Where can I find a "Théorème du singe" pictorial representation?

Question: There already exists in English an illustrated picture of Théorème du singe. I was wondering if I could find a similar one in French. I know it is somewhere out there in a random server's heap but I genuinely doubt my google searching skills. In case someone wants a glance at the English one, here is a link to the same on one of our sister site.
Comment: This is off-topic here (the question is not about the French Language), [cogsci.se] might be a better place to ask, but I haven't read their FAQ yet.
Comment: @StéphaneGimenez I dont get it ! I didnt call for a discussion on the topic mentioned .I just wanted to find the link to the french illustration if it existed already . IMHO   the skeptics have discussed its aspect in detail .
Comment: And the down voter , please cite why when you downvote ! I would genuinely like to know  if there is yet another reason  than the one cited by Stéphane . Now , this sure is confusing.
Comment: @Geekasaur questions closed as off-topic automatically get one downvote from the system…
Comment: This would be on-topic IMHO if it were a request for a short, tricky sentence in another language.  However, there is a lot of relatively simple English in the linked diagram.  It could be translated into French by somebody reasonably competent, or even Google Translate.
Answer: Almost the same images, but with the text in French, can be found here.
Comment: Just what I was looking for :) Thanks

Where can I find a “Théorème du singe” pictorial representation?


Solar powered bell

Question: I would like to make a "wake up machine" with my son.  It would have a small solar panel with a small doorbell. Can I just hook up a 6V solar panel to the bell with a capacitor in between, once the cap is charged it rings the bell?
Comment: You will need a fairly large solar panel to ring a bell, unless you include a battery.  Solar charging a battery safely is a fairly complex subject.  It's possible you might get somewhere with a small, efficient buzzer (maybe piezeo based?) and an ultracapacitor.   Don't overlook that in many parts of the world it world for part of the year it is still quite dark at wakeup time; if you are hoping to run this from indoor lighting, that is usually far weaker than mid-day sun.
Comment: That probably won't work. The bell will discharge the capacitor faster than it is being charged. You need a circuit to detect when the voltage has reached some pre-determined level and then suddenly (rather than sunrise-style) turn on the bell.
Answer: You should leave the solar charging to a professional circuit, and instead have a comparator with a potentiometer and a photoresistor, so the bell turns on when there is just the right amount of sunlight.
(Bear in mind the fact that you will need a large enough battery and the sun doesn't start shining at the same time every day)

Solar powered bell


Photos host with embed button for website

Question: I have a wedding website where I'd like people to be able to upload pictures they took at the wedding, but the website is static. Is there a free (or cheap) photos host that can give me an embeddable button to upload directly to my album on their service?
Answer: You could use a platform like Google Drive. Google Drive also allows to embed folders into your website. Here is a Blog Post how you can do it: https://mori.pages.dev/blog/embed-google-drive-folders
Since you have a lot of free space within Google Drive this may be a gratis solution.
Disclosure: I work for PollUnit
Another idea would be using a PollUnit photo contest.
This also has a free plan but you should take a look at the file limits. The free plan only allows up to 20 images. You can only activate submissions and deactivate voting which would result in a image uploading platform. But maybe a heart rating is also a nice to have for your use case. You can embed the contest in your website with a nice looking gallery and lightbox. You also can make your own design. You can also book PollUnit just for a single month.
Answer: They can upload them in Imgur and send you link to their album.


I need to extract the url inside the string

Question: I need to extract the url inside the string.
In my case html text is in the db and when i get that text and need to find all url in the text and insert in to another table,  can u give me a way to find the url's in SQL or C#.
Comment: Have you tried using a regular expression?
Comment: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4750015/regular-expression-to-find-urls-within-a-string
Answer: This is reqular expression to find urls in text
<code>Regex regx = new Regex("http://([\\w+?\\.\\w+])+([a-zA-Z0-9\\~\\!\\@\\#\\$\\%\\^\\&\\*\\(\\)_\\-\\=\\+\\\\\\/\\?\\.\\:\\;\\'\\,]*)?", RegexOptions.IgnoreCase);

MatchCollection mactches = regx.Matches(txt);
</code>
Answer: One of the possible ways to do it is by using Regular expressions. First option is to extract HTML from the DB, then use Regular Expression to find the links directly. The second option is to locate link tags first, then extract url from them (again by using Regular expressions).
Here you can find information about how to use Regular Expressions in C#:
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.text.regularexpressions.regex.aspx
On the other hand, writing the correct Regular Expression may not be so easy (it depends on how complex the URL is), but you should take a look at this question: regular expression for url
Also, here you can find a lot of information about regular expressions in general (keep in mind that there are some applications like RegexBuddy, that can help you a lot when it comes to testing your regular expressions): http://www.regular-expressions.info/


Determining the coil inductance of a relay when the relay is on

Question: I'm trying to measure the coil inductance of a relay when the relay is on and the  normally open pairs of contacts are closed. The relay has a rated AC voltage of 110V and a rated current of 21mA. I know that \$V = L\dfrac{di}{dt}\$, but I'm not sure how to use the formula to find the inductance for a relay running on sinusoidal voltages and currents. Can somebody shed some light on this please?
Comment: Datasheet of the relay?
Answer: You don't specify which relay you're using so I'm taking this one as an example.
Rated voltage = 110V AC
Current = 21mA @ 60Hz
Coil resistance = 932\$\Omega\$
Now the total impedance
\$ Z = \dfrac{110V}{21mA} = 5240\Omega \$
That's the resistive part (932\$\Omega\$) with the reactive part at 90°. Then the reactance
\$ X_L = \sqrt{Z^2 - R^2} = \sqrt{5240^2 - 932^2} = 5154\Omega \$
Then, since
\$ X_L = 2 \pi f L \$
\$ L = \dfrac{X_L}{2 \pi f} = \dfrac{5154\Omega}{ 2 \pi \mbox{ } 60Hz} = 13.7H \$
That's a pretty high value, but if you do the same calculation for 50Hz, where the current is 24.2mA, you get a comparable value: 14.1H.
Comment: I think that on AC relays / contactors the inductance increases dramatically when the armature circuit closes. This is an advantage as the coil current will reduce after pull-in and power dissipated will be reduced. This may be the OP's problem.
Answer: To actually measure the inductance (or get some sense that your calculations are correct) you could connect it up such that on opening the back EMF discharges through a resistor placed across the coil terminals.  Place an oscilloscope across the resistor and measure the time it takes the voltage to get to, say 20% of it's final value of zero from when the coil power is removed.
Choose a resistor that won't affect your coil driver circuit.
$$
L = \frac{-R\centerdot t}{ln(\frac{V(t)}{Vo})}
$$
e.g. with 10Vdc and 100R across the coil, it should discharge from 10V to 2V in about 0.22s, if the inductance is 14H.


Why is wiring some LEDs in series better than wiring them all in parallel?

Question: I noticed a lot of guides for making an LED array or matrix prefer to wire their LEDs in series first and then wire strips of leds in series in parallel. What is the benefit of this Vs wiring them all in parallel aside from energy usage, since in series, each LED would be dimmer. Is it to do with current balancing ?
Comment: Could you give an example of such an LED matrix/array? It's unclear what you're referring to, since in a typical matrix, LEDs are neither series nor parallel. Also, LEDs in series are not necessarily dimmer.
Comment: @uint128_t Something like http://www.lucidscience.com/pro-led%20array%20illuminator-3.aspx How they wire it in series/parallel vs all parallel. Is there a guide line of how to calculate how many you can have in series before you see dimming?
Answer: It highly depends on the Source Voltage vs the Forward Voltage of the leds. A 3.3  led on a 12 volt source will be wasteful if a single led + resistor compared to 3 3.3 volt leds + resistor on the same 12V source. Mainly, the lower voltage that a resistor has to drop, the better.
Assuming 20 mA and 12 Volt Source,  one 3.3v led requires a 435 ohm resistor,  dropping 8.7 volts at 20 mA, or 0.174 Watts. If we change that to 3 leds,  the resistor drops 2.1 volts at 20mA or 0.042 Watts. Out of 12 Volts. * 0.02 Amps or 0.24 watts, the 3 led string results in a more efficient power usage. You are wasting less power in heat through the resistor.
If it was three leds in parallel,  each with its own resistor as suggested,  then the power wasted would be 0.174 watts * 3, or 0.522 Watts. Compared to 0.024, that'd what, 2000%?
Wire wisely or kill your battery. Or wire wisely or waste your power supply. Use Ohms law. <code>(V - Vf) * I</code>


How to setup an anchor in Stellar network using Windows?

Question: While there is a great deal of documentation on installing the packages, however, I couldn't follow it properly to install the stellar-core, horizon and Postgres database in windows. There is not sufficient information for new players. Any idea of how to set up these three components in windows? Thanks.
Answer: You could always try using docker.
Ubuntu 18 is probably the best is to run stellar on. Controversial? Probably. I bet you could even run stellar on a virtual machine through windows. What is the specific issue? Alot of times windows has dependency issues with having to manually install packages.


What do you call a person who gets mad if you don't agree with them?

Question: What do you call a person that gets mad if you don't agree with them?
Comment: Hi Leisa Jackson Newcombe. [tag:single-word-requests] and similar questions require information regarding how the word will be used in a sentence, including an exemplary context in the form of a fill in the blank sentence. This helps us select the best option for you, and one particularly important function is restricting the parts of speech that are applicable. You have one noun, and one adjective, and knowing which one better suits your needs is a little difficult without information such as this.
Comment: ... a big baby.
Answer: It may not seem like the obvious answer, because we have come to associate it specifically with racial prejudice, but I recommend intolerant. The following definition is from Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, Second Edition (©1986–2001), as seen on dictionary.com:

not tolerating or respecting beliefs, opinions, usages, manners, etc., different from one's own …
Answer: If you are looking for a specific noun that describes "a person who is intolerant toward those holding different opinions", then that is precisely the definition for the word bigot according to Oxford Living Dictionaries.
Please take note that the word can often carry connotations of the bigot's intolerance being specifically directed towards a social or racial group.


