Why is a "negative binomial" random variable called that?

Question: I don't understand why the "negative binomial" random variable has that name. What is negative about it? What is binomial about it? What is negative-binomial about it?
Comment: Also see the comments under [this more general question](http://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/163272/what-is-the-logic-behind-the-names-of-distributions) -- which really deserves a proper answer, *mea culpa*.
Answer: It's a reference to the fact that a certain binomial coefficient that appears in the formula for that distribution can be written more simply with negative numbers.
When you conduct a series of experiment with success probability $p$, the likelihood that you will see $r$ failures after exactly $k$ trials is
${k+r−1}\choose {k}$ $p^k(1−p)^r$.
This can also be written as
$(−1)^k$${−r}\choose {k}$$p^k(1−p)^r$
and the word "negative" refers to that $−r$ in that binomial coefficient. Observe how this formula looks just like the formula for the ordinary binomial distribution except for that sign coefficient.
Another name for the negative binomial distribution is Pascal's distribution so there is that too.
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More detailed answer according to Wikipedia:
The probability mass function of the negative binomial distribution is
$f(k; r, p) \equiv \Pr(X = k) = \binom{k+r-1}{k} p^k(1-p)^r \quad\text{for }k = 0, 1, 2, \dotsc $
Here the quantity in parentheses is the binomial coefficient, and is equal to
$\binom{k+r-1}{k} = \frac{(k+r-1)!}{k!\,(r-1)!} = \frac{(k+r-1)(k+r-2)\dotsm(r)}{k!}$.
This quantity can alternatively be written in the following manner, explaining the name "negative binomial":
$\frac{(k+r-1)\dotsm(r)}{k!} = (-1)^k \frac{(-r)(-r-1)(-r-2)\dotsm(-r-k+1)}{k!} = (-1)^k\binom{-r}{k}$.
Comment: I don't understand your statement "When you conduct a series of experiment with success probability p, the likelihood that you will see r failures after exactly k trials is ...".  It seems to me the formula should be ${k \choose r} p^{k-r} (1-p)^r$. Where did you get the formula you listed?  I suspect maybe you are not describing the random process quite right.  Do you mean the probability of getting exactly $r$ failures after conducting $k+r-1$ trials?  If so, shouldn't the $p^k$ be $p^{k-1}$?  What's going on here?  Can you define the event that you're referring to, more carefully?
Comment: @D.W. It was an unfortunate formulation. What is meant, is not a likelihood to see $r$ failures given that $k$ trials have been conducted, but a likelihood to need $k$ trials in order to observe $r$ failures.
Answer: I think the most likely origin is that if you take any moment formula from $\mathrm{Bin}(n,q)$ and you replace the parameters $n$ and $q$ in that formula with negative values $-\alpha$ and $-\theta$, then the result will be the equivalent moment formula for a Negative Binomial distribution with parameters $\alpha$ and $\theta$. For short, it looks like as if the Negative Binomial distribution is a Binomial distribution with negative coefficients.
Some background:
In actuarial science (where the distribution was discovered), they use a different parameterization for the Negative Binomial distribution. Actuaries use $\,\alpha=r\,$ and $\,\theta=\frac{p}{1-p}\,$. Actuaries define the Negative Binomial distribution as the mixture distribution of the Poisson family over a Gamma distribution with parameters $\,\alpha\,$ and $\,\theta$, i.e. the distribution with density
$f(x)=\frac{1}{\theta^\alpha\Gamma(\alpha)}x^{\alpha-1}\mathrm{e}^{x/\theta}.$
That definition makes it extremely easy to compute the probability generating function, $\mathrm{Pgf}$, of the Negative Binomial distribution in terms of the moment generating function, $\mathrm{Mgf}_\Gamma$, of the Gamma distribution. Let $N$ be Negative Binomial and $\Gamma$ the Gamma distributed parameter, then:
$\mathrm{Pgf}(z)=\mathbb{E}[z^N]=\mathbb{E}[\mathbb{E}[z^N|\Gamma]]=\mathbb{E}[\mathrm{Pgf}_{\mathrm{Pois}(\Gamma)}(z)]=\mathbb{E}[\mathrm{e}^{\Gamma(z-1)}]=\mathrm{Mgf}_{\Gamma}(z-1)=(1-\theta(z-1))^{-\alpha}.$
And, if you compare the above probability generating function of the Negative Binomial distribution with the probability generating function of $\mathrm{Bin}(n,q)$, you will see that they are the same, only that $n$ and $q$ have been replaced with $-\alpha$ and $-\theta$. As the probability generating function determines the moments uniquely through its derivatives (evaluated at 1) and $n,q,-\alpha,-\theta$ are just constants, you will get the same moment formulas for Binomial and Negative Binomial just with negative parameters.
Answer: Below are some alternative explanations.
They relate to the currently accepted answer. It boils down to a negative index somewhere that contrasts to the positive index for the 'regular' binomial distribution. But, in these historic cases, there is a different focus in relation to the place where the 'negative' index occurs.
Alternative explanation 1

The typical binomial distribution relates to the term with $p^r$ in the expansion $(q+p)^k$

The negative binomial distribution relates to the term with $p^r$ in the expansion $(q - p)^{-k}$ and rewriting $p' = -p$ and $k' = -k$
$$\begin{array}{}(q-p)^{-k} &=& \sum_{r=0}^\infty {-k\choose r} q^r  (-p)^{-k-r}\\
&= &\sum_{r=0}^\infty \frac{k'(k'-1)\dots(k'-r+1)}{r!}  q^r  (p')^{k'-r}
 \end{array}$$

This stems from Haldane 1941 "The fitting of binomial distributions"

In other cases a good fit may be obtained to a binomial distribution where $P_r$, is the coefficient of $t^r$ in the expansion $(1 -p +pt)^k$. Here $p$ and $k$ are both positive or both negative. Where they are negative it is convenient to write $p' = -p$, $k' = - k$.

In Fisher's 1941 The negative binomial distribution the expressions $(q+p)^n$ and $(q-p)^{-k}$ are used.
Alternative explanation 2
In Yule 1910 "On the Distribution of Deaths with Age when the Causes of Death Act Cumulatively, and Similar Frequency Distributions"
The expression is related with the binomial expansion of $p^r(1-q)^{-r}$ on page 28

But this is the binomial expansion of $p^r (1 - q)^{-r}$, and we have
therefore reached the law that the proportions of the original population dying during the successive exposures, if $r$ unfavourable exposures are fatal, are given by the successive terms of the binomial expansion of $p^r(1-q)^{-r}$

also later at the end of the page

As our discontinuous series is a binomial series, the form of curve to which we will pass will evidently be the binomial curve of Professor Pearson (type iii of his memoir*), though he derived it from a binomial series with positive and not with negative index.

[link added by me]
Alternative explanation 3
The negative binomial is also known as the inverse binomial and relates to the cumulant generating functions of the binomial and negative binomial being each other's inverse. But this 'inverse' name (used by Tweedie in 1945) does not predate the use of the term 'negative binomial distribution' so it is not likely the reason for the use of 'negative' (that it might have somehow changed from inverse into negative).
Tweedie, Maurice CK. "Inverse statistical variates." Nature 155.3937 (1945): 453-453.
Tweedie, M. C. K. "Functions of a statistical variate with given means, with special reference to Laplacian distributions." Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. Vol. 43. No. 1. Cambridge University Press, 1947.
In 1937 Bartlett mentions the term "negative binomial distribution" in relationship to the moment generating functions
Bartlett, M. S. "Note on the derivation of fluctuation formulae for statistical assemblies." Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. Vol. 33. No. 3. Cambridge University Press, 1937.
In the article the expression are slightly more complex, but the presentation of the moment generating functions was similar as:

For the binomial distribution with parameters $n,p$
$$M(t) = (1+p(e^t-1))^n$$

For the negative binomial distribution with parameters $r,p$
$$M(t) = \left(1-\frac{1-p}{p}(e^t-1)\right)^{-r}$$

And the negative might relate to the power in the moment generating function.


Displaying view-options in a logical way

Question: I have a search result screen on which I'm having trouble placing the available view options:
1. View results in list or on map.
2. Apply one of 3 filters.
Currently I'm considering the solution below as two rows of tabs, but I don't like how the two functions appear as the same kind of thing. I would appreciate any feedback/suggestions.
Comment: Please edit your question to pose a general UX problem, not one that is so specific to your situation that it wouldn't be very helpful to someone else reading the question and answers.
Answer: It's hard to give a suggestion without knowing what filters are for. I can definitely recommend this article though: https://uxplanet.org/mobile-ux-design-user-friendly-search-51e5f78f5a1e#.j5pz4v9f5
With the limited knowledge I have I can see scope bars working for List & Map. Tabs with two rows are pretty hard on most users so I wouldn't attempt that.
Think about using the filters to display results in "categories". An example can be found here: https://www.nngroup.com/articles/mobile-faceted-search/

This is what I mean by a scope bar: https://developer.apple.com/ios/human-interface-guidelines/ui-bars/search-bars/
Comment: Thanks for you answer and for sharing screenshots! I'm going to try the Amazon method.
Answer: Foursquare has a solution to this. Notice in the background of the image, there's this small map icon. By default you see a list but by clicking the map icon, you change to a map view.


The phrase, "It's on tonight."

Question: Is the sentence, "It's on tonight," grammatically correct? What about "It's on for tonight?" Are they both correct? Is there any difference at all?
Answer: Both are grammatical expressions, and common.

It's on tonight.

This can refer to a TV program that will be broadcast this evening. Or it can refer to some other form of entertainment. Or it can mean there is a confrontation looming.

It's on for tonight.

This means some prearranged plan or meeting is to take place tonight.
The "it" in both cases refers to some unspecified matter which will either be understood from context or explicitly stated before or after these sentences.
That brings us to the simple expression

It's on.

This is the confrontation I referred to above (often given as "Oh, it's on!") meaning that the speaker has accepted or recognized that a challenge of some sort has been issued and means to accept it, usually with relish or special determination to win.
Comment: They could be used to mean the same thing, roughly speaking, but you asked about whether there was "any difference at all" ... so I gave you differences. Ah, I see you've edited your comment already. If you were describing a date scheduled for tonight, I'd use "It's on for tonight."
Comment: So they don't mean the same thing? Could both be used to describe a date that's scheduled for the night? Is one more suitable than the other for this purpose?
Answer: Taken out of context, both phrases are meaningless. Within proper context, the "it" should be clear. If my wife and I are discussing a new TV show, she might say "it's on tonight." If she said this three hours after the mention of the new program, I'd have no idea what she was talking about.

