Stressed syllable

Question: I've been learning Italian recently just by myself on a very casual basis. One thing that I find confusing is which syllable to stress. I've read the rules - i.e. usually the penultimate syllable is stressed, unless there is an accent mark on the last syllable. However, there are many, many examples where the third-from-last syllable is stressed instead. So, for example, when I see a word like telefono, or illeggibile, how can I tell that it's the third-from-last syllable that is stressed, and not the penultimate one?
Answer: For a number of word endings the stress is predictable. For instance, all superlative forms in -issimo are "sdrucciole" (i.e., stressed on the third-from-last syllable): bellìssimo, velocìssimo and so on. The same holds for most moods and tenses of verbs, and suffixes, and other regular modifications of words. You can find many of them in the online Dizionario di Ortografia e Pronunzia, under "Suffissi", "Desinenze grammaticali" and "Terminazioni con varianti di forma".
As for single words themselves, short of knowing well their etymology (and often even then), there is no alternative to looking them up in a good dictionary. Italians themselves often have to do so (and Italians themselves often get a stress wrong).
As for your particular examples:

illeggibile falls within the "predictable" case: -abile, -ibile suffixes denote something that "can be done" (leggere = to read; leggere + -ibile = leggibile = readable; in your case the prefix in- negates this, yielding the meaning of "unreadable") and they are always stressed on the third-from-last syllable;
telefono, on the contrary, like some modern formations from Latin and Greek roots, is a mess. Compare telèfono with telescòpio, or motoscàfo and piròscafo, for instance. You have to just look them up, unfortunately.
Comment: @KlitosKyriacou It's not that bad. Most of the words fall into the predictable category. I'd say that Italian pronunciation is more or less on par with the French as predictability (French most definitively has stress). Generally speaking the accent can be only in three positions: the last syllable, the second to last or the third to last. The first case is graphically indicated (e.g. *più*, *città*, *però*...) and the third case is relatively uncommon and mostly accounted for by predictable words. Yeah there are a few weird common words but I don't think it's worse than most languages.
Comment: Thanks for your thorough and helpful answer. It's a pity that some Italian words require guesswork, and I wonder why, since the Italians have an accent mark, they don't use it for syllables other than the last one. Other European languages have unambiguous pronunciation. For example, my first language is Greek, and that has an accent on every stressed syllable (except monosyllabic words) so it's always clear which syllable is stressed. Spanish also has rules that make the stress unambiguous. French completely avoids the issue by not having stress, and English avoids the issue by being a mess.
Comment: @FedericoPoloni that is indeed true. One thing that gets me is ll in French is sometimes pronounced as a y, but not always. But here I was specifically talking about ambiguity in stress, rather than in pronunciation in general.
Comment: Like "èdile"? `;-)`
Comment: @KlitosKyriacou French pronunciation is not unambiguous. See, for instance, the large number of exceptions here: http://blogs.transparent.com/french/be-careful-final-consonant-pronunciation-in-french/
Answer: Jakub Marian (https://jakubmarian.com/stress-position-and-accents-in-italian/) provides the following suffixes to help with determining the stressed syllable.
-agine,  -aggine,  -igine,  -iggine,  -edine,  -udine,  -abile,  -evole,  -ibile,  -ico,  -aceo,  -ognolo,  -oide,  -cefalo,  -crate,  -dromo,  -fago,  -filo,  -fobo,  -fono,  -gamo,  -geno,  -gono,  -grafo,  -logo,  -mane,  -metro,  -nomo,  -stato,  -tesi,  -ttero,  -fero,  -fugo,  -voro
If an Italian word ends in one of these suffixes, it is likely to be stressed on the antepenultimate syllable.
Other than that, and the grave accent stressing the last syllable of a word, you'll have to use a dictionary.
Comment: Welcome! Can you please complete your answer giving some more details? In the way it's now it doesn't seem very useful.

Stressed syllable


.Net Runtime 2.0 Error - EventId 5000

Question: I have a recurring problem with a site that keeps giving me .Net Runtime 2.0 Errors in the Application Event Log, with Event ID 5000.  The event details are:
EventType clr20r3, P1 w3wp.exe, P2 6.0.3790.3959, P3 45d691cc, P4 app_web_n93dosww, P5 0.0.0.0, P6 4b322f31, P7 37, P8 195, P9 pageerrorexception, P10 NIL.
Looking on the web for this type of error, I found this article Unhandled exceptions cause ASP.NET-based applications to unexpectedly quit in the .NET Framework 2.0
to give me more details of the exception, but for these errors, nothing extra is logged (the module in that article is working - if I add in the code they suggest to reproduce the error, the extra detail is logged).
My question is really, if it is an unhandled exception that is causing these crashes, what situations could be causing it be unhandled?  The exception type in the message, pageerrorexception, is a custom exception that is thrown in a few different places on a few different pages, so it should be easy enough to track down.  But I can't see any situation where it would be unhandled and cause a crash.
Any suggestions would be greatly appreciated.  Thanks in advance!
Answer: Add an application OnError event and save all errors to log, including stack trace. Then analyze the log to find all unhanded pageerrorexception.

.Net Runtime 2.0 Error - EventId 5000


Integral with the exponential function

Question: I don't know how to solve the integral
$$ \int \exp\left(-\frac{a^2}{2x^2}-\frac{b^2x^2}{2}\right)dx$$
for $a,b \in \mathbb{R}$. My idea was to complete the square to get an expression close to the integral necessary for the error function and then a substitution which did not work.  WolframAlpha also gives me a result including terms with the error function.
Comment: The indefinite integral will for sure be non-standard. Maybe you can get something "readable" if you put bounds such as $\int_0^\infty$.
Answer: It seems that it should work completing the square since
$$\frac{a^2}{2x^2}+\frac{b^2x^2}{2}=\frac 12\left(bx+\frac ax\right)^2-ab$$ So let $$bx+\frac ax=u\sqrt 2\implies x=\frac{\sqrt{u^2-2 a b}+u}{\sqrt{2}\, b}\implies dx=\frac{1+\frac{u}{\sqrt{u^2-2 a b}}}{\sqrt{2}\, b}$$ So,
$$\int \exp\left(-\frac{a^2}{2x^2}-\frac{b^2x^2}{2}\right)dx=\frac{e^{a b}}{\sqrt{2}\,b}\left(\int \frac{e^{-u^2} u}{\sqrt{u^2-2 a b}}\,du+\int e^{-u^2}\right)\,du$$ The second integral is trivial; for the first  another change of variable $u=\sqrt{2 a b+v^2}$ leads to $$\int \frac{e^{-u^2} u}{\sqrt{u^2-2 a b}}\,du=e^{-2ab}\int e^{-v^2}\,dv=\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{\pi } e^{-2 a b} \text{erf}\left(\sqrt{u^2-2 a b}\right)$$

Integral with the exponential function


What's the difference between mattina and mattino?

Question: Ciao a tutti. May I ask if there's any difference between 'mattina' and 'mattino'? I see both expressions used often and feel really confused. Thanks in advance for your help!
Comment: Welcome to Italian.SE!
Comment: Note also another  closely related term: mattinata - http://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/mattinata/
Answer: The two terms are mostly interchangeable, apart from some ready-made phrases which would sound a little strange if the other word is used:

Il mattino ha l'oro in bocca (the morning is precious, it has gold in its mouth)

Here, using "mattina" ("La mattina ha l'oro in bocca") would be equally correct, but the sentence would be different from the well established one. The same for:

Il buon giorno si vede dal mattino (a good day announces itself from the morning)

The feminine form can be, and is used, alone, when also specifying "ieri" (yesterday) or "domani" (tomorrow), or some other day specification like "domenica" (sunday): "ieri mattina"/"domani mattina"/"domenica mattina", while the masculine form usually requires a preposition ("ieri al mattino", "domani al mattino").


Capacitance of a single charged plate?

