Is there a way to find out the number of lines from a command output?

Question: I am trying to compare command outputs between two servers. I want to find out the number of lines from the output of commands such as ls -l. Is there a way to do so? So far I have not found anything.
Comment: Depends on what you are compairing. `diff /dir1 /dir2` will show the differneces. If there is no output they are the same
Answer: For someone this may be easier to remember:
ls -l | grep . -c
Please note both grep and wc will count auxiliary lines like total 32044 or or ./dirname:. To avoid this especially in recursive output like ls -lR try this:
find . -type f | grep . -c
where first . is the directory path and -type f means that find will list files only. If you need all types (including directories, sockets etc) then just omit  -type f.
Please note: wc -l DOES count empty lines (just '\n') whilst grep . -c - does NOT.
Comment: `grep -c '^'` counts empty lines.
Answer: You should use wc:
$ wc -l .emacs.d/init.el
73 .emacs.d/init.el

From man wc:
NAME
       wc - print newline, word, and byte counts for each file

SYNOPSIS
       wc [OPTION]... [FILE]...
       wc [OPTION]... --files0-from=F
       ....
       -l, --lines
              print the newline counts

wc is part of GNU coreutils, you can have it in most Unix-like system.
Comment: Note that `wc -l` really counts newline characters, as the manpage says! If your input doesn't end in a newline, the last line will not count. Example (`echo` from `bash` suppresses the trailing newline with `-n`): `echo -n "foobar" | wc -l` results in `0`.
Comment: @Dubu: Yes, we all know that according to `man wc`.
Answer: you can pipe your command to wc command:
ls -l | wc -l

Answer: Yep, you could find  number of lines from the output of ls -l through awk command also,
ls -l | awk 'END{print NR}'

Awk's NR variable stores the last record number at the end(After reading all the input lines).
Answer: If you want to compare a count of the files processed by either server then you can do that reliably like:
ls -aR1qp ./ | grep -cv '/\|^$'

That recursively lists all files - not directories - one per line including .dotfiles beneath the current directory using shell globs as necessary to replace non-printable characters. grep filters out any parent directory listings or .. or */ or blank lines - so there should only be one line per file - the total count of which grep returns to you. If you want child directories included as well do:
ls -aR1qp ./ | grep -cv '^\.\{1,2\}/\|^$'

or...
ls -AR1q ./ | grep -cv '/\|^$'

Note that the -A option to ls is POSIX as of the latest version.


Changing permalink changes stylesheet path?

Question: I have changed my permalink structure to /%category%/%postname%/.The links are working, but the problem is that my style.css is not working  in some of the posts which are inside the category.
Comment: Can you link me to the problem?
Comment: i found out the reason..when i changed the permalink,the url is like 'domainname/category/page' and now for style sheet the requested url  is like 'domain name/category/wp-content/twentyten/style.css.'is this the problem with permalink?
Comment: how come the style sheet url change like this?
Comment: what's the code you're using for the stylesheet url? `` or something else?
Answer: At a guess I'd say you're linking to your stylesheet with a relative url like so:
<link href="wp-content/themes/my-theme/style.css" rel="stylesheet" />

so when you end up anywhere other than the home page it's looking at the full URL plus the path indicated to your stylesheet.
Make sure your stylesheet URL begins with a slash if you're putting it in as static HTML eg:
<link href="/wp-content/themes/my-theme/style.css" rel="stylesheet" />

Even better though is to use the built-in wordpress function for getting the stylesheet URL as Eileen has indicated in the comments. Use this syntax:
<link href="<?php bloginfo('stylesheet_url'); ?>" rel="stylesheet" />

In order to include other CSS files look into the wp_enqueue_style() function in the codex - http://codex.wordpress.org/Function_Reference/wp_enqueue_style
Comment: np. Can you mark it as the answer to your problem? Keeps the site tidy and rewards me with reputation :)


Raphael - Responsive SVG - issues with different browsers

Question: I'm using RaphaelJS + SVGs but don't get it right with the Responsive Version.
I'm having a picture and an overlay of two SVGs to cover parts of it (on the top and at the bottom). In my jsfiddle: http://jsfiddle.net/karo/kgQqh/3/ you can see the code
Here the JS:
var paperBanner1Bottom = Raphael("banner1_bottom", '100%', '100%');
 paperBanner1Bottom.path("M0,250V30.07c0,0,260.135,133.59,668.494,150.29c408.351,16.701,660.351,16.701,754.47,16.701c94.121,0,296.577,3.74,377.036,41.689V250H0z").attr({fill:"red", "stroke-width":"0"})
paperBanner1Bottom.setViewBox(0, 0, 1800, 250, true);

var paperBanner1Top = Raphael("banner1_top", '100%', '100%');
paperBanner1Top.path("M0,0v34.96c0,0,182.39,95,480.3,88.16c273.58-6.28,597.33-63.84,775.16-89.68c177.84-25.84,320.7-47.12,545.66,19.76c0-25.84,0-53.2,0-53.2H0z").attr({fill:"red", "stroke-width":"0"});
paperBanner1Top.setViewBox(0, 0, 1800, 140, true);

I'm using setviewbox to get the svgs responsive which works out.
The issues in the different browsers: (to see how it looks like in the different browsers see the pictures)
I'm giving the divs (which I'm adding the svg to) the position absolute and put them with either top:0 or bottom:0 on their position

Firefox works out perfectly!
Safari is stretching the svg to 100% height of the surrounded div
Chrome > it's not possible to put the svgs on the top or at the bottom, as they strech out over the whole div and are centered in that.

Did anybody else had problems like that?
Do you know how to fix that?
Thanks
Answer: With the help of the code of this page: http://www.brichards.co.uk/blog/webkit-svg-height-bug-workaround
I could solve the problem! Yippiiii
See my fixed jsfiddle here: http://jsfiddle.net/karo/kgQqh/16/embedded/result/
Probably you could make the code shorter of the function fixWebkitHightBug, but I'm not so good in jquery yet;)
The following Javascript/JQuery code fixes the issue.
function fixWebkitHeightBug(){
/* Resize campus element */
var campusW = 282;
var campusH = 288;
var curCampusW = $('#campus').width();
var newCampusH = heightInRatio(campusH,campusW,curCampusW);
$('#campus').height(newCampusH);
function heightInRatio(oH,oW,nW){ return (oH / oW * nW); }

}
$(window).resize(function() { fixWebkitHeightBug(); });
$(document).ready(function() { fixWebkitHeightBug(); });


Bookmarks, Places nautilus sidebar position Ubuntu 14.04

Question: 12.04 shows my bookmarks at the top of the side panel. After upgrading to 14.04 it shows Places, Devices, Bookmarks, Network.
Is there any way to move Bookmarks top of the side panel or set position for these items?
Answer: No, there is no way you can do that in the standard file manager for Ubuntu, but there is a way in Nemo: a fork of the built-in file manager (a big brother some might say) but available in a PPA.
Have a look at their official web-site first.
PPA's contain unsupported software so you should always be careful and make a personal judgement before installing any PPA's even when given in an answer on Ask Ubuntu. That being said, I've been running Nemo for over 6 months now and would not go back ever.  :-)
To install this PPA, go to a terminal and type the following commands:
<code>sudo add-apt-repository ppa:webupd8team/nemo
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install nemo
</code>
and put your bookmarks wherever you want them, have advanced list options, built-in terminal, sticky zoom options, ...


ArcGIS Tool Resample (Data Management) equivalent in QGIS?

Question: In ArcGIS tools there is one tool named Resample (Data Management), is there any equivalent tool in QGIS which performs the same task as Resample (Data Management)?
Comment: To the attention of QGIS-only users, maybe you should precise explicitely what this tool does.
Answer: You can find one possiblity at raster-konversion-translate . There you can set the new outsize in percantages. So if you want to resample from 1x1 to 2x2 you set it to 50%.
Answer: You can access the following GRASS tools from the Processing Toolbox which resamples raster layers to finer, coarser resolutions and the option to retain the extent of the original raster. Different methods are used depending on the tool chosen:

r.resample: GRASS raster map layer data resampling capability
r. resample.stats:  Resamples raster map layers to a coarser grid using aggregation.
r.resample.interp: Resamples raster map layers to a finer grid using interpolation.