The phrase, "It's on tonight."


How to pass record id to another component while click on checkbox in aura iteration

Question: I am facing one issue with navigating to record from another component when user selected checkbox in one component and I will get those selected Id in next component.
Comment: Please show what you have done and ask specific questions about that. This site is not to provide code where you do not seem to have done any research or work prior to asking the question. See How to Ask and How to Answer
Answer: You can give name attribute to the checkbox and give the id of the record to it.
For example,
<ui:inputCheckbox aura:id="checkbox" name="01p37000002uOCA" label="Select?" change="{!c.onCheck}"/>

In the onCheck method, you can access the ID as
var recordId = event.getSource().get("v.name");


When do we use denyAll in spring security

Question: I am a bit confused as to why someone would use <code>@PreAuthorize("denyAll")</code> for a method. As per the spring security documentation, it always evaluates to false.
If we are not going to allow access to a particular method, what is the point of keeping such a method. Why not comment it out? Or is it that it can still be accessed from within the same class?
I am trying to understand under what scenario such a requirement would arise.
Comment: The result of applying this annotations are useful at  the proxy level instance of the bean (when other beans call the bean with the annotated method), but you can still use the method internally on the same bean not by the proxy instance, maybe you can use that combination when you want use the method just internally.
Comment: is there any documentation where I can get more details? Could you give an example where someone would like to have such a security configuration
Answer: One small clarification that I found in general for deny all was

@DenyAll annotation can be used to restrict business interface access from anyone, logged in or not. The method is still invokable from within the bean class itself.

So the jist is it can be used for a method which is public for some reason or have been exposed (perhaps it implements an interface) but should never be called directly from outside. However they can be called from inside(within the class).
here is the link
One real example that I can give you is (which is quite related with my work). We have 2 business unit with same code base. Now in one unit there is a feature where some mobile reseller can directly call a service which cancels the voucher directly to the operator end but in the other unit we needed to block this due to some business rule. Since we use the same interface in both system so in one system we blocked its usage using denyall
Hope this gives you a clear idea.
Answer: I decorate my service classes in this way which requires the individual inner service methods to override the denying class level PreAuth annotation. This ensures that each method in the class will be appropriately secured w/a fallback to denyAll.
I know this is old but I stumbled on it looking for the syntax for @PreAuthorize('denyAll') and thought I'd throw my 2cents in.


Newton method and Siegel disks

Question: I am looking for a degree 3 polynomial $P$ whose associated Newton's method  $z \mapsto z - P(z)/P'(z)$ has a Siegel disk. Is there an explicit example of such polynomial $P$?
Answer: Implementing Alexandre's suggestion, I found that for $\lambda\approx 0.483096 + 1.00504\ i$, we have
$$
\begin{align}
P_{\lambda}(z) &=  (z - 1)\ (z + 1/2 - \lambda)\ (z + 1/2 + \lambda) \\
 &\approx \left(-1.02672+0.97106\ i\right)+\left(0.0267208-0.97106~ i\right)z+z^{3}
\end{align}
$$
is a good approximation to a polynomial whose corresponding Newton's method iteration function has a Siegel disk.  While I found the parameters using Mathematica, you can use Sage to check them with this code.
Some dynamical pictures
The Newton's method basins of attraction looks like so:

If we zoom in on that component near zero, we see:

This certainly looks like a Siegel disk.
Finding the parameters
To find this thing, we first let
$$
n_{\lambda}(z) = z-P_{\lambda}(z)/P_{\lambda}'(z)
$$
and then $N_{\lambda}(z) = n_{\lambda}^3(z)$. We seek values of $z$ and $\lambda$ such that
$$\begin{align}
N_{\lambda}(z) &= z \\
N_{\lambda}'(z) &= e^{2\pi i \left(\sqrt{5}-1\right)/2 }.
\end{align}$$
There are other possible choices for the multiplier but I went with the golden angle.
Parameter pictures to help solve the system
To solve the system, we turn to Newton's method itself. More specifically, I used Mathematica's FindRoot command. To do so, we need initial guesses and we can use a picture to find those.  First, the parameter space looks like so:

If we zoom in on the conspicuous looking blob at the top of the blue region, we see something like so:

The yellow dot at the center of the baby-brot is the super-attracting parameter $\lambda\approx 0.479 + 0.9997 \ i$ and satisfies $N_{\lambda}(0)=0$. It's not hard to find all such parameters since there's just a single equation of order 26 that needs to be solved.
If we zoom in a bit further, we see:

Now that second yellow dot on the cardioid oughtta be a good initial guess for the $\lambda$ we seek and a good initial guess for $z$ might be zero. Thus, using the initial guesses $\lambda\approx 0.4825 + 1.005 \ i$ and $z\approx 0.0$, I was able to find the more precise parameter stated at the beginning of this post.
Comment: That's a very nice post! Perhaps consider adding this example it to wikipedia, and how you found it : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegel_disc
Comment: Indeed, that works, if I compute a thousand iterates of 0.04im and close points by the Newton method, I can see the circles. I am a bit surprised, given that we are using an approximation of the coefficients of the correct polynomial. I expected such perturbation to change the multiplier and destroy the Siegel disk.
Comment: @PerAlexandersson Thanks! I've never contributed to Wikipedia before; interesting idea, though.
Comment: @coudy Yes, I'm amazed too. I just tried it myself. Initially, I grabbed the polynomial right at the top of this post and you could actually see divergence away from the disk after a couple thousand iterates. Using the $\lambda$ value from the linked code, which has more digits, the circle held for 100,000 iterates!  I'm glad you like it!!
Answer: All fixed fixed points of the Newton map $N(z)=z-P(z)/P'(z)$ are superattracting. So there are no invariant Siegel disks.
But of course there are periodic Siegel disks of periods greater than $1$.
For example, for a one parametric family of polynomials of degree $3$ considered in Douady and Hubbard, On the dynamics of polynomial like maps, Ann sci. Ecole Norm. Super., 18(1985), in section VI,
there are values of parameter which correspond to an attracting cycle of period 3. These values form a cardioid-like region, a part of  a "baby Mandelbrot set".  On the boundary of this
cardioid-like region, the multiplier of the 3-cycle takes all values of absolute value $1$. So you have a 3-cycle of Siegel disks for an appropriate value of
this multiplier. (There are such multipliers that all holomorphic germs with this multiplier have a Siegel disk, for example,
$\exp(\pi i\sqrt{2}).)$
Comment: Thanks. I had a look to the paper of Douady and Hubbard. So there is a parameter lambda such that the Newton's method associated to the polynomial P(z) = (z-1)(z+1/2-lambda)(z+1/2+lambda) has a period 3 Siegel disk. It seems quite difficult though to give an explicit value for lambda. The period 3 orbits are the solutions of a degree 24 polynomial, this can't be easily solved as a function of lambda.
Comment: @coudy: I did not say it is easy, but with a computer should should be able to do this numerically. Write the multiplier of this 3-cycle, and then the equation that the multiplier is $=exp(\sqrt{2}\pi i)$. One should be able to solve this equation numerically, if this is what you want.
Comment: @coudy: perhaps the Newton method for a 4-th degree polynomial has a 2-cycle of Siegel disks. This, if true, will lead to an equation of smaller degree.
Comment: I wished I could write the polynomial on the blackboard. So be it.
Comment: You will be able to write it on a blackboard, after you compute the coefficients with a computer. Moreover, once the polynomial is found, CHECKING that is really has a Siegel cycle (numerically) should be possible by hand.

Newton method and Siegel disks


Matlab launcher not found windows 8

Question: I recently installed matlab in windows 8, in a different drive, other than the program files. After installation, its strange but am not able to find any launcher icon. Be it for uninstallation, or even for starting matlab. Can you please tell me what the issue is? I am sorry if the question is very rudimentary, but your help is much appreciated. Thanks in advance!
Comment: Can you get to the installation directory and run Matlab from that? If so, don't worry much about it.
Answer: As mentioned in the comments, the lacking of the icon does not need to indicate a problem.
Just go to the place where MATLAB has been installed, and create a new icon upon finding the executable there.

Matlab launcher not found windows 8


Android ADB Key Not Working

Question: I used to have a rooted Android device about 3-4 years ago. I recently found it and I dont know the password. This android device was trusted on my computer but now it is showing unauthorized under adb devices. I also have the files called adbkey and an excel file. Do these keys expire after a certain time or am i doing something wrong? Thanks in advance.
Comment: If you connect the phone to your computer with `adb` setup, can you tell me what `adb devices` reads out; it might say "unauthorized".
Comment: you have the files just place the adbkey.pub into .android folder in your userprofile
Comment: @CzarMatt yea it is unauthorized.
Comment: @alecxs it is there
Comment: do you have any access to device via recovery, fastboot, Odin, SP Flash Tool? then you can by-pass. your question remains, first step to answer will be compare the files https://android.stackexchange.com/q/213116
Answer: The authorization depends on a key stored on your key. You can find it in the files ~/.android/adbkey and ~/.android/adbkey.pub. If this key has been modified, replaced or recreated the authorization is lost.
So you should make sure you are still using the same key.
However even if you have the same key you might not get an adb connection because of Android security (in detail the device encryption).
On modern Android device (e.g. Android 9+) adb is only fully working after the user has entered the lock password/pin/pattern for the first time.
Before this first user authentication has been passed adb is not or not fully available. For examle adb shell may work but access to /sdcard and other encrypted sections is not possible (Android 9 with FBE).
However on older Android versions (or if the manufacturer has changed the user authentication) this behavior may be different so that you see the device on ADB but the authentication fails as you have encountered it.
Edit: Starting with Android 11 there seems to be a new feature called ADB Authorization Timeout. By default this is set to 7 days. I did not had the chance to test this in reality but this looks like Android 11 device automatically "forget" the adb authorization(s) after a certain period of time. There is an option in developer options to permanently disable this functionality.
Comment: No I used this computer to root the device originally like 3-4 years ago so adb was authorized. The android is like v4ish if I remember correctly.

Android ADB Key Not Working


Do I need to root ( unlock boot loader) to flash Factory image for Nexus 5

Question: Do I need to unlock boot loader to flash official factory image of Android L Preview ? And will it void warranty? Is it rooting the phone ? I have never rooted phone before and I don't wish to do so. Please provide useful link on how to flash such images.
Answer: Yes you need to unlock the bootloader to flash the factory image.
Yes it will void your warranty but you can lock your bootloader again and reset the tamper flag to get the warranty back
No unlocking bootloader is not rooting.
Here is the useful link.

