Is space not allowed in a filename?

Question: It is said that on Unix and Linux in general, you should avoid having spaces in a filename of a file (ordinary file, dir, link, device file, ...).
But I do that all the time. For a filename with a space inside,

In Nautilus, the space character is shown as a space.
In Bash terminal, I either use \  to represent a space, or enclose the filename within a pair of double quotes.
in some applications's files (Nautilus, not sure if OS will also do so), the filename is written with the space replaced with %20.

Is a space really not allowed in a filename?
How do you use or deal with a space in a filename correctly?
Comment: It's allowed but it's really, really annoying. There is no reason for it. Don't do it.
Comment: Not everyone shares the opinion that it's really, really annoying.  And "There is no reason for it" is so obviously false that it doesn't need refuting.  I gave in and learned how to handle spaces properly years ago, and for the most part it's really not a big deal.
Comment: You can do it, it's allowed, like creating a self-destruct script called "cd" but you shouldn't do it. Your file already looks different in 3 different tools, isn't that bad enough?
Comment: You can also create a files named `-rf ~` (use `touch -- "-rf ~"`), but I wouldn't recommend it.
Comment: @snailboat Spaces are a symptom of the real problem which is a lack of standardization. Unix filesystems allow file "names" to nearly unrestricted binary blobs. The only illegal bytes are 0 and 47 (the `/` separator). Using all 254 remaining bytes opens the door to all manners of unspeakable eldritch "names". Obviously this is insane, but not everyone agrees on what "sane" is, and different characters will break different tools. The intersection of everyone's sanity is quite [small](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/basedefs/V1_chap03.html#tag_03_278).
Comment: A really dangerous file name would be `; rm -rf * .*` (yes, that's an allowed filename, too). Now imagine having that file in your directory, and then entering a seemingly harmless `echo *` ... actually, this also shows that wildcards should be used with extreme care when accessing directories where others can create files (e.g. in `/tmp`).
Comment: OK, I just noticed that glob expansion appears to do implicit quoting (well, at least in bash). However `eval echo *` will trigger the malicious code (while nobody would type that directly, the equivalent might happen indirectly through a badly written script).
Comment: As already mentioned, there are other inconvenient characters besides space. Tab is equivalent to space in many places. Newline has the added "benefit" of breaking line-oriented output. Shell scripting with such filenames becomes a nightmare, e.g. because `xargs` is really hard to use, unless using non-standard features line NUL delimiter, which harms portability on the other hand.
Answer: Spaces, and indeed every character except / and NUL, are allowed in filenames. The recommendation to not use spaces in filenames comes from the danger that they might be misinterpreted by software that poorly supports them. Arguably, such software is buggy. But also arguably, programming languages like shell scripting make it all too easy to write software that breaks when presented with filenames with spaces in them, and these bugs tend to slip through because shell scripts are not often tested by their developers using filenames with spaces in them.
Spaces replaced with %20 is not often seen in filenames. That's mostly used for (web) URLs. Though it's true that %-encoding from URLs sometimes makes its way into filenames, often by accident.
Comment: It's "URL encoding" or "percent encoding"  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL_encoding As per that the most appropriate name is probably "URI encoding", but people find *url* easier to say than *U.R.I.*, so this is a common form of misnomer.  Notice the set of reserved characters in URI's is larger than it is for *nix filenames.
Comment: @Celada of course you can use `NUL` and bash, you need `$'\0'`. For example: `find . -print0 | while read -d $'\0' f; do echo "$f"; done`
Comment: @Tim I don't know that you *can* specify a NUL character in any command line argument in `bash`. I tried a few things such as quoting it with Ctrl-V and something like `$(echo -e \\0)` but it didn't work. The thing is, the reason NUL can't be used in filenames is that it can't be used in C strings (because it's the string terminator) and all the underlying APIs as well as virtually all strings handled by C programs use that format. Since `bash` is written in C, it might simply have no support at all for any strings with NUL in them. I could be wrong, there might be some obscure way...
Comment: Sort of depends on the context.  String functions generally don't count the final null (or rather, the first null is the end of the string, even if there's stuff after it), so in that sense it has zero length and therefore would be considered empty.
Comment: @goldilocks Do people actually pronounce URL as 'url', roughly rhyming with 'earl'?
Comment: what is the name of %-encoding? Unicode, utf-8, ...?
Comment: is the NULL character the same as an empty string?
Comment: @Tim How could a character be the same as a string?
Comment: NULL character is `byte(0)`, where space is `byte(32)`, an empty string is well, empty, there are no bytes in it.
Comment: @Tim
@goldilocks
@OneOfOne There is only one `L` in `NUL`. `NUL` is the termination character for C-strings. `NULL` is the value of a pointer, which doesn't point to anything.
Comment: Generally, languages do poorly if they are based on text manipulations, e.g. bash and make, without higher-level constructs. IMO, spaces should have been disallowed, just as `/` was.
Comment: @PaulDraper languages like Python handle NULs in strings just fine. I don't think there is a good reason to disallow spaces in filenames. After all, control characters, even "dangerous" things like VT100 escape sequences, are allowed in filenames. There is, however, a good argument to be made for forcing filenames to be well-formed UTF-8. But even that argument won't be accepted by purists of POSIX, in which filenames can be arbitrary sequences of any byte with only 0x00 (disallowed, end of string) and 0x2F (special meaning, pathname separator) as exceptions.
Comment: @Celada, (1) Python is much more powerful than make or bash. E.g. it has lists. Make and bash use spaces for lists, which of course often breaks if there are spaces within filenames. (2) Clearly some characters are disallowed, as you mentioned 0x0 and 0x2F. 0x20 would have good precedent. But that's really neither here nor there as it won't change.
Comment: @Celada Enforcing valid UTF-8 at the kernel level would be a problem, because the kernel doesn't always know, which encoding is used. The APIs are older than UTF-8. There are still file systems around on which the names are using ISO-8859-1 encoding. At some point it just became common to replace the entire user level running on top of the kernel with one using UTF-8 encoding.
Comment: @PaulDraper Disallowing space isn't going to do much good as long as other white space characters are still allowed. There are constructions which handle space just fine, but break on newline. For example pipe the default output format of `find` into a `while read FILENAME` loop.
Comment: Good catch @terdon I didn't think of `$'\0'`. Still, as @goldilocks said in a comment on the other answer, it would only ever be able to use it internally (like in your example, `read` being a builtin) because `execve()` & co. don't support passing it as a command line argument to any external command.
Comment: @terdon: That's not really true. `$'\0'` is equivalent to `''` -- and (for example) `$'foo\0bar'` is equivalent to `foo`. You may prefer to write `$'\0'` instead of `''` when the notation better matches the semantics you have in mind, but don't let it deceive you.
Comment: @ruakh I'm deleting our comments here since they're not really that relevant. I might post a question about this and will let you know if so. Thanks for the info anyway.
Comment: @MilesRout I don't think it's too unusual.  The bit about that's why it's called URL encoding is speculation on my part though, lol.  It could also be because they're the most common form of URI ;) Actually the two Berners-Lee RFCs that wikipedia references are from 1994 and 1998; it's explained the same way in both, but the topic of the first one is URLs whereas the second is URIs.  But they just call it encoding or "escaped encoding" (the `%` I guess being analogous to an escape character).
Comment: @terdon: Since you never posted the question, I've taken the liberty of posting a self-answered one: http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/174016/12378. Please let me know if you have any feedback on it.
Answer: Spaces are allowed in filenames, as you have observed.
If you look at the "most UNIX filesystems" entry in this chart in wikipedia, you'll notice:

Any 8-bit character set is allowed.  We can subsume 7-bit ASCII under this umbrella too, since it is a subset of various 8-bit sets and is always implemented using 8 bit bytes.
The only forbidden characters are / and "null".  "Null" refers to a zero byte, but these are not allowed in text data anyway.

However, if you make any use of the shell, you may realize that there are some characters that will create a hassle, most significantly *, which is a POSIX globbing operator.
Depending on how you want to define "hassle", you could include whitespace (spaces, tabs, newlines, etc.) in there, as this creates the need for quoting with "".  But this is inevitable, since spaces are allowed, so...

How do you use or deal with a space in a filename correctly?

In a shell/command line context, wrap the filename in single or double quotes (but note they are not the same WRT other issues), or escape the spaces with \, e.g.:
> foo my\ file\ with\ spaces\ in\ the\ name