Question: Lets say we have a single plate that has a charge of $+Q$ on it. A plate with charge $-Q$ is infinite distance away. Will the plate with $+Q$ have a capacitance associated with it? Why or why not? I was thinking that because the distance between the plates is infinity, the capacitance is zero, but according to my TA, that is not the case. There is always some sort of "absolute" capacitance for the plate with $+Q$ (a capacitance will exist between the plate and air?). Can someone help me out in understanding this?
Answer: Tom's answer is completely correct, but I wanted to add some detail to it.
First, why is it that your logic fails?  The answer is that the familiar formula for the capacitance of two parallel plates relies on the approximation that the electric field between the two plates is completely uniform.  In such a case, we have $E = V/d$ and $E = Q/\epsilon_0 A$;  setting the two expressions equal to each other and solving for $C = Q/V$ yields the familiar formula for the capacitance of a pair of parallel plates.
However, if we take the two plates and start to move them apart, then at some point our approximations about the electric field are going to fail;  the electric field will no longer be uniform, and it will definitely not be related to the charge on the plates in the above-mentioned way.  Usually this approximation will really start to fail when $d$ gets to be a significant fraction of the size of the plates;  once this happens, then the parallel-plate formula is a bad approximation.  To put it another way, the familiar parallel-plate capacitance formula was derived on the assumption that $d \ll \sqrt{A}$, and therefore you can't take its limit as $d \to \infty$ and still expect it to hold.
So imagine moving the two discs a huge distance apart.  At some point, they're going to be sufficiently far apart that they're not going to "feel" each other any more, and at that point each plate acts like an independent charged conductor sitting alone in space.  But there's still going to be a potential difference between each conductor and infinity, and at that point we can define a capacitance of this lone conductor and another "electrode at infinity".  Since we usually define $V = 0$ at infinity, we just need to calculate the potential of the conductor when it carries a charge $Q$, and take the ratio of $Q/V$ again.  This is the process described by @tom in his answer.
Now, for an arbitrarily shaped conductor, you're going to have trouble getting an exact result for $C$.  @tom has done the sphere, which is the simplest result.  However, it turns out to be possible to do this for an infinitesimally thin conducting disc as well!  To do this, we view the disc as the limit of an ellipsoid as one of the principal axes goes to zero.  The charge density on the surface of an ellipsoid can be found in Section 5.02 of Smythe's Static and Dynamic Electricity;  the results are also cited in a problem at the end of Chapter 2 of Griffiths (4th edition).  When we take the limit as one of the principal axes goes to zero, the result is that the surface charge density is
$$
\sigma(s) = \frac{Q}{2 \pi R} \frac{1}{\sqrt{R^2 - s^2}}
$$
where $s$ is the distance from the center, $Q$ is the total charge on the disc, and $R$ is its radius.  We can then find the potential on the disc pretty easily;  just split the disc up into concentric rings, calculate the potential at the center of each one, and integrate.  The result, after some math, is
$$
V = \frac{Q}{8 \epsilon_0 R}
$$
and we therefore have $C = Q/V = 8 \epsilon_0 R$.
Answer: Consider the case of a conducting sphere with no counter electrode.
The capacitance of the conducting sphere can be found with
$$C=Q/V$$
and we know that at a distance $r$ from the centre of the sphere the potential $V$ is given by
$$V={1 \over 4\pi\epsilon_0}{Q\over r}$$
provided that $r$ is greater than the radius of the sphere. Now if we consider the potential at the surface and subsititute into the equation above we get for a conducting sphere
$$C= 4\pi\epsilon_0 r$$
with no counter electrode and now $r$ is the radius of the sphere.
Now the plate that you are talking about is not a sphere, but still will have some similar, but more complicated expression for the capacitance.
Thus any conductor with a charge on it generates some potential even without a counter electrode and we can calculate the the capacitance with $Q/V$.
Comment: @SufyanNaeem - yes - gauss' law works really well in a spherically symmetrical situation like this where we consider an isolated charged sphere
Comment: $V=\frac{Q}{4\pi €_○ r}$ should give the potential at a point at distance r from the surface of sphere in stead of its centre due to the formula derivation. But I have seen everywhere the $r$ is taken as the distance wrt center and not surface of charged sphere. why?
Comment: Oh it is due to Gauss' law, I see. Izzenit?
Answer: Both good answers. Note that the Earth has a self-capacitance by the same arguments. The Earth carries a net charge and really does have a capacitance. Remember that capacitance is defined in terms of the work that you must do to take a charge from one plate to the other. Two charged objects are involved. Even if the plates are nearly an infinite distance apart you still will have to do some work to, say, move a positive charge from the negative plate to the positive plate. The electric field due to the destination plate's positive charges will produce a repelling force that you will have to work against to move the test charge. This after all what we mean by potential difference. That is, work done to move a unit charge between two points. Very close to either charged plate the electric field only depends upon the charge density on that part of the plate and is not directly dependent upon the shape or location of the second plate. The proximity of the second plate may affect the value of this charge density. In idealized parallel plate capacitors the field happens to be uniform throughout between the plates. But this local field is always there in all geometries and results in a finite capacitance. C=Q/V. You can always calculate self-capacitance of anything by simply moving a second plate, or rock, or sphere to infinity and do the work calculation.

Capacitance of a single charged plate?


pKa and equivalence point

Question: I was doing a titration and using $\ce{NaOH}$ as the titrant. The analyte was a weak acid with a $\mathrm{p}K_\mathrm{a}$ of 4.90. Today I want to use another acid with a $\mathrm{p}K_\mathrm{a}$ of 4.50. Do I need to change the indicator from the last experiment? How close do the $K_\mathrm{a}$ or $\mathrm{p}K_\mathrm{a}$ values have to be in order for me to use the same indicator and still obtain accurate results.
Comment: It's not a matter of their closeness; it is a matter of indicator's properties.
Answer: $99.9\%$ of the acid $\ce{HA}$ is titrated at  $\mathrm{pH}=7.9$ resp.$ 7.5$.
$$\mathrm{pH}=\mathrm{p}K_\mathrm{a}+\log \frac{[\ce{A-}]}{[\ce{HA}]}=\mathrm{p}K_\mathrm{a}+3$$
Considering the final concentration 0.05M,
titrating 0.1M acid by 0.1M hydroxide,
100% of the acid is titrated at:
$$\begin{align}
\mathrm{pH}&=7+\frac12 \cdot ( \mathrm{p}K_\mathrm{a} + \log  c_\mathrm{acid, total}) \\
&=9.45(9.25) + \frac12 \cdot (-1.3) \\
&=8.8(8.6)\\
\end{align}$$
Titration with $100.1\%$ of used hydroxide we can consider
as $0.05 \cdot 0.001=5\cdot 10^{-5}\ \mathrm{M} \ \ce{NaOH}$
with $\mathrm{pH}=-\log ( 5\cdot 10^{-5})=9.7$
The indicator  phenolphthalein with range $8.2-10.0$ works well in both cases.

pKa and equivalence point


How to prove the list is not generating vector space?

Question: I have this list
$$ S = ((1,2,0,1), (0,1,0,0), (1,0,0,2))$$
and I need to prove it doesn't generate whole vector space on $\mathbb R^4$. (I know how to prove generating for 4 vectors.) But what example I have to use?
Answer: Without using general theorems, you can see every linear combination of these vectors has a third coordinate of $0$. Therefore they cannot generate the whole space because there exist vectors with third coordinate nonzero.
Answer: You also can prove this without using any linear combination between the vectors of your list. You simply can't generate $\mathbb R^4$ using a list of only three vectors (you will need at least four of them), because $\dim(\mathbb R^4)=4$.


Antennas I can effectively use in an apartment?

Question: What are some antenna designs that balance manageable size/shape with effectiveness for use in an apartment?
Comment: The question could be improved by stating what kind of contacts you wish to make. Local VHF/UHF? HF DX? Digital modes, CW, or voice? The answers can then be more specific and relevant to your interest.
Comment: The power level is relevant here (+:
Comment: Band/frequency is the most important additional detail here. Modes don't matter (for the most part they're under 6 kHz except FM). VHF and UHF antennae are easy for apartment/townhome dwellers, but HF can be difficult. Even within HF, 10m is easier than 80m. A maximum set of dimensions (e.g. 9'x24') can also rule out certain antennae.
Answer: The answer depends highly on what you wish to accomplish. What sort of frequencies, how high power, distance you're going after, etc.
VHF/UHF (145 MHz and up) antennas are small - if your window points to the right direction, and you live on the 6th floor, a small yagi in front of it can be good for serious DX when the propagation is right. You can also hang a dipole in front of the window, which will be good for local contacts and working the repeaters. Copper tape isn't expensive, you can use it to tape a dipole or J pole directly on the window surface, and solder a coaxial on the feed point.
HF antennas will never work very well inside, but even a bad antenna is always better than no antenna at all. High power is out of the question - some of the power will end up on the building's power and phone/network cables, and easily cause RF interference.
Magnetic loops are an interesting option for HF work - they are relatively narrow-band and tunable, and have other properties which make them more immune against electrical noise from household appliances, relays, and electronics. They are relatively small and can be placed in front of a window or wall. They need to be constructed out of thick metal tube or thick hardline coaxial cable, which makes them a bit heavy, but they still don't take more space than a heavy hula hoop. To run more than a few watts you'll need a high-voltage tunable capacitor, but QRP is fun to work too. With WSPR and similar digital modes for weak signals you can quite easily get proper DX contacts.
Dipoles work too, but  they'll pick up more static / electrical noise than loops. They're also pretty long for lower frequencies.
Answer: For higher frequencies like 2m, two pieces of wire soldered to a BNC connector and hung by your window make a great dipole!
There are also various "apartment window flagpole" antennas that can do the job.
For DX, you run into a problem with grounding... there's no way to make a counterpoise or ground radials big enough. Fortunately, neither dipoles nor magnetic loops need a counterpoise or ground plane.
G4FON's 20/30/40m band magnetic loop for travelers looks nice:
http://www.g4fon.net/MagLoop.htm
If that's too complicated, Scott Harden's DIY Stealth Apartment Antenna may also be something worth trying... it's essentially a 20/40m dipole folded to fit an apartment:
http://www.swharden.com/blog/2010-02-07-simple-diy-stealth-apartment-antenna-for-20m-and-40m/


What's the difference between == and .equals in Scala?

Question: What is the difference between == and .equals() in Scala, and when to use which?
Is the implementation same as in Java?
EDIT: The related question talks about specific cases of AnyVal. The more general case is Any.
Comment: Possible duplicate of [Why == operator and equals() behave differently for values of AnyVal in Scala](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/18479333/why-operator-and-equals-behave-differently-for-values-of-anyval-in-scala)
Comment: @Ben I think that other question should be marked as duplicate considering the date asked. Also, I feel the two questions are different.
Comment: There is a [scaladoc in `scala.Equals`](https://github.com/scala/scala/blob/2.13.x/src/library/scala/Equals.scala#L21) which points to [Programming in Scala, Chapter 28, Object Equality](https://www.artima.com/pins1ed/object-equality.html).
Answer: You normally use ==, it routes to equals, except that it treats nulls properly. Reference equality (rarely used) is eq.
Comment: More interestingly, Both `3 == BigInt(3)` and `BigInt(3) == 3` are true. But, `3.equals(BigInt(3))` is false, whereas `BigInt(3).equals(3)` is true. Therefore, prefer using `==`. Avoid using `equals()` in scala. I think `==` does implicit conversion well, but `equals()` does not.
Comment: It does. For instance new java.util.ArrayList[Int]() == new java.util.ArrayList[Int](), as equals on ArrayList is content equality.
Comment: Does it also apply when using Java libraries?
Comment: There is also some strange behavior around Int and Long and == versus .equals(). The same number as Int and as Long return true for == but false for equals. So == does not always route to equals.
Comment: So why `new java.lang.Integer(1) == new java.lang.Double(1.0)` is true while `new java.lang.Integer(1) equals new java.lang.Double(1.0)` is false?
Comment: This answer is probably fine for most people, most of the time, but it is incomplete. `==` and `equals` differ in other, more subtle ways. Please see [this answer](https://stackoverflow.com/a/35226271/877069).
Answer: TL;DR

