Shouldn't "speed of light" really be "speed of electromagnetic waves"?

Question: Since all electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light ... shouldn't its name be Speed of Electromagnetic wave?
Comment: it really should be the *"speed of causality"*.
Comment: To add to the above comments, in physics it is common to refer to all EM radiation as 'light', including radio waves and x rays. Just because human eyes can perceive a certain band of frequencies doesn't make that band particularly special from a physics point of view.
Comment: "Light" is 4 times shorter than "electromagnetic wave", but you can use the latter if you prefer.
Comment: I should have added that the term is also more historic than anything now
Comment: $c$ is simply the conversion factor relating distance in space to duration in time, as explained [here](https://physics.stackexchange.com/a/305449/123208) and in the other linked answers. We still call it the speed of light for historical reasons even though that's not its fundamental meaning. Also, in physics "light" can refer to any or all parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, not just the visible portion. After all, the frequency of a particular photon isn't invariant, due to the Doppler effect.
Comment: You could also have called it the *the maximum speed limit*. And light just happens to move at maximum speed. The phrase *speed of light* is historical and eases the explanation in the same way that *the speed of sound* is.
Comment: @Steeven "*Maximum speed limit*" is incorrect on two levels. (1) Alpha Centauri rotates around the Earth covering 27 light years in 24 hours. It is 10,000 times the speed of light. (2) The term of "*speed limit*" states that speed is limited. This gives a wrong impression that a higher speed conceptually exists, but is technically impossible to achieve. In reality, a higher local speed does not exist as an object in the hyperbolic geometry of spacetime. So there is simply nothing to achieve.
Comment: It says be nice and then you downvot e the guy...heh. Also, someone edited but did not edit the title of the question.
Answer: The speed of light is a geometrical property of the flat spacetime. See What is so special about speed of light in vacuum?  and also Special Relativity Second Postulate for more on this. Any massless object necessarily travels at this speed, so it applies not only to electromagnetic radiation but also to gravitational waves.
Describing $c$ as the speed of light is largely historical since light was only understood to be electromagnetic radiation after Maxwell's work, and of course the theory of gravitational waves had to wait for Einstein. Nevertheless the description is perfectly accurate since the speed of light is indeed $c$, and the description is both more succinct and elegant that the propagation speed of any massless object.
Answer: As an experimentalist, It depends on your detector!
Everything that shines your detector is light
Sometimes that detector is an eagle eye or a special fish eye that can see UV light.
Sometimes is a human eye for visible light
And sometimes a night camera for IR light or a radar to see the depth of the cosmic with radio frequency light. Or as others mentioned a gravitational wave that shines the LIGO too.
Comment: That's interesting... I never heard of non-EM waves referred to a light before.
Answer: The term "speed of light" means the speed of electromagnetic radiation in space free of matter and other none-zero point fields also called the quantum electrodynamic (QED) vacuum. It is also the maximum speed of energy-mass transfer in an inertial reference frame. Since 1983 it has been defined to have the exact value c = 299792458 m/s. As John Rennie mentioned, the term "speed of light" is a historical carryover that takes on a richer meaning in modern theories.
Answer: Of course John Rennie is correct, but I would like to add a few things.

the classical EM wave is made up of a herd of photons, and the QM description works great together with the classical
photons always travel at speed c in vacuum, when measured locally
the speed of EM waves is c in vacuum, when measured locally
EM waves have a speed in denser media less then c, because the wavefront slows down, but individual photons still travel at speed c, because they always travel in the vacuum between atoms in the material
this is why historically it is called speed of light
gravitational waves travel at the same speed c, in vacuum , when measured locally
anything with no rest mass as per SR will always travel at this speed c in vacuum, when measure locally
there are other particles, like the gluon, that have no rest mass, and should travel at this speed, but these are in confinement

The theoretical gluons do travel at the same speed c. This speed c is the only speed in the universe, but light (and GWs) do not move in the time dimension, light does not experience time the way we do. To experience time, you need to gain rest mass, and if you do gain rest mass, you will start moving in the time dimension, and start experiencing time.
To think about this in an easy way is to say that the fabric of spacetime is so, that the excitation in the fields (EM and GW) can travel at this speed. Today we know that these waves are made up of massless particles (photon for EM and gluon for GW). It is the fabric of spacetime that determines the speed of these waves.
Comment: how to you gain (or lose) rest mass?
Comment: @Michael originally, at the big bang, there was only a sea of photons, all of them moving at speed c. Now at the baryon genesis, and asymmetry, heavier particles were created. For example, take a photon box. The photon box (although the walls of the box are massless) has photons, that have no rest mass, but the box itself will have rest mass, because of the photons bouncing off the walls, and exerting pressure on the box.
Comment: @Michael There is no consensus on this, but it might be the same with the particles that have rest mass, like a quark or an electron, it might just be energy in confinement. So the answer is if you confine energy, like photons in an electron (or gluon in a quark), you might get mass.
Comment: Ah I had forgotten, of course you can gain rest mass through pair production.


Change Windows 10 profile picture separately from outlook.com/Mircrosoft account

Question: My Windows 10 user profile is linked with my Microsoft account. I would like to set my profile picture for the account independently from the rest of my Microsoft account. Right now, when I attempt to set a profile picture in Windows, it updates my Microsoft account to use the same picture. Is my only option to unlink the profile from the Microsoft account?
Answer: You can remove your picture from Outlook.com. I do that and have a picture for my computer Microsoft Account. Otherwise, if you want picture both places then they are the same.
Comment: That's a decent workaround. I'm willing to go with that. Thanks for the tip!
Comment: Thanks and good luck with your profile pictures


How can I select mutliple entries from drop down menus?

Question: How can I select mutliple entries from drop down menus (with data validation) into a cell in excel sharepoint? I have only been able to replace and populate single selections from my drop down menus.
Answer: To select multiple items in the drop down list in excel, you could add the VBA code in excel.
For more detailed information, refer to the articles below.
How to Make Multiple Selections in a Drop Down List in Excel.
Excel Data Validation - Select Multiple Items.


not able to hear voice in YouTube videos

Question: I am not able to hear the voice in my YouTube videos, but I can hear the music in the video and my head phones work perfectly with other sort of videos and i can perfectly hear songs also and the problem is with all video on YouTube. so suggest me some remedy please.
Answer: Try changing your input in your streaming/recording application so that it's using the proper recording device. Also make sure that it's setup as the default recording device.
You may need to open up a ticket with youtube if your videos play your voice on your local machine fine (prior to upload). They have auto-detecting sound software that may be taking it out.


Raspberry-Pi vs Router as a home data server

Question: I'm planning to build a home server, just to setup a file sharing (hooked up to an external HDD) and a torrent daemon. Between a Raspberry Pi and an older Tp-Link WR1043ND Router, which would have better performance? Th R-pi has a better CPU by far, but the router has probably a better network controller and was designed specifically for such an application
Answer: The Rpi has a better CPU and far more RAM, but the WR1043ND has got gigabit Ethernet.
Depending on which file sharing protocol you plan to use (samba, nfs, ...) one could be better than the other.
The router is a good option to try, since it's probably already an always on device anyway.
About the performance, installing and trying a file server on both will probably take you 10-20 minutes.


Graphics in MXD file are not imported in ArcGIS Pro

Question: I have an MXD file with some graphics (point and text graphics). When I open the file in ArcMap, the graphics load up correctly. But when I import the MXD file in ArcGIS Pro, the graphics are missing. How do I get them to show in ArcGIS Pro?
Comment: copy and paste from arcmap to arcgis pro.
Comment: @Mapperz That would be fine to do for one file. But we are planning to move from ArcMap to ArcGIS Pro and manually editing each and every file would be inefficient and cumbersome for users.
Comment: bug reports to esri support
Answer: Found the solution. ArcGIS Pro does not support Map annotations/graphics, therefore, these get dropped while importing MXD to ArcGIS Pro.
The solution is to convert the map annotation to features and add them as a layer to the file.
 Refer to this link for the process steps.


Generate random numbers with certain spikes?

Question: I am trying to generate random numbers to simulate steering wheel angles and velocities of a car. So for steering wheels the random numbers could go like 1,2,4,6,4,3,40,0.
I can generate random numbers but the problem is it wouldnt make sense to have truly random numbers for steering angle data. So usually a driver only turns a few degrees unless there is a turn and somtimes he will not steer and the steering angle would be just zero. Can someone give me some advice regarding this?
Comment: This problem is too vague. Are you trying to choose from a subset of integers with equal probability or are you trying to choose from *all* integers with non-equal probability? In other words, are {0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 3, 40} the only choices, or do you simply want some numbers to turn up more often than others?
Comment: This question is already answered on Stack Overflow: [Weighted random numbers](http://stackoverflow.com/q/1761626/439793). That question is for C++ but the algorithm in the accepted answer should apply to any language. Also see: [Generating weighted random numbers](http://stackoverflow.com/q/19871608/439793).
Comment: These are not the only choices. I want to simulate steering angles. So a driver usually changes the steering angle little by little he doesnt make crazy steers like 0,40,70,20.
Comment: Are the numbers evenly distributed in time? Will the driver ever accelerate or decelerate (or stop)? Is he driving in a closed track or an infinite stretch of road?
Answer: As you've noted, random steering wheel angles don't make sense.
Instead, try random or semi-random inputs to the steering wheel instead.
For example:
Assume the wheel is straight.  You can randomly apply deltas (perhaps in the range of +/- 2 degrees) to the wheel position to simulate guiding the vehicle down a straight road.
You can introduce a bias to those deltas (say, +/- 2 degrees, plus another 0 - 5 degrees) to introduce a bend in the road.
You'll want to keep track of the absolute position of the steering wheel, especially if you're adding sharp corners (it's not possible to turn the wheel +90 degrees 20 times in a row).
Answer: You could create a list of discrete steering behaviors where each one has a set of wheel angles that are executed in succession:

Right Turn
Sharp left turn
straight with minor adjustments
avoid pot hole or other obstacle
veer off road (someone was texting and driving)
change lane

Then you can randomly select through this list. Each item could be weighted to occur more often depending on the type of driving you'd like to simulate: off-road, highway, inner city, country road, etc.
Comment: and how do I generate the number for each item?
Comment: The number for the steering wheel degrees?
Answer: You can map the values to a function that rises sharply at one end and then select from this.
I think this function might work well:
<code>y = 1/(1.1 - x)
</code>
If x is your randomly produced number and y is the value you use for steering.
Most of the time your values will be fairly small, but occasionally the output of the function will rise to very high value giving you the peaks you want.
Tweaking values of this function will allow you to get different results such as higher peaks or less likely peaks.
Comment: I think this is the best answer if a non-discrete distribution is needed. For a discrete distribution, this [Stack Overflow question](http://stackoverflow.com/q/1761626/439793) would be ideal.