Comment: A vast majority of programming languages do allow null characters in strings. It just happens that the main language that doesn't is C, which Unix is built on — and most Unix shells don't allow null characters in strings either. In any case, @Tim, all Unix interfaces use null-terminated strings, so a null byte is the one thing you cannot ever have in a file name (plus `/` which is the directory separator and cannot be quoted, so can be in a pathname but not in a filename).
Comment: How do you specify NUL character in bash? I want to test it in a filename.
Comment: [You can't.](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/17105225/how-to-escape-a-null-byte-as-an-argument-to-a-shell-command-inside-a-makefile) The "execve semantics" refers to the fact that in C (and every other language I'm aware of), text strings are null terminated. The shell is implemented in C. The sneakest thing I could think of is `touch $(echo -e "foo\00bar")` -- `-e` processes `\0N` as an octal value, but it still gets lost somewhere, as that just creates a file named `foobar`.  Of course NULL isn't printable, but I guarantee it's gone from there because of the C string restriction.
Comment: ...but [never mind again]. Not something I would do too often, anyway.  To my mind there's no reason for them to be in textual data.  I would have corrected that, but it's a comment.
Comment: *"text strings are null terminated"* -> To explain further: strings are always stored with a zero byte at the end, which is why it "isn't allowed" in text: If you insert one, you've effectively terminated the string at that point.  Eg., `foo[NULL]bar` would end up as `foo` for most intents and purposes.  The fact that doesn't happen with that `echo -e` shows the NULL has been pruned out somewhere.
Comment: @Gilles Point taken regarding the vast majority of languages.  I was thinking [never mind] wrongly.  Point here remains the same otherwise.
Comment: @goldilocks, you apparently are *only* aware of C. You don't have to go very far to find strings that aren't null-terminated, e.g. C++.
Comment: @PaulDraper No, actually I was thinking of C++ in relation to Tim's question "is the NULL character the same as an empty string?" (from a comment on Celada's that happened about the same time).  A C++ string `string str("\0")` has a `.length()` of 0 and is `.empty()`.  A `string s("hello\0world")` has a length of 5 -- but of course that's because they're being initialized from `const char*`...most of my coding experience is in C, C++, java, and perl.  You *can* have a zero in a string in the last three...
Comment: And then you get a file which also includes double quotes in the filename...
Comment: @Falco So `"file name with \" in it"`.
Answer: The reason is largely historical - WAY back in the mists of time spaces were not allowed in filenames, so spaces were used as keyword / filename separators. Future shell interpreters had to be reverse-compatible with old scripts, and thus we are stuck with the headache we have today.
Developers of processes that do not need to deal with humans very much can make things much, much easier by dropping spaces altogether. Apple does this, the contents of /System/Library/CoreServices/ contains very few spaces, the programs with spaces are opened on behalf of the user, andWouldLookStrangeIfCamelCased. Similar unix-only paths also avoid spaces.
( somewhat related anecdote: in the mid-90's a Windows drone said "Name one thing you can do on a Mac that I can't do on Windows" -> "Use 12 characters in a filename." -> Silence. Spaces were also possible in those 12 characters)
Comment: I used to use V6 Unix (c. 1978).  Spaces *were* allowed then.  One task I had was to write a program to parse the file system (using direct disk i/o) and look for a file which had spaces and backspaces in its name.
Comment: do they drop spaces altogether - or do the filenames contain a very few spaces?
Answer: So yes, as is stated many times elsewhere, a filename can contain nearly any character. But it needs to be said that a filename is not a file. It does carry some weight as a file attribute in that you typically need a filename to open a file, but a file's name only points to the actual file. It is a link, stored in the directory that has recorded it, alongside the inode number - which is a much closer approximation to an actual file.
So, you know, call it whatever you want. The kernel doesn't care - all file references it will handle will deal with real inode numbers anyway. The filename is a thing for human consumption - if you wanna make it a crazy thing, well, it's your filesystem. Here, I'll do some crazy stuff:
First I'll create 20 files, and name them with nothing but spaces, each filename containing one more space than the last:
until [ $((i=$i+1)) -gt 20 ]
do  v=$v' ' && touch ./"$v"
done

This is kinda funny. Look at my ls:
ls -d ./*
./      ./          ./              ./                  ./
./      ./          ./              ./                  ./
./      ./          ./              ./                  ./
./      ./          ./              ./                  ./

Now I'm going to mirror this directory:
set -- * ; mkdir ../mirror
ls -i1qdU -- "$@" |
sh -c 'while read inum na
    do  ln -T "$1" ../mirror/$inum
    shift ; done' -- "$@"
ls -d ../mirror/*

Here are ../mirror/'s contents:
../mirror/423759  ../mirror/423764  ../mirror/423769  ../mirror/423774
../mirror/423760  ../mirror/423765  ../mirror/423770  ../mirror/423775
../mirror/423761  ../mirror/423766  ../mirror/423771  ../mirror/423776
../mirror/423762  ../mirror/423767  ../mirror/423772  ../mirror/423777
../mirror/423763  ../mirror/423768  ../mirror/423773  ../mirror/423778

Ok, but maybe you're asking - but what good is that? How can you tell which is which? How can you even be sure you linked the right inode number to the right filename?
Well...
echo "heyhey" >>./'    '
tgt=$(ls -id ./'    ')
cat ../mirror/${tgt%% .*} \
    $(ls -1td ../mirror/* | head -n1)

OUTPUT
heyhey
heyhey

See, both the inode number contained in ../mirror/"${tgt%% .*}" and that referenced by ./'   ' refer to the same file. They describe the same file. They name it, but nothing more. There is no mystery, really, just some inconvenience you might make for yourself, but which will ultimately have little to no effect on the operation of your unix filesystem in the end.
Answer: Reading the answers in this question, with a note that this question is ask on a forum about Unix & Linux, it seems to me that the advice against filename with spaces doesn't really come from the problem with Unix & Linux, but comes from other backgrounds.
Take a look at these duplicated questions to see how others in other backgrounds perceive this:

What technical reasons exist for not using space characters in file names? on Super User
Should I avoid using spaces in my filenames? on Software Engineering

Here are the reasons to avoid spaces in filename I find helpful for me:

When you put filenames in variables, you need to quote it properly. Instead of foo $filename, you have to write foo "$filename". In some cases, you need to even put it the raw string (e.g. String.raw in JavaScript)
If after the space there is a number, and the file is serve online, then the encoding will make the name confusing: image 1.jpg -> image%201.jpg
If the backend programmer doesn't handle HTTP code properly (probably because of the first bullet), then when a user download Product list.pdf, then will get a file whose name is only Product.

Is space not allowed in a filename?


Optimal hardware for linear algebra operations

Question: I've been working lately on SLAM algorithms implementing extended kalman filtering to brush up on some localisation techniques and I have been thinking forward to the hardware side of things. Are there embedded chips such a microcontroller that are optimised for large linear algebra operations? What sort of embedded options are the best for processing these sorts of operations?
Comment: sounds like an application for an FPGA
Answer: I wouldn't call it an optimal solution but I've been working with some odroid XUs and have been very happy with their behavior. I'm using the Eigen linear algebra library along with ros and opencv.


Brain Computer Interface Stack Exchange

Question: I have a suggestion to make a Brain Computer Interface Stack Exchange. What is the requirement to do that?
Comment: I've never used the site but it might be on-topic at Cognitive Sciences, for example here's a related question: http://cogsci.stackexchange.com/questions/6554/is-eeg-brain-computer-interface-reliable
Comment: @PeterJ is correct, we would welcome your questions about BCIs on CogSci!
Answer: For suggesting sites, use Area 51 (read the FAQ to know how it works). First, do a search to check whether your proposal is already proposed. If that's not the case, then at the left sidebar, select the category for your proposed site (in this case, Technology). Scroll to the bottom and click "Propose a new Technology site", and fill in the form there to propose a site.

Brain Computer Interface Stack Exchange


How to show component value on Altium Silkscreen?

Question: The Silkscreen of my Altium PCB project only shows Reference Designators of components. I want to  show component value or part number instead of the reference designator on the silkscreen. Is there a way to do that for all components on the PCB top layer instead of doing it individually for each component one by one?
Answer: It's not possible unless the value is stored in the component's Comment section. So if you put the value as a Parameter then you can't make them visible in the PCB design.
In the schematic design, put the values into the Comment section for each component and update the PCB via Design -> Update PCB Document. After transferring the modifications to the PCB design, select all components and open PCB Inspector, then tick Show Comment. That's the only way.
Comment: Yes the component values are stored in the comment section for all components.
Comment: @buttontech then it's easy. See my edited answer. Since the values are in Comment section then you don't need to update the PCB. Just use PCB Inspector. You can open PCB Inspector by clicking `PCB` on the bottom-right of the window.


How can I extend my protection to alternative embodiments?

Question: I missed some alternative embodiments of my invention which can be considered as well known for the skilled person. I filed few national applications claiming priority over the first one. A year after the first application, I filed a PCT claiming priority and this is now published. Few days before the publication of the PCT, I filed another application claiming all the alternative embodiments along with the original embodiment of my PCT. Is it possible and how can I protect all the alternative embodiments I have come up with at least in the US and EU?
Answer: Are these alternative embodiments in the later filing only, i.e. the one taking place just before the PCT being public, or are included in the description of the PCT as well? Should it be the former, in principle you should prosecute that later application as well, or have national/regional/PCT applications claim priority from it so that you can protect those embodiments in Europe and the US.
In Europe the first PCT can only affect the patentability of those alternative embodiments if you enter into the European regional phase and are only relevant from a novelty standpoint, i.e. Art. 54(3) EPC prior art, so as long as the alternative embodiments are novel you are good to go. For the US, I am not entirely sure what will be the relevance of the PCT.
If the alternative embodiments are disclosed in the PCT, you can file divisional or continuation applications once you enter into the national/regional routes to claim those embodiments. In the US you can have multiple independent claims so maybe you can claim all the embodiments in a single patent application.
Answer: In the U.S. you can take the first PCT into the national stage, or file as a "bypass" application, and make it a continuation-in-part, claiming priority to the second application. Then the specification can be whatever blend of the two applications you like as long as you do add not any new matter to what is contained in one or the  other application. Any claims fully supported by the original application should be treated according the earlier filing date.


Morphological dictionary

Question: I was wondering whether you knew of an online dictionary where you could find a word and other words derived from it.
Like, for instance, "passion", "passionate" "passionately" etc.
Answer: OneLook is pretty good for that.
For instance, after querying passion* and then clicking the Common words link in the result, it returns this:

1. passion
  2. passional
  3. passionary
  4. passionate
  5. passionately
  6. passionateness
  7. passionflower
  8. passionist
  9. passionless
  10. passions
  11. passiontide
Comment: @user86782 You just need to put the asterisk at the front if you want prefixes: \*engage. (And \*engage\* will give you both *disengage* and *engagedly*.) I'm also not sure why you think that list\* should *not* give you listen.
Comment: Thank you for sharing such an amazing free service!
Comment: I have only one "complain": it's great for showing suffixes but useless when it comes to prefixes. If I look for engage* I won't find disengage. And if I look for list* I get "listen" in the results.
Comment: Other than that it's a cool tool! Thank you.