Override equals method to compare content of each instance. This is the same equals method used in Java
Use == operator to compare, without worrying about null references
Use eq method to check if both arguments are EXACTLY the same reference. Recommended not to use unless you understand how this works and often equals will work for what you need instead. And make sure to only use this with AnyRef arguments, not just Any

NOTE: On the case of equals, just as in Java, it may not return the same result if you switch the arguments eg 1.equals(BigInt(1)) will return false where the inverse will return true. This is because of each implementation checking only specific types. Primitive numbers dont check if the second argument is of Number nor BigInt types but only of other primitive types
Details
The AnyRef.equals(Any) method is the one overridden by subclasses. A method from the Java Specification that has come over to Scala too. If used on an unboxed instance, it is boxed to call this (though hidden in Scala; more obvious in Java with int->Integer). The default implementation merely compares references (as in Java)
The Any.==(Any) method compares two objects and allows either argument to be null (as if calling a static method with two instances). It compares if both are null, then it calls the equals(Any) method on boxed instance.
The AnyRef.eq(AnyRef) method compares only references, that is where the instance is located in memory. There is no implicit boxing for this method.
Examples

1 equals 2 will return false, as it redirects to Integer.equals(...)
1 == 2 will return false, as it redirects to Integer.equals(...)
1 eq 2 will not compile, as it requires both arguments to be of type AnyRef
new ArrayList() equals new ArrayList() will return true, as it checks the content
new ArrayList() == new ArrayList() will return true, as it redirects to equals(...)
new ArrayList() eq new ArrayList() will return false, as both arguments are different instances
foo equals foo will return true, unless foo is null, then will throw a NullPointerException
foo == foo will return true, even if foo is null
foo eq foo will return true, since both arguments link to the same reference
Comment: Can you also explain === in scala?
Answer: == is a final method, and calls .equals, which is not final.
This is radically different than Java, where == is an operator rather than a method and strictly compares reference equality for objects.
Answer: There is an interesting difference between == and equals for Float and Double types: They treat NaN differently:
scala> Double.NaN == Double.NaN
res3: Boolean = false

scala> Double.NaN equals Double.NaN
res4: Boolean = true

Edit: As was pointed out in a comment - "this also happens in Java" - depends on what exactly this is:
public static void main(final String... args) {
    final double unboxedNaN = Double.NaN;
    final Double boxedNaN = Double.valueOf(Double.NaN);

    System.out.println(unboxedNaN == unboxedNaN);
    System.out.println(boxedNaN == boxedNaN);
    System.out.println(boxedNaN.equals(boxedNaN));
}

This will print
false
true
true

So, the unboxedNan yields false when compared for equality because this is how IEEE floating point numbers define it and this should really happen in every programming language (although it somehow messes with the notion of identity).
The boxed NaN yields true for the comparison using == in Java as we are comparing object references.
I do not have an explanation for the equals case, IMHO it really should behave the same as == on unboxed double values, but it does not.
Translated to Scala the matter is a little more complicated as Scala has unified primitive and object types into Any and translates into the primitive double and the boxed Double as needed. Thus the scala == apparently boils down to a comparison of primitive NaN values but equals uses the one defined on boxed Double values (there is a lot of implicit conversion magic going on and there is stuff pimped onto doubles by RichDouble).
If you really need to find out if something is actually NaN use isNaN:

Java: https://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Double.html#isNaN(double)
Scala: http://www.scala-lang.org/files/archive/api/2.11.8/index.html#scala.Double@isNaN():Boolean
Comment: and this also happens in Java!
Comment: See also `0.0 equals -0.0` vs. `0.0 == -0.0`.
Answer: In Scala == first check for Null values and then calls equals method on first object


How I can access to WSDL 1.1 file from ASP.NET 3.5

Question: I have a WSDL 1.1 file which describes my Web Service. Now I need get access to its methods using ASP.NET 3.5
I tried to use wsdl.exe utility but I think that this utility use only WSDL 2.0 format.
Answer: I've installed .NET Framework 1.1 and SDK 1.1. Just for test, I thought its can help me, because .NET 1.1 works with WSDL 1.1 (SDK 1.1 and WSDL 1.1 its just coincidence, it's doen't mean what SDK 1.1 for WSDL 1.1 and/or SDK 2.0 for WSDL 2.0)
I have save error message then in case of using wsdl.exe from SDK 2.0
Error message sounds as: Error: The element attribute is not allowed on encoded message parts. The erroneous part is named 'result' in message 'PurchaseResponse'.
Part of code is:
<message name='PurchaseResponse'>
    <part name='result' element='xsd:string'/>
</message>

Answer: Assuming you are using VS 2008
   Right click on the references folder in you project
   Select "Add Web Reference..."
   Enter the URL to your webservice
   In the Web reference name textbox type in how you would like to reference it.  So for an inventory Extension type "Inventory".
To create the object in code you would use Inventory.ProductSoapClient client = new Inventory.ProductSoapClient()
To call a method in you webservice client.Method();
Comment: I can add web reference but VS doesn't creates any proxy class to access methods of the service. If I add "Inventory" reference i have no class Inventory or etc. The fact is what WSDL service isn't asmx?wsdl at the end of url it's just .wsdl file in WSDL 1.1 format. I think VS2008 waited WSDL 2.0 from me
Answer: There is no difference between WSDL 1.1 and WSDL 2.0 for wsdl.exe. I just have an error in .wsdl file. This code:
<message name='PurchaseResponse'>
    <part name='result' element='xsd:string'/>
</message>

Must be:
<message name='PurchaseResponse'>
    <part name='result' type='xsd:string'/>
</message>


Generating new SHA1 fingerprint

Question: I've encountered an issue with my keystore, and in a string of poor decisions have deleted my debug from my console developer account. I've now reach the point where I need to publish but the sha1 fingerprint is used by the former game. I need to know whether its possible to generate a new sha1 fingerprint within the same project or if i have to create a new project and migrate everything over.
Comment: You want debug SHA1 Fingerprint or Release version?
Comment: I have the SHA1 fingerprint, but I lost the password for the keystore that I had created when doing the debug. Now that I'm at the point where I am releasing it, I cannot create a new debug and app release because the package and sha1 are associated with the apk that I have uploaded prior. I've also ill-advisedly deleted the debug version from play developer console.
Comment: If you lost the keystore then you have to create a new which cannot be created like the old one
Answer: Follow the steps
click on gradle on right top>android>task>android>signingReport and you will found your SHA-1 in the run signing report..
Comment: sha1 can not be changed for computer if you want to change you need to get another computer.
Comment: oh, so the sha1 is connected to my computer, and will always be the same regardless of what project it creates?

Generating new SHA1 fingerprint


When interaction is not significant in full sample but subgroup analysis shows significance

Question: I have two main independent variables - gender (0/1) and extraversion (continuous) in a logit regression. In the full sample, the gender X extraversion interaction shows no statistical significance. However, when I split the sample into male vs female subgroups, extraversion is statistically significant (p<0.05) among women, but not among men (p=0.09). The coefficient of extraversion in both subgroups are positive. What does this mean? Can I conclude that extraversion significantly predicts women's outcomes, but not for men? Thank you!
Answer:
Can I conclude that extraversion significantly predicts women's outcomes, but not for men?

Yes and no. Yes it is significant in one subgroup. But, is the association significantly different between men and women? No - the interaction is not significant. What is going on? You didn't tell us the main effect of extraversion, but probably it is also significant? The fact that you don't have a significant interaction means that this association doesn't differ between men and women. Probably it is just non-significant in men due to the loss of power, because the sample is smaller.
Comment: Thanks! Yes, the main effect for Extraversion is also significant. The sample of men is actually 2x as large as that of women. So I guess this may indicate the extraversion is just not as important for Dependent Variable for men as for women?
Comment: Possibly. But again, if you're using p-values, then you can't say much other than 'not significant'. It could still just be low power + randomness.
Comment: +1 I would add that the analysis approach is suspect (this may not be done intentionally): You fit a model with an interaction presumably because you have an interest in investigating differences between men and women. The data supports no such conclusion. So then you try other ways to demonstrate a difference by subsetting the data.


