How are buys executed?

Question: Looking at any given stock, I can see top ten Sellers (cheapest first) and top ten Buyers (highest first). Question is.. does the top buyer buy down through the seller list until satisfied, then buyer #2 and so on... or is it less ordered than that?
Comment: Related https://money.stackexchange.com/questions/15156/how-do-exchanges-match-limit-orders/15161
Answer: It can work that way, yes and that's basically what an "at market" order is.  There are typically other options you can apply that will change the behaviour.  These options will depend on the market, the thing you are trading and your broker.

Price limit
Cost limit
Fill & Kill (fill what you can then cancel the rest without waiting for more sellers)
Fill or Kill (all or nothing)
Market to limit (get what you can at the current best price then stop without using up the next best prices)
Iceberg (has hidden volume that trickles onto the market avoiding showing your entire order up front)
Answer: In a perfect world where everything is static, it could work that way.  But that's not reality.
As orders are filled, other buyers and sellers come into the market at existing prices or at better prices.
Then there are special types of orders.
In a Fill or Kill order, the entire order must execute immediately or be canceled.
In a Dark Ice order, an algorithm hides the volume displayed to the market by the order.
In an Iceberg order, large volume orders are submitted to the market in increments while publicly displaying only a specified portion of the total order size.
So in short, the quotes that you see may not be what you think that they are.

How are buys executed?


Mixed triplets and ordinary notes

Question: I'm trying to write out a bar which is in 4/4, and has five crotchet triplets, the last one staccato, followed by a pushed quaver into the next bar (A quaver tied to the next crotchet in the next bar). What's the simplest way to do it as far as reading it is concerned?
Comment: Could you write an example of the notation, even if it's hard to read? I'm having trouble figuring out what you mean from the written description.
Answer: If I understand you correctly, it should be something like this:
Answer: You're talking about something more or less like this, I presume:

Bear in mind that the dotted quaver in the triplet is exactly equal to the meter's quaver. Depending on how short your staccato is, it will sound pretty much like Matt L.'s example. If you don't play the fifth triplet crochet staccato, though, you will still have a distinct break before the pushed quaver.
Comment: I must admit that I'm not a great sight-reader, but don't you think that the sixteenth rest and the dotted eighth note inside the triplet are harder to read than when you pull it out of the triplet? I think most players will need to look twice (at least) to figure out that the last note falls exactly on the last straight eighth note of the bar.
Comment: It depends on how used to hemiola you are, @MattL. There are trade-offs: do it this way, and you need to be used to converting dotted triplet notes to their base meter equivalents (which becomes pretty second nature after a while); do it your way, and it isn't immediately apparent that you are dealing with 5 triplet crochets. Any road, if you count it as if it were a measure of 6/4 time at ♩. = ♩ of 4/4, you will come out with the right duration anyway.
Answer: Do you by any chance mean quintuplets or in other words 5 in the time of four?

Triplets mean specifically three in the time of two.
Just for your reference talking about a certain number of notes in the time of something else the nomenclature is...

Duplet (Two in the time of three
Triplet (Three in the time of two)
Quadruplet (Four in the time of two or three.)
Quintuplet (Five in the time of four)
Sextuplet (Six in the time of four or three.)
Septuplet (Seven in the time of four or six.)
Octuplet (Eight in the time of six or four.)
Comment: No. Specifically three in time of two - triplets. But the second lot only needs two in the same timing as the first three.Otherwise, how could I fit the quaver in.
Answer: If I'm understanding properly, I would suggest having the second set of triplets written as eighth/quaver triplets.  So the first three notes would be quarter/crochet triplets, with the following two notes being spelled out with either two triplet quavers tied and the third (the staccato note) being un-tied, or a crochet and a quaver with the tuplet bracket, which should spell out the rhythm properly.  At that point, I would just place a quaver rest and your quaver that will tie to the following measures first note.
Comment: Matt L.'s answer depicts this nicely.

Mixed triplets and ordinary notes


Well pump will not shut off

Question: Recently replaced an inline ball valve and now the well pump will not shut off when up to pressure. Since the valve wad the first from the holding tank i had to drain it. What's the solution to this issue. Any and all help is deeply appreciated
Comment: Is there a pump switch & is the new valve allowing water to the original height?
Answer: It sounds like you have blocked the pressure going to the pressure switch, if the valve is opened and your pump shuts off you will need to relocate the valve or pressure switch so the pump will shut off.
Comment: I am curious is the pressure gauge you are reading connected to the pressure switch? Is it correct? If you answer yes to both you may have to either adjust the switch or replace it.  I think it is coincidental, the valve should not have changed anything.

Well pump will not shut off


How do I install an HP LaserJet 1012 on a Debian Linux server so that I can print from a Win7 64-bit desktop and a WinXP laptop?

Question: I am new to linux and have only recently set up a linux computer to act as a server on my network.  I have read that CUPS is a possible route, but I am unfamiliar with the package.  How do I set up my Debian Linux server to allow my Win computers to print to the HP LaserJet 1012, over the network?  Is it possible.
Answer: You can use the Samba service to share printers on Linux machines. I recommend you look at tutorials for print servers via Samba for guidance.
This seems like a decent guide. It's a little dated, but I don't think this stuff has changed too quickly.
Of course you can always search for more, by using search terms like "debian print server samba". You may also find some help by searching under debian-related distros for this, such as Ubuntu.
Comment: Here's an Ubuntu guide that looks similarly helpful: http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=310450


Temperature Less Than Nothing?

Question: How temperature can be less than nothing or less than absolute zero?And how atoms interact in this level?
Comment: Is there a certain system you are referring to? Although I must say $T=0$ does not mean the temperature is "nothing".
Comment: No, But I'm talking about how can it be negative ?
Comment: [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_temperature)
Comment: See https://physics.meta.stackexchange.com/q/5778. [This simple google search](https://www.google.com/search?q=negative%20kelvin) gives highly satisfactory results; [this excellent page](https://www.mpg.de/research/negative-absolute-temperature) is the first entry.
Answer: See here for an overview, but it helps to define temperature from a statistical mechanics approach. Specifically, we define temperature as the change in energy caused by a change in entropy. A more intuitive approach is to consider inverse temperature, also known as coldness or thermodynamic beta, which is defined as the change in entropy (extent of mixing/randomness) induced by a given change in energy. Note that, although it's the inverse of temperature, thermodynamic beta is negative if and only if temperature is negative. So, we can look at the beta of systems, and if it is negative, temperature will be as well.
Now, consider a system in which, when I apply more energy to it, the entropy decreases. Lasers are a good example of this: by exciting many electrons from the ground state to the 1st excited state, I've actually made a population inversion. In doing so, when I excite electrons to the excited state, the order of mixing (entropy) decreases as the majority of the electrons were already in the excited state. Thus the input of energy to the system lowered the entropy, resulting in a negative thermodynamic beta (and therefore temperature).

Temperature Less Than Nothing?


I cant choose the Saving Options

Question: I started using blender couple of days ago but i think i have come a long way. I finished my first project. I did all the coloring, camera angels etc. When i finished my project i rendered it. But when it comes to saving, saving options not working. I can only save it as a .blender. I cant change it to jpeg or png. When i save it as a .blender and i open it up i cant see the image i rendered. I can only see the tiles like pictures u can see in microsoft excel. When rendering ends i pressed f3 to save it but i can only save it as a .blender and cant change it to any other form. I downloaded the Blender couple of days ago i think its the latest version. How can i solve this issue. TLDR: I cant save the finished project as i wanted to be.
Answer: When you save as .blend, you're saving the project, not the rendered image.
When you finish a render an image editor window pops up, showing the rendered image; in this window go to the image menu and choose save as, then you will choose if PNG, jpg, EXR, ...
Shortcut is Alt S.
Comment: The thing is when i choose save as i can only choose the place not the format. So i can only save as .blender. Thats my problem.
Comment: In the 3D window you can save .blend only, in an image editor window you can save images as png, jpg, exr, ....

I cant choose the Saving Options


How to draw this picture with Latex?

Question: Could some one help me to draw the following picture with Latex ( using only 1 picture) ?
Thank you SO MUCH for your help.
Comment: [Welcome to TeX.SX](http://meta.tex.stackexchange.com/q/1436). Questions about how to draw specific graphics that just post an image of the desired result are really not reasonable questions to ask on the site. Please post a minimal compilable document showing that you've tried to produce the image and then people will be happy to help you with any specific problems you may have.  See [minimal working example (MWE)](http://meta.tex.stackexchange.com/q/228) for what needs to go into such a document.
Comment: Dear Erik, I am pretty new with Latex and to bo honest I don't know where to start beside searching on Google but I cannot not find an answer on it.
Comment: What you need is called TikZ. Your simple drawing is covered in the tutorial of the manual: http://www.texample.net/media/pgf/builds/pgfmanualCVS2012-11-04.pdf
Comment: Although the tikz manual makes 800 pages, you should get to the point easily by looking at chapter 19. Trees are commons in tikz, see for instance http://www.texample.net/tikz/examples/feature/trees/ .
Answer: Here's an example of how to get started.  I think it should make it clear enough how to continue to get the diagram you want.
\documentclass[border=10pt]{standalone}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{calc}
\begin{document}

\begin{tikzpicture}[my midway label/.style={midway,yshift=1.5in}]

  %% case 1
  \node[anchor=east] (A/left)         at (0,0)                  {$x$};
  \node[anchor=west] (A/right)        at ($(A/left)+(1in,0)$)   {$x$};
  \node[anchor=west] (A/right/up/1)   at ($(A/right)+(0,1in)$)  {$x+dx$};
  \node[anchor=west] (A/right/down/1) at ($(A/right)+(0,-1in)$) {$x-dx$};

  \path (A/left) -- (A/right) node [my midway label] {Case 1};

  \draw[blue] (A/left) -- (A/right);
  \draw[red]  (A/left) -- (A/right/up/1.west);
  \draw[red]  (A/left) -- (A/right/down/1.west);

  %% case 2
  \node[anchor=east] (B/left)         at ($(A/right)+(1in,0)$) {$x$};
  \node[anchor=west] (B/right)        at ($(B/left)+(1in,0)$)  {$x$};

  \path (B/left) -- (B/right) node [my midway label] {Case 2};

  \draw[blue] (B/left) -- (B/right);
\end{tikzpicture}

\end{document}

There are other ways of doing this as suggested by @clement .  But this approach will help familiarize yourself with some basics of TikZ.
I'll explain a few of the details here:
node syntax
\node[<optional arguments>] (<optional node name>) at (<position>) {<content>};

The one part of this syntax that you cannot omit is the content.
I use the power of the calc library to help place nodes relative to each other.  That's what's happening when I write:
at ($(<previously defined node name>)+(<vector>)$)

When I opened the tikzpicture environment, I defined my own private style.  This is a way of helping manage the picture.  The idea is that I'm going to define a node between two points along a path and then shift it in the $y$ direction.
In this case, I used a particular instance of path syntax:
\path (<1st node name>) -- (<2nd node name>) node[<optional argument] {<content>};

Note that in this case node is not a control sequence but just a bare word.
Comment: +1 for the long vary gracious tikz introduction for a newbie.

