Can underage people who commit a crime while underaged but are later charged with the same crime after turning 18 be tried as an adult?

Question: U.S federal law specifically but are there other countries that do this and in USA is an affirmative defense possible in these cases where they are tried as an adult?
Comment: If someone is charged with underaged drinking, can they request to be tried as an adult?
Comment: Do you mean the crime was committed when they were under 18 or when they were legally a minor or when they were under the age of criminal responsibility ?  These can be different ages.
Comment: I would assume an answer that says that there is a country that doesn't differ between minors and adults in criminal law would be a cop-out?
Comment: @MichaelHall I don't think any court would agree to that request, given that it tends to be honoured only if the crime was severe and the penalty higher for adults (thus only if the prosecution asks for it).
Comment: Just in case, in case you assault someone badly a week before your 18th birthday, and they die after the birthday, when is it a murder? When the victim dies, or when the assault happened (except we didn't know it was murder at the time)? Could that make a difference?
Comment: There are two aspects: The law might say that at 17 you are less responsible. It might also say that at 17 you shouldn't go to an adult prison which a 17 year old would have problems handling. Depending on the laws they might go to sn adult prison.
Answer: germany
Defendants who are later accused of a crime committed when they were minor (under 18, or under 21 if the court finds that they had juvenile mental maturity) will be tried under juvenile rules.
That can lead to people almost 90 years old being sentenced to juvenile detention. (A suspended sentence, not least because of the time that had passed.)

[...] On July 23th, 2020, D. was given a suspended sentence of  two years of juvenile detention for 5232 counts of accessory to murder and one count of accessory to attempted murder. [...]
(my translation)
Comment: @stannius in case you were unfamiliar - the difference between different forms of written English is no problem for anyone but linguists. A "British English to US English translator" would be more humourous than useful.
Comment: @MichaelHarvey: Fairly sure that was a joke, just like the "British to U.S. English translator" bit earlier. :-)
Comment: @stannius, the relevant quote from the report you link is "[...] was tried in a juvenile court because he was 17 at the time the atrocities were carried out [...]"
Comment: @stannius Sounds like a problem for ChatGPT, or, as the Brits call it, chatty whack willy wonkers.
Comment: Would you mind translating some of  your German article? I assume it's someone who was in the Nazi Youth but don't know German
Comment: @stannius Funnily enough "For a laugh" sounds much more BrE than AmE.
Comment: @AzorAhai-him, only one sentence which really matters. I added that.
Comment: same in the Netherlands AFAIK.
Comment: @AzorAhai-him- here is an English article. British English, don't have a translator to US English handy. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-53511391
Comment: @AzorAhai-him- - I'm a Brit, and I've never heard of that. It sounds very apt, though.
Comment: Yes, it was supposed to be a joke. Looks like the only British part of that article was the URL. For giggles I fed it to chatGPT and it didn't change a single word. I also fed the phrase "For giggles I fed it to chatGPT and it didn't change a single word. " and it suggested "For a laugh, I fed it to chatGPT and it didn't change a single word."
Answer: In all U.S. jurisdictions (as a matter of constitutional law), if age was an affirmative defense to the crime when it was committed you would benefit from that affirmative defense at trial, even if the trial took place when you were an adult.
In most U.S. jurisdictions (although that rule is not constitutionally required) you are tried as a juvenile in the juvenile justice system for crimes committed as a juvenile. I recall this being done in a case involving a celebrity in Massachusetts, but don't remember who it was.
In the case of serious offenses committed by an older juvenile, prosecutors in many jurisdictions are allowed to try a juvenile offender as an adult anyway, so trying an adult as an adult rather than as a juvenile for one of these offenses wouldn't violate any right of the defendant.
With respect to federal criminal offenses in particular, I don't know how juvenile offenders are handled in the federal criminal justice system period. In part, this is because these cases are overwhelmingly handled under state law, and in part, this is because there is minimal press coverage of these cases which are usually secret for the general public.
How Sentences Are Served
Despite this fact, the place where the sentence was served might be different if you were an adult when convicted than if you were a child when convicted.
Children who are sentenced to incarceration are usually imprisoned in juvenile detention centers rather than adult prisons. But someone who was, for example, convicted of a murder committed at age 15 when he was age 26, would, in all likelihood, serve his sentence in an adult prison rather than in a juvenile detention center that is not equipped to handle adult detainees.
Most U.S. jurisdictions also provide that someone who is sentenced in the juvenile justice system who "ages out" during their sentence is transferred to an adult prison at that time if the sentence has not been fully served by then.
However, that doesn't come up very often, because the percentage of juvenile convictions that leave someone with a sentence so long that they can age out is small, and a large share of juveniles who commit a crime that serious are transferred from the juvenile justice system to the adult criminal justice system for trial in any case.
Statute Of Limitations Considerations
Also, the question of age of criminal responsibility questions can come up only for a handful of federal crimes that would be barred by the statute of limitations anyway.
The default federal criminal statute of limitations is five years, and 13 years old will generally be above the age of criminal responsibility, so for those federal crimes that can't come up. According to the same source the main exceptions in federal law are as follows:

tax evasion or failure to file a tax return — 6 years from the date of the crime

fraud against the U.S. involving $1,000,000 or more —7 years from the date of the crime

bank fraud or RICO predicated on bank fraud — 10 years from the date of the crime

mail fraud — 10 years from the date of the crime

wire fraud — 10 years from the date of the crime

embezzling from a federal institution —10 years from the date of the crime

conspiracy to commit a federal crime —  the applicable statute begins to run on the date of the "last act"

immigration offenses — 10 years from the date of the crime.

"capital crimes" (see below).

It would be rare for a middle school age or younger child to commit thee kinds of fraud crimes, and even more rare for someone below the age of criminal responsibility to be in a position to do so, although the immigration offense crime might come up in the case of an unaccompanied minor illegal immigrant.
There is no federal statute of limitations for certain "capital crimes" but again, the cases where a child below the age of criminal responsibility might commit these acts is again vanishingly rare. Most are variations on murder or attempted murder, although a few go beyond that. Federal capital offense include, but are not limited to:

murder committed in a wide range of specific fact patterns relating to matters under the jurisdiction of the federal government, and also destruction of aircraft, motor vehicles, or related facilities resulting in death, civil rights offenses resulting in death, mailing injurious articles with intent to kill or resulting in death, genocide, hijacking aircraft resulting in death, torture resulting in death committed outside the U.S. by a U.S. national or foreign national on U.S. soil, terrorist murder in the U.S. or another country,

treason,

espionage,

sexual offenses against children.
Comment: Are there any "continuous crimes"? Like tax fraud or theft, is it a crime if I keep the money and as long as I keep it?
Comment: @JanusBahsJacquet I did. Clerical error fixed. Thank you for pointing that out.
Comment: @gnasher729 There are some continuous crimes, although theft is not one of them, and the only "continuous crime" in the area of tax law is failure to file any tax return. Trespass is frequently a continuous crime.
Comment: Re federal juvenile offenses, there's [a useful Congressional Research Service report](https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL30822.html) that goes into some detail on the different options available. Federal delinquency proceedings are an option under the Federal Juvenile Delinquency Act, but it's quite uncommon (most cases involve Native Americans), as it will usually make more sense for everyone to either handle the matter in state court (where, unlike the federal system, there's a full juvenile justice system that does this every day) or trial as an adult in federal court.
Answer: england-and-wales
No. If they were younger than 10 (being the age of criminal responsibility) at the time then they do not commit an offence so cannot ever be arrested for it, regardless of how old they are in the future.
It's extremely difficult to prove a negative but this article by a criminal defence solicitor explains that:

If a person is 10 years old or older, they cannot be arrested or charged in relation to an offence that they committed when they were under the age of 10.
Comment: Although tagged USA, I have answered in line with: *we expect and encourage answers dealing with other jurisdictions ... please tag your answer using the tag markdown: [tag: some-tag]*". From the [Help centre](https://law.stackexchange.com/help/on-topic)
Answer: canada
No prosecution for things that a person did while younger than twelve
First, if the act or omission happened while the person was under the age of twelve years old, the person will never face criminal responsibility for that act or omission. See Criminal Code, s. 13:

No person shall be convicted of an offence in respect of an act or omission on his part while that person was under the age of twelve years.

Being "tried as an adult"
Canada does not have the procedure of trying young people as an adult. If an offence is alleged to have been committed while a person was a young person (defined as someone between twelve and eighteen), they will be tried as provided under the Youth Criminal Justice Act. See s. 14(1):

a youth justice court has exclusive jurisdiction in respect of any offence alleged to have been committed by a person while he or she was a young person, and that person shall be dealt with as provided in this Act.

Imposing an adult sentence

the Act does allow judges to impose an adult sentence on a youth who is found guilty of a serious offence and was 14 years of age or older when the crime was committed. In fact, prosecutors are obligated to consider seeking an adult sentence when a youth is found guilty of murder, attempted murder, manslaughter or aggravated sexual assault.
Department of Justice, "Sentencing of Young Persons"

See also Youth Criminal Justice Act, s. 64.
Answer: Unsure if this is asking about the age of criminal responsibility, or if it's the age of criminal responsibility in U.S. Federal Law, then the child is not liable for the crime if they were not yet 11 years old on the date of the criminal incident.   If they are older than 11, but younger than 18 (legal adulthood). The Feds will either recommend the offender to state court systems, begin federal delinquency proceedings, or petition federal court to move the juvenile to be tried as an adult.  This determination is typically case dependent and made based off of specific facts related to the case.   If delinquency proceedings are used, the child will not be tried in adult court after turning 18 for the same criminal incidents, as this would violate the child's fifth Amendment rights against double jeopardy.
U.S. law considers the age of the defendant at the time of crime when making a determination, so if they were discovered to be responsible after their 11th birthdate for a crime that occurred prior to that same date, they would not be tried, since they were not 11 at the time of the crime.   If they are 17 and will turn 18 before the trial, then they would likely be charged as an adult, but would not subject the child to any punishment that would be for a legal adult offender (i.e. if charged with a capitol offense, you cannot use the death penalty if the defendant was 17 at the time of the incident, even if they are 18 at time of trial).
An exception to U.S. Law's preventing Double Jeopardy is the concept of separate sovereigns.  This holds that a trial for a crime in state court triggers only for that state.  Other states, territories, tribal governments that are separately sovereign, and the Federal Government can all try an offender for the same crime if the crime occurred in their jurisdiction.
It is exceptionally rare that juvenile offenders are tried in the federal level of government as most federal crimes are not something that can't be handled at the state level, OR involve crimes crossing state lines, the latter of which is difficult for a youth, as it usually involves travel methods not readily available to a juvenile.  The most likely youth federal crime would likely involve an incident at a branch office of a Federal Government facility.  In that case, the child would likely be criminally referred to state law-enforcement to handle.