Checking whether there is k circles with common area

Question: I have N circles with different radius and position in the plane. The problem is finding k circles which have a common area.Obviously this can be solved using Brute-Force in $O(N^k)$. Is there a more efficient way to do such query?
Comment: @Discretelizard I don't think so, see my answer. In general I think you have to be very careful about reductions from geometry to discrete logic as there are all kinds of constraints and structures you drop (triangle inequality, distance metrics, geometric theorems, etc) that can be sufficient to make an otherwise hard problem tractable. For example it is not known whether the TSP on the Euclidean plane is NP-hard or not. It might be, but you can't simply make a reduction like that.
Comment: This sound like the $k$-clique problem on disk-intersection graphs. The general $k$-clique problem is NP-hard and this restriction _likely_ is as well.
Comment: Although apparently there is an polynomial time algorithm for the clique problem on _unit_ disk graphs. (See [Clark, Colbourn, Johnson, _Unit disk graphs_](https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-365X(90)90358-O) ) I don't know whether it would work on general disk graphs, though.
Comment: @Discretelizard I don't think it is $k$-clique problem.Because for example there exists $3$ circles such that each pair of them is connected but there is no common area in all of them.
Comment: Hmm, yes you are correct, this is not the same problem, not every $k$-clique has common area. However, all $k$ circles that have a common area form a $k$-clique, so we can at least say that your problem is _harder_ than finding a $k$-clique in the intersection graph.
Comment: @orlp You indeed have to be careful in transforming problems if you want to have an actual proof, yes. My intention was to try and connect this problem to more well studied problems. But my guess at hardness was indeed premature.
Answer: This problem and related problems have been studied in the paper "Bajaj, C., & Li, M. (1983). On the duality of intersections and closest points. Cornell University."
They call a common area for $k$ circles a '$k$-intersection'. The paper gives an $O(n^2\log n)$ algorithm for the problem of finding a $k$-intersection when the circles have different radius. (Theorem 13) It is not clear to me from the paper how that bound is achieved, but I do see how to achieve $O(n^3)$ time with their approach.
Algorithm
The main idea is to construct the following (directed) planar intersection graph $G=(V,E,F)$: The vertices $V$ of this graph are all intersection points of the circles and the edges $E$ are the circle arcs connecting those intersection points. The direction of the edges is counterclockwise on the circle, such that the interior of the circle it is part of lies to the left of the edge. We also keep track of the faces $F$ of this planar graph, which are the regions enclosed by the edges $E$.
Note that each region of circle intersections corresponds to a face of this planar graph and that the number of circles that contain the region is equal to the number of clockwise boundary edges of the corresponding face. If we have computed $G$, then we can maintain a counter for each face in $F$ and traverse the graph to visit all edges and increase the counter of face left of each edge. Then, after we have traversed the edges, each face has the number of circles that contain it stored in the counter.
Complexity
Since there can be at most $O(n^2)$ intersections of $n$ circles, $|V|=O(n^2)$. Since $G$ is a planar graph, $|E|\leq 3|V|-6 =O(n^2)$. So, traversing the graph takes $O(|V|+|E|)=O(n^2)$ time.
As for constructing the graph, the authors claim that this graph can be constructed in $O(n^2\log n)$ time by sorting the edges. I did not see any further explanation of this in the paper and do immediately see how to achieve this. (in particular, it would be helpful to know on what they sort.)
I do see how to do this in $O(n^3)$: The vertices and edges of the graph can be constructed in $O(n^2)$ time by iteratively adding new circles. When a new circle is added, we add the new intersection points and subdivide some of the existing edges.
Adding the faces is more complicated and I currently only see the naive method of for each edge $e$, traversing all edges that are on the boundary of the two faces adjacent to edge $e$. This takes $O(n)$ per edge, so $O(n^3)$ in total. It does seem like we can do better here, but I currently don't see how.

$O(n^2\log n)$ is good, but can we do better? For the case where the circles all have the same radius, this is possible: Chazelle and Lee have found an $O(n^2)$ time algorithm based on an implicit traversal through the intersection graph ("Chazelle, B. M., & Lee, D. T. (1986). On a circle placement problem. Computing, 36(1-2), 1-16."). Whether $O(n^2)$ is possible for the case with circles of different radius they leave as an open problem, which has remained open for now, as far as I'm aware.
Comment: Nice answer, basically what I had in mind for my answer but actually made concrete :)
Answer: I don't believe this problem is NP-hard, due to a simple observation: the maximum number of regions formed by $N$ circles is A014206 which is $O(N^2)$. You can just keep track of and iterate over each region with smart computational geometry formed by circle arcs, choose an arbitrary point in each region and check if $k$ circles contain that point.
This is not easy to program (computational geometry is complex), but should be on the order of $O(N^3)$ or $O(N^4)$. But perhaps someone comes up with a better algorithm.


app is not running on device but runs in simulator

Question: For some reason my app runs on the simulator but not the device.  I saw the following link My app is running on the simulator but not on the device but I'm not sure what the build mode is and where to change it.  I tried Product->Build For->Testing.  Is that what they mean?  It's still not getting to the device.  The xcode log (up where you see compilation general status) says "Running  on  iPod" but it never appears there.  It seems like in that link that they are saying I can build for iPod but I don't see that option.  I have had other of my apps run on this iPod, but I'm not sure why this one is having difficulties.
Answer: Well, it looks like it's working now.  I saw this post iOS App runs on simulator but not device? and saw the comment about restarting xcode and the device.  I already did that but this time I decided to restart my mac too along with restarting my device.  Plus, when I logged into the mac, I waited for it to pass through all the itunes business it usually does (do you want to sync, etc) when it first starts and recognizes that my device is connected.  Then I started xcode and ran my app.  The app was successfully running on the device after that.  Before, nothing was showing up on the device except for the app icon remained on the screen.


How to add custom property to bone in pose mode with python?

Question: I want to create custom property for a bone in "pose mode" and then make it drive a shape key on mesh. As there are lots of shape keys and I need to apply this to every rig I want to script it.
Answer: 1st Method

Assign a custom property to an existing type
"type" are blender data types please note that "Bone" is different from "PoseBone" type
"custom_float2" is just random name it can be anything you like
bpy.types.PoseBone.custom_float2 = bpy.props.FloatProperty(name="Test Prob", default=0.3, min=0.0, max=1)
For more description on Creation of Custom property
Then Assign it to the bone you wish to use it with
bpy.data.objects["Armature"].pose.bones["Bone"].custom_float2 = 2.0

Select the bone in pose mode and you will see the custom property
Note: bones["Bone"].custom_float2 is unique from bones["Bone 2"].custom_float2 and bones["Bone 3"].custom_float2 just you have to repeat step 2 to assing custom property to other bones

2nd Method
Create the property. Assigning some value is very important.
pbone = bpy.data.objects["Armature"].pose.bones["Bone"]
pbone['myControl'] = 0

Now as Jerryno pointed To change min, max, softmin or softmax you need to adjust the _RNA_UI_ dictionary with those parameters.
There are few things have to be kept in mind.
_RNA_UI is a single dictionary for all ID-Properties for any given object.
we have to check if this _RNA_UI dictionary exists if not create
if "_RNA_UI" not in pbone.keys():
            pbone["_RNA_UI"] = {}

And we have to use update() method to append this dictionary
pbone["_RNA_UI"].update({"myControl": {"min":0.0, "max":1.0, "soft_min":0.0, "soft_max":1.0}})

Comment: @Jerryno thanks. In First method "Standard Method" can Property name be dynamic? Or Second method is right for this kind of usage?
Comment: Both methods are fine and I would consider both standard. 1st is static property that is declared for all datablocks and supports all property types and 2nd is ID property which is declared only for single datablock and supports only floats, integers, lists and strings. That's about the only difference.. I don't know what you mean with dynamic name, can you clarify?
Comment: in 1st method can we change the min max and other parameters after it is created? and in 1st method how do i create a property that is dependent on some other objects shape keys, say using for loop...
Comment: Yes you can change the min/max just by re-declaring the property, see: http://blender.stackexchange.com/questions/28086/how-can-i-change-intproperty-default-value. To make something dependent on a property you can use driver or a callback function or handler - depends on what you need, this would be best to ask as a new question if there isn't one yet.


Team focus during corporate restructuring

Question: How would you manage/lead a project team during a reorganisation of the company. The project itself has nothing to do with the reorg, but the people are affected: some change departments, some are presented different working conditions. All decided above their heads. And all the while, when peoples lives are affected, you have to maintain focus on the project vision and deliverables.
Answer: I'm not certain you, yourself, can repair the situation other than gently reminding the survivors that there is still work to do and what needs doing. Be professional, and try to remind them to be professional as well. Restructurings, reorganizations and layoffs always introduce significant amounts of fear, uncertainty and doubt. The clearest cure would come from the top, as senior leadership can quickly squash rumors with open, honest facts. When uncertainty outperforms truth from above, then every rumor could be true and workers will treat every rumor as if it were true. When rumors rule, fear triumphs.
I'm currently listening to Predictably Irrational, and chapter 4 goes on about the difference between social norms and market norms. One of the key points the author was making is that folks typically work harder when motivated by social norms (which is why many companies try to introduce such norms by pushing for the "we're all family" approach). When social norms get replaced by market norms, people who had the social norm attitude feel betrayed, and it can take years to recover from that betrayal. If any of your senior leadership is saying "it's nothing personal, it's just business" then they've totally repudiated all social norms in favor of market norms.
Answer: This is a very difficult situation to be in, and I speak from experience!
No matter what you, as PM, may say, the team members who are affected will have their own perspective on this. The best that you can hope to do is provide a structured environment where they can immerse themselves in their work. You may be expected to be a sympathetic ear to the concerns of the team: this is fine up to a point, but if you end up being the person that they all pour out their hearts to, but can't do anything about the situation, you will lose respect and authority, so be careful.
When this happened in my place of work, I met with the team and made sure that they understood what I could - and more importantly, what I could not - do to change the situation. I then reminded them of the objectives of the project, and asked them to tell me directly (and individually- not in the open forum) if they saw any specific barriers to success. This allowed them to think about the impact of the re-organisation on their work, rather than on their personal situations.
This worked up to a point, but if people are upset and / or worried, it doesn't matter what you say: they will still be worried until they see how they are actually impacted by the new structure.
Answer: I've been there. It's difficult. You need to look at this from two different perspectives.
1- your projects. You are the PM and you need to advise your sponsor on how to manage the impact on your project. Does this mean your project might get delayed? That it should be canceled? If you didn't identify loss of team members as a risk, then deal with it as an issue.
2 - the people. As the PM you are viewed as a leader (or should be) and your job is to support the organizational goals and help people through the change. Do this by honesty and respect, don't minimize the impact, don't over dramatize the impact.
It can be done. When this happened at my company, I led a team of PMs and ran major enterprise wide projects - and my job was eliminated. Over a 2 month period I had to close down the projects - most of the key team members were downsized - and keep my PMs motivated and focused on going forward.


Automatical skyline alignment on image

Question: I need for an algorithm which do steps, displayed on image below.
Are solutions for doing this exist? (Preferably on C# or JavaScript).
Comment: Remember that this is a signal processing site, not a programming site, so try and avoid simply asking for source-code.
Answer: You could try detecting line segments in the image for example using hough transform, or maybe lswms, edlines or lsd.
After detecting the lines, you can compute their length and angle and find the longest almost horizontal line. If you are lucky, this line will be the horizon and you can rotate the whole image in the opposite direction to get the aligned image.
This might work but it will depend on how good the horizon is visible and how well it is detected.
Maybe you could find a number of potential horizon lines and have the user select the best one.
On second thought, if you involve users into this, just let them draw the horizon and then rotate the image. That's not really what you were asking for, but it will probably work better than what I suggested above. :)
Answer: I'm not expert in image processing, but if I had to try something I would
1) convert the image to grayscale
2) do some denoising (maybe with a median filter) and thresholding
3) use principal component analysis to find the orientation
Comment: There is no reason to think that the horizon is going to dominate the principle components.