Links inside comments replacing current page rather than taking me to new tab url

Question: It appears, adding comment with link to post at askubuntu.com loading new url to current page rather than new tab.
How about adding a target="_blank" with every link so I dont lose my current conversion and open a new askubuntu page and start conversation again?
Answer: You can always return to where you were with the back button of your browser. Or (depending on the browser) using one of the keyboard modifiers (Ctrl, Alt, etc.) to open it in a new tab.
Personally, I prefer that to each click automatically opening a new tab. That gets messy if you do it too often.
Comment: What browser uses Alt+Click to open in a new tab? I haven't seen that one.


Line integral confusion

Question:
Hi , so I was solving this example . I have no problem in calculation . But at the end of it , when they asked about the closed line integral , I wondered how did the line integral on both paths be less than that on one of them . Starting from the meaning of a line integral to be the work done by a force on a certain path , how could the work acting on two paths decreases , I know by calculation we are moving in an opposite direction on the 2nd path so that's why it has decreased , but when I come to my intuition , I stop being convinced ... ( by the way it's the figure to right not left )
Comment: can you type the example?  the image is barely legible.  Making your question easier to understand will increase the likelihood of a response.
Comment: You can easily show that your vector field is non-conservative by showing that curl $ \vec v$ is not zero.  Please note the fact that curl $ \vec v =0$ does not necessarily mean that the field is conservative.
Answer: The notion that a line integral is the "work done be a force" only applies under very certain circumstances! Specifically, if the vector field you're integrating over is conservative. Consider for instance, that I'm in one of those "lazy river" (a big circular flowing tube of water) things, and I'm swimming. If I go from the 12 o'clock position to the 6 o'clock position swimming with the water (say, clockwise) then it's very easy: the vector of my motion and the water's motion always aligned. If I go the other way (counterclockwise) then it's a lot of work, because we're always misaligned. Even though I ended up at the same place, it was a different amount of work.}
As another example of a nonconservative field, suppose I have a tub of water, and a windmill I'm swishing around through the water to charge a battery. If the windmill is pointing the right way (forward) it charges the battery; if it points backwards it drains the battery. The vector field says which direction I'm pointing the windmill as I move it around, where my orientation is only a function of my position. Obviously the optimal thing is to always keep it aligned with my motion, so I get net power. But if I don't do this, then I'll get power proportional to the dot product of my orientation ($s$) and the motion ($dl$). This won't necessarily be conservative either -- otherwise I couldn't charge it by swinging it around in a circle!
Answer: If the question is about why the total path integral is smaller by absolute value than path integrals on each of the two parts, then the answer is the following.
Intuitively and physically, in the case of a simple conservative force, like gravity, the work for a closed path, as well as the corresponding closed loop integral, should be zero, and if the loop is split into two parts, then the work on each of the parts should be opposite of the work on another part, and they should cancel each other. So, it shouldn't be suprising that contribution from one path can cancel out at least some contribution from another part, if what often happens is that contributions cancel each other completely.
For a simplest example of that, consider the simplest definition for work $W=\mathbf{F}\cdot\mathbf{S}$. If a particle moves from a point A to a point B along the direction of the force $\mathbf{F}$, then work on that part is $W_{1}=F\cdot S$ and positive. If it moves back, from B to A, completing the loop, then $W_{2}=-F\cdot S$. So the total work would be $W=W_{1}+W_{2}=F\cdot S+(-F\cdot S)=0$.
For another example, imagine a body moving straight up from a point A (0, 0) to a point B (0, 1) and backwards, straight down to A, closing the loop. Let the force be gravity $\mathbf{F}=-m\mathbf{g}=-mg\hat{\mathbf{y}}$, pointing down. Work when moving upwards is $W_{1}=\int_{0}^{1}(-mg\hat{\mathbf{y}})\cdot(dx\hat{\mathbf{x}}+dy\hat{\mathbf{y}}+dz\hat{\mathbf{z}})=-\int_{0}^{1}mg\hat{\mathbf{y}}\cdot dy\hat{\mathbf{y}}=-mg\int_{0}^{1}dy=-mg$, and when moving backwards is $W_{2}=\int_{1}^{0}(-mg\hat{\mathbf{y}})\cdot(dx\hat{\mathbf{x}}+dy\hat{\mathbf{y}}+dz\hat{\mathbf{z}})=-W_{1}=mg$. $W=W_{1}+W_{2}=-mg+mg=0$.
Any non-zero contribution to work disappeared.
In the given textbook example $\mathbf{v}$ is not an expression for a conservative force, so the total path integral is not equal to zero.
Formally, the reason why e. g. in the textbook example contributions from (i) and (ii) added up to 11 in (1) was that both integrals, 1 and 10, were positive. But in going backwards over (2) the contribution is negative: $\int_{b}^{a}\mathbf{v}\cdot d\mathbf{l}=-\int_{a}^{b}\mathbf{v}\cdot d\mathbf{l}=-10$. So $\oint\mathbf{v}\cdot d\mathbf{l}=\underset{(1)}{\int_{a}^{b}}\mathbf{v}\cdot d\mathbf{l}+\underset{(2)}{\int_{b}^{a}}\mathbf{v}\cdot d\mathbf{l}=11+(-10)=1$.
Comment: I see.. Thank you , I understand now where my confusion lies . It's because I think of work as being an effort , but obviously it's not the case . Otherwise , as we increase the amount of displacement, effort must increases whether moving in a positive or negative sense , sense won't matter in the first case . But I got it wrong in my head .. How would you recommend me to think about work ?
Comment: I would say that work of a given force is also about whether the force contributes to the displacement that happened. When a particles moves, there may be multiple forces acting on it. These forces are directed differently. If you lift a weight from the ground, then the force of your arms does positive work but the force of gravity does negative work. In this example, you could say that motion happened because of your force but despite of or against gravity.
Comment: If you move something from one point on the ground to another point on the ground (in the horizontal plane), then you do positive work and gravity does zero work since gravity acts downwards, being perpendicular to the movement (and scalar product $\mathbf{F}\cdot\mathbf{S}$ of perpendicular vectors is zero as well). In the last example gravity didn't contribute to the motion at all. Work is also related to energy and is measured in the same units, joules.

Line integral confusion


Convert Shape Layer to Stroke

Question:
Hey, I know this is a very old question, but my question is a bit different. I have a problem converting this layer to stroke. I attached the image in the post. When I try to convert a shape to stroke this is the result I get. In the image, on the left, the 'V' has a flat, horizontal end, but when I convert it into a stroke, the shape end shifts to a diagonal. I searched everywhere to fix this thing, but couldn't find any. Kindly help me out here
Comment: No real fix, exists thats why we dont keep everything stroked. Anyway you dont say why you need to make it a stroke there are atleast 5 different usecases where youd want to do this and all of them have different solutions. Care to expand a bit as it sounds like a x/y question to me
Comment: Hi. Welcome to GDSE.  Why do you want the V to be constructed using a stroke rather than a filled path?  What are you going to use this for?  Is there some reason you haven't revealed that means you can't convert the stroke to paths, and then edit the paths to create the correct angle? As @joojaa says, as currently written, your question reads like an [XY Problem](http://xyproblem.info/).  Please [edit your question](https://graphicdesign.stackexchange.com/posts/138576/edit) to add more details. Thanks.
Answer: The only way to alter the end cap of strokes in Illustrator is via brushes or arrowheads. Otherwise, stroke caps are always perpendicular to the stroke. It is simply how Illustrator works. You can't alter the perpendicular cap with any simple setting adjustment.
See here for some possible help with end caps: Custom stroke caps in Illustrator?
However, in this particular case, it may require you to determine the angle at which you want the cap, then create a custom cap at that specific angle.
Comment: Not just how illustrator works. How strokes work, strokes work like this in EPS, PDF and SVG specifications. And this is also why pathfinder booleans expand strokes. OP might want to use a clipping mask.

Convert Shape Layer to Stroke


Translation of a function

Question: Let's say I consider the function $f$ to be a "template" function, which I have to translate along the $x$-axis so that the integral
$$\int f(x+a)dx = \mathcal{I}.$$
How can I find $a$ if $f$ is not a linear function?
Comment: What is the domain of integration?
Answer: In your case the limits of the integration are unspecified, so I guess that they are some fixed numbers, say $A$ and $B$ and at least one of them is finite: in case you mean the infinite limits, clearly
$$
  \int_{-\infty}^\infty f(x)\mathrm dx = \int_{-\infty}^\infty f(x+a)\mathrm dx
$$
for any $a$. Anyways, let us assume that $f$ is continuous, and define
$$
  F(a):=\int_A^Bf(x+a)\mathrm dx.
$$
Clearly, we have that
$$
  F'(a) = \frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm da}\int_{A-a}^{B-a}f(x)\mathrm dx = f(A-a) - f(B-a) \tag{1}
$$
and $(1)$ together with $F(0) = \int_A^B f$ uniquely defines $F$. It is obvious that $F$ is continuous and even continuously differentiable, so that it satisfies the intermediate value theorem. Namely, for any $\mathcal I\in (\inf F,\sup F)$ there exists (maybe, not unique) $a(\mathcal I)$ such that $F(a(\mathcal I)) = \mathcal I$. However, since $f$ is not specified, then $F$ as per $(1)$ can be of any shape, and actually looking for $a(\mathcal I)$ is equivalent to looking for zeros of the continuously differntiable function $F - \mathcal I$:
$$
  F(a(\mathcal I)) - \mathcal I=0.
$$
The latter problem clearly does not usually have analytical solutions, in particular when $f$ is a polynomial of order $4$ and higher. The case when $f$ is linear exactly corresponds to the case when $F$ is quadratic: that's why it's easy to find the closed form of $a$ in that case. However, numerical methods are for your service. You can start from here as an example. Note that most of the numerical algorithms require only an approximate knowledge of $F$ (so you don't have to be able to find this integral analytically) and for all the derivatives $F',F''$ etc. you have a closed-from shape from $(1)$.