Starting a Node Startup Help

Question: The team and i have decided to start a node in the Cardano ecosystem.
we have mac book pro with m1 chip that meets the requirement and ubuntu installed but having problems with rufus for some reason can anyone help me get this going.
any info will be appreciated im sure in some way or another
Comment: Please try to put some information regarding the specific error so we can help you out
Answer: If this is still a topic for you may look at the cnTools guide and framework to setup your Stakepool Relays and BlockProducer
https://cardano-community.github.io/guild-operators/

Starting a Node Startup Help


Being isomorphic as representations of a group G

Question: Let $G$ be a finite group. What is meant by two finite dimensional vector spaces (over $\mathbb{C}$) $V$ and $W$ being "isomorphic as representations of $G$"? To show that we have such an isomorphism, wouldn't it suffice to just show that $\dim V = \dim W$?
Answer: No, it doesn't suffice that the representation spaces have equal dimension. What is usually meant by isomorphism of representations, is that there exists an equivariant isomorphism between the representation spaces, i.e. one that also preserves the action of $G$. In other words, two representations $\pi: G \to GL(V)$ and $\pi': G \to GL(W)$ are isomorphic if there exists an isomorphism $A: V \to W$ such that $A(\pi(g)v) = \pi'(g) Av$.
Comment: Martin's answer is perfect, but let me just add that, in universal algebra, we would simply say the two representations are equivalent iff the resulting algebras $\langle V, \{\pi(g) : g\in G\}\rangle$ and $\langle W, \{\pi'(g) : g\in G\}\rangle$ are isomorphic (which is exactly what Martin's condition says -- i.e. the map $A$ is an algebra isomorphism).
Comment: @Martin Taking what you said further, suppose $G$ has two generators $x,y$ (say). If we know the two objects (modules or vector spaces) are isomorphic when we only consider the $x$-action (say). Then to show they are isomorphic when considering $x$ and $y$, is it sufficient to just find an isomorphism $A$ such that $A(\pi(y)v)=\pi^\prime(y)Av$? Or does this isomorphism need to work for both $x,y$?


Is it possible to make the login screen and the unlock screen different in Windows 10?

Question: In all previous versions of Windows, the screen that appears when a user locks the computer AFTER logging in is different than the screen that appears when the user has not yet logged on or has logged off. In Windows 10, both screens look exactly the same, and if the user changes the so-called lock screen (the image that appears BEFORE the login screen or the screen to unlock the computer), it changes for BOTH logging in AND unlocking a computer that is logged in.
The actual state of the computer in the two cases is actually different. Many programs that are started during a login session continue to run when the computer is locked, and even Scheduled Tasks that are scheduled to start at a time that the computer is logged in and locked WILL start, but if the computer is logged off, they will not.
Is there any way to change the appearances of either of the two screen that ask for a username and password (the unlock screen and the login screen), so that someone can look at the screen and determine whether it is logged off or locked?
Answer: There are separate "lock screens" and "logon screens" in Windows 10. You can set the Lock Screen with "Lock Screen Settings" under Personalization in Settings. (See https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/17185/windows-10-lock-screen or https://binged.it/2ORvMx8 )
The Logon Screen can be changed through Group Policy or a Provisioning Package, at least in the enterprise SKUs. See https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/customize/enterprise/custom-logon.
You might also be able to use one screen saver for the "default" (signed-out) user and one or more different screen-savers for users.
I think if you tweak these settings you can get the visual indications you want.
Comment: Unfortunately no.  The Lock Screen is the screensaver that is displayed before the network logon AND when the computer is locked.  If it is changed, it is changed for BOTH logging in and unlocking.  The screen on which the username and password are entered are identical for logging onto the network and for unlocking the computer.  The Custom Logon screen is only available for Windows 10 Enterprise or Windows 10 Education.  We use Windows 10 Professional.  Also, I cannot change any Group Policy settings for the network, since I am not a network administrator.
Comment: I apparently ran out of time to edit the above comment.  The Lock Screen is actually not a screensaver, because it is a static image which WOULD cause burn-in if we still used CRT monitors.  It goes to the screen with the loginid and password if it is clicked.  This is true both before logging onto the network and when the computer is locked.


Two different color wires under single outlet screw

Question: I have this outlet with two wires under a single screw on both sides, which I've learned can be resolved through pigtailing. However on the hot side, one of the doubled-up wires is black and the other is yellow. Is it safe to pigtail these two together? I'm not sure what they're for to be honest, nothing is connected to this outlet normally so I'm not sure if it was for something it was previously used for or not. It's a 120 V 20 A outlet.
Comment: @KH -- yellow for a hot is perfectly fine in North America, it just doesn't show up in "normal" NM cable, that's all
Comment: Yellow in a 120V system?  Where do you live?  I don't see any countries with color codes that use white as neutral and black and yellow together as line.
Comment: @ThreePhaseEel for Canada at the least it should be marked with a band of tape of a 120V color, although I have seen inspectors allow permission for a non-standard wire color for an entire specific system to increase clarity of overall building wiring or when system voltage has been changed, it's unusual.
Comment: @KH The NEC generally only requires phase designation by color or tagging when premises branch circuits are fed with more than one nominal voltage system. And then it doesn't specify the colors you have to use except for colors reserved for neutral (grey,white), ground (green,green w/yellow stripe). High leg delta must be orange, but otherwise is often used for 277Y/480v b-leg.
Comment: I'll say it explicitly: There are two white wires under the bottom screw on the left side. Those should be pig-tailed as well since 2 wires are just as illegal here as they are on the other side.
Answer: 2 wires under a screw like that is not code compliant. A yellow wire is just like a red, pink, black or blue they can all be hot wires so yes it would be best to pigtail them. If the tab is intact between the 2 screws on that side I would pigtail all 3 together.
If the tab was broken and that was a multi wire branch circuit code would require the neutrals to be pigtailed. So it's a good idea to do the whites while you're fixing things.
It really doesn't matter where the wires go. They could be powering the room lights or another receptacle and until disconnected you may not know
Answer: You can't put 2 wires under a screw like that, but I gather you knew that.
Yellow is a perfectly legal "hot" color.
You can pigtail them if  you like.  However, you could also buy a "spec grade" receptacle (the $3 type instead of the 60 cent type).  These accept 2 wires under each screw (via a different method) and your 6 wires will fit on there fine.
Answer: Electrically there's no problem here. From an amateur "common sense" perspective, green/bare is always ground, white is always neutral, and all other colors are hot. The other colors do serve valuable purposes (when used correctly!), but there isn't a crisis here. They all could have been wired up this way for a lot of reasons, but at the top of my list is that a previous homeowner did it and they didn't want to spend more money for wire (choosing to use what they had).


What does it mean that standing waves oscillate in phase?

Question: What does it mean that all points between two adjacent nodes in a standing wave oscillate in phase? I sort of get what in phase means, it means that the peaks and troughs etc of 2 waves align. But how can we say that a single standing wave is in phase? Can someone please explain to me what it means that "that all points between two adjacent nodes in a standing wave oscillate in phase?" And please, try to do this at the level of a high school sophomore who still hasn't learnt Calculus based physics. Thank you.
Answer: It means that all those points go up at the same time and down at the same time.
The do not go equally high up and down. Their amplitudes are different. But they do it at the same time nevertheless.
For general waves, in-phase means that the points of two waves progress (move) equally. They "follow each other" perfectly. In standing waves, this boils down to the points not progressing, but still "following each other" by rising and falling equally.
Answer: Consider a sine function whose amplitude is time dependent. It can be written as $y(x,t)=A(t)sin(x)$ where $t$ is time, $x$ is the abscissa($x$-coordinate) and $y$ is the ordinate($y$-coordinate) which in this case is also time dependent due to the time dependence of the amplitude of the sine wave. Now choose an abscissa on the wave at a time $t_1$, say $x_1$ where the value of the function will be $y(x_1,t_1)$. Because the sine wave has a periodicity of $2\pi$ you will find an abscissa $x_2$ which will give you the same value of ordinate as given by $x_1$. Mathematically, $y(x_1,t_1) = y(x_2,t_1)$ but these abscissa's will be related by $x_2 = x_1 \pm 2n\pi$. The different abscissa which give same value of ordinate at a given time are said to be in phase. So $x_1$ and $x_2$ will be in phase. Now the role of time is that if you vary time then the two abscissa which were in phase will always remain in phase as the ordinate varies, i.e. $y(x_1,t_1) = y(x_2,t_1)$ and $y(x_1,t_2) = y(x_2,t_2)$. Hope this helps!!
Answer: Use the PhET Wave on a String program with the settings as shown in the screenshot below.

Run the program and let it settle down for a few minutes when you should see that a standing wave has been formed.
Positions $B$ and $C$ are nodes.
Observe the red "particles" between $B$ and $C$ and this is where you will see the particles moving "in phase with one another" but with a differing amplitude.
The red "particles" between $A$ and $B$ will also be moving in phase with one another.
Also note that the motion between $AB$ is $180^\circ$ out of phase with that between $BC$ .
Using the "pause" button or the "Slow Motion" setting might help you visualise what is happening.


Cannot find product to add to Opportunity

Question: I have crated few products. Now I cannot find them when I am trying to add them to the Opportunity.
Products are active. They are added to a Price Book. Price Book is also active. Any idea what is required to be done?
Comment: Are you the Opportunity Owner? If not check the permission for editing opportunity.
Answer: I found something like this myself puzzeling one time or another. I was usually able to find and use products after pricebook entries in the standard and at least one custom pricebook where present and active. Note you can not only activate/deactivate products but also the pricebook entries themselves.
Please check the following:

Custom Pricebook exists and is active
Custom Pricebook is assigned to the specific Opportunity
Pricebook Entries exists in the Standard Pricebook and is active
Pricebook Entries exists for the Custom Pricebook and is active
Product is active
Answer: In case if you enabled multi-currency in your Org you need to check your opportunity currency and product currency. The mismatch may cause the same result


Can RPGs be played "offline" or "asynchronously"?