Automatical skyline alignment on image


A better word than "Response"

Question: I am writing a logline for a story which deals with the global immigration crisis and the Catholic Church's response to it. I think the word response here would have a negative connotation when the story talks about the help the church is giving stranded and helpless migrants.
Comment: why do you think _response_ has a negative connotation?
Comment: I agree that _response_ is neutral. Another option would be _reaction_.
Comment: No "better" word can be given unless you give more details about what's wrong with *response*. (Why you think it's negative.) Without that, any answers here can only be random synonyms (that you may or may not also think are negative.)
Answer: You could instead use Addressed.

The Catholic church addressed the issue of x by y

But I do not think response has any negative implications in this context.
Answer: 'Response' is, indeed, neutral so it requires some additional information.

The Catholic Church's initiative, in response to the issue, was ...

Definitions of 'initiative' :

Initiative - a new plan or process to achieve something or solve a problem:

Cambridge

That which initiates, begins, or originates; the first step in some process or enterprise; hence the act, or action, of initiating or taking the first step or lead; beginning, commencement, origination.

OED

A better word than "Response"


Reverse-i-search jumps back in time!

Question: Sometimes I want to search for a previously executed command in my console.
So I press Ctrl + R and I enter in (reverse-i-search) mode. I start typing my command and I press Ctrl + R again and again to cycle through all previous commands that match the input text.
However after doing that, if I press the up or down keys I see the commands I executed long time ago, just before of after the command I just searched.
Looks like the command history "jumped" to the searched command.
My question: Is there a way of restoring my command history to the latest one, so when I press up I should see the latest commands I executed? I don't want my up and down keys to show me what I executed back then, but rather the latest commands I introduced.
I can keep my down key pressed for a while until I reach the last command, but I'm sure it must be a better way.
Answer: Press CtrlC to cancel input, and you'll get back to the present.

Reverse-i-search jumps back in time!


Do politicians use bug trackers or version control etc.?

Question: As a programmer I'm comfortable with using version control and bug trackers, but how do politicians keep track of "issues"? Do they have any digital tools which allow them to work together on the same problem? There are giant software projects which coordinate many programmers efficiently by issue tracking and issue assigning/tagging etc. e.g. on GitHub
If every politician had some kind of GitHub account it would be pretty transparent as well, if they could answer on issues made by all kinds of people (and non-public areas as well of course, since some stuff just needs to be handled in secret).
I ask because currently I'm watching a YouTube video explaining the Cum/Ex tax hole which caused damage of around 31,000,000,000 Euros. And some politicians were even informed by a banking association. But the bug/tax hole was open way too long. It seems to me that a good bug tracker with the responsible people working with it would solve such an issue way faster by allowing people to collaborate on such problems in a structured manner with all the needed people in one digital place (e.g. law makers/politicians, bankers, professionals who understand the problem).
In short: do politicians leverage digital tools to increase collaboration? If not, how do they do it? Emails and phone calls? Wait till everybody has time or is available for a meeting? That sounds way too slow and unprofessional.
Comment: But for the bankers, Cum Ex was a feature, not a bug.
Comment: Managers and generals use planning software which in many ways is the equivalent of the programming tools. I wouldn't be surprised in any way if politicians used that. See a link: http://www.capterra.com/political-campaign-software/
Comment: In my experience the closest to version control is sending around Word files with "track changes" on.
Comment: I'm voting to close this question as off-topic because it is about workplace collaboration and technology rather than politics.
Comment: How do you deal with the "it's a bug / it's a feature" dichotomy?  Consider that the republicans in the US right now argue that Obamacare is fundamentally broken and needs to be #1 on the bug list.  The democrats, on the other hand, are arguing that Obamacare worskforme and consider it to be one of the best features in our government!  On a related note, can you imagine a SCRUM project with 100 senators on the team?
Comment: I guess that depends on the country, e.g. in where I live I bet most decisions are made by a few people so no such system is actually needed, and average parliament member is as capable as Incitatus (at most) anyway.
Comment: Can you link to the video (if it was any good)?
Comment: @LangeHaare Sure: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xbm8aaFBnJw&feature=youtu.be&t=100
Comment: @1006a: indeed, it's kind of naif to believe that the German politicians did not know/did not profit from the scheme.
Comment: Actually they track versions of bills manually on the bill in text form.
Comment: Emails and phone calls are digital tools.
Comment: UK legislation can be found at http://www.legislation.gov.uk - it's heavily hyperlinked to show clauses in one Act that are amended by another Act, and so on, so it's a pretty sophisticated exercise in complex document management. But as far as I'm aware, it's only used for published legislation (and statutory instruments), not for legislation in the course of development.
Comment: The various international incarnations of the pirate party at least used "etc." - collecting opinions and policy issues from members and the general public in wiki-style software is/was a big part of their workflow.
Answer: Politicians, that is to say, the people that we elect, do not actually do the work of the government.  Their primary job is raising funds and encouraging people to vote for them.  Legislation is mostly written by their staff.
If a politician participates in writing legislation, it's not as a developer submitting changes to legislative review.  It's as a manager, writing out a few lines of direction that do not work as actual law.  The actual developers (staff) are then expected to fix that.
I doubt that most legislation writers use the same version control as is used for software.  Unlike software, legislation is written in normal language.  It has one hard line break per paragraph rather than one per statement.  They are far more likely to use the revision control built into something like Microsoft Word.  That is less about collaboration with a central source and more about seeing who made what changes when.  It's also more consistent with how they've done it historically.
Programming benefits from having everyone involved familiar with computers.  It's natural that it's on the cutting edge.  Even with that, Git only dates to 2005 and Subversion to 2000 (source:  Wikipedia).  Older systems like SCCS and RCS only worked with changes by line, which as previously noted would have ended up being paragraphs in legislation.
Note that staff works full time on whatever legislation.  They operate in small collaborative groups that actually can meet with each other to write legislation.  In particular, in the United States, committees have their own staff that are true subject matter experts.  You mention Europe, which may operate differently.  But I suspect that it doesn't.
Legislation written in public in version control would be a great idea for transparency.  Unfortunately, most politicians are more interested in getting reelected than transparency.  You can see this in California (US), where there is a system allowing law changes by public referendum.  Politicians are endlessly, albeit privately, complaining about how these make their jobs more difficult.  So any progress towards transparency tends to be made in fits and starts by newer legislators.
Comment: This answer is very confused. 1) US politicians may only be interested in reelection, but that's not necessarily the case elsewhere in the world. 2) VCS doesn't care about lines, you can checkin binary files. Your diff utility is what matters. 3) Not all VCS have a central source and all are also concerned with who/what/when. 4) VCS is _very far_ from cutting edge: CVS is 25 years old, RCS is 35. Both would work just fine. 5) A VCS doesn't have to be public, it could be used internally. 6) Again, US-bias. My politicians are just fine with a public process.
Comment: Your answer assumes that version control doesn't work for text files, which is a very incorrect assumption.
Comment: @isanae: *VCS is very far from cutting edge* -- As evidenced by the recent [WannaCry ransomware attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WannaCry_ransomware_attack), simply *updating* computers is "cutting edge" to some people. While I understand (and agree with) your point about the age of many VCS packages, I think Brythan's point is that VCS requires all users to be technologically savvy to use properly.
Comment: Version control can work just fine for text files, it's a well-used idea to use [line-breaks after every sentence](https://xkcd.com/1285/) to allow line-based VCS to deal with text just fine. You then use two line breaks to denote paragraphs. When rendering you render single line breaks as a space (or two), and two line breaks as a real line break.
Comment: @tonysdg Then he should remove the incorrect assertion about RCS being lined-based (which is nonsensical) and VCS being too recent in general.
Comment: I don't know for sure if public servants work the same way, but private lawyers usually work with Word docs and cooperate by exchanging [redlines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_comparison) - it's not technically version control, but it's close enough for their purpose.
Comment: Your answer focusses on legislation, but the question was about issue handling in politics generally. Only a small amount of the work of politicians results in legislation.
Comment: @corsiKa It works fine for text files, but not for binary files which Microsoft Word documents are.
Comment: "Version control software" is misleadingly technical. Staff doesn't need to use git or Subversion. They could used shared Google Docs or [Microsoft Word Online](https://office.live.com/start/Word.aspx), which are familiar, very easy to use, and track who changed what.
Answer: Do politicians use bug trackers or version control etc.?
This is hilarious. Many of them barely use email.
Version control software is pretty much specific to software engineering. Even disciplines that rely on evolving documents like legal practice either don't use it or are limited to Word's "Track changes" feature - or manual change markup.
The main technology politicians use is delegation. They don't write the legislation or the regulations. In some cases they will barely even read it. Instead they have a staff that keeps track of these things. That staff may be somewhat more organised. Usually they will have a set of files into which submissions from the public may be categorised. If they get a very large volume of calls or letters on a specific issue the staff will summarise it and raise it to the politician.
The UK system also informally includes what is called a "surgery", which is for dealing with person-specific or very local issues. If you're having trouble with social housing bureaucracy or want to prevent an unpopular piece of property development, you write to your MP or come see them at specific hours. They can then choose to write letters on your behalf to the responsible authority. There's no formal authority to these letters, but they're much more likely to be answered, and if the MP doesn't like the answer they can make a cause out of it.
There have been some limited cases of using issue trackers for specific things e.g. https://www.fixmystreet.com/ . Generalised ones tend to disaster. The UK has a petitions website (basically ignored); at one point they had a "nominate regulations for removal" site, but after that was astroturfed into saying that maternity leave should be ended as the highest priority, that too was abandoned.
Answer: While this may not directly answer your question in a day-to-day sense, congress.gov (formerly thomas.gov) allows public access to revision history for all bills going through either chamber of the US congress. For instance, this is the revision history for H.R. 1628, which is the American Healthcare Act of 2017. At present time of writing you can see:

The full "source code" of the bill
The revision (amendment) history of the bill
The lifecycle of the bill (Actions tab, showing the progress of the text towards becoming law)
Findings from congressional groups, such as the Congressional Budget Office (you can think of this as roughly analogous to a rollout cost estimate for a new service)

This is probably the most direct analogue to issue and revision tracking you're likely to see in politics. By and large, staffers work in email and word documents, their "issue tracking" is largely done by speaking to one another and hashing out the details. You can think of staffers as an extensive "code review" process, whereby a politician directs his staffers to add some feature to the bill, they draft some changes, and use email to code-review those changes before handing the product off to their boss - who then takes the bill and submits it as a sort of "pull request" to the main legislative body.
Comment: If you look at that bill in particular, the bill itself is a diff from some previous iteration of law. Makes deciphering the bill purposely obtuse.
Comment: @Knetic: You may also want to note that a lot of amendments are deliberately intended to be voted down, just so the politician can tell their constituents "I tried to do X, but those nasty *other* politicians wouldn't let me!"  See for example [the 2011 RSC budget](https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/2chambers/post/in-surprise-move-house-democrats-vote-present-on-conservative-budget-forcing-republicans-hand/2011/04/15/AFAgKbjD_blog.html?utm_term=.e44c5f62a143) for a case where this almost blew up (the amendment nearly passed when it was "supposed" to fail).
Comment: @casey Think of it as a "pull request", which represents a proposed patch to currently-deployed law, but which also contains multiple commits (amendments) within the bill as it evolves. Some bills create brand-new functionality, some modify current functionality, but they're all just proposed diffs that contributors need to sign off on.
Comment: @Kevin it's a misstatement to say those type of amendments are "meant" to fail. Sure, one can almost always foresee that they will fail, but your characterization implies that the amendment doesn't reflect a principle that legislator genuinely prefers, anecdotal instances aside. And really, a legislator will be criticized either way. Not offering such amendments equals doing nothing / not fighting for the people, etc. It's a form of putting yourself and others on the record and is a form of transparency at the end of the day.
Comment: @A.fm.: Poison pill amendments are a thing that happens, too, though they tend to be a bit less high profile.
Comment: @Kevin Indeed. I view that as strategic legislating ;)
Answer: A political office isn't quite the same as software development (citation needed). However there is software designed to help organise a politicians office.
Beside the obvious productivity and HR software there is software to manage canvassing (eg, ecanvasser) And CRM software targeted at politicians (civicrm).
The fact is that most politicians are essentially bosses (pointed haired or not) and using an issue tracker is not part of their skillset. Just as few CEOs use github to manage company issues; few headteachers use github to manage their schools; few doctors use github to manage patient progress. Similarly few politicians use issue tracking software. Github is intended for software development, and may not work well outside of that sector (however if you think there is a gap in the market...)
Comment: And what about using same service, that github, but designed for politics?
Answer: The problem is too big
TL;DR: 300 million people are more difficult to manage than 65 million lines of code.
Software is simple and well-defined
A very large software development project such as Microsoft Windows has about 1000 people working on it. The programmers are split into smaller teams, working on well-defined sub-tasks. In this situation, GitHub and similar tools are very useful for tracking issues like, "Module 'foo' is failing test number 23."
The object the developers act upon is a software package. For example, MS Windows has about 65 million lines of code, which again are split into well-defined sub-modules. If the developers want to test the effects of a change, they can run the software and see what happens, as many times as necessary.
Government is complicated and messy
Now, consider the US government making a new law. The object the law acts upon is The United States of America, a nation of more than 300 million people.
People may be subdivided by geography, income, political belief, or other factors; but unlike software modules, they have minds of their own. In principle, all of them can take part in developing the "product" of legislation, by voting, lobbying, protesting, and other means. Testing is usually impossible; either the law is in force, or it isn't.
The law interacts with:

Other laws
Public opinion
Economic conditions
The actions of foreign governments
Physical reality (eg. technological developments, natural disasters)

All of these things in turn depend on each other, generating complex and unpredictable feedback loops.
Conclusion
Government is much, much more complex than any software development problem. While officials do carry out online consultation exercises and the like, the scope of the problems they face is daunting. They try to identify loopholes and predict consequences ahead of time, but they do not always succeed. Even understanding the issues is a huge challenge, and the best bug-tracking system in the world would be of very limited help.
Government is a social institution, not a software package. Social institutions are much harder to modify successfully, as XKCD illustrates:
Comment: Governments have a fair share of technically well defined problems aswell, like the mentioned tax hole.
Comment: The tax loophole was open for over 20 years and there were at least 5 whistle blowers. Doesn't this suggest that some governments are unable to keep track of their "issues" and would improve with some kind of digital bug tracker? I just can't imagine how inefficiently those organisations (in this case the finance office) deal with such problems internally. More or less such state departments are the autonomous entities you speak about?
Comment: One very intentional choice by the original developers of the United States was to make the law more modular. Instead of focusing so much power at the federal level, it tried to leave as much as possible to cities, counties, and states. This meant that states could develop and test laws in isolation of each other, and if the tests passed other states could replicate the laws. Instead of a law immediately impacting 300m people, it might only impact 2m. This is less true today, and states have much fewer rights than they used to - but that was the original design.
Comment: @lama12345: Tax loopholes are well-defined and simple to close *after* they are discovered. The difficult problem is finding them. More generally, well-defined technical problems are often not handled by government directly, but delegated to an autonomous entity like a railway or utility company.
Comment: 1) Situations like this tax loophole, where a policy is clearly broken and straightforward to fix, are *very rare* and not representative of what government normally does. (So it's not surprising this one was handled poorly.) Millions of people have strong and mutually contradictory opinions on what government policy should be. Sifting the signal from the noise and deciding what to do about it is much harder than processing bug reports through GitHub. By comparison, Microsoft has it easy; regardless of political affiliation, its customers mostly just want Windows to run smoothly and not crash.
Comment: 2) "Autonomous entities" -- No. For example, a railway has many well-defined engineering problems, and effective procedures for things like reporting technical faults. In most countries, railways are not run directly by the Ministry of Transport, but by a company such as Amtrak or SNCF (which may or may not be publicly owned). A Ministry of Transport handles higher-level strategy, such as the balance between road and rail transport and how much funding should be provided to each. The point being, a government is not an engineering project and cannot be run like one.
Comment: When I was a legislative aid in Congress with a member of the House Ways and Means Committee we were well aware of some technically well defined problems with the international tax provisions of the Internal Revenue Code, but with limited resources and a frenetic pace of activity on all issues before the nation, could never find time and resources to really get a grip on  how exactly to fix it, so nothing happened for decades.
Comment: @ohwilleke: Yes, fair point. The longest-running legislative issue I'm aware of is [land ownership reform in Scotland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_reform_in_Scotland), which was effectively "parked" from about 1886-2000 for lack of parliamentary time.
Comment: @Knetic: Yes. But even a medium-sized city or small state of, say, 300,000 people has a lot more complexity than any software project.
Answer: Most legislative bodies have what is commonly called a "Law Review Commission" which is the main body that fulfills the "bug fixing" role you identify. I spent a summer working for one associated with the Michigan State legislature.
A law review commission is charged with identifying "bugs" in the law and suggesting fixes for them. But, generally speaking, they are woefully understaffed to handle this task in any comprehensive manner.
For example, in Michigan in the early 1990s, the Law Review Commission was led by a law professor who devoted perhaps 200 hours a year to the job in exchange for a small stipend, who coordinated the efforts of perhaps a dozen volunteer commission members who devoted perhaps 50 hours a year to the job, and a couple of law student interns who worked mostly in the summer for perhaps 300 hours a year each. This was a total of about 1400 person-hours a year, almost half unpaid, with almost no other budget except use of the law school's existing Westlaw subscription for the professor and the interns, and funds to print its annual report. The commission had no office space of its own, but used conference rooms at the law school to hold meetings for free.
The end product of the commission's work each year was an annual report distributed to legislators on the committees of the state house and state senate with jurisdiction over the Law Review Commission that would usually address perhaps half a dozen technical defects in the laws on the books.
Needless to say, this is completely inadequate to capture even a tiny share of the flaws in existing legislation known to members of the executive branch, or even the flaws that judges specifically address as requiring remedies in court opinions (although sometimes judges would send us courtesy copies of their opinions identifying legislative problems in hope of securing legislative action through proper channels).
The reality is that "bug fixing" legislation comes almost entirely from the initiatives of chief political relations officials in government departments (who go by myriad titles), from an Ombudsman in governments that have them (e.g. the U.S. Taxpayer Advocate), from the personal initiative of elected officials and their small legislative staffs (a fairly small subset of their total staffs), from bar association committees, from the work of various "think tanks", from a handful of highly sophisticated and politically savvy constituents who communicate recommendations to legislators whom they know, and from lobbyists, on a fairly ad hoc basis. Sometimes a state auditor or the General Accountability Office at the federal level, will also make recommendations.
This answer is based primarily on my personal experience working for a Law Review Commission in law school, as a staff member for a Congressman as an undergraduate, and as a law partner of a state legislator in my professional life including discussions with visiting legislators from other countries participating in exchange programs.
Answer: They use or should use Document Management.  The other most common alternative short of that is shared drives either on premise or cloud based.  All regulated industries use document management to control the versioning and flow of their documents.
Document Management as described on Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_management_system
Document Management is to documents what version control systems and SDLC is to code.
Comment: This does not provide an answer to the question. Once you have sufficient [reputation](https://politics.stackexchange.com/help/whats-reputation) you will be able to [comment on any post](https://politics.stackexchange.com/help/privileges/comment); instead, [provide answers that don't require clarification from the asker](https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/214173/why-do-i-need-50-reputation-to-comment-what-can-i-do-instead). - [From Review](/review/low-quality-posts/14520)
Comment: The question was "Do politicians use bug trackers or version control etc.?"
The answer is "They use document management", not just them but any regulated industry also uses document management to manage their documents.  Documents can be anything from contracts to laws. The wiki link does a good job of describing the features of document management but doesn't list systems themselves.
Answer: In general, legislators do not use a formal version control system like software developers do. However, at least one jurisdiction actually does use version control.
Washington D.C. Uses Git for Version Control of Laws
Washington D.C. uses git as the authoritative repository for municipal laws. Ars Technica published an article by a member of D.C.'s open government advisory group describing this in more detail. It also features an interesting legal change: the author was able to change the law by making a change an issuing a pull request.
Answer: When it comes to version control, at least, there are some things like that happening. Some of it is in fact available on GitHub. See e.g. https://github.com/statengeneraal/laws-markdown for Dutch law. It's no longer updated, but has a good description in English including links to others. It didn't take me a lot of Googling to find this.
You're not the first to think about this either. Here's an excellent TED talk by
Clay Shirky: Institutions vs. collaboration.
That's all mostly about opening up legislation to the public, however, not about what's actually being used within politics and government agencies right now.
Answer: Keep in mind that politicians can be in the legislative or the executive branches and can be local, state, or national. This is pretty well defined in the U.S. but I understand that there's more overlap in parliamentary governments. Our local Public Works Department (Burlington, VT, USA) uses See Click Fix which allows citizens to submit infrastructure problems to a portal. The Public Works Department can then respond to the submission, fix the problem, or explain why they won't be fixing it. These submissions are tracked publicly, they can be up-voted, and you can see how long they've been waiting for a response/fix.
A lot of comments have focused on politicians, but the question might be hinting at bureaucracy in general. Technology that would help civil servants collaborate and track issues would be very helpful if it was implemented well, was willingly adopted by those civil servants, and used by people who had the public's best interest in mind. These conditions are sometimes present and sometimes not. Government in the US at any level is not know for it's technological savvy, but there there are some exceptions I'm aware of such as the Utah DOT.
Answer: I think the analogy is somewhat misguided but I would submit that lawmaking has in fact been using version control and testing for a long time.
Taking France as an example, most statutes stem from what's called a projet de loi, submitted by the government (and therefore drafted by professional civil servants working for a ministry). It has to be checked by the conseil d'État and then by various parliamentary commissions, which result in several written evaluations of the proposed text.
Beside posturing, the debates in parliament are mostly dedicated to fixing technical problems and changing nuances of the text. It's not like the overall policy is completely open and up for debate (it depends on the results of the previous election and the plans of the government). So what's being discussed is not the what but the how. This is done through amendments, which means you can check who submitted which change (a "diff" if you will). And in many cases, a new law consists of a long list of modifications of existing law (along the lines of "article such and such is replaced by …") so again a series of diffs.
After a proposed law has been debated, voted on and adopted by both chambers of parliament, it can still be sent back by the president or submitted to the constitutional court. If you think about it, there is therefore a lot of structure in the process and many safeguards in place to catch technical mistakes.
At the same time, many observers have lamented the decreasing "quality" of the law being voted but the reason for that are political and I don't think software could solve that problem. And very often loopholes subsist because, and not in spite, of lobbyists (your "bankers" and "professionals").