I'd like to encrypt all my partitions and drives, but I'm unsure GRUB will handle this nicely

Question: I'd like to use TrueCrypt to encrypt my SSD (which has my / Ubuntu installation on one partition and some other things on another), and both of my HDDs (one has /home for Ubuntu and all of Windows, the other has other random stuff), but I'm worried that GRUB isn't going to behave nicely with encrypting entire partitions. Can anyone tell me about their experiences with doing this sort of thing or provide a good answer to whether it's safe or not.
Answer: TrueCrypt does not support full system drive encryption on Linux. If you want full drive encryption on Linux you'll want to use something like ecryptfs or dm-crypt. However, full drive encryption on Linux may be a bit too much; you really need to only encrypt the /home, /var and /opt directories.
TrueCrypt system encryption: http://www.truecrypt.org/docs/?s=system-encryption
The Arch docs are the best docs for setting up ecryptfs and/or dm-crypt: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/ECryptfs
Personally, I recommend dm-crypt because you can configure linux to mount encrypted disks upon bootup or prompt for a password.
Comment: Full encryption uses LUKS by default (and not ecryptfs). ecryptfs is used (by default) for your home directory. The installer will do encryption for you, it varies a little depending on what version of Ubutnu you are installing. Either way, your /boot partition is NOT encrypted. grub will boot a non-encrypted /boot and decrytption is then managed in the initramfs.
Answer: I have Ubuntu 13.04 installed on an encrypted / filesystem using dm-crypt. I tried several times with the installers, but was unsuccessful with setting up a dual boot. I finally succeeded by following these instructions.
Basically, the configuration needs to be updated so that the initramfs at boot time knows that it needs to mount the encrypted volume (and logical volume).
Answer: The Ubuntu alternate installer in 12.04 will do that for you as well as the newer installers in 12.10 and 13.04 during install of the OS.
Comment: I've already installed it.


Weighted average of areas within zones

Question: I have a fishnet that defines my zones for my analysis, and am interested in the area of different hydrologic soil groups (A, B, C, D) within these zones. Each soil group has a corresponding score (1, 0.65, 0.3, 0.05). I want to calculate a weighted average of the soil group scores for each zone. How do I go about doing this?
Soil groups within zones in watershed.
Answer: The easiest way to do this would be to start by creating two fields in your initial fishnet dataset.
Call the fields Fisharea in the fishnet. Calculate the area of the fishnet in this field. This is the initial area. Next create a field called FishID and give each fishnet polygon a unique ID.
Next run the intersect tool between the fishnet and soils layer. Create a field called FSoilArea. Calculate the area of the polygons in your intersected layer.
Create a new field called Weight. Take the newly calculated FSoilArea and divide it by the Fisharea field. This is the proportion of the soil layer in the fishnet.
Next create a new field called WSoilIndex. Multiply the Weight field into the field containing the soil index values.
Take the intersected layer and run the dissolve tool. Select FishID and Soil Type as the dissolve fields. Under the Statistics options select the WSoilIndex as the input and Sum as operation.
You will now have a Fishnet with the soil indices weighted by area.
Comment: Thanks! Why choose sum as the operation and not mean?
Comment: I guess average would work too. Sorry re-reading the question I see you not looking for the weighted score value. Averaging it up should work.

Weighted average of areas within zones


What can be said about a series with nonzero terms, whose sum is zero?

Question: What can be said about an infinite series $\sum^{\infty}_{n=1} a_n$ with $a_n \neq 0$ for all $n$, whose sum is zero ? Does such a series exist ? If yes, can you give an example ?
Comment: Sure, take any convergent series with nonzero terms and prepend it's negated sum as the first term.
Comment: @MarcinŁoś Great observation. I was looking to show that the behaviour could be what I wanted, rather than for simplicity ...
Answer: Take any positive sequence $\{a_n\}$ that converges to zero, e.g. $a_n = 1/n$.  Define a series $\sum s_i$ whose even terms are $s_{2i} = -a_i$ and whose odd terms are $s_{2i-1} = a_i$.
The series is alternating and converges (always, but most easily by the alternating series test if monotonically decreasing).  It's easy to see the limit is zero since the even partial sums are identically zero.
Comment: @Michael: I think you overlooked that this isn't the alternating harmonic series (for example) but one in which odd and even consecutive terms cancel exactly,
Comment: the limit of this series is log(2). [proof](https://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=sum+1%2Fn+*+%28-1%29^%28n%2B1%29%2C+n%3D1+to+infinity)
Comment: yes, you're right!
Answer: How about $-1+\displaystyle \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \left(\dfrac{1}{2^n}\right)$?
Comment: no... it diverges to $-\infty$
Comment: Every term is negative - so this isn't what you were thinking of?
Comment: @Michael OOps...that's embrassing
Comment: hmm, that's better. it wasn't me who downvoted your answer, btw.
Comment: @Michael doesn't matter, that's my first down vote, I like it.
Comment: I fixed the downvote.
Comment: You want my downvote then?
Answer: You can't really say that much about such a series at all. Clearly there have to be positive and negative terms if the series sums to zero and has non-zero terms. However it's possible to have such a series where any rearrangement of the terms gives any sum that you want, even divergent, so literally the series can just be anything as long as the positive terms eventually cancel out the negative terms, no matter what rearrangements of the series may give...
Answer: $1-1+\frac 12-\frac 12+\frac 14 -\frac 14+\frac 18-\frac 18\dots $ might be an example as would $1-\frac 12-\frac 12+\frac 12-\frac 14-\frac 14+\frac 13-\frac 16-\frac 16+\frac 14-\frac 18-\frac 18 \dots$
I am sure you can make up other examples ...
Comment: Note - I chose some illustrations which illustrate some possibilities of different behaviour (you can make the asymptotics as slow as you like, and have rapidly increasing numbers of negative terms between positive terms). So what do you mean in the question by "what can be said"?
Answer: Remember series for $\cos x$? Guess what happens when you put $x=\frac{\pi}2$?
Answer: How about
$$\sum_{n=1}^\infty \left( \frac{-1^n}{n^2} + \frac{\pi^2}{12\cdot 2^n} \right)$$


I am looking for references for a research work on predatory prices, do you know where I can read about it?

Question: A simple research work for my intermediate microeconomics course. I searched for it and didn't find it on Varian's and Pindyck's.
Answer: From the Google Scholar search results for "predatory pricing economics":

The current state of the law and economics of predatory pricing
AK Klevorick - The American Economic Review, 1993

Predatory pricing: Strategic theory and legal policy
P Bolton, JF Brodley, MH Riordan - Geo. LJ, 1999 - HeinOnline

Stopping above-cost predatory pricing
AS Edlin - Yale LJ, 2001 - HeinOnline

The economics of predation: What drives pricing when there is learning-by-doing?
D Besanko, U Doraszelski, Y Kryukov - American Economic Review, 2014 - aeaweb.org


What is the difference between staged and unstaged fuel manifolds?

Question: Also, I would like to know the difference between pilot, primary and secondary fuel flow.
Answer: Staged means that fuel is delivered "after launch" instead of immediately.  This terminology is more familiar from staged rockets:

At engine idle conditions, the electronic engine control (EEC) unit sends a signal to the BSV which then shuts off fuel flow to the ten staged fuel nozzles. As a result, the ten unstaged nozzles receive a higher fuel volume resulting in a stronger flame. [More fuel for those ten and none for the others, encouraging combustion: fewer flames, but bigger ones.]  As the engine accelerates above idle, the EEC signal commands the BSV open, allowing fuel to flow to all nozzles [more than the first ten] so the engine can operate at higher power settings.

This is quite like a campfire started with tinder (unstaged, ignites instantly) and then sustained with thicker wood (staged).
"Pilot fuel flow" is hard to google in an aeronautics context for obvious reasons, but it means the same as "pilot flame" for a household furnace or water heater.  It acts like a continuous low fuel consumption spark,
at start-up and low part load, to encourage more vigorous combustion shortly before that is commanded.


How to print all the git commit message?

Question: I have a git repository, I can see all the commits in a particular branch using git log branch-name. But I want to print the commit message, author and date of all commits with respect to a particular branch on an HTML page. Is there any solution for this?
How can I use jgit for this?
Answer: I don't know jgit, but in normal git you do that with the pretty option as
git log --pretty="%ci %an %s" branch-name

Where %ci is the date (ISO), %an is the commiter and %s is the subject.
EDIT
You can find more info in the log documentation, pretty format section : https://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/git-log.html#_pretty_formats
Answer: git log --pretty=oneline commit1...commit2 > file

Answer: You will need to walk every commit on the branch and wrap the output with the appropriate html tags. Now I understand you want to do it from jgit, so I'll provide an outline of how one would do it in a shell, and you will have to similarly invoke the rev-list functionality of jgit‡:
#!/bin/sh

echo "
"
for commit in $(git rev-list <your branch>); do
  git log --format="
%cr	%an	%s
" $commit
done
echo "
"

For different formatting options visit the git-show help pages.

‡ I haven't really checked that jgit supports rev-list, but the claim on the jgit web page, as I understand it, is that it support the git core functionality. For example - see org.eclipse.jgit.revwalk.


SLIME 2.20 obsolete

Question: Why the status of SLIME 2.20 (Superior Lisp Interaction Mode for Emacs) is taged as obsolete in emacs melpa considering it actually is the newest version of SLIME right now (2017/11/20).
Comment: Can you check whether Slime is listed more than once in the list?
Comment: @wasamasa Thanks for your advice. But after several restarts I can't recurrent the issue. Maybe it's a status update bug? I remmember that when this issue happened, there were two lines of **slime**, with one line highlighted in the picture and the other line is tagged as **installed**.
Answer: If you have installed several versions of a package, Emacs will mark all but the newest as obsolete and offer deleting the obsolete ones as they're no longer needed (which you can do manually with <code>~</code>).
Comment: Thanks for your answer. My experience doesn't seems like what you describs (It's a pity that I can't reappearence that issue again even tried once and once.). But your answer really helps me to understand more mechanism of emacs. This issue is not a fatal error, it may just a display error. Again, thank you very much.