Translation of a function


How to gain weight for a thin person?

Question: A guy of 19 ,5'9 of height,49 of weight, Asian. My first attempt to Gain weight after Being dumped By my Ex. The reason: i am too thin. Need help.
Answer: Do you want muscle, or fat? If you want fat, it could be easy. If you want muscle, it'd be more challenging.
First of all, start tracking your calories. Use something like MyFitnessPal or one of the many alternatives, but always double-check entries with the nutrition labels on food, or for whole foods nutritiondata.self.com, which is an excellent database for those. There's a lot of very inaccurate and downright wrong entries on trackers where the users supply the data.
With the tracking, you'll find out how much you really eat. It's possible it ain't as much as you think. If you chow down something like 3000 kcal per day and yet don't gain any weight, given your height, maybe check with your doctor. Conditions such as hyperthyroidism could affect your metabolism. Maybe you have difficulty actually taking up the nutrients.
If you eat what seems like a normal amount for your body mass, and medical conditions are excluded, it's time to eat more. You might've tried this, and found it hard. So focus on foods that go down easy but can pack good calorie density. Full-fat milk, if you're not lactose-intolerant, can be consumed throughout the day in place of water and can provide 600+ kcal per liter. Fat is the most calorie-dense of the macronutrients, and particularly oils are some of the richest foods known. Quality olive oil would be a good choice to keep things from getting excessively unhealthy. Carbohydrate-rich foods digest quickly, so if you're not gluten-intolerant and digest carbs well, large portions of pasta would help. Need some sauce on it? Pesto is very high in calories, owing to the aforementioned olive oil and pine nuts. Nuts and seeds are very nourishing too.
Would you like to gain more lean mass and keep the fat in check? Then resistance training with heavy weights is your best bet. Find beginner programs that utilize linear progression and focus on the heavy compound lifts: squats, deadlifts, bench press, overhead press, pull-ups, rows, perhaps some explosive movements like power cleans. Starting Strength and StrongLifts 5x5 are popular choices. You'll need to consume a substantial amount of protein. Chicken and turkey are good sources but can be quite lean. Using cuts (or the whole bird) with the skin on ups the fat content. You might want to look into protein supplements. They may seem expensive, but some math will show you that unless you go for the overpriced isolates (simple whey or egg protein will do) the price per gram of protein will be quite a bit lower than when getting it from whole food sources. Mixes perfectly with the full-fat milk. Keep in mind they're supplements, though. You'll still need quality food besides them to get a complete micronutrient profile.
People tend to make fun of the GOMAD idea in Rippetoe's book Starting Strength. GOMAD stands for "gallon of milk a day" (or about 3.7 liters). However, it's his way of showing people who claim that they just can't gain weight that it is most definitely possible in the absence of serious medical conditions. If you can digest it, drinking a gallon of whole milk each day, every day, on top of what you normally eat, will result in weight gain. If it doesn't, see your physician.

How to gain weight for a thin person?


Ubuntu doesn't find installed drivers for Brother MFC-255CW printer

Question: I am brand new to Ubuntu, but I a fairly experienced computer user.  Following the instructions provided by the Brother website, I was able to install the drivers (CUPSwrapper and LPR) for the MFC-255CW printer locally connected to the computer.  When looking for the drivers via the terminal, the drivers are found.  However, when I attempt to add the printer, Ubuntu searches for but does not find the drivers.  What am I doing wrong?  Has anyone experienced this same problem?  Are there instructions, other than those on the Brother website, for installing the specified printer?  Any assistance is appreciated.
Answer: Here is a link for the drivers for the Brother MFC-255CW printer for Linux. I was taking a look at this AskUbuntu question and, although this refers to 11.04, it seems like following the answers mentioned in this question should get your printer working. You need to install both the LPR and Cupswrapper drivers in the link.
Additionally, there is an UbuntuForums thread that details how to do this. I would check this out if you want step by step instructions.
Wireless Setup
You have to go to http://localhost:631/printers in your browser to set up the printer for wireless because CUPS comes with this web interface to add the printer. Here are some general instructions for this:

Click on your printer name, Administration and then Modify Printer.
Select your printer under Networked Printers, click Continue.
Enter the IP address for your printer, click Continue.
Select your printer name with "Cups" version.
Click Modify Printer and that should be it.

Edit:
This will install only the LPR driver. While following instructions from the Brother website to install the CUPSwrapper driver, you will get an error. To fix this, copy the mfc255cwcupswrapper-1.1.3-1.i386.deb to another directory location and name it mfc255cwcupswrapper.deb(in other words, delete the version number). Going back to the instructions, change the terminal input from
dpkg -i --force-all mfc255cwcupswrapper-1.1.3-1.i386.deb
to
dpkg -i --force-all mfc255cwcupswrapper.deb
in order to reflect the new name of the driver file and Ubuntu was able to find the MRC255CW driver.
Comment: Only the LPR driver was installed.  However, while following instructions from the Brother website to install the CUPSwrapper driver I got an error.  I copied mfc255cwcupswrapper-1.1.3-1.i386.deb to another directory location and named it mfc255cwcupswrapper.deb, no version number.  Once I did this, and changed the terminal input from "dpkg  -i  --force-all  mfc255cwcupswrapper-1.1.3-1.i386.deb" to "dpkg  -i  --force-all  mfc255cwcupswrapper.deb" in order to reflect the new name of the driver file, everything executed properly and Ubuntu was able to find the MRC255CW driver.  My printer works.


How to choose where to sell my sfx?

Question: This article I found today. I think that might be of interest. You what is your opinion about that?
Selling Sound Effects: How to Choose Where to Sell – Part 1
Selling Sound Effects: How to Choose Where to Sell – Part 2
Answer: Anyone know if such website exists which is non-profit or very small profit for the service provider, but allows selling & purchasing samples?
There's probably a dilemma in offering such service without taking a share of the sales to cover hosting & support costs, but I still wanted to ask, because I think such community for recordists and sound designers would be brilliant and fair.
Like freesound.org, but where sounds are exchanged for money (or for other sounds), can be fully licensed (and not CC or public domain) and the profits go to the recordists and sound designers that deserve them.
I feel bad for purchasing from sites that pass only a fraction of the profits to the content providers. And big downloadable libraries are not as flexible as online libraries with previewing.
Comment: Thanks. Looking for more unprocessed and raw material and non-musical sounds for sound design purposes though. Currently mainly using Soundsnap.com, but I dislike the policy of passing only 50% as royalties, afaik. Although the library is great.
Comment: You can try Sampleism.com
Comment: I don't know of any marketplace that doesn't take a cut. That's kind of the price you pay to be part of a good one. I think AudioJungle has a decent sound effects selection. They take a standard cut, but their market is large and busy.
Answer: Have you tried to compare prices of airbornesound.com (author of Selling Sound Effects: How to Choose Where to Sell) and other independent sound effects libraries? I found it completely out of reasonable range.
Just look at http://designingsound.org/sfx-independence/. There are much better, complex and professional libraries for much better prices.

How to choose where to sell my sfx?


How can one verify reincarnation?

Question: The Buddha something about what evidence you need to believe something. So how can one verify reincarnation?
Comment: Now I know you're just pasting. You'll have to do better than this if you want us to understand what you are asking (and quoting).
Comment: That google translate?
Comment: This does not make any sense to me, no offense.
Comment: I fixed the incoherent part of the question so now it at least matches the answers.
Answer: In the Avatamsaka sutra, one of the powers that a Bodhisattva gains on the path is the ability to remember past lives.

While striving to attain Bodhi,
  I will gain the knowledge of past
  lives in all destinies.

Ref: http://www.ic.sunysb.edu/Clubs/buddhism/pxxyp/
Which actually is a very Buddhist sort of proof, proof comes from personal experience. This is certainly not scientific proof, and for me isn't all that convincing.
This question here discusses what happens to Buddhism if we dispense with reincarnation: What if there is no rebirth?
I think the system holds up well without reincarnation. That said, the cosmology, with the six realms, King Yama & all make for a vivid way to discuss actions and consequences, more so that just talking in abstractions.
Answer: I know my answer might be perceived as silly but the argument I'm going to put forth really does convince me.
Martin Heidegger (one of the greatest philosophers of the last century, according to most) had a concept called Geworfenheit. This is translated as "throwness". It relates to the feeling we have that we feel "thrown" into this world.
If I have already experienced myself "thrown" into a world (this one) I think it's sound to believe that it might happen again!
Answer: If you want verification, then at least do yourself a favor and obtain the verification yourself, i.e. by doing insight-meditation (vipassana).
If you obtain verification by an external source, e.g. a scientist, another meditator, a Buddha, a teacher, a newspaper, the internet etc., then how can you know if its true? It could be false.
Go test it for yourself and obtain direct, experiential knowledge of reality.
If you do not know how to meditate or would like to learn it, Ven. Yuttadhammo has made a video series that might be beneficial for you.
Answer: Simply think that we haven't proved that.
Try to explain:

Why there are animals if you see a life form in them why they can't be human.
Why there are gods protecting the mankind, and how they are formed
If we go to Heaven after we die, what happens next
If every people is created equal why there is poor and rich
For billions of years the world have existed when will the human kind end after all people go to heaven and hell. Is that the end?
If math can explain the universe,  the number line has also got 0 beside of negative and positive then what is that in real life. Is there anything.
If you Don't do good and you won't do bad so what will be your destiny.

These are the usually explained stuff in Buddhism.
Answer: Nowadays net is full of evidences that claim reincarnation and children who insist they were someone in their previous life with the exact explanations of their personality in the previous life which sometimes are shocking. Because some of these children had many secrets in their previous life that is confirmed with those relatives and friends that know the secret.
Just search YouTube for "Reincarnation".
"Mommy, Why am I Not a Boy This Time?" - a Story of Reincarnation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SQJXCBknbtQ
Reincarnation in America - Documentary
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z19SwRpJz0I

How can one verify reincarnation?


When was he a teacher?

Question:
"when was he a teacher?"

"when wasn't he a teacher?"

"when is he a teacher?"

"when isn't he a teacher?"

