URL Hack: Pass additional parameters into the saveURL

Question: I'm pretty good with URL hacks to set field values in a record, save=1, saveURL/retURL, etc... But I'm getting stuck on something I've never tried before and I don't even know if it is possible.  Is it possible to add parameters into the saveURL string?
e.g.
/id/e?field1=blah&save=1&saveURL=aDifferent.Id/e?field2=blah&field3=yada
So in other words, what I'm interested in doing is, Update a field on one record with an auto-save, then return to a related ID of a different record on the edit page (all good up to this point).  However, I can only seem to pass a single field update after the ? and anything after the ?field2=blah gets dropped and the edit screen won't show the &field3=yada update.
Ultimately, I'd also like to add in an &save=1 on the saveURL string also, so one button can modify and save one record, then modify and save another record.  I'm trying to accomplish this without code if I can.  Any ideas?
Comment: how are you building this url are you doing this from a  button/ visualforce page? have you looked into URLFOR Function?urlfor('/001',''["id"="001abc","field1"="abc"]) http://salesforcesource.blogspot.com/2008/12/urlfor-function-finally-explained.html
Comment: This is a Custom button... I saw URLFOR and tried to understand it in the Help files, but I don't quite understand it.  Any advice on how to plug it into the example above to update multiple field values in the saveURL?
Comment: Did you face any issues like & in the values your passing through the URL hack and if yes how did you overcome them. Can someone help me as i am having a Script on custom button when clicked passing valued to a object. However, few of the picklist values have & in them eg: India & China its not working. Tried encodeURIComponent too, still facing issues. Any help would be appreciated.
Answer: Easy :)
Just urlencode your params again. That way they'll get decoded when SF is examining your saveURL. For example:

URL to make new Task: /00T/e?tsk5=Hi%20SF%20Stack!&tsk6=Look%20Ma,%20no%20hands!
Go to http://meyerweb.com/eric/tools/dencoder/ or any other tool of your choice (URLENCODE function, javascript's encodeURIComponent... pick your poison).
You should end up with something like %2F00T%2Fe%3Ftsk5%3DHi%2520SF%2520Stack!%26tsk6%3DLook%2520Ma%2C%2520no%2520hands!
That's your saveURL.

The only problem is that this seems to somehow skip the code that generated "Recent Items" in the sidebar. So after I've saved an Account and I eventually end up on this new Task page, I don't see it in the sidebar. Only when I'll navigate to any other page it pops up.
Comment: The derp is strong with this one...
Comment: does this apporach auto save @eyescream? after autopopulating the fields?
Comment: @rao yes, just slap encoded `save=1` at the end. Full URL to "show me new Acc page and on save make new Task" would be `/001/e?saveURL=%2F00T%2Fe%3Ftsk5%3DAutosave%26tsk6%3DLook%2520Ma%2C%2520no%2520hands!%26save%3D1`.
Comment: @user320 You've started a fashion, you reap what you sow :)
Comment: This looks great!  Thank you for the idea!  I'll try it out when I have some time in the next couple days!
Comment: @JasonPaquette you're welcome but to be honest I'm not sure what you all are trying to achieve. I sense some homemade workaround for homemade "rollup summary" or maybe "on child case edit reopen parent Case" and while that's tempting to achieve like that, it'll fail as soon as some kind of API integration kicks in. That's what triggers are for.... What's your use case?
Comment: This worked well except to make sure you don't encode the tokens (e.g. don't encode the {!fieldname}) but as long as I encode the &, =, ?, /, etc this worked great!  This is a user-initiated process only, so I'm not sure how any API integration would break it?  I just want to update/save two records via one button click instead of two button clicks.  We have a custom object with a relationship to Leads and I want to update fields on the custom record and the parent Lead record.
Comment: As long as you're aware of the fact that it won't fire automatically when you'll mass update these custom records from Data Loader for example - you'll be fine. I'm also a bit surprised you had to skip encoding of field names :) Do you have an example? They should be alphanumeric only so safe, looking same after encoding...
Comment: NOTE: The URL format Salesforce uses for the standard UI is not a supported API and thus subject to change.
futher reading [this](http://andyinthecloud.com/2014/01/05/querying-custom-object-and-field-ids-via-tooling-api/)
Answer: Say for eg you are trying to auto populate the record when you are creating a new account
Every field has a ID and you can find that by inspecting the field in chrome

Paste the formula in the button script
{!URLFOR($Action.Account.New,'',[acc2="test",acc5="123"])}

$Action.Account.New - This represents the target URL
'' - this represents the ID and since we are passing most of the params throught the 3rd options lets ignore this
[] - this is where you put in multiple params.
Just in case you want to update an account use:
{!URLFOR($Action.Account.Edit,Account.Id,[acc2="test",acc5="123"])}

If you want to autosave the records save="1" / save ="x"are not supported by SF/ not working as of today. The only alternative is using ajax
refer the doc below:
http://help.salesforce.com/apex/HTViewSolution?id=000176169&language=en_US
Paste the below script in the button script area and choose option for behavior as " Execute Javascript"
{!REQUIRESCRIPT("/soap/ajax/22.0/connection.js")}
var newRecords = [];
var a = new sforce.SObject("account");
var accountid ;
a.name = 'Test_Pass';
accountid = a.id;
newRecords.push(a);
result = sforce.connection.create(newRecords);
if (result[0].getBoolean("success")) {
    alert('new account created with id ' + result[0].id);
  } else {
    alert('failed to create account '+ result[0]);
  }window.location.reload();


Unable to edit Long Text Area field in chrome

Question: I am intermittently facing this issue today in my Org . In Chrome I am not able to edit Long Text Area field . Any one aware of this bug/issue ?
Comment: Clear browser cache and try again.
Comment: Yup did it, as I said earlier its happening intermittently.
Answer: It is an issue after summer 15 release. I have also noticed this behaviour and problem is solved after salesforce support assistance.
After clearing browser cache it works fine as salesforce uses cache of browser so that unnecessary loding of view does not take much time for better UX.
As you said it is happening intermittently, check the salesforce browser compatibility with chrome version. If it is also fine please raise case to salesforce for root cause analysis on this.
I hope this information may help you.


Renaming project gives med code signing error

Question: I just renamed my project and also in the project.pbxproj renamed my product to the new name.
Now I am getting codesigning error when trying to debug on the phone. How come and how do I fix this? I have defined the profile to the same as on my phone for "debug"-ing.
It works well on the simulator. It didn't work before changing the product name either. I have also cleared the file history.
Inlcuding the log here:
<code>Fri Jul 30 12:51:36 unknown SpringBoard[28] <Warning>: Killing <SBApplication:0x6343510> com.iAndApp.BlockPop  activate:  deactivate:  for app installation
Fri Jul 30 12:51:37 unknown SpringBoard[28] <Warning>: Reloading and rendering all application icons.
Fri Jul 30 12:51:42 unknown com.apple.debugserver-48[2630] <Warning>: debugserver-48 for armv6 Copyright (c) 2007-2009 Apple, Inc.  All Rights Reserved.
Fri Jul 30 12:51:42 unknown com.apple.debugserver-48[2630] <Warning>: Connecting to com.apple.debugserver service...
Fri Jul 30 12:51:42 unknown kernel[0] <Debug>: lockbot[2617] Builtin profile: debugserver (sandbox)
Fri Jul 30 12:51:44 unknown SpringBoard[28] <Notice>: MultitouchHID(20af30) uilock state: 1 -> 0
Fri Jul 30 12:51:44 unknown SpringBoard[28] <Notice>: MultitouchHID(2277a0) device bootloaded
Fri Jul 30 12:51:45 unknown com.apple.launchd[1] <Warning>: (UIKitApplication:com.iAndApp.BlockPop[0x5ab4]) Spawned and waiting for the debugger to attach before continuing...
Fri Jul 30 12:51:45 unknown com.apple.launchd[1] <Error>: (UIKitApplication:com.iAndApp.BlockPop[0x5ab4]) posix_spawn("/var/mobile/Applications/CB93DCE9-6063-4486-9E48-E502D748CC3A/BlockPop.app/BlockPopLite", ...): Permission denied
Fri Jul 30 12:51:45 unknown SpringBoard[28] <Warning>: Unable to obtain a task name port right for pid 2631: (os/kern) failure
Fri Jul 30 12:51:45 unknown com.apple.launchd[1] <Warning>: (UIKitApplication:com.iAndApp.BlockPop[0x5ab4]) Exited with exit code: 1
Fri Jul 30 12:51:45 unknown com.apple.launchd[1] <Warning>: (UIKitApplication:com.iAndApp.BlockPop[0x5ab4]) Throttling respawn: Will start in 2147483647 seconds
Fri Jul 30 12:51:45 unknown SpringBoard[28] <Warning>: Application 'BlockPopLite' exited abnormally with exit status 1
Fri Jul 30 12:52:15 unknown com.apple.debugserver-48[2630] <Error>: error: failed to lookup the process ID for CFBundleIdentifier com.iAndApp.BlockPop.
Fri Jul 30 12:52:15 unknown com.apple.debugserver-48[2630] <Warning>: error: failed to launch process (null): unknown error.
Fri Jul 30 12:52:15 unknown com.apple.debugserver-48[2630] <Warning>: 1 [0a46/1403]: error: ::read ( 6, 0x3809f4, 1024 ) => -1 err = Bad file descriptor (0x00000009)
Fri Jul 30 12:52:45 unknown SpringBoard[28] <Notice>: MultitouchHID(20af30) uilock state: 0 -> 1
</code>
Thanks in advance!
Niklas
Answer: Well, I did as many other did, I recreated the project and moved the content to the new project. Some lessons learned that may be valuable for others:

First, I tried to create an empty project and then copied all content by just dragging the files (classes, sound files, xib files, etc.). That didn't work, complaints about that it couldn't load the files. May also have to do with that I changed name of the project earlier, that's actually when all problems started.
I created a new project that's window-based. Could be my incompetence, but I didn't manage to get the first view loaded properly and, hence, ended up with a grey first view. I created all files and xibs and copied the code from to the newly created class files. I copied/pasted all graphical objects in my xib and configured everything as they're supposed to be (class associations, actions, outlets, etc).
I created a new view-based application with exactly the name I was going to use for my app. By doing this I get the delegate AND controller file for free, and I was hoping that some of the assocations I failed to do was going to come for free now. Differently from 2 above, I now added my files by rigth-clicking on Classes/Other Resources/etc.->Add->Existing Files. The only thing I dragged from my old project was png-files. I cannot really explain why, but I guess that some associations happens behind the scenes when xCode creates the delegate and controller files which I couldn't controll when creating a windows based project, due to my incompetence or how xCode works.