Unlocking bootloader
Flashing factory image
Comment: One more question.. Can I roll back to Android 4.4.4 from Android L preview? Just in case its too buggy.. And if yes what is the process to do so..
Comment: @abhi yes you can. You can just flash 4.4.4 or other factory image just like the L preview. Between the preview version is laggy
Comment: thanks a lot Sammer..can I use Nexus Root Tool to unlock> Flash L> Relock ?
Comment: @abhi I never tried Wugfresh tool. I heard few device got into bootloop when using rootkits, so always go with manually typing the command.
Answer: I think in the USA it should not void your warranty as it is regulated by law and the manufacturer must prove you actively damaged your phone in the the process (which would be at least funny if you are putting a Google Android Image on a Nexus phone and following the steps Google itself published, for example).
The Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act states on Title 15 of US Code, Chapter 15 (Consumer Product Warranties), Section 2304 (c) that the manufacturer must prove the damage inflicted by the user to void the warranty, as explained  on this video.
In the European Union there is an equivalent ruling on EU Directive 1999/44/CE


The use of the word "lend" in context

Question: Can I use lend to mean something helps something? For example:

Learning other languages lends to understanding your native one.
Comment: Did you mean **leads**?
Answer: You can use lend in the sense you want, but the sentence needs to be rephrased.
From Merriam-Webster's definition of lend:

2 b : to adapt or apply (oneself) readily : ACCOMMODATE
  // a topic that lends itself admirably to class discussion

So, in terms of your sentence, it should be rephrased to something like this:

? Learning other languages lends to understanding your native one.
→ ✔ The learning of other languages lends itself to understanding your native one.
Comment: Yes, with itself, for sure.
Answer: We normally expect the "indirect object" of lend (literal or figurative) to be a noun, not an infinitive-based clause. So in theory, OP's example could be "corrected" to...

1: Learning other languages lends [you, one] an understanding of your native one.

I can't say exactly why that one doesn't work for me, whereas...

2: Learning other languages lends [you] an air of sophistication.

...seems perfectly okay. Note that the figurative usage (and indeed the literal sense) normally involves something being temporarily "reassigned". But in constructions like those above, lends would more accurately be understood as equivalent to confers upon.

It may be that the only reason I don't like #1 (whereas I'm quite happy with #2), is because the figurative usage isn't all that common in general. But the specific collocation lends an air of [authority, authenticity, whatever] is actually quite common - it's something of a "set phrase".
OR it's possible the reason an air / appearance [of some quality] is particularly likely to be "lent" is because appearing to have that quality isn't really the same as actually having it (you only seem to have it because of something about your context that temporarily gives that impression). In which context it's worth noting that...

3: His deep voice lends authority to his words

...could be seen as temporarily making the words seem [more] authoritative, in that the implication is they wouldn't be so "authoritative" if spoken by someone else with a reedier voice.

The use of the word "lend" in context


How do you define a project for a web developer?

Question: Say I have a comprehensive web app I want developed through a freelancer on Odesk.com
What is the best way to effectively describe the entire project, goals and requirements?
Any examples on this would be greatly appreciated.
Comment: @levi: Off topic on SO?
Comment: Where would be a better place to post this?
Comment: Perhaps programmers?
Comment: @levi: programmers.stackexchange.com will be the better place?
Comment: My bad, Ill try one of the other sites.
Answer: As a website developer, I can tell you what really helps me (and my company) avoid miscommunications and delays that follow.

Have a well defined project outline. If your needs are comprehensive, you need to show that you have thought it through very thoroughly. A serious website developer will know to avoid a project that is open-ended, and chances are good that a hungry freelancer will pick up your job instead and later regret it as it gets beyond what he thought he was signing onto. More information up front, using electronic documents (not scanned paper), will make your job very attractive.
If you cannot provide mockups, point to several websites that have elements that you like. Do not point to one website and say "copy them, they look great." A good designer should be able to incorporate ideas from the sites you point to without plagiarizing anything. The end result should be something that is unique to you without the additional overhead of describing your vision in words only.
Have a budget in mind to go along with that well defined project outline. Most likely, your website developer will be telling you "I cannot do all these features within your budget" and will engage in dialog to help meet your needs. I cannot speak for everyone, but my company never targets a client's max budget. Instead we provide modular quotes that target a budget range, and the customer decides how far their money should go. It's generally a very bad idea to use your entire budget up front. Leave room to spare, because as your project evolves new expenses will be found. It will really strain the relationship between you and the developer(s) if you try to add new requirements without additional compensation, so be prepared--it will likely happen.
Do not quote the project to death. Your developers will not forget that it took 20+ hours to quote the job. Suggestions 1-3 above will really help avoid that situation.

That really isn't a complete list, but I hope it helps point you in the right direction. To summarize: Get your project specifications together, be serious about your project, have a reasonable budget, and you should be able to find a developer that can work well with you.
Answer: Just tell us what you want, don't try and use technology buzz words that you don't actually know about.  I see too many requirements that say they want an HTML5/CSS3 application when they truly don't know what that means...
Let the web developer translate your business needs into his/her technical requirements.
Answer: Creating a mockup (you can do this with the help of online tools if you're not sure to physically meet with the developper) might be a good way to proceed, perhaps completed with an explanatory text providing the context, goal and targeted audience for the app.
Mockups have the huge advantage of expressing many things in a more intuitive and clear way than many words would, and it also helps you to get your ideas straightened out while you build it.
In my experience that contributes to avoiding getting the developer confused with too long and detailed requirement documents.


Vugen Replay Error due to certificate : SSL protocol error when attempting to connect with host

Question: am trying to record an HTTPS application , i have recorded it with Socket level and Winlnet level data with the auto SSL detect option uncheked.Successfully created the scipt. the script was created with a default web_set_certificate_ex function. But while replaying script was failing saying "SSL protocol error when attempting to connect with host "
Also tried enabling Winlnet instead of sockets in RTS - > Preference , got an error "INTERNET_OPTION_SECURITY_SELECT_CLIENT_CERT"
Answer: GoTo Runtime settings preference and check replay in wintlet mode. it will work fine


What happens when I sign out of my Nintendo ID?

Question: If I sign out of the Nintendo Network ID on my new 3DS XL, will all my downloaded games be deleted even if they are on the SD card?
Answer: It depends on how you do it. Ultimately, the 3DS is only designed to have one account assigned to it. If you remove that account, the system will be treated as "new". Ultimately, you will lose access to the games, wither through the format, or though stripped access privileges.
Some people state that the console must be formatted, which will delete all games and data.

go to settings and completely format the system, thats the only way.

However some say that the account can be removed without affecting the downloaded games, by erasing your NNID. However you will lose rights to the games you downloaded (to stop pirating).

the only way possible is by erasing your nintendo network id [...] also you will permanently lose all rights to software titles purchased or downloded in nintendo eshop


Why do standard cells typically have slower timing with high temperature, and faster timing with low temperature?

Question: Threshhold voltage typically falls with increasing temperature, which would seem to indicate that high temperature operating conditions should result in faster gates than low temperature OCs. However, standard cells typically have slower timing with high temperature, and faster timing with low temperature. What is the physical explanation as to why this is the case? I would guess that it has to do with the carrier mobility.
Answer: High temperature implies more thermal noise and random collisions of electrons, thus device resistance goes up and electron mobility goes down.
If resistance goes up then the RC constant(s) across the device nodes will be higher and speed will be lower, as speed is inversely related to RC.
edit: to address 2nd comment
From 'CMOS, Cirucit Design, Layout, and Simulation' R. Baker p 176:
(w/ respect to temperature effects)--

For digital applications, the change in threshold voltage is usually
  negligible compared to the mobility changes; that is, the mobility
  changing generally has a much greater impact on the propagation delay
  than does the threshold voltage.
Comment: I would expect the drop in threshold voltage to have a larger effect than the change in RC.
Comment: For example, even an unloaded standard cell will typically have faster timing with low temperature. I don't think the effects of internal RC change alone could offset the timing changes due to threshold voltage change.


Does Blender support importing/exporting REDlog color format?

Question: I'm a VFX supervisor for a student film, and they are filming with a RED camera with REDlog.  I haven't found a sure answer anywhere, so I want to confirm: can REDlog video/color be preserved when imported into Blender (as the effect background) and exported with the effect applied as an image sequence?  If so, what methods do I need to do to ensure that that happens?
Answer: Not as video, given that Blender will only import video at a down bitted 8 bits per channel, and potentially dubiously at that.
If you export to a proper still format such as a TIFF, not DPX as Blender's DPX code has been horribly broken for years, you can. This would require an OCIO stanza to properly convert it to the reference space.
Other option is to output a scene referred linear EXR with REC.709 primaries, or in the native RED gamut and write a simple OCIO stanza to handle the conversion.

can REDlog video/color be preserved when imported into Blender (as the
  effect background) and exported with the effect applied as an image
  sequence?

It is impossible to preserve a wider gamut in a smaller gamut if you intend to conduct any manipulations on the pixels. This is a bit of a tricky area so I'll leave it at that to avoid boring you into submission. By default, Blender uses a REC.709 based reference space, and almost every single camera sensor on the market can record a wider gamut than the REC.709 / sRGB reference lights can represent. The only way around this is to use a wider reference space, and that is another topic altogether.
Comment: Will ffmpeg read RED? EDIT: I guess the RedCine X Pro utility is still available to convert the files?
Comment: RedCine X Pro is available, so I have that for conversions.  I just wasn't sure if there was a more native way.  I would prefer doing image sequences anyway, since it's more manageable.
 Sorry, OCIOs are beyond me.  What are those exactly, and how would I create/modify those?  A good reference link would be fine if it's too much for here :)
Comment: Use RedCine to convert to scene referred EXRs, in REC.709 and you are good to go. OCIO is the colour management library for Blender. Be sure to set REC.709 (at D65), or your colour primaries won't line up with your CGI. Half float is more than enough. If you are supervising, you really should take the time to learn these things.
Comment: I jumped into the supervisor role fairly recently, so I'm trying to catch up.  I've been studying color spaces before now, but apparently not enough.  Thank you so much :)
Comment: Feel free to email or ping me if you encounter issues. The key thing to strive for is a scene referred model throughout your pipeline. It will make the work infinitely easier and far more seamless.


3-number score?