How to draw this picture with Latex?


Restricting Access to a Webapp

Question: I have created a Webapp with sensitive information that I would like to password protect.  Is this at all possible?  I know you can keep it private within your ESRI Organization but I would like to share it with non-esri users but restrict access from the general public.
Comment: Are you looking for a free solution?
Comment: preferably.  However, I would entertain solutions that cost $ as long as it is reasonable.
Answer: Could you great a new account(s) with a very limited Viewer role?
You would still need to provide external users access to your organization but they would be unable to access anything outside your group, containing your app.
Answer: If you don't mind paying, you can use the con terra security manager to control access to your services and data.
Answer: If you are familiar with programming you can implement simple reverse proxy. Your application can ask for user login and serve the webapp to loged in users. Here is a simple example(alhough it has an error, approach is correct) for .NET. I'm pretty sure that you may find similar approaches for other programming languages.
Answer: The way you're supposed to do this would be to create a new group for this item and add it to the group.
Then, you invite the user you want to share the item with to the group. That way, they are not members of your organization and all they can see is what's shared with that group.
The caveat is that this may not work for public accounts, only paid AGO accounts.
Answer: Host the data(services) on a server and require auth to those services. When the user tries to view the map they will need to ent appropriate credentials in order to view.
You can add custom or generic login roles to the server as well.
ArcGIS for Server does this very well with most of the config ready to go out of the box.

Restricting Access to a Webapp


Difference between 口にする and 言う

Question: Both of them means "to say" but when is the best time to use each of them?
Answer: 言う is a very common verb that means "to say". 口にする is a more nuanced verb meaning "to vocalize", "to utter" or "to say out loud". It's more specific and less common than 言う.
The basic meaning of 口にする is "to express one's thoughts in verbal form". The presence of voice as sound is assumed. 口にする is typically used in the following contexts:

Verbalizing your opinion or thoughts to someone by actually saying them out loud, rather than just thinking them.

思ったことは口にしないと誰にも理解してもらえないよ。
Nobody will understand you if you don't say out loud what you're thinking.

Accidentally uttering what one is thinking internally, such as in the form of a criticism or insult.

一旦口にしたことをなかったことにはできない。
Once you have said something, you cannot take it back.

声が出る is another set phrase similar to this. See: What does "声が出る" mean?

Difference between 口にする and 言う


Does Dark Souls II SotFS have the patches built-in?

Question: I don't understand if DS2 SOTFS for PS4 comes with the patches or not, especially the fix for weapons breaking because the game ran at 60fps.
Answer: Yes, Scholar of the First Sin is just an enhanced rerelease of Dark Souls II. From this article, it looks like the base version of SotFS is what was version 1.10 in the original version of Dark Souls II.

Finally, just to make things really confusing, there will also be a re-release for PC (DirectX9), PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, which is exactly the same as the 1.10 version but comes bundled with the DLC.

The bug you are describing was fixed as of version 1.11, as mentioned in the patch notes. Credit to @pushasha for finding them.

Fixed issue whereby weapon durability was decreased drastically when used on enemy corpses, friendly characters, etc. (Especially apparent for users running the game at 60 fps as the durability decrease rate was linked to the frame rate).

Thus, the base version of Scholar of the First Sin will need to be updated in order for this fix to be implemented.
Comment: I might be misreading this, but it looks like [the durability bug was fixed in v1.11](http://darksouls2.wikidot.com/game-patches#toc1).
Comment: @pushasha yeah, that looks like the correct fix. I'll add this to the answer, thanks!


Does software compilation continue even if I close the lid of my MacBook Pro (7,1)?

Question: My specific case is that I am installing something from MacPorts and it's taking a very long time. I just want to close the lid of my laptop.
Will the compilation still continue?
I do not want to install the NoSleep app.
Answer: As mentioned before, closing the lid of a portable Mac causes it to sleep, and not to dream of compilations as-yet unfinished.

What happens when I close the lid on my MacBook Pro running OS X?

If (and only if, apparently) your Mac is connected to:

an external display,
an external keyboard or mouse or trackpad
a power adapter,

your laptop will operate in "clamshell mode", as outlined here:

http://support.apple.com/en-ca/HT201834

and your compilation will continue.
Answer: Generally, closing the lid will put your computer completely to sleep. Meaning any running processes will only continue once you wake the computer back up. There are very rare cases where this does not apply.
However, why must you close the lid? The way that MacBooks are designed, they're the best ventilated when the lid is open. If you close it, you can block the air outputs. You can operate your computer, or allow it to continue operating to finish a task, with the lid closed. But it isn't a good idea to do so if the task will be intensive in any way. And compiling is certainly intensive. Meaning you shouldn't close the lid when anything's compiling or installing from MacPorts.
So in short, no, software compiling will most likely not continue if you close the lid. And in addition, why would you need to? It's better not to as your computer will run cooler and last longer.
Answer: This may sound a little over-the top, but I found an ad-hoc way when I wanted to start a compile, walk to work from a coffee shop and have it proceed while on my way. There are several ssh apps for the iPhone. On your Mac, go to the "sharing" control panel and turn on "Remote Login" and "Internet Sharing". For "Internet Sharing", turn on iPhone USB. Now an iPhone that is tethered by USB to your Mac is on a LAN with your Mac. If the Mac is hosting an ssh login, it will not do "clamshell" behavior. The sharing control will tell you how to refer to you Mac when doing an ssh login. So on your iPhone, follow your App's instruction to connect to
your-account@whatever-the-sharing-panel-tells-you
So typically, it will look something like myaccount@ip-address, and you will have to give your account password. This will bring up a console and in my case, it was trivial to start a big make session in the background. I close the shell. Things keep moving. This is no walk in the park, if you forgive the pun. You have to make sure your iPhone doesn't sleep or it will close the ssh shell on its end. You also have to keep it tethered by USB (so in my case I had to throw it my backpack with the Mac.) There are ways to tether it via bluetooth or wifi, but my spirit of adventure ended with the one success. This may not solve your problem, but it did mine.


Win10's Explorer does not show thumbnails for PSD files from Photoshop CC 2016

Question: When I save PSD files in Photoshop CC 2016 on a computer running Windows 10, I do not get to see thumbnails of images in the File Explorer, but instead the Photoshop logo is displayed in place of PSD files. Earlier I have been using Photoshop 7.0 but in that there was no such problem.
Comment: which OS are you using?
Comment: Windows 10 Home Edition
Answer: Note: This definitely is not an all-around solution, but it might be a start.
When I re-read your question, I had a quick look into my PSD-files, only to find out that they lack thumbnails, too.
It seems that Microsoft has dropped the support for PSD-thumbnails, and Adobe seemingly does not care about it.
One solution I found is SageThumbs - it is free and open source. I tried it just now and it seems to work. But: Layered PSDs show a white thumbnail. If I open the PSD in question in IrfanView, it is white, too - in Photoshop, it is not, of course.
Maybe, XnView's plug-ins could cure that, as SageThumb's main website says:

SageThumbs can use external XnView plugins, it tries to automatically detect XnView installation folder or if failed it will use predefined folder.
Typically this folder is C:\Program files\XnView\PlugIns\ for 32-bit SageThumbs on 32-bit Windows or 64-bit SageThumbs on 64-bit Windows and C:\Program Files (x86)\XnView\!PlugIns\ for 32-bit SageThumbs on 64-bit Windows.
So if you have no XnView installed you can create this folder manually and unpack plugins to it.

I do not want to install XnView or its plug-ins to test this right now, so I cannot prove/refute that this would help with layered PSDs.

Also, SageThumbs seems to support CR2-files that Windows does not support (EOS M6, for example) - however, they all have a purple-shift.

Not really an answer: If this really bugs you but you do not like SageThumbs, you could still use Adobe Bridge instead of the File Explorer. In Bridge, thumbs come up as expected, though it really does not solve the question of thumbnails in Windows' File Explorer.
Answer: As a workaround, try saving as TIF, with layers, selecting ZIP compression for the image and for the layers. The file is about the same (large) size as a PSD, and Windows 10 Explorer shows a flattened thumbnail as expected (incorporating all the layers). When you open the TIF file with Photoshop, it appears with layers intact, just as if it had been saved as PSD. Of course, this will not help with existing PSD files unless you open each one and save as TIF. But it might be an expedient solution for new projects. I have tested this only with my old Photoshop CS6; I had the same problem with Windows 10 Explorer showing a generic icon for PSD files instead of a thumbnail. Newer versions of Photoshop might give different results.


If we reduce size of training dataset does it decreases bias?

Question: I'm a newbie and learning ML. I've a doubt, normally we know we should increase the size of training dataset or should add more data to reduce variance (fairly understood why). Now variance has inverse relationship with bias, so it means when we're adding more data, we're reducing variance - or we're increasing bias. Then, why this is not possible to reduce bias by reducing the number of training samples. Could someone please explain me.
Comment: Bias-variance "tradeoff" is a misnomer. When we add bias in order to reduce the variance, we hope that doing so decreases the mean squared error, not that it maintains the MSE. Let's say that we have a model with no bias and a variance of $1$. Then $MSE = 1$. If we decide to use a biased model that has a bias of $0.5$, we want to variance to drop below $0.75$ in order to have $0.5^2 + \text{variance} < 1$. It could be, however, that we only drop our variance to $0.8$, meaning that our MSE is $0.5^2 + 0.8 = 1.05$, which means that we are doing worse in terms of mean squared error.
Answer:
Now variance has an inverse relationship with bias

Not necessary. A picture is worth a thousand words, so let me use the image below. (Check also the Intuitive explanation of the bias-variance tradeoff? thread.)