Question: Is it possible to play RPGs without all the players meeting physically, or even playing at the same time? For example, the GM might provide a description of where the players are and then the players could, over the course of a day or a week, announce their actions?
Comment: The title and the description seem to be asking two different questions. The title only considers "offline/asynchronous" play, while the description mentions playing without physically meeting first, and then playing at different times as a sidenote (the answers to both are quite different).
Comment: Can you focus on one or the other? If it's about playing without being physically present, we have existing questions we can link this to. If it's about asynchronous play, focusing on that is necessary to get focused answers in return.
Comment: I think that not playing at the same time implies not meeting
Answer: Look into Play By Post role playing games.
In order to find one that you like, do a search with that term and include the genre of game you are interested in.  I know of some play by post games in the GiTP forums, but have not yet joined one.
This is a more modern version of the "play by mail" that I played in the 1970's and 1980's as a young adult, with the major advantage of less dwell time between moves/move resolution.  (My brother and I played Diplomacy by mail once with some friends when we lived overseas; it took almost a year for the game to resolve).  The last two campaigns I played in PBM were a medieval/fantasy game, and a space game somewhat like Traveller(with a lot of trading to keep funding our team's fleet) but with more ship to ship combat.
Comment: The biggest down side of Play by Post is slow game progress -- I've been in a Play by Post GURPS game and been through around 3 weeks of character time in more than two years.  It is inarguably better than no gaming, however.
Comment: +1 for the play by post concept that I did not know
Comment: Let us not forget the direct descendant of PbM (Play by Mail) games, the PbeM (Play by e-Mail) games. There are even rumors of PbDb / PbGc (Play by Dropbox / Play by Geocache), though I haven't personally run into any of the latter. I do have a few PbeM games currently ongoing on the other hand.
Answer: I wanted to throw in a mention that addresses the "without all the players meeting physically" without the "or even playing at the same time?" If you are willing to do synchronous virtual play, lots of virtual tabletop platforms exist (just do an internet search for "virtual tabletop"). There are also several online RP communities, such as the gauntlet, that operate on social media (google+ for the gauntlet and RP via google hangouts). I do not know if any of them permit asynchronous play, for that I would definitely recommend KorvinStarmast's answer of play by post. I would recommend myth-weavers rather than GiTP though, because I have found the additional organizational tools to be extremely useful. There are many play-by-post (and many virtual tabletop) options out there though. As noted in many comments, play by post tends to be slower paced, which can be a challenge for some, but also a great advantage GMs as you don't need to do as much up-front prep. Virtual tabletop play tends to be faster paced (especially if audio conversation is included, either integrated into the tabletop or via a separate app like skype).
So, to sum up:

Synchronous virtual play: virtual tabletop

faster pacing
typically requires larger blocks of time
if voice is included, allows tone to be conveyed with less effort

Asynchronous virtual play: play by post

slower pacing
game progress can be made in very small blocks of time (however long it takes to write a post)
typically lower amount of up front prep for GMs
Comment: +1 for Myth Weavers, I have a new bookmark in my browser. Thanks. :)
Answer: I've been doing this by email with a small group of players for years.  For us, it's only the DM and 2 players.  On rare occasions 1-2 other players will join for a short time.
It works like you describe.  The DM simply describes stuff, and the players write back (Reply to All) with their actions.  When dierolling is needed, we trust the players to roll their own dice and simply report the results.  If potential cheating is a problem, I'm not sure what you can do; maybe use a forum with integrate dice instead.
For combat, or other situations when we need maps, we've been passing SVG files around.  Inkscape is the tool most of us use.
We're playing D&D 3.5.    During combat, we all roll initiative, and the DM calls on each player in turn to act at the right time, interspersing NPCs and enemies as appropriate.
It's not fast, and it would be slower the more people participating, but it's worked well for us.  We're not in any hurry to rush through things.
Here's an example map from a few years ago.  The big bug thing is a Neogi 'deathspider' spaceship from Spelljammer.  The multicolored tokens at the bottom are the PCs (each player had a couple of characters, and the DM had some characters, too).  The other dots represent neogi, umber hulks and human slaves.  The players would either tell the DM where they wanted to move to, or do it themselves and resend the map.
Comment: You could use an online RPG tool like Roll20 to keep track of dice, maps and positions.
Comment: @michael That's a good answer for the original poster.  Roll20 didn't exist when my group started doing this in 2003 or so.  Though I guess it's not a good answer to the question because they're explicitly looking for offline/asynchronous play.


how to pool data from 2 different surveys for two populations

Question: I would like to ask if I can pool the data set from two different surveys, taking into account that the first survey population is 328 staff members of the hospital as (independent variable: six-sigma methodology). The second surveys population is the inpatients in the same hospital, numbering 540 patients as (dependent variable: patient satisfaction). Both surveys consist of five dimensions (define, measure, analyze, improve, control). While the survey of workers with 68 questions and the survey of patients with 36 questions. Both surveys were designed according to five-dimensional Likert scale.
My question is: Can I pool the two data-files from both surveys into one dat- file and then calculate the relationship (correlation) or regression between the independent variable (six-sigma methodology) and dependent variable (patient satisfaction)? If, Yes, How I can do this?
Comment: No. Based on your description there is no way to do this.
Answer: There is no way to pool the two surveys you have described.
Pooling for comparison is done when two different groups, treatments, etc have had the same measurements made and the two groups are to be compared on those measurements. This might use two sample tests or possibly logistic regression.
Pooling for improved estimation is done when there are two different samples of a population which have had the same measurements made. In this case, the sample size is increased and estimates of rates or means can be made that have smaller standard errors than in either single sample.
Pooling of samples taken across time, eg, annual surveys, is done in order to use multiple samples to measure the pattern of some measurement over time. Again, the measurements must be the same.
Sometimes, different information about the same subjects is taken from different sources and matched into a single set of data for the purpose of finding correlations or differences. This isn't usually referred to as pooling but as matching. The measures can be different but the subjects must be the same.
You appear to have two different groups of subjects, each with its own measurements, taken at about the same time. There is no way to pool the two groups since you do not have the same measures on the two groups.
Comment: Thanks Mr. David. According to the information that I mentioned above, is there any way to calculate the correlation or regression between 2 group's data.
Comment: This would require that both groups be asked the same questions.
Comment: Even though, both surveys have the same 5 domains, also at the same hospitals and in the same period time.
Comment: Yes. Most definitely, even though, and anything else you might add.


Is there such a thing as employee owned LLC?

Question: There's employee owned companies, but I'm not looking to start anything quite so big. Is there a form of company like an LLC that's straight forward to file that will allow it to be employee owned?
Comment: @NeilMeyer I've corrected LCC as a typo since LCC wouldn't make sense (it doesn't have a common meaning in this context), while LLCs are common and described in the title question.
Comment: What US State are we talking about?
Comment: May just be a typo but title says LLC while post mentions LCC. I know what a limited liability company is but not sure what LCC is referring to.
Answer: Most limited liability companies (LLCs) are small, closely held firms that are owned entirely or in substantial part by active employee-manager-owners with modest capital contributions.
LLCs with large numbers of owners typically have a large share of non-employee investor ownership and are most common in oil and gas firms and in real estate firms that either develop, or buy and hold, real estate.
Most large accounting and law firms and many other professional service firms are organized as LLCs or LLP (limited liability partnerships), which are owned by the senior employees whose contributions as employees dwarfs their contributions as investors. (Non-lawyers and non-physicians aren't allowed to have ownership interests in law firms and medical practices, respectively). These are the largest firms in the world with significant employee ownership. Start up tech firms organized as LLCs also often give equity stakes to employees even below the senior-managerial employee level.
Rank and file employees are sometimes given an ownership interests in firms, but this is more commonly done through an employee stock ownership plan (ESOP) or certain other tax encouraged mechanisms for employee ownership in corporations (e.g., incentive stock options), or in the context of a firm organized as a cooperative (which is taxed essentially like a C-corporation but with an entity level deduction for cooperative dividends paid to members), than it is as an LLCs.
One important reason for this is that pass-through taxation (which applies to LLCs not electing to be taxed as corporations) is not workable as a means of imparting ownership to large numbers of rank and file workers, because the compliance paperwork of sending out dozens or hundreds of K-1s to these workers is daunting, and because the prospect of a disconnect between allocated income and loss, and actual distributions (e.g. taxation on "phantom income" of the entity that is not distributed) is problematic.
Comment: Thank you for the detailed information. It's confusing because in the past, when filing for an LLC, there's a space for "owner" but not "owners," it makes it seem like it's impossible to be owned by multiple employees. You're saying there's no restriction on the number of employees who may be the owner of an LCC?
Comment: The number of owners of an LLC is theoretically unlimited. The form is just slightly  grammatically sloppy. If it has 50 or more members, however, it is taxed as a publicly owned partnership with moderately different tax laws. Probably about 50-60% of LLCs have more than one owner. If it has more than 500 members it has to register with the SEC.
Comment: If you have the time, I got another question for you: Is there a type of company where the owner can sell their percent ownership? How is percent ownership established when filing an LLC?
Comment: A precent ownership can be sold in any type of entity, so long as that does not expressly prohibit it in its governing documents (subject to compliance with securities laws when the transaction does not fall within an exemption, something that is not specific to entity type). Percentage ownership in an LLC is typically established when the Operating Agreement is adopted by the initial members, although jurisdictions vary somewhat in the exact mechanics of how a case where percent ownership is disputed after filing an LLC but before an Operating Agreement is adopted is handled.
Answer: To quote the IRS page at:
IRS LLC

Owners of an LLC are called members. Most states do not restrict
ownership, so members may include individuals, corporations, other
LLCs and foreign entities. There is no maximum number of members. Most
states also permit "single-member" LLCs, those having only one owner.