Are these questions grammatical and idiomatic?
Answer: They're grammatical but they carry a wide range of meanings.
"when was he a teacher?"
=when (in the past) did he teach as a profession?
"when wasn't he a teacher?"
Implies that during his entire life, he tried to teach things to people- a calling rather than a profession
"when is he a teacher?"
NOt a common usage, or smooth.
If you had someone who is professionally a teacher but spends all his time doing other things, such as political or social activities, you're asking "Does he take any time to actually teach instead of trying to make political progress with the principal?"
"when isn't he a teacher?"
Would be said of someone who 'can't turn it off.' They teach professionally, but are always seeking to educate others, in a positive or negative sense.
Answer: [W]hen was he a teacher?"
"[W]hen wasn't he a teacher?"
"[W]hen is he a teacher?"
"[W]hen isn't he a teacher?"
This may be an exchange between 2 people on a 3rd person.  For easy explanation,  I use the term 'candidate' to refer to that 3rd person.
In (1), the candidate was or might have been, but is no longer, a teacher.
Scenario 1
The question may be asking in a straightforward manner for the period of time the candidate was a teacher.
Scenario 2
If this is a conversation, and if there is a doubt about the authenticity of the candidate's claim of having been a teacher, with appropriate tone, this line may be used as a query to express that doubt.
In (2), there was a period in the past the candidate was not a teacher. Similar to scenario 1 described above, this can be a query for that period of time.
(3) seems quite rare but may be used in a situation of someone having different professions in different parts of the year.  Similar to scenario 1, this asks for the period of time the candidate works as a teacher.
(4) is similar to (3) but is asking for the reverse.

When was he a teacher?


Selenium Testing in Android Devices without USB connection

Question: How can I do my selenium testing by opening the browser in android device from my PC, without connecting through USB?
Answer: I found the solution at http://stuffandtech.blogspot.in/2012/03/android-quick-tip-adb-over-wifi.html. It worked for me.
Steps from article:

Connect with USB debugging and do adb tcpip 5555 result is:

restarting in TCP mode port: 5555

Now do adb connect <you'r devices IP adress> result is:

connected to (you'r devices IP adress)

You should now be able to debug against you'r device as usual as long as it is connected to the same WiFi as you'r computer. A simple test: adb devices Should give the output:

List of devices attached: you'r devices IP adress device
Comment: Could you please edit your post to summarize the article? That way if the author deletes it or readers are at work and BlogSpot is blocked (my situation), they have the essential information.
Answer: Follow the steps mentioned below:

adb tcpip 5555
This should give the output:
restarting in TCP mode port: 5555
Now knowing the IP of your Android device (Settings->About->Status) type the following into the terminal:
adb connect <your device's IP address>
You should now get the output:
connected to <your device's IP address
You should now be able to debug on your device as usual as long as it is connected to the same WiFi as your computer. A simple test:
adb devices should give the output:
List of devices attached: <your device's IP address device

Now you can debug on your mobile wireless with one basic condition that both laptop and mobile should be connected to the same WiFi network.


Installing Realm with Create React Native App

Question: While I'm trying to install Realm, I'm asked to edit some of the generated .java files for Android:
https://realm.io/docs/javascript/latest/#getting-help
However, Create React Native App hides the system level code from the user. Does that mean using CRNA is impossible, and I have to switch to straight React Native?
Answer: create-react-native-app has its own build scripts that depend on the platform specific code to be modified by Expo.
The whole idea of create-react-native-app is to stick to js. By sticking to js, you can take advantage of some pretty neat features such as running your app through the Expo Client or live developing on the web. They can do this because they can serve their static (I think it's pretty static) platform specific code everywhere.
This means you can't use any native code or even third party native code modules (such as react-native-camera) while using create-react-native-app.
From the docs:

Standard Expo projects don't support custom native code, including
  third-party libraries which require custom native components. In an
  Expo project, you only write pure JS. Expo is designed this way on
  purpose and we think it's better this way.

If you would like to use native code and create-react-native-app, expo has a detach process that will reveal the platform specific code. You can check it out here.
Comment: In the meantime [they are considering it](https://github.com/react-community/create-react-native-app/issues/155)
Comment: So Realm is out because it requires native code then? Is there a decent database solution with two-way sync that doesn't require native code?
Comment: I've used `firebase` in the past. I don't think you can persist data offline, but you can definitely do two way bindings :). In fact, Expo seems to support firebase with a small guide in their docs.


Why does Hawking radiation outside the Schwarzschild radius decrease a black hole's mass?

Question: When a pair of virtual particles is created outside the event horizon of black hole, there is a chance for one of the particles to escape. Zero chance on the surface of the event horizon and my question is why doesn't this Hawking radiation make a black hole gain mass but the opposite? Just what is the edge of black hole?
Comment: Related: https://physics.stackexchange.com/q/22498/2451 and links therein.
Answer: Pair production  can only proceed when an interaction with a field happens,

Energy and momentum conservation have to hold at the horizon of the black hole, (and in measures describing it, see this answer here. )
For Hawking radiation, one must adapt the diagrams to the existence of a graviton, even though this is an effective model, as gravity has not been definitively quantized. The graviton will provide the energy for the interaction to happen, and thus diminish the four vector of the black hole by the amount of the four vector of the leaving electron.
Adaptation of the left diagram.
The Z is the black hole, emitting a virtual graviton which goes in an e+e- loop which interacts with one of the photons in the photon sphere and generates a pair. If the momentum directions allow one of the pair can leave taking part of the original graviton energy,  and the other caught falls  back in the black hole.
The second diagram could be used with an infalling charged particle which allows the creation of a particle pair. In this case the black hole will get less energy added to its four vector than it would have if there were no hawking radiation.
In all cases at the horizon energy and momentum are conserved, and the black holes energy momentum vector is reduced and thus its mass is smaller.
Comment: How can gravitons be included in diagrams when they aren't renormalizable? Will the answer to this question change when a consistent theory of quantum gravity is discovered?
Comment: As effective quantization of gravitation is used , for example the inflaton field, very successfully in the current cosmological models, fitting observations fairly well, the expectation is that any final quantization of gravity will smoothly meld with the effective theories used to fit observations. "effective" includes this hope.For example in string theory models , Feynman diagrams are morphed into string theory variables, but at the limit of strings-->points the transition is smooth, That is why the existence of a graviton in the string theory modes encourages the expectations that a final
Comment: @DisplayName theory of quantized gravity will be a string theory.
Comment: so you are saying due to strong gravity around black hole more gravitons spawns the hawking radiation took away some of the energy from these graviton, does it matter if the graviton emerge from outside event horizon?
Comment: In quantum mechanics it is all a matter of calculated probabilities. At the horizon there are particles and a photon sphere and the probability of interaction is higher than away from it. Considering the gravitational coupling constant http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Forces/funfor.html  it would be infinitessimally small, imo.
Comment: The gravitons of a black hole are virtual, i.e. build up the gravitational field of the black hole seen at large distances, no energy is leaving. When they interact as in the diagrams above, the four vector balance has to be kept. The smaller the mass of the  black hole, the larger the Hawking radiation in the existing models .https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawking_radiation#Black_hole_evaporation .  All these estimates are under (quantization of gravity has to be discovered still) effective theories
Answer: Here is a brief, approximate answer which may be easier for you to grasp.
If a virtual particle-antiparticle pair happens to pop into brief existence right outside the event horizon, it's possible for one of the pair to get promoted into real existence by the gravitational field while the other one falls into the black hole. Seen from afar, it then appears that the black hole is radiating particles. Since those particles are leaving the black hole and since they have real mass, the remaining mass of the black hole must decrease in the same amount- which means the black hole appears to lose mass and shrink as time goes on.
Comment: how do we know this virtual particles isn't borrowing energy from outside black hole? can I argue that black hole can gain mass by consuming hawking radiation and this energy can come from the region outside of black hole's space?
Comment: The particles can also be massless.
Comment: got that, but I didn't want to get into negative energy territory with the OP.
Answer: The short answer is : the black hole's mass diminishes because energy escapes.
Comment: Explain the anonymous negative appreciation.
Comment: I did not downvote but I think you may like to elaborate how energy can escape from the black hole.
Comment: This is elaborated in detail in the answer of @anna v .


Speech Recognition API

Question: Is there a speech recognition API for Ubuntu/Linux? I have a school project and I need to transform speach to written text. The programming language isn't a problem. I've tried cmu-sphinx but haven't had much luck with it, meaning it didn't really recognize much of what my defined grammar or it just mixed up words. Any help on the matter would be appreciated. I've also searched google and couldn't really find much info.
Answer: The two major open source speech-recognition engines in Ubuntu are Julius and Pocketsphinx. Both of these are quite low-level research projects, and you'll need to do a lot of reading and experimenting to be able to use them: they're not simple install-and-go projects. Simon Listens, as mentioned above, is a simple install-and-go project, and the Simon Listens project has a specific installation for Ubuntu -- http://www.cyber-byte.at/wiki/index.php/Installation#Ubuntu has instructions on how to enable it -- but that only works with 10.04, not the recently-released 10.10. (Hopefully the Simon Listens project will make a 10.10 version available soon.)
Answer: There's the Java Speech API which works cross-platform...
Comment: @Romeo, that means you need to code everything, I have used cmu-sphinx before it was decent, just doesn't do well with ambient noise.
Comment: Yes, I've looked into that but unfortunately the Java Speech API doesn't have an engine, its juts a wrapper of sorts for any engine that you already have installed, so that it can be used in Java
Comment: @gabagecollector: so what exactly do you mean by I need to code everything. The problem is that ambient noise is inevitable. I used a headset microphone and I tested in a very quiet environment.
Comment: @Rome Calota: that's right. A list of implementations can be found here: http://java.sun.com/products/java-media/speech/forDevelopers/jsapifaq.html#implementation
Answer: Also have a look at Simon Listens which is using the Open-Source Large Vocabulary CSR Engine Julius.
Comment: thx, i'll look into Julius :)

Speech Recognition API


Installing softwares in ubuntu using other linux distro .ISO

Question: I have Ubuntu 14.04.2 x64 installed (without internet) and also have the .ISO file of Linux Mint 17.1 Rebecca x64. I want to install some packages like Gimp, media player codecs, VLC in my Ubuntu using the .ISO of Linux Mint. How do I make this possible? Actually I want to use Linux Mint .ISO as an offline software repository for my Ubuntu.
Comment: Just to make it clear: You do NOT mix repositories. Either use Mint or Ubuntu. If you choose the 1st we can not help you and you need ask questions here: http://unix.stackexchange.com/  Ubuntu is an internet based operating system ;-)
Comment: You do not mix repositories.
Comment: possible duplicate of [How to add Debian experimental repo to Ubuntu?](http://askubuntu.com/questions/270014/how-to-add-debian-experimental-repo-to-ubuntu) *Mixing Debian and Ubuntu repositories will likely render your system unmaintainable. The package dependencies may introduce contradictions which leads to a deadlock situation.* The same goes for mixing Mint and Ubuntu repositories.
Answer: If you want to install packages on an offline system, apt ist prepared for this.
This link is for xubuntu, but it will also work on your ubuntu system.
All you need is another system with apt and internet access.