Imagine your model is an oracle that perfectly predicts the target, it will have no bias and no variance.

Then, why is not possible to reduce bias by reducing the number of training samples.

Imagine a model that always predicts the same constant (say, $42$), it will be biased regardless of how much data would you use because the result is independent of the data. The example is abstract, but not as abstract as you may think, for example, this would be the case for a Bayesian model with a very strong prior, or using an incorrect model for the job (e.g. image classification using a model that was designed for natural language processing), such models are doomed to make bad predictions regardless of the data.
Comment: understood... in case of the model that predict constant 42... what will be the variance ? variance also should remain constant. but can we determine if it is high or low ?
Answer: You can only speak of 'inverse relation' when you change model complexity (including, to some extent, feature selection vs feature addition).

As the number of samples grows, variance drops, bias is unchanged.
Increasing the model complexity decreases bias but increases variance.
Dropping irrelevant features decreases variance, adding relevant features decreases bias.
Comment: why so ? for example in a regression model, as the variance drops, there must be some change in prediction values. So the MSE will also be changed. Then bias should also be changed as there is change in MSE ?
Comment: Omitting the irreducible noise, MSE breaks down into mean square of (true value - average prediction) [bias^2] and mean square of (prediction - average prediction) [variance]. Predictions with the same expectation can possess all sorts of variances.
Answer: The variance bias relationship is a causal relationship.
For certain types of bias the variance can reduce when the bias increases. That means that the other way around does not work. If you reduce/increase the variance (by some other means than bias, for instance sample size) then you do not increase/reduce the bias.
A clear example is a shrinkage estimator for estimating the mean of a normal distribution. The typical unbiased estimator is the sample mean $\bar{x}$, which has a variance $\frac{\sigma^2}{n}$. We could also use a biased estimate by multiplying the sample mean with a factor $c \cdot \bar{x}$, which has a variance $c^2\frac{\sigma^2}{n}$. By changing the bias $c$ we can decrease the variance, but by changing the variance, for instance by having different $n$, we do not change $c$.
In a more complex situation we could have an interaction between bias and variance. In the previous example the bias is dependent on $c$. There are settings in which we change this parameter based on the observed variance. But often the relationship is in the other direction. The bias is optimised to reduce the mean squared error, and if we have less variance, then we need less bias.


Is the principal logarithm defined for negative numbers?

Question: I have seen the definition of a principal logarithm as the logarithm whose imaginary part is in $(-\pi, \pi]$. However, I have also seen that the principal logarithm defined as the logarithm obtained from the branch cut that removes the negative real axis. The first allows one to take logarithms of negative numbers, while the second does not. Is one definition more standard than the other, or am I misinterpreting something?
Comment: @gary: The principal branch is not the only one that agrees with the usual $\ln$ on the positive real axis.  Lots of others do too.  The question is about the value on the negative real axis (where the arg is not 0: it is $\pi$ (for the principal branch), by the same convention that says the imaginary part of the principal branch of the logarithm is $\pi$ there.
Comment: Well, due to the cut, you can take either of $\log|p|\pm i\pi$ as the "logarithm" of $p$ for $p$ negative... (i.e., taking the exponential of either value does give $p$). Thus, one chooses a particular value for the "principal branch", and in this case, it's the one with positive imaginary part...
Comment: One thing that makes the principal branch more standard is that it extends the real log, i.e., numbers on the real axis have an argument $Argz=0$ , so that, for x in the positive real axis, Logx=ln|x|+iArgx=lnx+0=lnx.
Comment: @Robert: in the layout I am familiar with, we remove a half-line $theta=theta_0$ from the plane, and then we measure the argument against that line, increasing when we go clockwise and otherwise decreasing. Under this layout, only the standard branch is the only one that agrees with lnx. What layout do you use?
Comment: @Robert: Never mind; my comment may be too off-topic, and I don't want to distract from the OP.
Comment: Give the principal branch of √(1 - z)
Answer: Branch cut is the curve of discontinuity of the function. It is not being removed from the plane.
The principal logarithm is discontinuous on the negative real axis with continuity from above,
i.e.
$$
   \lim_{\epsilon \to 0^+} \log (-z + i \epsilon) = \log(-z) \qquad
   \lim_{\epsilon \to 0^+} \log (-z - i \epsilon) = \log(-z) - 2 \pi i
$$
for $z>0$.
Answer: The principal branch sometimes varies from author to author depending on their preference and what they are trying to accomplish. Removing the negative real axis gives essentially the same function, except it is defined on an open set, which is more useful for topics such as holomorphism.
A lot of questions in complex analysis deal only with open sets or open subsets.


Files permissions with organic groups

Question: Is there a way to use organic groups to manage file permissions for files uploaded to site? I would like have of at the node level and file level.
Answer: The submodule 'Organic groups field access' of the OG project should be able to help you manage file access based on Organic Group permissions.
You can create private Organic Groups by enabling the OG submodule 'Organic groups access control'.
Depending on the useless: Make sure to add a 'Group visibility' field to the Group bundle or a Group Content visibility to the group content bundle at admin/config/group/fields.

Files permissions with organic groups


Show exposed filter value when returning results

Question: I can't seem to figure this one out. I have a view that returns nodes with a set of taxonomy term exposed filters. What I would like to do is show the selection the user has made on the screen (e.g "Showing results for..."), preferably using a text field in the views header else through the views template files. Can anyone help me please?
Answer: a bit tricky, but works:

Add a field <code>(term) Taxonomy term: Name (Name)</code>
in settings check: exclude from display
Add header:  Global: Unfiltered text
check: Use replacement tokens from the first row
set the text area with the available token: e.g "Showing results for [name]"

Screenshot:
Comment: Seems to do the trick, but when you land on the page and shows the default results (any taxonomy term) the replacement token outputs one particular taxonomy term rather than 'Any' value, would you know why?
Comment: Yes, and it's quite simple to fix it. Just go to  field `(term) Taxonomy term: Name (Name)` settings -> No results behavior and type there the default text e.g: `any`.


Can I deduct money I paid to a friend to help rent out my condo?

Question: On this IRS page it says you can deduct management fees related to renting a property. Does this only apply to professional property managers or management companies? I paid a friend to show my place to prospective tenants, clean/paint, deal with paperwork, etc. Can I deduct those payments as well? If so, what sort of evidence would I need should the IRS come knocking on my door? Is a spreadsheet plus online transactions sufficient, or do I need a receipt from my friend? Definitive IRS sources would be appreciated of course.
Comment: What amounts are you talking about here?
Comment: @littleadv - are you thinking that if over $600. He should be 1099ing the guy?
Comment: @JoeTaxpayer that would definitely solve the problem. He can also issue 1099 for lower amounts.
Comment: It's around $500-600, although half of that is mileage, so I'm not sure if that changes things. Then there are a few things that they had to buy for repairs which I assume I can just reimburse them for and deduct those as if I purchased them myself.
Answer: There's nothing illegal in hiring your friends to manage your property or provide you services, and it is definitely deductible. There's nothing specific to reference here, this is a standard deduction for a landlord just as any.
I mentioned 1099 in the comments - if the total is over $600 and your friend is not a corporation, then you should issue 1099. That would provide you the necessary substantiation of the deduction (of course you need to keep some documentation that shows the relation between the money paid and the services provided, like a contract, or invoice or receipt).
You can (but don't have to) issue 1099 for lower amounts as well. If you don't - you'll need to keep more documents as substantiation - cached checks, documents about the agreement and the amounts, etc. In addition, your deduction may be disallowed if your friend doesn't declare this as taxable income (issuing 1099 helps here since your friend will be forced to declare it, otherwise it will be recorded as a mismatch by the IRS and trigger an audit).
As to reimbursements - that would go into the same bucket. They'll have to deduct their expenses from that income on their own taxes. So if you give them $300 for the work, $300 for the miles, and $300 for the materials they bought - you issue the 1099 for $900, and let them deduct the $600 on their own Schedule C.


Why there is a helicopter sitting north of madras, OR, , above the warm springs reservation every single night?

Question: Every night I see a helicopter light above the reservation sitting in a spot above my house, but way up that I can't see it closely, just the light.  Has to be a helicopter since it sits in one spot.
Comment: PS if you meant "every single night" please edit as it appears you may be referencing some sort tribal ceremony or something.
Comment: Also you might consider editing the question to address some of the questions in my answer.
Comment: If it stays in one place every single night it's probably a tower of some kind. Towers have anti-collision lights so that pilots can see them at night.
Comment: @quietflyer Typo in title edited (you could have easily done so yourself BTW). If you have clarifying questions for the OP, please add them as comments to the question, not as an answer.
Comment: @ J.Hougaard I didn't want to rule out the possibility that the title really did refer to a periodically-occurring, maybe weekly, tribal ceremony.
Answer: If you are looking up at a bright thing in the southwestern or western sky before 11 PM in March 2020 and you aren't also able to locate the planet Venus at the same time, then the bright thing is the planet Venus.
Venus is very high and bright in southwestern or western sky in the evenings these days.  Unless it is very near the horizon, it appears to shine with a white steady light.  With a clear distant horizon, it will set in the west about 23:30 PDT at your location.  (Calculated via this on-line tool.)
The star Sirius is also still prominent in the evening sky.  It can appear to flicker quite dramatically, flashing from red to blue, especially when near the horizon, but is nowhere near as bright as Venus.  With a clear distant horizon it will set in the southwest at about 2:50 AM PDT at your location.  (Calculated via this on-line tool.)
Does the object make a helicopter sound, or some other sound, or no sound?
Is the light steady, or is it definitely blinking completely off and then back on?  What color(s)?   What direction is the light from you?  Does it stay in the same direction from you if you drive 10 miles down a road and look at again? (I.e. does it appear to "follow" you as some observers have often said about such things?)  Is it so high that it could not be a tower?  Does it get nearer to the western horizon over the course of several hours? Can you establish what time it "sets" below the horizon, if it does? Is it still visible at midnight? Is it still visible in the pre-dawn twilight? If you have access to binoculars, does it look like a tiny round circle that is not flashing or flickering when seen through the binoculars?
Odds seem good that it is Venus, but the answers to these questions should confirm or reject this hypothesis.  Due to the path of the ecliptic, Venus may be well north of due west even near the spring equinox when the sun is setting nearly due west.
If it is definitely a flying vehicle, which seems unlikely, you can't assume it is not an unmanned drone/ UAV.
Comment: in the words of Yoda, "edit or do not..."  The rest of us derive no benefit from your notes to self.
Comment: Future edit- opening paragraph should reference PDT specifically; also could double-check that Venus setting time is after 11 PDT throughout entire month of March 2020 and if not adjust stated time accordingly.
Comment: @MichaelHall -- I guess I'll wait till the moderators tell me that, or until they start deleting my notes to myself.  The reason they are there is to facilitate collecting multiple edits into one single batch.  I've been specifically asked (warned really) to edit less, and a potential edit that might sit waiting for weeks or months tends to get lost if it is just filed away as a wordpad document or something, perhaps on some different device than the one I will be using at some future time.  I take note of your comment all the same.