SLIME 2.20 obsolete


computer turns on when plugged in then turns off immediately

Question: I just bought a new desktop computer Dell Vostro 3671. When I plug the AC power cable, it turns on for about 2 seconds then off (the computer is new and it was shipped to me like this, I didn't make any changes) although the computer runs ok with no problem, I was concerned about this as I've never experienced something like this with any other device. I tried looking on BIOS setup if there's something and I tried running the diagnostic, everything seems fine. Is this normal ? btw I noticed there's a little button on power supply near the LED light if this could help with something ?
Answer: In my opinion, (almost) every Dell desktop computer has this kind of behavior when you connect its AC power cable.
You can set the 'After Power Loss' setting in the BIOS (or UEFI) in 3 different states :

On (computer turns on when connected to AC power supply)
Off (in that case, the computer turns on for about 2 seconds and then turns off again)
Last State (this option remembers the last state, either 'on' or 'off' just before it was physically disconnected from the outlet)

Personally, I prefer the state 'On' because all plugs are connected to an extension socket which already has a power switch. That way, I have to touch only one button which turns on the whole system.
Comment: thank you, so it is nothing to worry about then ? yes I have the after power loss setting in BIOS.
Comment: You should not worry about it at all (as this does not cause any beeps or error messages either).
Only in case of an empty battery (on the motherboard), your computer will turn on and off for several times, and will finally display a 'battery empty' message.
Answer: His description of normal operation would indicate that it is only during initial connection of the power cable. At first I thought the description was contradictory.
I've seen this characteristic in some computers. What the OP is describing is a brief power cycle when the power supply is connected to line power. There's a bit of power supply fan activity, then all noise is terminated. I've never checked to see if the CPU fan or other internals power up then off during this sequence, as it's not caused problems later.
Some older computers will sometimes begin a complete power sequence when the cord is engaged, but it can be terminated by holding the power button in until it shuts down. Somewhat related to this question, but not precisely.
Comment: thank you, yes it is like you said (Im not sure if everything is powered during this, but it looks like it) just for about 2 seconds then everything goes off, so it must be a normal thing then I suppose ? the computer has 2019 intel processor, so it is new btw


Automatic crossfades after comping a track

Question: I'm using Pro Tools' comping feature to use pieces of multiple takes.  Can I make Pro Tools automatically create crossfades on the transition points between regions?
Comment: Not sure whether Pro tools can do this, but are you really sure you want this? You are going to have to check them all anyway to make sure that there are no dirty cuts... I am never frustrated about making fades in pro tools, it happens so darn fast using the shortkeys...
Comment: @Pelle: When I'm comping I can tweak each transition point to get a clean break, but after I selected all the transition points it would be nice if I could apply crossfades to all the transition points at once.
Answer: I might be misunderstanding the question, but to automatically create fades, simply highlight any regions you want included, and hit command-f.  The regions need to be touching obviously.  Hope this helps.
Answer: Yes, if you have your comped playlist, just drag selecting the whole thing (triple click with selector tool will highlight all the regions in the playlist - first to last) then hit command-F.
Now, regardless of if the points actually hit on the right places, seems to me that it's a bit dangerous to do so. I find that the safest place to create a crossfade would be in the middle of words, next to plosives or T's, etc. (not nasal or long open vowels). Doing crossfades between words of different takes usually becomes really apparent - either the singer stood away of the microphone on that particular take, or he/she is more tired (say, first take of the day and last as an extreme example). the time you'd spend re tweeking could be longer than creating the fades on the right place first time around?


What happened to our question count?

Question: There were approximately 12 024 questions about 18 hours ago; now there are 12 002. What happened?
Comment: Doubtless mods can delete questions straight off, but if three high-rep users *vote* to delete, that also does it. I only noticed a few days ago that I have this "superpower" - I may have been throwing my weight around, but there must be at least a couple of others doing the same.
Comment: That's a lot of deleted questions, though.
Comment: @JasperLoy True enough.
Comment: I noticed that my rep dropped by about 200 and that my "answers" tally had gone down by one (happened to have that open in a tab before a refresh so noticed).  Presumably a question that I answered was deleted, but if that was the source then in was a pretty high-scoring answer so I'm confused.  I've found no way that I can find out which of my own answers (or questions, if I had any) have been deleted.
Comment: @JasperLoy, thanks.  I know that rep recalc exists but have no idea what triggers it.  This is the first unexplained change I've seen.  How do I contact a moderator to ask what happened?
Comment: @MonicaCellio Ping one in chat, perhaps?
Comment: ...also note that if *one* other person votes to deletes something, that's brought to my attention in my "Tools" screen. In most cases I've simply agreed with others voting to delete - it's not like I've spent ages mining the past for rubbishy questions.
Answer: I'm about to board a plane, so I can't really elaborate, but there have been a lot of flags in the past two days.
Comment: Well, enjoy your travels, and thank you for the insight.

What happened to our question count?


Can I use Lucky Cigarette Case on another player

Question: My question is rather simple, but we can't quite put a finger on the correct answer. Items such as the Lucky Cigarette Case ... can we use them on other player rolls or just our own? The text says to add 1 to the result of a single die roll ... but doesn't specify on whom you can use it. Any help would be neato, thanks in advance.
Answer: No, unless an item specifically says it can be used on other investigators (e.g., "Choose an investigator"), it can only be used on/by the person holding the item.
Comment: Thank you! We were just not sure about it. Decided that using it on anyone was just too powerful, seems we made the correct assumption.
Answer: The Q & A for the Grotesque Statue artifact in the FAQ strongly implies that items by default can only be used on the investigator that owns the item, as the wording similarly doesn't call out that it can be used on other investigators.

Q  Can the Grotesque Statue Artifact prevent other investigators from losing Sanity?
A. No. The Grotesque Statue Artifact's second effect allows the investigator to spend one Clue to prevent himself from losing Sanity from a single e ect. It does not allow him to prevent any other investigator from losing Sanity.


SPSS: Replace missing values with date

Question: I have a date field with missing values. I want to replace the missing values with a specified date. I attempted to recode the variable by assigning a value to the missing but it didn't seem to allow xx/xx/xxxx formatted inputs. I attempted to determine the numeric value of my date thinking this was what the recode field wanted but wasn't successful with that either. I'm thinking a compute if statement may be possible i.e. if system-missing input date, but again I'm at a loss on the right commands. Any help would be greatly appreciated!
Comment: UPDATE: I attempted to redefine the date variable  using the 'define variable properties' menu. However, it appears that the "missing values" are actually listed as 10/4/1582. Hopefully someone knows what this means. I should add that the dataset is imported from SQL sp.
Comment: UPDATE: I was able to change the "missing values" by opening the dataset in excel, using an if statement to convert the blanks to a specified date, formatting the new column of dates to 'short date', and reopening it in SPSS. I was trying to avoid this by trying to solve it within SPSS so I'd still welcome any solutions if they exist.
Comment: You may want to explore why particular records are coming through as missing values in the first instance? Is this expected? Perhaps dates are stored in different formats? MM/DD/YYYY vs. DD/MM/YYYY for example (or any other potential formats)?
Comment: @JigneshSutar I checked the formats . I'm guessing that SPSS had a problem with the column because it had a date subtraction formula in it. So I removed the formula (pasted values only), reopened it in SPSS and it worked.
Answer: You can replace missing values with a specified date like so:
<code>if missing(datevar) datevar = date.mdy(12,20,1999).
exe.
</code>
Answer: Thanks for all the suggestions -  I checked the formats . I'm guessing that SPSS had a problem with the column because it had a date subtraction formula in it. So I removed the formula (pasted values only), reopened it in SPSS and it worked.

SPSS: Replace missing values with date


How to make a 12" deep wall cabinet face be 15" from existing wall

Question:
I'm remodeling my kitchen. First major remodel. I have purchased 12" deep unfinished stock cabinets. I would like to make the face of the 30x30x12 wall cabinet that will be above the stove/oven be 15" from the wall so I can add crown molding to all the wall cabinets later on. Is this possible by attaching a couple 2x4's  flat against the wall to the existing studs and attaching the cabinet to those?
Comment: Do you have a picture of what you are trying to do?  Sorry this doesn't make sense.
Comment: I think he means 1.5" from the wall.  As in to make the cabinet above the stove jut out from the wall 1.5" by adding 2x4's flat against the wall and place the cabinet back against those. This would accentuate the stove area -especially with crown molding installed.  Please edit question to verify or correct this assumption.
Comment: Ben is on the right track. Right now if I attach the 30x30x12 to the wall it would only be 12" from the face of the cabinet to the wall. I would like to bump it out to 15" to (like Ben noted) accentuate the stove area and allow for crown molding to be added later. So, if I added two 2x4's attached to each other flat against the wall (top, bottom and sides) I would achieve the 15" depth. Is this doable? Will it be able to support the cabinet? Makes sense in my head but wanted to get some feedback.
Answer: You can, but...
It is unlikely but possible that the exact space you want to install the cabinet only has 1 stud available. (if studs are 16 inch on center it is possible that a stud is centered in the vicinity of the cabinet).
If that is the case, then wall anchors will be required to help support things.
Do you have plans to mount a hood or micro hood in this area?  If so, this configuration could prove troublesome on installation. Further, depending on the cabinet height, you may find the cabinet intrusive for full operation of the rear of the stove, especially with a tall chef and rear-mounted controls on the stove/oven.
Either way,  make plans to seal the gap created by pushing the cabinet out from the wall. That will prevent having an unclean able greasy trap for dirt which will be prone to dropping into your food.
Comment: +1 for concerns about the hood/stove relationship. (And crown isn't so hard to bump in/out of a line of cabinets, so I really wouldn't fixate on that.)
Answer: Yes, your plan is good. Attach the first 2 additional 2x4s to studs with 3" screws. It may be better to run these horizontally so you cover at least 3 studs. When these are solid attach the next 2 also with 3" screws. Now with someone's help add the cabinet and use 1 1/4 screws to attach it to the supports.
Comment: A 30" cabinet will not catch 3 studs in a standard 16" on center configuration.
Answer: I agree with Nomind.  Two 2x4s attached one at a time will do the job.  If the cabinet is at the end of a run of cabinets you will need to finish the exposed edge.  Depending on the type of cabinet you will need some type of skin to run from the front rail to the back wall.  If you just splice in a filler it will not look good with and exposed seam.  Good luck.
Answer: 1)  cut 4 30" 2x4's to length to fit behind the cabinet, two at the top of the cabinet, two at the bottom.  even better is to rip 3" x 3/4" strips of plywood to take the place of the 2 x 4's.  its much flatter and easier to use without it twisting over time.
2)  apply construction adhesive to two boards.  attach with screws to whatever studs you can hit, horizontally to wall at top and bottom of cabinet location.
3)  rip or plane the third and fourth 2x4 to 1.25" thickness.
4)  install third and fourth board on top of first and second (respectively) using screws only.
5)  install cabinet using vertical cedar shims between cabinet and outer boards.  this will let you "tune" the fit to accomodate for the natural twists and variations in the 2x4's.  cabientry is usually installed with 1/32" accuracy, so its important to use the shims to get the cabinet just right.  otherwise your cove/crown moulding will look terrible when you are done.