Device not found when setting up android usb debugging in Ubuntu 14.10

Question: I have an HP 10 Plus 2210xx tablet, and I want to use it for Android USB debugging. I followed the following steps:

Enabled usb debugging in developers option on phone.
After connecting to PC, phone shows as "Usb debugging connected". I
verified the same by command "lsusb" on Ubuntu 14.10. It shows
following result:
Bus 001 Device 005: ID 03f0:5d1d Hewlett-Packard
Then I followed steps given in https://developer.android.com, to
setup hardware device.
Log in as root and create this file: /etc/udev/rules.d/51-android.rules.
Use this format to add each vendor to the file: SUBSYSTEM=="usb",
ATTR{idVendor}=="03f0", MODE="0666", GROUP="plugdev"
Now execute: chmod a+r /etc/udev/rules.d/51-android.rules
After that I rebooted the computer.
Now when I try to check device list in adb by command "./adb
devices" , It does not show device listed.

Can anybody please help? Kindly let me know where I am going wrong.. Thanks
Answer: I figured out what the problem was....

Edit ~/.android/adb_usb.ini
If the file already exists, add 0x< idVendor> to the end (in my case, this was 0x03f0)
adb kill-server
adb start-server
Check output of adb devices for your device

Device is now listed!


How Brouwer think about mathematics as a non linguistic phenomenon?

Question: I have a course in mathematical logic and i heard some argument about intuitionism math.
I'am curious about it and i look at some book and i am just confused about phenomenon.
But i realized brouwer construct all math and their logic from duality and time intuition.
and also he claim that math is a non linguistic concept and any man can do it  with have some good memory.
I cant find an example of intuitionism proof that show me how duality works
please if you have an example or know some book about it, share with me
I will be very greatfull.
Comment: "But i realized brouwer construct all math and their logic from duality and time intuition" Please tell me more about the 'time intuition.'
Comment: Maybe useful to read more *about* [LEJ Brouwer](https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/brouwer/).
Comment: Also useful : LEJ Brouwer, [Life, Art and Mysticism (English transl. NDJFL (1996))](https://projecteuclid.org/euclid.ndjfl/1039886518).
Answer: For Brouwer, mathematics is a mental phenomenon that is intrinsecally "pre-linguistic".
See e.g.: Dirk van Dalen (editor), Brouwer's Cambridge Lectures on Intuitionism (1946-51) (Cambridge UP, 1981), page 4:

First act of intuitionism Completely separating mathematics from mathematical language and hence from the phenomena of language described by theoretical logic, recognizing that intuitionistic mathematics is an essentially languageless activity of the mind having its origin in the perception of a move of time. This perception of a move of time may be described as the falling apart of a life moment into two distinct things, one of which gives way to the other, but is retained by memory. If the twoity thus born is divested of all quality, it passes into the empty form of the common substratum of all twoities. And it is this common substratum, this empty form, which is the basic intuition of mathematics.

See Brouwer's Intuitionism:

Based on his philosophy of mind, on which Kant and Schopenhauer were the main nfluences, Brouwer characterized mathematics primarily as the free activity of exact thinking, an activity which is founded on the pure intuition of (inner) time. No independent realm of objects and no language play a fundamental role.

Brouwer (following the development of non-Euclidean geomteries) rejected Kant's view about pure intuition of space, but followed Kant on the foundations of arithmetics on a pure intuition of time.
The process of generating natural numbers from the iteration of the "+1" operation has its source, according to Brouwer, in "twoity":

"The perception of a move of time may be described as the falling apart of a life moment into two distinct things, one of which gives way to the other, but is retained by memory."

See also Arend Heyting, Intuitionism : An Introduction (North Holland, 3rd ed.1971) page 13: Arithmetic

We start with the notion of the natural numbers $1, 2, 3$, etc. They are so familiar to us, that it is difficult to reduce this notion to simpler ones. Yet I shall try to describe their sense in plain words. In the perception of an object we conceive the notion of an entity by a process of abstracting from the particular qualities of the object. We also recognize the possibility of an indefinite repetition of the conception of entities. In these notions lies the
  source of the concept of natural numbers [L.E.J. Brouwer 1907 (Over de Grondslagen der Wiskunde, Ph.D. thesis), p. 3].


Get a tubeless to seat

Question: It takes a volume of air to seat a tubeless.  Even if you lube the tire it takes a volume of air to get it to pop onto the seat.
Cannot deliver that volume with my floor pump.
At the shop they remove the core to the presta and have this conversion tube they put over the open stem with a compressor on the other end.
Comment: I don't have tubulars so take this with salt, but I have done a bit of 4WD and have seen a good way and a bad way.
Good way is a cargo tiedown strapped around the circumference of the tyre and ratchetted down enough to push the bead out and contact the rim.   Inflate and slacken the strap a bit at a time.
The bad way involves flamable gas and flame to "rapidly expand the tyre" and normally results in burns and singed eyebrows at best.  Don't do it this way.
Answer: It depends on what type of tubeless standard you are using.

UST

UST rims are designed to be able to be inflated with a floor pump. The rim profile has an inner channel. The tyre bead should be placed in this as per the picture when you begin inflating the tyre. When it reaches a high enough pressure it pops into place and you can continue to seat it easily with the pump. You can also add sealant before inflating with USTs.

Tubeless Ready

Tubeless Ready have a shallower rim bed that require far less volume to inflate with a floor or CO2 cartridge. This is trickier with a floor pump and people often remove the valve core to allow a higher volume of air in. Once the tyre is suited you can also to remove the core to add sealant.

Ghetto Setups

If you are using any other tyre/ rim combination it's really just luck if you're going to get a tyre to seat with floor pump, compressed air or ever at all.
Comment: Stans looks like this http://www.notubes.com/help/a/literature/BST.pdf.  The tire does not it does not seal in the channel like that for me. The tire is also a bit old and not a tight fit.
Answer: If you don't have a compressor, you can use a CO2 cartridge (or two or three) inflator to quickly give that burst of air/CO2 that you need to seat the tubeless. It's very difficult with a floor pump.
[]
Source: Wikimedia commons
Comment: 1 CO2 does not have enough volume for mtn.   And 2 or 3 does not help.
Comment: You don't need to inflate it fully, you just need enough to seat the tube. Then you can switch to your floor pump. The reason why you might need two or three is that it often won't seat on the first try.
Comment: Not gong to unseat to test but I have tried this in the past before I gave up and took it to the shop.  It was just a really short burst.
Comment: I've had poor results with co2 for seating tyres. They're a one shot option and frequently fail to get the job done. But at the trailside they're often only choice.
Answer: I use a tubeless inflator.
My skills and track pump will not seat a large volume tyre, just can't get enough air thru, I've managed 23/25mm road tyres, but nothing bigger.
My inflator is a Bontrager Flashcharger, but there are lots of similar products on the market these days.
They all work in a similar manner, charging up a cylinder of air and releasing it in one go by pulling a lever or turning a valve.
I find it better than a compressor as it's cheaper, portable, doesn't need power, replaces my track pump and has never failed to seat a tyre.
Comment: One can typically get modern MTB tires to seat on modern MTB rims with a floor pump if you remove the valve core.
Comment: I've seated my Schwalbe G-One on DT RR521 rim with my mini pump. The second time it took about 8 min of furious pumping before the bead moved up the shoulder far enough for an initial seal.
Comment: Handy to know, I've not managed it but will try next time
Comment: @PaulH wasn't the case for any my MTB tubeless setups, it was a real chore until I got an inflator.
Comment: Sure, it varies based on the combination of rims and tires. But for example, Schwalbe and Maxxis tires seat fairly easily on my Ibis and DT Swiss rims. That said, I only forgo the air compressor in favor of my 11-year old floor pump if i'm working on bikes late at night and don't want to wake up everyone in the house.
Comment: @gschenk, a full-body workout that day then, bonus!
Answer: Need to have a compressor.  Remove the core then just press a schrader fill up end on the stem.  I have had to take a couple to the shop and this worked for me today.
This is more a problem on older tires where I break the seal to add sealant.  I am gong to buy an injector so I can add sealant without breaking the seal.
Comment: Come on.  A down vote an an answer that actually physically worked from me.
Comment: That's the internet for you!

Get a tubeless to seat


Conflict in writing collaborative paper

Question: I'm writing a paper in collaboration with another author. However this author is writing too much of the paper, including parts that I said I was going to write, and the way he wrote it is not good in my opinion, or not up to the standard we are aiming for. How can I replace his parts with my own without creating conflict?
Answer: Constructive criticism is the best way to go in these cases, unless you are the primary owner of the paper, it's gonna be hard to bulldoze your opinions. Give comments and suggestions on things that aren't addressed or sections where it isn't clear. For the most part, these papers go through a lot of changes so it's normal to rewrite the whole paper incrementally.
Another approach is that you can have your supervisor/advisor do a review and then ask them to make the changes. If the work produced by your collaborator is bad then it's more complicated and your solutions are heavily dependent on how much of a working relationship you want to keep intact with this person.
Comment: The thing is though I don't want to fix his parts, I want to write them myself. At this point he will have written more than his fair share of the paper and I don't want that considering a lot of the ideas were my own.
Comment: So you want to boot this person from your paper ?

Conflict in writing collaborative paper


How to be good at analysing texts

Question: I always have problems in analyzing texts, as I'm not sure what analyzing actually entails. What does it mean to have a good analysis of an author's work, either fictional or non - fictional?
Answer: There are many angles to take when analyzing fiction and you should focus on the one that interests you the most.
Why?
Answer: Because then you'll write a more interesting analysis if you
  do.

What Are Possible Angles?