In Transit visa for Kuwait

Question: We are India citizens travelling from India to London through Kuwait & Istanbul but with different airlines(Indigo, Pegasus). We have to collect the luggage in Kuwait & check in again at Kuwait.
Do we need in transit visa?
Answer: You have to take a transit visa.
My advice: Its more of a hassle. Try to reorganize your flight, if you can.

In Transit visa for Kuwait


Can I give sugar (or something similar) to flowering plants?

Question: I was wondering if it's possible/advisable to give a flowering plant or any plant for that matter, sugar (or something similar) in addition to plant food?
Comment: Plants fix their carbon (to make carbohydrates, i.e. sugar) from the air, they don't take it up from the soil.
Comment: Nope. Give the sugar to me, please, I can make better use of it.
Comment: Heavens!! Plants and animals are two different things...totally different! Gotta understand basic botany to grow plants...THERE IS NO SUCH THING AS PLANT FOOD!  They make their own!  As stewards we have to provide nutrients with which plants need to make their food as we screw up the natural processes that provide these nutrients...naturally.  Before adding anything to your soil you have to know what is missing, what is in overabundance and what plants you want to propagate. Sugar is for animals...not for plants.
Answer: Well you could in solution, but I wouldn't advise it. If your plants are growing well anyway, sugar might just kill them. Sugar molecules don't pass directly into the plant, so will build up in the soil in the pot, and cause problems later if you always add sugar. Sugar also directly feeds microbes in the soil - some of these may be beneficial, but some may not be, and sugar doesn't discriminate. Sugar solution can also cause reverse osmosis, meaning water or fluid, rather than being taken up  and then utilized by the plant, is instead expelled, causing the plant to die.
I'd recommend you fertilise with a standard, proprietary fertiliser at the recommended rate on the product and forget about adding sugar.
Comment: in the brewing of compost tea, molasses is typically used to feed the microorganisms one is attempting to cultivate in the process. If you start with good compost, the assumption is that the microbes are "good." Sometimes the microbiology of compost that is to be used for brewing tea are kicked into high gear ahead of time by mixing molasses directly with the compost 24hrs prior to adding the compost to the brewer.
Comment: @ThatIdiot interesting - molasses and sugar added to compost heaps also increase microbial activity and cause heat to be produced - but what little research there is suggests you have to get the ratios right for a heap. Nothing's meant to be growing in the compost whilst its rotting down, which means  no plants will be affected by any adverse microbes. Sugar often ends up on the compost heap anyway - fruit remains are full of it.
Answer: Probably not a great idea - more likely to attract insects than anything else.
This abstract suggests that it will decrease plant growth.
Most plants (with a few exceptions) are happiest if you give them a nice rich compost, IME. Some are overly sensitive and need it very well aged, and in moderation, others grow happily on the compost pile itself, long before it's "finished" and with no trace of moderation.
Answer: Most of this is rubbish, you know how they grow those massive pumpkins? They.make sure it's the only one then inject glucose directly into the stem. Plants can metabolism sucrose and fro rose and glucose. Use something natural like honey which is easier for them to absorb but it's mostly done to increase microbial activity to release more nutrients in organic soil. They will absorb sugar through their roots wether they want to or not but they mostly will simply excret the excess. But most plant tissue is cellulose, which is what? Chains of dextrose (the d isomers of glucose) anyone who thinks plants and animals are different are silly. Cells consume 2 things oxygen or sugars. This is true for all living organisms.
TLDR; vert crop dependant. Not advisable to a novice.
Answer: molasses ,honey and other sugars are said to increase soil microbials,enhance regrowth and make the plant's use of nitrogen more effective. Molasses will raise the energy level of the plant and acts as mild natural fungicide. Molasses is the secret ingredient in many organic fertilizers
Comment: Do you have any references for any of these claims?  By references I mean peer reviewed studies by someone with a degree in the field.


Using analogue Takumar 28mm & 50mm AND digital Nikon 4500 WA lenses for the Olympus E-M10 Mk II camera in MACRO Photography

Question: I wish to continue my macro photography I pursued in the analogue world with an Asahi Pentax 28mm (& 50mm)  AND in the digital with a Nikon Coolpix 4500 wide-angle lens with my recently-purchased Olympus E-M10 Mk II camera.
I currently use its 'standard' 14-42mm lens, and I feel certain that one could put the oldie lenses to good use on the Olympus. Any helpful suggestions would be appreciated.
Answer: Using old manual lens is standard technique in macro photography. You will need a lens adapter and a extension tube. You will probably appreciate a sturdy tripod, lens focusing rail and a wire release.
You will get good results with the 50mm, but you might struggle with the 28mm. It will give you high magnification, but little working distance; lighting your subject will be a chore.
This is a setup I sometimes use for macro photography of fishing flies - an old East German Tessar lens, on bellows and mounted on a focusing rail.

This is one of my flies, captured with the Tessar (and image stacked).

Here is unstacked photo of different flies, shot with a later model of the Tessar (optically the same the one on top photo, but with different diaphragm - I wanted to make use of the pentagonal artifacts).
Comment: Belated many thanks for the helpful reply. I now have a better idea of how to tackle this feature.


Raspberry pi libraries for fortran

Question: I'm quite a fan of fortran and I was wondering if there were any libraries to control the GPIO pins in a raspberry pi with it. I find python to be quite slow so I think it is the best option for making it fast.
Answer: Turns out there is in fact a very simple library called fortran-gpio for exactly that.
Another option is to access GPIO pins through device files, see here for details.
Comment: Thanks! That was exactly what I was looking for!

Raspberry pi libraries for fortran


How are X.25/Frame Relay/ATM/MPLS related to PSTN?