Cheers,
Niklas
Answer: I had a similar problem. The Console log showed:

Mon Dec  6 10:43:46 (deviceName) com.apple.launchd[1] (UIKitApplication:(appId)[0x7f1b][2763]) : ((appId)[0x7f1b]) posix_spawn("/var/mobile/Applications/427DC185-7DD3-4286-B73E-9B650798A37D/(appName).app/CO", ...): Permission denied

This only occurred when running/debugging with XCode debugger. The app would not crash when launching from the launcher.
I tried reinstalling certificates with no success.
It appeared to me that the problem was with the debugger connecting.
I deleted the application, and on the next run/debug with XCode the problem had gone away!
Answer: I am using this script to rename my iOS project. https://github.com/ytbryan/rename
Remember to update your Xcode scheme too.


How do humans with electric organs prevent self-electrocution?

Question: In my world, a small population on an isolated island were bitten by radioactive electric eels while fishing.  I read that the eels can send out carefully timed signals through their nervous systems to activate the electric organs which generates electricity .  Science is still debating why they don't accidentally shock themselves. I'd like my subjects to be able to grow similar organs inside their bodies but with a safety mechanism in place (this is unprecedented because nature kept it a secret).
Comment: This is a good question, but without a natural precedent to guide answers, how will you judge the best answer?  As written, this question is [POB](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/6436#6437).
Comment: I don't know enough to give you a proper answer, but I would imagine that the electricity would always follow the path of least resistance. In this case, just make sure the resistance between the electrical organ and the vital organ is high enough that the electrical charge will jump onto the target instead. Your only issue is that air, unlike sea water, has very good electrical resistance.
Comment: @Shadowzee: I recently read that the eels can flex their body to avoid shocking their heart and then my imagination runs wild, I picture a person doing yoga to control the curse and turns it into a gift... But sadly few will survive doing jack knifes while those doing crunches would be killed I guess. BTW right now I am more concern about the internal body so we can neglect the safety of the surrounding people and object.
Comment: electric eels DO shock themselves, sometimes fatally. Even with a perfect performance they still give themselves a pretty hearty jolt, they have done everything physiologically they can to insulate themselves but it does not help much. worse as Shadowzee mentioned the contortions won't help on land.
Comment: @JBH: I believe there are many ways nature do things but there is a distinction between electric eel and electric catfish so this also apply to my subjects meaning because i have chosen the eels. So any good answer must apply to both eel and human provided it must not conflict with science, I can only grant a one time scientific miracle to radioactive electric eels and that's it.
Answer: First of all, most of my reading on electric eels indicates that they do sometimes shock themselves, but that the real danger they face is the charge going through their heart. They have the ability to kill themselves with their own shock, but tend to shape themselves in a way that protects themselves as much as possible before discharge. But, for the purposes of the question, what mechanisms could humans use?
Humans have a distinct advantage over eels in this regard because they naturally live in the atmosphere, not water. Water is a great conductor; air, not so much. So, the real danger of humans having electrical generation organs in their bodies would relate to their capacity to touch their target.
In such a case, you're probably going to have some conduit that allows the electricity to flow through a given channel from that organ through to (say) the tips of their fingers. But, the human body is around 70% water which is a great conductor! What ever shall we do?
Fortunately, nature already has a solution to this - Cellulose. There are even electrical insulation papers that are made specifically because they are pure cellulose, and act as an insulator. This is a natural organic compound, critical in many respects to both plant and animal life, so your augmented humans probably have a tertiary circulatory system, made exclusively of some of hollow cellulose, channeling a conductive fluid (could even double up on the lymphatic system) that allows the discharge to release through the dermal layer.
In its present form, there are a LOT of problems with this model, but fundamentally in an atmospheric environment rather than an aquatic environment, the key to biological electrical discharges is going to be insulation that allows the electricity to be discharged to a contact point. If you have a need for a natural insulator, one that already exists in a biological context and is therefore not so exotic, cellulose would seem to be a good fit.
From there, the question is the design of the dispersal or circulatory system that fits into the human body to make all this possible in a similar manner to an eel.


Public data re possible estimate of baghouse efficiency. Plus characteristics of chromium emissions. Thanks!

Question: I'm doing an article on a company whose Title V Operating Permit is currently under review by state regulators. (See biographical note below.) See also my specific questions, numbered below. Most important are #4 & #7 & #8.
So I'm trying to arrive at some measure of the company's baghouse filtration efficiency. The company melts heavy metals such as Cd, Cr, As & Pb in a batch heated in a 2500F furnace. The company and state regulators agree that 98% of the Cr that is emitted is Cr(VI).
There were several stack emission tests done for various HAPs; I'm focused on Cr. There are two issues at hand that may have underestimated the facility's Cr emissions for different products on an on-going basis. One is the fact that, violating the state's instructions, the company made a test product that used only ~10% of the Cr used in its most Cr-heavy product. That's one way the emissions test underestimates the company's potential actual production emissions of Cr going forward. It makes products colored with ten-times more Cr.
The second problem is that the emissions test used chromium oxide (Cr2O3), a very refractory type of Cr that is subject to forming unmelted "stones" in the batch. Thus, some significant amount of the Cr neither entered into solution nor was potentially vaporized and off-gassed off the melt to enter baghouse filtration -- some small portion of that to be emitted to ambient air. The company also uses sodium dichromate (Na2Cr2O7) as a coloring agent. In fact, it had many hundreds of pounds of Na2Cr2O7. on-site as reflected in state Fire Marshal data. But instead of using the far less refractory and more soluble Na2Cr2O7 for the test melt, it used Cr2O3. The fact that Cr2O3 remains 'inert,' in effect, in the unmelted stones, also potentially underestimates the amount of Cr emitted when Na2Cr2O7 is melted.
Such was the test-melt that yielded stack emissions data. Through the application of U.S. EPA's AEROMOD modler to arrive at dispersion levels, such low-ball emission data may have yielded an artificially high chromium daily use allowance. And, in fact, the company has already received permission to use more than 350 lb/day of chrome. Which seems like a lot for the single furnace that uses most of the Cr. (Should the company protest that it won't use 350 lb/day, note that its formal request to regulators was for permission to use almost 600 lb/day of chrome. And, to repeat, it's agreed that any emissions are Cr(VI), a rampant carcinogen.
Such is the context in which I query the good experts of Stack Exchange. Here's my questions: Is it possible, given the data in the public documents I link to below, to arrive at some estimate of the company's baghouse filtration efficiency?
The documents linked just below include the source test report, the dispersion modeling report and especially the company's Usage Rate Request -- that one is DOCUMENT A. Does that data permit you to arrive at a viable estimate for its filtration system's efficiency rating?
The 'semiotics' of everything I've encountered in my past month of research suggest that the filters are at most MERV 16. And MERV 16 filtration would not reassure neigbors justly concerned about Cr6, Cd, Pb & As, etc.
Note that the documents below are all public documents.
The Cr test used 8.05 lbs of pure chrome, Cr2O3.
According to the chrome-use request (DOCUMENT A), the lb CR VI emitted/lb Cr used = 7.59 X 10-6 lb/per lb used. It would seem we could multiply that number by 8.05 for the total amount of Cr6 emitted in the test. CORRECT?
DOCUMENT A: See the consultant's request for allowable chrome use here -- see here, page 3 for the equations.
DOCUMENT B: Here's DEQ's review of the source test -- see here, Cr data, page 2. Page 3 contains data on baghouse pressure drop and the like.
DOCUMENT C: Here's DEQ's discussion of the air modeling report -- see here.[3]
DOCUMENT D: Here's the Title V Operating Permit application -- see here. It's worth noting that on page 17, the company states the Efficiency Rating for Baghouse West (which controls 18 separate 2500F furnaces) is "99+%." To my understanding, that statement doesn't really work. That is, a MERV 16 filter is 95% effective, perhaps a bit more. And the next step up, a HEPA filter is 99.97%. So 99+% has no real standing with any group establishing efficiency standards.And, again, at a public meeting and in documents, the company has never claimed HEPA filters on its baghouse. Had it spent to the money for HEPA, it certainly would have been shouting it from the rooftops. Also see pgs 75 to 77 of DOCUMENT D linked in this paragraph for more hard data.

Given the data in these documents, can you state (within some range) the facility's baghouse filtration efficiency rating?
The permit application -- DOCUMENT D above, pg. 17 -- notes a 99+% Efficiency Rating. But, as has been pointed out to me, in the absence of sizing of the PM to be filtered, is that sort of a meaningless statement? (After all, the cheapest filter can have 99+% rating if it's asked to stop large rocks or some such.) So does that "99+%" rating have no real meaning?
What is the aerodynamic diameter -- approximately -- of a chromium particle off-gassing off a 2500F glass-melt? A range? An estimate of the size? Way down in nanometers?
Or is question #3 the wrong question since the chromium coming off the melt will be vaporized into a gas? Will the vapor phase gaseous Cr pass through the baghouse and be emitted into the air?
Or is the system designed so that the gaseous Cr will condense to particulate form?
If so, can we estimate the size of the PM? A few dozen nanometers perhaps?
If many pounds of Cr are used per day, according to Fire Marshal data, a lot of it will be Na2Cr2O7, which is more volatile and less refractory than the Cr2O3 used in the test melt. Either way, do nearby receptors, of which there are many, including schools and day-care centers, have reason for concern? (Almost entirely all the Cr emitted is CrVI.)
How much would it cost to boost this baghouse filtration system up to a HEPA level?
Comment: I suggest editing the questions to be concise. Currently it is too long to read.
Comment: Are you asking us to do your research for you?
Comment: Currently wallowing through a stack of print-outs, yes, a foot high, including full texts of 30 journal articles. I've read the 250-page stack emissions report & 100-page permit applicatoin. Emailed dozens of professors, heard back from a few. Reached out to the corporate sector, including Parker-Hannifin, the baghouse makers. (They ain't talking.) The query above indicates a non-technical person's 7 weeks of scrounging for data, the company involved a black-box, state regulatros wary. After weeks of research, such as I'm able, I sought expert advise. Scott below helped. Thanks, Daniel.
Answer: The only way to determine baghouse efficiency would be a particulate sample at the inlet and outlet.