Plot
Character
Voice / Style

The definitive guide to learning about writing and analyzing them from these various angles is the fantastic book by the late author, Gary Provost, Make Your Words Work -- Amazon link.
Keep Analysis Excerpts Short
I also tend to like to keep the excerpt I'm analzying short for two reasons:

you can get a very good idea of the author's work in just a few paragraphs
analyzing an entire book could be quite overwhelming

For my book, Fiction Writing Gems - Free to read at amazon for Kindle OLL program, I analyze the beginnings of 26 published novels.
One of my favorites to analzye was the novel, TailSpin by Catherine Coulter.
Here's just a snippet of novel to show why it was so much fun to analyze:

Black Rock Lake
  Oranack, Maryland
Friday night
She thought she swallowed because her throat burned hot, as if
  splashed with sharp acid, but she wasn't sure because she couldn't
  think clearly. Her mind felt dark, heavy and thick as chains, and she
  knew to her soul there was violence just beyond it.

Here's an excerpt of my sample analysis:

More About the Mystery Protagonist Technique
Many authors employing the Mystery Protagonist technique are
  attempting to set up tension as a hook to the reader by enticing the
  reader to find out who the action is happening to.
Coulter's attempt fails, because her author's camera falls upon the
  wrong details. She describes the wrong things.
Describing the Wrong Things
What are the wrong things and why are they wrong? She thought she
  swallowed -- generally if you are thinking at all, then you know if
  you swallowed. The author's attempt to show the character's
  disorientation fails and jars me from my reading, and I am only four
  words into the beginning of her story. Plus, remember, as I read I am
  living vicariously as the viewpoint character which means that I don't
  know what I am swallowing. That makes me ignorant or somewhat stupid.
  Why would I want to associate myself with a stupid character and live
  vicariously as if I am them?

Value of Short Analysis
The value of this type of analysis on very short excerpts is that it gives you a quick way to learn what type of writing works and what type doesn't and why.

How to be good at analysing texts


How fast would a rocket have to go to maintain in the earth orbit without falling down? And how frequent would rocket boosters be needed?

Question: I was thinking how fast would a rocket have to go to maintain in the in earth orbit? I was thinking of the ISS going 7000kph with rocket boosters every 6 months. What is the most efficient way to solve this?
Answer: In order to maintain a circular orbit, a rocket needs to experience a force (called the centripetal force) equal to $$F = \frac{mv^2}{r},$$ where $m$ is the mass of the rocket, $v$ is its velocity, and $r$ is the radius of its orbit. This force is provided by gravity, which is equal to $$F = \frac{GMm}{r^2},$$ where $G$ is the gravitational constant ($6.674 \times 10^{−11}$ when using metric units), $M$ is the mass of the gravitating body (Earth, in this case), and $r$ is the distance from the center of the body. Setting these equal to each other, we get
$$F = \frac{mv^2}{r} = G\frac{Mm}{r^2}$$
$$v^2 = \frac{GM}{r}$$
$$v = \sqrt\frac{GM}{r}$$
Notice that the mass of the rocket does not factor into this final equation. So, now we can substitute some numbers. The mass of Earth, $M$, is $5.9722 \times 10^{24}\ \textrm{kg}$. The ISS orbits at a height of 400 kilometers above the Earth's surface, which is 6371 km in radius, which gives $r$ as $6771000$ meters. Plugging all this in, we get
$$v = \sqrt\frac{(6.674 \times 10^{−11})(5.9722 \times 10^{24})}{6771000} = 7\,670\ \textrm{m/s} = 27\,600\ \textrm{km/hr}$$
Once an object has this speed at that height, it will stay in orbit with no need for rockets or other propulsion. The reason that the space station has to fire its rockets is because of Earth's atmosphere. The very thin air at the space station's height creates a little bit of drag that causes it to slow down and lose altitude.
Comment: The ISS Orbits at a height of about 400km, a fair bit higher than the startlingly low 400m you have quoted.  I dare say at that altitude it wouldn't stay in orbit (or in one piece) for very long.  I would love to watch that go by at mach 23, from a safe distance of course.
Comment: @Turksarama It is true that there is a slight difference between meters and kilometers. Fixed.
Answer: You can calculate this by assuming the spacecraft is in a circular orbit and the centripetal force equals the gravitational force of the Earth. So $F = GMm/r^2 = mv^2/r$. $m$ cancels out, $G$ is a constant, $M$ is the mass of the Earth and $r$ is the radius of your orbit. Solving the equation gives you $v$.
How frequently boosters are needed is a more difficult question since it depends on the air resistance at your given orbit. The easy way out is just to see what the ISS currently does, and a quick search finds this related question with the answer.
Answer: We have equations to describe the necessary velocity for specific masses to orbit another mass based on how far away the satellite is. The equation for orbital velocity can be written in terms of an orbital period, or gravitational constant and mass, assuming an elliptic orbit with small eccentricity (nearly circular orbit).
$$v \approx \sqrt{\frac{2\pi a}{T}} \approx \sqrt{\frac{\mu}{a}} $$
In the first approximation, orbital velocity depends on the satellite orbital period $T$, and the semi-major axis of its elliptic orbit $a$ (Think distance $r$ for circular orbit). In the second approximation, it depends on the standard gravitational parameter ($\mu = GM$), and again the semi major-axis $a$. For this form of $\mu$, it is assumed that the satellite mass $m$ is much less than the orbited mass $M$.
So for your question, how fast a rocket must travel to maintain orbit - the answer is that if its mass is much less than the Earth, then it depends only on how far away from the Earth it is. A good approximation is thus $$v \approx \sqrt{\frac{GM}{r}}$$
So for an object orbiting at 400km above the Earth, distance $r$ is $400km+6371km=6771km$ (distance above surface plus Earth radius) and the orbital velocity should be approximately $$v \approx \sqrt{\frac{(6.67\times10^{-11})(5.97\times10^{24})}{6771000}} \approx \space 7669 \space m/s \approx \space 27607 \space km/h$$
Orbits will naturally decay and spiral towards the Earth, unless as you mentioned an orbital burn is periodically performed to maintain the orbital speed and path. This is commonly due to atmospheric drag for low Earth orbits where there are some trace of molecules acting to slow the satellite. To find how often a correction must be done, you must calculate how the orbit is decaying over time by looking at the area of the satellite body and the density of the atmosphere causing drag.


Why does ebonite rod gets negatively charged when rubbed with fur

Question: What I think is :  The protons are present at the centre of the atom with rotating electrons around it so when it is rubbed by fur the electrons get passed from the ebonite rod to the fur leaving the rod negatively charged. But in reality the rod is negatively charged Why ?
Comment: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triboelectric_effect
Answer: When you rub fur with ebonite rod, the chemical bond is formed between some parts of the the two surface. Rod has its electron more tightly bound than fur. So, fur donates electrons to the rod while electrons from rod won't come out. Due to excess of electrons in rod, it becomes negatively charged while the fur with lost electrons, becomes deficient of electrons. Thus, fur becomes positively charged.
Answer: When an ebonite rod is rubbed with fur the rod gets negatively charged because the friction between the fur and the rod makes the ebonite rod to gain electron from the fur. This is because, electrons in fur are less tightly bound than the electrons in the ebonite rod
.
Answer: the rod is neutral so it gains electrons from the fur to become negatively charged thus making the fur positively charged. loss of electron =+ve gain of electron= -ve
Comment: This re-states the fact that the OP has acknowledged, but doesn't *explain* it.


How to find HDD cache size?

Question: I Googled my HDD model number, and could only find the physical dimensions and the data transfer rate.  Where can I find the HDD cache/buffer size?
Comment: Could you tell us the HDD model and number?
Comment: googling a bit more would give you the cache size
Answer: Actually your true transfer rate will depends on the system that you are running it. For example, if your USB controler isn't too fast, your external hard disk will not reach its nominal transfer rate.
I search for my HDD buffer size with Windows msinfo32 (type "msinfo32" on a cmd prompt) and on SIW software but I didn't find this specific information, However, I hope all of these specifications you will get on manufacturer datasheets, for Western Digital, you will find here (just search for your model part number). If you want to test the trully transfer rate of your external device, I would recommend you using HD Tune or HD Tach. Both are benchmark programs and will shows you detailed information about your device capabilities(SMART) and real rates.
Comment: This is good factual information that is probably relevant to OP's concerns, so I don't want to downvote it, but I don't see how on earth this answers the question of "How do I find the cache/buffer size?"
Answer: There's a software called CrystalDiskInfo which can be downloaded from here. This software is free and lists out details such as Firmware, Buffer size (what you need), Interface, Serial number, and also S.M.A.R.T details.
Comment: Out of 5 hard drives I tested, CDM showed the buffer size for only two of them.
Answer: Most, if not all, drives will have it written on their label. So if you can physically take a look at the drive, try that. If the drive is hard to reach and you have the model number you could do a Google Image search and probably find a picture of the label.
Answer: I couldn't find the spec for cache either, even on their product website...
But you can use HD Tune Pro to find out. In the [Info] section, there is a cache size. It's not a free software, but it has free-trial, which should be enough in this case. The newest version also contains a cache test.
Answer: On newer drives you can find this information in the "IDENTIFY DEVICE data" general purpose log, page 0x2 "Capacity":
smartctl /dev/sda -l gplog,0x30,2

The 5th 64b QWord will have the buffer size in Bytes in bits 62-0, bit 63 is always set to indicate a valid entry. The data is little endian.
0000420: 00 00 00 10 00 00 00 80

0x10000000 = 256 MiB

Previously you could get the buffer size by reading the 16b word 21 of the IDENTIFY DEVICE command data. But that was limited to <32MiB and was already obsoleted in 1997. Source: Seagate. As a result, most current drives have this set to 0 and don't show any buffer info in most tools, which only support this old way.
Also keep in mind that any buffer size is only what the drive reports to you and might not be indicative of what it really supports.

How to find HDD cache size?


Replacing light fixture

Question: I have a wall light attached to a switch.  There are 2 black wires and 1 white wire.  The fixtures as one white white and one black wire.  How do I connect
Comment: Can you post a photo of the inside of the light box?
Answer: If you have 3 wires at the light fixture (not including grounding wires)  you need to check voltage, find 120 volts, TURN OFF THE CIRCUIT, connect the white to the neural wire and the black to the wire carrying 120v. Make sure you cap the other wire regardless of the voltage it is carrying, it could be dead because of a disconnect, switch/ breaker etc. Be careful and if you don't understand how to do what I just said, get help.
Comment: If the white is a switch leg making a random change can have cause a direct short.