Tor list of US bridges

Question: Is there a list of US (United States) only bridges for tor? I need to relay thru US bridges only.
Answer: As far as I know there is no such list and it is not possible to get such a list. The idea of bridges is that they are hidden. So you won't find a public list of all bridges or only a greater subset of all bridges.
In general you can use any bridge from any country. Just go to bridges.torproject.org, solve the CAPTCHA and receive your bridges. Or go to about:preferences#tor in Tor Browser and select a bridge.

Tor list of US bridges


Partitioning an infinite set

Question: Can you partition an infinite set, into an infinite number of infinite sets?
Comment: Consider $$\mathbb N_{>0} = \bigsqcup_{k \geq 0} \{ n \in \mathbb N_{>0}   |   v_p(n)=k\},$$ where $v_p$ is the $p$-adic valuation (for a fixed prime $p$).
Comment: See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert's_paradox_of_the_Grand_Hotel
Comment: When you say infinite set, do you mean unbounded or do you mean having an infinite amount of elements?
Comment: @Raskolnikov: Having an infinite number of elements
Comment: See also: http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/12213/can-a-collection-of-subsets-of-n-such-that-no-one-set-contains-another-be-uncoun
Answer: Yes.
First, note that it's enough to do it for countably infinite sets.  For if $X$ is uncountable and $Y$ is a countably infinite subset, then $Z = X-Y$ is also infinite.  Then, if we divide $Y$ into infintely many infinite sets, we've divided $X$ into infinitely many infinite sets.
So, let's consider a countable set $Y$.  Of course, we may as well label the elements of $Y$ as $0,1,2,...$.  In short, I'm going to break $\mathbb{N}$ into infinitely many infinite sets.
First note that there are infinitely many prime numbers.  Further, if $p$ and $q$ are prime numbers, and if $p^a = q^b$, then we must have $p=q$ and $a=b$.  This follows from unique factorization of numbers.
So, for each prime $p$, consider the set $Y_p = \{ p^a$ with $a>0\in\mathbb{N}\}$.  Then, e.g., $Y_2 = \{2,4,8,16,32,64,128,...\}$ and $Y_3 =\{3,9,27,81,243,...\}$.
Clearly, each $Y_p$ is infinite.  Further, if $Y_p$ and $Y_q$ have anything in common, then by what we said before, we must have that $p=q$.  In other words, for different primes $p$ and $q$, the sets $Y_p$ and $Y_q$ have no overlap.
Since there are infinitely many primes, there are infinitely many $Y_p$ with no overlap.  Finally, let $Z$ be all the naturals which are NOT powers of a prime number.  $Z$ is also infinite since, for example, it contains $2*3, 2*3^2, 2*3^3, 2*3^4,...$
Thus, we've dividied $\mathbb{N}$ into infinitely many infinite sets:  $Z$ and each of the $Y_p$.
Answer: Certainly.  Look at the Cantor pairing function that shows a correspondence between the naturals and pairs of naturals. You have $f:\mathbb{N}\mapsto \mathbb{N\times N}$ which  is a bijection. All sets of the form $(x,y)$ for a given $x$ are infinite. So the sets of $n$ that go to $(x,y)$ for a given $x$ are infinite.
On second thought, this is too complicated.  $(x,y) \in \mathbb{N \times N}$ is infinite. The sets of the form $(x,1)$ are infinite, as are $(x,2)$, as are $\ldots$. So we have divided an infinite set into an infinite number of infinite sets. The pairing function just projects this onto $\mathbb{N}$.
Answer: The natural numbers organized in an infinite number of rows and an infinite number of columns:
<code>1  2  4  7 11 16 ..
   3  5  8 12 17 ..
      6  9 13 18 ..
        10 14 19 ..
            :  :
</code>
Answer: For another example with a somewhat different flavour, chop the real line up at integers, dividing it into countable union of unit intervals, each of which has uncountably many points:
$$ \mathbb{R} = \bigcup_{n \in \mathbb{Z}} [n,n+1)$$
Comment: This is for an uncountable set though.
Answer: Here's a quick way to divide the positive integers into infinitely many infinite sets:
Let $U_1$ be the set of positive odd numbers:
$$\{1,3,5,7,\dots\}$$
Let $U_2$ be the set of twice the positive odd numbers:
$$\{2,6,10,14,\dots\}$$
Let $U_3$ be the set of four times the positive odd numbers:
$$\{4,12,20,28,\dots\}$$
…
Let $U_n$ be the set of $2^{n-1}$ times the positive odd numbers.
…
That is, the numbers in each set are twice the numbers in the last set. Now, the positive integers have been partitioned into the infinite sets $U_n$.
Comment: @Pooya For the first: suppose $a2^n=a'2^{n'}$ for $a,a'$ odd. Wlog $n>n'$. Then $a2^{n-n'}=a'$ and $a'$ is even, contradiction.
Comment: For the second: by induction. Base case, $1$ is in $U_1$. Induction step, suppose $1,\dots,n-1$ are each in one of these sets. If $n$ is odd it's in $U_1$; if $n$ is even then $\frac n2$ is in $U_k$ for some $k$ by the induction hypothesis, and $n$ is in $U_{k+1}$.
Comment: How do we know the sets do not have any overlap?  How do we know the sets altogether will cover all natural numbers?
Answer: A simple way to split the set of natural numbers.Take the sets $S_n$ of numbers with sum of digits $n$ for each all $n$.
Obviously no sets overlap and each $S_n$ contain numbers of the form $1111..0000...$ where the string of 1's contain $n$ of them, and as many zeros as you wish
Answer: Note: I wrote this up because it is interesting, and 'rounds out' the theory, that we can partition $X$ into an infinite number of blocks with each on being countably infinite.
I am marking this as community wiki. If several people downvote this and/or post comments that they disagree with my sentiments, I'll delete this.

Proposition 1: Every infinite set $X$ can be partitioned into blocks with each one being countably infinite.
Proof
Choose a well order $\le$ on $X$ that has no maximal elements (see this) and let $\sigma$ denote the successor function on $X$. Let $L$ denote the elements of $X$ that do not have an immediate predecessor. For each $\alpha \in L$ define
$\tag 1 L_\alpha = \{ \sigma^n(\alpha) \, | \, \text{integer } n \ge 0\}$
This family partitions $X$ (see this) and each set must also be countably infinite. $\quad \blacksquare$.
If $L$ is finite take any $\alpha \in L$ and partition the countably infinite set $L_\alpha$ into an infinite number of blocks (see the many fine answers in this thread). So we have
Proposition 2: Every infinite set $X$ can be partitioned into an infinite number of blocks
with each one being countably infinite.
Comment: Did you mean $\sigma^n,$ rather than $S^n$?
Answer: An (imo) beautiful practical example from Elementary Number Theory.
As you know, any equivalence relation, partitions a set.
Now, if you partition the Natural numbers $(\mathbb{N})$ = {1, 2, 3, ... } ( 0 of course NOT included ), based on the relation "Prime Signature", you have what you are looking for.
Based on the Main Theorem of Arithmetic we can map any natural number to two ordered lists:
$$
n = \Pi_{i=1}^{\omega(n)} p_i^{\alpha^{i}}.
$$
For example: $12 = 2^2 3^1$, 30= $2^1 3^1 5^1$, and so on, where $12$ belongs to the partition $\{2,1\}$ and $30$ belongs to the partition $\{1,1,1\}$.
We call the ordered list of ${\alpha_{i}}'s$ the "Prime Signature". ( Example: $1000$ has signature $\{3,3\}$ ).
What makes this infinite partition so 'beautiful' is that every subset of $\mathbb{N}$ in this infinite partition corresponds to a partition of a natural number.

Partitioning an infinite set


Apache or WAMP for a PHP beginner?

Question: As I am a beginner in the PHP programming field, I would like to know if Apache or Wampserver suits my skill? Anybody please give a good option.
Answer: Apache is a server, Wamp is a package of Apache, MySQL and PHP. Ok, you need wamp.
Answer: WAMP stands for W-indows (as the OS), A-pache (as the webserver), M-ySql(the database), P-HP (the scripting language). So you see, its the same. you'll end up using Apache webserver only.
Answer: This depends on a lot of factors but since you mentioned Wamp then I will assume you have a Windows OS.
WAMP is the Windows OS as the operating system, Apache as the webserver , MySQL as the data store and PHP as an included component.
Any would suit your skill, as both include the Apache web server.
Answer: Hard to say if it suits your skill. Depends on the extensions you need.
With only an apache server you don't have everything. If you're a PHP programmer you at least need the PHP extension for Apache.
WAMP stands for Windows Apache Mysql PHP and, as it already says, has PHP (and MySQL) included. In most cases it is sufficient to do the basic programming.
Answer: You can use any of them they both will work perfectly fine and easy to use. Although I have always used xampp (with no specific reason but it is very easy to use).
Answer: WAMP contains Apache so you will use it either way. It really depends how much work you want to do to get started.
To install Apache, PHP, MySQL (or other database), etc individually takes more time and there is a step by step process you need to follow.
On the other hand, installing WAMP is quick and easy (simply download and launch the install package), which caters to more novice users.  From there you can choose which extensions you want to use and enable them.
I would use WAMP as a beginner to simplify things

Apache or WAMP for a PHP beginner?