Is Mundo a strong jungler?

Question: I've seen jungle Mundo a lot lately, and I usually see him lose.  I don't feel that his ganks are strong enough, and his counter jungling doesn't seem strong either.  Am I overlooking something?
Answer: Dr Mundo is a great jungler. Saintvicious from Professional team Counterlogic Gaming uses him often. He has really fast clears which allows him to counter jungle.
His ultimate and his Masochism(E) allows him to be really strong and really hard to take down allowing him to be very good at resisting counter jungling.
His ganks do rely on his clever so I run him with exhaust and smite to help with his ganks.
Another thing that makes him strong is that he is stronger than other junglers late game.
Comment: Thanks, I think this cleared it up.  I guess I haven't seen anyone other than saintviscous do well with him (could be saintviscous is a good player, rather than mundo), and the last jungle mundo I saw on a pro game got counter jungled pretty hard himself.
Comment: I'm pretty sure Saint ran Mundo in the Hannover tournament if you wanna check out some of those videos. not sure how well he did individually but CLG did make it through to the semi-finals (90% sure) so he couldnt have done to bad .
Comment: Haha yea.  I'll have to take a look.  Haven't seen many people play mundo until recently, maybe because of saint.  Thanks again.
Answer: Mundo has a very strong counter jungle. With burning agony you can clear waves very fast.
He also does more damage the lower hp which helps his clear times.
His cleaver also does a lot of damage to dragon and baron.
On top of that he can absorb a lot of damage late game which can be useful during team fights.
Comment: Hadn't considered the strength for quick dragon kills.  I was concerned that his health cost on his burning agony slowed down his own jungle, or left him open for countering.
Comment: oh no, his w is shyvanas that you can turn off when you want. just think of him as shyvana, except with more ridiculous late game potential.
Answer: Jungle mundo is just the flavor of the month jungler.  His ganks are reliant on hitting a cleaver that is not that hard to dodge with boots and his ultimate is kinda nullified with ignite.  However his counterjungling strength can make up for it in the earlier game
Answer: People like him because he has one of the fastest clears. His ganks are actually really deadly, but it is reliant on hitting the first cleaver.

Is Mundo a strong jungler?


Is it necessary to leave time between between physical exercise and taking a bath?

Question: I want to know whether it is necessary to leave time between physical exercise and taking a bath. If necessary, then how many minutes? Also, is it advisable to exercise after eating?
Comment: Light exercising is advisable after eating; it aids in faster digestion. Leisure walking or casual biking is recommended.
Answer: It's not really necessary but it's definitely recommend. It's quite important to cool down after exercising. I can't tell you an exact time you should wait since you should know when you're cooled down. Usually, I wait around 15 - 20 minutes before taking a bath or taking a shower.
Exercising after eating? No, it's not advisable. If you're eating, your blood will be in your intestine and stomach to help you to digest. So you're missing important blood to keep up your mind and body. I think you know this feeling of being tired after eating a great - basically a huge - meal. Don't overdo it, exercising is no fun with a full belly.
I've found this searching the web. It also recommends you to cool down first before taking your bath or shower.


Is publicly accessible data protected?

Question: Are there any restrictions to using publicly accessibly information posted by a company? An example would be a list of the 100 top movies on IMDB, or the 30 most-followed pages on Twitter, or the 5 most-listened songs on Spotify.
Comment: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweat_of_the_brow
Comment: There may be subtleties related to the country you're in, so specifying this would help. Also, you may want to check the T&Cs of said sites, which will usually tell you if you can share that information, under which conditions, if any.
Answer: Fact are not subject to copyright protection: a list of the top 100 movies on IMDB is a list of facts. There is copyright in the artistic work that surrounds these facts; the font used, pictures, formatting etc. and you can't copy that but if, for example, you used a web API to query the info from IMDB and displayed it as your own artistic creation that is perfectly fine.
Comment: Compiling the list is work, and subject to copyright or other rights, depending on the jurisdiction. If you independently come to the same facts, then you can of course publish them. If you just take them from someone else, I'd argue that would be subject to copyright. But many companies publishing this type of information actually allow you (or even want you) to share and re-publish the information, as long as you properly source it.

Is publicly accessible data protected?


Can I apply for Schengen visa from German consulate (Germany will be my entry port)though I will be staying for more nights in Poland?

Question: I have booked a package tour for travelling in Europe from Bangalore. My entry port will be Germany where I will be staying for 2 nights and I will be staying in Poland for 3 nights. I want to know if I can apply for Visa from Germany( can apply for Visa in Bangalore) instead of Poland since we have to travel to Mumbai from Bangalore in order apply for Visa.
Answer: You must apply at the consulate for the main destination of your trip. If there are no special factors, that would be the place where you stay longest. Are you doing anything in Germany that could be convincingly argued as the main purpose of the trip?
If not, applying for a German visa would mean that the German consulate will turn your application down because they're not responsible for your trip.


Statistics book recommendation

Question: this is a subject that time and again shows up, and I've read old postings. Still:
I am taking an intro class in statistics from a Math department (Junior/Senior level). It is pretty intense (it's statistics and probability) and has a strong math component (calculus as well as linear algebra are required and used throughout the class). Exercises are done using R most of the time. The book we follow is an unedited book from the lecturer, and it's OK, but even though it's strong in the math part, it doesn't give a lot of examples nor tackles the very important aspects of why we do some things or what's the importance of this or that. I read here that a lot of people love Sheldon Ross' books, but when I looked at them, the equation parts are way below what we are doing. Is there a book like that, but more in depth in the math part?
Thank you so much for any suggestion and why.
Comment: Does this answer your question? [Recommend a statistics fundamentals book](https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/6254/recommend-a-statistics-fundamentals-book)
Comment: Statistical Inference by Casella & Berger is a good source. It is calculus based and does not involve measure theory, so it is appropriate for upper level undergraduate level. There is a pdf of the textbook and solutions manual freely available online.
Comment: I looked at it. Very similar format/contents to my lecturer. Is there something less... dry?
Comment: You basically want an applied statistics text that covers the major inferential procedures discussed in a mathematical statistics text at the undergraduate level.  I don't know of any specific references, but consider that you may actually end up needing multiple texts to address this need, since applied texts tend to be focused on certain aspects of statistical practice (e.g., regression vs. ANOVA vs. estimation vs. Bayesian theory vs. hypothesis testing).
Comment: The book I referenced below covers both applied methods (ANOVA, Regression, Nonparametrics) but also includes advanced, but non-measure theoretic, discussion of theoretical issues like consistency, sufficiency, the most powerful tests (including Neyman-Pearson lemma), Cramer-Rao lower bounds and their use in MVUE, and bayesian vs frequentist methodologies. All of this is at at the upper undergrauduate level, so all you need is calculus and some basic matrix theory. Also, there are lots of questions...with answers to test yourself.
Answer: Consider Modern Mathematical Statistics with Applications by Devore and Berk. Its calculus based and uses a bit of linear algebra, but livens it up by applying it to real data and usually discusses motivations for methods. As a bonus, there are answers to a lot of the problems in the back of the book.

Statistics book recommendation


Interacting with Contract instance works on hardhat local rpc but throws error on mumbai testnet

Question: So I'm currently working on an nft marketplace and I have this function that gets all the collections(which are proxy contracts) in the marketplace and gets basic info from the contract, like the name, symbol etc. And everything works fine when the contracts are deployed and runinng  on the hardhat test network but when I deployed the contracts to the mumbai testnet I get this error;
Uncaught (in promise) Error: call revert exception (method="totalSupply()", errorArgs=null, errorName=null, errorSignature=null, reason=null, code=CALL_EXCEPTION, version=abi/5.5.0)
    at Logger.makeError (index.ts:225:1)
    at Logger.throwError (index.ts:237:1)
    at Interface.decodeFunctionResult (interface.ts:425:1)
    at Contract.<anonymous> (index.ts:392:1)
    at Generator.next (<anonymous>)
    at fulfilled (index.ts:2:1)

This is my code
export const getAllCollections = async () => {
  const provider = await getProvider();

  const factoryContract = new ethers.Contract(
    tokenFactory,
    TokenFactory.abi,
    provider
  );

  const nftContract = new ethers.Contract(nftaddress, NFT.abi, provider);

  const collectionsAddress = await factoryContract.getAllCollections();
  console.log(collectionsAddress);
  let result = [];
  for (let i = 0; i < collectionsAddress.length; i++) {
    const address = collectionsAddress[i];
    const collection = nftContract.attach(address);

    console.log(collection);

    const name = await collection.name();
    const symbol = await collection.symbol();
    const thumbnail = await collection.getThumbnail();
    const userId = await collection.getUserId();

    result[i] = { name, symbol, address, thumbnail, userId };
  }

  return result;
};