Your particular state may have some additional restrictions.  In general, however, members of an LLC work for the LLC although that is not a requirement.


How does the lowered surface tension of soapy water make it better for cleaning?

Question: I've read a few other answers on similar questions that talk about the lower contact angle and lower surface tension with soapy water (compared to tap water), but nobody seems to mention how this makes it more useful for cleaning (washing up, washing a car, etc) - is this because of surface tension or is it another physical property that I haven't considered?
Answer: The effect of soap on the surface tension isn't what makes it helpful for cleaning, but rather its hydrophobic-hydrophilic properties.
From Wikipedia:

soap allows insoluble particles to become soluble in water, so they can then be rinsed away. For example: oil/fat is insoluble in water, but when a couple of drops of dish soap are added to the mixture, the oil/fat dissolves in the water. The insoluble oil/fat molecules become associated inside micelles, tiny spheres formed from soap molecules with polar hydrophilic (water-attracting) groups on the outside and encasing a lipophilic (fat-attracting) pocket, which shields the oil/fat molecules from the water making it soluble. Anything that is soluble will be washed away with the water.
Answer: Water has higher surface tension than the oil. Suppose when we add a water into oil. Water  takes spherical shape. It not wrap the oil. Now suppose there is oil and I add sopy water. Due to lower surface tendency the water wrap the oil into it. Now the water has not much tendency for taking spherical shape. As sopy water wraps the oil we can  give more water and oil will come out of clothes like a ball


Multi-core processor speed

Question: Might be a basic question: is the clock rate (1.7 GHz, etc.) that is mentioned for multi-core processors (e.g., Intel i5, i7) the clock rate per core, or it is the total speed of all cores combined?
Comment: For more info see http://superuser.com/questions/167131/clock-speed-calculation-in-multicore-processors
Comment: Frequency isn't measurement of speed an can't be summed.
Answer: Each core runs at the clock rate.
Comment: @DavidSchwartz : Better?
Comment: Much. Thanks for helping dispel the myth that clock speeds are measures of the rate of something other than the clock.
Answer: Just doing a fast search did not appear in that recommended linked answer, so I'll mention here. Consider that most of this cores have what is called a turbo mode: Not technically well explained but basically that mode can be triggered, when using one or less cores than the 4 ones,(running a single core app or other situation) so that it can run at higher clock rates. IE, the i7 870's each core rate might be 2.93MHZ, but in turbo mode, a single core app can run at 3.6 GHz. Not all the available cpus support this, but i7 cpus ones can, for example (some i5 do not have turbo, none of the i3 have it.).
Answer: It is neither. Think of each core like a car on the highway. If there are four cars on the highway going 50 miles per hour, is that 50 miles per hour "per car"? Of course not. Is it a total speed? Of course not.
The clock speed is the rate at which the processor's clock ticks. It isn't a sum, and it isn't per anything. In particular, it is not the rate at which work is done.

Multi-core processor speed


Repeatable Custom Field for Media Upload

Question: I am following this topic to add a repeatable custom field for my Custom Post Type, but I cant get it to work for a media upload, Which will allow the author to add multiple image by uploading or choose from media gallery in a single project(my custom post type), my code is just the same so far, I just moved it to my custom post type.
Answer: You can use the Advanced Custom Fields plugin. It has a nice interface and does exactly what you're describing (you can put media upload fields in a repeater field). It has great documentation on how to retrieve the values on the front end.
If you'd like to hardcore everythings (which has its advantages) then don't use the plugin. If not; it will solve your problem :-)
Comment: I actually considering that, but of course I don't to rely everything on the plugin, it won't enhance my knowledge, If everything don't work  Ill purchase the add-on , thanks.


Cloth sim not working clothes t-shirt tshirt gravity

Question: I've modelled a very basic tshirt:

Fully modelled (no stitching), large enough and spaced far enough to not be colliding with a collision body in initial state. Upon playing the timeline the tshirt moves down very slightly (like very minute almost like a frame glitch) in Z and nothing happens, it doesn't respond to gravity, it doesn't crumple, nothing. Ive tried:

Applying scale and rotation, even all transforms on both tshirt and body meshes.
As the quads in the mesh are very basic at the moment and large I tried subdiving 8 times until the quads were small, no difference.
Checked gravity is on in the main Blender settings, it was off but switching it back on makes no difference. Changing gravity intensity or direction does nothing.
Even deleted the body mesh, the tshirt reacts the same exact way upon playing the timeline.
Recalculated normals on the tshirt and checked the body, all normals are correct and pointing outward.
Checked the vertices of the tshirt, there are no duplicates or unstitched vertices, no mirror modifier is active on it, it is one complete mesh.
Changed cloth settings under stiffness and damping, set them to high and low values (zero), no difference.
Increased cloth quality steps, no difference.
Enabled and disabled springs, no change.
Collision quality higher.
Object collisions distance to the lowest 0.001.
Enabled and disabled self collisions.
Changed the vertex masses to numerous numbers, makes no difference.

The only modifier on the tshirt is the cloth one. I really don't know what else to do.
I did try the cloth as panels initially then relying on stitching first but it doesn't work well and still had the issue of it not responding to gravity.
This is a very basic sim, if it ever works I'll need to subdivide it a lot and animate collisions with it (upper arms) to blend with a live plate.
Answer: Think I've sorted it, need to tweak the cloth settings to make it more like the material I want, but the main issue was not baking the simulation, gravity doesn't seem to work without doing this.
Also adjusted the collision distance of the cloth to 0.002 and of the collision object to 0.02 outer and collisions seem to be working.


CKEditor image upload not working

Question: I am using ckeditor 4.2 in my cakePHP application.
I have installed it in my app/webroot/js/ckeditor directory.
I wanted to have an image upload option in my ckeditor so i downloaded the ckeditor image plugin(http://ckeditor.com/addon/image).
I installed it using following documentation (http://www.paulfp.net/blog/2010/10/how-to-add-and-upload-an-image-using-ckeditor/)
Now, the image upload interface looks fine, but when i click on "Send it to the server" button, it does not call the PHP script. I have set the path to "filebrowserUploadUrl" in my config.js but its still not working. I have done the same settings as the above mentioned documentation yet i am not able to call that script.
Note : When i click "Send it to the server" button for some unknown reason i see that controller_name/undefined action is being called.
Comment: please, provide sourcecode, which will help us to help you. Seems config.js needed, routes.php if you use custom routes and ... content of action which should upload files. Also, you sure about file permissions?
Answer: Alternatively you can use KCFinder. It is free open-source web file manager. It can be integrated into FCKeditor, CKEditor, and TinyMCE WYSIWYG web editors (or your custom web applications) to upload and manage images, flash movies, and other files that can be embedded in an editor's generated HTML content.
http://kcfinder.sunhater.com
Answer: CKEditor is the favorite web-based word processor of almost all the web developers. But the issue is, it does not come with an in-built image uploading feature, i.e. CKEditor does not know how to handle image uploads. So we will assign an assistant who knows how to deal with image uploads and file management.
Our assistant is KCFinder, a free open-source web file manager. It can be integrated into FCKeditor, CKEditor, and TinyMCE WYSIWYG web editors (or your custom web applications) to upload and manage images, flash movies, and other files that can be embedded in an editor's generated HTML content.
I assume you have already set up your CKEditor into your web page. If you haven't done it yet, you can follow the instructions in my previous article: CKEditor: Web-based Word Processor For Your Web Pages
Let's get into our business.
1) Download KCFinder > http://kcfinder.sunhater.com/download
2) Extract the kcfinder directory in the .zip file to the public directory of your project.
3) Open /public/ckeditor/config.js and add code lines as follows;
<code>CKEDITOR.editorConfig = function( config ) {
// Define changes to default configuration here. For example:
// config.language = 'fr';
// config.uiColor = '#AADC6E';

/* Show these image/flash browsing feature only to Admins */
config.filebrowserBrowseUrl = '/kcfinder/browse.php?opener=ckeditor&type=files';
config.filebrowserImageBrowseUrl = '/kcfinder/browse.php?opener=ckeditor&type=images';
config.filebrowserFlashBrowseUrl = '/kcfinder/browse.php?opener=ckeditor&type=flash';

