Is using a VOR considered IFR or VFR?

Question: As the title mentioned.
And also, is using it in zero visibility (or near) a real life scenario?
Answer: You can navigate using VORs under either IFR or VFR. If visibility is zero, hopefully you are flying IFR.
These days, pilots are going to use GPS if at all possible, but if the GPS fails or if the plane doesn't have GPS, we can fall back to using VORs. Most planes still have one or two VOR receivers for that purpose, even if they're rarely used.
Comment: And of course most GA planes were built before there was a GPS, and the VOR is typically integrated into the COM radio, so it would be a major expense to remove & replace them.
Comment: @jamesqf - What percentage of GA aircraft flying today don't have at least one GPS unit. In my area, it is not very many in the rental and flying club fleets at least. Replacing at least one of the radios with a G430 or G530 is quite common. Or, at least adding a Stand alone GPS unit built in to the panel in addition to the 2 original NavCom radios. After all, those old NavComs end up being replaced just due to the cost to repair them when they break. Systems like the G430 will have Comms, VOR, ILS, & GPS all built into the one unit.
Comment: @Dean F.: I wouldn't know the percentage, nor have I had anything to do with rentals since maybe the mid-1980s.  However, I wouldn't consider rental/club planes typical, since they're used for instruction, and these days you probably need a GPS unit for instrument instruction, if not basic.  (So your customers wind up paying :-))  But for us ordinary folks who basically fly VFR, why would we pay $5K, plus (per a quick Google) several thousand more for installation?
Answer: No, the use of a VOR is not considered flying IFR. Although you can fly IFR using a VOR for navigation. You can also fly VFR using a VOR for navigation. Radio equipment other than VOR can also be used for navigation in both IFR and VFR flight. And, flying IFR in zero visibility is a real life scenario. But, you can not use a VOR by itself to land in zero visibility.
You can fly both IFR and VFR without using a VOR or even having one installed/operational in the aircraft (depending on aircraft certification). Though, if a VOR is used for navigation, it must have been inspected as functional and accurate by a certificated pilot within the preceding 30 days of the flight for which it is being used.
IFR (Instrument Flying Rules) is a set of rules, procedures, and regulations governing the flight of aircraft solely with reference to flight instruments instead of the ground. You can fly IFR in IMC (Instrument Meteorological Conditions) or in VMC (Visual Meteorological Conditions).
IMC would preclude referencing the horizon. But, it would not necessarily mean that you have zero visibility. You can not fly VFR in IMC unless you remain in sufficient visual conditions to maintain specific distances from clouds and specific visibility.
These rules include requirements for specific equipment for the aircraft and training for the pilot. Navigation equipment is included on the list of equipment. Although a VOR can be used to satisfy the navigation equipment requirements, a VOR is not specifically required. GPS is a suitable radio receiver which can be used for both IFR and VFR operations instead of or in addition to VOR. In some areas of the world, an NBD/ADF receiver would suffice. In the past other systems like LORAN would have been included in the list of suitable radio navigation equipment.
Think of it this way. Flying IFR means to fly by flight instruments only. A VOR receiver and indicator are not flight instruments. They are navigation instruments. The only navigation instrument that is specifically required by regulations for IFR flight is a DME (or DME equivalent like a GPS) above Flight Level 240. Otherwise navigation equipment is included in the requirement for radios pertinent to route of flight. Radios pertinent to flight is already required in the stipulation to maintain two-way radio communication with ATC.
Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations Part 91.205

(d) Instrument flight rules. For IFR flight, the following instruments and equipment are required:
(1) Instruments and equipment specified in paragraph (b) of this section, and, for night flight, instruments and equipment specified in paragraph (c) of this section.
(2) Two-way radio communication and navigation equipment suitable for the route to be flown.
(3) Gyroscopic rate-of-turn indicator, except on the following aircraft:
(i) Airplanes with a third attitude instrument system usable through flight attitudes of 360 degrees of pitch and roll and installed in accordance with the instrument requirements prescribed in §121.305(j) of this chapter; and
(ii) Rotorcraft with a third attitude instrument system usable through flight attitudes of ±80 degrees of pitch and ±120 degrees of roll and installed in accordance with §29.1303(g) of this chapter.
(4) Slip-skid indicator.
(5) Sensitive altimeter adjustable for barometric pressure.
(6) A clock displaying hours, minutes, and seconds with a sweep-second pointer or digital presentation.
(7) Generator or alternator of adequate capacity.
(8) Gyroscopic pitch and bank indicator (artificial horizon).
(9) Gyroscopic direction indicator (directional gyro or equivalent).
(e) Flight at and above 24,000 feet MSL (FL 240). If VOR navigation equipment is required under paragraph (d)(2) of this section, no person may operate a U.S.-registered civil aircraft within the 50 states and the District of Columbia at or above FL 240 unless that aircraft is equipped with approved DME or a suitable RNAV system. When the DME or RNAV system required by this paragraph fails at and above FL 240, the pilot in command of the aircraft must notify ATC immediately, and then may continue operations at and above FL 240 to the next airport of intended landing where repairs or replacement of the equipment can be made.
Answer: VFR
VORs are central instruments for both VFR and IFR flying. A VOR is used in VFR flight often to facilitate long distance navigation or find relative position with respect to various VORs/Airports around the aircraft.
For example, an aircraft with a dual VOR system can tune one to Station A, one to Station B, and then take the bearings/headings of the two to interpolate and determine an approximate location (by intersection of the bearings). VORs can be used to plan cross country flights as well, but GPS is becoming more user friendly and accurate.
IFR:
For IFR flight, VORs are often very important as well. Especially in a non-glass (ie G1000) aircraft, VORs are used to describe IFR Low En-Route Airways - the Victor Airways crisscrossing the United States. They are not considered "required" for IFR flight, but most IFR routes can be flown using Victor airways and hence VORs. VOR approaches are now more deprecated but plenty exist - I just did one a few days ago! A VOR approach is like a localizer approach - non precision, with higher minimums. There are technically "no" IFR approaches that allow for "zero-visibility" - every approach in IFR conditions has a minimum as denoted on the approach plate (IAP).
Here is an IAP for a VOR approach: https://resources.globalair.com/dtpp/globalair_00998V27L.PDF
Note the "S-27L" minimum of 520ft MSL and 1 SM visibility (520-1). A VOR approach has higher minimums than the average RNAV, LNAV, or even Localizer approach because it is not considered accurate enough to take an aircraft to 200-400 feet above the ground. An ILS, which is a precision approach, usually has a minimum of 200-300ft.
So in general, there are no approaches allowed at "zero visibility." Some airliners can do a "Cat III ILS" down to much lower minimums than even a standard ILS, but definitely not with a VOR.
I hope this helps! :)

Is using a VOR considered IFR or VFR?


Please re-open the "oldest profession" question

Question: Please re-open Why (and since when) is prostitution called "the world's oldest profession"? . Talking about a well-known euphemism that's used in polite company (even Ronald Reagan has referred to the phrase!) shouldn't be closed because the subject matter is somehow "dirty".
Comment: I very much doubt that any of the people who voted to close that question did so because they thought it was "dirty". We probably do try to avoid avoid question titles like *Exactly how rude is "cunt"*, but even there I think the "prudery" only extends to *titles*, not the subject matter that can be discussed. On the other hand, *this* question may get closed (though I won't vote for that), on the grounds that it looks like an attempt to get round the fact that *you* haven't earned sufficient rep to vote to *re-open* the other question.
Comment: @Fumble: not prudery, just respect for others' possible prudery.
Comment: @Mitch: I think that's a large part of why we don't want profanity in *titles*. Another large part obviously is just that [Jeff Atwood](http://english.stackexchange.com/users/91/jeff-atwood) is resolutely against it. And if I understand him aright, that's neither because of his prudery nor respect for the same in others - it's just that he doesn't want to encourage the kind of rubberneckers it would attract, a stance I agree with. But we freely *discuss* all aspects of language, regardless of whether some might be thereby discomfitted.
Comment: I take it you haven't changed your position in light of mine and @Mitch's responses, and that you'd still like the question reopened. But you've given no reasons at all, let alone reasons that would convince *me* to side with you (unlikely in the extreme, since I think the question is both trivial and only peripherally connected to ELU's core interests). I'm not wishing to be dismissive of you personally, but I really think you're flogging a dead horse unless you can come up with some supporting arguments for reopening.
Comment: @FumbleFingers: Asking about closed questions have resulted in them being re-opened at http://meta.skeptics.stackexchange.com/questions/536/how-are-the-fukushima-questions-too-localized and http://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/86690/why-was-this-coding-with-microsoft-paint-question-closed . One difference was that this time I said "Please re-open" rather than "Why was this closed?", which might be seen as a little more pushy.
Comment: @FumbleFingers: I've asked Mitch a question in reply to his answer.
Comment: The question was closed twice. I think it's safe to say that the community doesn't want it open.
Comment: @simchona: You can't close a question twice unless it's been re-opened!
Comment: @Andrew: It was reopened because we thought it could be improved. I did edit the question, and vote to reopen. However, even in that form 5 *more* people voted to close.
Comment: @FumbleFingers: thanks for answering my question to Mitch, which I've replied to. I'll mull things over a bit and see if there's anything else I can add.
Answer: After I had voted to close the question, F'x contributed some good edits.  I have since voted to reopen it, since I agree that tracing the history and usage of the phrase is appropriate and on-topic for this site.
I think the question could be made even better and more obviously on-topic if it were written such that it could be answered by a post such as F'x's, or something similar, if you found his objectionable.  Perhaps if you edited it like that, more users would agree that it is on-topic.
Answer: It doesn't seem reopenable to me. It wasn't closed because it is a taboo subject: it is pretty low on the taboo scale. It was closed because it is not particularly substantive about English -language-. It's a question of sociology and history and humor, not language.
Did you have an answer to give to it? Then I think you can still answer or put it In a comment there.
Are you curious about other answers? I think one of the answers there actually does trace the history as well as could be done, so no need for more of the same.
Comment: Definitely low on the taboo scale. I notice now that several people chose to write f**k in [this](http://english.stackexchange.com/questions/19147/why-do-we-say-expletive-all-for-nothing) question, but when it was active I never for a moment thought that anyone would be offended by those who just wrote the word out in full. If they were, that would have been their problem anyway - but nothing has ever given me the impression that there's even an issue there.
Comment: I think F'x's answer is very good, but that a good answer already exists shouldn't influence whether a question remains closed. About sociology and history: would the same be true of http://english.stackexchange.com/questions/9824/was-the-word-nigger-an-expletive-in-mark-twains-day ?
Comment: @Andrew Grimm: That "nigger" question is entirely different. It asks about the evolution of a specific word for which the connotations have changed radically even in my own lifetime (I've no doubt some would prefer it if I'd simply omitted the word itself when referring to the question). The matter of when/if someone thought up a larky/jocular euphemism for prostitution, or whether it means anything to speak of a "profession" that was engaged in countless millenia before we even had *language*, simply isn't in the same league.
Comment: @FumbleFingers: Whether prostitution counts as a profession, and whether it's really the oldest profession, isn't in the current version of the question. That may explain why it was originally closed, but not why it remains closed. Asking when a term originated, versus a detailed question of how it has evolved, may be slightly different, but I'd argue it's in the same league.
Comment: @Andrew Grimm: So what exactly do you hope to learn if the question is reopened? Clearly "oldest profession" was applied to a variety of occupations *before* anyone dared go into print with the prostitution "joke", and I would think it's a certainty the joke was recoined and passed around repeatedly by word of mouth before being printed anyway. I think the whole question has been done to death here already. If you think you can get any more mileage out of it then good luck to you. I don't think I'll be checking back on it for any new and interesting insights, even if it *does* get reopened.