Morphological dictionary


Porting from DXR/HLSL to Vulkan Ray Tracing Extension/GLSL

Question: I am working on the port of a demo from DXR to Vulkan Ray Tracing extension using GLSL.
In DXR/HLSL space, there are RayTMin() and RayTCurrent() functions to retrieve the starting and the current end point of the ray  (Origin + (Direction * RayTMin) and  Origin + (Direction * RayTCurrent), respectively).
In Vulkan RT/GLSL space, one specifies the tMin and tMax values in the  traceRayEXT(...) call, but how does one retrieve the "current t" and "t min" values in an intersection shader?
Answer: According to this document, one should be able to extract those values through
gl_RayTminEXT and gl_RayTmaxEXT GLSL built-ins for intersection shader.
Further comments are welcome.
Answer: As I understand GLSL_EXT_ray_tracing.txt, gl_RayTmaxEXT contains the current t in intersection shaders, due to the following pieces of information given in GLSL_EXT_ray_tracing.txt:
 In the intersection language, built-in variables are declared as follows

    ...

    // Ray parameters
    in          float  gl_RayTminEXT;
    in volatile float  gl_RayTmaxEXT;
    in          uint   gl_IncomingRayFlagsEXT;

    ...

=> due to the volatile declaration of gl_RayTmaxEXT.
Also the description of bool reportIntersectionEXT(float hitT, uint hitKind); remarks that gl_RayTmaxEXT is not constant:

If the intersection is not ignored in the
any-hit shader, <hitT> is committed as the new gl_RayTmaxEXT value of the
current ray,  is committed as the new value for gl_HitKindEXT, and
true is returned.


Secondary meaning of 飴細工?

Question: One of the learning apps I'm using has this translated as "wheat gluten handiwork."  Another app (and my online dictionary) translate this as "sugar sculpture."  Given the meaning of the individual kanji and the results from an internet image search, "sugar sculpture," is obviously a good translation, but is there a secondary meaning somehow related to wheat gluten, or is this just a total mistranslation?
Comment: Perhaps someone confused 飴細工 and 細工麩?
Comment: It's hard for me to imagine a secondary meaning like that, given the relative lack of cultural importance of wheat gluten.
Answer: 飴細工 (see, e.g. wikipedia) is definitely sugar sculpture / candy craft, 飴 being candy and 細工 being intricate craft / craftsmanship. There is no second meaning or other usage for the word. It's just a total mistranslation.
As @aguijonazo points out in the comment, the closest I can come up with from "wheat gluten handiwork" is 麩, especially 細工麩 (google image search). 麩 (wikipedia) is a kind of food made from wheat gluten, usually not sweetened, that is sometimes delightfully coloured. But whatever it may have been meant to mean, the phrase "wheat gluten handiwork" doesn't seem to be used commonly, so my guess is that it comes from nowhere (some individual's mind).
Interestingly, EDR日英対訳辞書 seems to have some confusion where it translates wheat gluten as あめ (seen from weblio) but I wasn't able to track down any further.

Secondary meaning of 飴細工?


Command line tool for copying changed files

Question: Is there a Windows command line tool which will just copy changed files from one directory to another? I do not want to compare file dates, but the actual content. Total Commander has such a function in its folder sync but I need a command line version of that.
Answer: There are a couple of possibilities:
robocoby /xc | /xn - comes with windows 7 and is on the xp resource kit http://ss64.com/nt/robocopy.html
or robocopy /mon:n |/mon:m
xcopy /d:m-d-y - standard windows utility.
Comment: robocopy: /XC and /XN do not help me: these options just make robocopy ignore changed or newer files. I want it to just compare the contents of the files and not the change date. Btw. robocopy just compares file sizes, not the actual file content.
Comment: @desolat: for those particular requirements, I think you need `rsync`.
Comment: Robocopy also has the /mir switch, which will mirror two directories. if you need more then as suggested by others, SyncToy has command line capabilities but it doesn't support file deltas. You could also install cygwin http://www.cygwin.com/ and use rsync, you could also use cwsync http://www.itefix.no/i2/cwrsync or Unison http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~bcpierce/unison/
Answer: Microsoft SyncToy 2.1 has a command line interface and can copy from one folder to another, checking file contents.
However, it's not as simple as specifying to the two folders when you run the command.  You have a create a "folder pair" either in the GUI or the command line, and then run the command to synchronise that pair.
So if you wanted something to regularly synchronise two folders SyncToy would do, but it won't be as good for one off folder synchronisation tasks.
Answer: Get rsync for Windows.


.NET TableAdapter to DataAdapter

Question: TableAdapter is a wrapper for DataAdapter. It's impossible to use TableAdapters in generic way (bacause they inherit Component class). Is it possible to get the wrapped DataAdapter out of TableAdapter?
Answer: As Brian pointed out, a table adapter is a partial class. If you want to expose the DataAdapter you can achieve that by the following code. (assuming you have a TableAdapter class MyTableAdapter.
public partial class MyTableAdapter
{
    public DbDataAdapter Adapter
    {
        get { return this._adapter; }
    }
}

Alternatively, you could write some general purpose method (or extension method) that returns the private adapter using reflection. That way you wouldn't have to "touch" every table adapter you create.
Answer: Each table adapter contains the designer generated methods, which are not standard... rather than working with a generic base class, I'd investigate whether you could have a table adapter implement an interface because that would be easier to implement and still not lose the strong typing.  I believe the table adapter is a partial class, and you can create a class:
public partial class MyTableAdapter : ISomeInterface

Which this interface can have your custom methods defined.  I'm not sure about the partial thing, but I'm pretty sure they are partial classes.

.NET TableAdapter to DataAdapter


What should I write in hostname when I try to install a theme?

Question: I am a beginner with WordPress and I have no idea what hostname I should specify when I try to install a theme. Thank you for a help!
Comment: This only appears if the folder is read only and WordPress can't directly modify the folder. Check your file permissions and folder ownership for the `wp-content/themes` folder are set up correctly for your server configuration, and contact your host
Answer: This happens when Wordpress cannot directly (via php) create files inside the wp-content directory.
Wordpress asks for FTP credentials to try and upload "manually" the files, you should provide the hostname of the ftp server (example: ftp.yourdomain.com), username and password. Of course you have to have an FTP server set up, which is usually straightforward on an shared hosting. If you are inside a self-hosted environment (i.e. VPS, AWS ec2 instance) you should solve this at the root of the problem:
To solve this you have to set as 755 the permissions to  wp-content ( chmod -R 755 /you/html/root/wp-content) and make sure that the owner of the directory is the user as whom apache/nginx/php-fpm runs with the ls -l command.
Answer: Wordpress asks for an FTP account there. So you have to enter the data for the FTP account. You will get that data from your provider. Mostly you have entered it already to your FTP client.
Comment: I am getting a hostname by typing into terminal "hostname" and it gives me some hostname. But it does not work for WordPress. How would I get FTP hostname from Amazon Web Services?
Comment: How did you upload und install wordpress on your server?
Answer: if wordpress is installed to the server you are connecting to for amazon, make sure you have ftp daemon running and even installed first.
if you do, then it should be as simple as putting in localhost as the hostname. it is local and does not go outside the DNS.
You need to give more information on the configuration of your network. Is it a standalone server, what type of server, what o/s or is it clustered and if so how.
If you do have ftp running have you setup users and permissions to the correct directories that wordpress is installed to.
Answer: I have tried all the above methods but it didn't work for me. What worked for me is adding this line define('FS_METHOD', 'direct'); in wp-config.php file.
Add this line at the end of the file. Since it is my local XAMPP set up I made this change. However, if it is a live site on shared hosting then double-check with your host before doing so.


Quantum Communication - Tx/Rx terminolgy?

Question: When talking about Quantum Communication vs. Classical Communication data is passed via quantum entanglement; data doesn't traverse the space between the involved particles.  Is one particle "transmitting" and one particle "receiving" or is there alternative terminology used in quantum mechanics that describes this action more accurately?
Answer: There is no causal relationship between the two qubits whatsoever. The results are simply correlated: by making measurements on one qubit you can make conclusions about various measurements that could be made on the other qubit. Critically, there's nothing you can do to your qubit that someone with the other qubit can detect: its only with later comparison that they can tell their measurement had any correlation with yours at all.
If you want to actually communicate, a classical channel needs to be involved.
Answer: Entanglement between quantum identities are like wires in classical setting, it doesn't transmit information by itself. To send/receive information actual qubit need to be passed along or measurement results needs to be sent via classical channel.


Return the first empty date in a time frame in an Outlook Calendar

Question: I want to be able to use Microsoft Flows to be able to find the first date in a period of time in Outlook that doesn't have an event on it.
For Example:
I need to set an event.
Flows searches between 1st January and 31st December.
There are events everyday between 1st January and 31st March
Flows should return the 1st available date which in this case is 1st of April.
Is there a function to do that or is there a method I could use?
Answer: It is still in beta, but the Find Meeting Times API is what you want.


How can I wire a microusb to a MIMXRT1062DVL6A?

Question: I've never touched a barebones microcontroller before. I've been toying around with an Arduino and Teensy for a few years now. Recently I've been itching to ditch the comfort of those buttercup modules and begin using standalone MCUs. The chip I'm looking at is NXP's ARM Cortex-M7 MIMXRT1062DVL6A. I know there are chips in the market that are less complex, but my question depending on if I'm able to phrase it properly could be generalized to any MCU. I want to know how I can upload code I've written into the device's memory. Specifically via MicroUSB. I've tried looking through the datasheet, but frankly, I don't know where to start. I was wondering if there's a programmer that needs to be installed between the MicroUSB and MCU. Also, I'm curious if when working with MCUs is the datasheet and manual the best documentation for understanding the MCU or are there additional sources I should look into?
Comment: As a BGA only device this is not suitable for the inexperienced.  Pick something in a QFP for a first project with a USB ROM bootloader if you want that (maybe a smaller STM32F4?) and a matching cheap eval board to validate your software independent of your custom hardware.  Even then use SWD and a true UART for initial boatd bring up, save USB for later programs.
Comment: Thanks for the Advice Chris! As per my second question would you know if there are better sources for understanding an STM32 or any MCU? Or should I rely on their Data Sheets and Manuals primarily?
Answer: You need to develop (or adapt an existing one) a piece of firmware called a bootloader. A bootloader reads new application firmware using some kind of communication interface (like an SD card, USB as a device, serial port, USB memory stick etc.) and places it in MCU internal flash. This applies to "all" MCUs.
If you are new to MCUs - don't start with the i.MX RT (they are one of the "biggest" and most complex MCUs on the market). Start with something simpler like an ATmega328 (without using Arduino libraries), Kinetis E or STM32L0.
Comment: The asker doesn't necessarily need to develop or adapt a bootloader at all - many MCUs come with one permanently stored from the factory.