Question: Do X.25/Frame Relay/ATM/MPLS have their own isolated physical infrastructure? Or are they technologies invented to utilize the then existing infrastructure of the PSTN?
Comment: Did any answer help you? If so, you should accept the answer so that the question doesn't keep popping up forever, looking for an answer. Alternatively, you can post and accept your own answer.
Answer: Short answer: No, and no.
Long answer: At the time X.25, Frame Relay, and ATM were in widespread use, voice networks were still largely "circuit switched," meaning, a dedicated data channel was likely to exist between the PSTN switches terminating each end of a phone call.  The PSTN inter-exchange switches themselves handled the circuit-switching.
The technologies you mentioned are all "packet switching" (or cell switching) technologies allowing for over-subscription.  This is important when serving data terminals (such as early cash dispensers or finance applications.)
Those packet-switching technologies used some of the same underlying link-layer technologies as voice networks.  For example, a DS1/T1 might've carried 24 voice calls or 1.5Mb/s of packet data.
Comment: What other technologies are analogous to DS1/T1?
Answer: PSTN
The PSTN used to have an analogue core with various analogue signalling methods. This was replaced by digital T/E carriers with CAS signalling to support the analogue signalling methods like loop start, by giving indication of on-hook status in the robbed bits, until the core signalling was replaced with digital SS7 CCS signalling. These carriers were part of the PDH hierarchy, which were eventually bundled into SDH carriers over WDM in the core network. The PSTN local loop is still analogue which is now referred to as POTS and uses loop start signalling.
POTS lines used to connect to an MDF in the exchange and then connect to a class 5 telephone SSP switch line card that performs the analogue BORSCHT functions and convert to SS7 signalling to be used between the SSP and STP from there to connect the call between tandem class 4 SSP switches.
In DSL, the DSL modem would connect to a DSLAM line card in the exchange that would filter off the voice back to the MDF and then it would connect to the class 5 switch line card. The modem to DSLAM connection was PPP over ATM over DSL, and the DSLAM to BRAS connection was PPP over ATM over SDH over Fibre/WDM. This was replaced with an Ethernet backhaul between the DSLAM and BRAS and the DSLAM was moved to a street cabinet, and eventually EFM (Ethernet in the first mile) replaced ATM over DSL. For FTTC it is now PPP/IP over ethernet over VDSL PTM mode.
The voice is filtered off at the DSLAM cabinet line card and goes over the old analogue voice pair to the exchange. In the exchange it connects to an MSAN line card, which performs POTS BORSCHT functions, but this is now an AGW (access gateway) that converts the analogue signalling to a H.248 VoIP session with a wholesale AGC, which acts as an MGC for residential POTS gateways (i.e. it implements the AGCF function which is slightly different to the MGCF function, which is for interacting with T/E carriers and SS7). The AGC is a P-CSCF that connects to an ISP S-CSCF call server via SIP. The AGC controls the RTP session between the MSAN MGW and the destination MSAN MGW.
The PSTN essentially ends at the MSAN now and has been reduced to just the POTS network in many areas. Soon POTS will be replaced with VoIP from the router, and the PSTN will disappear altogether.
The MSAN also offers ADSL2 broadband, and the connection to it is PPPoEoA/IPoEoA I think. The PPPoE connection is carried via fibre ethernet to the BRAS. The CMSANs are aggregated using AMSANs and then FMSANs and then the FMSAN connects to the BRAS. Similarly, the DLSAMs in the street cabinets have their own aggregation, they connect to L2Ss and then EESs before connecting to the BRAS. The link to the BRAS is C/DWDM but the links in the aggregation network are probably non-WDM fibre.
PLMN
The GMSC is just another SSP that connects to the MSC SSP. The SSP converts between ISUP SS7 signalling to BSSAP SS7 signalling and then the BSC converts it to BTSM LAPD SS7, and the BTS converts it to the GSM air protocols. This was upgraded in like 3GPP release 4 to a VoIP core. It's now an RTP session between CS-MGWs controlled by MSCs acting as MGCs via H.248, and the connection between MSCs is BICC or SIP. The MSC converts this to BSSAP SS7 signalling with the BSC or uses a signalling gateway. This was upgraded in release 5 to VoIP to the mobile, with the GGSN connecting to a P-CSCF in the IMS subsystem via a PDF. So essentially, the introduction of MGCs/MGWs was like the residential upgrade from class 5 switches to AGCs/MGWs, and the 3G VoIP upgrade is like VoIP to the router, which will mean the phasing out of the AGCs/MGWs. The IMS system can interface with the SS7 system via the MGCF<->IMSMGW<->SSP and MGCF<->IMSSGW<->STP. The MGCF acts as the P-CSCF. This is the function of the MGCF – connecting VoIP and SS7 via H.248. AGCF is for connecting POTS and VoIP via H.248.
MPLS
MPLS is now used in the core to provide a VPRN or VPLS VPN between the BRAS and ISP LNSs. For PPPoE I have seen PPP L2TPv3 tunnels over VPRN to the ISP LNS, with tunnels set up using PADI authentication NAS-port-ID verified on the BRAS RADIUS server, with IPs being assigned by the ISP LNS RADIUS server IP pools via IPCP after the tunnel gets set up. I think with DHCP/IPoE, the ISP uses a DHCP server to assign IPs based on option 82 or 61 etc., receiving a DHCPNAK if the information is incorrect, and then IP packets from the client are routed from the wholesale provider from a dot1q tunnel to a H-VPLS VPN to the ISP by assigning the ISP a certain outer VLAN. One advantage of VPRN/VPLS is that ISPs can use CG-NAT, and the network provider can route to those ISPs despite any private IP clashes because each ISP has a separate VPN. There are various other advantages of using MPLS instead of plain IP.
X.25
The first commercial WAN protocol over analogue lines, had lots of built in error correction and retransmission. This was due to the high error rate of the analogue modem standards. A digital signal was modulated with analogue carriers and the noise in this analogue signal would accumulate over analogue trunks and FDM switching in the exchange. When the core was upgraded to E1/T1 PCM standard, the PCM encoded analogue signal was transmitted across trunks and recovered perfectly and the noise added would not remain in the signal. It was then placed on a new E1/T1 line without the noise carrying over.
Frame Relay
Originally an ISDN service, based on X.25 but without the error correction and retransmission. If the packet has a error, it is dropped. Retransmission must be requested by higher layer protocols. In the ISDN stack it is LAPD.
Before DSL, in the UK BT had ISDN, Frame Relay, SMDS, X.25, POTS dialup, leased line services. For dialup I assume the BRAS/NAS used to be connected to an SSP and was dialed up by a modem, and the broadband connection was a VPDN. You could not make a call at the same time, so ISDN replaced analog signalling in some areas to allow for broadband and a telephone connection simultaneously.
ATM
A cell relay WAN technology developed for B-ISDN, an extension of ISDN, aimed at creating a global packet switched broadband over an end to end circuit switched network, resembling the nature of the voice services. ATM over SDH/SONET used to be used in the core network before being overtaken by the concept of the Internet and IP over MPLS VPNs. It is still used in the access network in some places. The small cell sizes allow for time sensitive information like voice to be packet switched without delay or long processing/queueing. GR-303 DLE protocols were then used to connect the VoATM voice to the class 5 switch (but of course with DSL, voice is just sent in the POTS band and not over ATM). As data rates increased, the need for small cells was no longer important, and as hardware improved, IP routers were able to keep up with high data rates.
X.25, Frame Relay, SMDS, ATM and MPLS all use the virtual circuit concept.
Answer: When the telephone networks were digitalized in the 1980s and 90s using ATM and SDH, protocols such as PSTN, X.25, Frame Relay or MPLS became applications running on top of those networks. Dedicated networks were possible but uncommon for wide-range communciation.
Comment: wait.. PSTN is a protocol??
Comment: Not really (more a stack), but it depends on how you look at it. In any case, telephony runs as an application on top of the digital networks, circuit-switched or packet-switched.
Comment: X.25/Frame Relay/MPLS run on top of ATM?? Aren't they all link layer protocols?


How to reference assets between multiple asset bundle in Unity?

Question: I am trying to figure out how to properly package my bundles. My goal is to try and avoid necessary duplication of assets and cut down on download time of the assets by having smaller bundles. The current problem is that I am not sure how would bundle A reference assets from bundle B that it is depended on.
Example in my case are lets say fonts. I have  bundle A and B that should use fonts from Fonts bundle. I was under impression that unity would figure this referencing out on its own if I just load them all but that doesn't seem to be the case.
How would I make this work do I need to maybe use addressables (I never used them so I am not sure if this could be one of use case for them)?
Comment: I think you're right that this is one of the problems addressables are meant to help solve. I'd recommend giving them a try while you wait for answers here — you might find the solution first.
Comment: Have you read the [documentation](https://docs.unity3d.com/Manual/AssetBundles-Workflow.html) that tells you how to load assets from bundles, or the [supplementary documentation](https://docs.unity3d.com/Manual/AssetBundles-Dependencies.html) on dependencies? What questions do you have that aren't answered by these documentation pages?
Comment: I did and for the smaller case I found out that splitting assets works like in example. I am not sure why it doesn't work for me at a larger scale maybe my bundle isn't right or load order I am still doing some experiments I will update the question when I have more information.
Answer: Loading bundle with common assets before main asset bundle seams to work on smaller scale so it was probably issue with my loading method. One thing I did noticed is that Unity didn't pull all my shader assets for the text when I moved them in a separate bundle so that caused missing reference. So make sure you have them in your bundle if you are experiencing font issues.


What exactly is a Star Fleet Admiral's duty?

Question: Once a Captain has been promoted to Admiral, what becomes their official duty? Do Admirals have certain predetermined Captains and ships under their command, or do they get orders from higher up? What's an Admiral's day-to-day job?
Answer: Admiral commands a fleet of ships (as opposed to a single ship) with help of other admirals whether senior or junior (Fleet Admiral, Rear Admiral etc). This is similar to real world military ranks. He can monitor captains, suspend captains, assign new captain to a ship & send ship(s) to a particular mission.
An Admiral's day-to-day jobs are mostly official paperworks, but he can actively command a ship if he wish or its important for a mission (The command of vessel is automatically transferred to superior officer on-board as we've seen in the canon).
Memory Alpha has a dedicated article on this. Maybe, you should look at it.
Comment: Not entirely accurate. Picard had to actively transfer command to Blackwell in Pegasus. Before he merely had to follow Blackwell's orders, but the ship was still his.
Comment: Does he always command the same fleet? I can't seem to recall one same admiral commanding the Enterprise NCC-1701-D for example.
Comment: @lesderid There are many Admirals & their liabilities change too. And, they are changed too. There's no point of confusion I think.
Comment: TNG tended to keep an admiral for a season or two - and a couple of years is your typical time in post for most ranks in real life
Answer: From the ufstarfleet.org wiki the description is quite extensive and seems to parallel much of what a current US Navy (or any other Navy) Admiral performs as his duty.  The description from the wiki;
The role of an admiral is highly diverse, and the duties are wide ranging and often complex. These vary from the mundane, such as attending diplomatic functions, lecturing at Starfleet Academy, and inspecting starships prior to launch, to being forced to put the lives of Starfleet officers on the line when authorizing vessels or personnel to enter hazardous situations.
It is a position that combines duty to the service with a requirement for skills of a political nature. Admirals are also granted the authority to decommission starships that are deemed past their prime or irreparable, as demonstrated by Admiral Morrow's orders following the return of the USS Enterprise NCC-1701 to Spacedock in 2285.
In addition, there are many admirals who supplement their duties by maintaining a posting as commander of a starbase or other non-starship position, such as Admiral Marcus Holt, who commands Deep Space Three. Of similar note is Admiral Brand, who holds the position of Superintendent of Starfleet Academy on Earth.
The rank of admiral, particularly in times of peace, is primarily a desk job. The officer in question is often stationed at a Starfleet facility on Earth or elsewhere in the United Federation of Planets. For some, this can be considered a detrimental aspect of the position, as James T Kirk discovered following his promotion. Kirk's duties were many and varied, but he felt stagnant 'flying a desk' at Starfleet Headquarters in San Francisco. He jumped at the chance to take command of the refitted Enterprise when the V'Ger probe approached Earth in 2271.
There are of course other circumstances that occasionally demand the presence of a member of the admiralty. For example, an admiral may be placed in an extremely hostile situation, where a high ranking officer is needed to coordinate starship deployment and battlefield strategy, as shown by the actions of Admiral JP Hanson and Admiral Hayes during the Borg offensives of 2366 and 2373.
An admiral may also be assigned to oversee a delicate operation in a distant region of space, such as Admiral Matthew Dougherty's supervision of the joint Starfleet and Sona mission in the briar Patch. During Starfleet missions of a sensitive nature, or operations conducted under wartime conditions, an admiral is often posted to a facility 'in the field' from which they command and control several vessels; during the Dominion War, Admiral Bill Ross handled fleet dispersal and mission tasking from Starbase 375. Ross's position offers a typical example of such a posting; his command includes vessels such as the USS Defiant NX-74205 and ships from the Seventh Tactical Wing.
And it continues on, but I leave that for you to read for yourself.
Link: Role%26_Duties">http://www.ufstarfleet.org/wiki/index.php?title=Admiral:Role%26_Duties
Comment: This seems to be entirely fan-created, not from the shows/movies..
Comment: I am looking for a description that's canon, not fan-fiction or based on the novels.
Comment: I don't think there is a "canon" description of a Starfleet admiral's duties, beyond little snippets of it being largely an administrative role (based mostly on Kirk's comments in TWOK and Generations).  Real-world admirals are largely paper-pushers; no reason to believe Starfleet admirals would be much different.  Hell, I think real-world *captains* spend more time behind a desk than on a bridge or in the CIC.


How do you move your Git repository from one server to another?