Dell E6500 sound missing - why?

Question: I have Dell E6500 (figured out on Stackoverlow to be quite popular notebook). I have manually installed Windows XP Professional, with all drivers from Dell CD. However, there are some problems with YouTube – as I enter YouTube, movies do not load, and Firefox takes 90% of CPU. There is also problem with sound sometimes go missing… Missing sound usually occurs after I run VmWare Workstation. Of course everything is ok after reboot.
I suspect some connection between Sound Card and some strange tool named "SRS Premium Sound". Do you have any experience with missing sound on this computers?

Installed drivers:
A07_R212481.exe
APP_WIN_R205002.EXE
Dell_System-Software_A03_R214472.exe
DRVR_WIN_R213367.EXE
R182522.exe
R211478.exe
RICOH_MULTI-DEVICE_A00_R215879.exe
SRS_Premium-Sound_A00_R213368.exe
Answer: Do you have Flash installed?  YouTube won't operate correctly without it.
What drivers did you install for your sound card?
Comment: Yes, Flash is installed. Youtube works after reboot. List of drivers in question.
Answer: I had some trouble with my sound settings on the e6500, but I'm running Windows 7
All you could do probably is uninstall the drivers (through the hardware manager) and try reinstalling them.
Installing the Dell drivers gave me an IDT sound manager, so perhaps download the newest drivers using your service tag.
Edit: looked for a link where you had to fill in your service tag, but mine auto-directs me to the Dutch website.
Comment: Yes, there was (is?) and issue with langugage. As I was checking for Polish version of Windows, the correct drivers were those, that appeared when searching English drivers (do sound drivers really have language versions?).
Answer: Hmmm... I had a similar problem with my webcam after using a webcam extension for oovoo. What may have happened is after you ran VmWare Workstation, it could have changed what your default speakers were. If that is the case, you'll have to go to playback mixers via the volume option in the bottom right of the start bar and manually change the speakers until you find the ones that work.
Answer: Disabled and then re-enabled IDT High Definition Audio CODEC in the device manager.  Audio came back and I got to avoid rebooting to fix the audio.
Not really a fix, but a work around for when it does go out.
Answer: Some clues: when checking for drivers in Dell website do not care about Windows language, always search English. This is how I have found some driver update – it seems to be working, despite potential language conflict.

Dell E6500 sound missing - why?


Outlet turning on ceiling fan

Question: I have two switches in my kitchen for the ceiling fan. One red, white, black and ground wire. It was replaced with a receptacle but the fan and other lights on that circuit only work when you plug something into the outlet and turn it on.... What gives
Comment: Replaced with a duplex receptacle, so now you have a plug where the switches used to be?  Sounds like you've wired an outlet onto a "switch loop".  Any idea how the two switches were wired?
Comment: Yeah, you now have two devices in series. This is improper and potentially dangerous, as you effectively lower the voltage available to each device, which in turn raises current flow. Current is what makes things hot and smoky.
Comment: Is replacing the cable to the box an option? Can you post photos of the inside of the box for the ceiling fan?
Comment: I will take a look at the other switch today and snap a few pictures. The one switch only had one run of 12/3 in it.
Comment: @jphi1618 post that as an answer. +
Answer: Fire your electrician
That is such a fundamentally dumb "do not know what's going on here" mistake that it took some serious hubris to intentionally do this without knowing (or caring) how things work.  This person is a danger to self and others.
Keep in mind that electrical is a world where blindly attempting combinations is dangerous.  There are many combinations which will appear on the surface to work, but will kill you.
Look closer at the existing circuit and wiring
From here we need to look closer at what the switches are controlling - fan and light specifically. We need to see which wires might be in the back of the switch box, and how they are grouped. And we might need to make some design compromises, or fish additional wires into the walls.  Your next step is to post some photos of the wiring in the switch box, and if there's only one cable in there, the fan box as well. Don't disturb how wires are interconnected; that is essential information because colors mean nothing.
Answer: This sounds like a switch loop has been wired to an outlet.  Basically, there are two ways that a switch gets wired.  One way is that power comes in to the switch box on one cable and the switched power leaves the box in another cable and connects to the light/fan/whatever.  The other way this can be done is if the main power comes into the box that the light is in.  Now, we don't want to spend money on two cables just to go down to the switch box and back up, so we do it with only one cable.  This is known as a switch loop.
From your description, it sound like you only have one cable coming in to the box.  One way this could have been wired is that the constant power would be on the black wire, and that would connect to both of the switches.  Then, the white wire would be connected to one switch and the red to the other.  Now white and red are switched power, but if you didn't know how that all worked, you might assume that white is neutral like it is in most boxes.
Now, if you pull out the switch and connect an outlet to the white and black wires, you have an outlet that is wired "in series" with the lights or fan.  With the outlet in place, electricity will not normally flow through just the outlet, and the lights don't come on. If you plug in a device, electricity can then run through it and provide power to the lights.  The voltage and current will depend on the device you plugged in, but some power will get to the light (just not the right amount).
This incorrect wiring can lead to damage to the light or the plugged in device.  There is a way to fix this, but in order to have a working outlet in that position, you have to give up one of your switches and also rewire the boxes that the light or fan are connected to. That is beyond the scope of this question and would require quite a bit more expertise than just replacing a switch.
Answer:
I have two switches in my kitchen for the ceiling fan. One red, white, black and ground wire.

Making a few assumptions  I would say....
You are describing a three wire cable which has a white, red, black, and bare copper ground. Typically this type of wire is run to a ceiling fan location so you can switch the light and fan separately from the switch.  None of those wires should go directly to an outlet.  The power wire should be a two wire cable, white black and bare copper ground.  You need to identify which is which then then experiment by connecting the neutrals together (the white wires) then taking the black hot wire from the two wire cable and connecting it with either the red or black from the fan switch leg (3 wire cable with red and black) until the fan comes on.  If you have no light switched separately ignore the wire that doesn't turn the fan on and complete the switch by connecting the black from the two wire cable to one switch pole, and the red or black from the 3 wire cable that turns the fan on to the other pole.

Outlet turning on ceiling fan


Is my Sigma 18-50 mm lens too blurry?