When to relocate cedars?

Question: I have some small emerald cedars that need to be relocated between now and the middle of May. The weather is just starting to get nice, so I'm not sure if I need to relocate them now, before they "wake up", or if they'll be OK if I relocate them in a few weeks.
Answer: The Arborvitae 'Emerald Green' have already begun waking up.  How big are they and how long have they been planted in their current spot?  This is a very iffy project to do now.  The only time to try this is in the late fall and only after preparing them to be moved.
Now would be a great time to start getting your arborvitaes ready to be moved.  Hopefully they've been in the ground less than a year.  Hopefully they are no more than 3' high.  Otherwise, you are looking at a 50/50 chance of survival if you've prepared them to move, at least 6 months to a year or more before moving during the late fall.
The process is simply digging a 1' deep trench around the root ball the plant needs to support its biomass and the size you are able to move by yourself then filling that trench with straw. If your arborvitaes are 6' by 2' wide...you should go with a professional company.  That root ball will have to be 3' in diameter and depending how closely you've planted these arborvitaes, means you're probably compromising roots for its neighbor.
Digging the trench and filling it with straw right now will ensure your plants are able to put out new feeder roots within the rootball.  In this way the plant gets used to having its roots pruned, gets enough feeder roots in the root ball it will need now and when transplanted.  One shock at a time.
If you were to dig up your plants now, move them to their new place, I'd give you maybe a 10% chance of success.
Comment: Ugh, such a bummer. Dig em up and transplant (do not dig the hole deeper than the root ball) and water like crazy.  Bigger the root ball the better.  All mature, established plants out of doors in the garden soil are not meant to be transplanted.  Not just arborvitaes.  Please, let us know.  Purchase some Mycorrhizae from a nursery to add to the soil when you transplant.  Do not do fertilizer unless these plants have never had fertilizer.  Please, love to get feedback.  Learning how to help and guide people with plants over the internet is a weird deal....
Comment: Well, there is some construction that will happen (can't do anything about it) where they currently are, so they need to move ASAP. They are all under 4 feet tall (some are under 3 feet), and they've been in the ground for almost 2 full years now. It sounds like either the construction will kill them, or the transplanting will. :(
Comment: I guess it doesn't much matter if I relocate them today or in a few weeks, since their chances of survival seem pretty slim. But since they *must* be moved, I'll do my best and I guess I'll post back in a year to mention if any of them made it that long... I had no idea cedars were so difficult to transplant!
Comment: Follow-up: It's been almost 3 years now, and they are all still alive!

When to relocate cedars?


In layman terms, what is the meaning of fitting a model into a data set?

Question: When we fit any model into a data set for prediction, what exactly happens behind the scenes?
I am learning Regression and I am a little confused about how exactly it fits the classifier or regression into a dataset.
Comment: Welcome to the site! You _estimate_ the _parameters_ of the _model_ such that some _cost function_, which measures how well it fits the data, is minimized. The model is usually differentiable so you can do this by gradient descent.
Answer: Your asking for a layman's explanation, and the phrasing of your question, suggests to me that you are getting tangled up in the semantics, and I totally get that.
So let's let go of the usual terms as much as we can, and speak in concepts.
You have a bunch of observations -- or maybe even only one observation. This is your data. Maybe you are one of the particularly inquisitive ancients, and you notice some sort of relationship between lunar patterns and tides. While tracking this data, you start getting a sense for what sort of forces might be at work that would explain the apparent cause-and-effect relationship. The set of rules that you eventually develop becomes your model. The more correct your rules, the better you will be able to predict the tide tomorrow, next month, and next year.
This concept you've developed -- probably something to do with gravity -- may be even more generally useful. If the general concept is re-used with different numbers, it can also help explain Earth's annual cycle. And why we see the Morning Star (Venus) with certain patterns.
In the cases where we are re-using the concept, we are "fitting the model to the data" -- we are testing whether the set of rules we've developed -- the model -- can explain the apparent forces at work in the observations -- the data -- that we have.
In the usual applications of regression (or any statistical method), we're not trying to formulate the laws of physics, we're trying to find rules that sufficiently govern complex systems -- often human behaviour -- and so we're unlikely to explain observations perfectly. But a model is useful to the extent that it successfully predicts future observations. Rather than waiting for the future, though, we typically perform analysis on part of a data set, and test for predictive power with the remainder of the data set.
A specific instance of regression analysis might be in trying to explain housing prices. There are many many possible factors -- square meterage (footage), number of floors, swimming pool or not, size of property, shape of property, age, likelihood of flooding, distance to neighbours, energy rating, economic conditions, quality of the local school, etc, etc, etc. Which factors are most important? Do one, two, three of the factors explain 95% of the variation in housing prices? Can we come up with an equation that will predict a house's selling price reasonably well, rather than relying on a real estate agent's recommendation -- and having to second-guess what his/her agenda is -- how they might be playing us?
And if you will humour a little editorializing:
There are countless examples of reliance on experts proving to be a mistake (Nate Silver's "The Signal and the Noise", Daniel Kahneman's "Thinking Fast, Thinking Slow", Philip Tetlock's "Superforecasting") -- Data Science is about finding ways to derive insight from the data, rather than experts' opinions. But many data scientists get caught up in the mechanics, and lose sight of the purpose. It's not just about razzle-dazzle infographics. As Hamming puts it: "the purpose of computing is insight, not numbers". So I applaud your effort to seek a layman's explanation, rather than technical speak, to understand regression.
Answer: You need to decide which algorithm you use based on your Target Variable(Output, Dependent Variable).
If your Target Variable is Categorical you need to go for Classifier(Binary/Multi), if your Target Variable is Continuous you need to go for Prediction Algorithms (ie: Regression, Decision Tree, etc...), if the data is Time dependent you need to use Forecasting Techniques (Time Series, Croston, etc...)
For example if you are looking at Linear Regression:
Its basic idea is to fit the data in the form of a line. As we remember in our schooling they taught us about Linear Algebra, where you need to find a solution for a line by substituting points in that, if it satisfies, then it is solvable and many other cases. Same way, here if your target variable is Continuous then you use your features as variables. It attempts to model the relationship between two variables by fitting a linear equation to observed data.
Equation of Linear Regression is:
$$Y = a + bX$$
where $X$ is the Explanatory(Features) variable and $Y$ is the Dependent(Target) variable
Do not get confused with Logistic Regression(LR) and other Regression Techniques, LR is not a Regression technique it is a Classifier, people generally get confused with that.
Regarding Classifiers, if the data is Linearly Separable(Yes/No, 1/0) then we can use LR, if they are not Linearly Separable you need to use techniques like SVM.
Answer: There is a hole a the wall you want to cover.Let's think about a series questions you would like to ask?
1. What is the shape of the hole?
Is it a circle, a square, a ellipse or maybe a triangle? Notice some of those shape is more general than the other, like a square is just a special rectangular.
2. How do you describe the exact size of that hole?
what's the diameter of the circle? How long is the size of the square?
What does this has to do with fitting the model?
The first question about the shape of model is an analogy to the problem of model selection. There are lot of different model you can use to fit a model. There is ordinary linear regression where the model can be represented as a straight line. There is also more complex model like polynomials. And like how square is a special rectangular, linear model is just a very special polynomial.
Once we have a particular type of model we have in mind, we need to find a set a numbers that completely describes that model. This the process of fitting your model. In the case of linear regression, the model is a straight line, and the fitting the model is to find which straight line.


Can the EVM execute a function over multiple blocks?

Question: Is it possible that EVM will execute one function over multiple blocks? I am interested in the case when the contract validates the block.timestamp at the beginning of the function and then use block.timestamp at the end. Can 2nd timestamp differ from the 1st?
Comment: I think it's not. Because every function call will triggered a block and once a blocks reach its memory or allocation the data will continue but assign in other blocks or next blocks
Answer: No, execution must happen within one block - though of course if that is not "enough" the execution will instead run out of gas and revert.
Answer: Nope It can't. A block is a compilation of transactions that is sent to the Ethereum network and when the block of particular number is validated by validator, only then a transaction passes through. So, since transactions make up block, a transaction can never take gas greater than block gas limit. So, a transaction can never be on multiple blocks as a block is made up of transactions and not vice versa.


woocommerce buy button

Question: My site is a affiliate and I want woocommerce buy button to open up website in a new tab. As i go through the code i see its functions like do_action, calling functions. don't know where are the function based. I checked functions file too but cannot find it. How can i break it down, that which components of woocommerce is being called and editing that function like i want to open the external website in another window.
Answer: Dump the global: Use the name that is inside do_action() or apply_filters() as first arg.
var_dump( $GLOBALS['wp_filters']['hook_name'] );

Comment: can you give me a example, as i did `var_dump( $GLOBALS['wp_filters']['woocommerce_after_shop_loop'] )` and it gave me null, also could you please guide me how can i edit the buy now button, so the website open up in new window.
Answer: I found a way a long time back, so updating that everyone knows. I did a search for title of button i.e 'Buy Now' and the file which had it, i copied it into my child theme. From there i updated the text and all went well!

woocommerce buy button


How did präteritum come to be primarily used in writing and mostly unused in everyday speech?