Question: I'm reading some novels by Hugh de Selincourt about village cricket in England. The scores are given as three numbers (e.g. 37—3—13). The first two seem to be runs so far (37) and wickets lost (3). What is the third number (13)?
Comment: Maybe runs-wickets-overs?
Answer: The third number will be the number of overs completed.
While village cricket can take a number of forms, the number of overs played is always somewhat limited.
Village cricket was playing 20-over games long before it was popularised as a professional T20 format.  The planned time is often just a Sunday afternoon, or a game will start at 6pm after work - of course there is only available light.  Then due to the vagaries of summer weather, often games are shortened at the agreement of the two captains to fewer overs to ensure both teams get an innings in the available playing time.

3-number score?


Help with armatures

Question: I'm trying to rig a gate to be able to open, but I'm not sure how. I want to be able to rotate the top bar then have the others follow naturally with gravity. How would I do this?
Answer: I'm not sure this is exactly what you want but let's try:

Create your bones. Only bone 4 is parented to bone 1.
Give bones 2 & 3 a Copy Rotation constraint with bone 1 as Target.
Give bone 4 a Track To constraint with bone 3 as Target, Head/Tail > 1, Space > Pose Space <-> Pose Space.

When you rotate bone 1 the other ones should follow.

Help with armatures


how to find factors of very big number

Question: i need to find factors of very big number say (10^1000) . i.e if input is 100 then output should be 10 10 because (10*10=100) .this is very simple if N<=size of (long) but i want to know how it will be possible to find factors of very big number say (10^1000). also i cant use Big Integer .
.
Comment: This is a hard problem. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer_factorization.
Comment: Might be worth asking this on http://math.stackexchange.com/
Comment: Are you serious? This is only computable theoretically. Practically this can take decades. Many encryption algorithms (like AES) use this and would not be safe if you could compute quickly.
Comment: Cross posted to http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/923724/how-to-find-factors-of-very-big-number.
Answer: 1) As has been pointed out, factoring large numbers is hard.  It is in fact sufficiently hard that it's the basis for RSA public key cryptography, or in other words every time you buy something online, you are counting on the fact that it's hard to factor numbers of the order 2^2048 (given 2^10 = 1024 which is about 10^3, 2^2048 is about 10^600).  While RSA specifically uses two large prime numbers and your random N may have lots of small numbers which will help somewhat, I wouldn't count on being able to factor 10^1000 +/- some random value anytime soon.
2) You can definitely reimplement big number library using strings [source: I had a classmate who did it before we learned about how to do big number math] but it's going to be painfully slow, and you basically have to cast your strings back to ints each time; a slightly less painful approach if you wanted to reimplmeent big numbers is arrays of integers.  You still need to do some extra steps, but for doing at least basic math, it's not super difficult.  (But it still won't be as efficient as specialized big number libraries, which can do clever algorithms.  For example, multiplying 2 big numbers the straight forward way would be let A = P * 2^32 + Q (i.e. A is a 64 bit number represented as an array of 2 32 bit numbers) and B  = R * 2^32 + S... the straightforward way takes 4 multiplactions plus some additions plus some dealing with carries).  As the size of the big number increases, there are ways (see e.g. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karatsuba_algorithm) to reduce the number of multipication required)
3) (There are algorithms to more efficiently factor numbers compared to trial factorization, but the current ones are still not going to help compute the numbers you're asking about before the heat death of the universe)
Answer: 10^1000 has exactly 1,002,001 integer divisors, and they should be very easy to find with a bit of thinking. The prime factorisation is
2 * 2 * 2 * ... * 5 * 5 * 5
with exactly 1,000 twos and exactly 1,000 fives.
Comment: this is really good . but i need to find factors for any N (N<=10^1000) ,can it be done using strings , if yes any help .
Comment: If you want to ask a different question, ask a different question. I answered the question that was asked.
Comment: For most N this is hard. So hard that it isn't a programming problem, but a mathematical problem.

how to find factors of very big number


What is the symmetry of dxy orbital?

Question: Considering the sign of orbital and assuming the $z$-axis as a principal axis, for me, it looks like that it has two perpendicular $C_2$ axes that penetrate the lobes, so I think it is $C_\mathrm{2v}$. But the book (Inorganic chemistry by Miessler and Tarr) says it is $D_\mathrm{2h}$.
Answer: Note that $C_\mathrm{2v}$ is a subgroup of $D_\mathrm{2h}$. This means that you're just overlooking some of the symmetry elements. In addition to the $C_2$ axes penetrating the lobes "end to end", you also have a $C_2$ axis perpendicular to the orbital plane through its center.
Your $C_\mathrm{2v}$ guess is also inconsistent because that point group only has one $C_2$ axis, but you said yourself that you already found two.
Comment: Thank you for your comment. I misunderstood the criteria for C and D groups. Now it makes sense!
Answer: Imagine that the $x$ axis and $y$ axis lobes have a  different color (phase). Locate the principal axis, that of highest rotational symmetry, if there is more than one just choose one. A $C_2$ or 180 degree rotation will make the orbital indistinguishable from its starting position if this points out of the plane of the orbital (i.e. I choose this to be along $z$ if orbital is in $xy$-plane). Any 'D' point group has a 2-fold, $C_2$ or 180 degree rotation axis, perpendicular to the principal axis so the $\mathrm{d}_{xy}$ belongs to the  $D_\mathrm{2h}$  point group. You can check other symmetry elements by looking at the point group table. A $C_\mathrm{2v}$ molecule, i.e. one with symmetry of water molecule, has no 2-fold axis perpendicular to the principal axis. If you do not distinguish $x$ and $y$ with 'color' the orbital will have $D_\mathrm{4h}$ symmetry.
Comment: OMG I just misunderstood that if there is a perpendicular C2 axis, then it goes to C group. Thank you for your kind explanation & correction.

What is the symmetry of dxy orbital?


Microsoft exhange server under squid proxy

Question: There are 10 systems with Windows XP connected via proxy under squid in my office. Now we thought of using Microsoft Exchange Server in all those systems. How to configure Microsoft Exchange Server under squid?
Answer: Squid & Exchange are not particularity related...
If you are using Outlook & connecting locally to Exchange, you will use MAPI and hence not hit Squid.
If you are using Outlook & connecting to a non local Exchange server using RPC over HTTP you will potentially use Squid - it normally works fine, if you have a specific error let us know.  Alternatively since you won't get any benefits using Squid for Exchange connectivity you can avoid the issues and place an exception for you Exchange server in your proxy.pac file.
If you are using OWA (webmail) then you will use Squid and perhaps get a slight performance benefit from caching the OWA site, although since you connect by HTTPS I'm not sure of the top of my head if Squid will cache the images.
In conclusion using Squid specifically to connect to microsoft exchange server will give you little or no benefit.  That's not to say it won't benefit you in other ways.
Perhaps a bit more detail in your question will help us to answer it better.
Comment: I've used SQUID as a transparent proxy for OWA before as well to limit footprint on the Internet.
Answer: Indeed RPC over HTTP does work fine - but it generally dislikes authentication, so if your squid is using authentication, that is one place to look if you have trouble.
Additionally, it can be hard to get outlook to recognise the proxy - the proxycfg commandline tool is useful here.


Why there is difference between output of linux command du and ls?

Question: I have a file in linux machine whose size is 3404494030 upon doing "ls -l". When I do "ls -lh" it shows 3.2 GB which is correct when converted from bytes to Gigabytes. But when I do "du -h" for the same file, it shows 4 GB. I have tried on many instances but I have found that there is inconsistency between the output of "ls" and "du". I also tried to see the size of the file using filezilla client (ftp client on windows) by right clicking on the file and monitoring its size through the file properties. The output of "ls" and filezilla matches. I am using CentOS and I am wondering if it is a bug of "du" or is there a problem in my understanding of "du".
There is a similar question asked earlier. I checked it and found it to be a trivial question.
Answer: ls shows space allocated for file.
du shows amount of space actually used by file.
Answer: Sparse Files:
$ dd if=/dev/zero of=sparse.img bs=1M seek=1024 count=0
$ ls -lh sparse.img
-rw-rw-r-- 1 ruiqi ruiqi 1.0G Nov 26 11:23 sparse.img
$ du sparse.img
0   sparse.img

Comment: I think my file is not a sparse file. I am not sure whether your example is applicable in my case because for my file "du" shows 4 GB which is greater than the output of "ls" which is only 3.2 GB


Member Identification Card

Question: Our members often receive discounts in our community as a benefit to their membership. Is there a way to pull their membership data into an online membership card or something? I am just thinking like an image that pulls member's name, membership level, current standing, and member since date. Then member could either save it to their phone or print it out.
Answer: Apologies. This is a Drupal answer and I know you are on Wordpress, but this ticket might attract drupal users too so thought I would outline the approach.
There is a View you can download here which provides the logged in user a block with their Membership status etc, and this could be modified to include other fields including image. Using the Print module, or Views PDF this could then have a download option for the user to 'take it away'.
Answer: I have implemented membership cards, however on a custom basis. This has been from the back office side of things.
Your specification of a member printing their own card is intriguing, though that too would be a bit of custom code.
Regardless of who prints it, CiviCRM has nice abilities to generate PDF's from custom code so pretty much whatever format you want is possible. These days PDF's can even generally be sent to actual ID Card printers (ala the plastic cards).  I am working on one such project now.
As a potential way around the custom formatting... you might be able to define a printed label in the standard CiviCRM that mirrors the badge you would like and you might be able to use that to print badges (though likely just from the back end).
Comment: Don't think you can use labels - that will only do addresses. And Name badges will only work with searches done by event participants, so can't be used on contacts or memberships! I'd quite like a way of printing membership cards, though I'd love to push people towards the online alternative.
Answer: If you want an online membership card, then you could email it to them. You cannot use the receipt message from sign up as that is text only, but if you do a mailing template you can make a nice design with HTML and you can include the membership fields (as long as you find the records through a membership search). I think you might need the Fuzion tokens extension - can't remember now precisely what I needed it for.

Member Identification Card


Is "你什么名字? " correct?

Question: Tatoeba contains this sentence: 你什么名字?.
Usually the phrase "What is your name?" is translated as "你叫什么名字?".
Is "你什么名字?" correct?
Comment: It is correct, but rude.
Comment: I don't think we can appraise Chinese sentences via English.  (E.g. 你叫什么名字? = "you called what name?" is also incorrect in English.)
Comment: "你什么名字" = "you what name?" Do you think it is ok. to say that in English?
Comment: Don't you find "What is your name?" equally impolite in English? unless of course you are a police officer interrogating a suspect.
Comment: To be fair, any translation software would translate it literally that way. There are many polite ways to ask someone's name in a normal social setting, and "你什么名字" is not one of them.
Answer:
What is idiomatic in English does not mean its literal counterpart is idiomatic in Chinese. For instance, we don't say 你多老 for 'How old are you?' – that would be surely a mistranslation.