Question: I need to move Git to a new location and was wondering if there's a way to just rsync my git repository to a new location?
Answer: rsync, or just clone, as git clones are complete copies of (the reachable parts of) the source repository.
Comment: `git-clone` would be safer. To use `rsync` you would need to stop _all_ other access to the repository first to ensure `rsync` can produce a consistent copy at the other end.
Answer: You can use
git remote add servername master
git push servername master

Replace servername by you new git repository
Answer: I am no git expert, but where do you see the problem in doing exactly that? Of course, you will need to inform the users about this change and if it's not your machine, talk to the admin to set up the server part, but other than that, git repos are just directories with some (or a lot) files.
Answer: A simple scp -r will do the trick just fine.


What's wrong with this question about gamete fusion?

Question: This is my question. How can improve it? What is it that makes it bad?
Answer: Questions tend to be received better when they show some of the background understanding that a poster has and have a clear focus on a particular concept.
With your question, it's clear you're confused, but not really clear where you're confused. As a result, answering your question is less like answering a specific question and more like explaining an entire topic of biology. Your textbook probably already contextualizes this information, and it's not clear what help it will be to re-state that same content that's already in your textbook.
I think you probably need to do some more reading and attempting to understand on your own before asking. Perhaps go back a few pages in the textbook and make sure you're following each step. Some key words you probably want to look for might be "chromosome" and "haploid/diploid". You may also want to check your understanding of the word "homologous" and which chromosomes this word relates to. Alternatively, you may be confused just by the mathematical concept of what 2^(some exponent) represents, which would need a very different explanation. So, try to understand some of the surrounding information to help narrow down where you're stuck.
Edit:
This comment

This is not what I am wondering about, but it is related. See my edit. My textbook claimed what it did as side note to exactly this.

is exactly what we'd like to avoid. If someone can clearly answer your question to the extent anyone would guess is the answer you need, and then you come along and tell them it doesn't answer your question, that means your original question was asked poorly and didn't explain your problem. I think it is rude to waste the time of people who you are asking for help.
Answer: I already answered this in a way in my comment. For me, any question that relates to the interpretation of text must include the following:

The exact text (as text, not image). Including the surrounding sentences is also advised as it provides context.
The details of the text: author, title, edition — a link to the publisher or reseller's site can be helpful.
The chapter and section title, if applicable.

This is because it is very easy for a reader to get an idea into his head about what a section text means, whereas another reader can spot the misinterpretation, given the precise text and context.
Of course, in this case it turned out there was a problem that the original text was in Norwegian, which is not a widely understood outside Scandinavia. With some other European languages it would be worth giving the original as well as a translation, as the translation may be the problem.


Is it safe to use non stick cookware over a flame?

Question: I have recently started to learn how to cook. Whenever I am trying to make a chapati or to cook a vegetable, I start experiencing an acute headache, most likely because of the steam or maybe the flame in burner gas stove. I am using non stick cookware. Can this be the reason for getting the headaches?
Comment: Is your gas stove burning cleanly (e.g., for natural gas, flame is entirely blue, maybe with a speck of yellow every once in a while; for propane, blue except for the very tip), and do you have ventilation?
Comment: @derobert I am using LPG(also referred to as propane). The flame is like a blue wave with a yellow outline on the top as you mentioned. There is a large window in the kitchen but many things including the utensils and flower-pots are kept in front of it, so it almost blocks out the air movement, so yeah it's ill-ventilated.
Answer: Are you using non-stick cookware?
Beware because there is a well-documented medical effect caused by the fumes released when various non-stick components are heated starting at about 300 °F (149 °C) and beyond.
Polymer fume fever
You should always have something in a non-stick pan when it is over a flame.
Comment: I doubt this is the cause, because onset typically occurs 4-8 hours after inhalation (according to the source you provided). I think the post implies that the symptoms are rather immediate.
Comment: Yes, I am using non-stick cookwares but does it really reach above 149 degree Celsius? For making chapati, the frying pan has to get heated, so initially I leave it on flame for sometime.
Comment: @MHH : There are some chemicals that have a slow onset initially, but subsequent exposures have a quick onset.  (which I only know because of the roofing being done at my place of work last year, and the complete lack of concern about the fumes developing in some of our office ... I have no idea if teflon fumes are this way)
Comment: The ignition temperature of paper is 451 degrees Fahrenheit, or 233 degrees Celsius.
Answer: Well I am not 100% sure when the headache starts. Like most headache's its difficult to trace the cause. To avoid the headache you need to know where it is coming from. It happens either while your cooking or after you eaten?
If its while your cooking, it could be:
1. Heat from standing at the stove. So if you get headaches generally from heat this is probably the cause.
2. Gas leak or the smell of gas if your kitchen does not have proper ventilation. See link on this. http://en.hesperian.org/hhg/A_Community_Guide_to_Environmental_Health:Indoor_Air_Pollution
If its after you eaten:
1. It may very well be your eating habits. From only eating once a day or it could even be certain food that could trigger the headache. Also see link http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=56182
Comment: thanks! I didn't have the privilege of upvoting the answer while posting this question.


Are the walls of my garage closet load-bearing?

Question: I am planning to remove this garage closet to make more room for our car. From looking at the framing it doesn't appear to be load bearing - which would obviously be very surprising considering it looks like just a little partition closet. But being a novice I want to ensure there's nothing I'm missing before demoing this. If there are any considerations I would greatly appreciate any thoughts. Thanks!
Comment: Looks like it's a major wiring nexus, so you'll have to be careful of that. Given the relationship to the garage door, I don't see removing it as giving the car any more room, since the car can't drive there anyway, but if you are removing the workbench and closet to make more room *around* the car, sure.
Comment: Thanks for the comment, that's a great point about the wiring. You can see a bunch of little scars in the sheetrock between the lawn mower and work bench where my car door hits. The garage is tight so you can hardly open the car door without that wall getting in the way. Perhaps I should just remove that wall to allow the car door to open freely so I could avoid any wiring issues?
Comment: @Navy247 - Technically speaking, it would be much easier to remove the car door. It's only held in place by a few screws.
Answer: I don't believe that it's load bearing for these reasons. I can't provide 100% certainty, however.

There's no indication in the attic that the walls transfer load to the roof framing.
You have a very conventional hand-framed garage roof. They almost never have mid-span bearing points unless there's a beam down the center.
Bearing walls in the middle of a slab are also extremely rare in smaller residential garages.
Normally you'd see footings and shorty blocks or a stub wall like on the perimeter if a load was expected there.

Be sure to repair the firewall (continuous drywall on wall and ceiling) as necessary after the closet is removed.


How to change background image of Dolphin file browser from default white background?

Question: I am using Kubuntu 16.10 which has Dolphin file Manager having default white background. I want to give a custom image as background as there in the desktop.
Comment: Right click on *Desktop > Folder view settings > Wallpapers*
Comment: Sir, it only changes the desktop background not the background of dolphin file manager. @M.Becerra
Comment: Asking for your help too.. @giaosudau
Answer: Qt Style Sheets
http://doc.qt.io/qt-5/stylesheet.html :

Qt Style Sheets are a powerful mechanism that allows you to customize
  the appearance of widgets...

More:

Qt Style Sheets Examples: http://doc.qt.io/qt-5/stylesheet-examples.html
Qt Style Sheets Reference: http://doc.qt.io/qt-5/stylesheet-reference.html

QSS & Dolphin background image
Older from the KDE Forums - How to set a pattern (image) as a wallpaper on Dolphin?: https://forum.kde.org/viewtopic.php?f=17&t=94717
and more:

Deviantart: http://samuaz.deviantart.com/art/Kde-GaiaSnow-update-4-373661315 -> http://pastebin.com/wEnndQPw
[SOLVED] Scaled background image using stylesheet: https://forum.qt.io/topic/40151/solved-scaled-background-image-using-stylesheet/2

Example
Making backStyle.qss:
DolphinViewContainer > DolphinView > QAbstractScrollArea {
      background-color: transparent;
      border-image: url('background.png') 0 0 0 0 stretch stretch;
}

and starting the Dolphin with the command:
dolphin -stylesheet /path/to/myqss/backStyle.qss

The result:

Note
The Dolphin is painting every other line with the alternate background color in the details view mode:

You could change the color but you can't edit the transparency without rebuild of the Dolphin.
Changing the .../src/kitemviews/kitemlistwidget.cpp line 118 from:
const QColor backgroundColor = m_styleOption.palette.color(QPalette::AlternateBase);

to
const QColor backgroundColor = QColor(0, 0, 0, 20);

About Qt colors: http://doc.qt.io/qt-5/qcolor.html#QColor-2

After rebuild:
Comment: Re. *"The Dolphin is painting every other line with the alternate background color in the details view mode"*, if the alternating color is undesirable, the user can open `System Settings` >`Color` to get to the `Application Color Scheme` window. In there, click on the theme currently being used from the list on the left and then choose `Edit Scheme` near the bottom right. A new window appears titled, for example, `Breeze Dark - System Settings`. Click on the `Colors` tab. On the right of `Color set:`, choose `View` from the dropdown. ...
Comment: There, set `Alternate Background` to be the same as `Normal Background`. Click `Save`. Use a new name for the theme to avoid altering the original Breeze Dark. Close the window. You'll be returned to the first `Applications Color Scheme` window. Click on the theme you just "created" and then click on `Apply` in the lower right corner. Close `System Settings`. Now when Dolphin is opened, there shouldn't be alternating colors for rows in detailed view. This works in Kubuntu 16.04.2 LTS with kubuntu-backports enabled (Plasma 5.8.7).
Comment: ...What if I want to change the color of the alternating lines and not the opacity? What CSS selector would I use for this?
Answer: For quite a while I wanted to make the background of the file area in Dolphin Transparent or Translucent - like the Folder View Widget that I could have on my desktop.
Over the years I messed with different ideas and had a little success, but not the look I wanted to go with my translucent panels and window decorations.
This week I finally achieved a completely translucent 'Dolphin'.
The Bright Red buttons and selections will not be everybody's choise - but they can all be toned down.  The 'Blur Effect' is enabled using GL3.1 in compositing settings in Kubuntu 18.10, but the translucency works and can be adjusted without the blurring using Xrender and in earlier versions of Kubuntu.