What would be the difference between Fichte and Hegel?

Question: I am quite confused how Fichte's ideas (and Schelling's ideas) and Hegel's ideas differ. There seem to be some common elements, but I am unsure how to pinpoint the difference between Hegel's and Fichte's.
Comment: What are you precisely talking about? Idealism? Logic?
Answer: Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel were divided in most significant respects by their views about realism and naturalism, the status of subject-object identity, and the nature of rationality and intellectual intuition. The differences between Fichte and Schelling are explored in depth in Hegel's Differenz des Fichteschen und Schellingschen Systems der Philosophie (for a more contemporary review of the issues you might look into The Philosophical Rupture between Fichte and Schelling: Selected Texts and Correspondence, 2012, edited by Michael Vater and David Wood).
To state things crudely, the main difference is that Fichte upholds a more or less Kantian interpretation of the subjective status of transcendental idealism, whereas Schelling and Hegel defend an objective interpretation of absolute idealism. In particular, Schelling and Hegel criticize in different ways the Cartesian tradition of foundationalist epistemology, where we need to begin philosophy from the presuppositionless starting point of the knowing subject or res cogitans. For Schelling and Hegel, however, this involves an unacceptable form of solipsism or dualism that is created by falsely abstracting the knowing subject from nature itself.
Roughly put, if we start from the subject and work outwards toward nature we are forced to postulate an unbridgeable gap of intelligibility between subject and object. The problem being that the transcendental ego cannot reach outside itself to make contact with an externally standing reality. In order to escape this both Schelling and Hegel attempted to reconceive the knowing subject in terms of the natural history of consciousness; the ultimate end of the organic powers of nature. Their claim boils down to the idea that if the subject is internal rather than external to nature then all of nature is contained within itself; a notion similar to Spinoza's substance.
Apparently, this form of idealism is called objective and absolute since subjectivity emerges from a pre-existing objectivity which is dissolved in a relation of self-identity; meaning that self-consciousness coalesces out of nature and returns to nature in order to become something that is neither nature nor self-consciousness alone, but is rather the undifferentiated unity of the absolute.
Comment: what is the transcendental ego?
Comment: The transcendental ego is what came to replace God as the foundation of knowledge in modern philosophy. The idea can be traced back to the "I think" of the Cartesian cogito, but is more commonly understood in the context of Kant's transcendental deduction in the First Critique. To say that the ego or subject is "transcendental" is to indicate the underlying conditions or formal possibility of empirical knowledge, rather than an object of knowledge itself. The cogito is in this sense an example formal essences, a priori cognition, and the "categories" or pure thought and being.
Answer: A very simple and schematic explanation would be the following:
Fichte is a subjective idealist, meaning nature is constructed by (minimally: dependent on) the (personal, finite) subject.
Schelling is an objective idealist, meaning nature is thought of as being the (creative) subject.
Hegel is an absolute idealist, meaning both nature and the personal subject are created by the absolute idea (read: absolute subject), which thus underlies both nature and the personal (finite) subject.
According to this scheme, absolute idealism is the synthesis of subjective and objective idealism.
The main question for all three is "What is the generative principle of the world?"
Fichte saw it in the personal I, Schelling in nature (as subject) and Hegel in the absolute idea as a principle similar to the personal ego but all-encompassing and thus being the ground of both nature and subjective spirit.
Comment: Yes, but Hegel's idealism isn't a world-soul idealism, like Schelling. When Hegel critiques Schelling's objective idealism he means his idea that Nature is in a colloquial sense "spiritual" (which Hegel doesn't deny as far as the idea isn't corrupted by Schelling's mysticism). He doesn't synthesize Fichte and Schelling in this way, because he thinks Schelling already has shown Fichte's thought to be one-sided.
Answer: Fichte rejected Kantian thing-in-itself. For him the foundation of philosophy is the ego. The ego is limited by non-ego, which is nature. Nature is a sort of byproduct of the human mind (it is not mystically created by it, that would be nonsense, rather it's only definition is it being that which limits the ego), we can say it exists outside us, but who cares.
Schelling thought that Fichte's dismissal of nature with it's infinite beauty and diversity is a gross mistake, and he brought back nature to the centre stage. Nature is just as important as the mind. However, for Schelling nature is irrational at it's most fundamental level (Schopenhauer developed this idea further in his "World as will and idea"), and we can only know it's deepest mysteries through mystical intuition.
Hegel thought that Fichte and Schelling were both on the right track, but Schelling's view that the absolute cannot be rationally arrived at is wrong. Hegel developed a system that unified Kant, Fichte, and Schelling, and Hegel method was rational and logical, unlike Schelling's.
This is why Kant and Hegel are so famous, while Fichte and Schelling are half forgotten. The guy who starts and the guy who finishes are always more famous than the guys in between.
Comment: The answer starts with a wrong (or at least misleading) statement. Fichte did not reject the thing-in-itself. He just did not believe that it is not knowable. Also, the foundation of his philosophy is not the ego, it is the self-identity of A = A (literally: the judgement of the identity of the self with itself, ie. the process/event/judgement of self-recognition). I do agree with the rest of the answer by and large. Your last paragraph basically is the main message of *The Twenty-Five Years of Philosophy* by Förster.


Create partial index with single value

Question: I have PostgreSQL 12 DB with a table with a several columns, two of them are a bigint ("numCol") and a boolean ("boolCol"). numCol can have any integer number, and 0 is about 0.1%-5% of the table. It is frequently updated. The table can be big (>1B rows)
I have frequent queries for numCol=0 and boolCol is false, so I created a partial btree index:
myindex(numCol,boolCol) where numCol = 0 and boolCol is false.
Although the query performance is good, this index will have a single value, and I think that btree might consume more disk space than necessary.
Is there a more suitable index type for this case? What is the best practice in such cases?
Answer: A partial index typically doesn't need the columns from the WHERE clause in the index as well. You should put other columns that you retrieve in the queries that make use of that index in the column. e.g. the PK or something else.
So if you e.g. frequently use this query:
select pk_column, other_column
from the_table
where num_col = 0
and bool_col = false;

Then it usually makes sense to create the index like this:
create index on the_table (pk_column, other_column)
where num_col = 0
and bool_col = false;

That way the index scan can be used to also get the values needed for the
Comment: ok, thanks, but what if i need to select *?

Create partial index with single value


My bitcoin address and name

Question: Please how will the receiver of the bitcoin know that I send the bitcoin into his wallet. And how do i send the bitcoin into another person's wallet
Answer: Typically the receiver will create a different address for every payment he expects.
That way, once the expected amount of coins have arrived at the expected address, the receiver knows which payment was fullfilled.
This is a better approach than trying to figure out who paid - something that's not generally possible and hurts Bitcoin's privacy. Typically you don't care who pays a bill, only which bill was paid.
Answer: That's two questions, but I'll attempt to answer both:
The "receiver" of a bitcoin transaction is really just an address that in your case happens to be a peson and where that address is associated with a Wallet, e.g. a software app, installed on a SmartPhone.
The wallet app will have an area within it allowing users to view transactions. Depending on the wallet, it will either display as coins sent and received, or provide a link to an external service such as https://blockchain.info where info about the transaction can be viewed. Using the latter, the receiver (actually, anyone) can see that the address you used to send coins to, has been used as an "Output" in a transaction, and the address used to send the coins (e.g. your own wallet address) has been used as an "Input" to that transaction.
In summary: If both the sender and receiver address are displayed on blockchain.info, and have at least 6 "Confirmations", you can pretty much safely assume that the coins have been successfully sent and received.
As for how to send coins to another wallet, you'd follow the same principle:
1). Obtain address from the person you wish to pay
2). Using any wallet, punch in that address
3). Select the amount of coin to send to that address
4). Hit "send" or "pay" or whatever.
I hope that helps.
Comment: If you're happy with the answers, please consider marking it as "accepted".

My bitcoin address and name


What happens to my 3d model when I apply the mirror modifier ? it adds extra vertices

Question: I don't understand what happens to my 3d model when I apply the mirror modifier. It seems that it adds a lot of vertices that I can't remove anymore. Anyway the modifier is able to mirror the eye socket correctly. Check the pictures attached and help me to understand how to fix the problem. Thanks.

Comment: What are the 3 meshes?  One is not visible except at render.  Do you have two copies of the Bird?  Examine this by clicking objects in the outliner window.
Comment: What, exactly, are you trying to achieve with the mirror modifier? Is the cylinder around the eye socket a separate object? You might bet a better answer by uploading a copy of your blendfile to [Blend-Exchange](http://blend-exchange.giantcowfilms.com/)
Comment: http://blend-exchange.giantcowfilms.com/embedImage.png?bid=1043
Answer:
The mirror modifier has a center.  You need to place your model on the correct side of its origin. You may just create vertices on one side of the local origin. You only need model on one side ... the left or the right.  There are more flexible alternatives than this but this is the good way to start.
In the image lets assume I am trying to make a sphere with just half a sphere. The blue sphere is almost correct.  I wanted the separation to be a little obvious visually for purposes of explanation.
The next attempt is where the model has too much separation.
In the last model I have unfortunately placed vertices on both sides of the X axis.  This may be what you did also.
You can either remove the mirror modifier. Or make a selection on the undesired vertices and grow the selection with Control+, then delete the vertices.
I wonder if you are seeing another mesh in the same place as the bird.  I suggest you change the names of the mesh to something like Bird so as to explain the issue better.
Comment: Hello. I want to mirror only the eye socket,but I see that when I select the mirror modifier the whole bird is mirrored. I'm in edit mode and the cylinder around the eye is not a separate object.
Comment: I need to mirror the eye socket from the left side to the right one. can you help me ? here you can find the blend file : http://psychonews.it/dati/Pierino0.blend


Tamron 18-200 lens

Question: I am looking for a budget telephoto lens. The Canon 55-250 and Tamron 18-200 are both within my budget. I am slightly inclined towards getting the 18-200 because of the range it has. I looked up for reviews for this and couldn't find any good review with pictures from this lens. Can any one respond with quality of pics at 200mm ? Is it a good buy even though it doesn't have IS like the Canon 55-250?
Comment: See the photozone.com website for reviews: [Tamron AF 18-200mm f/3.5-6.3 Di II LD Aspherical (IF) XR macro](http://www.photozone.de/canon-eos/292-tamron-af-18-200mm-f35-63-di-ii-ld-aspherical-if-xr-macro-test-report--review) and [Canon EF-S 55-250mm f/4-5.6 IS](http://www.photozone.de/canon-eos/411-canon_55250_456is_50d)
Comment: Depending on the type of photography you do, the IS (or VC, Tamron's equivalent) feature is likely to me of greater value to you than marginal differences in image quality.
Comment: There is also the ef-s 18-200 with image stabilization which you could consider.
Answer: If you don't really need to be able to shoot wide with the same lens, then you'll generally get much better quality from a lens with narrower zoom range. To get a ~10x zoom range like the 18-200 compromises have to be made.
The Canon lens has a smaller zoom range, yet more reach and has stabilisation so is a better option on paper, however I've never used it so don't know how it performs in the real world.
Both lenses are designed for APS-C sensors only, if are thinking of upgrading to full frame you might want to consider a full frame lens, as in the telephoto range there is little weight penalty for the larger image circle.