I tried changing the way the way i return the instance by using
 const collection = ethers.getContractAt(NFT.abi, address, provider);

But that just throws another error
Unhandled Rejection (TypeError): ethers__WEBPACK_IMPORTED_MODULE_1__.ethers.getContractAt is not a function

I and when i tried importing hardhat so that I could change the above code to
const hre = require("hardhat");

const collection = hre.ethers.getContractAt(NFT.abi, address, provider);

My application doesnt compile and throws this error:
<--- Last few GCs --->

[12580:00000272FA68BBB0]  2415158 ms: Scavenge 2037.4 (2083.5) -> 2036.6 (2093.7) MB, 16.0 / 0.0 ms  (average mu = 0.627, current mu = 0.267) allocation failure
[12580:00000272FA68BBB0]  2419309 ms: Mark-sweep (reduce) 2043.9 (2094.0) -> 2040.8 (2083.0) MB, 3300.9 / 0.2 ms  (+ 576.9 ms in 109 steps since start of marking, biggest step 41.6 ms, walltime since start of marking 3910 ms) (average mu = 0.458, current

<--- JS stacktrace --->

FATAL ERROR: Reached heap limit Allocation failed - JavaScript heap out of memory
 1: 00007FF7CA6EE3EF v8::internal::CodeObjectRegistry::~CodeObjectRegistry+111951
 2: 00007FF7CA67DA36 v8::internal::WebSnapshotDeserializer::context_count+65446
 3: 00007FF7CA67E8ED node::OnFatalError+301
 4: 00007FF7CAFBA78E v8::Isolate::ReportExternalAllocationLimitReached+94
 5: 00007FF7CAFA540D v8::SharedArrayBuffer::Externalize+781
 6: 00007FF7CAE27F0C v8::internal::Heap::EphemeronKeyWriteBarrierFromCode+1468
 7: 00007FF7CAE25242 v8::internal::Heap::CollectGarbage+3778
 8: 00007FF7CAE22D95 v8::internal::Heap::AllocateExternalBackingStore+1909
 9: 00007FF7CAE461B1 v8::internal::Factory::NewFillerObject+209
10: 00007FF7CAB75D35 v8::internal::DateCache::Weekday+1349
11: 00007FF7CB042B11 v8::internal::SetupIsolateDelegate::SetupHeap+472849
12: 00007FF7CB043A58 v8::internal::SetupIsolateDelegate::SetupHeap+476760
13: 00007FF7CB098722 v8::internal::SetupIsolateDelegate::SetupHeap+824098
14: 00007FF7CB036D14 v8::internal::SetupIsolateDelegate::SetupHeap+424212
15: 0000027280792239
error Command failed with exit code 134.
info Visit https://yarnpkg.com/en/docs/cli/run for documentation about this command.

This my hardhat config file
require("@nomiclabs/hardhat-waffle");
require("@openzeppelin/hardhat-upgrades");
require("@nomiclabs/hardhat-ethers");

const privateKey = process.env.PRIVATE_KEY;
const projectId = process.env.PROJECT_ID;

module.exports = {
  paths: {
    artifacts: "./src/artifacts",
  },
  networks: {
    hardhat: {
      chainId: 1337,
    },
    mumbai: {
      url: `https://polygon-mumbai.infura.io/v3/${projectId}`,
      accounts: [privateKey],
    },
    mainnet: {
      url: `https://polygon-mainnet.infura.io/v3/${projectId}`,
      accounts: [privateKey],
    },
  },
  solidity: "0.8.4",
};

I am currently at my wits end, I have been going through the hardhat and ethers documentation, read couple of articles and tried different solutions but nothing seems to be working. Anyone knows what I'm doing wrong?
Answer: Connecting to the mainnet fixed the issue for me, seems the error is from mumbai cause the code works fine on both local and mainnet rpc. I know this isnt an optimal solution especially if you just wanna run some test but this is what worked for me and thought I should share.


4-connected vs 8-connected in Connected Component Labeling. What is/are the merit/s of one over the other?

Question: I want to implement Connected-Component Labeling but I'm not sure if I should do it in a 4-connected manner or 8-connected. I've read about 3 materials on it but none of them explains their choice of graph connectivity. One of them chose 8, the other two 4 and one of those two said that he chose 4 for a shorter program trace (noting that extending his pseudocode to 8 should be trivial). So, what are the merits of one over the other?
Comment: Ooh connected component labelling. Brings back the old days.
Comment: Shouldn't 8 make the trace shorter than 4? Wider searches aren't that deep...
Comment: @Itjax Is that an advantage of 8? By "shortening the trace" the author meant "I'd have to explain fewer neighbor pixels (8 vs 4) on those iterations that I will explain".
Answer: The only real difference is how the algorithms handle diagonal configurations. With a diamond neighborhood, diagonal "in" elements will not be connected. With the square neighborhood, they will.
You might want to treat this as an ambiguous case instead of just always doing one or the other. Some existing strategies will look at the actual values before binarization and interpolate a value between the diagonal elements. This value is binarized and when it too is in, the diagonal elements are connected. Otherwise, they are not.
Answer: Well, based on my humble experience, I would say there's no 'merit' in using 4 or 8 connected.
What will happen is that using 4 connected for labelling, you will probably get more objects.
It's like an island of pixels. Some 'islands' are connected with others islands by only one pixel, and if this pixel is in diagonal, using 4 connected will label both islands as two separate objects, while 8 connected will assume they are only one object.
Answer: I regret to dissent with this page's comments, at least in what concerns search algorithms in binary images. In there clear advantages can be shown when using 4- over the the 8-connectivity. That is, in the geometry of the solution. Obviously, the disadvantages are in the time complexity (theoretically operating in "4-mode" has a time complexity twice as large as in the other mode).


Why does not Google switch to POST method for queries?

Question: With ISPs getting license to record and sell customer's traffic data, why doesn't Google switch to POST method for search queries to provide better security to the users, while HTTPS is already used?
Comment: Can you explain why you think POST would be more secure?
Comment: Because that would be pointless? As you said, Google already encrypts search queries using HTTPS; submitting queries over POST wouldn't provide any additional protection.
Answer: ISPs will either be able to record/sell queries such as DNS, which leaks no information about content other than domain name.
If ISPs record traffic then POST/GET data is equally easy to capture. If the traffic is sent over HTTPS its equally as difficult to capture. The SSL/TLS tunnel is secure end-to-end regardless of the content being transferred.
The only way ISPs could see the secure communications is by man in the middling the traffic, such as getting you to install their own ROOT CA to allow them to proxy your communications. But again then they would see all POST/GETs anyway.
Comment: @SecretSasquatch: [Can URLs be sniffed when using SSL?](https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/30976/can-urls-be-sniffed-when-using-ssl).
Comment: @SteffenUllrich Thanks.  I was under the impression that the data in the URL parameters was exposed over HTTPS and only the body of the request was encrypted.  Thanks for the clarification.
Comment: If a Google search query was not included in the URL parameters but rather in the POST data (ie. in the body of the message instead of in the header), then wouldn't an HTTPS connection encrypt your query string data better than if the query was in the URL string? Am I missing something?
Comment: No, that's the point of SSL - You can't see within the tunnel at all.
Answer: Yes, you are missing something. The HTTPS channel is openned first then the GET request is sent over the tunnel. It is not exposed at all.
Its like this: https://google.com/search?q=...

get IP from hostname - its google.com (using DNS - this can be captured by ISP)
check the protocol - its HTTPS
Open encrypted channel and validate certificate - ISP knows you are connecting to google.com
Send HTTP request over encrypted channel - Can't (or can be very hardly) captured by ISP as traffic is encrypted.

There is no way ISP can capture anything behind the https://google.com/... Everything in the HTTP protocol, including the request and headers is encrypted and it does not matter if it is get or post. the encryped data is:
GET /search?q=... HTTP/1.1
Host: google.com
....

in case of post:
POST /search HTTP/1.1
Host: google.com
...
\n
q=....

Comment: its bit more difficult, but for basic explanation fair enough ;)


Should I resend an application to give a shorter resume?

Question: Almost 24 hours ago, I submitted an application for an engineering job through that company's email using a resume template that I used when I was applying for internships as a 3rd year university student (I am a recent graduate). It was a 2-page resume and some of my relatives who worked in HR said that it was too long and looked like a student resume. I have made some changes and shrunk it down to 1 page. Should I resend my application and hope that my old application was unread, and my new application would cover my old one?
Comment: @Ben wait, 16 pages? Are you in a niche industry and those are mainly project names etc? I can't imagine having a resume over two pages without being superfluous.
Comment: What do you have in your resume as a recent college graduate that makes it 2 pages long?  I've got close to 2 decades work experience as a software developer, plus 5 years in the Army before that and mine is not 2 full pages.
Comment: When you say "relatives who work in HR" do you mean in HR for the company for which you applied - i.e. would they be the ones getting and reviewing your revamped resumé?
Comment: My resume is about.. 16 pages and I had in total more than 50 interviews the last 3 years. Well, I don't know whether I got rejected once because of that but the companies which invited me were quite good.
Answer: No you shouldn't.
2 pages is not excessive. It may be longer than the "optimum" length of resume, but it's very unlikely your resume will be thrown out just for being 2 pages. On the other hand submitting a resume a second time looks unprofessional - as though you had forgotten you had already applied for this job.
It is also making the company do extra work - they need to realize that you applied twice, go and find the original resume and delete it from their applications. Since the point of short resumes is not to make the recruiters do extra work, submitting two resumes defeats the original point.
Comment: No. If you've made it to the interview stage then the resume has done it's job. Interviewers probably want more info rather than less.
Comment: If OP is called in for an interview/follow up, would it be appropriate then to perhaps mention something like "I have a shorter resume if you would like me to submit or bring that. I removed a few XYZ things"?  I do agree that two pages isn't bad and to most likely just let it be, but curious of your thoughts on suggesting you send a more succinct version when contacted.  (Granted if they got the longer resume and called for a follow up, they're more than likely fine with it)
Answer: If you re-send an application, this company will now have received in the span of 24 hours two applications from you with two separate resumes.  This will likely make you look like a disorganized and unprepared candidate and can hurt your chances of being considered for the role.