Question: I purchased the Sigma 18-50mm F2.8 DC DN Contemporary for Sony E and am using it on a Sony a6000. I previously used a Sigma 30 mm prime lens and had no issues. With the new lens I am finding more blurriness at 50 mm than I expected. All the online reviews said that this lens has excellent sharpness at all zoom levels, so I'm trying to figure out if this lens if defective. Here are four photos of a bottle of hand cream shot using the 18-50 lens at 18 mm, 30.1 mm, 50 mm, and a separate Sigma 30 mm prime lens. You can see a considerable loss of sharpness in the 50 mm shot.
Comment: These look like low-light handheld shots. That introduces a ton of variables that are not the lens into your test. What's your testing setup? Have you accounted for camera shake blur (tripod/ using shutter speeds > 1/focal length with good handholding technique?), misfocus (MF/AF?), how are you certain the camera is perpendicular to the target and the same distance away at all times? Etc. etc.
Comment: A question that could be interesting for you: [Are prime lenses sharper than normal or telephoto zoom lenses?](https://photo.stackexchange.com/q/19333)
Answer:
All the online reviews said that this lens has excellent sharpness at all zoom levels

Excellent for a zoom at the longest end of its focal length range and excellent for a prime are not necessarily the same thing. Almost all zooms, especially those that start on the fairly wide end of things, are sharpest at their shortest/widest focal lengths. They're usually least sharp at their longest focal length.
From a lensrentals.com blog entry titled 'Painting Zoom Lenses with a Broad Brush – Roger's Law of Wide Zoom Relativity', Roger Cicala wrote about this very thing a while back. Talking about Wide angle zooms:

At this point, I think, the pattern is pretty clear. For simplicity sake, I think it best we give this pattern a name, and I think the logical name would be "Roger's Law of Wide Zoom Relativity" since wide zooms are relatively sharper at the wide end. Are there exceptions to this law? Yes, but they are few and far between. For a few of these sets of 9 copies, there's one lens that's better at the long end than at the wide end, but for most there are none. No set tested averaged better at the long end than at the wide end.

A little later in the same article he draws the same conclusion about mid-range zooms:

Again, you can see the pattern; standard range zooms tend to resolve better at the wider end, not as well at the telephoto end. I didn't show them, but 24-105mm and 24-120mm zooms have the same pattern. So the Law of Wide Zoom Relativity seems to hold true for zooms that go from wide to slightly telephoto.

Most primes are also sharper than most zooms, though there are some premium zoom lenses introduced in the last decade, most of which cost upwards of $2,000 USD that are as sharp or almost as sharp as good mid-range priced prime lenses costing one-third as much or less.

Is my Sigma 18-50 mm lens too blurry?


How Can Evolutionism and Creationism co-exist in Islam?

Question: I'm a 19 years old Muslim.
I've always wondered how these two theories can coexist.
In Islam pov Adam and Eve were the first two humans created and from them then humanity was formed.
But it's clearly proven that evolution was the way humans formed.
Cave-men were found all over the world, and we are really look alike to monkeys (DNA, Aspect, etc...).
How can the theory of Adam and Eve still hold? Do Muslims acknowledge evolutionism, and if I do, do that makes me less Muslim?
Comment: look at here: http://islam.stackexchange.com/questions/54/is-evolution-compatible-with-islam
Answer: There is Hadith which mentions that Adam and Even were much larger in size than us, this means that when they were sent to earth, they were not sent in the same body, but given the homosapien body (this is of course an assumption from my part).

It was narrated that Abu Hurayrah (may Allaah be pleased with him) said: The Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: "Allaah created Adam in his form, sixty cubits tall… and everyone who enters Paradise will be in the form of Adam, sixty cubits tall…"
(Narrated by al-Bukhaari, 5873; Muslim, 7092)

According to the above Hadith, they weren't sent to earth in the same body, nor will we enter paradise in the same body.
The evolution of biological entities is no different than the evolution of universe, Allah (swt) mentions about the expanding universe in the Quran:

"And the heaven We created with might, and indeed We are (its) expander." (Quran 51:47)

Expansion is a form of evolution/change, Allah (swt) testifies to be the creator and controller of evolution, whether that be small biological beings like us, or the bigger entities within the universe, such as galaxies etc..
To reiterate, Islam doesn't clash with the theory of evolution, but that does not mean the theory of biological evolution is correct.
Important Note: You mentioned cavemen looking like monkeys, we have people today who look like Monkeys, some people would say the rapper "50 cent" looks like a Monkey, that doesn't prove anything. We have people today who have hair all over their body, including their face (just like Monkeys), yet again, that doesn't prove anything. We have 20 year old human beings the size of a 6 year old baby, yet again, it doesn't prove anything, they're still human beings. We have human beings with no eyes, human beings with extra fingers, we have conjoined human beings.... the list goes on, yet again, it doesn't prove anything because they're still human beings.
Let's say we were to find this skeleton:

Would this be consider as a different specie?
Answer: In Islam, we don't believe in evolution, and the answer lies in the fact that Allah says nothing is missing in this book. A big claim like evolution would not be omitted.
The common points between humans and other living creatures is the inner design 1) DNA that is composed of only 4 types nucleotides and the outer design 2) for example, a cat also has a mouth and ears and a stomach.

But it's clearly proven that evolution was the way humans formed

No, on the opposite, what the one who contemplates 3/191, whose meanining is that every created being points to Allah (some through strength, some through deficiency), finds out is Tawheed.
Think about it, can a billion different creatures be created from just 4 building blocks except through Allah's power?
Just like how no one says "iPhone 5 evolved from iPhone 4 through random chance" but it's evident that the similarity of them is the proof of the same creator of them, the patterns among the created are the proof of Allah.
It had also been possible that all created beings had been containing different nucleotides and had completely different forms, and contemplating this case helps us understand the meaning of the current way of our creation: That Allah chose to create everything with common patterns is a visible proof of Tawhid for us, just like how iPhones are similar and they come from the same creator, and no one claims that an iPhone turned into a newer one through random chance.
Hence, the common features among the created beings are designed by Allah so that the one who sees the similarities can remember that they all were created by the same God.
So in our beliefs, many things in life are to be understood through religion. Because non-religious people reject this, they felt the need to develop contradicting alternative theories. For us Muslims, Allah certainly exists, and He certainly has the power to create whichever creatures He wills. But for non-religious people, the story involves many extremely improbable steps: they claimed that the successive evolution of dirt into a cell first then into organelles then into cell with organelles then into multicellular cell etc. and all this through random mutations. Obviously, if one accepts even some probability of the existence of God, there remains no possibility but that Allah created everything.
As for the theory that the creation of humans involved a simpler organism, this is wrong because humans have free will so their spirits are different than animals' and bacteria's.
Lastly, the important point is that it's guaranteed that non-religious people will produce some theories, but what matters to us is that we don't leave what the Qur'an tells us and is certain for non-religious people's theories, because they use only improbable paths and seek to justify certain things about the creation without reference to religion. For us, the Qur'an is complete and it gives lots of details about creation. There's no reason to blend competing beliefs which were formulated by people who wanted alternatives to religion.
So as a summary, the similarity among the created beings is a sign to us from Allah so that we see how every one of us was created by Him. But for materialists, this is implausible, and the common belief among them is an improbable chain of mutations rather than the existence of Allah. And this shouldn't be a surprise for us, because Allah tells us, as per his decree, that some of his servants will have curtains on their eyes and will not see signs of Him. Allah is all-powerful and all-knowing but evolution assumes that somehow many extremely improbable steps took place. What matters for us is that the entire creation story is found in the Qur'an and that the Qur'an is complete leaves us no need to seek further theories.
Answer: Evolution. Islam accepts evolution within species but not that one species evolves into another. The Darwinian Theory of Evolution, and it was only a theory, has been repeatedly totally disproved. It requires very little research from reliable sources to find the prove of these statements. And Allah Subhanallah ta'ala knows best.
Answer:
In Islam pov Adam and Eve were the first two humans created and from
them then humanity was formed.

i have checked this in quran, at these ayats: http://corpus.quran.com/qurandictionary.jsp?q=A%5Edam .
i have thought how can i interpret them all compatible with evolution? i have come to this: adam and eve were not concrete persons like us, but they were concepts, prototypes, models, each including some variations.
at some point in time when human ancestors were evolutioning, god might send these prototypes to earth, so resulting in that human ancestors set a course of evolution to form first humans in form of adam and eve.
or, maybe, god set course of evolution of some monkeys so that they become almost humans, then he put to brains of a concrete pair of the humans a feeling that they have come from paradise, not born on earth.


Where to store data on AWS?

Question: I'm using AWS to host my application, and I'm using mongodb as db. I have installed mongodb on amazon ec2, but now I have no idea about where I should store all of my data. Can I store all of my data on ec2 itself as my db will grow with time?
Answer: Yes.
Think of EC2 as a machine. It has a disk attached - a EBS (Elastic Block Store), and the disk size is your limit. Lets say your ec2 instance has a 20gig disk. If you database grow over 20gig, you will have to resize your attached disk.
I am not aware of a auto-scalling method for EC2 disks.
But you can simply make a snapshot of a EBS, create another EBS from this snapshot with you desired size, detach the old disk from your machine and attach the new one. This new disk will have all of the old disk data (its a snapshot, a clone) but will be bigger in size. Lets say you make it 30gigs this time.
After that, if you are on a Linux EC2 Machine, you'll have to run a command within the machine to resize the disk to the new value. Its as simple as that.
Just the other day my machine started behaving bad, I checked and it had a disk full. The whole proccess took a couple of minutes and was done entirely on the EC2 dashboard plus a simple ssh command on the machine.
Full details here: http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/ebs-expand-volume.html
Comment: Just a small note: depending on the instance type, other storage types (SSD and HDD) are available, too.  These are not recommended, though: https://docs.mongodb.org/ecosystem/platforms/amazon-ec2/
Comment: Good input. I have not experience with mongodb. A couple of EBS options available but one has to pick one that is appropriate for the mission. You can easily attach multiple EBS's to the same machine. If you need ssd for cache (IE) and Mongodb doesnt play well with it, just attach a standard HDD (magnetic?). Best of luck.
Comment: One thing to keep in mind: backups. EC2 instances can and will be terminated without notice. Any information that is stored on one should have an automated backup system running if you value your data at all.
Comment: @WillemRenzema exactly this is why EBS is recommended: it is not instance-specific, so it survives an instance crash.
Comment: Good point @willemRenzema. I use Turnkey Linux Hub to manage my Ec2 machines. All my software runs on their vms which are crafted on top of debian. Turnkey linux itself has a backup software which I strongly recommend (tklbam) but the hub itself schedules snapshots and even full images of my machines! You can restore to a different machine right from the hub. I am sure there are many saas like this out there. Or if you are into the command line you sure could use aws cli to schedule this yourself.

Where to store data on AWS?