Grammaticality and idiomaticity are separate things. I must disagree with r13's claim that 你什麼名字 is ungrammatical because it lacks a verb. It is at most unidiomatic (except in very limited circumstances, e.g. police interrogation as suggested by Wayne Cheah). Many Chinese sentences are of the topic-comment construction which permits the absence of a verb:

這個人個子很高。 lit. Regarding this person (topic), his stature is tall (comment).

Also, just because you can insert a verb into the verbless sentence does not prove the verbless sentence is ungrammatical.

Honorifics are idiomatic in Chinese when it comes to salutatory or courteous exchanges. It is especially not a good idea to translate expressions into Chinese literally in these instances. For example, we use 您 (honorific 2nd person singular pronoun) and 貴姓 ('surname', honorific) when we ask for someone's surname (depending on the context, it can be rude if we ask for someone's full name):

a. 請問你姓什麼?
b. 請問您姓什麼?
c. 請問您貴姓?

Of course, when you are meeting someone for the first time, when that person shares a similar social status to you, and when you want to be especially courteous, you may ask for their full name like so:

請問該怎麼稱呼您? lit. How may I address you?

These examples are not exhaustive. But they are much more idiomatic expressions than 你什麼名字.
Comment: I agree this explanation is better, but I still don't think "你什么名字?" is correct except in police interrogation as mentioned.
Answer: 你什么名字? is grammatically correct, however does feel somewhat rude, as if less words were included because you cared too little to include them.
I can understand you feel it might be grammatically incorrect, but if we look at phrases like 你什么时候去ta的家?, it's basically using the same construction (no word between the 你 and the question word 什么时候). The only reason this one feels more grammatically correct than the other is because we have gotten used to hearing this construction frequently.

Is "你什么名字? " correct?


How to Revive my Lemon Tree?

Question:
My pink variegated lemon tree is less than a year old and this is its first winter. Until a week ago its leaves were droopy, but still bright green. I took it home with my over christmas and think that the transporting in the cold weather may have been the cause of this. Now all its leaves are really dry and falling off. What can I do to revive him?
Comment: What is the mix you've potted this tree?  And if you stick your finger in the mix, is it very wet?
Comment: My lemon tree recovered from looking this bad, but it took a few years.  The first spring after getting damaged by cold two leaves appeared near the bottom, on a new shoot, and nothign else.  So I cut off all the dead wood
Comment: @Graham, I only water if the soil is dry a couple inches down and the tree is potted in Miracle-Gro cactus, palm, and citrus potting mix (fast draining formula). I also watered the free with about 12oz of water mixed with the recommended dosage of a fertilizer a couple days ago.
Comment: @Chris, did you take off all the dead leaves on your tree? Im hesitating to because I don't want to take them off if there's a chance they will perk up again. Also, I can't tell if the "trunk" is alive- it's green, but so are the dried up leaves. Welcoming any recommendations of what steps to take next- i've become quite attached to this tree and can't stand thinking ive killed it.
Comment: Most of them fell off quite quickly after first drying out, but there were a few left on the dead bits when I cut them off. I don't think those leaves are going to recover though
Answer: First of all, lighly scratch the bark to see if it's green under the superficial brown layer. If it's green, it is still alive.
To promote new growth remove all leaves because once the plant figures out that it has no more leaves, it will send out new shoots.
To avoid new branches to form in a random pattern and to avoid the plant dividing its energy between lots of new shoots, cut off all the branches and most part of the stem. Keep only the lower part of the stem where the first 2 branches were, just about a few cm above the second one.
Be careful when you remove those branches not to damage the area right beneath them. That area containes epicormic buds that will generate new shoots that will later grow to become branches.
Answer: I just saved my lemon tree. Sorry I can't share it in a photo.
All the leaves were dying and I saw that its branch was green so I just removed all the leaves. After a week nothing had happened but its branch was slowly drying from the top to bottom.

So I cut the top drying branch until I saw green on top.
I put some coffee ground because it is high in nitrogen.
Then I also mixed a part of hydrogen peroxide and a part or two of water. You don't need much. I used paper clothes to damp it. Then water the branches. That's all.

It started growing slowly. I'm sure you could put it in a spray bottle. New leaves started growing.

How to Revive my Lemon Tree?


How do I make clicking on the second monitor screen not minimize my game?

Question: I recently switched over to a dual monitor setup and am still getting to know the features.  I've noticed that whenever I mouse over from a game onto a browser (Chrome) and clicked, it would minimize the game from my primary monitor (the browser being opened on my secondary monitor).
This is very annoying and I can't figure out a way to fix this.
Comment: Which games?  Often games have a fullscreen mode and a windowed mode.  You may need to be in windowed mode to select out of the game.  You could get more specific help with at least one example game.
Comment: @Brythan, you should turn that comment into answer. I think many folks, like OP, don't know the game itself is relevant. This Q may as well serve as a place for that knowledge.
Answer: This only happens if you run a game in full screen mode.
If you go to options => graphics in this particular game and turn the display to windowed / borderless, it'll solve your problem.
Then the game will stay open in the background, while you can manage other programs (e.g. Chrome) and turn back to the game afterwards.
Note that if you use your mouse to scroll than this won't be a problem, most games lock the mouse to their "windowed fullscreen".
Try it out and I hope you succeed.
Comment: Other names: "Borderless Window", "Full Window", "Windowed (no border)". It's also worth noting most games older than 1~2 years do NOT have this option, and even some recent ones also don't.
Comment: If your game doesn't support borderless windowed, there's a nice AutoHotKey-script that makes this option available for any application or game: http://www.autohotkey.com/board/topic/78903-yabt-yet-another-borderless-window-toggle/.
Comment: Thanks for the additional information!
It's a shame some of the newer games still don't offer borderless displaying (e.g. Civ V).
Comment: Yeah, it's really a great option: runs like fullscreen, Alt-tab is instantaneous and multi monitor friendly.
Comment: @Kroltan Games like World of Warcraft have had this option forever. But you do get a slight reduction in FPS if you use it.
Comment: @Michael: the slight FPS reduction is still happening in some games, but these are minor problems in conjunction to the advantage of a quick tabbing.
Answer: I have that "problem" too, its not a problem but its really annoying sometimes. The thing is, some games only have either windowed or fullscreen mode and you can't switch to windowed borderless like in other games. Any idea how to keep it open in fullscreen?
Comment: This does not really answer the question. If you have a different question, you can ask it by clicking [Ask Question](https://gaming.stackexchange.com/questions/ask). To get notified when this question gets new answers, you can [follow this question](https://meta.stackexchange.com/q/345661). Once you have enough [reputation](https://gaming.stackexchange.com/help/whats-reputation), you can also [add a bounty](https://gaming.stackexchange.com/help/privileges/set-bounties) to draw more attention to this question. - [From Review](/review/late-answers/312575)


Updating a text field from the URL from WebKit

Question: First off let me say that I am VERY new to COCOA but I am learning.  I have a simple web browser built.  It loads a default page, takes URLs from a text field, even has google search.  The problem I'm running in to is updating the textfeild with the current URL.  I have the code as follows...
In the .h is...
<code>#import <Cocoa/Cocoa.h>
#import <WebKit/WebKit.h>

@interface MustangAppDelegate : NSObject <NSApplicationDelegate> {
    NSWindow *window;
    NSTextField *googleSearch;
    WebView *webView;
    NSTextField *addressBar;
}

@property (assign) IBOutlet NSWindow *window;
@property (nonatomic, retain) IBOutlet NSTextField *googleSearch;
@property (nonatomic, retain) IBOutlet WebView *webView;
@property (nonatomic, retain) IBOutlet NSTextField *addressBar;

- (IBAction)googleSearch:(id)sender;
- (IBAction)homeAction:(id)sender;
- (IBAction)addressBar:(id)sender;
@end
</code>
In the .m I have a bunch so I'll put in what I think is relevant here...
<code>#import "MustangAppDelegate.h"

@implementation MustangAppDelegate

@synthesize window;
@synthesize googleSearch;
@synthesize webView;
@synthesize addressBar;

- (void)webView:(WebView *)sender didStartProvisionalLoadForFrame:(WebFrame *)frame {
    NSURLRequest *currentRequest = [webView request];
    NSURL *currentURL = [currentRequest URL];
    addressBar.stringValue = currentURL.absoluteString;
}
</code>
The code for the above method never get's called.  Like I said, I'm very new to OBC & Cocoa but have been programming in things like Perl for many years.  Seems like I'm missing some connectivity because I get a warning with the above code that states WebView may not respond to the request.  I dug around to find that code but it still seems like I'm missing something...
Thanks
Mike
Answer: Just CTRL + drag the -frameLoadDelegate from the IB to the App Delegate of your application, Mustang
use -didFinishLoadForFrame for the URL
and if you need the title use, -didRecieveTitle.
Hope it helped !


Broken spark plug white portion cracked

Question: The white portion of the spark plug cracked while i was twisting it off and now i cant get the plug out and the 10mm for some reason wont get out either
Comment: Welcome to Motor Vehicle Maintenance & Repair! What exactly are you working on (year/make/model/engine of the vehicle)? What have you tried to get the spark plug out? Can you take a pic so we can see the condition? I've never experienced a spark plug which is only 10mm ... is this what you really meant to write? Need more information to be able to help you.
Answer: If you have the whole porcelain part of the spark plug and electrode etc, my advice would be to take the car or have it towed to a reputable shop/mechanic so that they can attemp to remove whats left of the plugs head and thread. Otherwise without the various tools garages have you may end up causing more damage to the cylinder head etc.
Unfortunately if the thread is seized in, & the porcelain or head of the spark plug has sheared or broken, then you'll likely need to have the cylinder head removed, so that any broken bits of plug can be removed from the combustion chamber.
If nothing at all has fallen into the combustion chamber.. Some will try and get the plug thread etc out with a slot head screwdriver which I've done myself, however unless the thread is already loosened and this is done correctly, you can easily damage the plug threads in the cylinder head and the tapered seat too.
Even if the thread does come out you must be 100% sure that there's nothing left in the combustion chamber, as any broken bits of spark plug or swarf trapped in there can damage the engine.