Should I resend my application and hope that my new application was unread and my new application would cover my old one?

Personally I would not send a new application.  Also, I don't know why you would hope that any of your applications was not read.  If they don't read your first one, what guarantee is there that they read the new one?  And why would you want to work for a company that can't do something as simple as reading all the applications for their open positions?
Answer: If the CV is up-to-date with your studies, experience, and profile, and you're not aware of any serious mistakes on your resume, including any gaps, then do not re-apply for the same position and vacancy, especially within 24 hours after submitting your original application.
It can confuse their hiring team or even make you look unprofessional.
Regarding the resume's length, the suggested page number is 2 pages maximum. But my CV is 5-6 pages, but I'm more comfortable in having a long CV than having gaps which might raise unnecessary suspicions.
I've had interviewers praise my CV, describing it as well written and my profile well-described, and was never given any negative feedback due to its length by them. It's a matter of opinion and it goes both ways (the job applicant and the hiring personnel).
Comment: Just a heads-up: "longevity" only applies to length of life. Here "length" is correct.
Comment: @FaitoDayo no.  a long CV would be for someone with many years of experience as it would list different roles / responsibilities (as oxyrend says, so there's no "gaps" [in dates]).  The "core"/summary/at-a-glance part of the CV showing your skills should still be short even on an otherwise relatively long CV.
Comment: I only graduate this year, should I have such a long CV?
Answer:
Should I resend an application to give a shorter resume?

No, this would cause more issues than it would solve.
The only time I've ever sent a second resume for a single position is when a recruiter asked for a resume tailored to the job position.

It was a 2-page resume and some of my relatives who worked in HR said that it was too long

If you're applying for a frontline fast-food position then 2 pages is unusually lengthy, yes.
Engineering though, 2 pages seems about right. Length has never been a reason for me to reject a resume. However, if I skim it and it's 5 pages of crap then it does go in the garbage.
If your relative is putting this much emphasis on resume length then they are probably bad at their HR job.

and looked like a student resume

This, this is an actionable item. If your resume is crafted like a newbie then you will be labeled as one.
Get samples of professional resumes in your field and see how you can improve your own.


By what title should I greet assistant and associate professors in emails and letters?

Question: By what title should I greet assistant and associate professors in emails and letters? I study in the UK and for post-doctorands up to senior lectures one uses "Dear Dr. X", but for professors one uses "Dear Professor. X".
Comment: Do you know the professors well? Many of them would prefer to be called by their first names.
Comment: @PeteL.Clark Professor X already knows what you're thinking of calling him :)
Comment: Professor X will probably not mind if you call him "Charles".  Just ask -- come to think of it, even that is probably not necessary.
Comment: @Suresh: Right, that's what I was getting at.  I should have worked a little harder on that part of my comment.
Comment: @adipro I am from the old school and like to express my respect not only with deeds but with the words also. Calling somebody be name makes me feel that in a certain way (by experiences, by wisdom, by achievement, etc.) I am peer to that person which is clearly not true yet.
Comment: @dt1510, it is my practice as well, coming from the East. But some lecturers and professors in the West find it uncomfortable to be called such, and they insist on calling them by their first names.
Comment: @PeteL.Clark This is a really old comment and I have no idea why it even showed up on my feed, but unless you're dealing with *the* Professor X, you probably don't want to assume that they want to be called "Charles" or any other first name. I think certain people react badly to this due to boundary/respect issues, and it's better to first call them Professor X, then see how they sign their emails.
Comment: https://academia.stackexchange.com/questions/21613/by-what-title-should-i-greet-assistant-and-associate-professors-in-emails-and-letters
Answer: Assistant and Associate Professors in the US can be formally addressed by "Professor" or "Doctor/Dr.". There should be no offense given with either salutation, and either is appropriate.
Comment: I've known a few people to take some offense to being called Doctor/Dr. when they are also eligible for the title of Professor. It's rare though. (The vast majority of professors I know don't care what you call them, whether a title or just a first name.) In any case, the question was asked for the UK, where I've heard the conventions are different and they place a lot more emphasis on proper titling.
Comment: I actually do prefer being called "Professor" than "Dr."...but I recognize that the local convention is "Dr." and I certainly am not *offended* by it.
Comment: @Tom: The term "professor" separates me from non-tenure track faculty with a PhD.  As these titles are only being used in an academic context, in my experience it does not cause confusion with physicians.
Comment: @PeteL.Clark, exactly. And, for me, I'm not a professor of anything, so I always find it safer to just use "Dr." just in case.
Comment: @DavidZ It's very dependent on the local custom. I'm at a school that has only recently started to take itself serious as a "university" and not all of the faculty have terminal degrees. The result is that "Professor" is usually reserved for the Masters and "Doctor" for the Ph.Ds. Seems strange to me, because I know a lot of Doctors who are striving to become Professors, but there it is.
Comment: @PeteL.Clark Are there any technical reasons to prefer "professor" over "doctor?" Or is it just preference? I know in the US, "doctor" is used so frequently to address medical doctors that it might cause confusion.
Comment: Also, one sometimes encounters professors who do not hold a PhD, so "Dr" may not be a valid title in such cases.
Answer: It's interesting actually,
As an Australian undergrad I've never referred to any of my lecturers or tutors as anything but their first names, and would find an insistence on titles in such a situation to be... well, frankly an exercise in serious anal retention.
However while applying for postgraduate studies, all of my 'reach out' emails trying to attract supervisory interest use the appropriate titles. While almost all of the replies come back establishing a first-name basis for future correspondence, I wouldn't dream of initiating said correspondence informally.
Highlights cultural differences across countries too - I'm fairly certain that if a senior academic at my uni in my field started insisting that his or her students use their full titles, the rest of the department would give them a far less flattering unofficial one.
Answer: It's quite important to consider what your position is in this relationship, and you don't specify. In almost any situation, it is probably best to address your first email using the "Dr." or "Prof." title, to be polite, and to continue to do so until it seems that the tone of the responses are less formal. Of course, that is a subjective thing to judge. But I can't give you much advice about that!
You will have to read from the tone of the responses at what point (possibly after only one email) the Prof. is OK with a less formal form of address. If you are an undergrad student in their class, it might not hurt to stay with the more formal title, even if you are of a similar age to them.
I was trained in the UK and now work in the US system, and I feel like there is a lot of similarity. Basically, it's fairly informal, within limits. As an assistant professor myself, I do prefer undergrads to address me as "Dr." or "Prof." (as a US class instructor, not the same as the UK Professor) in more formal correspondence, and I think that's usual in the US and UK. Graduate students and above can normally expect to be safe to be on first name terms provided their emails remain fairly professional and carefully written, i.e. they don't rapidly degenerate into txtspeak or very casual, potentially rude, references or phrasing.
So, if you are a graduate student or post-doc, and you are at the same department, or even institution, I encourage you to consider using their first name once that initial correspondence has been exchanged and if they sign with their first name. It's never "wrong" to continue to use a more formal term of address, but it can sometimes become awkwardly too formal for relaxed academics.
Now, take into account the personality of your correspondent. If he or she is very senior in age or accomplishment, or maybe has given an impression of great self-importance (i.e., ego!) then you may be better off staying slightly more formal in case you are perceived to be disrespecting them before you know them more personally. Honestly, though, I think that is an increasingly rare (but not unheard of) phenomenon.
Answer: This is an old question but I feel that the answers were incomplete in that the question has so far been interpreted mostly along the lines of "how formally should I address someone". However, you can also read it as a question of "is an associate professor properly addressed as 'dr' or 'prof'"?
In some countries, for example, here in the Netherlands, somebody who is called an "assistent professor" or "associate professor" is not considered a (full) professor. For example, these researchers are not addressed like a professor in thesis defense ceremonies, they do not wear the same formal attire during official ceremonies etc. We definitely do not use the term "professor" for everybody who teaches in class. Adressing an assistent/associate professor as "professor" would thus not be appropriate here. (Professors are senior researchers who are typically the chair of a group of researchers and addressed as such. Becoming a full professor involves a university ceremony etc.).
If you address a Dutch assistent or associate professor for the first time, I would use dr.+surname (typically, people become assistent or associate professor after obtaining a PhD, and you can check on the university website if in doubt whether they have a PhD). I would not use the job title ("Dear assistent professor X") in the same way that I would not address other people with their job function either ("Dear department manager Smith" ?!), but in some of the other responses this is suggested, so this might differ as well between countries.
Last note: Some people who have a PhD, do not like to be addressed as Mr/Ms X instead of dr.
Comment: Having a PhD is not a strict requirement for a UD (assistant professor) or UHD (associate professor) position in the NL. Although most UDs and UHDs will have Dr. titles, there are a few  Drs. UDs and UHDs out there. (It is even possible to have a full prof that is not a Dr., although nowadays this is extremely rare. Here is one: https://www.tudelft.nl/citg/over-faculteit/afdelingen/hydraulic-engineering/sections/hydraulic-structures-and-flood-risk/staff/prof-drs-ir-jk-han-vrijling)
Comment: It most certainly depends on the discipline. Most (if not all cases) I have ever seen have been in engineering (usually at one of the TUs). There further seems to be a particular subsets of engineers that  seem to value their Ir. title more than their Dr.  title (if any). I suspect this particular breed if human may feel some offense at being called Dr. instead of Ir. (or Dr. Ir.). Or they may think less of you due to your lack of attention to detail.
Comment: Oh, interesting! Thanks for this correction, mmeent. I think this might differ between disciplines but in any case, I don't think a UD or UHD would feel offended by being addressed as "dr...." even if they do not have a PhD (although you can always check on their employee page etc.).
Answer: Professor or Dr.
I would definitely not go with first name, many (including myself) would find that too familiar from someone they don't know - and some may take offense.  You can't make any assumptions about this, so it's better to err on the side of more formal until/unless you find out otherwise (or are invited to address the person by their first name).
Answer: Exeter University has published a protocol for how to address Associate Professors in various contexts.  What's important about that is not so much the content of the protocol, as the fact that Exeter University believes it's up to the individual university to decide, i.e. there is no universal correct answer.
Answer: My preference in these matters is to stick exactly to the position title, so I would say "Dear Asst. Prof. Smith", or "Dear Assoc. Prof. Smith" in a first email.  Thereafter you can use more informal salutations if appropriate.
It is true that in some countries (e.g., USA) you can just call them all "professor", but it is somewhat odd to do this in certain countries.  For example, in Australia we generally reserve the term "professor" only for a full professor.  If I write an email to an Associate Professor here, I always call them "Assoc Prof." not "Prof."  In fact, I sometimes get emails from academics in the US addressing me as "Professor O'Neill" and I don't like it because it feels like I am being given a title I have not earned.  For that reason, I think it is best to stick exactly to the exact position title, neither inflating nor deflating the title.
Answer: In the US, anyone who teaches at a university can be addressed as professor, including the adjuncts. Anyone who teaches at a university and also holds a PhD (or similar), can also be addressed as Dr.; in that case either title is acceptable.
Dr. is a protected title and should therefore not be used on someone who does not hold either an MD or Doctorate such as a PhD.
Comment: "Protected"? In what way? If a radio personality calls himself "Dr. Johnny Fever" what's the harm? (h/t WKRP in Cincinnati).
Answer: Assoc. Professor X is how. After the first email may it be ok to use first names if they sign off as such or if the tone of the email suggests it is fine
Comment: Have you ever called an associate professor "Assoc. Professor"?
Comment: Yeah, no.  "Associate professor" and "Assistant professor" are never used as titles of address.