NMAP Commands Used in Option -A

Question: I've found that using the command nmap -A gives me the most reliable results and according to the reference guide the option -A includes service detection, traceroute, and OS detection. I want to do an nmap scan that only includes the service/port scanning used in the option -A but I'm not quite sure what type of service/port scan is used in option -A. I read somewhere that it was a script scan, but a basic script scan did not give the same results. Does anyone know what the exact commands are when option -A is used in nmap?
Comment: Does -sV and/or -O give you what you want?
Comment: not at all. I think -A may stand for advanced options, which would include upping the intensity of the service/port scan but I'm not sure.
Comment: Never mind; I figured it out. Equivalent command for just service/port scanning is --traceroute -sV -sC.
Comment: Relevant: [Nmap Guide - Misc Options](http://nmap.org/book/man-misc-options.html)
Comment: @BhubhuHbuhdbus make that an answer and accept it, so that this question can be closed. Also, link to where you discovered the info.
Answer: According to nmap man page:
-A: Enables OS detection and Version detection, Script scanning and Traceroute.
-sV: Enables version detection, as discussed above. Alternatively, you can use -A, which enables version detection among other things.

It's the same as -O -sV -sC --traceroute.

NMAP Commands Used in Option -A


"a car of his son" is wrong to use/but/ "a friend of mine" is alright?

Question: There's a question asking which answer is correct in "He uses [a car of his son /his son's car]."
While I know the right one is 'his son's car', I also remember that I surely heard of 'a friend of mine' somewhere and it was alright to use the 'of+mine' there. So... what makes the former is wrong to use but the latter is alright?
Answer: A car of his son is a perfectly good, grammatical, comprehensible, Englsh phrase. It's just not one that any English speaker would use in normal circumstances.
However, a car of his son's is idiomatic, and implies that his son may have more than one car. Note that this is parallel with a friend of mine, in that mine is possessive, like son's.
Comment: Actually, more idiomatic is one of his son's cars.
Comment: @Lambie: you're right. I presented that form because of its similarity to the OP's.
Comment: The point is that "mine" and "son's" are both possessive pronouns whereas "son" is not a possessive pronoun. Therefore saying that "a friend of mine" and "a car of his son" are equivalent is false.
Comment: @BoldBen: yes. I believe I said that, in my last sentence.
Answer: "He uses a car of his son." means the son has more than one car.
"He uses the car of his son". is fine but generally, items that are owned can take the possessive apostrophe s. As in: He uses his son's car. [the son only has one car]

The son owns a garage and the police found a car of his son [or one of his son's cars] near the crime scene.

Whereas: a friend of mine means: not a friend of someone else (for example, a friend of yours) and is one person in the group of people that are "my friends".
A friend of mine=one of my friends.
A car of mine=one of my cars.
My friend [not of mine] is just my friend, not my enemy. There is no idea of group, here.

A car of mine was used in the drag race and I had not given the driver permission to use it!

A car of mine implies I have more than one car.


This is where her heartfulness come into picture. come to the picture ! what does it mean?

Question: i don't know the meaning of come into the picture. for example :
This is where her experience come into picture.
Answer: 'To come into the picture', means that someone or something that was previously not important within a particular context, relationship, problem or issue, etc., has now become important, and may even now be a central figure. For example:

I have been dating Mary for several weeks, and felt that our relationship was blossoming. Recently, Mary was introduced to Harry, and I now feel that she is becoming more interested in him than me. So, I could say, 'My relationship with Mary was going well, until Harry came into the picture.'
Tom and Sandra had a great marriage, until Tom started gambling and lost their life savings. Sandra might say, 'We had a great marriage, until Tom's gambling came into the picture.'

There are several phrases that can be used instead of 'come into the picture', but they all mean essentially the same thing, a new participant has become part of an ongoing activity, relationship, enterprise, etc., which has lead to changes that at least one of the previous participants is not happy with. Some other common phrases you may hear are:

stepped into the picture
came into play
entered the picture

Note 1: You may also hear a similar phrase, 'no longer in the picture'. This means the exact opposite of the above, i.e., someone, or something, that was previously an important part of something is no longer considered to be important. For example;
John was one of the main contenders to get a new managerial position at his place of work. Then, it was found out that John had misused company property, so he is no longer in contention for the job. We can say that, 'John is no longer in the picture to get the new managerial position.'
Note 2: Another similar phrase, but with a slightly different meaning is, 'keep someone in the picture.' This usually means that someone has been given responsibility for doing something, but there is someone else to whom they must provide updates on the progress, or otherwise, of that matter. For example, your boss may say, 'Fred, you have the running on the new Henderson project, but make sure you keep me in the picture.'


Jurisdictional Order

Question: Can a Canadian lawyer reply to this question please?  I need to know the specific law that states that British Columbia (or Canadian) Courts can not override an Order issued by the Courts in another Country, that has jurisdiction over the case.
Comment: I believe the term for this is "comity", but that doesn't really answer your question as to the specific law.
Comment: The statement you are making isn't universally true.
Answer: I'm not Canadian and I'm not a lawyer, but I found this section of a British Columbia law regarding foreign child custody orders, saying the court must recognize them:

75  (1) A court must recognize an extraprovincial order if all of the following apply:
(a) the extraprovincial tribunal would have had jurisdiction to make the order under the rules that are applicable in British Columbia;
(b) each party to a proceeding in which the extraprovincial order was made had
(i) reasonable notice that the order would be made, and
(ii) a reasonable opportunity to be heard respecting the order;
(c) the extraprovincial tribunal was required by law to consider the best interests of the child;
(d) it would not be contrary to public policy in British Columbia to recognize the order.

But the very next section says the court can supersede such an order:

76  (1) On application, a court may make an order that supersedes an extraprovincial order that has been recognized under section 75 [recognition of extraprovincial orders] if satisfied that
(a) the child would suffer serious harm if that child were to
(i) remain with, or be returned to, the child's guardian, or
(ii) be removed from British Columbia, or
(b) a change in circumstances affects, or is likely to affect, the best interests of the child and subsection (2) of this section applies.

This seems like an area of law where the details are going to matter a lot.  As always, if you need specific legal advice, you need to hire an attorney.

Jurisdictional Order


dnSpy not showing locals after hitting breakpoint

Question: I'm trying to debug .NET app DLL. I'm attaching to the process, open DLL module from memory and I'm setting the breakpoint inside of DLL. After hitiing the breakpoint dnSpy didn't show Locals and I can't step through the code. Why is it like that?
Comment: I'm using latest version 1.6.8. Binary is protected by Themida. I'm injecting scylla and attaching to it.
In the meantime I've made a dump from memory and I have noticed that this binary is also protected by Smart Assembly. Anyway I can't run it after dump.
Comment: Which dnspy version you've used?
Answer: It is possible that your binary is protected using proxy objects.
Proxy objects usually implement and provide obscure debugging information (and/or methods) that interferes dnSpy's or other debuggers' initiative to display locals and other useful information. For more info look here.
Note that it's not guaranteed for this method to be the cause, but for me it was the most frequent case.


Morse-Kelley and category theory

Question: How much of category theory can be formalized within Morse-Kelley? Is it even possible to define the notion of a category as a tuple consisting of a class of objects, a class of morphisms, and a comoposition operation for morphisms such that the usual axioms of category theory hold? Then, is it possible to talk about the category of sets or groups for example as an own object?
Comment: You can't define a category a a tuple *per se* but you can define it as a list of three classes (not formally put into a tuple). You can also represent a tuple of classes indirectly, e.g you could represent a tuple of classes $(C_1, C_2)$ as the class of all pairs $(0,x)$ with $x \in C_1$ or $(1,y)$ with $y \in C_2$. In either of these ways, you can directly express the category of all sets or category of all groups in MK.
Comment: I have deleted my answer and other comments on this question, because the responses to them have made it clear that I am alone in thinking that messing around with cute encodings is an an inadequate approach.
Answer: You can't define a category as a tuple per se, but you can define it as a list of three classes (not formally put into a tuple).  There is a formula $\text{Cat}(A,B,C)$ in the language of set theory so that classes $(A,B,C)$ satisfy $\text{Cat}(A,B,C)$ if and only if $A$ is a class of structures, $B$ is a class of morphisms between structures in $A$, $C$ is a class function telling how to compose the morphisms from $B$, and all together $A$, $B$, and $C$ satisfy the axioms of a category.
Because the quantifiers in MK are over classes, this makes it possible to quantify over categories. To write "There is a category such that ..." we would write
$$
(\exists A)(\exists B)(\exists C)[\text{Cat}(A,B,C) \land \ldots].
$$
Similarly, because MK has comprehension axioms that produce classes, we can use the comprehension axioms to form the category of all groups, the category of all sets, etc.
We can also quantify over functors. A functor would consist of two classes $E,F$ so that $E$ is a class of mappings between objects and $F$ is a class of mappings between morphisms, so that $E$ and $F$ together satisfy the axioms of a functor.  So the formalization of "Let $X$ and $Y$ be categories and let $F$ be a functor from $X$ to $Y$" would begin with eight existential quantifiers.
We can also represent a tuple of classes indirectly, e.g we could represent a tuple of classes $(C_0,C_1,C_2)$ as the class of all pairs $(0,x)$ with $x\in C_0$ or $(1,y)$ with $y\in C_1$ or $(2,z)$ with $z \in C_2$. This is just syntactic sugar; it allows us to replace three quantifiers with one, but formally three quantifiers works just as well.