Broken spark plug white portion cracked


ADO.NET (WCF) Data Services Query Interceptor Hangs IIS

Question: I have an ADO.NET Data Service that's supposed to provide read-only access to a somewhat complex database.
Logically I have table-per-type (TPT) inheritance in my data model but the EDM doesn't implement inheritance. (Limitation of Data Services and navigation properties on derived types. STILL not fixed in .NET 4!) I can query my EDM directly (using a separate project) using a copy of the query I'm trying to run against the web service, results are returned within 10 seconds. Disabling the query interceptors I'm able to make the same query against the web service, results are returned similarly quickly. I can enable some of the query interceptors and the results are returned slowly, up to a minute or so later. Alternatively, I can enable all the query interceptors, expand less of the properties on the main object I'm querying, and results are returned in a similar period of time. (I've increased some of the timeout periods)
Up til this point Sql Profiler indicates the slow-down is the database. (That's a post for a different day) But when I enable all my query interceptors and expand all the properties I'd like to have the IIS worker process pegs the CPU for 20 minutes and a query is never even made against the database, ie the query never makes it past the web server. This implies to me that yes, my implementation probably sucks but regardless the Data Services "tier" is having an issue it shouldn't. WCF tracing didn't reveal anything interesting to my untrained eye.
Details:

Data model: Agent->Person->Student
Student has a collection of referrals
Students and referrals are private, queries against the web service should only return "your" students and referrals. This means Person and Agent need to be filtered too. Other entities (Agent->Organization->School) can be accessed by anyone who has authenticated.
The existing security model is poorly suited to perform this type of filtering for this type of data access, the query interceptors are complicated and cause EF to generate some entertaining sql queries.

Sample Interceptor
<code>[QueryInterceptor("Agents")]
    public Expression<Func<Agent, Boolean>> OnQueryAgents()
    {
        //Agent is a Person(1), Educator(2), Student(3), or Other Person(13); allow if scope permissions exist
    return ag =>
               (ag.AgentType.AgentTypeId == 1 || ag.AgentType.AgentTypeId == 2 || ag.AgentType.AgentTypeId == 3 || ag.AgentType.AgentTypeId == 13) &&
            ag.Person.OrganizationPersons.Count<OrganizationPerson>(op =>
                op.Organization.ScopePermissions.Any<ScopePermission>
                    (p => p.ApplicationRoleAccount.Account.UserName == HttpContext.Current.User.Identity.Name && p.ApplicationRoleAccount.Application.ApplicationId == 124) ||
                op.Organization.HierarchyDescendents.Any<OrganizationsHierarchy>(oh => oh.AncestorOrganization.ScopePermissions.Any<ScopePermission>
                    (p => p.ApplicationRoleAccount.Account.UserName == HttpContext.Current.User.Identity.Name && p.ApplicationRoleAccount.Application.ApplicationId == 124))) > 0;
    }
</code>
The query interceptors for Person, Student, Referral are all very similar, ie they traverse multiple same/similar tables to look for ScopePermissions as above.
Sample Query
This sample query is just that, a sample, intended to illustrate to third parties how to access the data using the provided web service. I realize a production query wouldn't have that many expands. (But also remember that to get the entire object in the OOP sense I need an Agent, Person, and Student row.)
<code>var referrals =
            (from r in service.Referrals
                 .Expand("Organization/ParentOrganization")
                 .Expand("Educator/Person/Agent")
                 .Expand("Student/Person/Agent")
                 .Expand("Student")
                 .Expand("Grade")
                 .Expand("ProblemBehavior")
                 .Expand("Location")
                 .Expand("Motivation")
                 .Expand("AdminDecision")
                 .Expand("OthersInvolved")
             where
                 r.DateCreated >= coupledays &&
                 r.DateDeleted == null
             select r);
</code>
Any suggestions or tips would be greatly associated, for fixing my current implementation or in developing a new one, with the caveat that existing database logic can't be changed (though I can add to it) and that ultimately I need to expose a large portion of the database via a web service that limits data access to the data authorized for, for the purpose of data integration with multiple outside parties. These outside parties will be performing regular batch jobs to import our data into their database/data-warehouse.
THANK YOU!!!
UPDATE: Posted this issue on MSDN, received similar feedback. http://social.msdn.microsoft.com/Forums/en-US/adodotnetdataservices/thread/1ccfc96c-dd35-4879-b36b-57e915d5e02f/
Comment: Just a quick note: EF can handle navigations on derived types mapped using TPT... it is Data Services that can't.
Comment: Ah, good catch, too much time banging my head against the wall and I got that mixed up. Thanks.
Answer: I'm just guessing here... but doing that many expands is almost never a good idea. The query will undoubtedly expand into some pretty awful SQL, that could easily cause timeouts.
Add TPT to the equation and things only get worse :(
Alex


Rear sprocket clicks or points of engagement

Question: I'm a dad learning about BMX racing and I want to know what the difference is between a sprocket which the bike shop says as 90 odd clicks, then starts talking about points of engagement. Does the amount of clicks have anything to do with the points of engagement or they totally separate meanings ?
Comment: Since you're dadding it up, I suspect the flasher freewheel costs a lot more, weighs less, and is made of titanium.   Your kid won't really care.  These marginal gains would help differentiate pros who are at the top of their level, but you'll get more results out of participating, practicing, and being at the track together.  Talk technique as well as technology, learn to watch the track, pick the best line, video the races and watch it at home later to pick the moment where the race was won or lost.     BUT the first question should not be "Did you win?" it should be "Did you have fun?"
Comment: @Criggie I think your comment is completely unrelated to the question and completely uncalled for. The OP did not ask for parenting advice.
Comment: @andy256 I agree it is unrelated but absolutely true and worth far more than unobtanium frames or 0 gram tires. Perhaps a little lattitude for the most honest unasked question answered, and a wee bit of nostalgia :)
Comment: @andy256 Fair call.  I agree its not an answer, but its totally related and is a valid point, which is why its a comment not in the answer.  The point is: OP doesn't have to spend ludicrous money on race gear at this level.
Answer: Sounds to me like they're talking about the pawls inside the freewheel body.  The pawls click every time they bounce over a tooth.
Here's a freewheel opened to show two pawls and 20 teeth, which is two points of engagement and 20 clicks per wheel rotation.
At worst case, the pedals could move 20/360 of a full rotation (18 degrees)  before the pawls drop, catch, and then the power goes through the wheel.  The average will be 10/360 of a revolution before catching (that's 9 degrees of arc of the rear cog.)

In theory if there were 90 clicks, and everything else was the same, power would be transmitted to wheel from chain in 2 degrees on average, or a worst case of 4 degrees.

What's the point?  The more sooner the slack is taken up, the sooner the power comes.  When the rider's brain says GO the muscles have to move, the mechanicals have to move, then the bike has to accelerate.  All parts of this flow have slack or lag or tolerance or reaction time, that adds up and increases the overall delay.
So if someone is making a break, the extra lag between pushing hard on the pedal and getting moving may make a difference between catching the break or not.  (that's road speak - not sure if BMX has anything similar.  However brain says GO and power takes time to arrive, then that's not going to help)
What's the practical difference?  Assuming your bike has a generic "do everything" setup of:
 * 20" wheels (406-44)
 * 1.75" tyres
 * 45 tooth front chainring
 * 16 tooth rear cog
then the gear ratio is 2.81 meaning the rear wheel will revolve 2.81 times for one full pedal revolution, and the bike will go forward 4.2 metres, and the wheel is doing 80 RPM.
Two totally identical riders, one with a 20 point contact freewheel and the other with a 90 point contact freewheel both apply power at the same instant from coasting at 20 km/hour which is 5.56 metres/second:

18 degrees is 0.0375 rear wheel rotations before the pawls lock
9 degrees is .01875 rear wheel rotations before the pawls lock
4 degrees is .0083333333 rear wheel rotations before the pawls lock
2 degrees is .0041666666 rear wheel rotations before the pawls lock

So,

18 degrees is 11.8 cm of forward movement at 20 km/h
9 degrees is 5.9 cm of forward movement at 20 km/h
4 degrees is 2.6 cm of forward movement at 20 km/h
2 degrees is 1.3 cm of forward movement at 20 km/h

Note: If both riders are pedaling or stopped at the start line, then all this is irrelevant, because the bike will be tensed up, and the pawls will be ready to go, so 0 degrees of slack lost.
Comment: Just to clarify, the "number of clicks" is the number of teeth on that outer ring, while by "number of points of engagement" they *probably* mean the number of spring-loaded pawls on the inner ring.  (Though it's possible for a manufacturer to "cheat" and offset the pawls so that they get 2-4 times as many clicks as there are teeth, at the expense of a less robust unit.)
Comment: And this is a deadly accurate answer. Long story short is that this is an area the bike companies milked for all they could and it makes little discernible difference to an amateur and a lot of difference to the pocket book.
Comment: @DanielRHicks Yes sorry totally correct, I'll fix that.     My underlying point is that these expensive marginal gains are nothing compared to doing it together.   Its about the time, not the cost.


ligand binding fluorescent protein

Question: does anyone know of a fluorescent protein that upon binding of a substrate its fluorescence is activated? i've been looking on this and perhaps my keywords are not the right  ones. Thanks in advance
Comment: You can try looking for fluorescent sensors. These schemes sense (bind to) certain ions to increase fluorescence. BiFC (bi-fluorescence complementation) is a way to see fluorescence increase upon binding of two protein entities.
Comment: what is your substrate ?? Fluorescent proteins can be attached with a tag that specifically binds certain nucleic acid or protein domains..
Answer: There are only 3 classes of fluorescent proteins proteins known I think.  Two of them are relevant to your needs maybe.
The first are usually called 'fluorescent proteins'.  These proteins are usually derived from the A victoria jellyfish.  Its entirely passive in its fluorescence, but has been tuned to many levels of quantum yield and color.
There was a new sort of fluorescent protein cloned recently from japanese eels.  It is activated by binding to bilirubin.  Its so new that its not likely to be available, but there you go.
The third class would be the luciferases.  They are luminescent, not fluorescent but in producing light involves binding from a cofactor called luciferase which is oxidized to produce their light.  This is not really fluorescence since the electrical stimulation that causes light production is not from incident light, but since what you are looking for might not exist I wanted to remind you of the luciferases, which bind their redox substrates to activate.  The luciferin molecule actually varies as there are several classes of luciferase.  I think Flavin and NAD are the most common substrates.

ligand binding fluorescent protein


How to get the physical size of a file in Linux?