Replacing light fixture


Brown spots on bell pepper

Question: I noticed these brown spots appearing on my bell pepper yesterday. I live in Texas so it is very hot (I think it's sun scorching) but I have had an incident where ants ate my tomato! I hand water once or twice a day depending on how hot it is outside. Let me know what you think
Answer: I could be wrong, in this case, as it looks a little bit iffy, but it looks like either blossom end rot (BER) or sunscald (probably the former). It could potentially keep showing up as long as it's hot, and clear up afterward. Nutrients might help, but don't count on it 100%.
BER is caused by calcium not getting to where it needs to go. There are a lot of reasons this could be the case:

Calcium-deficiency (Don't assume this is the problem; too much calcium can raise your soil pH and cause issues)
Nutrient imbalance (such as not enough nitrogen and too much calcium, or vice versa, among other possibilities)
Hot, dry weather (temperature changes what nutrients in the soil are most/least available)
A problem with the way you're watering (water also changes what nutrients are most/least available).
It may be that your soil needed more organic matter, mulch, or something like that.
A soil pH imbalance
Diseases (they can interrupt nutrient flow)

Brown spots on bell pepper


Should you be using the computer for other things if computer is running appium automation tests for Jenkins? Will it cause tests to fail?

Question: Should you be using the computer for other things if computer is running appium automation tests for Jenkins? Will it cause tests to fail?
Should you leave the computer used for Jenkins idle or can you actively open ide and other programs while the appium is running in the background?
Answer: You could try using it in parallel but generally it's not recommended.
Appium test execution tends to get unstable when you use your computer for other stuff, especially when the target device is an emulator.
Another option (if your system can handle it) would be to set up a local VM, open IDE and other programs there while Jenkins runs on host machine.
Ideally though you should have dedicated machine(s) available and ready to execute your mobile tests at any time.


Can a deep neural network be used for mining bitcoins?

Question: Can a deep neural network be used for mining bitcoins? Why or why not? (The reason I ask this question is because I know GPUs can be used for mining.)
Comment: Highly relevant: https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/366272/can-machine-learning-decode-the-sha256-hashes
Answer: That's a very tenuous connection!
A deep neural network is basically an element from a group of functions that are good at approximating another function whose value is given only on a subset of possible inputs (i.e. by some data and not by some rule/formula). The problem of finding this function can be solved by algorithms, such as gradient descent and its versions.
Mining bitcoin, as far as I know, is about exactly inverting some hash function by trial and error. The point is that we have not got a better algorithm than trial and error and that approximations are not sufficient, it has to be exact, and that makes it costly, which makes the system secure. So no, there is not much similarity between the two.
That in your mind the two are connected by GPUs just means that:

For bitcoin, the calculations required for mining are very simple, requiring little memory, but they are numerous, and GPUs are quite good at running many different instances in parallel, so they can try many at one time. The best hardware for mining are actually for mining tailor-made application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC). Those won't be able to/good at train/ing a deep neural network.
For deep neural networks, I'm not even sure that GPUs are generally useful or required for training DNN. They are very useful for convolutional neural networks which are used in image recognition and manipulation (and also for video) but that is because images with their many pixels require highly repetitive computation which can be nicely parallelised on a GPU because that's what GPUs are made for.
Answer: I couldn't believe that this is bad connection.
I even think that AI has own place on any task human can provide as it can offer much more than just algorithmic solution.
My thanks to Alex R. for good link, where you can get your answers, but I would to get you a bit deeper.
AI nor EA are not about to find solution and you done, but it is about the cooperation.
Human brain is limited in some areas and therefore I think this question is fully valid.
I would recommend this study which may give you an idea how to bring up better ideas into the topic.
https://arxiv.org/pdf/1911.12942.pdf
Surely, you may find more about this on some other place.


Php debugging with Aptana Studio and Xdebug or Zend debugger on OS X

Question: Have you managed to get Aptana Studio debugging to work? I tried following this, but I don't see Windows -> Preferences -> Aptana -> Editors -> PHP -> PHP Interpreters in my menu (I have PHP plugin installed) and any attempt to set up the servers menu gives me "socket error" when I try to debug. Xdebug is installed, confirmed through php info.
Answer: I've been using ZendDebugger with Eclipse (on OS X) for a while now and it works great!
Here's the recipe that's worked well for me.

install Eclipse PDT via "All in one" package at: http://www.zend.com/en/community/pdt
install ZendDebugger.so (http://www.zend.com/en/community/pdt)
configure your php.ini w/ the ZendDebugger extenssion (info below)

Configuring ZendDebugger:

edit php.ini
add the following:
[Zend]
zend_extension=/full/path/to/ZendDebugger.so
zend_debugger.allow_hosts=127.0.0.1
zend_debugger.expose_remotely=always
zend_debugger.connector_port=10013

Now run "php -m" in the command line to output all the installed modules. If you see the following then its installed just fine
[Zend Modules]
Zend Debugger

Now restart Apache so that it reloads PHP w/ the ZendDebugger. Create a dummy page with  in it and examine the output to make sure the PHP apache module picked up ZendDebugger as well. If it's setup right you will see something like the following text somewhere in phpinfo()'s output.

with Zend Debugger v5.2.14, Copyright (c) 1999-2008, by Zend Technologies

OK - but you wanted Aptana Studio... at this point I install the Aptana Studio Plugin into the PDT build of Eclipse. The instructions for that are at: http://www.aptana.com/docs/index.php/Plugging_Aptana_into_an_existing_Eclipse_configuration
That setup has served me well for a while - hopefully it helps you too
-Arin
Comment: > 1. ...
> 2. install ZendDebugger.so (http://www.zend.com/en/community/pdt)

How is installed ZendDebugger.so? i can't find it in the link... :P

Regards :)
Answer: This is not related to Aptana Studio, but if you are looking for a PHP XDebug debugger client on OS X, you can try MacGDBp (Free/GPL).
Answer: I realize that this is a old thread but I was having the same problem with Aptana Studio 3 and FireFox. If anyone is having this problem make sure that FireFox has FireBug V1.8.X installed, any other version might give you the same problem...
Hope this helps


How can I use Angular 2 in PHP application?

Question: I am a PHP developer and I started learning Angular2. But I don't know how to use it with PHP.
Is it possible using Angular just as frontend?
What I must to do?
How to use it on shared hosting without Node.js installed?
Comment: Angular Js works at client side that runs in browser and calls API's (whether they be in php,node or any other server side language). The philosophy of angular 2 application is to segregate front end functionality with back-end API.
Comment: Angular.js is just a frontend javascript framework , it does not require node.js to function on any other framework.

Angular js is an independent framework , which works with any backend language. You just need to output the json with restful api , and use the details inside angular framework .
Comment: @noor if I write a test component in typescript for angular2, How to render an html page?? please add an example.
Answer: My 2 cents as a long time PHP developer who has been playing with Angular2 quite a bit.
As a PHP developer, you're expecting to have your PHP render an HTML page and send to the client. You won't be doing that with Angular2. All that processing that would take place in PHP, building data tables, lists, or whatever is now Angular's job.
The only thing you're gonna do with PHP now is simply send JSON responses. Others have said this already above.
I'm assuming that since you're asking this you have little to no experience working with Angular2. So here's the deal:
Learn how to use Node and NPM on your local machine. Learn how to use NPM to set up your empty Angular2 project.  Play and develop on your local machine.
When your ready to load in data, PHP can get involved by sending JSON data down to the front end for Angular to use.
When you're ready to put your Angular2 app online for the world you have a number of build options. You need to compile your code from Typescript to Javascript.
I've been using the Angular CLI tool. That lets me just run "ng build" and the app gets compiled.
Then I can upload the folder it generates up to my apache server and it works. The Angular CLI makes a folder called "dist" that contains all the stuff your front end will need.
Piece of cake.
Comment: Thank you so much for your answer. I'm a long time PHP developer that was recently told I have to convert everything I have made to Angular 2. I'm not happy about it, but it's a job. Other than the tutorials on [Angular](https://angular.io/), your answer helped me understand the relationship between PHP and Angular just a bit more.
Answer: Preferably, your site will just download a simple index.html and a file called app.js which contains all of your JS and therefore your Angular app.
PHP will be sitting on a server doing the job of an API, which is answering with JSON/XML to request, you angular app will then use the JSON to build the web interface.
You can have PHP hosted anywhere, and serve your angular app from another place, even thought it's not recommended because of latency


Book suggestion on this DDD concept specific to ASP.NET MVC and JSON?

Question: I am looking for a book or blog entry on the following DDD concepts, something specific to MVC and C# code.  Quick summary: partially populated domain models from special repository methods and sending only changed domain model properties as JSON back from the client.
More details:

If you have a Customer object but need a drop down list having only customer number and customer name, you would create a special Repository method to return a full IList of Customer but only populate the customer ID and the Customer name, leaving other properties null or empty.  This saves creating tons of special classes for a view model.
If you are editing a Customer, you would cache the Customer object in a session variable at the server then JSON serialize the View Model containing the Customer DDL and the first customer object for the client, possibly embedding the JSON in the first Html coming from the server.  It would be really nice to have the JSON resolve to the MVC controller method "object parameters" (reassembly of the post data to an object parameter from JSON).
The client (JavaScript) instantiates the customer object and binds the object properties to the corresponding HTML input statements of the same name.  When one changes, the other changes.  Also throw in a template concept for IList objects.  It also flags the customer object property as dirty when the input value changes (event).
Upon submit, only the changed (dirty) object properties are serialized to JSON and sent back to the server.  Unchanged properties are simply left out.  The server will combine the cached customer object with the partial JSON customer object (changes only), submitting the resulting Customer object to the repository to persist.