Xcode - Submission error - Unable to create configuration directory

Question: I was trying to submit my second app update and it failed submission after passing validation. This is the error:
"Unable to create configuration directory:/Application/Xcode.app/Contents/iTMSTransportation.woa/.itmstransporter. Cannot save local copy of remote diagnostic configuration;local path is not writable".
My screen shot of the error cannot be attached. I know it is not a network error at Apple's end because it specified a path in the Application Loader in Xcode. Since the system has read and write permissions here, it cannot be because I changed something. I submitted another app successfully earlier on the same day without a problem (as usual). I am at my wits' end. Anyone experienced this?
Since there is no "Build for Archiving" in Xcode 5 (like in Xcode), I started with following steps:
1 - From the Xcode Product menu I selected "Archive" item
2 - After the Build, the organizer window appeared in the foreground with my archive in it.
3 -  I clicked the "Validate…" button and it executed that  successfully.
4 - When I clicked the "Distribute…" button, it started uploading the app but failed and came back with the aforementioned error. I went to the folder to see if any folder in the directory path is locked and also to see who has read and write permissions. It is not me but the system. I did a Disk Permission Repair in Disk Utility but that didn't help.
I then removed the offending file ".itmstransporter." and tried to submit but got a different error. I put it back and took out the other two (ITMSTransporter.cmd and WOBootstrap.jar" but produced a different error. So I restored the folder to its original contents and returned to where I started - stymied. I have considered installing a new version of Xcode 5.0 but I don't know if that will help.
My OS:Mountain Lion 10.8.5, Xcode 5.0, MacBook Retina (first retina in 2012). Project compiled for iOS 7 in the Build Settings.
Thanks for any pointers.

Answer: I had the same issue. I copied the whole "Application Loader" out of the XCode package to somewhere else and after that, uploading from the Application Loader worked fine.


sporadically, rsync takes exceptionally long

Question: We do backups with rsync like this:
rsync -axH --inplace --delete --delete-excluded \
--exclude-from=excludes --stats \
--link-dest="${previous?}" "${source?}"/ "${dest?}"/"${stamp?}"

$previous points to the previous backup, so that unchanged files will be created using hardlinks. The destination filesystem $dest is on an external USB hard drive with nothing else on it than the collection of backups.
This method is amazingly fast in most of the cases. On the test system, each backup is about 200 GB and contains some big maildirs - still the whole rsync (provided that not much was changed since the last run) takes only around a minute.
However, in rare cases, maybe every 100 runs on average, it takes very long, around 20 minutes or longer. The rsync statistics show nothing unusual. The host system shows no unusual activity during such runs. Nothing exciting in syslog.
It appears to be worse on some filesystems (for $dest) than on others. The above figures are for EXT4. On JFS for example, the normal runs take about 3 minutes and the exceptional runs are less severe, but still a problem for us.
A look at rsync's debug output reveals that during the long runs, certain (large) files are found to be not uptodate, although they have not been changed on the sender. No hardlinks are created for those files, as a look at their inode reveals. But rsync's statistics do not show more transferred bytes than usual, and from observing the hard disk activity LEDs, only the destination drive is working in those cases. Are those files copied on the destination from one directory to the other? This is turning out not only to be a perfomance problem, but could lead to unnecessary space consumption, too.
In case it matters: directly before the backup, the oldest of the existing backups is deleted using:
rsync -a --delete empty/ "${dest?}"/"${old?}"

where 'empty' is an empty directory. This is much faster than 'rm -fr'.
Could anyone please offer possible explanations for this and perhaps a cure?
Using rsync version 3.1.0 protocol version 31.
Answer: Short answer: the culprit was the way we deleted old backup directories, namely rsyncing an empty directory. Now we use:
find "${old?}" -delete
This is also fast and avoids the problem.
Longer answer: in fact, the runs which took exceptionally long occurred absolutely deterministic. We always keep a number of, say n, backups and delete the oldest one before performing a new. Every (n+1)th backup took a long time. It appears that by deleting an old backup with rsync, part of it is somehow invalidated for the --link-dest operation, so that some files are not hardlinked but copied (apparently copied from the destination filesystem itself). This copy procedure starts a new "period", which comes to an end when the first backup of it is deleted, which happens after n runs. This is most probably due to a bug in rsync or the kernel, but I will not investigate further.


What is cause of quantization of charge?

Question:
What is cause of quantization of charge?
When we rub two objects only an integral number of electrons or charges can be transferred is this the reason?
Why electron has the smallest possible charge?
Why quarks cannot exist independently?
Comment: Related: http://physics.stackexchange.com/q/97909/2451 and links therein.
Comment: The last question in particular is quite separate from the others and has probably been asked before. I suggest breaking this into 2 questions.
Answer: Briefly.
1) Technical reason is that we must have no gauge quantum anomalies. Underlying reason may be hidden in grand unification theories etc, and this leads us to conditions on charges of elementary particles.
2) Yes, since electron is elementary particle, and by the definition can't be divided.
3) Since all bodies are combined from "elementary" particles - electron and nucleons, then the summary charge of body is just the sum of elememtary charges. Also, electron has the charge which is equal to proton charge. This heuristically explains the fact.
4) The reason is strong coupling regime of low energy QCD and confinement. Formally QCD leads to the statement that interaction potential between two quarks grows linearly with distance.


How do I clean stains from rice pilaf from my off-white carpet and wall?

Question: I spilled rice pilaf on my carpet and I don't know how to clean the stains it left. I picked up most of it, but as you can see, remnants of it still persist. It has now been sitting for about a day. Is there a DIY way to totally remove it?
Comment: What was in the pilaf? That would help suggest the type of cleaner to use, though for a food stain I would probably start with an oxygen based cleaner.
Comment: You probably need the *Rice Pilaf Forum* or the *Stain Mogul Database*.
Answer: The method of cleaning will depend on what your carpet is made of.  Synthetic carpet (nylon)  -   and wool or wool blend carpet generally require different chemicals.  Wool responds well to slightly acidic condition based cleaners - a home made one being - approx 300mls (1 and a bit cups) of warm water, 1 teaspoon white vinegar and 1 drop of dish washing detergent.  mix well and dab on stain. Treating stain whilst still damp gives better chance of removal than when stain has dried out. Apply on a small patch of inconspicuos area first.  Dab dry with a towel.I worked as a wool technologist for 20 years and this was the most useful general method we used.
Comment: Do you have any suggestions for nylon?