/* Image/Flash upload feature using kcfinder tool */
config.filebrowserUploadUrl = '/kcfinder/upload.php?opener=ckeditor&type=files';
config.filebrowserImageUploadUrl = '/kcfinder/upload.php?opener=ckeditor&type=images';
config.filebrowserFlashUploadUrl = '/kcfinder/upload.php?opener=ckeditor&type=flash';
</code>
};
If you do not want to let your users browse through previously-uploaded files in the server, you can remove/block-comment the first three lines and keep only the last three lines which actually do the uploading part or else you can add user level controls for each feature as per your requirement. Never let users to see the files in your server. If they change the files, other file links can be broken and it will result in huge mess in your application.
4) Activate KCFinder.
By default KCFinder comes disabled. To change it, go to kcfinder/conf/config.php and under general settings, change the value of 'disabled' to false. Now, users can upload and manage files (in our case, the image files) on your web application using CKEditor interface.
You can check the detailed steps in my blog article: https://ashenlive.blogspot.com/2016/09/ckeditor-image-upload-with-kcfinder.html

CKEditor image upload not working


Good Security API package for Java

Question: Is there a good security API (all in one) for Java to prevent things like SQL injections, Cross site scripting and those owasp top 10 vulnerabilities?
Answer: No.
Prevention of Cross Site Scripting, SQL Injections and the like are implementation details. They depend on the care and expertise that the developers put into the code, and no library can solve this for you. There is a broad spectrum of utility libraries available that can help you with this task. Trying to create a comprehensive list would be beyond this answer.
Trusting automatic mechanism, especially a single library to blanket-solve mentioned security issues, is a breeding ground for security vulnerabilities. There is no way around the fact that securing a system costs time, energy and resources. A better understanding of the nature of these vulnerabilities might be the first thing necessary to prevent the same.

Good Security API package for Java


IE7 changing my style when using jquery/jquery UI and

Question: I got my code working the way i wanted it to, works perfectly in ie9, chrome, FF, safari, opera, but when i try IE7 (the company i'm developing for uses this on their system) it causes my content div to move up the page, closing the gap between the header and content. i am wondering if its to do with my inline styling e.g.

here is my code
Javascript
    function hide(){
      $('#lang').hide(500);
}

function show(){
      $('#lang').show("blind", 500);
}

function hide2(){
      $('#aud').hide(500);
}

function show2(){
      $('#aud').show("blind", 500);
}

function hide3(){
      $('#rep').hide(500);
}

function show3(){
      $('#rep').show("blind", 500);
}

HTML

                    Language -
                    Audience -
                    Representation

                                Language

Each form of media has its own language that we become familiar with and learn to decode
                            in order to understand the text. In print texts such as newspapers we know that words in a variety
                            of formats construct much of the meaning of this type of media. These include the masthead, headlines,
                            body text and captions. Similarly, magazines will use the printed word in much the same way
                            but mags tend to make more use of photos and graphics which we also learn to decode. An image of
                            a celebrity on the front cover will probably appear as a selection from a studio photo shoot, with suitable
                            lighting, cropping, dress code and there is always the possibility that the image has been photoshopped.
                            In terms of listening media there are language elements such as music, voice and sound effects.
                            Film or moving image media is decoded through sound, camerawork, mise en scene, cinematography
                            and editing. Our experience with the media gives us a working knowledge of of all of the above
                            but in order to produce our own media artefacts we need to have a deeper understanding of these
                            language components. This enables us to encode text, images, sound and film to present our own ideas
                            in a way that makes meaning for the intended audience.

                                Audience

This concept has to do with the way we identify, construct and address audiences.
                            It also deals with the ways in which audiences consume texts and the meanings and pleasures
                            they derive from texts. Audiences are defined by factors such as nationality and age. They may also

                            be understood in terms of the categorisation of social groups. An audience may be an individual, a
                            family unit or a social group in a pub. Texts are encoded to appeal to audiences in specific ways - think
                            of the appeals offered by the range of characters in a soap such as Eastenders or the attractions of
                            the Olympics to a global audience. Any text can be read differently by different audiences. They may
                            approve or disapprove of the humiliation of contestants on The X Factor. The pleasures of the same
                            text may be completely different for different consumers of the text. Think of a programme that divides
                            opinion in your home.

                                Representation

This is central to our understanding of the media. The media do not present the

                            world to us but they do offer a re-presentation of it.The role of the media is to construct a relationship
                            between the real world and our ideas about that world. We may think we have extensive
                            knowledge of a celebrity but that knowledge is filtered through the media so that we understand the
                            mediated version of that person. We may think we know a lot about David Beckham through the media
                            but this is made up of the image of the footballer, the ad figure, the celebrity husband, the sporting
                            representative for the UK and so on. These are all aspects of a highly mediated construct and the extent
                            to which we can say we know such a person has to be limited. The concept of representation applies
                            not just to people but to nations, values, issues and our sense of self.

im also using

for my ie7 stylesheet
I'm not a fluent javascript/jquery developer and can only do some simple implementation and modification of plugins like nivo slider/shadowbox etc. so any help would be greatly appreciated.
I also forgot to mention that i'm using css3PIE...
thanks,
Finbar
Answer: Dealing with IE issues are always tricky. What i do is use a css reset at the beginning, helps be remove all those issues with margins and padding. You could try that approach if you already have not.
Also when you say content div, can you specify what you mean exactly ( as in which part in your html code)
Comment: this is what i mean when i say content div

and no, i've not used the reset style, i will take a few steps back and try it
Comment: So ive tried the reset.css on one of my pages and found that it hasnt helped my issue
Comment: I've figured out how to fix the problem but don't understand why it was happening...

instead of putting a margin on the top and bottom of the content div, I had a margin on the bottom of the header div and one on the top of the footer div.

whatever the reason this has fixed my issue and if anyone can explain what the difference is I would appreciate it.

Finbar


What does it mean to say that a component of grammar is "interpretive"?

Question: I have a good grasp on the idea of a generative component---clearly syntax is generative in this sense. But what is an "interpretative component" supposed to mean? Like, when a line is drawn between morphological theories that are interpretive and those that aren't, how would these differ in practice? Concrete examples are welcome.
Comment: Perhaps you should cite the source in which you saw this term.   The source might clarify your question.
Comment: It doesn't mean much any more. It was a name for early Chomskyan syntax and hasn't been used  for 40 years or so. Think of it as early pseudocode for generative syntax.
Answer: The distinction is made in mainstream generative grammar, whereby only syntax "generates" and everything else "interprets". There are alternative theories, most notably Generative Semantics – it would take us too far afield to try to explain the difference.
In GG (Aspects version), the start symbol is S, then various other rules build (generate) full sentence structure. The insertion of lexical items into this frame is a bit problematic, but it does seem to just be another sub-type of structure generating. After the sentence is generated, it still needs to be "interpreted", that is turned into something else, actually two somethings else. First, you have to run that structure (now called "the underlying form") through phonological rules that ultimately control various muscles whereby sound comes out of the speaker's mouth. Second, it has to be converted into some other kind of representation, a semantic representation, which has some vague relation to "thought".
The basic division is between generating i.e. initial structure building, and converting or interpreting an existing structure. This completely leaves out morphology, because originally there was no separate component of morphology (and even today, there isn't, for some people). It also reflects just one view of language production.
The notion of semantics as an interpretive component and syntax as a generative one was turned on its head in Generative Semantics, which started with semantics as the basic generative engine. (Side note, jlawler's view on this will be better-informed than mine). Rather than going from an abstract structure of syntactic relations and figuring out a meaning to go with it, you can start with an intended meaning and find a syntactic way to express it. Slowly emerging from that debate was the view that rather that focusing no one thing building and another thing interpreting, you might build semantics, syntax and morphology separately, then somehow connect them so that a given generated syntactic structure might mesh with a particular morphological structure, and so on. The theory of HPSG (a competitor of GG) prominently leveled the playing field between semantics, syntax and morphology.
The original view stems from an underlying theory of rewrite rules, where "S" is rewritten as "NP VP" which we notate as "S→NP VP". There are no such rules in current Minimalist syntax, so the entire meaning of "generate" has changed. Instead (and if one were to write specific rules), two thing "merge" into one thing thus "NP VP→S".
In current linguistic practice, the distinction between generative and interpretive is elusive to the point of being largely non-existent as a cross-theoretic meaningful concept.
Interpretive vs. generative morphology was a viable debate in GG for a period. This paper is an example of a that discussion, comparing a generative "words are atomic and built first" view vs. an interpretive "syntax comes first, morphology falls in line" view.


How to connect MySQL Workbench to Amazon RDS?

Question: I am accessing the Amazon RDS (MySQL) from Putty. MySQL Workbench works through SSH commandline only, but I would like to access the cloud MySQL host database directly from MySQL Workbench.
Answer: This solution worked for me: Add your IP to the Security Group rules as follows. Assuming you have logged into AWS:

Go to RDS -> Databases -> Select your database

Make sure the Public Accessibility value is Yes

Check your IP address using http://checkip.amazonaws.com/. If it is not added to the Security Rule Groups, you should add it. this step is crucial

3.1. Click on the rule name. This will open up a new tab, then click in the name of the rule.

3.2. Click on Edit inbound rules

3.3. Click on Add new rule, and add a rule with the following values:
Type: MYSQL/Aurora.
Protocol: TCP (default)
Port range: 3306 (default)
Source: My IP -> This will be the IP Address you got at http://checkip.amazonaws.com/.