Morse-Kelley and category theory


How does NSDictionary handle NIL objects?

Question: Consider the code below. In essence, we get 2 strings, then we add these values to the NSDictionary.
However, i hit a weird bug. When fbAccessTokenKey is 0x0 (or nil), then twitterToken would not be added as well.
NSString *fbAccessTokenKey=[[UserStockInfo sharedUserStockInfo] getFBAccessTokenKey];
NSString *twitterToken=[[UserStockInfo sharedUserStockInfo] getTwitterAccessTokenKey];

NSDictionary *params= [[NSDictionary alloc] initWithObjectsAndKeys:
                       fbAccessTokenKey, @"fb_access_token",
                       twitterToken, @"twitter_access_token",
                       nil
                       ];

Why is this happening, and what is a good way of resolving this?
Answer: nil is used as a 'sentinel' for marking the "end of arguments" list. If twitterToken was nil, the runtime would go through your arguments, and once it got to twitterToken, it would think that it was up to the end of your list of objects and keys. This is due to the way that C/Obj-C is implemented when it comes to list arguments.
The alternative safe way to do it is to use an NSMutableDictionary, and check to see if your values are non-nil, then add them to the mutable dictionary like this:
NSString *fbAccessTokenKey = [[UserStockInfo sharedUserStockInfo] getFBAccessTokenKey];
NSString *twitterToken = [[UserStockInfo sharedUserStockInfo] getTwitterAccessTokenKey];

NSMutableDictionary *params = [NSMutableDictionary dictionary];
if (fbAccessTokenKey) [params setObject:fbAccessTokenKey forKey:@"fb_access_token"];
if (twitterToken) [params setObject:twitterToken forKey:@"twitter_access_token"];

For more technical info, there's a good article on Cocoa with Love: http://cocoawithlove.com/2009/05/variable-argument-lists-in-cocoa.html
Comment: I didn't even think about this, even though I use it daily. Thank you!
Answer: You can use the NSNull object.
Documentation here:
http://developer.apple.com/library/ios/#documentation/Cocoa/Reference/Foundation/Classes/NSNull_Class/Reference/Reference.html
Answer: Rather than initializing with initWithObjectAndKeys. Why not instantiate an NSMutableDictionary and then add the key value pairs (or not if the key is null)?
NSMutableDictionary * params = [[NSMutableDictionary alloc] init];

if (fbAccessTokenKey)
    [params setObject:fbAccessTokenKey forKey:@"fb_access_token];

// ... etc

You could cast it back to an NSDictionary later if you want to keep it immutable from that point.
Update
Just a note in response to Josh's comment, I should clarify that of course the cast will not magically convert the params NSMutableDictionary to an NSDictionary. But if you are passing it to code which requires an NSDictionary, the cast will let you treat it as such.
Josh's comment includes this code:
NSMutableDictionary * md = [[NSMutableDictionary alloc] init];
NSDictionary * d = (NSDictionary *)md;
[d setObject:@"Yes I am" forKey:@"Still mutable?"];
NSLog(@"%@", d); // Prints { "Still mutable?" = Yes I am; }

This will generate the following compiler warning (and for me, with warnings generating errors, a compile error):

file:blah.m: error: Semantic Issue: 'NSDictionary' may not respond to 'setObject:forKey:'
Comment: thanks for the suggestion to cast it to nsdict - worked like a charm ;)
Comment: Casting happens at compile time and can't affect the mutability of the object: `NSMutableDictionary * md = [[NSMutableDictionary alloc] init];
    NSDictionary * d = (NSDictionary *)md;
    [d setObject:@"Yes I am" forKey:@"Still mutable?"];
    NSLog(@"%@", d); // Prints { "Still mutable?" = Yes I am; }`
Comment: @josh-caswell Updated for your comment.


Hibernate: generate classes based on mappings in runtime

Question: Is there a way to generate domain classes based on Hibernate mapping? I anticipate answers about hbm2java tool, but it is designed to be used in build time. Is it possible to perform such task at runtime?
Answer: Short answer: this may be possible, but generally not a good idea.
Hibernate and other ORM libraries are meant to be a bridge between a database and a object oriented domain in your application.  If you want to generate your domain during runtime, you would negate the whole reason for having a domain or using Hibernate.  Honestly, Hibernate was not designed to do this.
However, if you want a tool to investigate a schema and report back on what tables, columns, etc structure exists I would suggest using regular sql.
As you mentioned, if you want to generate a domain off of a set of .hbm.xml files, use the hbm2java tool and leverage the generated code.


What were the consequences of Reuben's incest with Bilhah (Genesis 35:22)? And why is it mentioned here, seemingly out of place?

Question: Most of Genesis 35 concerns movement first toward Beth-el and the sacrifice Jacob planned there, and then on toward Mamre where Jacob's aged father Isaac lived. Then amid these various details, as it were out of the blue, we are told, "And it came to pass, when Israel dwelt in that land, that Reuben went and lay with Bilhah his father's concubine: and Israel heard it." (Gen 35:22) And that is all that is said here about the incident. Is there some reason why this report is placed here and not, say, in Gen 38, where another instance of incest is recorded?
Answer: Laying with a man's concubines could have been not merely an act of lust but also of political ambition. To lay claim to his concubines was practically tantamount to laying claim to the rest of the man's possessions. That, at least, seems to be the upshot of the incident in which the wicked prince Absalom lay with the concubines of his father, the king, David (2 Sam 16:15-23). Allen P. Ross in his Bible Knowledge Commentary adds, interestingly: "It is possible that Reuben, Jacob's eldest, was trying to replace his father as patriarch prematurely by this pagan procedure."
That the act had a grasping, ambitious meaning is by no means certain, but seems probable, insofar as "Israel heard it" (Gen 35:22), i.e., took notice of it, and this notice had significant consequences for Reuben's inheritance. On his deathbed, Jacob declares to Reuben, "Unstable as water, thou shalt not excel; because thou wentest up to thy father's bed; then defiledst thou it: he went up to my couch." (49:4)
This then gives us a reason why the text is placed here. Jacob's first three sons, Reuben, Simeon, and Levi, have turned out poorly (the latter two for the murder recounted in Gen 34) and are passed over in his father's favor, leaving Judah, the fourth son listed in Gen 29, as one "whom thy brethren shall praise" (49:8). Similarly, Judah will be favored as the sire of the Messianic "lawgiver" unto whom "shall the gathering of the people be" (49:10). Already, then, we see a sifting among the sons of Jacob, occasioned by their own serious sins. As we see later in the text, what emerges is a question whether the primary heir of promise will be found in the line of Judah (the eldest son of Leah who had not caused himself to be disinherited) or of Joseph (the eldest son of Rachel). Of course, the true "seed of Abraham" does eventually emerge from Judah.

What were the consequences of Reuben’s incest with Bilhah (Genesis 35:22)? And why is it mentioned here, seemingly out of place?


How to reduce the image size without losing quality in PHP

Question: I am trying to develop an image-based web site. I am really confused about the best image type for faster page loading speeds and best compression practices. Please advise me on the best way to compress image sizes.
Comment: Jpeg, gif and png images are already compressed.  Can you clarify?
Answer: If you are looking to reduce the size using coding itself, you can follow this code in php.
<?php
function compress($source, $destination, $quality) {

    $info = getimagesize($source);

    if ($info['mime'] == 'image/jpeg')
        $image = imagecreatefromjpeg($source);

    elseif ($info['mime'] == 'image/gif')
        $image = imagecreatefromgif($source);

    elseif ($info['mime'] == 'image/png')
        $image = imagecreatefrompng($source);

    imagejpeg($image, $destination, $quality);

    return $destination;
}

$source_img = 'source.jpg';
$destination_img = 'destination .jpg';

$d = compress($source_img, $destination_img, 90);
?>

$d = compress($source_img, $destination_img, 90);

This is just a php function that passes the source image ( i.e., $source_img ), destination image ( $destination_img ) and quality for the image that will take to compress ( i.e., 90 ).
$info = getimagesize($source);

The getimagesize() function is used to find the size of any given image file and return the dimensions along with the file type.
Comment: this function convert the source images to JPEG, ignore the gif animations and png transparency
Comment: I'm not sure why but the image gets rotated when I use this code, how would I prevent this from happening. It always seems to be rotated 90 degrees anti clockwise.
Comment: to overcome png transparency issue mentioned by @nikmauro, i used the
imagepng instead of  imagejpeg. using the imagejpeg for jpg files, ofcourse just modifying if statement to use appropriate function.

however to save transparency i also had to add (before output/save) :

    imagealphablending($image, false);
    imagesavealpha($image, true);

I also had to devide the $quality by 10 to work as imagepng does not go from 0 - 100 but rather 0 - 9
Comment: Good one there. But one thing that bothers me is why 90 for the compression? Is there a min value which when passed, the image is going to loose its "originality"?
Comment: sorted, I had to read the exif data from the original image and adjust accordingly.
Comment: Great! This is working but I'm getting 1 issue with it. While I'm uploading image thru the mobile camera then it sometimes rotates that image 90 degrees.
What to do about that??
Answer: I'd go for jpeg. Read this post regarding image size reduction and after deciding on the technique, use ImageMagick
Hope this helps
Answer: You can resize and then use imagejpeg()
Don't pass 100 as the quality for imagejpeg() - anything over 90 is generally overkill and just gets you a bigger JPEG. For a thumbnail, try 75 and work downwards until the quality/size tradeoff is acceptable.
imagejpeg($tn, $save, 75);

Comment: how to move the resized image to particular folder?
Answer: well I think I have something interesting for you... https://github.com/whizzzkid/phpimageresize. I wrote it for the exact same purpose. Highly customizable, and does it in a great way.