How does the UX design process revolve around the user personas you've established?

Question: After describing personas at the beginning of the UX project, how do you design with all of them in mind?? What if two personas don't see eye to eye culturally or philosophically, how does design manage to go past this?
Answer: There are so many ways that personas are used as part of the design process, depending on the amount of research you have conducted. Instead of listing them all, here are some ideas to help you think how you can best apply the insights for your own projects:

Pain points & frustrations - if you have uncovered this in the research, they will then point to the problems you can be potentially trying to solve for the users.
What makes them happy - always a good starting point to figuring out the needs and wants of the users, and the type of experiences you should be aiming for.
Demographic information - puts the user group in context in terms of their preferences, habits, knowledge of technology and other information that you will find useful in creating user flows and interaction designs.
Scenarios - gives you a feel for either a day in their life or the specific problems that they face, and can be a good starting point to investigate and create a user journey map or user stories. Might also give some insights into the mental model of the user for specific tasks.
Goals and tasks - translates into user flows and can be used to develop detailed interactions by breaking the tasks down into specific interactions with the user interface.
Answer: I get passionate about this, so if you want to go straight to the answer you're better off reading III. Process below.
I. Preamble

We're always building for a persona type, whether that's yourself, somebody else or a group of people. (In
When we design, we're trying to systematize a solution to a problem.
Therefore personas SHOULD inform and influence design.
Making personas explicit (and documenting them) helps making the concept of user concrete rather than elastic.
Personas will increase your team's empathy levels if used properly.

II. Background
First of all we need to acknowledge that there are two kinds of personas.

Research Based Personas
Research based personas are the personas that have been statistically defined to tell the truth about a segment of your user base.
Assumption Personas
Personas that have been created without any sort of validation and live without it.

The pros and cons of each persona type could start a discussion, that is likely to end nowhere, as they are different kind of tool, that could be used during different stages of different processes. The way I see it (and going against what's been said before is that) you should use both, but that's just my personal opinion.
Take into consideration the chart below.

At the beginning you can work with assumption personas, and start defining what you believe to be truth about them. During this stage, of course you and your team will acknowledge the fact that these are all assumptions and that you'll need to fix them as you learn more about them (more or less what you do when you meet new friends and start setting expectations about them).
Once you have enough to perform some actual research, you will basically set in stone what you know about them (which again, in my opinion is sub-ideal, as the cost of research is substantially more than that from assumptions - Hopefully you'll keep learning about your personas after research though).
III. Process (and the actual answer)
After I. and II. it could be inferred that personas will make you step aside from the spotlight and stop you and your team from designing for yourselves. And if so, when? and how?.
The best answer I could give you is it depends, as it's strictly associated with the way you do things. But paying attention to point number 3 of the preamble, personas should inform and influence design it would be silly just to define them and not to use them at all.
Start with the right foot
The trick to creating good personas is to honestly curious about them and learning 3 things:

Context
Pain Points or Frustrations
Goals or objectives

Context. Getting this right will set the path for nailing the other two. Context is everything that lacks intent in a statement, for example: from Age and Tech Savvyness to working conditions (like direct sunlight or office, standing or sitting, and typical time of the day to use a product that you're designing). Context sets the stage and is the key to unveiling Pain Points and Goals.
This is where things get better:
Pain Points or Frustrations. Here you'll learn about what stops your personas from feeling better doing more things faster today. Pure gold if you want to design a product based on what currently exists.
Goals or Objectives. Actual objectives they have today, and look for aspirational stuff that might trigger yours or your team's imagination.
Ok, ok... I got too far, you're still reading and we don't have an answer yet... so here it comes.
Put your personas to good use
If you're doing it right, so far you have a list of pain points and goals.
The way I do it is that I map them in the right spot along my personas workflow.

Another way of using personas is to help prioritise the features that you build. You can use Dotmocracy or another facilitation tool to assign value to each of the pain points and goals that you've defined. By doing this features that you product or service has, could be aligned to those Pain Points and Goals to help you build the most pressing features faster.
An example
I'm yet to refine this, but I did this as a way to explain to my friends what my own personal process looked like, and it might give you an example on how to use personas and make them valuable:

Step number 3 in the image above includes the definition, validation and prioritisation of personas during my discovery process.
Testing
Design should be tested by people that match your persona's criteria. (I almost miss this one).
IV. Conclusion
Where you use personas and how you use them depends entirely on your process. So be creative and try as much as possible to come back to them and include them.
Specifically in my process I use them during step 3, 4 and 6 and thereafter is essentially imposible to exclude them due to the value they provide.
I hope this helps a bit.
Answer: If 2 personas are right handed and 2 are left handed?
Center the menu button.
If 2 personas see red as danger and 2 see red as good luck?
Use Grey for negative and green for positive
Did you produce the personas yourself? If yes then you are already on the road to failure. When you produced your personas you already knew what product they where being manufactored for and have taylored your personas to that end.
If you where handed your personas from a third party, then produce a design that covers the every basic need of all personas. Only human interaction and insights together with the results of testing will define the need for change. As a UX designer you should naturally see a user path and be able to avoid problems. Until software allows a persona to test a product, they will always be assumptions rather than fact.


How do I open a .tar.gz magazine file to edit with Scribus?

Question: I downloaded a tar.gz file from Translate Full Circle
for translating this magazine in my native language, but i can't open it on Scribus(the software to edit any text files)
please help me i really wait for your help.
thank you.
Answer: A tar.gz is a compressed format, similar to .zip if you are familiar with that. Simply double-click on it, and it should open with archive manager, where you can extract the real files to somewhere else. These extracted files are what you would open with Scribus.


Does the "tea" break in cricket always include actual tea?

Question: Tomorrow is my first match against St. Peters junior team and my coach told me that it will involve a tea break. I do not wish to drink tea - will this be expected or enforced during the tea break?
Comment: If you are playing cricket in a place like India drinking tea or any real hot beverage will have the real chance of making you faint. Tea is also a diuretic which will make it really potent at dehydrating you.
Answer: In cricket, "tea" refers to a break between either playing sessions or innings; it is also the name of the supplied food and drink selection at that break.
While there would generally be tea (the beverage) available to drink at tea (the break) it's not typically the only drink available, nor is drinking it compulsory.
Answer: @motosubatsu's answer is very true answer, under normal circumstances. Most games I believe that to be true.
However, upon rereading your question again, I thought of the possibility that your  coach (since it appears he stressed the tea break to you, a new player) may indeed 'enforce' actual tea at the break, as a learning experience.
Don't worry overly, it's not THAT bad, at least if there is sugar and some sort of cream available. Oh, and good luck with the match!
Comment: There's no indication that a TEA break was stressed, just a tea break. There are reasons to avoid drinking tea that have nothing to do with its flavor (which, IMO, is ruined by adding tea or cream).


Velocity of most distant galaxies

Question: Taking Hubble's law into account, what is the velocity of the most distant galaxies relative to Earth? Yes, I know that it is actually space that is expanding, (so, it is not their real velocity), but at what speed relative to Earth are they receding from us?
Comment: Roughly [$3.3c$](http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=(Hubble+constant)+*+(radius+of+the+observable+universe+in+Mpc)).
Comment: @RobJeffries: Yes, if you interpret the question as the most distant _known_ galaxy. I interpreted it as the most distant galaxy in the observable Universe (assuming the cosmological principle holds true, so that there are galaxies out there, even though we won't see them because the lookback time is so large that it looks to us as though they haven't formed yet).
Comment: @RobJeffries: I understand what you mean. It's merely a question of how the OP is interpreted. What I mean is that, if the cosmological principle holds true, then there are galaxies all the way out to the "edge" of the observable Universe (and probably beyond, but I don't consider those). These galaxies exist right now, they are at the same evolutionary state as the Local Universe, and they recede at v = 3.3c. You are of course right that, because of the finite speed of light, we look so far back in time that, to us, they haven't formed yet.
Comment: No it's not, it's 2.3c. @pela
Comment: @pela We cannot say anything about the recession velocities of things that are causally outside the observable universe. In the observable universe we know (or think) that galaxies cannot have formed prior to redshift 20. This gives an upper limit to the recession velocity of 2.5c.
Answer: The most distant galaxy currently known is at a redshift $Z=11.1$ (Oesch et al. 2016). According to Ned Wright's cosmology calculator, for a set of concordance cosmological parameters, this corresponds to a comoving distance of 9.88 Gpc (32 billion light years) and a recession velocity (now) from Hubble's law of 2.28c (i.e. 684,000 km/s).
Of course galaxies could exist at greater distances, although they do need time to form after the big bang. Theoretical simulations (e.g. Bromm 2011) suggest star  forming galaxies might be present at redshifts of 20, only 200 million years after the big bang. Such galaxies, if they exist, would have recession velocities of 2.5c.
This is the maximum possible recession velocity for any galaxy that is observable by us now (or in the near future).
There is no possibility of observable galaxies having recession velocities as high as 3.3c, since that would place them at redshifts of $>1000$ and they would need to have formed even before the epoch of hydrogen recombination.
However, as Pela and Zephyr are pointing out, there are (likely) galaxies that exist now, but that we cannot observe now and never will be able to measure, that are more distant than this and which are receding faster. We are reasonably sure that the universe probed by current observations of the cosmic microwave background is isotropic to comoving distances of about 14.1 Gpc (46 billion light years; "the edge of the observable universe"). Thus galaxies that are currently there, but which are just perturbations in the CMB as we see them now, will have recession velocities of 3.3c. Equally, there could be more distant galaxies than that in a much larger, or possibly infinite, universe and these could have much larger recession velocities still (that we also cannot observe or measure), and indeed they, like the galaxies we do observe, are possibly accelerating away from us.
Comment: The question doesn't necessarily ask about galaxies known to or observed by us. As pela stated, there are certainly going to be galaxies at the edge of the observable universe which we are not observable in their present state, but they still almost assuredly exist and are receding from us.
Comment: @Zephyr But then what is special about the edge of the observable universe? Galaxies will (probably) exist beyond this and have even faster recession velocities. I have struggled to edit my answer to make your point, but I'm not entirely sure what it is. 3.3c is the recession velocity of the cosmic microwave background.
Comment: There's nothing special. I was just pointing out that possibly the question is asking about galaxies at the edge of the universe, be they visible or not. I think the question was just, how fast are the fastest things moving away from us (in the observable universe). I guess its all in how you interpret the question.
Answer: The speed relative to Earth is greater than the speed of light. This is consistent with Relativity as the space between us and the distant galaxies has stretched.
The speed is given by
$$(\mathrm{Hubble\ constant}) \times (\mathrm{radius\ of\ the\ observable\ universe\ in\ Mpc})$$
Which, as noted by Pela in a comment, is roughly 3.3 times the speed of light.