Fill information in MySQL Workbench

Hostname: Use the value you have for Endpoint at Connectivity and Security
Port: Use the value you have for Port at Connectivity and Security, by default it is 3306.
Username: Use the value you have for master username at Configuration
Password: Use the value you set when you created the database instance.
If you forgot the password, you can change it by clicking on Modify in your database instance or if you're using AWS Elastic Beanstalk or so you can SSH into the instance and run the command
<code>/opt/elasticbeanstalk/bin/get-config environment
</code>
and you'll find that information in it.
Comment: Worked great. Thanks for that
Comment: Works like a charm. Thanks.
Comment: I have followed that but still getting "Lost connection to MySQL server at 'reading initial communication packet', system error: 54" in mysqlworkbench.
Comment: I followed all the steps but I was still getting error message "Unable to connect to ". Later I realized, my system was connected to my organization's VPN. I disconnected the VPN on my system > visited site "http://checkip.amazonaws.com/" again> this time my IP was different > I provided this IP in this answers step "inbound rule" , "source" . After this, I was able to connect from MySQL Workbench
Comment: my ip  changing . what  value should i put when adding new rules . any help ?
Comment: Worked well, thank you so much saved life.
Comment: Does the Public Accessibility have to be yes to connect this way? What if I want to connect but not have it publicly accessible?
Comment: Also make sure to have a public subnet group
Comment: It was also required for me to reassociate the VPC subnet groups to the route table that had the routing for the internet gateway.
Answer: In the MySQL forums is a posting that links to various sources for connecting MySQL Workbench to online resources: http://forums.mysql.com/read.php?152,252640,252640#msg-252640. The essential steps for Amazon RDS are on this page: https://thoughtsandideas.wordpress.com/2012/05/17/monitoring-and-managing-amazon-rds-databases-using-mysql-workbench/
Step 3) Fill in the values as described below which illustrated in Figure 4.

Connection Name – Provide a name to identify your connection
Connection Method – Select Standard TCP/IP over SSH from the drop
down list instead of Standard(TCP/IP). Then on the appearing two tabbed pane, fill the following values found under Parameters tab.
SSH Hostname – Provide the Public DNS of the Amazon EC2 instace
(refer Figure 3) which will be used as the intermediate server
instance used to create the connection with the DB instance.
SSH Username – Provide the user of the Amazon EC2 instance (refer Figure 3) which will be used as the intermediate server instance used to create the connection with the DB instance.
SSH Key File – Provide the Private Key (xxx.pem) used to connect
Amazon EC2 instace via SSH
MySQL Hostname – Provide the Endpoint of the DB instance created in Amazon RDS(refer Figure 5).
Username – Provide the Master Username of the DB instance created in Amazon RDS(refer Figure 5).
Password – Click on Store in Keychain.. button and type the password provided while creating the DB instance in Amazon RDS.
Comment: Anil, if an answer was helpful please accept it by clicking the check mark left to it. You can even upvote for additional points if you feel the answer deserves it.
Comment: Also make sure you use a PEM key and not a PPK key
Comment: why is it necessary to use TCP/IP over ssh?
Comment: Please ask follow up questions as own questions.
Comment: This is excellent
Answer:
In the MySQL Workbench Click on Setup new Connection,
Give the Connection name and Select the Connection method as Standard TCP/IP,
Enter the host name from RDS end point and port as 3306,
Enter Mysql user name and password as given in RDS instance creation,
Then test the connection and click ok.
Comment: if using AWS documentation (https://aws.amazon.com/getting-started/tutorials/create-mysql-db/) in Step 3b the UI has changed so the endpoint info is not there as they instructed.

to find: services > RDS > Instances > click the instance name link > search = endpoint. you will see it under "Connect" module
Answer: Very helpful , was able to make the connection was missing critical part
3.3. Click on Add new rule, and add a rule with the following values:
Type: MYSQL/Aurora.
Protocol: TCP (default)
Port range: 3306 (default)
Source: My IP -> This will be the IP Address you got at http://checkip.amazonaws.com/.
Answer: If you create a DB and you chose create VPC security group then the inbound rule will already be set up with your IP address so no need to do that step.
Also, your password that you enter must be a strong password and adhering to the following rules:

contain upper case characters
contain lower case characters
be atleast 8 characters
contains numbers
contain symbol (excluding @, ', ", , /)

Only after I entered a strong password did my connection work.


Permission for using a non-company's name and story

Question: The company existed from 1985 to 2000. Then it was taken over by another company and later that was also taken over by another. I'm writing the story of that company. Do I need to take any permissions?
Comment: Ther linked Q&A is entirely about fictional references, and the issues for non-fiction are quite different This should not be closed as a duplicate..
Comment: @DavidSiegel I disagree. Nowhere in the question does the OP specifically state that the story is non-fiction, it could be based on the company but told in a fiction style. If the OP clarifies fiction or non-fiction and they say non-fiction I may vote to reopen, but currently, my close vote shall stay.
Comment: @Nai45  it seems to me that "I'm writing the story of that company." implies non-fiction, but I take your point. Perhaps I should add an answer to the linked question. In some ways this is closer to https://law.stackexchange.com/questions/61550/legalities-of-making-a-documentary-biography-about-a-persons-life over on law, although that is about a biography of a person, not a company.
Answer: You do not need, and often should not seek, the permission of a company, defunct or active, to write a non-fictional account of it. If one did need such permission, no negative news stories would ever be published.
If you want to gain access to internal company documents or histories, you will need cooperation from the company or someone inside it.
If the account you are writing is not itself being used to advertise or sell anything, there is no issue with trademarks.
However, if the company or its current successors claim that you made false and damaging statements about the company, they might well sue for some version of defamation. This can be time consuming and expensive even if you win. The laws on defamation vary considerably from one country to another. Within the US they vary somewhat from state to state. Consulting a lawyer on such maters is often a good idea. If the work is to be published by a major magazine or book publisher, that publisher may have a staff lawyer who will check a manuscript and give an opinion on the degree of risk involved.
It is well to make sure that any negative information is substantiated by multiple credible sources, and that these are well documented. It can be a good idea to ask the company for a response to any negative information in the account.
A defamation suit can occur even when the writer had received permission to write the article or book. Also, individuals mentioned may be able so sue individually for defamation.
A defamation claim will involve allegations of false statements of purported facts. Making every effort to keep factual statements accurate is helpful.
Statements especial;y negative statements, depending on a specific source should be attributed to that source. Write "Jones says that Acme often violated environmental laws. not "Acme often violated environmental laws." Even then it is well to have multiple sources.
Any documents written by others, whether they are published or not, are likely to be protected by copyright, and should not be reproduced in full without permission. However brief quotations are often permitted by copyright law. The exact scope of permitted quotations will depend on what country's laws are involved, and on the exact details of the situation. Quotes should always be clearly identified as such, and the source and author acknowledged.
I should also mention that if you gain access to internal company documents without permission, and publish information from tht, that may be actionable under trade secret laws, depending on the information invo9lved, and the relevant country. such laws vary.
It is also worth examining this answer on Law.SE about a biography, as some of the same issues arise.


Objects with boolean data type

Question: I have a collection of objects, and for each of them I need to know if a specific condition has been met. That is a ternary condition, it could be not yet tested, tested and failed, or tested and passed. Currently I have a map where the objects are keys, and the values are Booleans. The value is null until tested, and true or false thereafter. However, while the objects should never change during this process, they are not immutable and could theoretically change. I feel like there must be a better way to implement this, but I don't know what it is. Any ideas?
Comment: See: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/23922134/is-java-8-missing-an-optionalboolean
Answer: You have several options:

Rather than using Boolean in your current code, create an enum with values UNTESTED, PASSED, and FAILED. That is more descriptive than a ternary Boolean value. Enumerations have advantages beyond readability, such as being able to add methods to do stuff.
If the test is computationally inexpensive, simply add a method on the object being tested to return the test result. If the test is computationally expensive and the method to do the test may be called a lot this may do more harm than good.
Store the test result on the object itself. If any of the test inputs change, the object can blank out the test result, effectively invalidating the test result.

In all cases I would still apply the change in option 1. You really should be using a descriptive enumeration rather than a Boolean.
See Also

Why use a bool over more domain specific abstractions - this question talks about the tradeoffs of a primitive vs. enum. Since you effectively have three options, this backs up my assertion of using an enum.
Comment: @TBridges42 using the object as a key is fine even if the object changes, _as long as_ no state used in `equals()` or `hashCode()` changes. In other words, as long as its _identity_ remains the same. If this is not true, then I would need additional details about your design to determine how best to proceed.
Comment: I like the enum idea. I'll end up using that, I'm sure. How the computation is done is left up to subclasses of my primary object, but may be done asynchronously to allow for things like network access, so option 2 does not work for me. Option 3 might be useful though. But you don't see any problems with using the object as the key?
Answer: You can use Collections.unmodifiableMap(myMap); to return an immutable view of your map, but I'm not sure how this would fit into your current code - you can't add new objects to an unmodifiable map.