This was achieved very simply using the Kvantum theming engine and Kvantum Theme Manager.
While this is not changing the background image in Dolphin, quite a few of us found this topic whilst trying to make a translucent background in Dolphin - so I hope this helps.
Comment: Can you share more details>
Comment: Hi, I just wrote an answer, but this site lost it, so instead, I will add a link to Kvantum, which I should have posted in the original - that might help.

https://store.kde.org/p/1005410/


How can I delete the multiple draft mails in Gmail (that I have selected via checkboxes)?

Question: I can use the checkbox to select multiple messages, but how can I delete them all in one go? I've tried every option I can see to no avail.
Answer: If they are all drafts, click on Discard drafts.

Otherwise, click on Move to and then on Trash.
Answer: Open the drafts box.  For the draft(s) you wish to delete, tap on the little circle with the figure in it. This then gives a circle and the bin icon appears at top right.  Tap in the circle(s) to get a tick and then tap the bin icon to apply.  Autodidact through trial and error!
Comment: This answer only provides instructions on how to delete each draft, one by one. Is there a more efficient way to delete the contents of the entire "Draft" folder without having to go through each one? I'm utilizing the latest Gmail app (iOS) and I'm having difficulty finding a definitive answer to this question. TIA for your help. Edit for clarification: I was responding to "BOB". I apologize for any confusion I may have initially caused. I realize now that this belongs in the comments of Bob's answer, but Im hoping someone will see this and might be able to help me, so I'll leave it here.
Answer: Do the discard draft one. It works
Comment: Please don't add "this works" as answers. Invest some time in the site and you will gain sufficient [privileges](//webapps.stackexchange.com/privileges) to upvote answers you like, which is the Web Applications way of saying thank you.


Mandelbrot set and logistic map connection

Question: I'm currently writing an undergraduate thesis on chaos theory with a particular focus on the connection between the Mandelbrot set and the logistic map. I have found scattered posts on this site, Reddit and other such web pages that more or less intuitively explain the connections with bifurcation diagrams and the Mandelbrot set being the parameter space for the logistic map, all of which I understand. However I am having difficulty finding reputable academic sources that research and explain these concepts in a formal mathematical style. I would be very grateful to anybody who could point me in the direction of academic papers or textbooks that cover this. Thank you all!
Comment: I know it's not what you're looking for, but one beautiful illustration of the connection can be found on the MandelMap: https://www.mandelmap.com/
I quite like how it lines up key features of the diagram for the logistic map with the Mandelbrot set.
Answer: On the undergraduate level, I recommend the books by Robert Devaney.
He wrote several books on this subject:
An introduction to chaotic dynamical systems. The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co., Inc., Menlo Park, CA, 1986 (there is a second and third editions, 1989, 2003).
A first course in chaotic dynamical systems. Theory and experiment. With a separately available computer disk. Addison-Wesley Studies in Nonlinearity. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Advanced Book Program, Reading, MA, 1992.
There is also a video: Transition to chaos. The orbit diagram and the Mandelbrot set. Science Television, New York; distributed by the American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, 1990. 1 videocassette (NTSC; 1/2
inch; VHS) (65 min.); sd., col. ISBN: 1-878310-08-9


Neural Network Weights - How do they know their position?

Question: I am a copyright scholar so please forgive my ignorance.
When weights are stored external to a model what is the mechanism by which the weight knows which neuron or node in a decision tree it is attached to when ingested back into the model?
Answer: Neural networks are not composed of "neurons" or "decision trees". Neural networks are a bunch of matrix operations, e.g. matrix multiplications. Some of these operations have trainable parameters, e.g. in a matrix multiplication, the matrix by which you multiply the input is trainable. When a model is saved to file, both the specification of which operations are applied (and in what order they are applied) and the trainable parameters are saved (e.g. multiplication by matrix with reference "weight_f1j390" + "weight_f1j390=[[0, 3, 1],[1, -1.2, 0.5]]).
When the model is loaded back, the sequence of operations is reconstructed from the file together with the values of the weights.


Computer can't recognize USB Flash Disk

Question: Something happened with my USB flash disk and I had to format it. Every time I tried to format it, I've got: "Windows is unable to format" message.
 I found a program SDFormatter and tried it. I don't know what happened after the format but every time I plug my flash memory it won't show in my computer. I have got a new driver (USB Mass Storage) installed and opened disk management and I don't see the flash memory. :(
How can I get my USB Flash Disk to start working again?
Answer: As a Helpdesk technician I've seen this scenario several times. About 25% of the time the flash drive is just dead and won't ever work again. When this happens, plugging in the USB drive to either a Mac or Windows machine causes erratic results such as the machine freezing up, not booting, or the machine being exceptionally slow. The other 75% of the time, I plug it into a Linux machine or a Mac and format it FAT32. When I bring it back to Windows it works perfectly fine again and I can format it any which way I please.
Depending on the flash drive's actual dollar value, you might just want to get another one if you can't fix it quickly.
Comment: You do under stand he put another drive in there with the same issue.
Comment: @Virusboy - the OP referred to a **driver** and not a **drive**. I see no mention of trying a different drive in the same computer.
Comment: @Virusboy, I see it the way Craig saw it, one USB flash drive being used during this scenario. I assumed that he or SDFormatter had Uninstalled the USB Input Device from Device Manager and when he plugged it back in, his system recognized a new USB device and installed the new instructions for the USB Mass Storage. This is closed, but if the OP had another Flash Drive handy, he should have plugged it in to see if it registered with his computer to get the troubleshooting going.

Computer can't recognize USB Flash Disk


How to move an object uniformly from one point to another at a fixed angle?

Question:
In my 2d java game, I need to move Point objects (as projectiles) from Enemy object to Player object in a straight line. I did some research and found out that I can use atan2(x, y) method of Math class to get the angle, but then how am i supposed to move the projectile in that particular angle(direction)? I checked this question: How do I calculate how an object will move from one point to another? , but did not quite understand. Also there is no vector math in java.
 Any ideas would be very helpful.
Comment: Not understanding an answer isn't reason enough to post the same question again. If you're having trouble implementing the solution from the other question, ask specifically about the trouble you're having. For example, in this situation, it appears you're having trouble with vector math. That means your solution is to get a vector math library or write your own. Vector math is very important for games, and it's unlikely you'll be able to avoid it for long. See [this stackoverflow](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1632481/can-you-do-vector-addition-in-java-natively) question about it.
Answer: Suppose the projectiles curret position is $(x,z)$.
Then, in each step, you let $x_{new} = x_{old} + t \cos(\theta)$ and
$y_{new} = y_{old} + t \sin(\theta)$ where $\theta$ is the angle you found,
and $t$ is some small number (depending on the number of milliseconds since last update, for example).
Comment: @PerAlexandersson See an existing [meta question](http://meta.gamedev.stackexchange.com/questions/351/math-markdown-on-this-site) on enabling LaTeX processing. Long story short, it's supposedly expensive and it's hard to get it enabled due to unsubstantiated performance concerns. I really miss it and it really discourages me from answering questions here.
Comment: What, LaTeX does not work here?
Comment: Because we use code here, not LaTeX. It's not enabled for this site as far as I know.
Comment: Just surprises me, this is essentially a math question, and LaTeX is the standard for typing mathematics...
Comment: Yep, I'm sure people (myself included) would appreciate you posting in meta about it (for it to be turned on for the site), I can't see how it would hurt.
Comment: Wooh so many dollar signs
Answer: [EDIT: as I don't know what lib you're using, and as this question is not specific to Java, my answer is in pseudo-code.]
If I understand your question correctly, atan2 is not what you're looking for.
What you want to achieve is moving something (which has coordinates) from one point to another according to time. You just need to compute the vector between the player entity and the target.
What you need here is:

the position (x,y) of the player (player_position).
the position (x,y) of the target (target_position).
the speed at which you want your bullet to travel (in unit per seconds) (bullet_speed).
the time passed between two game updates (two frames) (deltaTime).

As you seem to have all of that, you seem ready to make that bullet move.
The vector from your player to the target, in pseudo code, is :
Vector2 diff_vector = player_position - target_position;

Then put your bullet at player_position and move it each frame alongside this vector you just computed using the deltaTime between frames. Something like:
new_bullet_position = bullet_position + diff_vector * deltaTime * bullet_speed;

Changing bullet position each frame accordingly to the diff_vector and the bullet_speed will make it move uniformly from player to target.
I hope it helps.
Comment: You'd need to normalize the `diff_vector` to make this work (otherwise you'd get a lot more movement than expected!). And it's actually the same approach found in the [highest voted answer](http://gamedev.stackexchange.com/a/48191/7191) to the question linked by OP.
Comment: But then I have to use some game library for using vectors because I am making my game using java and its 2d api and there are no classes that deals with vector math. Is there no alternative? Is it not possible to do the calculations without vectors?
Comment: Come on! :) The most complex computation in my answer is about multiplying vectors. Something very simple. If you're afraid of vectors I would suggest you to pause developping games and wait until you know more about vectors, because you'll have really hard times trying to make games without using vector computation.
Comment: I am a java programmer. What should i use?
Comment: You should use Wikipedia. Go to the page related to vectors in Mathematics. Take one hour and read it until everything is clear. Then go back to your code, whatever langage you use because it's really not related to the langage, and code the thing. I won't code it for you. You asked a question about something that is not related to Java programming but related to an higher concept which is very VERY important when it comes to game programming. I suggest you to try.
Comment: No I mean what library should i use for vectors?
Comment: I'm not a Java programmer, but Google suggested me this: http://jscience.org/api/org/jscience/mathematics/vector/Vector.html


Is it possible to create an array with angle changed like this?

Question: I need to create an array to make leaves for the palm tree. I tried to use it with empty object, but it always make the "circular" shape, wherever I set the position and origin of empty and object. The result I'd like to achive is shown below. This way I could have contron on the number and the size of the leaves.
Answer: I couldn't figure out a way to do it with the array modifier but,
you can start with one, them ShiftD and move it over a bit.
Then hold ShiftR to repeat the last step a couple times.
Then turn on proportional editing and rotate the last one.
Scroll the mouse wheel to increase the effected range and you can change the falloff type of the proportional editing.
Answer: Some attempts that can help :

Upper left : an array and a curve modifier
Lower left : the same but using a vertex group on the curve modifier
Upper right : an array and a mesh deform modifier
Lower right : the same but again using a vertex group on the mesh deform
Comment: please link images directly into the answer. see: http://meta.blender.stackexchange.com/questions/1080/add-images-to-stack-exchange-questions
Answer: Create the base object, a curve and an empty.
On your base object add an array modifier and set the object offset to use the empty.
Add a Curve modifier and set the curve as your control object.
By changing the size, rotation and placement of the empty along with the shape of the curve you should be able to do what you want.