Velocity of most distant galaxies


doubts regarding "||=" OR EQUALS operator in ruby

Question: I have some doubts regarding OR EQUALS (||=) operator in ruby. How does ruby interpreter implement it? Here is a sample of code:
class C
  def arr
    @num ||= []
  end
end

When we use OR EQUALS operator in this circumstances, the first call to this method initializes the variable and adds an element, that's fine. When a second call is made to arr, how does it know that array has one element in it..
Answer: In Ruby, there are two values that are considered logical false.  The first is the boolean value false, the other is nil.  Anything which is non-nil and not explicitly false is true. The first time though the method, @num is nil, which is treated as false and the logical or portion of ||= needs to be evaluated and ends up assigning the empty array to @num.  Since that's now non-nil, it equates to true.  Since true || x is true no matter what x is, in future invocations Ruby short circuits the evaluation and doesn't do the assignment.
Answer: In general terms x ||= y is equivalent to x = x || y, it's just shorthand. It's implemented as the expanded form, same as &&=, += or -=.
Most programming languages, Ruby included, will stop executing a logical comparison statement like || on the first true value it encounters and return that. Likewise, it will halt on the first false value when using &&.
In general terms:
false || foo()
This will return false and not evaluate foo().
The pattern is best described as a "lazy initializer", that is the variable is defined only once, but only when it's actually used. This is in contrast to an "eager initializer" that will do it as early as possible, like inside the initialize method.
You'll see other versions of this pattern, like:
def arr
  @num ||= begin
    stuff = [ ]
    # ...
    stuff
  end
end

This handles cases where the initial value is not as trivial and may need some work to produce. Once again, it's only actually generated when the method is called for the first time.
How does Ruby know on the second pass to not initialize it again? Simple, by that point @num is already defined as something.
As a note, if you're using values like false that would evaluate as non-true, then ||= will trigger every time. The only two logically false values in Ruby are nil and false, so most of the time this isn't an issue.
You'll have to do this the long-form way if you need to handle false as well:
def arr
  return @num unless num.nil?

  @num = false
end

There was talk of adding an ||=-like operator that would only trigger on nil but I don't think that has been added to Ruby yet.


Send mail once content approval of custom content types

Question: I am creating one Like job posting custom content type.The permission for only posting the job for recruiter.After Post the job I need the approval for publishing permission from admin. My thought when recruiter post the job i want to send the mail like recruiter post the new job for admin and once admin approved the content. How can i do this
Comment: https://drupal.org/project/rules
Answer: It's kind of hard to understand what you want but I think you should use the "Rules" module, which allows you to "to define conditionally executed actions based on occurring events":
https://drupal.org/project/rules
Answer: Actually it sounds like you need to use the Modr8 module.
With the module activated, you can set the publishing options for the Job Posting content type to In moderation queue and let your admin approve the post.
You can configure the modr8 module to send email notifications to the author when the posting is approved, or if it is held in moderation with a note to author by the admin.
The author can still view and edit the post, but it is not available for general viewing untill it has been approved and removed from the moderation queue.


What is the correct spelling for -ize? Is it using 'z' or 's'?

Question: I learn from school (in south east asia) that we use -ize, ex: vaporize, organize, etc. But lately, my word processor application and browsers started to suggest a fix for me: to use -ise, ex: vaporise, organise, etc. I can feel this has something to do with US English and UK English, but I can see all over the internet that people still mixing between -ize and -ise, so I don't know which one is actually the correct one, or if both of them are correct, which one is more mainstream and more widely used? I'm already used to use -ize, and feel weird when 'forced' to change into -ise just to silence the spelling errors warning, but I'm learning. I just want to know that I'm not learning something wrong before I internalise this into habit.
Comment: See http://english.stackexchange.com/a/4070/166321 and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences#-ise.2C_-ize_.28-isation.2C_-ization.29 It is not exactly a BrE vs AmE thing, but it's close.
Comment: Its too bad that we can't send this to ELU so they can call it a duplicate, though they can send any (often already closeworthy) ELU questions here.
Comment: I doubt native users mix, like you say. At least American users don't mix. That seems really weird. I think if you stick to just one or the other, it will be fine. I'm confident everyone will understand you. If you mix, then I think some of your audience will find it strange.
Comment: I mean, I tend to follow the person who I converse with. If the person tend to use -ise, then I'll unknowingly use -ise throughout the chat. But of course there's inconsistencies here and there. With mix, I mean, in a conversation with multiple person, some person use -ise and another person use -ize, much to my confusion.
Comment: There's no reason to be confused. Some words have more than one spelling. There is *gray* and *grey*, *colour* and *color*... just realise/realize there are two spellings and both, especially in a chat room or session, are correct.   If you are writing a paper for publication, you might want to choose the spelling you think your audience might be most familiar with, but this isn't necessary. It's also not necessary for you to use the spelling that the other person in a chat session uses.   Use the one you are comfortable with, since both are correct.
Comment: @AlanCarmack - It's not that straight forward.  If you look at [the answer by @DanielB](https://english.stackexchange.com/a/381995) in the ELU question you linked before, it is all about the formation of the English Language and how it is used.  **To the purists** (which I try to follow), vapourize (BrE) or vaporize (AmE) would be correct and you cannot *advize*, but you *advise* whether AmE or BrE.  See [DanielB's reference within *The Conversation* website](https://theconversation.com/its-time-to-recognize-and-internalize-the-us-suffix-ize-19828)
Answer: I am a native British speaker and have spelt words with the suffix -ise all the time and looking into the same question has made me realise — whoops, realize — that it's not as straight forward as indicated in the comments.
If you look at the (lower voted) answer by @DanielB in the ELU question linked in the comments, it is all about the formation of the English language and how it is used.
To the purists
The correct way to use the suffixes is to write:

Organize or
Vapourize (BrE) or Vaporize (AmE) is correct

A point of note though is that you cannot advize, but you can advise (whether American or British).
See DanielB's reference within The Conversation website for more on what I am saying.
Why did -ise override -ize in British English and Australian English?
The article in The Conversation points out that

we think it's posh and extra proper to standardise everything and homogenise spelling, in ignorant denial of the history of language and its correct use. [Note: The author uses -ise to comply with the style guidelines for articles in The Conversation]

When to use -ize
As the article in The Conversation points out,

The suffix ize should be used for verbs that connote transformation; when something is turned into something else or grows or becomes something. Usually, you can recognise the form whenever there is a simpler version of the word that pre-exists.

Take the example from the article.
The spelling theorize is the correct spelling because

we turn something into a theoretical condition, and
a simpler word already exists: theory.

When to use -ise
The article in The Conversation covers this too.
If you cannot see either

the process of transformation or becoming or
a simpler word inside the longer form,

the correct suffix is -ise. It is the reason we must always write advise, comprise, demise, despise, devise, disguise, excise, improvise, incise, merchandise, revise, surmise, surprise.
Comment: So, "organize" in here should be "ize" because it means "transform something into organ-" ?


app submission: Bundle ID and Bundle ID suffix

Question: I have looked at other answers here on stackOverflow but they do not give enough details.
I am in the process of submitting an application to the app store and i am being asked for a bundle id. There is one already on the list. Should I create another one or not?
It is also asking for a bundle id suffix: it says it should match the one in my info.plist: is there a bundle id suffix in my info.plist already or i need to create one?
Answer: The bundle ID should match the one in your info.plist, and is usually reverse DNS format (for example, com.yourcompany.yourappname).  I've never heard of a bundle ID suffix, though.


Can cats be ticklish?

Question: I've heard dogs have ticklish spots where they react when you tickle them there. I couldn't find any information on ticklish cats and their possible ticklish spots.
My cat tends to flick his ears if I touched the hair on the edge of his inner ear, but I'm not sure if that's a ticklish reaction or not. Do cats have ticklish spots?
Comment: Can you clarify what you mean by ticklish? Cats don't have a laughter reaction, so I'm not sure exactly what you're looking for.
Comment: You can often find spots where lightly touching the tips of the fur will elicit a twitching response, which you could call a tickle.
Comment: @Zaralynda I guess the reaction I'm expecting would be "I like it when you rub there, and will encourage you to do it, but will playfully attack when you pet there. When you stop, I'll come back for more" It's hard to explain the reaction, but it would be a "I like that, but not too much of it" reaction
Comment: ticling is very negative for cats and highly uncomfortable,the same is if you put your hand over a cats paws,a cat mother puts her paw on top of her kittens paw or on top of the head to tell a kitten to stop and calm down.this is universal for all cats big and small wild and domesticated,one can see this reaction when you pet a cat on its head the head moves away from the hand for a moment.
Answer: The closest I've seen to ticklishness is the reaction many cats have to having their paws handled -- and they seem to find it more annoying than entertaining.
I've seen cats that like "mock-threat" play with humans -- that will struggle when turned upside down or tossed and caught, for example, yet come right back for more. That isn't ticklishness as most humans would define it, but it's a similar interrupted-defense reaction.
But cats, like people, have their own quirks and opinions. All you can do is ask them whether they like something or not and pay attention to the answer.
Comment: `that will struggle when turned upside down or tossed and caught,`  - I don't believe this is acceptable play behaviour with a cat

Can cats be ticklish?