Objects with boolean data type


Items in the list to be appeared in the descending order

Question: I have list with date, agenda and documents columns. How can I show them in the descending order, so that whenever someone uploads a new agenda that one should be shown on the top of the list?
Comment: do you mean in the Edit Form?
Answer: Create, change, or delete a view of a list or library.
You need to order by Created date field.
Answer: Modify the List view and Sort By Created Date descending.
Answer: Go to List Settings.
Scroll all the way down to the bottom, to the Views section.
Click on one of the views to modify settings.
In the next page, scroll down to Sort section. Change the sort by column. Update the view.


Gauss's Theorem vs. Stokes's Theorem?

Question: What's the difference between Gauss' Theorem and Stokes' Theorem? Does Gauss's Theorem take an integral over an "inner product" derivative while Stokes's Theorem takes an integral over an exterior derivative? And is "divergence" associated with Gauss's Theorem and "curl" associated with Stokes's Theorem? And does "divergence" refer to movements of (e.g. fluids) TO (and from) a surface, while curl refers to movements AROUND a surface)?
Comment: I'm not sure what exactly you're asking... In Gauss' Theorem there is an expression involving the divergence, and in Stokes' Theorem there is an expression involving the curl, yes.  Do you mean to ask whether there is any connection between the two theorems?  Or do you want an intuitive explanation of why the theorems should be true?
Comment: @Jesse: I wanted a connection/contrast type answer. That is, does one have an "inner product" outcome, and the other, an "exterior product" outcome?
Answer: Before giving a comparison/contrast type answer, let's first examine what the two theorems say intuitively.
Stokes' Theorem says that if $\mathbf{F}(x,y,z)$ is a vector field on a 2-dimensional surface $S$ (which lies in 3-dimensional space), then $$\iint_S \text{curl }\mathbf{F}\cdot d\mathbf{S} = \oint_{\partial S} \mathbf{F}\cdot d\mathbf{r},$$
where $\partial S$ is the boundary curve of the surface $S$.
The left-hand side of the equation can be interpreted as the total amount of (infinitesimal) rotation that $\mathbf{F}$ impacts upon the surface $S$.  The right-hand side of the equation can be interpreted as the total amount of "spinning" that $\mathbf{F}$ affects along the boundary curve $\partial S$.  Stokes' Theorem then tells us that these two seemingly different measures of "spin" are in fact the same!
It is remarkable also because solely from knowing how $\mathbf{F}$ affects the boundary curve $\partial{S}$, we can deduce how $\text{curl }\mathbf{F}$ affects the entire surface!

The Divergence Theorem says that if $\mathbf{F}(x,y,z)$ is a vector field on a 3-dimensional solid region $E$ (which lies in 3-dimensional space), then $$\iiint_E \text{div }\mathbf{F}\,dV = \iint_{\partial E} \mathbf{F}\cdot\mathbf{N}\,dS,$$ where $\partial E$ is the boundary surface of the solid region $E$, and $\mathbf{N}$ is an outward-pointing normal vector field on $E$.
If we think of $\mathbf{F}$ as being some sort of fluid, then the left-hand side measures how much of the fluid is outward-flowing (like a source) or inward-flowing (like a sink).  That is, the left-hand side measures the total amount of (infinitesimal) divergence (outwardness/inwardness) of $\mathbf{F}$ throughout the entire solid $E$.
On the other hand, the right-hand side tells us how much of $\mathbf{F}$ is "passing through" the boundary surface $\partial E$.  In other words, it is the flux of $\mathbf{F}$ across $\partial E$.
So, the Divergence Theorem tells us that these two different measures of the "outwardness" of $\mathbf{F}$ (the sources/sinks inside the solid vs the flux through the boundary) are in fact the same!  To quote Wikipedia: "The sum of all sources minus the sum of all sinks gives the net flow out of a region."
And again, we have a situation where the behavior of $\mathbf{F}$ on the boundary gives us insight into how $\mathbf{F}$ acts on the entire region!

Similarities: Both Stokes' Theorem and the Divergence Theorem relate behavior of a vector field on a region to its behavior on the boundary of the region.  As Zhen Lin pointed out in the comments, this similarity is due to the fact that both Stokes' Theorem and the Divergence Theorem are but special cases of a single, very powerful equation (known as the Generalized Stokes Theorem).
(The Generalized Stokes Theorem is somewhat advanced, and usually goes by the name Stokes' Theorem, whereas the Stokes' Theorem we've been talking about is often called the Kelvin-Stokes Theorem.  This is why the Wikipedia page on "Stokes' Theorem" may seem rather advanced -- it is primarily about the Generalized theorem.)
Differences: Stokes' Theorem talks about "rotation" along a surface which has a boundary curve.  The Divergence Theorem talks about "sources and sinks" inside a solid that has a boundary surface.
So, in addition to being about different types of quantities ("rotation" vs "divergence"), you should note that the two theorems apply to completely different types of regions.  That is, a surface which has a boundary curve (setting of Stokes' Theorem) cannot enclose a solid volume (setting of the Divergence Theorem), and conversely.
Comment: By the way, the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus $$\int_a^b f'(x) = f(b) - f(a)$$ is also a special case of the Generalized Stokes Theorem, and relates the integral over an interval $[a,b]$ to the values of the function on the boundary -- the boundary being the two points $x = a$ and $x = b$.
Comment: in the mentioned theorems, can the $\partial E$ be non differentiable everywhere or should the boundary surface be sufficiently smooth?
Answer: For a typical vector calculus course, curl is associated with Stokes' Theorem, while the divergences is associated with Gauss' theorem.
I believe the first paragraph in each of the following two links will answer some other questions you might have:
Gauss Theorem.
Stokes' Theorem.
Comment: @Tom Au: Actually, there's a much better way to look at it: these two theorems are actually special cases of the generalised Stokes theorem. So the analogy runs a lot deeper than that.
Comment: I DID consult these two links, and came away more confused than before.
Comment: @Tom Au: What exactly do you find confusing?  Please be specific.
Comment: @jesse madnick: I am a "liberal arts" type who is big on analogies. So I get something like, Gauss' Theorem uses an inner product, and therefore "divergence" is moving to and from a surface, while Stokes' theorem uses a a cross product, so "curl," or "rotation"is moving AROUND the surface."
Answer: In one sense, if you associate curl with Stokes and divergence with the Divergence theorem, you have what you need to recognize when to use each. But instead of a mnemonic, I like to hold onto an example, to see the different applications.
Gauss's theorem is frequently employed in electrodynamics. With it, you get the fact that the electric flux out of a volume of space is related to the distribution of the field within that space (as measured by divergence), which is in turn related to the amount of charge in that space. See here.
Stokes is also used is electrodynamics, but it is instead more directly used on Ampere's Law. It relates magnetic fields to the current that creates them, and this is sort of nice in the sense that it gives a reason why we should traverse a shape in a loop.

Gauss's Theorem vs. Stokes's Theorem?


Hide columns/links in the Quick Launch in SharePoint

Question: So, this is probably fairly easy. But it's been a while since I've been anywhere else than Visual Studio. I want to hide e.g. Tasks, Calendar and Site Pages in the "Quick Launch". Where do i find the option for doing this?
https://i.stack.imgur.com/IbsCu.png
Answer: Here is article with everything about quick launch menu and items inside: http://www.endusersharepoint.com/EUSP2010/2010/06/04/navigating-sharepoint-2010-part-2-the-quick-launch/ (...maybe with more information then you need). Do you have enabled Publishing features on your site?
Comment: So be aware, that you can find Quick launch items in two places, in Site Settings -> Look and Feel -> Navigation or at this link http(s)://portal/sc/site/_layouts/quiklnch.aspx. (just go to site settings and rename settings.aspx to quiklnch.aspx in adress) It's a little bit tricky to live with both places.
Comment: Yes I've enbaled Publishing features
Answer: If you want to specifically hide these elements, I'd say you'd have to use some javascript/jquery and hide it that way. But if you want to hide/remove the entire Libraries, Lists etc. you can go to Site Settings > Navigation > Current Navigation --> Mark the sektions and delete. You can at all times add them to the quicklaunch again.
Answer: You can delete specific items in quick launch like Calendar and Tasks as:
Site Settings -> Site Libraries and Lists -> Customize "Calendar"/"Tasks" -> Delete this list


Is the Planck length the limit below which our physics does not make sense? And if so, why is that true?