Commutivity of Different Jordan Cells

Question: If $A$ is a Jordan cell for an eigenvalue $\lambda_1$ of multiplicity $m_1$, $B$ is a Jordan cell for an eigenvalue $\lambda_2$ of multiplicity $m_2$, and $K$ is an $m_1\times m_2$ matrix such that $$
AK=KB,
$$ then show that if $\lambda_1\neq\lambda_2$, $K=0$.
Comment: The same question has been asked [here](http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/1028102/jordan-cell-with-rectangular-matrices/1028179#1028179) (but doesn't have an accepted answer).
Comment: What does $J(0,k)$ mean?
Comment: The Jordan cell for eigenvalue $0$ with size $k$
Answer: Let $e_1, \ldots, e_{m_2}$ be the standard $1 \times m_2$ column vectors.  Since $Ke_i$ is just the $i^\text{th}$ column of $K$ what you want is to prove that $Ke_i = 0$ for all $i$.  You'll do this by induction on $i$.
Here's the base case.  First I'm assuming that you take Jordan normal form to have 1's above the diagonal so that $Ae_1 = \lambda_1e_1$ and $Ae_i = \lambda_1e_i + e_{i - 1}$ when $i > 1$, and similarly for $B$.  Now just multiply $AK = KB$ by $e_1$ to get
$$AKe_1 = KBe_1 = \lambda_2Ke_1.$$
If $Kv \neq 0$ then this would say that $Kv$ was an eigenvector of $A$ with eigenvalue $\lambda_2$.  But $\lambda_1$ is the only eigenvalue of $A$ and $\lambda_1 \neq \lambda_2$ so it can't be that $Ke_1 \neq 0$, it must be that $Ke_1 = 0$.
Now the inductive step I'm going to leave to you.  You'll use the fact that $Be_i = \lambda_2e_i + e_{i - 1}$.
Comment: Also for the more mathy of you that are reading this: $K$ is a homomorphism between $k[x]$-modules with non-isomorphic composition factors, so it must be zero.

Commutivity of Different Jordan Cells


With Witch Doctor Mass Confusion, do elite affixes still affect you?

Question: When using the Witch Doctor "mass confusion" ability, it is possible to confuse elites into fighting on your side.  Many of them have AoE affixes like fire chains, arcane enchantment, mortar, etc.  I see the elites continue to use them even when confused, but there is so much chaos I can't really tell if I'm getting hurt by the ones that are confused.  It doesn't matter too much at my current level, but will start to matter more as I level up.  Do the AoE affixes of "confused" elites still hurt you?  If not, do they start hurting immediately after confusion wears off, or do they have to be reactivated.
Comment: Is this directed for the inferno difficulty, or all difficulties? I see you mention "as I level up", so I assume you are not level 60 yet.
Answer: I have read multiple forms on battle.net (here and here) as well as tested this ability with my lvl 60 witch doctor in inferno.
My findings so far:

Elites can be confused into fighting for you (which you mentioned)
The AoE affixes (fire chain, arcane, mortar) of the confused enemies do still hurt you.
The only bonus you gain from confusing an elite is its basic, monster specific attack for the time you have it confused.
As the difficulty increases in the game (hell and beyond) the time you control an elite decreases (to about 2-3 seconds) and the chance to control them becomes harder. This is intentional to keep the CC (crowd control) abilities from being overpowered late in the game.

The only thing I am unsure about is whether of not the affixes reset after being stunned or confused. From what I remember, they do not, but I could be wrong.
Comment: Thanks for the research, much appreciated.  The char I'm using is not level 60 yet, but my main is.  I think this topic will be somewhat interesting to folks that use the enchantress as well, since I think her "mass confusion" ability is essentially the same as the WD.


Displaying UTM basemap and blocks

Question: Im using arcmaps 10.1 and i have to imput pen points off a buch of old maps into arcmaps i have everything in order in arc maps but need help displaying the utm zones, basemaps, blocks, possibly sub-blocks as well. Having a shapefile with that all in it would be nice or if theres a simple way to get this to display in data view that would be appreciated.
Comment: Could you please define "blocks and sub-blocks".  These have multiple meanings based on the context.
Comment: Well as you knonk utm zones are devided into basemaps that are 10km x 10km then base maps are devided further into blocks that are 1km x 1km then into sub-blocks that are 100m x 100m. This is what i wanto display as a grid in data view
Answer: A shapefile with the UTM zones is included (along with other referencee systems) in the install of ArcGIS.  It can be found here

C:\Program Files (x86)\ArcGIS\Desktop10.0\Reference Sysytems

There's other goodies in the the "Desktop 10.0 (or 10.1, probably 9.3 too)"
I'm not sure which basemaps you are talking about, but the build in basemaps are located at

file>add data>add basemap

Ok, I see what you are asking for, which is the Military Grid Reference System (MGRS), that is based on UTM.  UTM is broken into zones like 16T, but MGRS goes a few steps further.  This should be what you're looking for:
Also, here is some good information on UTM and MGRS (They're calling it the NATO system here)

Displaying UTM basemap and blocks


Did any early church fathers view the Creation account in Genesis as being allegorical?

Question: In the first chapter of Genesis, it gives us a description of God creating the heavens and earth and it says that on the seventh day he had finished his word and had rested (Genesis 2:2-3), but did any Early Church Father believe that the Creation account in Genesis was allegorical and not literal?
Comment: Similarly, it would be good to know the *earliest* instance of anyone saying the creation account was anything but literal.  (Until very recently, why would anyone think of doubting it?)
Comment: Do you mean that they took the creation account to just be a story and that God did not, literally, create a material universe? If so, they would have to come up with their own idea as to how we find ourselves in  a physical universe.  Or, do you mean that they saw mataphoric lessons running in tandem with God's creation; symbolisms teaching spiritual lessons? Augustine read many symbolic meanings into scripture, but that does not mean to say he did not view the creation as having literally happened. Can you clarify, please?
Comment: Perhaps the word allegorical is a better choice than metaphorical?
Answer: According to this article:
Clement of Alexandria states that "That, then, we may be taught that the world was originated and not suppose that God made it in time, prophecy adds: 'This is the book of the generation, also of the things in them, when they were created in the day that God made heaven and earth' [Gen. 2:4]. For the expression 'when they were created' intimates an indefinite and dateless production" (Miscellanies 6:16 [A.D. 208]). While this might seem like a claim for long ages, other sources indicate that Clement held to instantaneous Creation such that "indefinite and dateless" properly refers to an immeasurably short interval.
Origen, however, is well known, even in Creationist circles, as denying that Creation took six days. "I do not suppose that anyone doubts that these things figuratively indicate certain mysteries, the history having taken place in appearance and not literally" (The Fundamental Doctrines 4:1:16 [A.D. 225]).
A claim is made for Cyprian in the mentioned article, but the quote is taken out of context. Further reading would be required to determine if he is speaking of Creation taking six thousand years, or if he merely holds the view of many others that judgment will occur six or seven thousand years after creation.
Augustine stated that "at least we know that [the Genesis creation day] is different from the ordinary day with which we are familiar" (Genesi Ad Litteram). However, he also believed in instantaneous Creation. This article is worth a read if you desire a more in-depth exploration of Augustine's beliefs.
This article from Answers in Genesis, which is of course strongly biased toward a historical reading of Genesis, affirms that Clement, Origen and Augustine all believed in an allegorical reading, so we can have high confidence that such assessment is correct. Still, it's worth noting that these are exceptions; the majority of the church throughout history accepted Genesis 1-11 as plain history. Certainly it is history steeped in additional allegorical meaning, but Scripture reaffirms time and again that God uses real events as symbols.
Comment: Given that you say of 'Answers in Genesis' that "we can have high confidence in their assessment," despite saying they are "strongly biased toward a historical reading of Genesis", I am confused. That would surely mitigate against accepting their assessment of those early church leaders?
Comment: @Anne, if AiG was claiming that some church father *agreed* with their (AiG's) stance, then yes, that would be suspect (and is why I'm somewhat cautious about accepting the *Catholic* article uncritically). That's not what's happening with the AiG article; AiG is presenting church fathers that *disagree* with them. Why would you expect someone to fake that? It is *because* they are presenting hostile witnesses that we can have high confidence that those witnesses really are hostile.
Comment: Fair comment, Matthew! But I would suppose some written statements about believing in literal 24-hour-Earth-day creation 'days' could be found in church records. It would not be wrong for AiG to present those, would it? A balanced response would try to collate both sides of the issue.


iPad 4 screen cracked

Question: It looks like hair got under the screen protector .  If I want to just keep using it, am I in danger?  Or will the screen protector protect me?
Comment: Would you drive with a cracked windshield? Pretty much the same real-life experience will need to come into play for you to decide your aversion to risk. If something unexpected happens, you have more chance to get injured if the glass is already broken in both cases. Perhaps you can elaborate on what danger you seek to avoid so that an outsider could offer advice?
Comment: To be honest, screen protectors are quite durable. And since you likely aren't doing anything other than gently rubbing or talking the screen, I really doubt you'll cut yourself. I've seen people use shattered screens and do so without harm (though one wonders how they can see anything). Glaziers frequently tape up giant panes of glass till they can replace them.
Answer: There are a number of local third-party repair people who specialize in this sort of problem, and may be able to replace the glass for a lot less than Apple. You may want to search around for people who repair Apple laptop repair, as they are likely to be able to refer you to someone local.
Comment: I would avoid these places. Most will use highly inferior components resulting in poor performance (unregistered taps, etc.). There's a reason why they offer the service at a fraction of the cost Apple does. Even those that say they use the same parts Apple does often lie. Everyone I've known who has used some 3rd party, unlicensed outfit as regretted it (and I've know a fair amount that have done it).
Comment: The person I know locally who does this works out of their home, and was recommended by a reputable repair shop.  I had a problem with the screen connection in an old PowerBook, which no one else would even touch.  The fix was effective and affordable, and allowed me to extend the life of the PowerBook for a number of months.  While I would prefer Apple service in most cases, it can be too expensive to consider in many instances.
Answer: If the cracked area is small, you can keep using it with a screen protector on the screen. It is safe. But, if the cracked area is large and the glass is broken, you'd better replace the screen with a new touch screen.

iPad 4 screen cracked


What are some example pledges to join a court in Changeling: The Lost?