Question: I can use ls -l to get the logical size of a file, but is there a way to get the physical size of a file?
Comment: Please, define what you mean by "physical" size.
Answer: ls -l will give you the apparent size of the file, which is the number of bytes a program would read if it read the file from start to finish.  du would give you the size of the file "on disk".
By default, du gives you the size of the file in number of disk blocks, but you may use -h to get a human readable unit instead.  See also the manual for du on your system.
Note that with GNU coreutil's du (which is probably what you have on Linux),  using -b to get bytes implies the --apparent-size option.  This is not what you want to use to get number of bytes actually used on disk.  Instead, use --block-size=1 or -B 1.
With GNU ls, you may also do ls -s --block-size=1 on the file.  This will give the same number as du -B 1 for the file.

Example:
$ ls -l file
-rw-r--r--  1 myself wheel  536870912 Apr  8 11:44 file

$ ls -lh file
-rw-r--r--  1 myself wheel   512M Apr  8 11:44 file

$ du -h file
24K    file

$ du -B 1 file
24576   file

$ ls -s --block-size=1 file
24576 file

This means that this is a 512 MB file that takes about 24 KB on disk.  It is a sparse file (mostly zeros that are not actually written to disk but represented as logical "holes" in the file).  Sparse files are common when working with pre-allocated large files, e.g. disk images for virtual machines or swap files etc.  Creating a sparse file is quick, while filling it with zeros is slow (and unnecessary).
See also the manual for fallocate on your Linux system.
Comment: @SergiyKolodyazhnyy (sorry to reply late) No, `du` shows the amount of disk actually in use by the file, while the apparent size (logical size) shown by `ls` is how many bytes a program would be able to read from it.  If the file is sparse, some of the read bytes would be zeroes, but they would still be delivered to the program that read them (just not from disk).
Comment: @D'ArcyNader See updated answer.
Comment: Correct me if I misunderstand something, but it appears the first sentence is the other way around: https://stackoverflow.com/a/31437673/3701431 `du` would show  how much data can be actually read, while `ls` shows the extent to which disk sectors are allocated.
Comment: in which case this difference is important? can you make a practical example? thank you in advance.
Comment: This was a really good answer.
Comment: @Kusalananda  I create a file with `fallocate -l 1M file`, `ls -h file` shows 1M, `du -h file` shows 1M too. Why doesn't `du -h file`  show zero ?
Comment: @LewisChan I believe this partly depends on what filesystem you're using.  You may want to ask a new question about this (and provide more information when doing so).
Answer: I get the file size in bytes like this:
actualsize=$(du -b "${file}" | cut -f 1)


what does this sentence mean or is it capable of more than one interpretation?

Question: I welcome all the delegates on behalf of ABC corporation.
In this sentence, the phrase "on behalf of" makes the sentence quite ambiguous. My question is whether "I" refers to a delegate of ABC corporation or the "delegates" are from the ABC corporation.
Answer: The sentence is not ambiguous although it's not clear where the delegates are from or who they represent.
They may or may not be from ABC corporation; it's possible, although it seems unlikely, that a single corporation might send many delegates to a conference.
The speaker is a representative of ABC corporation and he/she welcomes the delegates (to one or other conference) in the name of the corporation.
Exactly what position the speaker holds is not specified. He/she may or may not be a delegate.


Is it wo you didi or wo you yí ge didi?

Question: Is it wo you didi or wo you yí ge didi?
I have a younger brother.
Do I use yi ge or not? I am confused about the yí ge?
Answer:
我有弟弟。
Wǒ yǒu dìdì.
我有一个弟弟。
Wǒ yǒu yīgè dìdì.

They're both grammatically correct, and almost the same in meaning.  But I feel it would be more normal to say the latter (我有一个弟弟);  by itself, the first one sounds a bit incomplete and childish.
Since Chinese doesn't have plural, the first example (strictly speaking) doesn't give a quantity of "younger brothers", whereas the second does.  Nevertheless, I expect most people would interpret the first as meaning "one younger brother", otherwise the speaker would have said something else like 我有两个弟弟 (wǒ yǒu liǎng gè dìdì).
Also note the second one is equivalent to:

我有个弟弟。
Wǒ yǒu gè dìdì.

So the 一 (yī) can be omitted too.

Beyond this, it seems more common to say 我有弟弟 within longer sentences (where the sentence doesn't seem as incomplete).  E.g.:

我有弟弟了。
Wǒ yǒu dìdì le.

where the 了 is the change-of-state 了, which implies you now have a younger brother, whereas before you didn't.  E.g. your mother just gave birth to a son.
Another related example:

Do you have a younger brother?
你有弟弟吗?
Nǐ yǒu dìdì ma?

Above, it's probably better to leave off the 一个 since the person might have more than one younger brother.
Comment: Thank you very much!

Is it wo you didi or wo you yí ge didi?


Auto resize Tiles in Windows 8

Question: Instead of manually sizing each tile, It would be interesting to have tiles expand or shrink depending on the usage or number of clicks. Is there by default such an autoresize feature available? Would be pretty useful on small screens like phones.
Answer: No the Windows 8 Start Screen is not designed to work this way. The size of the tiles is purely determined by what the user chooses for that tile and has two settings Larger and Smaller.
Also note the Windows Start Screen has nothing to do with that of the Windows Phone Start Screen.
Comment: I know they're not the same, but again it's a useful feature to have on a phone screen. If there isn't such a feature by default, there could be an app to do the same.

Auto resize Tiles in Windows 8


'ID No. issued to you by your government' field for Japanese Visa form

Question: I am an Indian student and am going to Japan for my summer internship this May. There is a field ID No. issued to you by your government which I am supposed to fill in the Visa application form. What should I fill here since Aadhar is still not authenticated by the Government of India as an identity number?
Answer: According to the Japanese consulate in New Zealand:

The visa application form asks for my "I.D. No. issued to you by your
government". What is this?
The governments of some countries give their citizens individual I.D. numbers. However, many countries
(including New Zealand) do not. It is Okay to leave this section blank
if your country does not have such I.D. numbers.

For India that number is the Aadhaar. While it may not be fully recognized as the official number for some purposes, it's better to put it into the application, as it's the de facto national ID. Likewise SSN is not the official number of US citizens, but it's recommended to use it for Japanese visa forms.
Comment: Although Japanese authorities will not really care if you write anything in there as they don't check national IDs, putting something legit in there can't hurt you at all.


How would you spell this Chinese name?

Question: I met a young lady the other day who told me her name was "Jinyin".
That is how it's pronounced, but not necessarily how it's spelled.
In fact, I don't think that's how it is spelled at all.
Could someone tell me what would be the English spelling of this name?
Comment: I'm voting to close this question as off-topic because it is too local to be helpful to other Chinese learners.
Answer: Was she pretty? Can you get me her telephone number?! Haha!
Maybe it is 金云 = jin yun = gold cloud (yun can sound like yin sometimes)
金莹 = jin ying = gold shiny gem
Maybe she has a surname in front of this name, which she didn't mention, or maybe her surname is 金 = jin = gold (surnames come first in Chinese)
Comment: +1 for the first part.
Answer: Jinyin is a valid pair of 2 syllables in Pinyin (the official Mandarin transcription) composed of jin + yin. Take into consideration, that you might have misheard one or both finals, so Jingyin, Jinying or even Jingying is possible. (the -n and -ng finals are pretty close to each other and one might occasionally confuse them).
Actually some Westerners also might confuse the j- and q- initials, so a name beginning with Q- is also possible.
Next time you meet hear, ask her to spell her name in Pinyin.
PS. I wouldn't bother trying to make a guess on the meaning or the characters of the name, there are so many possibilities. Ask her to write it down.
Answer: The Chinese has many homophones, so it's difficult to know the exact words if you just know the pronunciation without the context. For a girl name, Jinyin probably is 金银 or 谨茵. You'd better ask her how to spell her name next time. :)

How would you spell this Chinese name?


how to animate dripping substance

Question:
I want to sculpt a human figure but have it so it's made of a thick dripping substance (image as example - without the gaps in body). I just want to gather thoughts on how exactly create this so I know what I'm getting into with how the dripping parts will be animated. Thanks.
Answer: Well...
I would first assume to use blenders fluid simulation but that has restrictions. If you don't want the animation to be exported to a game or anything that requires animation exporting, don't use this method. If it is just for a still image or an internal animation, GREAT!!!
Blenders fluids have the option to change the viscosity of liquids (Thickness) so it will work perfectly for your needs. You can use either use your mesh or a child object as the inflow object. Create a domain, and bake it once you have animated everything and it should act as a fluid should :D
Your other option is only applicable if you don't want the drop to detach and fall. Sculpt your drop separate to the mesh and use soft bodies which can create a jiggling hanging effect.
Good luck with your project and I hope I helped,
BFB

how to animate dripping substance


Can't search all contact fields

Question: I am an administrator with the Nonprofit CRM version of Salesforce I am trying to make a contact database for people who have volunteered at the organization Reservoir Hill Improvement Council (RHIC). The information I am trying to collect is Block club they participate in and special skill they have. My problem is if I try to search for certain contact fields data in the top near the Salesforce logo no contacts show up. I was wondering how to make the fields show up in the search results?
Answer: For Contacts below are the fields that are available for search:
If you want to make any other field searchable, the work around is to mark that field as external Id.
Comment: As you can see from the chart, all custom fields are searchable if you use global search (the one in the header of the page). The external ID workaround is only needed for the sidebar search.
Answer: It sounds like you are using Global search.

From the header search box you can search more objects than sidebar
  search and advanced search, including articles, documents, products,
  solutions, and Chatter feeds, files, groups, topics, and people. You
  can also search more fields than sidebar search, including custom
  fields, and long text fields such as descriptions, notes, and task and
  event comments. You can use wildcards, operators, and filters to
  refine your search. Global search keeps track of which objects you use
  and how often you use them, and arranges the search results
  accordingly. Search results for the objects you use most frequently
  appear at the top of the list.

It should search custom fields. After searching and finding no results, did you try the Search All link? Have you tried including the * wildcard?
An alternative to searching would be to create custom list views to give you contact lists that all have the same special skill or block club.

