Command-Shift-S to Export… in these applications, and you'll get something very similar to Save As there too.
To restore normal behaviour, run:
defaults delete -app 'preview' ApplePersistence

defaults delete -g ApplePersistence

defaults delete -app textedit AutosavingDelay

1 Thanks to Lri for his excellent one-liner for finding hidden defaults settings.
Comment: This is it. I just tested in Preview, and it works fine for me, without prepending `/Library/Preferences/` and without the sudo, just `defaults write com.apple.Preview ApplePersistence -bool no`. If this will be an official option in Mountain Lion, even better!
Comment: It does seem to work with some third party applications, or at least WriteRoom and Byword. `defaults write -g ApplePersistence -bool false` also works.
Comment: I don't recommend setting this globally. TextEdit, for one, will not function properly, and it could have other adverse effects. Also, logging in took longer/seemed to hang for a while, when I tried this.
Comment: I don't think this works in Yosemite.  If I crop an image in Preview, for example, it will immediately update the version on disk. :-(
Comment: Note that as of macOS 10.12 Sierra disabling ApplePersistence for Preview causes 'Save As…' to disappear completely from the File menu.  This did not occur in El Capitan, and is likely a bug.
Comment: Any way to disable this in only certain cases? It's annoying to see all these .sb files in my Dropbox folder!
Comment: Did someone get this to work on macOS High Sierra (10.13.2)?
Comment: This no longer works in Mojave.
Answer: There is a much, much simpler way to do it that was only introduced in OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion.
According to this post, you just have to enable System Preferences > General > Ask to keep changes when closing documents.

Update for macOS Ventura
The setting is now under Desktop & Dock.
Comment: When the question was asked by @houbysoft in 2011, concerning OS X Lion (10.7), this "much simpler way to do it" was not available yet in System Preferences.
Comment: Hi Xehaust, while this link may answer the question, it is better to include the essential parts of the answer here and provide the link for reference.  Link-only answers can become invalid if the linked page changes. Please take a look here: [Why and how are some answers deleted?](http://apple.stackexchange.com/help/deleted-answers)
Comment: This option does not completely disable autosaving and versioning, but it is probably the solution most users will want. Your changes are still autosaved to the file as you work, and the Save command still creates a version in the history. But when you close a file with "unsaved changes," you're prompted to choose whether to update the revision from the autosaved file, or the file from the last revision. With this option on, you can ignore the history and still benefit from autosaving in case of crashes.
Answer: I agree, too many assumptions on Apple's side what users need and especially what can be controlled by the user → hint: new full-screen apps on dual-/multi-monitor setups (fail)
For Versions it's quite similar, no control for the user :(
The only thing I found so far is checking the size of the Versions folder /.DocumentRevisions-V100 and deleting it if I think it takes up too much space.
Note: This is a very bad idea ! It will delete all your previous versions of doucuments/files
sudo rm -rf /.DocumentRevisions-V100

You could then prevent the re-creation of that directory by
sudo touch /.DocumentRevisions-V100

But that creates a big mess, leaving you unable to re-save documents in Apps featuring "Versions & Autosave"
Not a satisfying solution. I really hope someone finds a way to turn it off or that one of the next OS X updates gives the user more control.
Hackinations: 5 really good Lion tweaks mentions that the switch NSDocumentAutosaveOldDocumentDayThreshold could be used to tweak autosave but I couldn't find any details about its function.
And it seems the deamon
/System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/GenerationalStorage.framework/Versions/A/Support/revisiond is responsible for creating the versions - if you rename or move it and restart, "Versions" no longer functions but this is a bad idea again as all processes that depend on that deamon run into serious troubles.
Anyone with better ideas ?
Answer: I found a way to disable Versions (not Autosave) in a (hopefully) non-destructive reversible way: (re)move the SQLite database that Versions uses
Careful, this comes with absolutely no warranty and may break your system!
sudo mv /.DocumentRevisions-V100/db-V1 /.DocumentRevisions-V100/db-V1_off; sudo touch /.DocumentRevisions-V100/db-V1; sudo killall revisiond
If it worked you'll be notified e.g. in Textedit when you close a document:

That (probably) means that your document will still be automatically saved in certain intervals, but once you close it (or the program) you can only retrieve the latest version (and Time Machine backups, if available).
The changes can be undone with sudo rm /.DocumentRevisions-V100/db-V1; sudo mv /.DocumentRevisions-V100/db-V1_off /.DocumentRevisions-V100/db-V1; sudo killall revisiond

Edit 2012-04-04:
Versions (especially of Autosave) may still end up in ~/Library/Containers as nicely described in this answer.
Comment: Can you name sources which you have used in your answer?
Comment: I cooked this up all by myself, inspired by the [Lion review on Ars Technica](http://arstechnica.com/apple/reviews/2011/07/mac-os-x-10-7.ars/14#versioning-internals)
Answer: Happily, I didn't have to resort to this. I studied all other safe measures and after trying out some clean disk apps OnyX did the work.
This application requires full system admin privileges to install, and will essentially run the commands mentioned in some of the other answers automatically for you. Be sure you trust this application before you decide to grant it this level of access and control over your machine.
It cleared up all the revisions folder without me having to run the scripts above or doing it manually. It freed up 75GB in 10 minutes. I'm using Yosemite still but they offer for other systems as well. And it's free. I had to post the comment to help others, I've been cracking my head in 7 pieces for the last day or so. - https://www.titanium-software.fr/en/index.html
What to do: install OnyX /
Close all apps that are running /
Open Onyx - it asks to run a disk check, press ok /
It will look like it has frozen but it's not /
Then select tab Cleaning /
Then Select tab Misc. /
Then check option: Automatically saved versions of documents /
Press enter /
Tada!