Question: I scoured the CtL book for examples but couldn't find any.  If there are any I'd love a page number.  Otherwise, if you have a link to a wiki with them I'd appreciate that as well.
Answer: The pledge you are looking for is called Commendation and is found on page 189 of the core Changeling book.
Page 181 of the Changeling core book has the Vassalage boon and a side panel that explains that freeholds come in many shapes and sizes but the ones that are enforced by the Wyrd are usually pledges of loyalty sworn to an anointed ruler.
If you are interested in an example of one that is in play after many revisions and years of play, feel free to look at the one for a game that I'm a part of.
Freehold: http://camarilla.org.au/wiki/index.php?title=Sydney_Lost_Freehold
Pledges: http://camarilla.org.au/wiki/index.php?title=Sydney_Lost_Law
Comment: Interesting.  I figured you'd join the freehold with one pledge and then join a specific court with another.
Comment: See, what confuses me is that on page 45 of CtL it says: "Joining a Court involves a pledge on the part of the changeling, and the changeling's Wyrd supports the pledge."  I mean, I guess joining the freehold could also be joining the court, but... it just doesn't seem that way?
Comment: I don't remember seeing a pledge for joining a Court because it doesn't actually take up a pledge "slot" as far as I'm aware.
The system for benefits and penalties for being part of a Court are completely different to how pledges are handled so there may not be a pledge specifically for joining a Court.
Comment: Ok, so like, you just... "I pledge to join the Winter Court" or something like that, after you've joined the Freehold I guess.


If a spell is cast enough times, does it become a cantrip?

Question: I was wondering if a spell can become a cantrip if a wizard casts it say 40 times, since the D&D 5e rulebook says cantrips are spells that have been fixed in the caster's mind by frequent use, infusing the caster with the magic needed to produce the spell over and over.
Answer: No, not according to the Rules as Written.
As noted in the Player's Basic Rules:

Cantrips—simple but powerful spells that characters can cast almost by rote—are level 0.

The idea behind a cantrip is that it is so simple that you can cast it essentially without thinking about it. In this sense, casting a cantrip is like walking: you don't really think about it, you just do it.
Non-cantrip spells, by comparison, require that you focus more of your attention on casting the spell. This would be more draining to the caster and more comparable to, say, hiking in difficult terrain. You need to pay more attention to what you're doing, and at some point, both your attention and your body become fatigued and you need to rest before continuing.
You could get  a lot of practice hiking, but it would never negate the concentration and stamina you need to do it over long periods of time. Likewise, you could get a lot of practice casting more complicated spells, but at a certain point, you're not going to be able to focus on the act without resting.
In this respect, it helps to think of your spell slots as "concentration points". Once you're out of spell slots, you are too mentally fatigued to concentrate enough to cast spells requiring focus. It would also ruin game balance by giving characters way more power than they'll go up against in an encounter balanced for their character level.
Answer: Yes, sort of, but not how you want. Wizards get a feature at 18th level that lets them cast one first level and one second level spell at will. This doesn't actually make them cantrips, however. It also has nothing to do with how many times they have been cast.
Allowing what you want would be ridiculously unbalanced. A 5th level wizard could just take a couple months off of adventuring and then be able to cast fireball every round in every fight. The "repeated practice" bit is just flavor.
Comment: A man can dream though...
Answer: From the two paragraphs on page 78 of the D&D Players Basic Rules (don't have access to my PHB at work),

Cantrips-simple but powerful spells that characters can cast almost by rote - are level 0.

The important part of the line is simple. A minor effect.

A cantrip is a spell that can be cast at will, without using a spell slot. Repeated practice has fixed the spell in the caster's mind and infused the caster with the magic needed to produce the effect over and over. A cantrips spell level is 0.

The risk here is that in letting a spell that has a level 1 or greater become a cantrip will greatly shift the balance of the game. If a player were to become exceedingly proficient in casting X spell to the extent that it can be used as a cantrip, you have essentially given them an innumerable number of spell slots.
Comment: @armb: In my opinion, every campaign that has spell casting should encourage players to create new spells (including cantrips).
Comment: On the other hand, if your campaign allows for the possibility of creating new, simple, low power, level-0 spells, you might rule that they can then be used as cantrips only after repeated practice.
Comment: Agreed @armb, with the assumption that the spell is balanced so as to be comparative to other 0 level cantrips.
Answer: Don't forget that there is an implied level of practice involved, even when your character isn't currently adventuring. The fighters spend their time building up strength and constitution, the rogues keep their dexterity in line, and the wizards keep on learning and practicing spells. That's what's needed to keep a stat (or a proficiency) - if you stop practicing, your body and mind wanes.
So, sure, on an adventure, maybe you cast that particular spell fourty times. Well, big deal - during your half a year at home (/university/...), you cast it a thousand times just for practice. Or maybe even a bit of coin, if it's a generally useful spell.
The cantrips are a bit different - imagine exactly the things you do completely mindlessly, on cruise control: say, just the flick of a wrist to give you light to read books at night, or the cooking spells, or that "remove sweat" spell, or even that low-powered bolt you use ten times a day to kill mosquitoes. You don't think about them, they just pretty much happen when needed, without breaking your concentration one bit.


How do I get the screen scaling in FireMonkey?

Question: Using C++ Builder v. 10.2.3, I want to center a TForm that is being resized. To do this, I use the TScreen::WorkArea values. However, running on a system with Windows 10 scaling at 125%, the code doesn't work properly, as the TForm is scaled up. How can I determine if such scaling is occurring, and then adjust accordingly? Is there built in functionality in FireMonkey to do this? I should note that with scaling > 100% in Windows 10, the TForm::TPosition values don't seem to work properly - for example, setting it to ScreenCenter seems to have a similar problem, where it isn't actually centered.
Comment: This is relevant to Delphi, as there might be comparable functionality with C++ Builder and Delphi on this.
Answer: This function will return the screen scaling, i.e. 1.25 if you are using 125% scaling on Windows:
function GetScreenScale: Single;
var ScreenService: IFMXScreenService;
begin
  Result := 1;
  if TPlatformServices.Current.SupportsPlatformService (IFMXScreenService, IInterface(ScreenService)) then
    Result := ScreenService.GetScreenScale;
end;

Note that on Mac, the only screen scaling possible is 1.0 (non-retina) and 2.0 (retina). However,  on the Mac the values returned by TScreen are already scaled, so no correction is needed.
Comment: Awesome. I will add the C++ Builder equivalent code below.
Comment: I use Delphi 10.3.3. this option does not work on Mac os Catalina . when I set result of scale to 1 . on Retina display it still changes the style and layout. Could you please tell me how can I solve this problem
Comment: so is there anyway to set screen scale on Mac os Catalina
Answer: The C++ equivalent of Hans' answer is
double GetScreenScale ()
{
    double value = 1.0;
    _di_IFMXScreenService screenService;
    if (TPlatformServices::Current->SupportsPlatformService (__uuidof (IFMXScreenService), &screenService))
        value = screenService->GetScreenScale ();
    return value;
}


How much mass has humanity added to the planet?

Question: If anyone could work out how much mass (not weight :) ) have humanity added to the Earth, seeing that the LHC (atlas, I believe, weighs 7000 tonnes), and the Three Gorges dam in China slowed the Earth's rotation by 0.06 micrometers. How much does the collective building of humanity added to the mass of the Earth?
Comment: A number of answers have pointed out that we have negligible impact on the totall mass of the earth. To address the second part of your question: the Three Gorges Dam would have slowed the earth's rotation by *moving that mass around*, in this case raising it in height (presumably from a quarry to above a river valley). By conservation of angular momentum, raising mass higher will slow the rotation - like a skater in a spin who stretches their arms out to the sides.
Answer: All mass used in construction on Earth comes from material on Earth.  Since mass is conserved, there is no change.  If we start harvesting material from the moon or asteroids for use in construction on Earth, then there would be a net increase in mass.  But currently, the net mass of Earth has decreased due to man, since we have launched many satellites into space which came from material on Earth.
Comment: @jamesqf Good point -- apparently [382 kg of lunar rocks](https://curator.jsc.nasa.gov/lunar/) have been returned. More than I expected, but still tiny compared to the mass we've removed from Earth.
Comment: But the mass has increased by several hundred kg of moon rocks, and a few grams from things like the Stardust comet sample return mission.
Comment: Even smaller, there has also been a small mass loss due to accelerated nuclear reactions - ie. in fission reactors and nuclear bombs (both types). Yes most of that mass would have been lost eventually but in millions/billions of years rather than seconds / days.
Comment: And, the contribution of meteorites is a net positive.  Not sure how big of a contribution that is.
Comment: I would consider the oxygen used in chemical reactions to have originated on Earth.  No net change there.
Comment: @winwaed Also chemical reactions due to burning fossil fuels.
Answer: Don't confuse redistribution of mass with gain/loss of mass. There's a net loss of hydrogen and helium from the uppermost tenuous atmosphere. This far outweighs the incoming meteorites and miscellaneous space dust - by some 50,000 to 90,000 tonnes per year. Both of these components eclipse, by orders of magnitude, the loss of mass from radioactive decay, satellites that drift into space, recovered moon rocks, and assorted other human activities.
The exception to losing mass may be those rare years when large bodies collide with Earth, in which case there will be anomalous net gains in mass.


Do I install Ubuntu Mate via a USB or do I make the SD card HD a bootable image?