Can't search all contact fields


Meanings and etymology of the word キザ

Question: There's a character in this game whose bio describes him as a "キザでお調子者な優男", which I currently understand to mean "pretentious, kind man who tends to get carried away easily." Problem is that キザ as "pretentious" according to jisho seems to contradict the rest of the bio referring to him as being likable and friendly, so I know there's something up with キザ. While looking at EN translations of キザ in VN scripts that I have, I frequently see it as "exaggerated", "show-off", "flashy", and "melodramatic" that seem to fit better with the bio. So then, what exactly is the origin of this word?
Comment: 優男 Doesn't necessarily mean kind, it usually means elegant and slender.
Answer: As you can see in that entry, キザ is 気障 in kanji, so its origin is 気に障る ("nerve-touching") or "annoying". However, in modern Japanese, "annoying" is no longer the primary meaning of the word.
Today, it describes something excessively dramatic or romantic (often to the point of sounding either funny or cringeworthy). キザな台詞 refers to something like a cliché line you might hear in an old romantic movie (like this). Stereotypically, a キザな人間 is a male person who tries to appear cool and refined, prefers to wear formal attire, utters such lines unabashedly, and does not hesitate to present roses to women. Being キザ tends to be seen negatively, especially by other males, but it's used neutrally, too. Being キザでお調子者 might also mean being a チャラ男.
By the way, 優男【やさおとこ】 does not mean "gentleman" or "kind man". Please read this.

Meanings and etymology of the word キザ


Where are the allowed states in the conduction band for a single atom?

Question: As far as I know, the discrete energy levels of many atoms form quasicontinuum energy levels or bands. In a semiconductor, when a photon with energy bigger than the bandgap "hit" the electron, this electron moves from the valence band to the conduction band, and an exciton is formed. What I don´t understand is: If I have a single atom, let´s say Si, it has 2 electrons in 3s and 2 in 3p levels, which means four electrons in the valence shell, so, if a photon hits one of these electrons a) which of these electrons is likely to be hit? (the most energetic one?) and where does it move? I mean, where is the conduction "shell"? In Si there are 4 allowed states in the 3p level, are these allowed states, the allowed states in the conduction "shell" or the 3d allowed states? Where are these states?   Thanks for any insight about this.
Comment: Crystal energy bands are not atom energy levels.
Answer: If we start with a single atom, the electronic energy levels are rather well defined -- the associated uncertainty is usually called line width. The data can be looked up using NIST database.
If light shines onto a single atom, the coupling between the electron and the photon is strongly influence by the wavelength of the light. If the wavelength is such, that the photon couples an electron to another electronic state via an (allowed) dipole transition, the coupling is usually "strong". However, if the energy of the photon is detuned from a transition, the coupling between the two electronic states becomes "small".  So one way to picture this, is that the photon couples all possible combinations of electronic states, each with a different coupling strength. Hence, each transition has a different probability. Whether or not a transition takes place becomes a matter of probability.
Now, let's form a solid from "many" individual atoms. We start with many identical atomic levels, which are degenerated. However, by bringing the atoms closer together we introduce interactions between the atoms. The atoms bind and the already complicated atomic level structure becomes even more complicated:  The degeneration of the atomic levels is partly lifted and energy bands are formed. Thus, the energy bands are due to the interaction between the atoms. They are not part of a the level structure of a single atom.


Custom Link List opening links in a new page

Question: I have to create a custom Link List containing a column which if it is checked the link will be opened in a new page (new tab in IE). How can I solve it? thanks.
Comment: Could you possibly use the built in Promoted Links list? It has what you need :)
Answer: You can write a javascript function to solve this.

Answer: Similar questions is asked here: How can you have SharePoint Link Lists default to opening in a new window?

You can edit the page in SharePoint designer, convert the List View
  web part to an XSLT Data View. (by right click + "Convert to XSLT Data
  View"). Then you can edit the XSLT - find the a tag and add an
  attribute target="_blank"
Answer: I followed Aanchal's example though I needed a few other things to get it to work right.
I needed to add a reference to jQuery, than I needed to find the proper styles to apply my changes to.   I was displaying a really old filtered list from a WSS3 site Upgraded to SP2013. So I needed top open in a new page and change the Font/size of the text.
ms-vb2, ms-vh-div and ms-headerSortTitleLink are the CSS Classes that needed to be found and altered.
This is what I ended up with.

Answer: You can take this code, save it to a text file, upload to your SharePoint site.
On the page, use the Content Editor Web Part and paste in the link to the text file on SharePoint in the dialogue box. Go to layouts and flag the Web Part as hidden. Now all links on this page will open in new tabs. I just did it in SharePoint 2010, and I would bet it works in 2013 too.

Answer: Better solution using XSL here. http://valygreavu.com/2014/11/27/customizing-the-links-sharepoint-app-to-open-links-into-new-window-using-xsl-link/
Comment: Please don't add just a link as answer to a question. If the link breaks, the answer you provided will not be useful for future visitors. Provide an answer of your own and use the link as [reference](http://sharepoint.stackexchange.com/help/referencing). If needed, you can block quote the content from your link. More information is found in our help center, especially [How do I write a good answer](http://sharepoint.stackexchange.com/help/how-to-answer)


Adding a variety of suggested songs to a Spotify radio station or playlist

Question: I used Pandora until leaving the U.S. for the U.K.  Pandora is not available in the U.K., so I am now starting to use Spotify.  I only use/used either on a Windows desktop computer.
Pandora allows you to create your own station.  Pandora then suggests songs to add to the station.  You vote thumbs up on suggested songs you like.  You can also add variety to the station by requesting particular artists be added or requesting addition of artists with similar styles.  I cannot figure out how to do that in Spotify.
Well, actually I have figured out how to start a station in Spotify based on a specific song.  Then similar songs are suggested and I get to vote thumbs up if I like them.  The problem is that the suggested songs are so similar to each other that they are almost clones.
My taste in music is very eclectic and I want a lot of variety in my station.  I have created a list of several hundred songs in Spotify under YOUR MUSIC, but these songs are not in a playlist or radio station.
Can I create a radio station and add all of the songs under YOUR MUSIC to that single radio station, thereby forcing Spotify to suggest a greater variety of songs for possible inclusion to the station?
I did try creating a playlist of six songs as a test, but Spotify did not suggest additional songs for inclusion to the playlist.  Rather Spotify just shuffled the same six songs around over and over.
Thanks for any advice on how to get Spotify to suggest a wide variety of songs for inclusion to a single radio station.  I would rather not create multiple stations each devoted to songs of a specific genre.
Answer: I just tested, and it is possible to right click a playlist and start radio based on that list.
However, as you say, it does not seem to work as intended. Creating a playlist including both Meshuggah and Vivaldi, resulted in a radio station ignoring the classical theme alltogether, only sticking to death metal.
So all in all, what you're asking is intended to be possible, but based on my tests it isn't.


Fat Head Dough Optimum Thickness

Question: I saw Cooking eggs too soon for Keto dough earlier this week and determined this "Fathead Dough" was something to be tried. How thick should the 'dough' be rolled, particularly for 'other applications' (taco bowls and nacho chips in particular)
Answer: Both thicker and thinner can work as long as you roll it out evenly.
In my experience, rolling it thinner makes it feel more like "real" wheat dough. However that way it feels more like flatbread than proper pizza crust.

Fat Head Dough Optimum Thickness


Properties that can be derived from amino acid sequences

Question: What are the properties that can be derived from an amino acid sequence apart from those mentioned in the website? In the mentioned website, the properties that can be calculated from amino acid sequence are:
 1. Molecular weight of protein
 2. Number of amino acids in the protein sequnece
 3. Composition of charged residues (DEKHR)
 4. Composition of aliphatic residues (ILV)
 5. Composition of Aromatic residues (FHWY)
 6. Composition of Polar residues (DERKQN)
 7. Composition of Neutral residues (AGHPSTY)
 8. Composition of Hydrophobic residues (CVLIMFW)
 9. Composition of Positive charged residues (HKR)
10. Composition of Negative charged residues (DE)
11. Composition of tiny residues (ACDGST)
12. Composition of Small residues (EHILKMNPQV)
13. Composition of Large residues (FRWY)
Comment: Other than the first two, the rest of the groups seems like a list of binary sets based on specific chemical properties of the amino acids. Without any additional information, this question is too broad.
Comment: what additional information do you want. please tell me. Dont just close it. I need this question open.
Comment: What exactly do you define as a "property"? The current list is not well defined, and arguably silly examples like "Composition of residues with "E" in their name" are also "properties".
Comment: This approach (that you linked to), wherein one takes a purified protein and subjects it to amino acid analysis (or amino acid composition), dates back to a period in time from ~ 1960-1980.  Once molecular cloning was developed it became much faster to clone the gene for a protein to determine its identify rather than sequence the polypeptide itself. Around the same time a gas-phase chromatography device was coupled to a mass spectrometer and marketed commercially by Applied Biosystems, permitting so-called microsequencing of peptide fragments. BLAST is going to be way more sensitive.
Comment: Sensitive as in?
Answer: Just look at NCBI , EMBL and DDJB tools. These three are premier and global database centres. Their tools are self explanatory. You can calculate lot of things from these sequences. Besides these there are many in house tools for calculating specific information from sequences from many bioinformatics research labs across the world.
Answer: Using a helical wheel projection you can make predictions of regions that are likely to form, or adopt, amphipathic helices. These are alpha-helices where one face, or side, of the helix  is largely polar while the opposite, side, or face, of the helix is largely non-polar.
Also, based on known X-Ray crystal structures, there are some residues that are known as helix breakers, like Pro and Gly, and there are other residues that are often found in beta sheets, so you can make secondary structure predictions, based on the primary amino acid sequence.
However, in the absence of extended regions of amino acid sequence identity, these predictions are just hypotheses.
Comment: Good luck with that.
Comment: No, i don't want to predict anything, i want confirmed properties, not predictions


Memory Forensics on exited process

Question: I am new to memory forensics.  When a process in Windows is ended are all artifacts for the process in memory gone?  I ask because my EDR solution gives me the local process ID of a process I am trying to look at.  I obtain a full memory and kernel image minutes later of the detection and I am unable to find the local process ID that my EDR reported.
Answer: They are not gone immediately, but they begin to disappear shortly after. Windows will mark all those pages as unused, and every time a process allocates more memory, those pages can be used and their contents overwritten.
And not only that, but when the process is running, Windows keeps track of all pages belonging to that process and you can reference them all easily. With the process gone, you don't have the references anymore and have to comb the entire memory space looking for unallocated pages and finding data on them, and that's not easy. And if you find something interesting, there's no easy way to tell which process owned that page before.
The best way is to grab the system image before the process exits. If that is not possible, your chances of grabbing anything significant is between very hard and impossible.
Comment: Thanks for the clarification.  This is gong to be a hard one to track down!

Memory Forensics on exited process