Question: As a native English speaker learning German, one thing that has caught my imagination is the Präteritum. The idea of a tense which you mostly don't really say (with a few exceptions such as sein, haben, etc.) but only write is very strange to me.  I understand and accept that this is the way it is, but I wonder how did this come to be?  Presumably at some point in the past it was used in every day speech as the Perfekt is now.  So what changed and why?
Comment: Almost all languages that have a written form have some differences between that and the spoken form. Written language tends to evolve more slowly and be more standardized than spoken language. Plus there's the whole phenomenon of "register", where language changes according to the social situation. So I would say there are similar differences between written and spoken English, but English speakers are used to them.
Comment: See also https://german.stackexchange.com/q/56463/35111.
Comment: There seems to be a similar situation in French where the *passé simple* is almost exclusively used in written language.
Comment: Well, I suppose we could just ask "rooms" ... Is there anything in your question that is not answered by https://german.stackexchange.com/a/56467/31256?
Comment: Another thing to consider is exactly how true this idea that you only use the preterite in written language actually is. Is a rule, a guideline, or just a trend? The wonderful DWDS usage database gives over 15000 instances of *gab* in their subtitle corpus, vs. only about 9000 of *gegeben*. You can argue about how faithfully subtitles reflect natural spoken language, but I think people would complain if the subtitles made it seem like everyone talks like a Wikipedia article.
Comment: "The idea of a tense which you mostly don't really say (...) but only write is very strange to me." - is it still as strange if you take into consideration that in German, various grammatically different tenses have exactly the same meaning? In English (at least the way it is taught in Germany), simple past has a different meaning from past perfect, but the equivalent is simply not the case in German.
Comment: While the question is different, I think that the accepted answer to the question linked in the first comment answers this almost entirely. Perfekt develops, for several reasons it almost entirely replaces the Präteritum in the south, and by now with the homogenisation of the language more and more everywhere. The Präteritum survives in the written language.
Comment: @RDBury Many subtitles might not represent exactly what was said in the movie, and they might be from dubbed movies that were originally English (or another language), so they would not represent natural spoken German. Searching for *@gab* (the exact form), I only get originally English results on the first page, and many (most?) of them in the »es gab« form, which is a special case. Comparing e.g. *trank* and *getrunken*, I get ~420 and 2300 hits respectively, las/gelesen 810/4100. Which very much supports the OP's idea.
Comment: @Raketenolli - Yes, it's debatable whether subtitles accurately reflect what would be said in spoken German, and there will naturally be variations in frequency depending on which verb you pick. One could even question whether any scripted dialog accurately reflects naturally occurring speech. Subtitle corpora seem to be the best data that's available to the public though. The OP was saying that the preterite isn't really used at all in spoken German, and my main point was that that claim shouldn't be accepted without question.
Answer: I would say that it has become this way, because you can use Perfekt for both the past and for the future tense and you can also link things that happened in the past to the present (which you cannot do in Präteritum). This makes it much easier to use in the spoken language, as you don't have to think much about the tense.
As in for the written language, I guess it just looks fancier to write everything in Präteritum, as you don't have as many Wortwiederholungen (repetitions of words) with hat, hatte, and so on.
For reference you can read this article:
https://www.deutschplus.net/pages/Zeitform_Perfekt
The example they give is the following:

Es hat nämlich geregnet. (Perfekt - with a link to the present)
Es regnete nämlich. (Präteritum - no link to the present, wrong)
Answer: There is not just one German language and there never was just one German language. German developed from a wide range of similar dialects that were spoken about 1500 years ago in Central Europe, between North Sea and Mediterranean Sea like Langobardic, Bavarian, Allemanic, Franconian, Thuringian, Anglian and Saxonian just to name some of them.
These dialects differed in vocabulary, grammar and in pronunciation. But they were not strictly separated languages, but different version of a continuous range of dialects. People from neighboring villages and kingdoms could easily communicate with each other, but when they traveled a few days (i.e. more than 100 km), they entered regions where it became harder to understand the people there, and when they traveled more than two or three weeks (more than 500 km), they reached regions where it became impossible to understand the people living there.
The dialects spoken by people living up in the mountains (in the Alps) are the group of upper German dialects (Hochdeutsch). The dialects spoken in the flat lands next to North Sea and Baltic Sea were called lower German Dialects (Niederdeutsch). And the dialects spoken between these regions are middle German dialects (Mitteldeutsch).
Over the centuries these dialects influenced each other, so most of them still were parts of a dialect continuum of the same language. This is not true for Anglian and Saxonian which merged to Anglosaxonian and then to Anglish/English when the Angles and Saxons settled the British Islands. This is why today English and German are two different languages. (Although both languages developed from the same germanic dialect cluster.)
But although on the continent the similarities of the dialects still allowed to define them as variations of the same language, they still evolved in different manners.
In upper German dialects the preterite became extinct (with some few exceptions) in 17th century, but it survived in lower and middle German dialects. And this still is the actual situation of dialects now, in 21st century. (I was born 1965 in Graz in the southeast of Austria, and my first language was the local dialect that has no preterite, no genitive case, and where dative and accusative are equal. I learned standard German only in school, like a foreign language.)
Writing was a skill that was available for very long time only for rich upper class people. They sent letters to friends living in regions where other dialects were spoken. So the written form of a language always was more global, more elaborate and more standardized than the spoken language. In all times it was very rare that people used the everyday grammar and vocabulary they used when chatting with family members and neighbors also in their written letters.
And because people also read books that were written decades and centuries before, they were used to older standards, which is why changes in the written language were always slower than in the spoken language. And so the preterite never became extinct in written German, including regions where upper German dialects are spoken.
So, the actual situation is, that there is a notable difference between the grammar of written and spoken German, and this difference is bigger in southern regions than in northern regions.

I wrote at the beginning that there is not just one German, and this still is true. Austria, Switzerland and German use different official standards for German language. These three standard are called standardvariations. And one of the major differences are the tenses for events that happened in the past. These tenses even have different names in official grammar textbooks and in some cases they are even constructed in different ways:

Präteritum
in Germany: unvollendete Vergangenheit, Nachvergangenheit or 1. Vergangenheit
in Austria: Mitvergangenheit
Example (both countries)

Ich lag im Bett. Ich salzte die Suppe.

Perfekt
in Germany: vollendete Gegenwart, Vorgegenwart oder 2. Vergangenheit

Ich habe im Bett gelegen. Ich habe die Suppe gesalzt.

in Austria: Vergangenheit

Ich bin im Bett gelegen. Ich habe die Suppe gesalzen.

Children learn the variation of their country in school. When German children use Austrian German in their texts (and vice versa), this will be treated an an error. These variations are thought in schools and universities, and they are used to write laws and other official documents. So they are standardized variations of German language. (Dialects never are standardized.)
I'm sorry, I have not much knowledge about standard Swiss German, so I can't say much about this standard variation. I just know that the difference between spoken and written German in Switzerland is much bigger than in Austria. 80% of all native German speakers in Switzerland think of the Swizz version of spoken German language and the Swizz version of written German language as of two different languages. But this is another topic and already out of scope of your question.
Comment: The answer [here](https://german.stackexchange.com/a/56467/43989) talks about related issues. As a learner I keep getting varying explanations of the difference between uses of the of preterite vs. perfect. Knowing that a lot of this apparent inconsistency is due to factors such as written vs. spoken and north vs. south is a big help.
Comment: One nitpick, I think Luxembourgish qualifies as a standardized dialect. Though now that it has standard spelling it's been "promoted" to a language in its own right. Maybe the difference between a language and a dialect is that one you learn in school and one you learn at home.
Comment: @RDBury: Luxembourgish is **not** a dialect. It is a standardized language. It is one of the official languages of Luxembourg. It is not only taught in schools as a language (like French or English), also lessons in other subjects (mathematics, biology etc.) are held in Luxembourgish. Many official documents (like this website: https://gouvernement.lu/lb.html ) are available in this language.
Comment: My understanding is that aside from some loan words, Luxembourgish is identical to the local dialect in the adjacent area in Germany, see [this map](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Moselfrankisch.png). So a person speaking the local "dialect" of say Bitburg could cross the border and then be speaking the "language" of Luxembourg. My conclusion is that the difference between a language and a dialect has more to do with politics than linguistics. Once someone made a political decision to "officialize" the dialect spoken in the country, it became a language with few other changes made.
Answer: I will speculate that the perfect tense dominates in spoken language because it is just simpler to use, requiring only the past participle and the correct form of the auxiliary verb, haben or sein. This tendency is particular pronounced in the dialects.
The preterites of haben and sein, by the way, are in constant use as stand-alone verbs too and thus on everyone's tongue, so to speak. Not so all the preterites of, say, the 100-plus "starke Verben."
Comment: Welcome to German.SE. Questions like this scream a big "there might be actual research available". Like the linked answer offers. So a bit less speculation would help to create an answer as it is recommended for the SE network. Thanks.


Four beast from Daniel

Question: I want to ask about four beast from Book of Daniel. The popular view is that these beasts are ancient Babylon, Medio Persia, Greece, Rome and Europe but in Daniel 7:17 "The four great beasts are four kings that will rise from the earth" we learn that this kingdom will arise but Babylon during that time already existed and also Medio-Persia. How to understand it? Could it be that the popular interpretation is wrong and this dream was about future kingdoms that will resemble these ancient kingdoms? Maybe someone read Hebrew Bible and can see the original text. Moreover, Gabriel many times says to Daniel that these kingdoms are in end-times (Daniel 8:17). Thank you
Comment: You are mixing two different prophecies of Dan 7 vs Dan 8.  Which do want to ask about?  The "End times" of Dan 8 does NOT occur in Dan 7 with reference to the four beasts.
Comment: Further to my answer, a clear explanation of the historical events, and their order, is given in the answer starting "It would be useful to begin..." here: https://christianity.stackexchange.com/questions/96158/was-the-destruction-of-the-first-temple-in-586-bc-or-587-bc/96163#96163
Answer:
The four great beasts are four kingdoms that will rise from the earth. But the saints of the Most High will receive the Kingdom and will possess it forever--yes for ever and ever!