Biggest prime divisor of $n^4+n^2+1$ and $(n+1)^4+(n+1)^2+1$

Question: Show that there are infinite values of $n$ such that the biggest prime divisor of $n^4+n^2+1$ equals the biggest prime divisor of $(n+1)^4+(n+1)^2+1$.
Comment: They both have a factor $n^2+n+1$.  If that is prime and $n^2+3n+3$ is not you have a case.
Comment: @Ahmad:  Yes if $n=3m$ you know $9m^2+9m+3$ is composite.  I don't know how to justify that $9m^2+3m+1$ is prime infinitely often or I would have answered.
Comment: @RossMillikan taking $n=3m$ will make sure that $n^2+3n+3$ is composite and $n^2+n+1$ could be prime(i think infinitely many times).
Comment: ${n^2 + n + 1}$ has inf prime ... ?
Answer: As Ross Millikan commented, both terms contain a factor $n^2+n+1.$ What we also note is that in fact $n^4+n^2+1 = (n^2+n+1)((n-1)^2+(n-1)+1).$ This motivates definining
$$ f(n) = n^2+n+1, $$ and we see that \begin{align} f(n^2) = f(n)f(n-1). \tag{1} \end{align} If $g(n)$ is the largest prime divisor of $f(n),$ we are reduced to showing that $g(n)$ is never monotonous for $n > N$ for any constant $N.$ This is because the condition in the problem statement is equivalent to $g(n)$ having a local maximum. But this is clear because of (1), which implies that $g(n^2) = \min{(g(n),g(n-1))},$ so if $g$ is monotonous for sufficiently large $n,$ it must be constant for sufficiently large $n,$ which is easily seen to be impossible (for example if it takes on the value $p,$ we have $n^2+n+1 = 0 \pmod p,$ which can only have at most two solutions $\pmod p.$)


Logging overview system for logs from multiple applications

Question: I have a few independent webservices as well as a few clients that I am maintaining as part of our enterprise. Each webservice is logging to a separate log file and each client has a local log file on the user machine. The webservices are dispersed on several machines as well. I am using Log4Net and see appenders for communicating over msmq for instance.
I am wondering if there exists some sort of enterprise logging system where I could redirect all my logging from both the services and the clients so that I could have one common place for all the logging and view them through some gui?
Does there exist some sort of logging system like this?
Answer: To collect and store logging data in a central location, you usually need some kind of logging server or receiver application. You might want to give our logging tool SmartInspect a try, as it comes with a logging server that can receive logging data via TCP over a network or named pipes locally. SmartInspect also comes with a viewer application for analysing and filtering logging data.
Alternatively you could take a look at the UNIX Syslog damon/protocol and client APIs. Syslog transmits/receives data via UDP and there are probably some web front-ends / GUI tools for analyzing the resulting logs.
Answer: If you're dealing lots of logs from multiple applications, part of the challenge is getting the logs all to one place.  The other part is making sense of all that data.
You might want to take a look at GIBRALTAR.  It reveals patterns across thousands of logs as well as drilling down into the details of individual sessions.  And with our Gibraltar Hub web service, it's very simple and easy to collect all those logs.


how do I stretch a noise texture?

Question: Very new with blender so please be gentle. I have a material with a noise texture as input. I would like to stretch a material on a cube without without changing the size of the cube. This desired image is achieved when I change the cube size directly but obviously want to do without changing physical dimensions:
Answer:
just use mapping + texture coordinate node and increase the scale value of that axis you wanna stretch to a high number.
Comment: thanks! I figured it was something simple like. New to materials system and just couldn't find it.

how do I stretch a noise texture?


New Job -- Help Defining Title?

Question: I have recently been hired at a retain search firm that is a startup, and the proposed title at the initial interview was "office manager." This feels like a huge step backward for me, and it also doesn't seem to encompass the scope of the job: human resources, accounting & financials, marketing, process development, and more. Do you have any suggestions for what else I could propose? My new boss is open to a different title, I just need to come up with some good ideas. Thank you!
Comment: The job title itself is not nearly as important as the actual responsibilities. See [this question](https://workplace.stackexchange.com/questions/32053/job-title-job-description-mismatch) and [this question](https://workplace.stackexchange.com/questions/13494/how-to-label-inaccurate-job-titles-on-resume) for examples.
Comment: Why should you have only one job title?  In a startup, it's common for people to "wear a lot of hats", so it seems reasonable that each had should have its own title.
Comment: I was "Investor Relations & Human Resources Manager" at a PE shop.
Answer:
My new boss is open to a different title

Make full use of this. When you go looking for your next job - which maybe some time away - your title will matter.
At the same time, don't get pushy with your new company.

the proposed title at the initial interview was "office manager."

The problem here I think is with the word "office". Try to change this to something else.
You could try Manager, Growth or something else. I think going into jobs, a title that talks Business Development is more likely to be appreciated than others.

New Job -- Help Defining Title?


Short basis for the unit group of a number field

Question: Let $K$ be a number field with unit rank $r$, and consider the usual logarithmic map $L:K^{\ast}\rightarrow\mathbb R^r$ for which $L(\mathcal O_K^{\times})$ is a lattice of rank $r$. Given a set $\varepsilon_1,\ldots,\varepsilon_r$ of fundamental units in $\mathcal O_K$, we can consider the Euclidean lengths of the vectors $L(\varepsilon_i)$. I would like to know a way of obtaining a suitable basis for which there is an explicit upper bound on these lengths in terms of invariants of $K$. For instance, if our basis is LLL-reduced, are there known upper bounds on the lengths of the vectors $L(\varepsilon_i)$?
Comment: Think about this in the 2-dim case (say real quad. fields). The "short" basis will be basically consists of the first and second shortest vectors. The "bound" your asking is for how high the point representing this lattice goes to the cusp in the homogeneous space PSL2(R)/PSL2(Z). As can be seen by the basic theory of quad. forms, you can get forms of very large discriminant which will result at point very high up in the cusp (that means the shortest vector is very short, hence in the 2-dim case, the second one is very long). In general I think you might get something from Baker's inequality.
Comment: @Asaf: Aren't real quadratic fields the 1-dimensional case? So your comments are probably more relevant to, say, a totally real cubic field.
Answer: The geometry of numbers should say that there is a basis for the units whose lengths are bounded by an explicit function of the regulator $R_K$. So this reduces to the question of upper bounds for $R_K$, and of course $R_K$ does not depend on the choice of basis.
Since $R_K$ is logarithmic, one might hope for a bound of the form $(\log D_K)^t$, where $D_K$ is the absolute discriminant, but this is almost certainly false. For example, take a real quadratic field. It is conjectured that there are infinitely many with class number 1, so the fact that $\log (h_K R_K) \sim \frac12\log D_K$ says that $R_K$ is roughly on the order of $\sqrt{D_K}$.
So in general, since $h_K\ge1$, one gets $R_K\le D_K^{\frac12+\epsilon}$ if you range over fields with $(\log D_K)/[K:\mathbb{Q}]\to\infty$. Presumably there are explicit and effective bounds if you're willing to accept a weaker estimate.
Finally, in the other direction, one has lower bounds of the form (constants depend on the degree of the field)
$$ R_K \gg (\log D_K)^{r(K)-\rho(K)}, $$
where $r(K)$ is the rank of the unit group of $K$, and $\rho(K)$ is the maximum of $r(k)$ as $k$ ranges over all proper subfields of $K$. For estimates of this sort, see

M. Pohst, Regulatorabschätzungen für total reelle algebraische Zahlkörper, J. Number Theory, 9 (1977), pp. 459–492
R. Remak, Über Grössenbesiehungen zwischen Diskriminante und Regulator eines algebraischen Zahlkörpers, Compositio Math., 10 (1952), pp. 245–285
J. Silverman, An inequality relating the regulator and the discriminant of a number field,  J. Number Theory, 19 (1984), pp. 437–442


What approach to use in own programs to leverage updates to future java versions?

Question: If a developer extends a Java class that is part of the JDK and adds new methods to it, there is always the risk that a future version of java may introduce methods with the same name/signature resulting in unwanted behaviour if the program is executed with these future versions. Since there is no "Non-Overrides" annotation available (see https://bugs.java.com/bugdatabase/view_bug?bug_id=7152222) which would detect such possible problems when someone compiles the code with a newer version of the JDK, the developer has to do this checks in a different way.
Which approach do you use?
Comment: Which java class are u looking at extending? Maybe there is some advice on that if you can specify the use-case more.
Comment: The problem occured during the transition from JDK6 to JDK7 where the getType() method was introduced in JDK7. We had some classes in our code extending java.awt.Window which already had a getType() method.
Answer: It is an antipattern to extend JDK's classes, except those that are specifically designed to be used by extending them. You should use the Decorator pattern instead to add features to JDK classes. JDK is no special case, either, this holds for any 3rd party libraries as well.
Comment: +1 - There is no future-proof way to extend classes that aren't designed to be extended.  Best approach?  Just don't do it at all!
Comment: The concrete JDK class was java.awt.Window, the concrete method was getType(). In general I would agree with you, but in this special case I think extending the Window class was the only possibility.
Comment: @mschenk74 Since `Window` is the base of the complete GUI container class hierarchy, I don't see how you would be achieving anything even if you did subclass it: all the rest of the JDK would still continue to extend from `Window` and not from your custom subclass.
Comment: Okay, my text was a bit to short: I meant: We subclassed one of the GUI classes (call it ClassX) that itself is a descendant of java.awt.Window. And then, the new method getType() in Window caused the problems. We didn't want to exchange the JDK Window class, we only wanted to be able to use our class in those places where ClassX is expected by the JDK.
Answer: Inheritance is a powerful technique but due to lack of knowledge it can be worse.  So In this case you have to use composition instead of inheritance. Create a class that contain the object of the any java class that you want to extend and then extend you class to that newly created class instead of the orignal class.