Better way to store panel data in SQL or NoSQL

Question: I have an Excel of raw panel data (cross sectional + time series) sent to me by customers (I cannot change this). For those not familiar, imagine the gdp time series for each country. I need to transfer this data into a database and I am about to choose the best technology, either a SQL (Microsoft SQL Server), or No SQL (MongoDB).
In principle I am quite sure you can use both, but probably an SQL-like is less suitable.
My comments:

SQL: I would need to replicate the name of the country as many times as the timestamp avalilable for its gdp, and stacking each country one below the other. When I need to update (because every 3-months a new gdp value comes out), I would need to code complex queries in order to correctly insert the new value where a country ends but before the next one starts (FYI: to insert data into the db I will have a python code which push new data into the db);

NoSQL: here I can have  a collection named GDP, and documents related to each country, so for the document "UK", I'd have a key called (time-series) and a value like [[1-1-2022, 2.3], [1-4-2022, 3.1], ..] (list of list where the first is the timestampt and the second value the gdp) and so on;

in addition since this data are quite messy it can happen that from time to time some data is missing so a NoSQL simply will not have a value, which is less problematic than a SQL.
To me, NoSQL is better in this case.
Since in this forum there are expert people (I am not..), I would like to know if my reasoning is right, and for panel data a NoSQL (es. MongoDB, because is free..) type is more suitable.
Comment: If anything, Mongo would be *more* work. It uses arrays, and they *are* positional, so you'd have to ensure they're re-sequenced when data changes.
Comment: A relational database has no concept of inherent order in the data.   The idea of "insert the new value where a country ends but before the next one starts" is not relevant. If you're trying to manage the values of a surrogate integer ID, don't.
Comment: yes..there is no order that's true, I had in my mind but explained it badly..I thought of first make a select with a group by country and then using order by timestamp to obtain what I meant above..but yeah in principle I can just throw anything in it..it will set everything randomly and then reorder by querying
Comment: about the "more work", I cannot really get it..I mean everytime I have to put a new value I need for every document to access only the key time series and add a new list [timestamp, new value], while in an SQL solution I would use an insert query..now, apart for the speed, I do not see the reason for having more work in a NoSQL.. but maybe I misunderstood your point
Comment: I was extrapolating from your "insert..where ends" statement and inferring a lot, likely more than you intended, about maintaining strict physical ordering of values, with changing and late-arriving values.
Comment: What is the scale of your data? I guess, when you receive Excel Sheets, then it cannot be millions of records. Performance should not be your main concern.
Comment: tens of thousands..but it is constantly increasing of a few hundreds every 3 months
Answer: I agree with the comments that for the use cases you described, it sounds like you'll likely end up needing to do at least the same amount of work (if not more) manipulating and maintaining the data in a NoSQL solution as you would in a relational database management system.
The advantage of a NoSQL solution is usually for the use case where you have a very loosely defined / highly changing schema, and the amount of work to maintain those changes in the database layer outweighs the benefits of maintaining them there. A good use case is especially if you don't need to do any transformations / manipulations to the data, and you just want to house it exactly as it comes in, leaving the work to some other consumer to handle structuring it, such as end users whom are self sufficient and are reporting directly off of it (e.g. a PowerBI scenario perhaps).
For most people this isn't the case, rather they usually work directly or close with the consumer that needs to maintain some sort of defined structure and / or they want to do additional transformations/ manipulations to the data in the database layer, such as your case sounds.
So for you, it really comes down to which system you feel more comfortable maintaining, as both will handle your goals equally and both will require some level of work to maintain. Objectively, they're pretty equal systems otherwise.
For further reading on the benefits and drawbacks of one system over the other, please see this answer I wrote on a somewhat relevant DBA.StackExchange question.
Comment: yes maybe for my specific case they sound quite equivalent, thanks for the link to your answer


How much time are UK PhD admittees typically given to accept/decline an offer?

Question: Is there a general convention as in the US (i.e. "until April 1"), or is this highly institution-specific?
Comment: I think it's institution-dependent, *and* context-dependent, i.e. it can vary from year to year
Comment: In physics, there is a deadline set by the funding council STFC which is late March or early April, but departments providing their own funding don't need to abide by this deadline.
Answer: Its completely context specific. It might even depend on the quality of the applicants - if I have two good candidates, I might want an answer from the first choice quickly so as not to risk the second choice taking up another offer if the first choice says no.
Conversely if the first choice is really good and I really want them, then I am more likely to be willing to agree to wait for an answer, so as not to risk them being rushed into saying no.


Invalid Session (Try restarting your game) error in Minecraft

Question: I've been trying to connect to multiplayer servers, which I could connect to just fine just a few hours ago, but now I'm getting the error message "Failed to login: Invalid session (Try restarting your game.)" I've restarted my game multiple times, and even restarted my PC, but still the same error. I need help.
Comment: What have you tried outside of restarting your PC and are you using the default vanilla launcher / game?
Answer: You may have signed in from another computer or location. Try logging out, then back in. If this doesn't help, please refer to Failed to Login : Invalid session (Try restarting your game) Minecraft Error


What's exactly the point of the sudo command, in terms of security?

Question: This question is actually non Ubuntu-specific. My understanding is that sudo is to prevent non-authorized users from doing administrative and other potentially harmful operations. The premise is that someone is here in front of my PC using it... or maybe remotely (but in that case they should know my login password to connect to the computer, and this is usually the same as my sudo password...) So someone is in front of my PC and she cannot delete certain important files or dirs or install harmful software without knowing my sudo password, but she can do a lot of other harmful and privacy-violating things without sudo. So, wouldn't it be better instead asking for admin privileges each time before opening the file manager or the terminal? I know this may be time-consuming and exhausting...
Comment: The question is confusing. If a bad user can do what-you-consider-to-be damage without sudo, then how is that related to a question about asking for sudo password more often?
Comment: Because he could not use my file manager, nor the terminal, without sudo. I.e. he could be much more limited in the damage he can do.
Answer: First off, you need to understand the concept of the users in linux, with special regards to the root user. In order to keep this answer below the character limit (and on topic), I'd suggest you read this page followed by this one. Really, all you need to know is the following:
Linux is a multi-user operating system with each user having limited power and scope as defined by their user group. Every Linux system has something called the root user (UID 0, also known as the superuser), who is the total and completely authoritative administrator. root knows all, root sees all, root controls all.
The concept of sudo came from the old UNIX command su (from switch user), which allowed any user to log in to any other user on the system. Anyone with administrative privileges would type su root (or just su) to escalate to the root user for any admin task. This, regrettably, had a few problems. In systems with multiple admins, everyone shared the root password. Meaning, if an admin left the company, the root password would need to be changed and redistributed to all of the other administrators. This can be extremely time-consuming at times, and otherwise just be a great pain.
Now, enter sudo. sudo works on a different principle. Instead of requiring users to know the root account login, sudo would be used to allow users to escalate themselves into the root account (or any other account, for that matter) based on the rules of the /etc/sudoers file. Now, revoking or adding an administrator is simple -- just add or remove a user from a group or the file. Because of this, the root account can be "disabled", thereby blocking access to anyone except actual admins.
For almost all cases, this is all sudo is used for. It grants root power to administrators (members of group admin or sudo) based on the rules defined in /etc/sudoers.
(Un)intentionally, this also comes with a massive security benefit. Administrators can run in an unprivileged mode just like any other user. They can then escalate or "enable" administrative privileges when they're needed, and revoke them immediately afterwards. Usually, this is only used for a single command (e.g. sudo apt install cowsay), but it could also be a full-blown root shell.
This isolation in turn also protects the system at large (remember, *NIX was originally a multi-user environment used by many people) from malicious code executed from an admin's account, be it through malware or someone logging on to an admin's active terminal. Similarly, sudo allows every admin action to be logged and reviewed at any time. Contrast this to the old su method, where you realistically had no idea who ran what command.
Also, based on the permission model of Linux, sudo can prevent a user from making potentially dangerous mistakes like accidentally uninstalling a critical program, erasing a hard drive, or any other number of nasty things that should never be done without some confirmation.
TL;DR:
Really, sudo is just a (very useful) holdover from the true multi-user environments of old *NIX installations. However, it still retains its usefulness by protecting the system from malware or session hijacking. In typical *NIX mentality, protection of the admin's actual account is an exercise left to the admin.
If you're worried about someone sitting down at your computer while you're away and messing with your privacy, just lock your screen/session. Even so, physical access is a killer.
Comment: "They can then escalate or "enable" administrative privileges when they're needed, and revoke them immediately afterwards" This is the bit I've found most confusing. I'm never asked for a password when I prefix with sudo. So why can't hostile scripts prefix everything with sudo?
Comment: @RichardTingle You probably have `NOPASSWORD` set to be on, which will remove the requirement. If you were to run a malicious script that does have everything prefixed with `sudo`, you would be cleaning up a security incident - but you shouldn't run scripts you don't trust anyways.
Comment: ah, that makes more sense. I largely work with ephemeral docker images so perhaps the lower security settings make more sense there
Answer: the user space does not have access to core system files, this keeps malicious code such a viruses and root kits from installing themselves.
The sudo command gives the person at the keyboard root access so s/he can modify the installation.
There is little you can do to protect from someone sitting at your computer with your password.
Answer: sudo has a specific purpose: It allows authorized users to escalate their current privileges in a controlled way. The practical impact of that depends on how you are using privileges in your system. Typically, users don't use privileges to silo their data, so sudo doesn't protect that data.
However, if you really wanted to, you could use sudo to protect more things; for example, you could create another user account that exists just to run your web browser, which would mean that no one using your normal account could access your cookies or cache without going through sudo. You could create still another user for editing office documents to protect them from changes made by your normal account. And so on. This generally isn't done because it's a big inconvenience for minimal benefit, but it's possible to do if the data is sensitive enough.
The other point is that these privileges apply to all programs across the board. Restricting access to the terminal and the file manager would not protect against unauthorized changes made via a word processor (say I load up some of your recently edited documents and delete all the text), but if the logged in user doesn't have permission to view or edit the files, then no program can edit them without sudo, regardless of whether it's a terminal, file manager, or other.
Answer: What I can understand a noob sysadmin is that sudo is a painful way to prevent you to accidentally do something stupid to your server. Like if you log in as root, you can accidentally delete system files (rm recursively) and that's it! But if you do that under a standard user, you won't be able to and will be prompted with "Permission denied"
So, to be safe, log in as standard user and do your stuff. If you need do something heavy to your system, use sudo.
Comment: duplicate of https://askubuntu.com/a/932413/
Answer: So as you stated it yourself, the sudo command is doing its job perfectly, it is taking care of what it suppose to:

Based on definitions it decides who is permitted to do what kind of stuff ?

based on/etc/sudoeres or /etc/sudoeres.d
e.g: is user bob permitted to run rm using user root on ALL machines?

Then It will check to make sure that the user actually is who he claim he is.