Question: I have a RP 4.  8gb.  My SD card got erased.  So I reinstalled the original boot using Raspberry Pi Imager.  Now I want to use Ubuntu Mate as my OS.  Do I leave the SD card in the RP4 and then have a USB with Ubuntu Mate?  I then turn on the RP4 and it boots?
Answer: I got a little lost because I don't know if you mean Raspbian as "the original boot", but I don't think my confusion matters that much.
Since you apparently have not done much with your very-new installation, I would recommend you simply download a new Mate for Pi image from the ubuntu-mate web site, re-image the SD card, and then enjoy your new Ubuntu Mate Raspberry Pi 4 after you go through the installation steps.
Comment: Thank you.  Yes.  The answer was to

1) use Raspberry Pi Imager

2) reimage the original SD card with Raspbian

3) Make sure it all works

4) Reimage that same SD card with Ubuntu Mate

5) Load that SD card into RP and set it up


Fully qualified file name must be less than 260 characters, but it is

Question: I'm trying to build our SharePoint 2010 solution in PowerShell, and it's all working fine until it gets to a particular project, when the ever-fun "The fully qualified file name must be less than 260 characters" error appears and the build fails. But the problem is three-fold:
1) The fully qualified file name for the file in question is only 173 characters - way off the 260-char limit.
2) I have built and deployed this solution repeatedly in the past with no such problems, and the file path has not changed since the last time a successful deployment was done.
3) Some branches will build without the error, despite their paths being the same number of characters, whilst those affected throw the error even if I reduce the length of the path.
What could be different from one branch to another? And how could this error only now occur, despite the solutions not changing? Could there be a particular hidden file gumming up the works? Any ideas would be very welcome, thank you!
Answer: I hope you are considering character count correctly like a space(%20) takes three character count.


What does "你是去呢还是去呢" mean?

Question: I overheard in a subway train two young people were in a dialogue
A:出了地铁就是XX电影院了,你是去呢还是去呢?
B:我去。
What does "你是去呢还是去呢" mean?
Answer: It's kind of a joke.  There could be a few reasons:

The girl thought her friend really want to go to the cinema but perhaps he was not willing to admit the fact he was really wanting to (especially with her I guess) maybe because he felt awkward/shy to be known the fact. The girl was trying to reveal his pretending.

It could also be that she was simply just wanting him to go to the cinema by providing only choice as if saying go to the cinema, there is no other choice.

She was guessing he would go to the cinema based on her understanding about her friend.

There could be other reasons according to context.
The pattern could go on and on like 你是去呢, 还是去呢, 还是去呢... ....
Answer: No meaning and does not make sense. I think you missed a word in the sentence, 你是去呢还是"不"去呢? - Are you going (去) or not going (不去)?
Add:
It could be a casual conservation that one who has jokingly placed a question to trick his friend into confusion and returns the answer the way he wants/designed - as 去 is the only choice :)
Comment: No need to be teenagers, but definitely more common for younger people.
Comment: @sylvia Agree. Revised, thanks.
Comment: I'm a Chinese, and I 100% believe that it's "你是去呢还是不去呢".
Answer: Well, "X or Y" is to give a choice to choose. This is the same usage for both English and Chinese. A trending usage (jokingly) in oral Chinese is to make the choices the same, so the one who needs to make the choice doesn't have a choice. The one (A) who said that definitely wants B to go, but presented in a way that a choice is given.
Comment: Even no real choice is given, X and Y would still be different. e.g. 你要插眼還是踢蛋蛋? (總之就是要受痛); 你要跳海還是跳河? (總之就是要淹死); 你要交給我還是要我動手拿? (這東西無論如何都要轉到我手上)
Comment: "Am I right or am I right?" shouldn't be literally translated as "我是對的還是我是對的?"  in Chinese, because Chinese don't talk like this. We would translate it as "我是對的,不是嗎?"
Comment: @TangHo I didn't quite get your point, but in English we don't say "am i right or am i right" either? Like I said, this is used jokingly in oral Chinese, but in a form of "X or Y".
Comment: I see, so it is a game of words played by young people of China in modern times, they seem to offer you a choice, but actually you have no other choice than the  ones offered that should be different but same.
Comment: @NanningYouth Yup.  Imagine if you hear that, is it a bit hard to say no? :)

What does "你是去呢还是去呢“ mean?


Is it possible to send erc20 token when I have 0$ ether but $1000 in the token?

Question: Long story short I have $1000 in one erc20 token contract but 0$ in ETH.
Can I at least transfer these $1000 from the token to another address without ethereum asking for gas? That is: just change owner of token funds without transaction occuring on the ethereum blockchain? 10x!
Comment: No you can't...
Comment: You could try sending a transaction with a gas price of 0, the caveat being that it might take a while for your transaction to be mined... (We're on a fairly high pending count currently: https://etherscan.io/txsPending)
Answer: No. In order to make any changes to data on the blockchain (ie, the owner of your tokens), you will need to make a transaction, and therefore pay transaction fees. Transaction fees have to be paid in Ether.


word that describes someone who gives everything away before they die?

Question: Requesting a word or something for a story please. it can be 1-3 words maximum, I have no ideas on what to describe it as.
Comment: What kind of "gives" are we talking about here?
Comment: Welcome to English Language & Usage. It is customary here to cite research one may have done before asking a question.. Your question will be much better accepted and answered if you do this.. Thanks
Comment: One word - 'sensible'.
Comment: self-divested--assuming it's more or less explained either before or afterward
Answer: The best phrase I can think of would be "antemortem bestower".
The word "antemortem" means "before death", while "bestower" is defined as "a person who bestows". Ergo, the phrase "antemortem bestower" would mean "a person who gives things before they die".
This is fairly similar to "someone who gives everything away before they die", except it's lacking the "everything" part.
Answer: Can you stretch to six words?

you can't take it with you.
  Enjoy material things while you're alive, as in Go ahead and buy the fancier car; you can't take it with you. This phrase gained currency as the title of a very popular play (1936) by George S. Kaufman and Moss Hart and of the 1938 film based on it. [First half of 1800s].
  The American Heritage® Dictionary of Idioms by Christine Ammer.


How long will it take to crack a 10-15 character winrar password?

Question: Ok, long story short, I'm currious how long it would take an agency to crack a 10-15 character winrar password. The file names in the archive are also scrambled including a word at the start and numbers and characters. Roughly, should I have reason to believe this could be cracked within a reasonable time frame?
Comment: It will probably take less time if they see this now that you posted this....
Comment: oh its not actually happening, im just curious :)
Comment: Should probably find a better way to store supersensitivefiles that you're worried the FBI might find. And posting here is pretty helpful for them to find an answer if it's really something serious.
Answer: There is some data here. WinRAR uses a custom key derivation function which involves thousands of SHA-1 invocations. Apparently, with two good GPU, about 15000 passwords per second can be tried.
Then it depends, not on the length of your password, but on the way you produced it. It's not the length which makes the password strong, but the randomness. If your password is a sequence of 15 random characters, chosen uniformly and independently of each other, then it will resist forever. If it is a common English word which happens to be 15 characters long, then it is toast and will be recovered in a matter of seconds.
Answer: The answer is 42 of course.
In all seriousness, this question is unanswerable. There are many factors, including but not limited to the amount of hardware the attacker is willing to throw at you.
Your password is weak though, it's very predictable which is the bane of strong passwords.
Answer: As mentioned rar uses SHA-1 which is pretty strong. You can have a good comparison of different algorithms here.
As you can see cracking rar is slower than WPA-PSK.
Comment: please give details and not just the link..


Determinant of block graph

Question: A block in a graph is a maximal connected subgraph that has no cut-vertex. A complete graph having $n$ nodes is denote by $K_n$. A block graph is a graph in which each block is a complete graph. For example in figure a block graph with blocks $K_2,K_2,K_3,K_4 $ and $K_5$. What will be determinant of adjacency matrix corresponding a general block graph?.
Answer: At first, it does not depend only the sizes of blocks (compare two trees on 4 vertices). At second, there is a recurrence for this value $\det(G) $coming from the leaf-block $B_0$ with $m$ vertices and a cut-vertex $v$:
$$
\det(G)=(-1)^{m}(m-2)\det(G\setminus(B_0\setminus v))+(-1)^{m-1}(m-1)\det(G\setminus B_0).
$$
Namely, if $B_0$ has vertices denoted by $1,\dots,m$, and vertex $m$ is a cut-vertex (so, this block $B_0$ corresponds to the northwest corner of the adjacency matrix), we may do the following.
0) if $m=2$, we get $\det(G)=-\det(G\setminus B_0)$ immediately.
1) Subtract first row from second, third,..., $m$-th rows.
2) Add second,third,..., $(m-1)$-th columns to the first column.
3) Subtract the first row divided by $(m-2)$ (assuming $m>2$) from the $m$-th row. Now the matrix has an upper-triangular block of size $(m-1)$ and the identity easily follows.
Comment: Can you please tell me from which row/column you are expanding the determinant.  I have few comments (1) I think first term on RHS will have (-1)^(m-2) instead of (-1)^(m-1). (2) Matrix will have an upper triangular after your 2) step, to me step 3) looks redundant.
Comment: Also, above identity seems incorrect. For example determinant of block graph having $K_5, K_3$ blocks is -10, where from above formula it come out to be 8.
Comment: Ops, there was a mistake with sign. Hopefully now it is better.
Comment: Thanks for answer. I need some more help, now I want to calculate inverse of its adjacency matrix. Of course it will depend upon ordering of vertices. But for a given ordering can we get some expression for it. ?

Determinant of block graph


Can I confine Google Maps searches within a complex shape?

Question: I volunteered to help out the local Rescue Squad with a problem they're having with their GPS's. When they receive data from a patient, they don't always get City/Town/ZIP information, so they basically have to type in a street number and a street name and pick between three different choices from various Cities/Towns in our district.
The issue is that they know some areas in which the wont be dispatched (certain towns or zip codes) and would like to limit their search to only places in the district defined. I want to know, before embarking on my own mapping/coordinating/javascript adventure, is there a way to limit the boundaries in the Google-Maps API to our district? It wouldn't be a simple shape, but more like a complex polygon (with some "donuts" within...).
Answer: You can try viewport biasing when geocoding the street.


Do I need to apply thermal relief on the 3V3 polygon?