Tamron 18-200 lens


Using squid3 with Tor

Question: My internet connection comes with a data usage limit. So I can make best out of it only by using squid caching proxy. How can I configure squid3 to work with Tor on ubuntu.
Comment: It seems that currently squid does not support SOCKS [ http://wiki.squid-cache.org/Features/Socks ]. You may need to find another proxy that supports SOCKS.
Answer: A couple of seconds googling gives tor iptables squid
The relevant comment being:

You can use the following configuration:
user -> squid -> privoxy -> tor
The configuration of tor client and privoxy is standard. To redirect squid to privoxy you need the option cache_peer with never_direct parameter (see: http://www.visolve.com/squid/squid24s1/neighbour.php).
Answer: If your internet connection comes with a usage limit then no matter how you proxy/tunnel your still going to be using bandwidth and hit your limit.
Comment: hence the caching. Not all requests will hit the connection. Dont think question was stating tor is being used to help the limit problem, rather squid was.
Answer: When using tor for web browsing, you generally don't use it directly. You use a combination of privoxy and tor. This deals with the dreaded DNS leaks, allows you to do ad filtering etc. To make use of caching, insert squid between privoxy and your browser. So your setup would look like this:
your browser --- squid caching proxy --- privoxy --- tor --- Internet

Using squid3 with Tor


Ubuntu Server minimal package

Question: What is the best why to install an Ubuntu Server image with the minimum possible of package ( no default, no extrat ) that can only allow ssh connection to it and nothing else.
Comment: Nothing else? Why, then, connect via SSH?
Answer: Perhaps the Ubuntu "Minimal CD", aka the "minimal ISO image", is close enough to what you are looking for.

"Installation/MinimalCD": http://help.ubuntu.com/community/Installation/MinimalCD

After doing a minimal install, I think there's only one more thing you need to do to allow ssh connection:
The Ubuntu Server Guide says (in the OpenSSH Server section) that
sudo apt-get install openssh-server

allows people to ssh to your server.
You'll probably also want to to the other things suggested at How do I configure a new Ubuntu installation to accept ssh connections? .
EDIT:
If on one machine one installs the "Minimal CD", and then runs
sudo tasksel install server

and on another machine one installs the "Ubuntu Server CD",
my understanding is that the two machines are practically the same.
If you know what the difference is between them, please post that difference to
Is using Ubuntu Minimal any different from Server?
.
See What does the "Basic Ubuntu Server" package contain in software selection during installation?
for more details.
Comment: But dose the minimal install give the same capability as the server install like lower latency and with different task scheduler ? my goal is to have the most robust and minimal server release to e able after to install some software on top without having any extra or default package that i don't need.
Comment: Replace `linux-generic` by `linux-rt`(this fork is not built in all architectures, e.g.SecureBoot signed)

Ubuntu Server minimal package


Since final consonant are silent,how can I write a word base on its prononciation?

Question: A Korean beginner here.
Because a final consonant is silent, you don't know where a word has its final consonant or which a final consonant is. For example,책(book), how can you know it has a final consonant ㄱ in the bottom since it pronounces as 채?
And since several final consonants pronounce the same, how do you know which one you should choose? Since ㄱ,ㄲ,ㅋ all pronounces k,채 can be 책,챜,챆.
Comment: a lot of them are pronounced the same so you wouldn't know just by the sound. You know someone is not saying 챜 or챆 because they are not real words.
Answer: To be precise, it is not true that 받침 is not pronounced at all when they are at the end of a word.  They are pronounced, but only halfway, which means they don't have the final release of the phonetic pressure formed by the obstruction of air flow.  For example, when you say 'check' in English, you pronounce it like CHE-ku, where the last 'ku' is a very light release of pressure created in making the k sound.  책 in Korean on the other hand doesn't have this release, meaning your form your mouth and pronounce it without the final step of releasing it. The sound is made, but more indistinctly than the English k at the end.
This incomplete articulation makes the sound not clear enough, so the result is that we can detect the broad difference but not the minute one.  We can distinguish between 책 and 챋 but not 책 from 챆 or 챜, for example. ㄱ,ㅋ,ㄲ become the same sound when they are a 받침, as well as ㄷ,ㅌ,ㄸ,ㅅ,ㅆ,ㅈ,ㅊ and ㅂ,ㅃ,ㅍ. The representative 받침s ㄱ,ㅅ,ㅂ are the most common ones, so if you're not sure, just spell the word with them.  There are exceptions of course (like 빗 = comb, 빚 = debt, 빛 = light), but they are not that common. And even when there are multiple such words, it is not an issue because they only sound the same when there is no vowel following, which is uncommon. Plus, the context usually makes the meaning clear even if they sound exactly the same. All languages have a lot of homonyms that are spelled and pronounced the same, but it is usually not a problem.


How to lock the layers into the same location reference

Question: I'm obviously very confused here. So I am using Google Maps as a base layer, as I want to get my new shapes in the right place for a map. Google Maps doesn't seem to allow me to zoom in particularly far, maybe I need to save it as an image rather than use a live map but that is a problem for another day. I select a CRS, enable on the fly, and ensure that the same CRS is used for a new shapeile layer. To my mind that should mean that when I use the Pan Map tool to move about a bit (and I mean only a bit) and my new shapes move position relative to the Google Map. My understanding was that the whoe point was to create maps that retained geographical integrity? Can someone please correct my assumption or my utilisation (preferably the latter)?
Comment: I'm not sure I follow. Are you saying your polygons are moving position but the Google Map base layer does not move at all?
Comment: Hi, no with both the layers (Google and Shapes) selected, if I use the Pan Map to drag the visual image in any direction, even by a very small margin, the Shapes are then in a different position on the Google map. They are not moving together in a uniform manner, meaning I can't make fine position adjustments to the shapes relative to the Map.
Answer: You run into a typical error with the Openlayers plugin. Switch to the QuickMapServices plugin instead. Make sure to visit Web -> QuickMapServices -> Settings -> More services, and click on Get contributed pack.
For best visual impact, use EPSG: 3857  as the project layer. The shapefile layer can have a different CRS.
Comment: And under those settings I should continue to use Google or would an alternative satellite resource be more effective, i.e. allow finer grained zoom?
Comment: On a global coverage, Google has a good resolution. But there may be services by local surveying authorities that provide better resolution. I don't konw them all ...


Are questions related to translation about Islamic books on topic?

Question: This question on Islam meta SE brings about the topic of Islamic references in English language. It is always a challenge to find translations of some the required references. However, are questions — like this one — on Islam SE asking for a translation of an Islamic book considered on topic?
Answer: To answer the general question, I see no reason why questions related to translations of Islamic books shouldn't be on-topic. Especially as an English-language site where many users are not fluent in Arabic, being able to know and ask about the sources that are actually available in English (or whatever native language you prefer) is important in the study of Islam.
For example, asking about whether a particular translation is well-regarded is probably fine, as is asking if a particular passage is accurately translated if there's some notable reason for doubt. Even asking about the credentials of the translator, I see no problem with.
However, the particular question you bring up is potentially problematic because it's not asking about a translation, it's asking for a translation. In other words, it basically presents as a book recommendation question, which can be tricky to work with under the limitations of the Stack Exchange model.
Even if it's readily answerable now (I don't know the particulars about the book or the available translations to really know), answers are expected to be useful for future visitors as well as the questioner: As new books (including new translations of existing books) come out over time, such answers will just get more and more obsolete (and therefore more and more useless) unless it's somehow kept fresh.
Answer: We have many questions about literature here already and we also have a tag books.
Where you might find posts like for example:
Sources of Fiqh from Madhabs
Does the book "Reliance of the Traveller" play a significant role in Islam?
Are there any surviving manuscript of books written by the scholars listed below?
Are there any books written by female scholars?
...
I think most of them are at least focused and answerable questions, so from this point of view they perfectly fit here on SE. Which also is the case for translations of known books as the one quoted in your post.
Of course it might be better to create a well phrased meta-post on that topic as "a collective thread or post" and refer to it (maybe mine which you linked in your post is not really a good choice or at least needs some elaboration or re-phrasing).
But as said I see no harm in those questions, they might not be of general benefit at firsr sight, but many people could drop in later and have the same question in mind.


decoding thread context structure in x64dbg

Question: Is there any way to decode the thread context structure returned by "GetThreadContext" and used by "SetThreadContext" in x64dbg?
Answer: write a script like this
(this is not an actual representation of CONTEXT64
only a partially ripped up struct from MSDN CONTEXT DOCS
<code>ClearTypes                                      // clear existing types

AddType uint64_t,DWORD64                        // add windows specific DWORD64,DWORD,WORD
AddType uint32_t,DWORD
AddType uint16_t,WORD

AddUnion XMM_SAVE_AREA32                        // union and its members
AddMember XMM_SAVE_AREA32, DWORD64,NEON128,10
AddMember XMM_SAVE_AREA32, DWORD,ULL,20