By asking for password

What is wrong here is that your are allowing an untrusted user to use your system, that's where that cause the damage (Not to system, to your account).
You shouldn't allow anybody you don't trust to use your computer, it's like running a malicious program and excepting to nothing happen.

Use sudo, don't allow anybody to use your account you are safe to go...
Comment: Then, if no unwanted or untrusted users are here, except for me, what's the point of asking me a password that I know?
Comment: That's not the only case, you might run a program which needs to change an important file/device, it's some kind of alert thats telling you: "you are doing an important act, pay attention what you are doing". What if you leave your computer for a while, yeah someone can delete all your files but he can't install a rootkit on your system.


Movie from 80s-90s with humans trapped on alien ship while duplicated on Earth

Question: I am trying to find a movie I watched when I was a kid. There are a small group of humans that don't know each other waking up in a cell on an alien ship. I think they are actually duplicates on the ship which are constructed to hold the humans minds while aliens are controlling their actual bodies on Earth in order to scout out Earth. In the case of one female character, the aliens have sensory experiences like eating (that is one of the first scenes of the movie, I think). The aliens' bodies are in glass tubes or tanks and the humans have to kill them, which they know how to do because of a sympathetic alien (the female one at the start).
Comment: I know this one, it is currently on either or both Netflix and Amazon Prime.
Answer: Lets try this
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0146403/
"The Advanced Guard (1998)" aka "The Colony" 1998 (Currently available on Amazon Prime for streaming)
Lead Female Alien is scouting the Earth for the Fleet. Reports back. The lead female alien returns with 3 additional aliens.
Seems the lead female enjoys the sensations she experiences from being in a human body .... no need to provide spoilers this is probably the movie.
Low budget "B" type movie.
I am adding this:
"As a prelude to full-blown alien invasion, a team of four aliens telepathically linked with their lifelike human-looking android bodies abducts four random humans to test them to determine if humans can make good slaves."


computer slow to load web pages after uploading from Snow Leopard to Mountain Lion

Question: All I know is since I went from snow leopard to mountain lion my macbook pro 2011 13" 2.3GHZ i 5 2410M is slow to load web pages.I am not an expert and that is all I can say.
Comment: Let's see if anyone has a ready answer. If not, we can help you edit your question to provide more details on what you've tried, what exactly you don't get. See the guides on [about] and [ask] if you don't get an answer and decide to edit your question. They are often helpful in refining / reframing your query.
Comment: Is it slow for all sites or only for some? If you have any extensions installed in Safari, can you disable them and try again?
Answer: In my experience, since your upgrade from Snow Leopard to Mountain Lion, your system does not have enough RAM and this is causing it to run more slowly. Upgrading to more RAM should speed things up substantially.
Snow Leopard, when booted up to the Finder, takes approximately 2GB of RAM to run (that is if no apps are loaded and running). Mountain Lion, however, takes approximately 3.5GB of RAM in the same situation. When you start running apps, including Safari or any web browser, the amount of memory needed by the system goes considerably above these amounts. If your Mac has less than 4GB of physical RAM, then Mountain Lion is going to use the "swap file" to constantly write pages in and out of RAM and to the hard drive, which is going to slow down your system operation considerably.
If your system will support it, it will run much faster if you can upgrade with more RAM. According to this chart, your model of Mac can accommodate 8GB, 12GB or 16GB of RAM (confirm the exact model number to be sure), so you should consider upgrading.
Comment: It's a 2011 MacBook Pro => It has a least 4Gb. 4GB is enough for ML.
Comment: It is slow for many sites and not all the time.
Comment: @MatthieuRiegler: I have a '11 Mini with 8GB, and it idles at 6GB running Lion with just a few tabs open. The Lions are memory hungry.
Comment: I think it's more like : the more it has, the more it takes. I have no problem on my 2007 iMac w/ 4GB.
Comment: My 2011 macbook pro has 4GB RAM,but it is not enough, or there is another problem I don't know about.In any event the computer is often slow to load web pages.


Getting out of BETA

Question: So, we've been solidly "okay" for about a week on all of our categories in Area 51.  What's the process to get out?  Does SE evaluate on their own? Do we just wait? I don't know.
Comment: We just wait. Don't expect it to be anytime soon from what I've seen. Probably at least a year out. And really the only difference is the design, so the main goal is just to keep growing!
Answer: I asked a similar question some time ago, and got a great explanation from Grace Note about the graduation process. Basically, it's a long process, and many sites have been ready to graduate for a long time (read: months and years), but because one of the requirements is that someone at SE creates the final design for the site, and there are many beta sites waiting for design, it's going to take some time.
Not to bring down your hopes (I'm eager to see JSE graduate from public beta too), but many SE sites have been in beta for years. Just take a look at the current stats for Code Review, with 1399 days in beta):

As @DavidFritsch pointed out, as long as the site keeps growing the only difference between a public beta and a graduated site is the layout.
Comment: I wish they hired a few more people to help with the designs :)
Comment: We are growing so we should not worry too much ;)

Getting out of BETA


Can't find copied files

Question: I used cp to copy files to a directory which didn't exist.  I have no clue where they went to, and the worst part is it filled up my primary 120gb ssd so I can't make any changes to anything. Where did the copies go, so I may move them?
Comment: You can use your shell history to see what exact command you used. Simply press the up arrow in the same terminal session. If you use a different session, it may or may not have the command in the history depending on when you closed the original session and if you had started the new one.
Also, you haven't given us a lot of detail. Are you _certain_ you copied them to a non-existent directory? Exactly what command did you execute, and how did the system respond?
Answer: If you remember any of the files,
sudo find / -name "name of file"
This might take a while.
Answer: cp doesn't create directories on its own(it throws and error saying that the destination is not a file or directory), so if at all the files were "copied" to a destination that does not exist, it would mean you have copied to the same folder with a new name.
To figure out the new name which, if you don't remember, you can just do the following on a terminal:
du --apparent-size -h

This will give you the files in your current directory(including the hidden ones), so you can remove the file/directory of 120GB.
However, if you do remember the new name, you could also do a find as Mr.Lee suggested, but I would recommend you do a sudo updatedb first and then do a much faster locate <filename>.

Can't find copied files


Why does it matter so much in which season to prune?

Question: When I read about pruning the proper season to do it is often specified, and differs between plants. Why should the season matter? Are there actual risks to pruning at the wrong time, or is it just a matter of the time a plant takes to to start sending new growth around the cut parts?
Comment: Pruning can be done ANY TIME of the year.  I have never run into a plant that shouldn't be pruned any time of the year.
Comment: This is about flowering shrubs. Some plants set their buds in the fall so you will want to prune right after they flower in the spring, before they set next year's flower buds. As for trees, I prune them at any time of year since I'm not concerned about harvesting their nuts or fruits.
Answer: Depending on the plant or tree there are really two distinct reasons and in some cases both.
1) you can prevent the plant from doing what it is you planted it for.
2)you can interrupt the plant's cycle, prevent it from doing something that it needs to for its own health and survival.
For instance, most temperate fruiting trees (including flower selected cultivars) set up buds in winter, you therefore usually want to prune these trees late fall to early winter so the tree can setup buds in the wood you have left behind. If you prune too late such as in the spring you have reduced the number of buds set which will lead to a year of weak growth or over vigorous growth from fewer buds, that weakens the tree not only this year but potentially next year too because this year is when it's gathering energy to prepare for winter and set new buds. Also you are affected if you expected something out of it such as apples or a beautiful display of cherry blossoms.
In the case of forsythia, you prune after the plant has dropped its flowers, flowers bloom on 1st year wood, so in this case if you prune too early, you lose all the work the plant did to give you beautiful stalks of flowers.
Follow the pruning instructions for each of your plants, there is 100s and in some cases 1000s of years of wisdom and experience that causes those words to be written for you.
Answer: You should also consider the possibility of diseases as to when to prune. For example, in northern North America we have oak wilt in many localities, which means that oaks must ALWAYS be pruned during the winter, before March 1st, in those places. This is because the wilt is vectored (transmitted) by an insect that is attracted to oak sap. When it feeds on the sap, it passes the disease to the tree. Pruning in winter means that the tree doesn't bleed sap - both after pruning and in the spring when the sap rises.
As noted in the other comments, you should research each of the trees that you intend on pruning to make sure that they're pruned correctly.
Answer: There are some risks to pruning at the wrong time for some plants. Some examples:- Acer should be pruned when the tree is more or less dormant, partly so as to see its shape clearly when the leaves are not present and not destroy the natural form by pruning, but also because, if you prune it in spring, let's say May, when the sap is up, it will bleed; prune it between Septemher and January and it doesn't bleed (though in the UK, they don't bleed from end of July till the following early winter). In cooler areas, for permanent plants, pruning at the end of summer might encourage new growth which does not have time to harden off before the winter cold arrives, and it dies back. Fruit trees in the genus Prunus, such as plums, should not be pruned in winter in some areas (UK for instance) to reduce the risk of silverleaf disease, so pruning for those is recommended in spring or midsummer, depending on the age of the tree. There are many other examples with other plants where risk of infection will be higher if they are pruned at the wrong time - what sort of infection can vary between regions, according to weather.
Already mentioned is pruning at the right time so as not to cut off wood which will produce flowers the following year, so generally, shrubs which bloom in spring are pruned immediately after flowering; the subsequent new growth is what will flower the following year. Pruning at the wrong time won't kill the plant, but it won't have any flowers. When to prune for flowering may even vary by variety of plant; Hydrangea macrophylla varieties should not be pruned back hard for they won't flower if you do, but Hydrangea paniculata can be pruned back hard and will still flower again. It's largely down to whether a plant needs to keep growth that is either one or two years old in order to produce flowers, because those are the shoots that are programmed for flowering.
It's best to check the pruning rules for your area for whatever kind of plant, because there are good reasons for the recommendations.
Answer: There are various reasons, and nature is never so precise, so you may tweak the "rules" for your region/climate (and for specific cases).
If you want fruits, you should prune so that plant will flower, and it can keep the flowers/fruits. Note: if you care about flowers, it is the same: you prune for flowers, not for the form/green parts.
Some plants want to create fruits, so if you prune flowers (when they are bad, end of period), you force the plant to do new flowering period. So you do not make the plant to make fruits (which take them a lot of energies).
If you prune too late, you will get probably a disproportion of vegetable buds, vs flower buds.
Note: many gardeners prune all years. E.g. in winter for fruits, then to equilibrate more the fruiting, then the suckers, etc. etc. And always ready to do emergency pruning, when strong wind or snow broke branches.
Where the fruits buds are located, depends on the species (often just family). On grapevine we should prepare branches for next year pruning. On peach trees we should carefully prune (but strong): the plant will lose less energetic buds (near trunk), so if you prune too late or not enough, you will have a tall tree, without leaves and fruits on bottom. Not so nice to harvest, nor to look at it.
Note: climate affect also when to prune. i think it is essential to have the big books about gardening: from time to time you need to look how/when to prune (and how to multiply) a specific plant.  unless you are a professional with much memory ...get a book. Generic rules are not so useful (but to help speed up the "try and error", which look bad in a garden, but it is a good way to start conversations).
Comment: @Escoce: are you sure? Often is better not to make a large pruning (so in winter), but you remove many branches (still green) in summer. In my vineyard and orchards, I do pruning (small but more frequent) all year around. Wood pruning mostly on winter, but pruning is also for (still) green branches
Comment: If you prune flowers and tree generally will not make more. Those are determined months in advance.
Comment: Pruning transfers the energy one just removed from the plant to the REST of the plant.  Cutting off all the flowers trying to mature makes MORE flowers, larger and more vigorous plants.  I have always pruned anytime of the year I want or am able.  Always. And there are a few exceptions, but if you follow the rules that plant should do just fine for surviving.
Answer: Pruning can be done ANY TIME of the year.  I have never run into a plant that shouldn't be pruned any time of the year. There are plants that need to have old wood pruned out or other more finely tuned pruning.  Definitely when unfamiliar with a plant before pruning that someone should go learn about that plant, FIRST.
The only rules are to use bypass pruners or pruning saws, cleaned with alcohol...don't leave stumps of branches, don't cut off more than 1/3 of the plant at one time (to include lawns),  SHARP pruners.  There should be no growth from the cut EVER.  Cut whatever branch that goes against the form such as angling towards the middle of the tree, dead or damaged or dying branches all the way back to the main branch or trunk it was growing from!  Leave no stumps!
Do not try to cover the cut with anything.  Trees need to be thinned, if you are trying to go against the natural form of the tree you'd better know what you are doing or just don't do it.
I have had the spouses of a couple take the pruners and HIDE them from the pruner nut of the family!  I LOVE pruning and luckily I KNOW what I am doing.  It is addictive.  Hey, pulling weeds can be addictive.
You need to know how to help your plant BE the plant you want or better or healthier, yet before you plant that plant just learning all about that plant is critical so that pruning is not necessary to that degree. Ugh, did that make any sense?
Pruning too late in the season is just like fertilizing plants late in the season.  All that energy from whatever you cut off going into the plant will cause new growth.  New growth is going to be killed during the oncoming cold season.  Or pruning too late just like fertilizing too late will make the plants far more susceptible to fungus and disease and insects!
Answer: A good rule of thumb is, according to ISA:

As a rule, growth and wound closure are maximized if pruning takes place before the spring growth flush

We may ask why?
This useful simple rule is based on studies about trees Physiology and tree Phenology.
An important physiological activity of trees is the detachment of foliage:

trees spend energy in order to detach their foliage
Before a complete detach of foliage a tree is able to take back the energy that was spent in foliage formation. This Energy is then stored in the wooden part of the tree as carbohydrates

The main model on tree Phenology is Askenasy Curve.
These rules are based on scientifical studies, not opinions.
The first rule we should follow is the National or Local law and regulations.
Usually, a large period is given among which you may choose a week or a month according to tree Physiology and tree Phenology studies.
Answer: Also, don't forget selective pruning is the best way to do it. Shearing is ok for things like boxwood, but if you want a beautiful natural look, take branches out selectively.


Is detuning a bowl back mandolin's strings necessary?

Question: I have been reading here the questions and answers regarding, de-tuning, or loosening the strings on a guitar every day at the end of each practice session. From the many answers it is clear to me that there is no need for this practice unless the instrument is stored for a long time. However, I wonder if this also applies to a mandolin, as I have a new bowl back mandolin, built in Italy, and I know that the tension on the neck is about 80 Kg, which seems enormous to me on an instrument which looks so delicate. I practice 2 hours a day and re-tuning and de-tuning every day would be quite annoying.
Comment: Can't see why any instrument would be produced, knowing it needed slackening off after every play. All of my guitars (acoustic/electric/classical) and basses are kept, mostly hanging, in tune, to be taken down and played straightaway. They have been like that for over 20 years. Maybe mandolins are different, but I doubt it. A fellow player uses one, and that's always (nearly!) in tune.
Comment: To add on @Tim , I would say applying and releasing the tension regularly can actually *damage* the instrument as the constraints on the wood will always change, wearing it over time. If kept always under tension, nothing moves which is probably for the wood (and not to mention that instruments are actually designed to be under tension… Imagine a piano for which it would not be the case…).
Comment: It would be good if you could provide links to the QAs you refer to - some answers might need some down-votes ;))
Comment: Thanks so much guys for your prompt reply to my question, i did think that was the case but just wanted to ask around, people who knows better than myself. most grateful, thank you.
Comment: I have an A-style mandolin and keep it in tune. I don't know from bowl-backs, though. If you were _shipping_, it, or putting it into longer-term storage, I'd consider detuning, but be aware that the bridge might be held on by tension alone
Answer: I've never untuned the strings of my bowl-back mandolin after playing. Admittedly though, I own it only for a little less than a year and I use ultra light strings (but the gauge should usually not matter for a modern instrument).
Another point to consider: If you think that the mandolin is an especially small and delicate stringed instrument, do not forget the violin. A quick Google search showed that violinists usually do not untune their strings after playing. If it is safe for the violin to keep the strings in tune when not played it should also be safe for the mandolin.
Comment: Just suggest to a historically informed violinist to relax their gut strings after playing. That'd be fun, when before playing you'll need to spend an hour again getting the strings even _roughly_ in tune...


Relationship between Cohen's D effect size and p-value

Question: If a the Cohen's D of a study is 1.13, what would p = 0.003 and p = 0.05 Small, medium or large effect? I believe its a small effect but would like other thoughts and answers.
Comment: A p-value doesn't inform you about the magnitude of an effect. Cohen's d is a standardized effect size measure, and a d of 1.13 is typically considered a large effect, but of course it needs to be interpreted within the particular research context. In concrete terms, it would mean that the mean difference between the two groups is larger than one standard deviation of the outcome measure.
Answer: A p-value won't inform you about the importance of the effect size (here Cohen's d). As for interpreting p-values, you may find the following discussions relevant: Understanding p-values using an example and Interpretation of p-value near alpha level. There are many other similar threads on this website that can be useful to you.
As for the effect size (here, Cohen's d), judging if it's a small effect size depends on the context of the study. 1.13 may be an important effect in a given study, and a negligible effect in another study. It's a bit like asking "Is a weight loss of 5 grams a lot for an animal?" – it depends, are we talking about mice or elephants?
So you need to think about whether observing such an effect size matters or not. For instance, if you're testing the effect of some intervention, and observe this effect size, would the benefits related to this effect size justify generalizing this intervention to the whole population, if you consider the intervention's costs and side effects?
You may find out that there are some rules of thumbs meant to put labels such as "small", "medium" or "large" on effect sizes. For instance, in his book "Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences" (1988), Jacob Cohen uses the label "small" when $d = 0.2$, "medium" when $d = 0.5$, and large when $d = 0.8$. However, this kind of rule of thumb have been heavily criticized, including by Jacob Cohen, for the reasons mentioned above.
Cohen created these rules of thumbs for situations where it's impossible to use context to determine the importance of an effect, and recommended to prioritize using context whenever it's possible. However, one could argue the following points:

Are there really situations where you absolutely can't use context to judge the importance of an effect size?
If you really can't use context to judge if an effect is interesting or not, an alternative approach is to simply report the effect size value without attaching any qualitative adjective to it.

Edit following the discussion in comments:
When I mention taking into account costs and side effects, I do not necessarily mean in financial or health terms.
For example, a given intervention may be harmless to participants and costs financially almost nothing to implement in the population of interest. However, if the study that justified extending the intervention to the population is found out to be deeply flawed due to a poor design and its results to be wrong, it can undermine the trust that the population may have in future studies. You could consider that as a cost, so the study design is part of the context to take into account to judge the relevance of an effect size.
Comment: Thank you everyone for your input. I appreciate this. For reference, this is the article.

Bai, K. Y., Liu, G. H., Fan, C. H., Kuo, L. T., Hsu, W. H., Yu, P. A., & Chen, C. L. (2023). 12-week curcumin supplementation may relieve postexercise muscle fatigue in adolescent athletes. Frontiers in nutrition, 9, 1078108.
Comment: @user400184 To assess the results from this article, you might need some input from a researcher specialized on sport and nutrition. Now, besides effect size, some things I'd question about this article (based on a quick reading of the abstract, so take my opinion with a grain of salt) is the small number of participants (for instance, it can affect effect size by possibly exaggerating it; for more details see Button et al., 2013: https://www.nature.com/articles/nrn3475). The absence of randomization and the apparent absence of using a placebo in the control group may be also a problem.