Horrible Windows Server 2003 performance while copying files through Netbios

Question: We have a Windows Server 2003 based server sharing a folder through a gigabit interface that receives a 10gb file every hour from another server. This server is a Dell PowerEdge 830 with two SCSI disks on RAID-1 with a PERC4/SC adapter. The transfer occurs on almost 10 minutes, and the server becomes unusable during the transfer period. We can't even open Windows Explorer, Task Manager or access the server via VNC. We need some advice about what the problem is, or how to track further to find the problem.
Answer: This is almost certainly due to the write buffer on the server inflating because the inbound transfer exceeds the write rate of the disk subsystem - see Mark Russinovitch's article on network copy behavior in various Windows Versions here.

One of the biggest problems with the
  engine's implementation is that for
  copies involving lots of data, the
  Cache Manager write-behind thread on
  the target system often can't keep up
  with the rate at which data is written
  and cached in memory. That causes the
  data to fill up memory, possibly
  forcing other useful code and data
  out, and eventually, the target's
  system's memory to become a tunnel
  through which all the copied data
  flows at a rate limited by the disk.

The engine he is talking about here is the one from Windows XP (and W2K3).
Once the buffering exceeds the total amount of free physical RAM on the system you're going to see physical paging in addition to the writes associated with the copy, and you also have all standard Windows IO activity still trying to proceed. As soon as you try to initiate a new process that triggers further paging - slowing everything down again.
You may have an issue with your disks but even under ideal conditions it's unlikely that a RAID 1 config on this server could sustain a 10Gig write stream much faster than about 40-50Meg/sec while your GigE link will almost certainly exceed that (and could easily be double that, if not slightly more).
Your options are:

Add more disks so that the array is
faster - you'll need to go to at
least a 4 disk RAID 10 or 6/7 disk
RAID 5 to get your streaming write
IO high enough to avoid buffering.
Increase RAM enough to buffer the whole stream, or at least a large chunk of it if your version of Windows Server and your hardware allows that.
Find some way to throttle the transfer rate down to around 10-20Meg/sec.
Upgrade to W2K8 (which has a smarter network copy buffer).
Answer: This sounds very familiar -- I've been wrestling with a similar issue. See these two threads:
Copying large file to remote server causes it to run out of physical memory
Windows Server 2008 x64, Large File Transfers, and Memory Usage


How do you make a duplicate of an object a separate object?

Question: I'm currently working on a tutorial of a pencil, and I created a duplicate of the shaft of the pencil I created so I could start a new one that has a similar diameter to the first one. However, it is still the same object, and I want to make it separate from the original. What do I do?
Comment: You would have to duplicate the object without checking "linked" data.  If you wish to unlink the objects afterwards, you can go to object-relations-unlink, and choose which attributes you want to unlink.
Comment: Where is Object Relations? I want to find that to unlink the objects, but I don't know where that is.
Comment: Go to Object first, and then in the drop down menu, choose relations.
Comment: If you just selected the shaft in edit mode and then did SHFT-D to duplicate it you can just press 'P' Seperate > selection. Then go back into object mode and your duplicated shaft will be a new object and will show as one in the outliner.
Answer: If you have duplicated an object and checked linked when you wanted to model them separately you can unlink them.  Here is an example:

If you have duplicated the mesh in edit mode, then separate them by selecting the mesh you want to separate, right clicking and choosing separate.  Here is an example:


Rule for BOGOGO(Buy 1 get 1 same product free) in magento 2

Question: How to create a rule in Magento 2 for BOGOGO(Buy 1 get 1 same product free and give another product)?
Answer: Set up a buy x Get y free on Magento:
1st. Go to Marketing > Cart prices rules
2nd. Click on Add new rule
3rd. Define a name, a short descritpion, select website and customer groups
4th. Define if your promotion require a coupon to be activated or not
5th. Define a period
6th. Conditions : nothing to set up here
7th. ACTIONS :

Select "Buy x Get Y free"

Discount amount put "1" (that means 1 prodcut free)

Maximum qty discount apply : Select how many times in the order this promotions can be applied

Discount qty : Put "1" for a Buy 1 get 1 Free or put "1" to apply a buy 1 get 1 free

8th. Rule to apply to cart items : clik on SKU and type the sku of the product concerned by this promotion.
So basically, if you have set up a Buy 1 get 1 free promotion for example, you customer my need to add 2 products in his cart, then he'll get a 100% on one of these products.
For more information visit


Where to go next when I want to "update my self in advanced java technologies and frameworks"

Question: "Update yourself in the latest core java language, and some of the advanced Java technologies and frameworks" is the advice I got from a fellow senior programmer as a pre-requisite to looking for a better job. I want to do that.
Background: I am a beginner java developer. I have several years of experience writing Java SE (Console) and Java ME apps - I have written some console apps and several mobile games. My only experience with Java EE is a very straightforward "Java Web Application" using NetBeans. It has a couple of JSPs, some DAO and VO classes and simple JDBC access to MySQL database and mostly simple inserts, updates and deletes. It runs in Tomcat 6.
After the basic servlet apps, what are some other frameworks that I need to know about today? I know there are many things like Spring, Hibernate, Struts, EJB, JSF, blah, blah.. but have no idea what they are and what they do and more importantly at what abstraction level they are present (what comes on top of what). Where should I go next? What should I learn next in "advanded java frameworks"?
Answer: Dive into the details of concurrency, generics, design patterns and object oriented design in general. As a technology Hibernate is a must.


Can information from Cognito Forms be exported to Excel?

Question: Can the information from these forms can be gathered and then exported into Excel?
Answer: I'm a developer with Cognito Forms.
Yes, entry data can be exported into Excel by going to the Entries page and selecting 'Actions' then 'Export' you have the option to select 'All Fields' or just the 'Current View'. We do cover this in our Help Content.


US Citizen living in Ghana for 5 years wants to return home

Question: Does a US citizen who has lived in Ghana for 5 years have to have 3 to 6 thousand dollars in hand to fly out of the country to return to the US?
Comment: No. This is a scam.
Comment: @mdd how do you know it's a scam? OP hasn't even mentioned "a girl on facebook..." yet
Comment: @user13267 the key word in your comment is.... 'yet'
Comment: A scam is a scam is a scam. No need for more information.
Comment: It's sad that the OP has *not even been talking to "a person"* - the basics of romance scams are now done with Bots, and then, just a team of minimum wage workers take over.  It's quite sad that the scammed are not *even* talking to one specific actual human!   Bizarre right!
Answer: Romance scams are common enough in Ghana, and commonly enough directed towards US citizens, that the US embassy there has a web page warning about them.
If you type romance scam into your favorite search engine, you will find several news stories and other anecdotes describing such scams.  If you add Ghana as a search term, you will find stories that resemble yours even more closely.  Similar to advance fee scams, the basic method is to lead you to believe that you will get something that you want by parting  with a reasonable amount of your cash.  In that case, the purported benefit is even more cash, while in this case it is love.
Answer: No. A quick check on Skyscanner reveals that you can fly for about 500 US$ from Ghana to the USA.
For a US citizen, no other expenses are needed. Maybe some money for a bus or taxi depending on where in Ghana he/she is. Everything above $1000 is not travel expenses anymore.
Comment: There's a slight chance the citizen may need to renew their passport, so that may add a few dozen USD, but definitely not hundreds and even less thousands of USD.
Answer: A real US citizen can simply walk into the US embassy, say "I am stuck in Ghana and lack the money to get home", and the embassy will take whatever action is needed to get a passport replaced and front the cost of their plane ride home.
If there were exit fees, the embassy would settle those with the host nation too. Not their first rodeo.
To be clear, the embassies and this service are part of the US State Department, run by the Secretary of State, who there is a famous TV show about.
They will get a bill for the cost of this from the US Government.  Like taxes, this bill cannot be evaded very effectively.  When the bill comes in, contact the State Dept. itself through info on their website not the bill.
So as for your "friend", any claim that you need to send them money is bullpuckey.  $5000 is definitely a scam, and the number is picked because their experience is Americans will find that number believable and will pay it.
The most they could need is a $200 gift card for Southwest Airlines and a $20 Potbelly gift card for a couple meals.  The State Department gets you back to US soil, but does not fund domestic travel.


Why do you need to change gears in car?

Question: I'm trying to understand why cars have transmissions – why is it necessary to change from gear to gear as you're driving. I've heard the rule of thumb, "the higher your speed the higher your gear, the lower your speed the lower your gear," and I'd like to know the reason why it works this way.
Comment: This question appears to be off-topic because it is about maintenance or repair
Comment: @Gabriel, I tend to disagree.  It is about how the car functions; it is not about driving techniques.  It isn't asking how to drive; it's asking why the car is designed the way it is.  Without knowing why a car functions in a particular way, repair is impossible.
Answer: Get on a mountain bike and change between gears. The same reasons apply to changing your car's gears and changing your bike's gears: you can't pedal faster than x, and you can't get away when the gears are too extreme.
The point is that humans and engines operate best at a certain cadence or RPM. If the engine spins too slowly, it can't put enough power down. If it spins too fast, components will endure too much stress, overheat and break quickly. A formula 1 car can rev up to 18000 RPM, but the engine needs to be rebuilt after every race. A large truck only revs to about 2000 to 3000 RPM, and while it's pretty strong, it can't go very fast.
Answer: Conventional – non-electric – cars are powered by internal combustion engines, those engines have to be running (spinning) to develop power and develop their best power over a relatively narrow RPM band – maybe 1,500 to 2,000 RPM. When you shift gears what you're doing is to matching the engine speed to the speed you want to be traveling down the road. This lets you operate the engine at a relatively fixed "good" speed while allowing you to vary your speed.
The relevance to maintenance and repair is that frequent operation outside of that band could damage the engine. If you run the engine too slow, called "lugging," the pressure in the cylinders can become high enough to do damage. If you run the engine too fast, "over-revving" it, you run into another set of problems. At high speeds you will see more heat build-up and problems like "valve float" will start to creep in. Since many parts of the engine are spinning and changing direction the balance of parts like pistons, connecting rods, and the crankshaft all become critical as the engine speed goes up. The transmission and shifting gears gives you a way to avoid these problems.
Answer: Gears are required to keep the engine at rotational speeds where it creates a desirable amount of power across a wide range of road speeds. Generally, the faster an engine turns, the more fuel it consumes, and the more power it makes. Engines are also only capable of rotating to a maximum speed (redline).
If a vehicle was limited to a single gear ratio:

Power at low speed would be very bad, as the engine would also be turning very slow.
Fuel consumption and wear at high speed would be very bad, as the engine would need to be turning incredibly fast.