AddStruct CONTEXT                               //create an empty structure
AddMember CONTEXT,DWORD64,P1Home                // Add members
AddMember CONTEXT,DWORD64,P2Home
AddMember CONTEXT,DWORD64,P3Home
AddMember CONTEXT,DWORD64,P4Home
AddMember CONTEXT,DWORD64,P5Home
AddMember CONTEXT,DWORD64,P6Home
AddMember CONTEXT,DWORD,ContextFlags
AddMember CONTEXT,DWORD,MxCsr
AddMember CONTEXT,WORD,SegCs
AddMember CONTEXT,WORD,SegDs
AddMember CONTEXT,WORD,SegEs
AddMember CONTEXT,WORD,SegFs
AddMember CONTEXT,WORD,SegGs
AddMember CONTEXT,WORD,SegSs
AddMember CONTEXT,DWORD,Eflags
AddMember CONTEXT,DWORD64,Regs,0x18             // hack to name/unions checked etc.
AddMember CONTEXT,XMM_SAVE_AREA32,FloatSave     // union added as structs member
AddMember CONTEXT,DWORD64,VecRegs,0x3a          //0x3a qwords dumped together hack
</code>
go to script tab load this script and run the script

check log tab for confirmation
you can decode any address as this Type in the main windows struct tab in dump MDI window
in x64 the Function SetThreadContext() has the CONTEXT in register rdx
click struct tab
right click and Visit type enter struct name

and address which holds this struct (rdx )

the struct will be pretty printed as shown in screenshot below


Can one change their mind before playing marker or if wrong card played?

Question: While playing Sequence and a player places his card down that he intends to play and then changes his mind before placing his chip down is that allowed? or does he have to play the card he showed? Also, what if he places his chip down in the right spot but plays the wrong card. Does that count? Does he get to switch out the card or place the chip on the spot of the card he played by mistake?
Comment: Your question is "is the card played played?" and the answer is yes (by definition). How you handle take-backs for misplays is up to you.
Answer: The vast majority of games - including, as far as I know, Sequence - do not include this level of detail in the game rules themselves; if you are playing in a competitive tournament, you should refer to the tournament organisers. If you're a friendly game (particularly as I note you've tagged the question house-rules), you should do whatever causes people to have the most fun.


Is it possible to attach a debugging session to a running program in eclipse CDT

Question: I'm writing a netscape iplanet plugin (on solaris/C using eclipse) which is basically a shared object with specific entry points, and I'd like to be able to debug the shared object with eclipse's debugger (gdb).
I remember doing something similar in AIX where you could make xldb attach to a running process. Is it possible to get eclipse to run gdb to attach to a running binary?
And should I expect grief because I want to debug a dynamically loaded piece of code?
Comment: Did you try http://stackoverflow.com/questions/655853/is-it-possible-to-attach-a-debugging-session-to-a-running-program-in-eclipse-cdt/719936#719936?
Answer: Yes it is. You need to go to the Lauch Configuration Dialog and select "C++ Attach to ...". Depending on your Eclipse version there may be only one or more "C++ Attach to ..." variants available.
Answer: I use Eclipse CDT for HP/UX remote environment. I'm not sure whether it will work for you:

have your app running on unix
go to Run / Debug Configurations / C/C++ Attach to Remote
click Debug and a list of processess will be shown
select the process you want to debug.
Comment: In step #1, how can I make sure the app doesn't run past the point I want to debug? (on HP-UX)
Comment: Hi, can you specify which plugin you are using? I am not able to find any option under Debug Configurations for C++ Attach To Remote I have C++ Remote Application.
Comment: @Hassaan hi you can write  int x = 1; while(x) { sleep(1000);} this will make sure code stops at someplace. If the symbol files are loaded and mapped then any breakpoints you set after will be hit and work like a charm.


Exporting multiple response syntax that are already set

Question: I have received a data set which multiple response variables were already set. Is it possible to export their syntaxts in order to use them in another data with the same variables? Thank you
Answer: You can use the APPLY DICTIONARY command. Strictly speaking, the variable definitions are not exported (to a file) or imported (from a file). The APPLY DICTIONARY command allows you to directly apply roughly three types of dictionary information from one dataset(file)                                                                                . to another:

Dictionary info on the file level (FILEINFO)
Dictionary info about variables that exist in both files (VARINFO)
Dictionary of variables not present in the target file (NEWVARS)

The defintions of (MRSETS) are part of #1, FILEINFO, because they describe more than single variables' attributes, but rather how certain variables are defined to make up a multiple response set.
So, to copy the MRSETS you copy the dictionaries of existing, matching variables, and copy any new variables belong to the MRSET, before you can apply the FILEINFO.
In this example, the variable info on var1 from file1.sav is copied to the variables var2, var3 and var4 in the active dataset.
Syntax example:
APPLY DICTIONARY FROM file1.sav
 /SOURCE VARIABLES = var1
 /TARGET VARIABLES = var2 var3 var4
 /NEWVARS
 /FILEINFO MRSETS = REPLACE.


How can I adjust the p-value calculation for an A/B test that is currently running?

Question: I am running an A/B test. I have about 95k samples per variation and 1.29% relative improvement. The test is to see whether the variant converts users to booking better than the control. Test is still running. The test has been running for about 2 months. I cant afford to run it any longer. I am using Optimizely (fullstack) to run this test. So, I didnt have to calculate the sample size before the test and wait for it. Now, when I look at the Optimizely results dashboard , it shows as less than 1% statistical significance. However, if I plug the numbers into a chi-square test calculator like this (https://www.evanmiller.org/ab-testing/chi-squared.html#!31984/96684;32299/96391@95) , I get a statistically significant result (p value .0463). I understand that there is a multiple testing problem that can inflate type 1 error rate and I might be getting a false positive. How can I adjust for this and get an accurate result with the given sample size and relative improvement, so far ?
Comment: See https://towardsdatascience.com/unlocking-peeking-in-ab-tests-7847b9c2f6bb
Answer: There are no easy p-value adjustments.  Your real question is about whether you can stop your test, calculate a p-value, and rely on the answer.  I can think of 3 paths forward.  (1) You already said that you can't afford to run the test any longer.  Stop the test.  Calculate the p-value when you stop the test.  Understand that there is risk of not following your test plan leading to a potentially invalid result.  (2) Now that you have a better idea of the potential improvement and the rate of impressions, calculate a proper sample size to detect the improvement of interest, restart the test, and wait until you have reached the desired sample size or wait time.  There are no short cuts.  (3) Contact Optimizely and ask them to tell you how they do their calculation and how it is different from a chi-squared test.  You bought the product, they should be happy to help.
Comment: On 3), Optimizely uses a variant of sequential test called [Mixed Sequential Probability Ratio test](http://library.usc.edu.ph/ACM/KKD%202017/pdfs/p1517.pdf), which provides a valid p-value at any point in time.
Comment: There is also the possibility [tag:sequential-analysis]
Comment: I agree that it is a possibility.  However, I am very strict in that I think you need to specify the type of statistical test you are going to use before the experiment.  We don't know if a researcher switches to a sequential test mid-experiment is doing it for improper reasons or has been biased by looking at the results (like this one).  There really are no short-cuts once the experiment has started.  Stick to the test plan.
Comment: @RCarnell, thank you for the quick response. I did option #2 in your response. So, the required sample to detect a 1.29% improvement (with 80% power & .05 aplha) is about 190k samples per variation. So, it makes sense that Optimizely is showing less than 1% stat sig. But, it's hard to explain this to other team members when they plug in the number in such online significance calculators and see a significant result. I was trying to find a way to show them that we need to apply a certain penalty/adjustment to the p-value to account for the peeking.
Comment: Also, this leads to another question about statistical tests in general (outside of A/B test) for any historical dataset. For example, if I have a dataset from past year that I can apply a Chi-square test to compare two groups in the dataset. How reliable is the result in this case? Would the result have changed If more data was added to the dataset? is this case similar to peeking in an ab test? if no, why?


Are there any differences in cooking techniques for Farm raised Salmon versus Wild Salmon?

Question: In the last couple of months my grocery store has started to sell Farm Raised Salmon and separating it from "Wild" Salmon.  Any difference in cooking these two that I should be aware of?
Answer: Farmed salmon is often slightly mushier in texture than wild. It also has less depth of flavour. You will want to look for cooking methods that won't add water (grilling, roasting, frying) and have a light hand with the seasoning.
Answer: I find the wild salmon to be less fatty and easier to overcook.  I take off a few degrees from final temperature to keep the texture flaky, somewhere between 125-135.
Answer: Following up roux's answer (that wild salmon has more flavour, which is true): presumably you'd buy the more expensive wild salmon to enjoy that deeper flavor. One thought is that the deeper flavor will support more additional tastes / seasoning (and it will). Another thought (which I prefer most of the time) is that the deeper flavor should be enjoyed for itself.
So, when cooking the wild salmon, use techniques that preserve the salmon as much as possible 'as it is'. Sashimi, if you're certain of the quality / hygiene, would be the ultimate expression of that.


hql rank function, select in select causes antlr exception

Question: I'm trying to make the following hql query work, but with no success. I'm trying to find out what rank has a specific user, dependent on a field value in a form. In SQL this works great.
<code>SELECT tmp.rang
    FROM (
          SELECT    b.ID as user, rank() as rang OVER (ORDER BY frh.Wert)

          FROM      EKB.KennzahlenManagement.FormularResultHistorie as frh
          JOIN      frh.Formular_Bogen_K_Feld  fbkFeld
          JOIN      frh.Formular_Gesendent.Benutzer b

          WHERE     fbkFeld.FormularBogen.ID =:formularBogenId
          AND       fbkFeld.ResultFlag = 1
          AND       frh.Formular_Gesendent.Eingabe_nummer IN
                                        (SELECT MAX(tmp.Eingabe_nummer)
                                         FROM EKB.KennzahlenManagement.Formular_gesendet tmp
                                         WHERE tmp.Benutzer.ID = frh.Formular_Gesendent.Benutzer.ID
                                         AND tmp.Formular.ID = frh.Formular_Gesendent.Formular.ID
                                         GROUP BY tmp.Benutzer
                                        )
    ) as tmp
    WHERE   tmp.usr =:userId
</code>
So far I have identified two problems.
1) I get "NHibernate.Hql.Ast.ANTLR.QuerySyntaxException: Exception of type 'Antlr.Runtime.NoViableAltException' was thrown. near line..." because of the second select. How can I solve this problem? Any workarounds?
2) There seems to be something wrong with the rank() function. I'm also getting a similar exception like the one above. Is there no rank() in HQL? If there is, can you please give an example?
Answer: As far as I know, RANK() is not currently implemented in NHibernate. You might want to try registering it as a custom function in the dialect. Here's an example to get you started. Registering RANK will probably be more complex than the example because of its syntax.