Popular Opinion? The modern "popular opinion" expression does not necessarily equate with the truthful, or orthodox, opinion.  It is best to go by the interpretation of the Angel (7:15-18)
The Four Beasts Amazingly, the description of the "Four Beasts" fits perfectly the aspects of the four ancient empires leading up to the establishment of the KINGDOM OF GOD (HEAVEN) by Jesus, the Son of Man!  (1) The first empire was the Neo-Babylon Empire which was wealthy (gold), but not militarily as strong as (2) the Medo-Persian Empire (bear eating flesh). (3) the third beast (leopard) represents the Grecian Empire that conquered the world swiftly (by Alexander the Great). The "four heads represent the Diodochi, four generals who divided up the Grecian empire. (4) The forth Empire was stronger them all, and conquered the whole Mediterranean area! The "ten horns" represent the ten emperors leading up to the time when Rome attacked Judea and destroyed the Temple in 70 A.D. [Vespasian, who first attacked Judea, took over the empire because three previous ones were killed within one year. (7:8)]
Different Emperor The angel accurately described Vespasian.  He was "stout", that is bull-necked prominently, not handsome-ish like the previous ones (7:20). He was a Flavian, a different household than the previous line of emperors (7:24).  It was during this era, during the first century, that the Kingdom of God was set up (7:22). And the old Mosaic covenant system destroyed.(Hebrew 8:13)

The time came when the saints possessed the Kingdom...The sovereignty, power, and greatness of the kingdoms under the whole heaven ill be handed over to the saints, the people of the Most High. His Kingdom will be an everlasting Kingdom, and all rulers will worship and obey Him. (7:22, 27)

Son of Man When Jesus ministered for 3 and 1/2 years in the first century under the Roman occupation of Judea, he repeatedly called Himself by the title "Son of Man" (over 80 times!).  He was trying to make the point that He was the fulfillment of this prophetic chapter. (7:13-14)  Jesus put His imprimatur on this interpretation! Jesus began His ministry with the declaration that "the Kingdom was at hand." (Matthew 4:17) And at the end of His ministry, He declared Now is my Kingdom from another place...You are right in saying I am a King!  (John 18:36-37) He told the Jewish Elders that From now on, the Son of Man will be seated at the right hand of the Mighty God. (Luke 22:69)
The Kingdom was surely going to be established.  But it would involve "birth pangs."  The time between 30 and 70 A.D. would see a lot of tribulation (and eventually involving the tenth emperor, Vespasian (Daniel 7:19-25). [Interestingly, the Jews believed the Messianic Age would be introduced by "birth pangs" as well as the announcement of Elijah---both which Jesus talked about! Mathew 11:14, 24:8]
Saints Possessed the Kingdom That this transition would transfer the Kingdom of Heaven to the saints was announced by Jesus at the Last Supper:
I confer on you a Kingdom, just as my Father conferred one n Me, so you may eat and drink at My table in My kingdom and sit on thrones judging the twelve tribes of Israel. (Luke 22:29-30)
The Apostles repeatedly confirmed their membership in this kingdom: To Him who loves us and has freed us from our sins by His blood,and has made us to be a Kingdom and priests to serve His God and Farther... (Revelation 1:5-6)
Future Fulfillment? Since history has proven these prophesies to be true, AND FULFILLED, there is no justification for looking into the nebulous future for a fulfillment.  We have Jesus's own interpretation to go by. He is the "Son of Man." He came in the first century during the Roman era to set up a Kingdom...which He has conferred on the saints as well. The "birth pangs" tumultuous transition (Destruction of Jerusalem) happened as Daniel prophesied, so now the Saints go throughout the world with the Everlasting Gospel of the Kingdom! We have been translated into the Kingdom of His dear Son! and Go into all the world making disciples (Matthew 28:18-20)
{For an in depth interpretation of the BEASTS and the Ten Kings rising out of the the Fourth Beast with iron teeth and bronze claws, see Question # 43812}
Answer: It may be a popular view that the 4 beasts of Daniel chapter 7 represent Babylon, Medo-Persia, Greece, Rome and Europe, but there are other popular views. One I am familiar with makes no mention of Europe. However, your question raises a difficulty you perceive as follows:
The verse in question says that the four kings will rise from the earth. You say, "Given that the prophecy spoke of Babylon during that time already existed and also Medio-Persia. How to understand it?" You wonder if that dream was about future kingdoms that would resemble these ancient kingdoms.
It is true that the great Assyrian empire not only wielded power before Daniel was taken captive to Babylon, but that Babylon had also been subject to it much  earlier on. However, the father of Nebuchadnezzar II began a revolt against Assyria in 626 B.C. This resulted in the downfall of Assyria, at that time. In 612, the Babylonians captured its capital city of Nineveh. They defeated the Assyrians again at Haran in 609. By the time of that battle, Nebuchadnezzar was Crown Prince and Commander of the Babylonian armies. In 605, he defeated the remnant of the Assyrian army at Carchemish. That same year Nebuchadnezzar's father died, and so he began to reign as king of Babylon. Shortly after that, Nebuchadnezzar besieged Jerusalem, and Daniel and his three friends were deported to Babylon (circa. 605).
The point here is that the Assyrian empire had fallen before then, with Babylon beginning to arise as the new world power.
It was in the first year of the next king's reign when Daniel got that dream recorded in chapter 7. Verse 1 sets the scene, saying it was earlier, in the first year of king Belshazzar's reign, that Daniel recorded that dream. So, when the angel interpreted it for him, Babylon had already arisen, but Cyrus the Mede would not suddenly triumph over Babylon until about 14 years in the future - October 539, to be precise. The swiftness of the Medo-Persian overthrow of Babylon was breath-taking, and nobody saw it coming (except in that dream, understood by the angel, but awaiting time for humans to see it.) So, the angel was quite in order to use future tense for all four world powers, even though the first one had already arisen. It had not arisen long. Nor would it stay on top for long! The Medes saw to that, taking revenge for the humiliation of their Persian forebears.
After the Medo-Persian empire gave way to Greece (circa. 330 BC), it in turn gave way to the Roman empire from circa 63 BC. This means that the last three 'beasts' had not arisen at the time of the interpretation of the dream, and the first 'beast' had only recently risen, it's initial task being the downfall of Assyria (which is not to be mistaken as being the second 'beast', Medo-Persia, even though historically connected.)
I hope this helps you see that there is nothing problematic about the angel saying "the four great beasts are four kingdoms that will rise from the earth."
Answer: One needs to read just a little farther in the passage to reach a fuller answer to this question.

Reference
Text (KJV)

Dan 8:19
And he said, Behold, I will make thee know what shall be in the last end of the indignation: for at the time appointed the end shall be.

Dan 8:20
The ram which thou sawest having two horns are the kings of Media and Persia.

Dan 8:21
And the rough goat is the king of Grecia: and the great horn that is between his eyes is the first king.

Dan 8:22
Now that being broken, whereas four stood up for it, four kingdoms shall stand up out of the nation, but not in his power.

Dan 8:23
And in the latter time of their kingdom, when the transgressors are come to the full, a king of fierce countenance, and understanding dark sentences, shall stand up.

Dan 8:24
And his power shall be mighty, but not by his own power: and he shall destroy wonderfully, and shall prosper, and practise, and shall destroy the mighty and the holy people.

Dan 8:25
And through his policy also he shall cause craft to prosper in his hand; and he shall magnify himself in his heart, and by peace shall destroy many: he shall also stand up against the Prince of princes; but he shall be broken without hand.

It's not difficult to follow this in the annals of history.
Obviously, Babylon was already in power, so the explanation for Babylon was not needed, nor given.  The kings of Media and Persia, Darius and Cyrus respectively, conquered Babylon and took power as a new kingdom.  Their kingdom was followed by Greece when Alexander the Great conquered and took over a huge empire.  Alexander did not leave his kingdom to any progeny of his own--he was still rather young and had no son; so his four generals replaced him upon his death, which is why the prophecy speaks of "four kingdoms" replacing the one--but this did not last, as it soon reduced to just the two strongest ones of the four (which is detailed further in Daniel 11).
Following this, a new kingdom comes in, one foretold to destroy "the holy people" and to even stand up against "the Prince of princes" (Christ).  Which kingdom crucified Jesus?  Yes, Rome.  This fourth kingdom is none other than Rome, and Rome destroyed many of God's people, "the holy people."
The prophecy is paralleled by the dream of the image in Daniel chapter 2.  The image had a head of gold, which Daniel told Nebuchadnezzar represented his kingdom of Babylon.  The chest and arms were of silver, representing an inferior kingdom that would come afterward.  The belly and thighs were of brass, representing a kingdom inferior still.  Finally the legs were of iron--strong and long-lasting, but inferior to brass.
The countries of Europe are represented by the feet of that image of Daniel 2 and by the ten horns mentioned in Daniel 7.
The kingdom of Rome, including both "pagan Rome" and "papal Rome," reigned for nearly two thousand years.  The long legs of the statue well represent this kingdom.  During the dark-ages, including the period of time leading up to the Reformation, many saints were persecuted and killed as martyrs for their faith by this kingdom; fulfilling the prophecy of this kingdom destroying "the holy people."
More specifics about this fourth kingdom are presented in prophecy in the book of Revelation--but perhaps those are beyond the scope of this question.
There is no clear Biblical evidence for these kingdom-related prophecies being repeated with a new set of kingdoms.  These prophecies have already been fulfilled, and according to the prophecy of Daniel 2, the iron and the clay would never mix again, i.e. there will never again be a kingdom that unites all of these nations (which would be necessary to have a second application of this).
People have tried.  Hitler tried to unite Europe via military force.  Politicians have tried via more diplomatic means to create a European union.  We know, of course, that it did not succeed (consider e.g. Brexit).  If there can never again be one united kingdom joining all of Europe and Western Asia, it would be impossible to see a second literal application of these four kingdoms.

Four beast from Daniel


Will a Sunfish mast and rigging fit any other dinghy models?