Gears are designed for a given limited range of road speed. First gear allows the engine to provide a large amount of power at very low speed. Once a reasonable road speed is achieved and the engine reaches the upper portion of it's usable range, a higher gear is selected. This positions the engine speed down toward the lower end of it's range for the same given road speed. The process is repeated until the vehicle reaches the point where the gearing provides the highest possible vehicle speed matched with the highest possible engine power. An overdrive is usually fitted, which gears above the highest power/speed combination, for the benefit of reduced fuel consumption.

Why do you need to change gears in car?


What does "Louise's principle of least closet space" mean in Ted Chiang's "Story of your life"?

Question: A linguist noted this principle in Ted Chiang's novella "Story of Your Life", during a discussion about Fermat's principle of least time. I am not a native English-speaker and I have not found any info about the above principle. Does "Louise's principle of least closet space" exist? What is it about?
Comment: I believe this is a reference to something that the main character of "Story of Your Life" made up herself, because she is named Louise Banks. I haven't read the story, though, only seen the film based on it, so I can't provide any insight on what her principle regarding closets is.
Answer: This "principle" doesn't actually exist, except in Gary's mind. He's using it as an abstract example of reductionism, the way in which physics tries to reduce everything to simple rules and laws that can then be used explain more complex concepts.
Based on other examples of the "principle of [the] least" (1, 2, 3), we can reasonably assume that principle of least closet space relates to the way in which Louise tends to store items in the smallest closet that will handily accommodate the item. Having shared an office with her for several weeks, Gary would be well aware of this quirk.


Panted & Varnished but rough to the touch

Question: I have a rocking chair a Gentleman refinished for me.  He stripped it, sanded it down then painted it and put a varnish on it.  It looks really good but extremely rough to the touch.  Without messing up the entire job he did, how can I get rid of the roughness?  It's like it's got grit, but you can't really see anything.    Thanks so much!
Answer: Normally you would sand between coats before putting on the next coat. This is especially important after the first coat on the raw wood. I'm afraid you are going to have to sand it until its smooth with some either 220 grit sandpaper and then recoat it. If 220 is too fine, try 150.
Comment: Yep.  He didn't sand between coats;a no-no. Rookie mistake.


Need outdated URL's in search engines to be redirected to new site in IIS 6

Question: We recently updated our website to a completely different structure on a completely separate server. We are going to be sending all traffic to the new site and I am trying to figure out how to have any requests from search engines that will no longer exist, be redirected to the new pages. Is my only option to move the contents of the old site in with the new site, and then set the page properties to be redirected to the new pages? When doing research I came across .htaccess files and they seemed to do what I am looking for, but it looks like they are only available on apache servers, not IIS 6 servers. Is it possible to have a 301 redirect in IIS 6, without needing the old files on the server?
Answer: This product may be of service:
http://www.isapirewrite.com/
It's like mod_rewrite (for apache) except you have to pay for it (no, I don't work for the company that develops it).
To use it, you would write rules that redirect the old structure to the new one.  Depending on the changes made, this could be extremely easy or ridiculously time-consuming.
UPDATE:
See:
http://www.isapirewrite.com/docs/#RewriteRule

RP (permanent redirect)
<code> Almost the same as the [R] flag but issues 301 (moved permanently) HTTP
 status code instead of 302 (moved temporary).
</code>

Example:
<code>RewriteRule ^/my-super-product\.html$ /Product.aspx?ProductID=123 [RP]
</code>
Comment: Hi Swoogan, I pretty much have the same question that I asked Home Boy above. From what I have read people are suggesting doing 301 redirects as the best way to tell search engines the page has been moved. Does this software handle redirects in this way?
Comment: The update that Swoogan posted means yes.
Answer: Try Ionic's Isapi Rewrite Filter available at http://iirf.codeplex.com/ (endorsed by Microsoft)
Its free (Donationware) & serves your purpose. Here's a little text from their site:
What is URL Rewriting good for?
Lots of things. Some people use IIRF to allow his community site to expose Search-Engine-Friendly URLs.
hth's
Comment: yes it allows 301's, u dont have to keep ur old files. try out the rewrite filter on a section of ur website and see its results on the search engine ratings, b4 rolling our across ur website(s)
Comment: IIRF does URL rewriting, like Apache's mod_rewrite.  It can do redirects as well, with 301, 302, or any of the 300 HTTP return codes.  You specify it as [R=301], or [R=302], etc.  It runs on IIS6 or 7.
Comment: Does this allow for 301 redirects? I am not familiar with doing this but from what I read, it seemed that people were saying the best way to tell a search engine that a page has been moved is through a 301 redirect. I really don't want to have to keep old files on the server to set them to redirect but I want to approach this in the best way from an SEO perspective.
Answer: In IIS you can right click on any part of a domain / folder/ even file, and change the setting for "FILE"   select  "A redirection to a URL"
Specify the url to the new item    and then select the boxes needed for your redirect.  whether it is the exact url as entered.   A permanent redirection.
Comment: This would require me to have the old directories and/or files on the server still though right? Then I would tell IIS to do the redirect. Any idea as to how long we might have to keep these old files in place?


How to properly match directories with rsync

Question: I need to rsync some directories from one machine to another, but only part of the tree. I think the easiest way to explain it would be to run, on the server, tree -f (which prints the full path of each file) and then grep'ing mon in the full path and rsynch'ing only the matches of grep. Actually I would be happy to do it that way, but I don't have shell access to the server, only rsync. Two step solution based on greping output of rsync --list-only is totally acceptable.
It's actually simpler, because I also know that this mon appears only as a suffix to a directory (the hierarchy is pretty rigid), so I tried doing
rsync --dry-run -vrlpt --include='*/' --include='**/*mon/' --exclude='*' --prune-empty-dirs
but that did not match anything. Ditto for --include='*mon/' instead of the one with the double asterisk. Avoiding the --prune-empty-dirs matched all the directories but no files, which I think is my problem. So I tried to add an include pattern for some file extensions right before the exclude pattern (which I would rather not do because I don't want to track them all and they might change), but that simply matched all those files, including the ones not in the "mon" trees.
And yes, I did see this and this and this and countless others, which helped me making some progress (i.e. what you can see above), but not solve the problem...
Answer: Something like the following does the job (i.e. the problem was the matching of whatever is after mon) in the second include:
rsync -arvm --include='*/' --include='*mon/***' --exclude='*' /path/to/source
/path/to/dest


Selecting intersected lines from two common attributes in very big data set?

Question: I have a layer with lines representing cables. The data set is huge, over 100 000 polylines. Some of these cables lies within the same shaft, some of them lies within the same shaft as an other cable for a bit and some of them lies within their own shaft.
Each individual line has the attributes of a unique ID, the year it was build, the voltage and the lenght of the line.
What I need to get to know is where these lines intersect with eachother. However, I also need to present cables dug down in the ground at the same time and the lenght of the shaft were they go together.
What I've done so far is to intersect the linelayer and by doing that I get a very very long list of were the lines intersect. My struggle is that if I want to keep all the attributes from the input layer, my output layer is even more fragmented. This is due to if on long cable intersect with three shorter ones, the output consist of six pieces.
What I realised is that I can sort the attribute table in the output layer after lenght and visually se the "shaft groups" since the output consisted of so many decimal no shaft was the same lenght as another. However, the dataset is way to big to sort it manually. So that is pretty much were I'm at right now, with a huge list of cable-intersects and the need to select all cables that are in the same shaft, and the lenght of the shaft, and from the same year.
Comment: What GIS software are you using to try and do this?
Answer: If I am understanding you correctly, you want just one record returned for each intersection? This can be tackled with a bit of SQL e.g. in spatialite or PostGIS
SELECT * FROM (
    SELECT DISTINCT ON (uid) *
    FROM cables
    WHERE ST_Intersects(cables.geom, cables.geom) AND <--any other attribute
    ORDER BY uid
    )t;


How to add maxlength to street address column in backend via data patch

Question: I would appreciate any help on how to add maxlength to street address column in backend via data patch
Answer: You can not do this using a data patch. Street address is a multiline attribute:
https://devdocs.magento.com/guides/v2.4/ui_comp_guide/components/ui-multiline.html
If you check in customer_address_entity, column street you will see it is a text with 65535 characters.
I would recommend using frontend validation for this.
You can have a look here for more information:
Magento 2: How to set Max Length for Street Address?
Comment: Thanks for the contribution I used data patch to solve that . I understand that its a multi line attribute but that was the request. It was also enforced on the frontend so its all good. Its a headless proj by the way


Difference in usage between "здание," "сооружение" & "постройка"

Question: I it my understanding that all of these mean a building, as in "man-made structure." However, I have been told that сооружение and постройка are rather technical. What do they really mean? How are they used?
Answer: I'm afraid explaining difference between them is almost a lost cause because their usage is dictated by context. So it would be more fruitful to study instances of their use within context with the help of Russian national corpus for example or just with Google.
Since their translation into English will also be heavily influenced by context, listing their English equivalents has only so much use.
But in order for my reply to not sound completely negative, here're their rough English parallels and explanations
здание - building
постройка - structure
сооружение - construction
здание - normally a solid building in which architectural style can be discerned with amenities for stay of humans; постройка - a light and/or temporary building or structure, often without amenities; сооружение - complex and bulky building or construction for special purposes, often industrial.
There's yet 4th word in this set which is строение. It for all intents and purposes is synonymous to постройка but may also denote a more substantial structure.
But again, their meanings may overlap due to contextual exigencies.
I could list their Ukrainian versions, which may or may not have any correspondence to similar Polish nouns.
Comment: @MrVocabulary sure, in Ukrainian здание - будівля, both постройка & сооружение - споруда
Comment: thanks for the info, it's given me some idea at last. I believe Ukrainian counterparts would be of use as well :)

Difference in usage between “здание,” “сооружение” & “постройка”