How to use port 5433 with Azure managed postgres

Question: We are looking to use Azure managed postgres but I am having some issues with connecting on port 5433 I can connect on port 5432 fine. I need just port 5433 to work, is there a way to access that port?
Answer: You can not change the port that Azure Database for PostgreSQL server uses. Connections to your Azure Database for PostgreSQL server communicate over port 5432. When you try to connect from within a corporate network, outbound traffic over port 5432 might not be allowed by your network's firewall. If so, you can't connect to your server unless your IT department opens port 5432.
If you truly need to use port 5433 you can install PostgreSQL on an Azure VM (IaaS).


How to make the spacy 3.0 custom NER model training to optimize on precision rather than recall?

Question: My current custom NER model is good on recall but I want to focus on improving precision, is it possible to change the optimizer metric in config file?
Answer: I don' know Spacy custom NER but it's unlikely that the model is optimized on recall, otherwise it would label absolutely everything as an entity in order to reach perfect recall.
Your model happens to have a good recall, but it doesn't meant that the algorithm optimizes for this. There might be some technical parameters but it's very likely that the performance depends mostly on the training data. If you obtain very good recall but bad precision, it might be because the training data contains a higher proportion of entities than the test data. If this is the case, the way to improve precision is to provide more negative examples, e.g. sentences without any entities. This should improve precision since the model will be more careful about negative words, but it will probably also decrease recall.
Answer: You can change how the model weights precision/recall/f1 by modifying your config file.
[training.score_weights]
ents_per_type = null
ents_f = 1.0
ents_p = 0.0
ents_r = 0.0

This gives full weight to f1, but you could change it to have ents_p = 0.75 and ents_r = 0.25.
(This same question came up on the spaCy Discussions)


How can I mill / press sweet sorghum with household equipment?

Question: I grew sweet sorghum this year as it looked like the easiest way to grow "sugar" in New England. Now I've harvested it, but I'm hard pressed (ha ha) to find a way to mill it with generally available household equipement. Any suggestions or ideas of how I might cobble together something?
Comment: Maybe some of the information available via [Sorghum Production](http://nssppa.org/Sorghum_Production.html) might prove helpful/useful. Sorry I can't be of more help, as I have no experience doing what you wish do...
Comment: The other NE sugar "crops" I know are honey and maple. I'm interested to see what you find out here.
Answer: How about an old "Ringer" clothes washing machine? I was just at a sorghum making demo yesterday and the machine reminded me of a ringer washing machine - just bigger.
Answer: Looking around at a few pages on the web, it seems that commercial grade mills exert several tons of pressing force on the sorghum to squeeze the juice out. I don't know of any normal kitchen equipment with that kind of pressure.
I think you could do the evaporation with household gear -- looks like maintaining temperature and getting the timing right will be tricky but doable.
Ideas for extracting juice that I'd try in your place (these may not work, and could possibly damage the equipment):

juicer machine (you'll probably end up with a lot of solids in the juice)
pasta roller with flat rolls

But given that you can find these for around $25-40, it might be worth the price to experiment and see if either has any chance of working. Then you'll know if a home sorghum refinery is at all practical.
Comment: Using a juicer and then processing the liquid through several stages of increasingly fine mesh frames, with cheese cloth as a last stage would be a time-consuming but effective way to finish this process off.
Comment: Yes, I don't think there's a way around the "time consuming" aspect of it. Before processing through mesh/cheesecloth, I'd probably also give the juice time to settle so that you can pour off the liquid and hopefully leave behind some of the solids. I'd love to hear from someone (maybe you, Mark) who tries this to see how it works.
Comment: Bstpierre I think that about sums up the situation. I ended up cobbling together a primitive press with casters, some scrap wood , and furniture clamps. I can't really recommend that technique :). It was good enough to extract a small amount of juice which was pretty easily filtered and. Oiled do


How do I improve my checkmate skills?

Question: I am able to develop my pieces systematically and purposefully. I am also good at defending my pieces. However, when the game gets closer to an end, I need to be able to see different mate variations easily. But alas I am having difficulty seeing them. As a result, I often start losing my positional advantage and win the game in more moves than it should actually take. Thanks in advance for your help!
Comment: Just so we're clear about what you're asking, do you want to improve calculating a mating sequence once you know there should be a forced mate, or are you looking for ways to improve your general attacking play?
Comment: I would like to be able to see forced mating sequences that are longer. I can see the mate if it is only 2-3 moves away. But I don't see forced mates that are more than a couple of moves. After the game I run an engine to see my performance and I see that my score towards the end of the game fluctuates a lot. It goes from +9 to +3 then +5 then +6 then +3 and so on. In other words, I guess I am looking for a little bit of both.
Comment: In that case, I suggest you keep this question about calculating mating sequences and asking another one about your general technique near the end of the game.
Comment: Do you know the basic checkmates K+Q, K+R, K+B+B and K+B+N?
Comment: Yes I am familiar with the basic checkmates.
Answer: I'll try my best to answer this rather ambiguous question however I'd like to note that if you want help in chess your best bet is to familiarize yourself with terms like "tactics", "strategy" and so forth.
A little bit on 3 major terms in chess, or at least how I perceive them to be:

Tactics

patterns in chess(calculable) that lead to something factual such as winning a pawn, winning a piece, mating and so forth. Usually a forced sequence of moves.

Strategies

Really just the general plan you're following. If you try to pressure a certain square or use a sequence of moves to go on the offense and had that as your plan that's an implementation of a strategy.

Positional play

The most ambiguous term, it's generally just logical chess; Knights are strong in the center so you'd play your knight there if you had the opportunity. You don't follow a particular strategy nor did you calculate variations to see if this knight will lead to a definite advantage but because experience and general chess knowledge dictates knights are strong in the center you can conclude there is no downside to having it there, the opposite even.
All these terms can become moot easily, miscalculations, positional play that's not backed up by proper think-work and strategies that become invalid due to the opponent playing out his own game... You get the point.

So what we're looking for here is the term tactics, the pure act of seeing forceful moves that lead to a certain advantage. Tactics are something usually gained through practice and lots of experience, it also helps when you are familiar with the basic mates(mentioned before like King+Queen, King+rook, and King+2xbishop or King+bishop+Knight if you're feeling really up to the task) but also mates that simply involve certain patterns. Here's a supersimple one but you get the idea:
<code>1K6/PPP5/8/8/8/4r3/3k4/8 b - - 0 1
</code>
There's a few ways to practice tactics:

Books

Books that involve endgames will always be great, they involve a great deal of tactics and will surely strengthen your ability to see them throughout the entire game.
Chess puzzle books are another great idea.

Websites

Let's not forget this great resource called the internet, there's websites out there with tactics trainers designed to take in account your playing strength as you do their puzzles. Two of these I'm aware of are:
www.Chess.com
www.Chesstempo.com
Especially Chesstempo is a great resource.
Answer: The situation you find yourself in, is actually very common and also an issue for most amateurs. I think you will find out soon that there's no "one" answer that works for everyone. But there are of course suggestions that you may find useful:

Most promising way to improve your ability in finishing up games or checkmating, is solving puzzles. There are so many good puzzle books, websites/apps... you name it! Just start practicing and try to solve them, and in no time you will notice your improvement. Why it helps you may ask? think of it this way: Knowing how to finish games (or finding checkmates) means being familiar to the patterns present in your position (each game has its own details), and a pattern needs first to be noticed. To notice pattern/combinations/ideas, you first need to have been exposed to them in some way. That's what chess puzzles mainly do for you: they expose you to all sorts of ideas and force you to find them as otherwise you cannot solve the puzzle. Whereas just playing games over and over does not do the same for you, because there, you're not limited to one solution and instead of trying to find the right patterns(shortest finishes/checkmate paths) you just go with your already-made-intuition.
Second best suggestion I can think of, is reviewing your own games with an engine. Engines are in my opinion very much mis-used these days. They are amazingly productive when used to assist you while reviewing your already-played-games. With an engine, you will simply see where you may have missed out on some of the shorter paths towards finishing the game etc. Specially endgames where you have huge advantages, and you still find yourself playing out 20 moves, with an engine you will be fed the right ideas right off, so try to mull over them and don't just take them lightly. By doing this for most of the games you play, you will gather a very important amount of tactics/ or just useful ideas, that will help more easily concretize your advantages towards victories!

Some known and nice chess websites:

ChessTempo
ChessOK
Shredderonline
Sparkchess
Tactics and puzzles in chess dot com are great too.
Finally whatever phone you use, I'm sure you will find many free apps for chess puzzles.

Recommended chess books containing puzzles:

The Ultimate Chess Puzzle Book, very famous, written by John Emms
Another great one is, Garry Kasparov's Chess Puzzle Book, but of course it's not best if you just want checkmate puzzles.
A favorite of mine is, John Nunn's Chess Puzzle Book, which again is not only about checkmates, but instead contains all sorts of very advanced puzzles.
Of course the list can be very long, but do bear in mind that when it comes to checkmate puzzles, you don't really need to find the famous books, you just need any decent collection of them, (in any library you will find many relatively unknown puzzle books, that will perfectly do the job), as the idea here is to "gather as many ideas as possible" so in your own games you will notice and re-use the learnt patterns.