Question: I find myself in possession of an extra set of everything Sunfish minus the hull.  I was wondering if any of this gear would fit any other models of small craft, or if I absolutely need a bona fide sunfish hull.
Answer: You don't need a 'bona-fide Sunfish hull', but there is not a lot of standardization across manufacturers for small sail craft.  Many parts are custom built for each make/model.
Different boats require different amounts of sail; for most Sunfish-style boats the amount of sail should be fine. The issues will be making everything else work.  You should not expect things to 'just work': much like car parts that do identical things, they are slightly different for different manufacturers, even if made by the same third party.
The rudder and tiller assembly most likely will NOT fit any other boat unless you also change the mount on the boat.  Even across different years, Sunfish rudders have different rudder mount system (3 types I think).  If you have the rudder and the mount from the old hull, you can put the old mount on the new hull.
The daggerboard is a piece of wood. If it fits it will work; if not you may or may not be able to modify it to work.
The mast is either going to fit in to the tabernacle of another boat or not.  This would be the hardest thing to modify.  If it does not fit, I would not try to modify; look for a different hull.
The hardware, like the main sheet cleat, are mostly generic. You should not have any problems installing them on any boat.  Be aware that some of the small sail boats (including the Sunfish) have the hardware installed before the boat is completed.  You may have to add inspection ports to be able to actually change the hardware.
I documented some Sunfish repairs and updates here on The Great Outdoors. They should give you some more insight.
Answer: Since I don't have much exposure to Sunfish specifically, I'm going to give a generic answer for boats of this type.
Unlikely unless they're borrowing parts from someone else.
You've got a freestanding unstayed mast, that implies a hole through the upper deck down to the lower hull. The diameter of this would have to match the equivalent hole on your selected hull.
The balance of the rig would have to be approximately the same. In practice means the distance between the mast mount and the daggerboard should be approximately the same or it'll unbalance the handling.
The rig size and hull weight should be approximately the same or you'll over or underpower the boat.
Daggerboard, these are again a tight fit. If it's a plank of a certain size, then it could be cut down to fit another boat. If it's too small then it's a no go. It needs to be big enough to fill the hole and stop too much water getting up, while small enough to move easily. Centreboards tend to be a very specific shape, usually too different to be transferrable.
A rudder is a rudder, but they tend to have unique spacings between the mount points. You may be able to replace the mount.
All that's left is ropes and pulleys, the basic mechanics are much the same on all single handers of this type. You could be ok, but some lines may be too short for the equivalent job on another boat.
Answer: 4 years to late... Your have probably long solved your difficulty . Anyway the parts are the most expensive part.  You should be able to find a Sunfish hull. A few sunfish clones are out there The scorpion is the most popular one that is exactly like a Sunfish. I am surprised that hull manufacturer was not in a law suit. The bottom line is sunfish are the most prolific even if you get one with parts you will be in ship shape.
Answer: I don't see why it wouldn't.  Any small sailboat that had a place for stepping the mast and that already had centreboard or leeboards should work.
Caveats:  I had a 1 week course in sailing using sunfishes, and I've read up on sailing since.  I am far from an expert.
Considerations:

If the mast step is lower down, relative to the cockpit, then you may have to duck further when the boom swings over.
The mast step needs to be compatible.  If the mast is too small, it would be fairly easy to cut a bushing or 'donut'to fill the gap.  If too large, you could make a larger step and fasten to the hull.  Note that hull surgery has its risks.
If the length of the boat from the step to the transom is shorter you may have to re-rig where the boom sheets attach to the boom for hauling in.
If the boat is significantly larger than a sunfish, it won't sail as fast in mild wind. -- unless it's also narrower
You will likely have to recut or replace the mast stays. They won't be the right length.  If you use a rear mast stay, the boom has to clear it.

Conclusion:  Look for a sailing dingy that is about sunfish sized.  Check the mast step to see if that part of the boat will be compatible or modifiable.
Comment: @JamesJenkins There were comments that said it was because this answer didn't take into account the difference in  mast sizes but they got deleted
Comment: I am guessing that the last paragraph is generating the down votes.  Maybe delete it? It does not really add value, nor is it entirely correct.


Can installing programs on the same hard drive but different partition overwrite data on the other partition?

Question: The case is I want to recover my data on a hard drive partition, drive E which has gone raw. I want to install a recovery software on drive C which is actually a part of the same hard drive. I have only one hard drive(C drive) present in my computer with its partitions C drive itself and E drive. Installing or using something on C drive shouldn't overwrite data on E drive, am I right?
Comment: You are correct, up to a point. If what you install or use is partitioning software, or something you have previously configured with specific reference to `E:`, then that partition could be accessed and possibly overwritten. The configuration problem can be avoided by removing the `E:` label under disc management, but obviously there is nothing to prevent the use of partitioning software.
Comment: Sorry but I don't think I follow you.
Comment: Maybe I didn't follow your question. When you said drive `E:` has gone raw, I assumed you meant that it is corrupt in some way, but that drive `C;` is intact, allowing you to install software there. Please explain what you don't understand in my comment.
Comment: Yes you are right. How come the partitioning software into picture?
Comment: You were considering using recovery software, which modifies partitions, yet you wanted confirmation that `E:` wouldn't be written to. Maybe it's not the best term, but I was using "partitioning software" as a general description of anything which creates, deletes or modifies partitions. And you did say "installing or using something on drive C", which covers any installable or installed software, including Disc Management, for instance.
Answer: If you Install software or Format even one partition, the rest of the partitions stay untouched. So if you Install software or format C, the E will be untouched.
If the drive is not overwritten then the data  recovery is also possible. It is somewhat tricky, but is possible.
Remember always, if you repartition and Format the disk then afterwards the data is untraceable, which remains on the disk.


How does a potential energy is found given the quantum energy states?

Question: I have thought about it but couldn't figure out how can I find the potential energy given the energy states, I mean for example in Lennard Jones potential there is a finite number of discrete quantum states so how could you find the potential if there is only a few number of states to fit a potential curve, does exist a rule to find it?
Comment: No solution in general. This is essentially the problem of hearing the shape of a drum.
Answer: If you know precisely all the energy eigenstates $|E_i\rangle$ of a Hamiltonian $H = K + V$ and know how to express the kinetic term $K$ in terms of it, then you know $V$ by decomposing $H$ and $K$ in the energy eingenbasis: $$V = \sum_{i,j} (E_i \delta_{ij}- \langle E_i|V|E_j\rangle) |E_i\rangle\langle E_j| $$
In the case of a potential well for which there is only a finite number of bound states, such as the Lennard-Jones', there are still an infinite number of scattering states that are energy eigenstates.


Do I need swap with new SSD?

Question: Am about to upgrade to new SSD and thinking through partition migration process. Will I need SWAP with an SSD? I have 8GB RAM and an i5 processor.
Comment: have a look at: http://askubuntu.com/questions/19376/installing-ubuntu-on-a-ssd?rq=1 and also have a search on AU with the term `trim`
Answer: With 8 GB RAM most likely swapping is not necessary, but you need swap if you have a laptop and want to use the hibernate option. You could also go for a swap file instead of a swap partition.
Comment: Ah, an answer from the good 'ol days when 8 gigs of RAM actually was more than enough :')
Answer: This is information on how to maximize performance of your SSD.  Make sure to read the section about Swap and tmp, which explains whether swap is needed or not.  And as @January said, with 8GB RAM you probably won't need a swap.

Now that SSDs have moved into the realm of affordability, there's
  little reason not to use one for your next PC, if you're not already
  using one. But Linux, as with Windows, has spent decades being tuned
  for spinning platter drives and while performance is noticeably
  increased when using an SSD under Linux, there are a number of tweaks
  and filesystem changes you can do to make the most of your SSDs.

Filesystem layer
Scheduler
Swap and tmp

Linux is pretty good at only using swap if it really needs to, but
  even so if you're installing to an SSD and you have a mechanical hard
  drive in your system, be sure to put the swap partition on it instead
  of the SSD. If you've already installed Linux and allocated a swap
  partition on the SSD, you can simply set aside a partition on a
  spinning platter drive and edit your /etc/fstab swap entry to point to
  it instead. Read on

Applications
Partition alignment1

1Source:How to maximize SSD performance with Linux
Since the above link is no longer working, I will leave it because it references some of the information in the answer.
More info:
5 Tweaks to Make After Installing an SSD Drive.
SSD: how to optimize your Solid State Drive for Ubuntu and Linux Mint.
Comment: @PeterMortensen I kept the link since it references info in the answer, and I've added more info on the issue.  Thanks

Do I need swap with new SSD?


How to move columns with drag and drop in Excel 2011?

Question: How can I move columns with drag and drop in Excel 2011?
Comment: Why in the world do we even have to ask this question???  Haha - this is the third time I've googled the answer.  So non-intuitive is the solution.  +1 for asking and getting a working answer.
Answer: Answered by deargeek.net:

Select the Column or Row you want to move
Move your mouse pointer up to the blue edge of the selection until it changes from a cross to a regular pointer  arrow or hand. Note: The mouse pointer must be on one of the highlighted cells and not on the row or column headings.
Hold down the shift key and click and drag the column/row to the new position. A faint "I" bar that runs the entire length of the row or column, along with a box indicating where the new row or column appears.
Release the mouse button and then leave the SHIFT button, and your row or column is moved.

I have verified this with Excel 2011 (14.0.2) running in Mac OS 10.6.7.
Comment: Wow, the Excel team should win an award for the most intuitive user interface on this one.
Comment: +1 This will be a big time saver for me. I confirmed it works with Excel 2007 on Windows Vista. It works with columns in an external data table as well. The columns stay put even after a data refresh.
Comment: Also works in Excel 2013 on Windows.
Comment: For me: Step 2, The pointer changes from a cross to a hand, not an arrow. Excel 2011 14.3.5.
Comment: You way want to add that this will not work for filtered data in Excel 2010. The columns will need to be unfiltered before they can be moved.
Answer: Indeed, in Excel 2010 you can use that method to move a column of data.
However:

The header does not follow, must be copied.
The blank column must then be deleted.
Excel does not recognize a column moved from within a table to a far left position as being part of the table (did not test moving it to the end of table).
Including the newly moved column in a select range to convert the table back to a range is not permitted, the button is grayed out; have to select only the originally defined table to convert it to a range.