It's a really great concept.  I would like to read about the theory and get a to-do list.
Comment: _Questions asking us to recommend or find a book, tool, software library, tutorial or other off-site resource are off-topic for Stack Overflow as they tend to attract opinionated answers and spam._
Answer: (I am not providing a book recommendation. I'm only posting an answer because I ran out of space in the comment box).
I don't think this "pattern" has much to do with DDD, but it all sounds so appealing, doesn't it?
I have to say, though, that this screams "I'm going to work so long and hard on this awesome framework that will in the end net little to no performance benefit, but I'll wedge it into my application because I spent so long on it." Either that, or trying to implement this will prevent the application from actually being realized.
ASP.NET MVC model binding does a lot of what you're aiming for, albeit not in precisely the way you describe. What it doesn't do is the "only send back dirty properties" bit, but to be honest any web application that is going to net a benefit from this after all the client-side logic is more than likely poorly designed on another level (data not paged; individual views too heavy).
I don't see any benefit from caching the object in session and this is anathema to the ASP.NET MVC system anyway.
Loading only needed objects/collections from a repository is a solved problem using a first-class object-relational mapping technology, such as NHibernate.
Save the JSON for asynchronous operations.
All of this aside, what you are describing could be loosely considered as a set of optimizations that could be implemented in a piecemeal fashion, once the core of the application is working. This ensures that you deliver some value, and only do the substantial work of implementing these optimizations (if they even prove to be such) if performance is not acceptable.
Comment: Two comments: Wouldn't it be worthwhile to make your controller responses agnostic to the views consuming them, e.g. JSON responses?
Comment: Our first prototype included MVC 2 UI templates, which worked very well to display the first form, but submitting things back was a nightmare.  An order had one or more products, which had one or more prices (store editor form).  We used the EditorFor( Order[i], "TemplateName", "PrefixName") which worked to bind all this data back upon submit to a single object, but it took a while.  We were thinking removing HTML markup from server responses would improve this response time.  Unfortunately, our customer wants to see all products in an order, so we cannot do paging.
Comment: I got the idea for storing ModelState in the TempData from the RESTful MVC 2 "PUT" and "DELETE" concepts.  Also, we have about 400 to 900 products to display in a single form, where the customer doesn't want to page through items.  We sorta lazy load products by loading the first 10, then append the next page of 10 everytime they reach the bottom of their scroll div.
Comment: This is actually pretty easy to do with MVC Futures and JQuery.  You can also create an anonymous object within the Repository, then populate a new Domain Model object before leaving.  This will only populate the fields you need, while not having POCO soup.
Answer: Phil Haack has much of this in his blog, talking about MVC 2 Futures, JSON validators, Json2.js, and the like.  It all works very well.  This is the post.


Animating car wheels, Separating object, Splitting a UV map

Question: I'm animating the wheels of a car. I can select the wheel in edit mode as shown but not in object mode.  When I separate the wheel from the car to rotate it the uv map for the wheel disappears but the rest of the uv map remains. There is one uv map for the car parts. I hope I'm being clear. Can anyone help please? I want to rotate the wheel with current uv mapping.
Comment: The uv map for the wheel should not disappear, could you please share your file, don't forget to pack the image so that it's part of the file: https://blend-exchange.giantcowfilms.com/
Answer: If you rotate the wheel in edit mode the coordinates of the verticies with respect to the UV are going to be rotated. I think you should be able to separate the wheels into a new mesh, then [TAB] out of edit mode and rotate the wheel. Just going by your pictures.
Answer: When posting a question like this, it is best to give us the entire workspace with the elements involved exposed.
Like this...

You UV Islands may be disappearing because the wheels use a different material than the body of the car and that mesh isn't part of the selected mesh object or material (especially if you've split the wheel away from the car.)
Can you post a picture of your work area like above?
Also, are you trying to rotate vertices in the 3d Viewer or the UV island?  (I'm assuming you're trying to line up the spokes of the front left wheel with the other wheels.)


Ask about bandwidth consumption tracking is on-topic or off-topic?

Question: I would like know if ask about bandwidth consumption tracking does part content of community
Answer: Is the question directly related to security? That's the only test.
There are lots of questions where the answer can be applied to security, but those are not security questions.
For instance, suppose a firewall appliance is plugged into a faulty power outlet. Questions about how to fix the power outlet are off-topic.
If your question is about how to track bandwidth consumption because you want to use that information to calculate unauthorised use, this is off-topic. It's not a security question but a networking question that has a potential security application.
Comment: But that is not what your question is about. Limiting a user to a max bandwidth so that they cannot overwhelm the connection is one thing. You want to place a limit on how much throughput over time. There is nothing about 'availability' in that question. As others have said, you can look at the network engineering site for this type of question.
Comment: Could like help me a formulate one ask on topic about bandwidth? I trying but without sucess.  https://security.stackexchange.com/q/174543/164782
Comment: Nothing about that question is about security
Comment: yes, could give some suggestion for improve? for become on-topic
Comment: Sure. First tell me how your question relates to security.
Comment: In this case bandwidth it is related with network private, I believe that the question about "bandwidth control" then avoid that users use more bandwidth than the allowed this is within information security
Comment: Ok thanks, indeed I published wrong here


Consuming ViewModels in MonoDroid / MonoTouch

Question: I've decided to dabble a bit in MonoDroid and MonoTouch and port one of my WP7 apps as a starter. I would really like to reuse my existing ViewModels but since both Android and iOS seem to have no such thing as XAML's strong databinding I would like to ask if anyone went that route before and can recommend some best practices or existing solutions.
Answer: We're doing this with an application right now, but writing for iOS first (even before Windows).  It is not full of rainbows and ponies for sure.
I would recommend the following:

Use a MVVM framework on Windows that doesn't require you to expose ICommand on every action the user takes (like Caliburn, for example), it also shouldn't require a dependency to it from within all of your ViewModels.
Conditionally inherit the WPF-specific pieces of your ViewModelBase class, you can do this with partial classes or an #if iPhone directive. INotifyPropertyChanged or ICommand are examples.
Use an IoC container, it is very helpful to abstract out things like saving settings to the filesystem which will be very different on all platforms.  Also helps to sort out your dependencies as well, which is very helpful for separating out platform-specific code from non-platform specific.
Use a "messenger" of some kind (example here), usually included with an MVVM framework.  This is a must in my opinion, at least for iOS.  Apple's MVC is so all over the place, it's better to have global messages you can subscribe to in a weak referenced (and decoupled) way.
Use MVC on each platform like you would natively, then treat each ViewModel as you would if you were calling it manually.  There are no UI bindings, no ICommand, so keep your ViewModel's simple.
Linking files is the best trick ever.  You don't want a copy of each view model per platform, so make sure you know how to link to a file within projects in Visual Studio and MonoDevelop.  This also makes #if iPhone and #if Android statements possible.

I know you are working with an existing application, so it's tough.  It may be simpler to just reuse your business model and that's it.  Android and iOS have MVC patterns of their own, and are drastically different from WPF.  You might also only need a subset of each ViewModel on mobile devices, which could make it easier to just rewrite.
In our case:

We're using TinyIoC (also has it's own messenger)
We will use Caliburn-Micro when we start on WPF, we don't need some of the features in full Caliburn
Comment: Thanks for your insightful answer Jonathan. One question. Did you at some point try to leverage INotifyPropertyChanged by subscribing to PropertyChanged from within your view and kind of emulate one-way binding?
Comment: I used the messenger from TinyIoC to update the View.  When you get into iOS, you'll see why.  You have to subclass sometimes 3 or more classes to get a complicated View working and it's a pain to have to pass your ViewModel through to all those other objects and hook up an event.  The messenger is just a nice, decoupled way to get the same thing done.
Comment: I assume with messenger you mean something similar or equal to the EventAggregator pattern which I alreay use extensively in my projects for losely coupled navigation via a central controller and events concerning multiple VMs.
Comment: Yes, exactly.  There are other names for it.  It is IEventAggregator in Caliburn, but we used TinyIoC's TinyMessenger b/c we needed the functionality on the iPhone without a reference to Caliburn.
Comment: Your statement about linking to source files in projects (instead of adding them) is invaluable. I have a .NET/Mono astronomy library that shares all of its C# source between two sets of solutions and projects; one set for Visual Studio and another for MonoDevelop. Sound advice! Cheers!
Answer: I've recently finished a large project which we wrote wp7 first, and which was then ported into touch and droid.
As part of this we've released our own mvvm framework - including some databinding support for touch and droid - the source is available at http://github.com/slodge/mvvmcross
The experience of porting to droid was good - the axml layout files provided a good hook for databinding. Currently, however, i'm not quite as happy with the binding we achieved for touch - although montouch.dialog does at least provide us with some nice looking code sometimes.


Avataṃsaka Sutra in Sanskrit

Question: I've recently begun reading up on the Avataṃsaka Sutra and was curious if anyone here is aware of any available Sanskrit text. Thank you.
Answer: I think it is only complete in Chinese & Tibetan, the Chinese being much longer than the Tibetan. Sanskritic manuscripts are too fragmentary to form a full Buddhāvataṃsakasūtra.
This is a particular section of the Buddhāvataṃsaka that we happen to still have legible manuscripts for: http://www.dsbcproject.org/canon-text/book/40. It is called the Gaṇḍavyūhasūtra, you can read the Chinese correspondence at T279.319a6 in the Taishō Canon 入法界品 Dharmadhātupraveśanaparivartaḥ Ch 39 in Thomas Cleary's English translation "Flower Ornament Scripture" it is called the "Entry into the Realm of Reality" chapter, at page 1135: https://archive.org/stream/TheFlowerOrnamentScriptureATranslationOfTheAvatamsakaSutraByThomasClearypdfdtyxxytd/The%20Flower%20Ornament%20Scripture%20A%20Translation%20of%20the%20Avatamsaka%20Sutra%20by%20Thomas%20Cleary%20%5Bpdf%5D%20%7Bdtyxxytd%7D#page/n5/mode/2up.
Comment: It is indeed widely-believed to be a later addition to the sūtra, but constitutes the "final chapter" of the Buddhāvataṃsakasūtra in its present-day redaction. It is similar to how the Tathāgatāyuṣpramāṇaparivarta (Ch 15 of the Sanskrit Lotus Sūtra, Ch 16 of the Chinese) is believed to have circulated once as a separate text. The Gaṇḍavyūha's original title was something like "Dharmadhātupraveśana," or "The Entrance into the Dharmadhātu." You can read more on its history on the "Introduction" section of the 84,000 Reading Room translation: https://read.84000.co/translation/toh44-45.html
Comment: Is Gaṇḍavyūhasūtra a part of the sutra? I thought it was a later addition...
Answer: You should be able to find it in the Digital Sanskrit Buddhist Canon. Unfortunately I don't have a Sanskrit IME to give you the direct link to the text, but doing a search should bring it up.

Avataṃsaka Sutra in Sanskrit