How can I repair this gouge in my Hyundia Ioniq bumper?

Question: Below are a couple of photos of my rear bumper trunk on my 2018 Hyundai Ioniq after I was rear ended by a truck. You can see that there's a clear protictive strip that is gouged as well as the paint down to the plasic.  The body shop already said there is no damage to the frame underneath by the way.  The dealer's body shop want to charge me > $1000 to do the entire bumper, but I'm thinking that if I replace the clear strip and and fill in the white gouge that it will look fine.  My question is how can I fill in something like that?  Also I'm unable to identify the strip, so I'm not sure how to order it?
Is this something anyone could advise me on?
enter image description here
Comment: Have you asked about buying the strip at the parts department of your Hyundai dealer?
Comment: If you were rear ended the bumper may be damaged and you just don't see it. Bumpers these days are designed to crush, absorbing impact forces, and often they need to be replaced after impacts, even if they don't look that bad. Your body shop may be right about replacing it.
Comment: @GdD The body shop estimate only mentions removing the outer bumper to paint it.  They looked underneeth it and found the rigid frame was not crushed at all.
Answer: The clear strip is there to protect the paint on the bumper from general day to day scuffs and scrapes as you put stuff in and out of the boot/trunk. Given that it's therefore pretty expendable, I'd expect them to sell it separately - it might be listed as "trunk sill protector" or something like that.
If not, I'd suspect you can buy aftermarket strips that you just cut to the right shape for your car, intended for those that don't have one fitted as standard - it's only a bit of sticky-back plastic after all.
If you can replace the clear strip, then the problem becomes a conventional paintwork scratch, and can be fixed in more traditional methods - rub it down with sandpaper to remove any edges, fill any deep gouges with fine car body filler, sand back smooth, then repaint or touch up with the correct colour - note that there's a surprising number of shades of white when it comes to car paint, so make sure you get the right one, using the paint code from the VIN plate.
Be sure to mask off all the areas you don't want to get paint on, and try to blend the edges as you paint it - though you won't need to worry as much as normal as it'll be partly hidden by the clear strip.
Comment: OK.  I think I've found reasonable replacement for the protective sticker, but since they are transparent, and the gouge goes all the way through the paint, how do I fill in the paint underneeth?
Comment: @Frank I've added some more to the answer about dealing with that


Intel Ethernet I219-LM Driver in Ubuntu 16.04

Question: I have installed Ubuntu 16.04 LTS on my Desktop, but Ethernet is not connected.
My Computer uses Intel Ethernet Connection I219-LM.
In my opnion, Ubuntu doesn't have installed a proposal network driver. I can't find ethernet driver.
Comment: The driver for your device is *e1000e*. Does it load without error? `sudo modprobe e1000e` Is there any clue in the log? `dmesg | grep e1000e` Welcome to Ask Ubuntu.
Comment: I'm having the same issue. The i219 isn't being detected. When I run those commands the e1000e driver loads and there are no errors.
Answer: Same ethernet adaptor for me on my ubuntu 16.
This worked:

Download e1000e-188.8.131.52 (Check latest on Intel website).
Got the tar.gz file downloaded untar it:
tar xfv e1000e-184.108.40.206.tar.gz

Goto src directory
cd src

Compile and install
sudo make install

Reboot

This worked for me.
Comment: And for me too in Debian9 . Thanks!
Comment: This appears to have worked for me, too.  Ubuntu 20.04, Thinkpad T460s w/ i219-LM.  After compiling the new driver and rebooting it's been hours since I've seen my wired internet drop.  Fingers crossed for more hours to come. Note: The version I downloaded was e1000e 3.8.4, which apparently was written in 2019. I'm guessing this will be the final version.
Answer: I met the same case that I can't see the network card on my Linux only computer which uses Intel Ethernet card. And installing the Intel driver didn't help. There's another topic about an "Wired Unmanaged" Ethernet card, that Lou Burnard suggested to:

Edit the /etc/NetworkManager/NetworkManager.confand change the line managed=false to managed=true
Restart network manager with sudo service network-manager restart.
And for me I need to wait for it to work.
Comment: First time I've touched that file and it says managed=false already, but I did install a bridge with bridge-utils for KVM, so that might have changed it without my knowing.
Answer: tldr; switch to HWE kernels which provide drivers/firmwares for newer devices
Ran into this issue with a new Lenovo P350 Tiny. These machines contain the same I219-LM Ethernet card that is not detected in Ubuntu 20.04 LTS.
Ubuntu 20.04 LTS does contain the Intel e1000e kernel drivers, except they're an older version 3.2.6-k, circa 2015! Brings a whole new definition to stability =)
Anyway, I believe all the answers above will work - compiling from scratch, etc, but the easiest solution for me was to use the HWE kernels:
apt install linux-image-generic-hwe-20.04

Obviously, for this to work, an offline apt package repository or another mechanism to install HWE kernel packages.
And reboot into the new HWE kernel.