Question: Should I enable thermal relief for the 3V3 (yellow line) polygon? If not, does it imply that the components on the right-hand side will be more difficult to solder due to their connection to a larger copper area?
Answer: There isn't a necessarily correct answer. Many boards I work on use solid connections from SMT components to a ground polygon, and while it does make soldering and rework more difficult, it doesn't make it impossible. Using a board preheater and good quality soldering iron and/or hot air tools makes it simply take a little more time.
If you expect to need to work on the finished board and are concerned, add thermal relief to make things easier.
The smaller components on the right will have some heatsinking through the wider trace to the polygon in question, but since most are connected through a smaller trace, they are already effectively have thermal relief.
If you're concerned about assembly rather than rework, then you would need to ask your fabricator. Depending on the components chosen and the type of soldering process being used, they may or may not advise a change.
Comment: Thank you for your input.
Answer: The components on the right-hand side won't be more difficult to solder as long as there is a soldermask bridge connecting between yellow line area and right-hand side.
Answer: As it is shown in your picture, the components on the right are not strongly thermally coupled to the polygon.  The normal copper traces already present will act as thermal reliefs.
Had the pads of those smaller components been included in the yellow polygon directly, then yes, I'd expect any rework done by hand (manually with a soldering iron and wick etc.) to be potentially more difficult or time consuming.
I wouldn't expect any issues with this part of the layout.


Difference between CMS(joomla,drupal) and Frameworks(Zend, Symfony, CI)

Question: What kind of applications are developed using a CMS like joomla, drupal and what kind of applications are developed using frameworks.
If all kind of applications can be developed in a CMS like drupal then why do we use a framework like SYMFONY?
Answer: A CMS is a sort of framework, but generally limited towards making websites with article/page type content with an out of the box article management system.
A framework provides often used web development boilerplate code, they support:

MVC paradigm
Url parsing and handling
Templating
Better request handling
Answer: Joomla & Drupal has user management via access control lists.
Leaving CMS aside, you can use the user management to assist your php component that bolts into the CMS. Thus you have a platform/framework  that is being updated and patched by a broader community.
the changes you make to the component can be updated from the backend of the CMS as you make them available.
Answer: CMS is product (Content Management System) which allows users to publish and manage content its a solution developed in a language. Drupal and Joomla are PHP solutions of a CMS. You customize JOOMLA and Drupal to your needs for your your custom CMS Product. Frameworks are different they are coding patterns design patterns implmented together to use a language in a modularized and more maintanable way. When i say coding patterns it can be use of Model view Controller architecute to seperate your Busnieess logic from Presentation.
Answer: From my understanding, a CMS is a pre-built system that allows you to quickly add/modify content. It gives the average user enough flexibility to change what your site does by installing modules and themes.
With a CMS, all the programming code is already written, and the user just inputs data for the site (pages, blog posts, whatever -- see Wordpress, for example); unless, of course, you want to modify the underlying source code or create a custom plug-in for it.
A framework is a system, sort of like a CMS, but grants you even more flexibility with your site as you are to write all of the code yourself.
With a framework, you actually write the code to implement the web site (or whatever it is you are building), but you start with some ready-made code that defines the general structure of the software (not the site's structure, mind you) and which usually provides many functions/methods for handling typical coding tasks. The idea then is that the developer spends a larger percentage of his/her time on the actual "business" code and less on the detailed nuts and bolts (i.e. "framework") upon which that business logic is implemented. Check out the CodeIgniter tutorials to get a feel for what this means.
If a particular CMS provides a large majority of the functionality as well as look and feel that you need, then it is probably a good solution for you (with a possible caveat being how efficient its code is and how scalable, should your site's traffic and growth require it). But if you would need to make a lot of modifications to a CMS to get it to work the way you want, you might actually be able to develop the site more efficiently on top of a framework, so that you don't spend lots of time trying to figure out what to change and how to change it in a bunch of CMS code you did not write -- also dependent on how well you know the framework you would work with instead, of course.
Answer: Not all kinds of applications can be build using a CMS. A CMS isn't really suitable for building applications that aren't primarily concerned with content management. But the term "content" is loose enough for a CMS to be adapted to many applications.
I was contracted to build a blog aggregation thingy in Drupal once. It wasn't the right tool. And recently I built a mobile phone application in Drupal too. I would rather have done it in rails.
Answer: A CMS such as joomla, can be used in order to create completely custom applications such as an ordinary framework such as Zend etc.
The advantage of using a CMS is that you may use ready made modules, components and plugins as well as create your own ones and thus create a completely custom application.
Joomla uses the MVC paradigm and has its own framework. It provides really good user management (from version 1.6
Why reinvent the wheel.


WYSIWYG Editor not saving typed or pasted text

Question: We started a new build and are roughly 80 hours into it. When we type or paste content into the editor it will not save.  Is there something I can edit to check sensitivity? Is it a db issue?
Comment: does it work if you disable the editor and enable it again after pasting something into it?
Comment: I will check now.
Comment: The only resolution Im seeing so far is that whatever text editor the customer used added some sort of meta data. If I type directly now it works. It also worked from openoffice.
Comment: Could be wrong HTML, afaik it is stripped or removed
Answer: I discovered that it was some sort of meta data. We pulled it from a customer supplied document.


What was the first human gene sequenced/annotated?

Question: The Human Genome Project was famously declared complete in 2003, and to date there are 6000 genes discovered/annotated. What was the first one discovered and annotated?
Comment: Some human genes (cancer related) were sequenced already by 1982, see [Van Straatenet al.](https://www.jstor.org/stable/14495), and about 500 were sequenced by 1987 ([Kanigel](https://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/13/magazine/the-genome-project.html)). The HGP only started in 1990 and sequencing was not completed in 2002 when it ended, despite media announcements. The "final completion" [was announced](https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/first-complete-sequence-human-genome) in April 2022 by the T2T consortium, HGP's successor.
Answer: Answer
Although the original publication makes no claims to this effect, I suggest that the first human gene sequence to be reported was that of β-globin in 1980.
The reference to the publication is Lawn et al. (1980) Cell 21, 647–651.
Historical context
Following the acceptance of the messenger RNA (mRNA) hypothesis in 1959/1960 (reviewed by M. Cobb in  Current Biology 25, R523–R548, 2015) there were two main requirements/obstacles to determining the sequence of a particular mRNA or of the gene encoding it:

Isolation and purification
Sequencing methodology

The combination of these problems meant that most initial work was done on the small RNAs, transfer RNA (tRNA) and the various components of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and in bacterial or yeast systems. Sequencing was of radioactively labelled RNAs by laborious chemical techniques.
It was for the reasons of isolation and purification that the first animal mRNAs sequenced by these means were the globin mRNAs which dominate the spectrum of mRNAs in reticulocytes. At that time there was no way of isolating pure genes, and no methods of sequencing DNA.
The purification problem was overcome by the introduction of molecular cloning in plasmid vectors (e.g. pBR322, introduced in 1977), made possible by the previous discovery of type II restriction endonucleases. This could be applied to mRNA by copying to complementary DNA (cDNA) using the enzyme, reverse transcriptase. The discovery (1971) that eukaryotic mRNAs were polyadenylated at their 3′ ends greatly facilitated their cDNA cloning.
The availability of cDNA clones for specific eukaryotic mRNAs allowed screening of genomic DNA by hybridization. Thus the genes for the mRNAs which were easiest to purify because of their abundance in particular tissues were also the first to be cloned and mapped. The various haemoglobins were obvious candidates, and the shift to the human genome was natural because of the extensive interest in human haemoglobinopathies, and the corresponding genetic knowledge. Other genes that were relatively easy to clone included those of muscle proteins, such as actin. The first human actin gene sequence was not, however, published until 1982. It should also be noted that identification of these genes was also facilitated by the fact that the sequences of their protein products had been determined directly.
The sequencing problem was overcome by the introduction in 1977 of the Maxam/Gilbert (chemical) method of sequencing DNA, allowing over 100 nucleotides to be determined at a time.
It was the combination of these two technologies that was important. Ironically, The first human globin mRNA sequence, published in 1977, used cDNA cloning, but then transcribed the cDNA into radioactive RNA, and employed the laborious chemical methods already mentioned (ribonuclease digestion and 2D chromatography, followed by fragment identification).
Conclusion
Considering the time of introduction of Maxam/Gilbert sequencing method (1977) and that of publication of the sequence of the human β-globin gene (1980), together with the other historical factors mentioned above, I doubt that there are any other contenders for the claim for the first human gene sequence.
What I feel is more important than "which was first?" is "why?" and "why then?", questions which I hope have also been answered by the historical context described above. This also suggests the further methodological problems that needed to be solved before the Human Genome Project was considered feasible ten years later.
Appendix
Annotated 2060 nucleotide sequence from Lawn et al. (1980)
Comment: @Conifold — Clearly the Lawn paper was not written in isolation, but was the culmination of work on mapping the human globin genes, some of which was published in the Fritsch paper, which was by the same group under Tom Maniatis, later author of the famous molecular cloning manual. Orkin was using the tools and information that had been generated in studies of haemoglobinopathies. But the actual sequence was not established in any of the previous mapping papers.
Comment: I tentatively thought that [Orkin et al.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/661890) (also [Orkin](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC393094)) were "the first" in 1978, although it is hard to tell from their descriptions if they actually sequenced a gene. [Antonarakis, History of the methodology of disease gene identification](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ajmg.a.62400) is also informative, but I do not think it gives a straight answer either. He does say "*The HBB gene cluster was cloned and sequenced in the late 1970s (Fritsch et al., 1979)*".


How to get my dwellers back in the shelter after exploring?

Question: After I send my dwellers out to explore and make them return I can't get them bank in the shelter It said they are waiting?
Answer: This will most likely be due to the quantity of items in your inventory being greater than your available storage space. Either build more storage or sell some items before allowing this dweller back in.
Comment: To add to @kalina's answer, the way to tell if this is the issue is that some of the items they have collected will have a red background. This is to indicate that you don't have enough storage space. You can mark items for sale in the wanderer's inventory before bringing them in, and they will auto-sell those items upon entering the vault. (I'd like to know who you're selling all this stuff to, to be honest!)


How do we tell distance to target at the receiver from frequency modulation?