In order to conclude, the more puzzles you try to solve, the more games you study, the more you simply watch chess games, the richer your bag of ideas/patterns/combinations will become.
Answer: I have greatly improved my checkmate skills  by solving puzzles from John Nunn's 1001 deadly Checkmates book.I highly recommend this book.
Comment: This doesn't really add anything to this old question. This would be better as a comment on the accepted answer, but until you have enough rep to leave a comment, you should work on leaving good answers.
Answer: Solving tactics puzzles that end in mate should help a lot. Even if the puzzles are short (2-3 moves), you will learn all kinds of mate positions which is useful because you will know what to aim for in longer mate sequences.
In practical play, looking for long mate sequences is not necessarily the best choice, particularly if you don't trust your calculation skills. Often this happens when the mate requires you to make quiet (not forcing) moves or if you are under time pressure.
In some cases you might rather want to play a simple forced line that simplifies the position and leads to a clearly won endgame for instance.
Answer: I have found that the "Practice" section of Lichess.org has great examples, specifically because they guide you through standard Checkmating patterns (e.g. Boden's Mate, Arabian Mate, etc.) They also tell you how many moves you should make  for each of the problems (e.g. Checkmate in 3 if played perfectly), which I have found to be quite helpful. The site also has other helpful practice problems (tactics and pawn endgames), I highly suggest you check it out!

How do I improve my checkmate skills?


How can I calculate torsional stiffness of a wing when the dimensions of the cross section vary?

Question: I am working on a project and we need to calculate the torsional stiffness of a wing in order to analyze flutter and divergence. However, the dimensions of the cross section vary along the semi-span, so the torsional stiffness changes. How can I calculate this in this situation?
Answer: Basically, you can take two different paths as a starting point.

From the FEM model of the wing, from the axis (I assume it is the y-axis), where the torsion movement occurs, you can find the value of Iyy. Then, by looking at the mode shapes and finding first torsional mode shape frequency, you can calculate kt from the formula wn=sqrt(kt/Iyy) from the frequency you see for the 1.torsion mode. Of course, since other modes also have a contribution, even if it is not a completely correct answer, it may work at the beginning.

Twist can be read by applying unit moment from tip of the wing. Then kt can be calculated from the formula: unit moment=kt * theta. It's not the exact equivalent stiffness of course, but it's a simple starting point.


where do I get the Eclipse CDT

Question: I have Ubuntu 13.10 and Eclipse 3.8 from the Ubuntu Software Center.  Where do I get a compatible Eclipse CDT?  I went to the Eclipse web site, but it did not seem to provide  a CDT for Eclpise 3.8.  If the Eclipse web site does provide a compatible CDT, I could not find it.
Comment: Possible duplicate: http://askubuntu.com/questions/26632/how-to-install-eclipse
Answer: If you don't have any specific requirements that force you to use Eclipse 3.8, I suggest that you get a never version of Eclipse. If you have a look at This  Ask Ubuntu question you get a nice description on how to install Eclipse from source.
Comment: you don't need to install eclipse, just double click the eclipse icon from the package you downloaded from the website.
Comment: yes, in theory that is correct, but by setting up symlinks and desktop file, it is closer to an installation process than just clicking on the downloaded file. Have you read the page I linked to? It doesn't just cover how to run eclipse, but also getting it to show in unity and dash.

where do I get the Eclipse CDT


Error propagation in reciprocal of a measurement

Question: I have a measure of a quantity, x, and I know the standard deviation of the measure, STDx.
I want to compute the inverse of x, which is y= 1/x, but then what would happen to the standard deviation?
How can I compute STDy?
Many thanks in advance.
Answer: The standard method, as set out in the BIPM Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement, is to work out the derivative of $y$ with respect to $x$ (in this case, $\mathsf{d}y/\mathsf{d}x = -1/x^2$), evaluate it at the modal value $x_{\star}$ of $x$ (i.e. at the peak of the probability density distribution over $x$), then estimate the standard uncertainty $\sigma_y$ of $y$ from the standard uncertainty $\sigma_x$ of $x$ by $\sigma_y = \sqrt{\left(\left(\mathsf{d}y/\mathsf{d}x\right)_{x = x_{\star}}\right)^2\sigma_x^2}$.
The GUM sort of presents that formula as a first principle in itself, but actually, it emerges from the leading-order Laplace's-method approximations to the integrals that define the mean and standard deviation of a probability distribution over a continuous variable.  Working in terms of leading-order Laplace's-method approximations means that any skew, kurtosis, etc. in the probability distribution over $x$ has no effect on the result.  (However, if the modal value of $x$ is exactly zero, things get a bit more complicated, because in that case, the mode is no longer the leading-order Laplace's-method approximation to the mean.)
Answer: First of all, this is an answer based on past experience and it's not backed by theoretical background. Though I haven't looked academically at at this problem for the last 15 years,  so you'll probably find more recent work on the subject.
Having addressed the above that the answer will very much depend on

type of the $x$ distribution
the location of the values and
the standard deviation

singularity for values close to zero
If you have a distribution with positive and negative values then its possible that you get a singularity.  I'll give you an example, if you use a standard distribution with mean=0, and sd=1, you can generate  the following random values:

However the reciprocal of those same values would be:

However That means that $\left.\frac{1}{x}\right|_{x\rightarrow 0 } \rightarrow \infty$, which will make your distribution look like

Other examples
If you have only positive values, then the distributions becomes less skewed as the ratio of $\frac{\mu}{\sigma}$ becomes larger.


How to add background images to Delphi forms

Question: How can I add a background image to my delphi form? I added a TImage, but now the labels aren't visible any more, and the texts of my checkboxes are in a blue "box" (blue is the background color i chose). This blue doesn't look very good on the background image, and the hidden labels also don't look good. How do I fix these problems?
Answer: For the labels: make sure that they are transparent (Transparent property in the Object Inspector), and that they are on top of the TImage in the Z-order of controls. To correct this you can execute the "Send to back" command on the TImage component in design mode, it will make all other non-windowed controls appear on top of it.
For the checkboxes I don't know what the problem in your case is, in Delphi 2007 checkboxes appear properly transparent when put over a TImage. Maybe you use an earlier Delphi version? If so it would be good to mention this in the question. There may also be a different behaviour depending on whether themes are active. Again, hard to say without further information.
Comment: But what happens when you need to put a control that don't come transparent at all, like TScrollBox?
Comment: @EASI: Let's not start a comment discussion, SO just doesn't work this way. If you have a different problem that's somewhat related to this question, please ask a new question and maybe put a link to this one into it.
Comment: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/11366400/how-to-make-a-tscrollbox-with-transparent-background
Answer: Move the TImage to the back of the form (right click, order -> send to back).
Answer: For labels, set the Transparent property to true. For checkboxes and radio buttons, at least in Delphi 6 which is all I have access to, there is no transparent property. The way round this is to reduce the controls label to zero size and the  provide your own additional TLabel, which can be transparent.
Can I also say that I find windows with background images ultra naff, and I know I'm not alone in this.


What exactly are the parameters in GPT-3's 175 billion parameters?

Question: What exactly are the parameters in GPT-3's 175 billion parameters? Are these the words in text on which model is trained?
Answer: The parameters in GPT-3, like any neural network, are the weights and biases of the layers.
From the following table taken from the GTP-3 paper

there are different versions of GPT-3 of various sizes. The more layers a version has the more parameters it has since it has more weights and biases. Regardless of the model version, the words it was trained on are the 300 billion tokens the caption references with what appears to be around 45TB of data scraped from the internet.
Answer: This has been answered in ai.stackexchange.com:

Parameters is a synonym for weights, which is the term most people use for a neural networks parameters (and indeed in my experience it is a term that machine learners will use in general whereas parameters is more often found in statistics literature). Batch size, learning rate etc. are hyper-parameters which basically means they are user specified, whereas weights are what the learning algorithm will learn through training.
Comment: Yes, that's it.
Comment: So basically the stuff the model learns?


What is the resurrection of the dead that Paul wants to attain?

Question: Philippians 3:11

…in order that I may attain to the ressurection of the dead.

What is the resurrection of the dead that Paul is hoping to attain through fellowship of Christ's sufferings and knowledge of Him?
Comment: Paul often writes about the resurrection of the dead in places like 1 Cor 15. So, what is your question?  In any case, see my answer to your next question.
Answer: The study note in the New World Translation offers some clarity to Paul's statement:

the earlier resurrection:  Many translations simply use the word "resurrection." However, Paul does not use the usual Greek word for resurrection (a·naʹsta·sis), but he uses a closely related word (e·xa·naʹsta·sis;  lit., "out-resurrection,"  Kingdom Interlinear) that occurs only here in the Christian Greek Scriptures. For this reason, a number of scholars comment that this expression refers to a special resurrection. The term was used in classical Greek literature to refer to getting up early in the morning. Paul's use of this specialized word suggests that he has in mind a resurrection that comes early in the stream of time (1Co 15:23; 1Th 4:16), before the general resurrection of the dead to life on earth (Joh 5:28, 29; Ac 24:15). This early resurrection is also called "the first resurrection," and it involves the raising of Christ's spirit-anointed followers to life in heaven.—Re 20:4-6.

For additional information on "the first resurrection" mentioned in Revelation 20:5, 6, see the subheading "First resurrection" in the Insight on the Scriptures.
[All scripture quotations from the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures (Study Edition)]
Comment: Very helpful to see differences in the Greek and to have so many cross references, thank you!!
Answer: Paul's concept of the resurrection of the dead was surely worked out in relationship to his training as a Pharisee, said in Acts to have been done "at the feet of Gamaliel," (Acts 22:3) the greatest rabbinical authority of that age. The earliest written sources of rabbincal doctrine concerning the resurrection are mostly from the next century and later. The Jewish Encyclopedia summarizes:

By means of the "dew of resurrection" (see Dew) the dead, will be
aroused from their sleep... As to the question, Who will be raised from death? the
answers given vary greatly in rabbinical literature...   according to R. Abbahu, only the just
(Ta'an. 7a); some mention especially the martyrs (Yalḳ. ii. 431, after
Tanḥuma)... According to
R. Jonathan (Pirḳe R. El. xxxiv.), the resurrection will be universal,
but after judgment the wicked will die a second death and forever,
whereas the just will be granted life everlasting (comp. Yalḳ. ii.
428, 499). The same difference of view prevails also among the New
Testament writers; at times only "the resurrection of the just" is
spoken of (Luke xiv. 14, xx. 35); at other times "the resurrection of
the dead" in general is mentioned (John v. 29; Acts xxiv. 15; Rev. xx.
45).