Easier to conver the table back to a range, use Cut/Insert columns to rearrange, then convert back to a table.
Would be awesome if these tables had the move-capability of a Pivot table.
Thanks
Answer: On Windows 7, Office 2010 I found that the SHIFT key, as described by Brian above, is not needed and in fact changes the behavior from 'moving with insertion' to 'moving with overwriting' -- i.e. rather than getting a thin vertical insertion line, Excel has a rectangular insertion and asks you: 'Do you want to replace the contents of the destination cells?'
The CTRL key, changes the behavior from move to copy.
Also, contrary to the note by Kim, the technique describes DOES move the header column as desired.
Answer: No Shift required

Highlight the Table column by clicking on the Header (data only
selected)
Click Header again to select header as well as data
move mouse to side of header cell to get four-pointed-arrow
click and drag to new location in the table.


Synthesis of Aristotle and Plato

Question: I would like to know if there are any systematic and comprehensive texts on synthesising Aristotle and Plato (mainly that come from a Neoplatonism stand point since I know this joining of the two philosophers' systems was a major objective of the Neoplatonists). After searching for a while I couldn't find any texts that were dedicated entirely to this matter so I'm guessing the topic is just covered generally in neoplatonic works without explicit indication.
Answer: Aristotle and Other Platonists by Lloyd P. Gerson is dedicated to this issue.
From the introduction:

Aristotle versus Plato. For a long time that is the angle from which the
tale has been told, in textbooks on the history of philosophy and to university students. Aristotle's philosophy, so the story goes, was au fond in opposition to Plato's. But it was not always thus.

This book aims to give an account of how
the perception of harmony arose among these Platonists, how it was articulated and defended, and to what extent it is justified.
Answer: A good start is the entry neoplatonism from Stanford Online encyclopedia. Here is a quote from its introduction:

However, and more importantly, their [= the Neoplatonists'] signature
project is more accurately described as a grand synthesis of an
intellectual heritage that was by then exceedingly rich and profound.
In effect, they absorbed, appropriated, and creatively harmonized
almost the entire Hellenic tradition of philosophy, religion, and even
literature—with the exceptions of Epicureanism, which they roundly
rejected, and the thoroughgoing corporealism of the Stoics. […]

The
most fundamental of these assumptions, which the Neoplatonists shared
with the majority of intellectuals of the ancient world, including
most pre-Socratic thinkers as well as Socrates, Plato, Aristotle and
their followers, is that mindful consciousness (nous, often translated
as thought, intelligence, or intellect) is in an important sense
ontologically prior to the physical realm typically taken for ultimate
reality (Mind over Matter).

There existed a dispute between Plato and
Aristotle over whether or not the objects of mindful consciousness
(abstract concepts, Platonic or otherwise, numbers, geometrical
properties, and so forth) are also ontologically prior, but the
Neoplatonists regarded this fact as a matter of inconsequential
detail.

Hence the project of the Neoplatonists was the grand synthesis of
the philosophical approaches of nearly all of their predecessors.
Aristotle was a student of Plato. But Aristotle argues against the
theory of forms, one of the main doctrines of his teacher, in
Aristotle's "Metaphysics, book I, Chap. 9", see Metaphysics.

I cannot imagine how a synthesis of the two positions of Plato and
Aristotle could look like. And I question that the proponents of
such a synthesis did a careful reading of the original texts. We
have their texts. Both philosophers belong to the most studied
philosophers of all time.

Therefore: Who votes for an integration of the ideas of Plato and Aristotle should support his/her claim by pointing to specific texts of the two.

Synthesis of Aristotle and Plato


What is the point of a "Friendship Bread" starter?

Question: Recently I started a "Starter" for Friendship Bread with some active (non wild) yeast. I thought it would be a good way to keep an active culture of yeast around in general and get some nice cake / breads too. However as i've been going though recipes paired with the starter for cakes, cookies, and muffins. I've noticed that all the leavening is coming from other means. So that becomes the crux of my question. If not for leavening, what value does a friendship bread starter provide?
Comment: Have you not been using it to make *bread*?
Comment: It does seem that the internet is full of recipes for "friendship bread" that add chemical leaveners as well ([a top hit for me on Google](https://www.friendshipbreadkitchen.com/recipe-amish-friendship-bread/) uses a cup of starter, 2 cups of flour, and 1.5 tsp of baking powder + 0.5tsp baking soda).  Recipes without additional leavening seem really hard to track down so the question is more reasonable than it seems at first glance (partly @GdD)
Comment: Cakes, cookies and muffins don't use yeast for leavening, you use friendship bread for making yeast breads.
Comment: It's so the success of the recipe doesn't depend on whether the starter is actually active, and you don't ruin a friendship by blaming the person who gave you the starter for a failed rise.
Answer: I see Amish Friendship Bread recipes that create a starter with dry active yeast, but also notice that once they are active, they are kept active by feeding with flour, water, and frequently sugar.  After the first addition of active yeast at the creation, no further dry active yeast is added, from what I can tell.  This is a similar process to creating a sourdough, however, with sourdough, no dry active yeast is used.  Anyway, over time, the starter you've created will pick up lactic acid bacteria, and perhaps other strains of yeast.  The pH of the starter will become more acidic.  So, in addition to leavening, the starter adds flavor to the recipe and adds acidity to your recipe.  Baking soda and powder also help leavening, but might be more important here to preserve the correct level of acidity and encourage browning in the final formula. Baking soda helps keep acidity in balance, particularly when used with baking powder (one can use less soda).  The proper alkalinity is also important to encourage browning.
Answer: It is there for taste.
The starter you describe is simply a kind of preferment. Since active yeast is added, and maintained overtime, I expect it will have a very strong yeasty-sourdoughy taste, much more so than other preferments made without a culture, or ones that are fermented for short times.
The bread recipes itself (the ones I found online) are for quickbreads, and the leavening comes from the chemical leaveners in them. Even if the starter would have a leavening capability (which I don't know, since I haven't handled it - it could be highly overfermented) it wouldn't be able to develop any of it in a quickbread recipe.
Comment: This is of course about the technical side of baking bread. I have no contact to Amish culture, and I have no idea if adding such a starter has some kind of cultural or social significance. If it did, that would be off topic for us anyway.
Comment: Culturally the recipes on the Internet are far from authentic anyway, with the traditional breads being closer to sourdough except for being enriched (especially when feeding the starter).. "Amish"  is branding
Comment: I looked at maintaining a culture based on commercial yeast early in the pandemic when supplies were lacking, and ended up with a sourdough culture obtained via a friend's doorstep. Based on what I read at the time, a method like this should keep a viable culture of something that will leaven, but it will evolve over longer than the 10 days commonly stated


What are the things MEV bots can MEV?

Question: Suppose I'm performing swaps form Uniswap, sushiswap etc Can they MEV my funds? What are the things MEV bots can do?
Comment: Guess it can help you - https://medium.com/coinmonks/mev-bot-what-is-it-and-how-does-it-work-f880236be4a5
Answer: MEV can be the difference in the balance of reserves across two pools, it can be the opportunity created by bad swap setting, (100% slippage or ignoring price impact).
It can be the bid a searcher makes to take an MEV opportunity which in turn creates an opportunity, MEV can be recursive like that.
MEV in itself isn't bad, it is inevitable, but a back run arbitrage only takes advantage of MEV a transaction would have organically created, and is providing a service to the ecosystem by normalizing price across exchanges.
In this context the concern would be over frontrunning, or being sandwiched. These have a likelihood of giving the victim a poor execution price in efforts to maximise the amount to which the sandwich bot can sell a token back into the pool, in the final transaction.
There are several ways to protect against this. The simplest is by using sane settings that will revert your transaction if it falls outside of those parameters.

Using a tight slippage setting. This is setting the minimum amount one is willing to accept, or the max amount one is willing to pay. The aim is to use a number as close as possible to the desired amount, while still allowing enough of a buffer to let 1 or 2 organic swaps on the same pool land before yours, without pushing price so far that your transaction reverts (where you will waste gas and potentially miss the moment you are buying/selling for).

Taking note of price impact and not swapping on pools with very low liquidity. This way you will not create a massive price disparity to take advantage of.
You will be warned of price impact if using a UI, else should calculate it.
Price impact is the effect the size of your trade has on the eventual price per unit that you will pay.

Using flashbots protect RPC, or similar service to hide the transaction details from public mem pool.
This can be as simple as using their rpc endpoint in your metamask instance.

https://docs.flashbots.net/flashbots-protect/rpc/quick-start/
Answer: if you're performing a swap, you don't want to be "sandwiched" because you will get a worse price for your trade.
Comment: How can we avoid this ?

What are the things MEV bots can MEV?


How to redirect local hotspot traffic to webserver

Question: I want to redirect all incoming traffic in my android shared hotspot to my local webserver (192.168.43.1:8080), so if anybody connected to me put any url like "www.google.com" will automatically be redirect to "192.168.43.1:8080", I do have root access, what should I do to accomplish this?
Answer: What you are talking about is called captive portal. On android this can be done by loading our own configuration file for dnsmasq. I made an a minimal UI app for this purpose. You can find it on XDA : https://forum.xda-developers.com/android/general/guide-setup-fake-captive-portal-android-t4011689
If you are android developer, please help us to improve the app.
And also this app requires root permission.
Answer: What you are talking about is called session hijacking.
There is a penetration testing suite called D-sploit that can do the feature you are requesting about. You can search dsploit apk files on the internet as they are no longer updated.
Recently, Dsploit has merged with Zanti, you can try any of these.

Keep in mind that these are just for analysing security issues of your network, but involving in a fraudulent activity with other users will make you liable for your actions, so use wisely.