Question: Was thinking about radar and how to tell distance using FM. If you send a wave with a consistent wavelength of 1 meter, and it hits a target 1000 meters away and then comes back, it will have gone 2000 meters and done 2000 oscillations. But how would we know that from the received waveform? I assume that the phase of the wave that comes back would tell us how many oscillations occurred roundtrip? Or if it did 2001 oscillations, the received phase would be a little past the starting point of the waveform? Is this where Fourier transform comes in? Hopefully I am on the right track here, thanks.
Comment: Here's a derivation of how FMCW radar's work: https://dsp.stackexchange.com/questions/68234/generating-if-signal-for-fmcw-radar/68368#68368

If you're looking for more basic pulsed radar information, I suggest that you do a bit more research first as the subject is pretty well covered online.
Comment: For HF FM how many cycles of resonance and phase shift did you think occur in the Bandpass filters ?
Comment: @TonyStewartSunnyskyguyEE75 if its 1000 cycles per meter and travels 2000 meters, I'd guess that would be 2,000,000 resonances (times the peak frequency is repeated.) And for phase shift, couldn't you say it goes through infinite phase shifts? Or it would depend on how detailed your receiver is for detecting phase shifts of a certain quantization? Am I on the right track here? thanks
Comment: See also [ADC and DSP Requirements for FMCW Radar](https://electronics.stackexchange.com/q/252515/11683) and [Signal processing of an IVQ-3005 Radar Module](https://electronics.stackexchange.com/q/375535/11683)
Comment: will look into this, thanks
Answer: You ask about FM and then give a constant frequency example.
There is much on web on this.
Envida in a comment cites his own June 2016 SE EE answer here.
This is correct but depending how used you are to the maths may hide the simple truth.
A frequency-swept-with-time signal is transmitted and reflected from the 'target'. On return the reflected signal is mixed with the current transmitted signal and the difference frequency is extracted. This is proportional to distance.
Envida's analysis confirms this key result

Here is a simple example from my experience.
I long ago had an APN-1 radio altimeter.
It used a push pull Acorn tube transmitter and a diode balanced mixer in the receiver front end.
A sniff of transmitted signal was added to the RX mixer.
The TX was modulated with a voice-coil driven electromechanically varied capacitor which changed the TX frequency. The voice coil was driven with a sawtooth wave so that it swept across a frequency range.
Mixing the TX & RX signals in the balanced mixer gave a difference frequency which was proportional to the time taken for the reflected RX signal there & back flight.
From memory max altitude was 20,000 feet with the RX signal being from ground return into a passive mixer - astounding.
_____________________________________________
Here is the key part of the circuit diagram:
Balanced mixer at left, Wobbulated transmitter in middle, wobbulator driver at right driving Y101 voicecoil in middle, altitude indicating difference frequency at Anode of V101 exits via C119, C120.

Writeup here
Images here
Full circuit!
Comment: lol, you have a good point. I'm going to have to take a long time looking up a lot of concepts to understand all of this post. Hopefully I will have some questions later on, thanks a lot for this.
Comment: +1 Lovely schematic!


Mesh text individual letters change colors

Question: Is it possible once you change a single text object to mesh, change each word a different colors within the key frames. I thought you could just select the word change the colors within the key frame. Unfortunately, this changes the entire text no matter which word I choose. Any help is appreciated. Using Blender 8.1
Answer: Speaking from Vers 2.77 here but 2.8+ should be the same or very similar...
Once you've changed your text to mesh you should be able to do that at least two ways -
1:
In edit mode select only those faces on the word(s) you wish to re-colour.
Assign them a new material slot and change it's colour.
2:
In edit mode, select the vertices in only the word(s) you wish to re-colour,
Part them from the mesh with "P".
Return to Object mode and select the words as a separate mesh and give it a new material slot if it hasn't got one already.  Colour it as required.
Parent the new mesh to the main text body if it's to be moved.
Colours can be changed with keyframes as with any other animation.
Answer: @Edgel3D
#2 worked.
I could get it to work by selecting each word then using "P" which takes each word and makes it a separate object. This is the same result if I were to type each word individually then put it together. There is a huge positive of the "P" method. Typing it all out at once, you now know each letter/word is exactly were you want it. No lining up different words to make it look like it's one sentence.
Comment: Glad it worked for you.  You're right.  I use the 'P' method to have certain words and even single letters to comically fall from signs and text.


How to know the execution time of transaction when miner execute it

Question: When i send three consecutive transactions to my contract (deployed on ethereum testnet), how can i know the exact time (at milli/micro/nano level) which transaction executed (on miner side) first and which transaction executed later, by using java script. The etherscan just show all three trx time like high level i.e. Timestamp: (Nov-08-2019 07:13:35 AM +UTC). I think there should be some time delay between each transaction !
Answer: You should not think of Ethereum transactions in the same sense as regular messaging / transactions / background runs in the "traditional" world. Information like exact timestamps is really irrelevant in Ethereum.
A miner picks up transactions for his block and the miner decides in which order the transactions will be executed inside the block. All that matters is that 1) a transaction gets executed 2) in some cases, which transaction got executed after/before another transaction and 3) whether this block becomes a part of the canonical chain.
You basically have zero control over the decisions made by the miners (except incentivize with higher gas price). And even if you did, you have no way of knowing which miner manages to solve the mining puzzle in time. And even if you somehow knew even that you would have no way of knowing whether that block becomes an uncle block or stays in the main chain forever.
So, yes, the transactions do get executed at some exact timestamp but that exact timestamp is irrelevant. Furthermore the same transactions get executed a few thousand times across all the nodes so there would be thousands of different timestamps representing the same thing.
Comment: Thanks for your detail reply. I think , i could not elaborate my question well. Actually, i just want to know  the above mentioned time for the already mined transaction and become a part of confirmed block. For example, these are my two trx trx hash 1: 0x486b488070ecd4d5a75493100c1c8608cc5ea2d61b39550f4126eadab2c1808d   and trx hash 2 : 0x9f300f05a78c0f9ae0ffea8e4e6e8bd7b879988305495c12466b3621860c849d (already become a part of blockchain). Now is there any way, to get to know the time for both trx. Hope you got my point...
Comment: Those transactions are not in the mainnet but in Ropsten. They are both in the same block. You can see the block transactions here and their order but I don't think you can get any information about timestamps for individual transactions (mostly because of reasons I stated in my answer): https://ropsten.etherscan.io/txs?block=6733541
Comment: in case, i want to get requisite information from individual trx about timestamp, there should at least such facility. because it already saved on block with timestamp
Comment: Transactions don't have a timestamp, only the block has: https://ethereum.stackexchange.com/questions/9858/solidity-is-there-a-way-to-get-the-timestamp-of-a-transaction-that-executed


What is the definition of exceptional divisor?

Question: Does this concept is defined for every birational morphism? What is the precise meaning?
Thank you for your comments.
Answer: The exceptional set is defined for every birational morphism $\pi : Y \to X$.  This is defined as follows.  Set $\Sigma \subset X$ to be the smallest closed subset of $X$ outside of which $\pi : (Y \setminus \pi^{-1}(\Sigma)) \to (X \setminus \Sigma)$ is an isomorphism.
In this case the exceptional set is defined to be
$$E = \pi^{-1}(\Sigma).$$
Now, $\Sigma$ itself is just a set, and not a scheme, so often people will give $E$ the reduced scheme structure and consider it as a closed subscheme of $Y$.
In many applications (perhaps even most), $E$ is actually a divisor, in other words, it is a union of subvarieties of codimension 1.  In this case, $E$ is called the exceptional divisor.  Indeed, if you obtained $\pi : Y \to X$ by blowing up $\Sigma$, and say $X$ is a normal variety with $\Sigma \subseteq X$ a codimension $\geq 2$ subset, then $E$ is indeed a divisor.  However:
Negative result:   There are many examples when $E$ is not a divisor.  This is particularly common for small resolutions (resolutions of singularities for which the exceptional set has no divisorial components), which are in many cases desirable.  For example, they are crepant resolutions.
The most common example of a small resolution is probably the following.
$$X = V(xy - uv) \subseteq \mathbb{A}^4.$$
Note $X$ has dimension 3.
In this case, consider blowing up the ideal $(x,u) \subseteq O_X$.  This is the ideal of a divisor on $X$.  I'm not going to do this for you, but it is a good exercise.  In this case, the blowup gives you a resolution of singularities of $X$, but the exceptional set is 1-dimensional.
Positive result:  If $X$ is smooth (or even factorial) and $\pi : Y \to X$ is birational with $Y$ quasi-projective, then the exceptional set is always a divisor.  Sándor explains this quite nicely in THIS QUESTION.
Positive result #2:  If you are willing to change your variety $Y$ by taking a further blow-up, then you can always turn the exceptional set into a divisor.  For example, simply take $\rho : Y' \to Y$ to be the (normalized) blow up of $E$.
Comment: Dear Karl, can you give me some references?
Comment: Sure, you could look at Hartshorne's *Algebraic Geometry*, that will at least talk about exceptional sets, the basics for positive result #2 can also be found there in the section on blowing up.  I don't know a standard reference for a small resolutions though, but a search of the arXiv or mathscinet will bring something up.

What is the definition of exceptional divisor？


Copy/update SharePoint list with lookup

Question: I try copy list from one site to another using template, but this list contains lookup fields. Is there any way copy lists without breaking this fields? I copy all lists which will be used for lookup links.An d another question, i have equal lists in two different site collections, i need update data in second list using first, how better do that?
Comment: i think about using powershell but i don't have appropriate permissions. And now i think about Client Model. Anybody know such way, using Client Model?
Answer: Saving list as template will not keep the look up field connections.
Workaround is

Restore Lookup Lists in Destination
Save Master List as Template without data
Restore Master List in Destination
Fix Lookup fields
Export source list into Excel
Copy Rows from Excel
Open Destination List in Data Sheet mode
Paste data

Copy/update SharePoint list with lookup


08 Saturn Aura needs help

Question: If I sit in my car with it idling the heat goes cold, but if I press the gas or drive off it heats back up. Can anyone help pinpoint this problem? Also, with engine running I can clearly hear fluid of some type circulating. What could this be and is it ok? Please help...08 Saturn aura
Comment: Is your coolant full?  If so, I would be looking at heater core valve, partially plugged heater core, or bad water pump.
Comment: Are you wanting it to be hot or cold?
Answer: This is typical of coolant being low in the radiator-engine. Let the engine cool overnight, then remove the radiator cap to see if you need to add some coolant.
Depending on the type of radiator overflow system, checking the overflow bottle will not always reflect if the radiator is full, especially if there is a slow coolant leak somewhere. Check it at the radiator cap when the engine is COLD.

08 Saturn Aura needs help