Paul combines the concept of the resurrection of the dead, which for some of the rabbis included the wicked, with the idea of the resurrection of the just. But for Paul, righteousness is attained only through faith in Christ's atoning death. Thus he says immediately before the OP's verse that:

I count all things to be loss in view of the surpassing value of
knowing Christ Jesus my Lord, for whom I have suffered the loss of
all things, and count them mere rubbish, so that I may gain Christ,
and may be found in Him, not having a righteousness of my own derived
from the Law, but that which is through faith in Christ, the
righteousness which comes from God on the basis of faith, that I
may know Him and the power of His resurrection.

We may reject the idea that Paul speaks of a general resurrection here, since he ties the idea to knowledge of Christ. The mention of sufferings is consistent with the rabbinic idea that martyrs in particular hold a place of honor in "the world to come." This derives in part from 2 Maccabees, where the Jewish martyrs under Antiochus IV are especially praised. It may indicate that Paul foresaw his own martyrdom, although it could also refer the sufferings he had already experienced in preaching the Gospel.
The resurrection of the dead that Paul refers to is thus synonymous with the resurrection of the just, understood to mean those who have attained justification through faith in Christ.


Should Data and Indexes be split in separate file groups and files

Question: At what point should we introduce multiple datafiles/file groups? Right now the DB is about 2 TB and a very active ERP. We are seeing massive deadlocks and poor performance. I am wondering, at point point do I know if adding a second Data file or File group is the answer?
Comment: Deadlocks are the result of incorrect application logic; you cannot address them by adding data files.
Answer: Improvement (or not) will depend on your storage system. Multiple files can help performance if it increases IOPS and bandwidth with additional HBAs and drives. Multiple filegroups allows more granular placement of database objects. That will generally help in specialized use cases, such as separating sequential and random IO patterns on spinning media.
That said, I don't expect storage tuning to address the symptoms of "massive deadlocks and poor performance". Query and index tuning is the first thing I suggest you look at.
Answer: You can't guess, you have to run a full DMV analysis. This will tell you things like : which QUERIES or stored procedures are using the most disk I/O,  which are using the most CPU, how much memory is used by each database, suggested indexes, lagging queries, ... on and on.. all kinds of CRITICAL INFORMATION. Here is a GREAT video from Glenn Berry: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AWFg6KdVoh4
If you don't know what DMV's are it doesn't matter, he explains it in the video.
Here is a link to his latest DMV's.
https://www.sqlskills.com/blogs/glenn/sql-server-diagnostic-information-queries-for-may-2018/
These queries are easy to use, just watch the video and be careful, he has done all the work for you and teaches you how to search for issues.
Good luck and please let us know your progress or send me a message.


javascript form textbox post js and html

Question: I have a textbox somewhat like the main google search textbox.  When you start typing, the javascript triggers a php script that offers suggestions that you can click on .  That part works fine.  However, I also want the user to be able to enter text and then just submit it--analagous to rejecting Google's hints and typin in your own search term. Right now, I am trying to do this in html and it is not working.  Here is my code:
<form action="mail.php" method="post"><input type="text" name="maddress" size="30" onkeyup="showResult(this.value)"><input type="submit" name="submit" value="Email"></form>

Basically, the javascript within the onkeyup works fine.  However, the form is not posting the value in the textbox" to the php script.  Perhaps I have a typo somewhat but I can't find it.  or maybe the onkeyup is preventing the form from posting...
Would appreciate any suggestions.
Comment: What's a print_r of $_POST look like?
Comment: Do you submit by hitting Enter or by clicking Email button? Does it behave the same way in both cases?
Answer: showResult() should explicitly return true (or in any case, something non-falsy). Returning false (or a falsy value) from an event handler prevents the default action, in this case, posting the form.
Comment: would the following return true? xmlhttp.open("GET","search.php?q="+str,true);
xmlhttp.send();  YES true did it.  Thanks!
Answer: I dont know if this is what you're looking for but if you use the concept of this:

<textarea id="textIns"></textarea>

Insert 'Hello'
Insert 'GoodBye'

You can change the 'hello' and 'goodbye' with vars from your php script or where ever you get the items from and it should insert it and allow you to post it.
So just insert this into your function and then it should work.  I tested it by adding the textarea in the code to a form and echoing it int he php and i got exactly what was added by the javascript... hope it works.  Sorry if it wasn't exactly what you were looking for.  The question wasn't to easy to understand because I couldn't see the rest of your source.


Housing bubble and financial crisis

Question: Can anybody explain me easily what is housing bubble and how it cause financial crisis?
Comment: Could one of those who voted to close please post a comment giving their reasoning?
Answer: A bubble is when the price of a speculative asset becomes unreasonably high. If we are talking about the housing market this means the price of real estate. When the bubble bursts the price comes crashing down and people are left with assets that are now worth much less than what they paid for them. A major reason the housing bubble was so bad was because of the widespread practice of giving subprime mortgages, meaning giving mortgages to people who did not have the credentials to be qualified for a good mortgage, so they were given mortgages at very high interest rates. The big investment banks then invested in subprime mortgages through various complicated investment products. When the bubble burst and subprime mortgages started to be defaulted on these big investment banks were left with worthless assets and took huge losses.
Comment: Answer is not accurate - banks did not invest in subprime mortgages (some got stuck with them on their books at the end of 2007). Banks sell risk. What banks did was to buy these loans, securitise them (convert into an asset) and sell them investors and government agencies. Most loans were issued with a teaser rate and affordability test was made (if at all) against those rates. When rates reverted to the norm in 2006 most borrowers were not able to afford them, liquidity dried up and prices collapsed. I cannot provide a more accurate answer as question is closed and I'm running out of space.

Housing bubble and financial crisis


Why does the Night's Watch wear black?

Question: I think I remember a line in A Clash of Kings or A Storm of Swords where some guy talked about why (at least, why he thought) the Night's Watch wore all black. I think it had to do with something about when they die? I can't quite remember, and it's bothering me. On the other hand, perhaps I fabricated this memory entirely or I'm mixing it up with something else.
Comment: I was wondering the exact same thing a few days ago while watching the latest episode of the series. Wearing black in an area that is all white from snow doesn't seem like a good camouflage tactic.
Comment: Since black dyes were among the most expensive to manufacture in pre-industrial days, one wonders how the organization can afford to buy black clothing given how strapped they seem to be for resources of all kinds.
Comment: Totally speculative, but perhaps because black collects more heat from the sun, and so it's be warmer by a smidge?
Answer: I think this has to do with the original purpose of the Night's Watch, which is to protect the realm from the mysterious others from beyond the wall, who come out at night.  That's why it is called the Night's Watch, and at night wearing black is the perfect camouflage.
Also, there is an interesting contrast (or balance?) between the brothers of the Night's Watch, who wear black, and the knights of the Kingsguard, who wear white.  Both take pretty much the same vows to hold no lands and father no children, but their purpose is quite different.
Comment: If it were for camouflage, one would think they'd wear light colored clothing, similar to arctic camouflage. Like the wildlings under Mance Rayder in the TV series. People wearing black in a place covered with snow doesn't make a lot of sense.
Comment: @RoyalFlush The black makes them look so cool that they blend in with snow :)
Comment: Good point, although I wasn't exactly looking for the most logical answer, I was looking for what I believe some dude said in one of the books. Like I said though, it's definitely possible that I'm mixing something up from my memory.
Comment: +1 for the contrast between the Night's Watch/Kingsguard and their vows.  I hadn't thought of that before.
Comment: Querant is looking for a quote from one of the books.
Answer:
"There are thousands," someone called from behind Chett.
"We'll die." That was Maslyn's voice, green with fear.
"Die," screamed Mormont's raven, flapping its black wings. "Die, die, die."
"Many of us," the Old Bear said. "Mayhaps even all of us. But as another Lord Commander said a thousand years ago, that is why they dress us in black. Remember your words, brothers. For we are the swords in the darkness, the watchers on the walls . . ."
Excerpt From: George R. R. Martin. "A Storm of Swords." Bantam Dell, 2003-03-04. iBooks.
This material may be protected by copyright.

Is that what you were thinking of?
Comment: I don't get it. Why would they dress them in black because they might die? All men must die. He he, a little pun there.
Comment: I suppose it's because black clothing is associated with mourning someone dead.
Answer: The Night's Watch is on the order of 8000 years old and was formed at a time that was toward the end of a Long Night.  It's probably safe to assume that they chose black back then to have perfect camouflage in the darkness / near darkness, and when the Long Night ended it had become a tradition that they chose to preserve -- Agreed to possible detriment, or perhaps to instill fear in their enemies by way of reputation.
Comment: Wearing white is still better camouflage at night in a snowy environment.
Comment: Querant is looking for a quote from one of the books.
Comment: And black is not the best color for the night anyway, since it would be darker than the surroundings most of the time, since trees, etc. are not actually black.
Answer: I'd guess they wear black so as not to color-clash with any other force. All the other nobles' forces have other color combinations - in their banners and their uniforms; not all-black.
Comment: Querant is looking for a quote from one of the books.
Answer: As some other people brought up in response to suggestions that it was to camouflage them, my theory is the exact opposite, THAT IT IS MEANT TO STAND OUT AGAINST SNOW. In battles against white walkers, Night's Watch men are likely to be risen again if they die and the main force retreats, and it would be in the best interest of the brothers guarding the wall if fallen brothers stand out against the snow when they attack again as ghouls.
Comment: Black does not stands out against snow quite that much. You have rocks embedded in snow, or dark crevices etc. - and the black kind of meshes with that. For standing out against the snow, something like bright red would probably work better. IMO anyway.
Comment: Querant is looking for a quote from one of the books.
Answer: Black is the absence of Colors.
Different houses in Westeros prefer different colors in their sigils, which become part of their identity.
For example:

Baratheon: Black on gold
Stark : Grey on white
Lannister: Gold on red
Arryn: White on blue

Night Watch vowed not to take part in the wars of the Seven Kingdoms. They do not take any sides, hence the lack of colors.
Comment: Is there any information hidden in the way to list pairs of colours as "X on Y/X Y" (as opposed to just "X on Y" or just "X Y") that I am missing?
Comment: Querant is looking for a quote from one of the books.

Why does the Night's Watch wear black?