Question: I've been reading Physics SE answers on Planck units such as this one and this one.
The general picture I get is that much of what is said about the Planck length (and the associated Planck units) is either speculation or outright false. However, one claim that keeps popping up in various forms (including in answers from both of my links) is that we don't know how to describe physics at a scale smaller than the Planck length.
People typically say this in two different ways.
One way is that there's something inherent in quantum gravity theories that makes it impossible to talk about distances lower than the Planck length. Is this true? And if so, what makes us believe this is true? According to wikipedia, the length of strings in string theory are on the order of the Planck length. But I don't know anything about string theory so I don't know the implications of that.
A second way is that the Planck length is the scale at which gravitational effects and quantum effects start being comparable in which case our current theories (quantum physics and general relativity) clash and we don't know how to describe what is happening. Is this true? And if so, what makes us believe this is true?
One argument I've heard for this second interpretation is that the Planck length contains G, c, and h bar, constants from quantum physics and GR, and thus when this is 1 both quantum and relativistic effects are important. However, this argument is incredibly dubious because this exact same argument could be made for a length equal to any constant times the Planck length or for the Planck mass, which is clearly not in any sense a limit. Is there some better more rigorous way to make this argument? Perhaps by looking at some well-known system and showing that GR and quantum effects are comparable exactly at the Planck length?
In sum I'm trying to get a better handle on what the Planck length really means. Any help would be appreciated.
Comment: @Edouard The limiting factor isn't how much energy is accessible, it's how much a probe can have without gravitational capture of the target preventing the intended measurement. The relevance of the Planck scale comes from comparing the Schwarzschild radius to the de Broglie wavelength.
Comment: No formal theory predicts any of that. They are heuristics ideas when people think, for instance, of what a theory of quantum gravity would look like. But there is not yet a theory of quantum gravity; so it is not clear that such a theory will predict the same as the heuristics.
Comment: Thanks for your comment. If there is no formal proof, then why do people believe the heuristics? Also as a side note, you don't necessarily need a theory of quantum gravity to know where our current theories fail us, right? For example if you're looking at a system where both quantum and GR effects are significant it can be reasonable to say we're not entirely sure we know what's going on.
Comment: Yes, agreed, I believe I was very unclear.
Comment: If I could locate sources that employed mathetmatical formalism, AND also provided enough verbiage for me to get the basics of how they'd describe the formalism aloud, I'd post this as an answer:  We need energy to see things so that we can measure them, and there is only so much energy currently accessible to us for that purpose, so the Planck length would be distinguishable from objects currently visible to us only thru magnification energies greater than those that our civilization's chosen to dedicate to the confirmation of hypothetical pseudo-visualizations available more economically.
Answer: The Standard Model and General Relativity are both successful in appropriate limits, but they cannot be consistently combined for scales below $\sim\ell_P:=\sqrt{\dfrac{G\hbar}{c^3}}$ for various reasons. (By $\sim$, I mean "give or take a multiplicative constant that's besides the point here and may be hard to compute".) For example, what happens if you try to probe such length scales with a photon? How will its wavelength compare to its Schwarzschild radius?
When you ask about the physical meaning or significance of such short length scales, that's where it gets contentious. I'll try to summarise the range of views on this, but I'll probably fudge or simplify a few details:

String theory says spacetime is infinitely divisible, but particles have a size $\sim\ell_P$. They therefore have worldsheets instead of worldlines, which smears Feynman diagram vertices as thus. This smearing removes the troublesome infinities from the treatment of gravity.
Loop quantum gravity, in a sense, says the opposite: particles aren't posited to have size, but spacetime is quantised. Particles live at distinct lattice points. The area and volume of an object have operators in the Hilbert space, and these operators have discrete eigenvalues $\sim\ell_P^{2\,\mathrm{or}\,3}$.
There have been attempts to combine ST with LQG (motivated by their respective pros and cons and their obtaining similar results from very different precepts, e.g. logarithmic corrections to the Hawking-Bekenstein entropy of black holes), but these are in their infancy. For now, it suffices to say such a union would introduce both deviations from the "point particles in infinitely divisible spacetime" idea that causes SM+GR problems.
Another proposal is that $[\hat{x}_\mu,\,\hat{x}_\nu]=i\ell_P^2 \theta_{\mu\nu}$ is a non-vanishing antisymmetric tensor. This is far from developing into a full theory of quantum gravity, but it's an idea that's been explored in such attempts. Just as quantum mechanics says $[\hat{x}_j,\,\hat{p}_k]=i\hbar\delta_{jk}$ without the eigenvalues becoming discrete, the above use of noncommutative geometry requires only that $\sigma_{x_\mu}\sigma_{x_\nu}\ge\frac{1}{2}\ell_P^2|\theta_{\mu\nu}|$, not that eigenvalues of $x_\mu$ cannot differ by arbitrarily small fractions of $\ell_P$.
Comment: The last point is new to me. Could you guide me to somewhere or could you expand on the point  so that I can see more about it?
Comment: @YuzurihaInori https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noncommutative_geometry#Applications_in_mathematical_physics
Comment: @J.G.  -As you've used formal notation, I'm wondering if you'd mind validating or refuting the comment (under the OP's good question) that I made a few moments ago.  (I could probably craft an answer of my own out of Brian Greene's pop-sci books, but I doubt if it would get much accomplished, especially now, when the subject's not too urgent and millions of people still don't have a light bulb in their homes.)
Comment: (I'm not saying "pseudo"-visualizations to denigrate the processes involved:  The adjective in quotes is intended only to point out the fact that visualizations not observationally or experimentally confirmable may be visualizing nothing.)
Answer: The last point is, in fact, the correct one. Planck length is the natural length scale constructed out of all fundamental constants. The involvement of Newton's and Planck's constant along with speed of light ensure the existence of quantum gravity at that length scale. However, your last argument is not correct. This is because the Planck length itself is not a hard limit after which quantum gravity takes over. The right way to say is that Quantum gravitational effects take over at length scale of the order of Planck length. This could be 3 times the Planck length and so on or more precisely $\mathcal{O}(10^{-33})$. At this length scale, the curvature will be of $\mathcal{O}\left(\frac{1}{l_p^2}\right)$, which will be a singular state and can't be explained by classical general relativity.


How to catch when layers visibility change in ArcGIS?

Question: I'm trying to regenerate a Legend in a Pagelayout whenever the layers visibility are changed in the TocControl. What is the best way to catch when a layer visibility is changed?
Answer: Watch for the VisibilityChanged event on the feature layer that you want to track.
Something like the following (taken from here):
<code>private ILayerEvents_Event pLayerEvents;

void mActiveViewEvents_ItemAdded(object Item)
{
    if (Item is ILayerEvents_Event)
    {
        pLayerEvents = Item as ILayerEvents_Event;
        pLayerEvents.VisibilityChanged += new ILayerEvents_VisibilityChangedEventHandler(pLayerEvents_VisibilityChanged);
    }
}

void pLayerEvents_VisibilityChanged(bool currentState)
{
    //do something here
}
</code>
A little more information is available here and here.
The links provided above point to ArcGIS 9.x content. If you plan on using ArcGIS 10, documentation is available here.
Comment: ArcGIS 10 documentation is over this way: http://help.arcgis.com/en/sdk/10.0/arcobjects_net/componenthelp/index.html#/ILayerEvents_Interface/00120000072w000000/
Comment: @Herb Thanks, updated. @MatthiasWestin As far as I know, that's correct. Since this is a layer-level event, each layer you want to track must be tracked individually. I "solved" this by creating a single method to track all layers, then point to that method when adding the event.
Comment: The sample only workes on the root level layers, so the only way to catch change in visibility is by adding an event listener on every layer?
Comment: @Michael-Todd Ok, I make a recursive method looping through the composite and group layers. The Sample code is incorrect the if-statement should check for ILayer or even better ILayerEvents_Event, best regards.


Post Kalki Events and the Start of the World as we it taday

Question: What will happen post Kalki period ? Will all the events take place again, viz. Churning of the Ocean, Ramayana, Mahabharata, and so on.
Comment: Are you there if yes give my answer a green tick
Answer: End of kaliyug, start of satyug events

Having exterminated the thieves and robbers, Kalki(chakravarti samrath;avtar of shri hari) will, at a great
ashwamedh yagya duly give away this earth to the Brahmanas.
Mahabharat  Vana parva Section CLXL
And when those terrible times of kaliyug will be over, the creation
will begin anew. And men will again be created and distributed into
the four orders beginning with Brahmanas. And about that time, in
order that men may increase, Providence, according to its pleasure,
will once more become propitious
And then when the Sun, the Moon, and Vrihaspati will, with the
constellation Pushya, enter the same sign, the Krita age will
begin again.
Mahabharat vana parva ,Section CLXXXIX

Events will happen again
From bhagvad gita

यदा यदा हि धर्मस्य ग्लानिर्भवति भारत | अभ्युत्थानमधर्मस्य तदात्मानं
सृजाम्यहम् || 7||
परित्राणाय साधूनां विनाशाय च दुष्कृताम् | धर्मसंस्थापनार्थाय सम्भवामि
युगे युगे || 8||
Whenever there is a decline in righteousness and an increase in
unrighteousness, O Arjun, at that time I manifest Myself on earth. To
protect the righteous, to annihilate the wicked, and to reestablish
the principles of dharma I appear on this earth, age after age.

So mahabharat and ramayan will happen again as avtars of shri hari come in every age.
To know more, read
But churning of ocean won't happen as

Bhagavad Gita chapter 8 17-18 One day of Brahma (kalp) lasts a
thousand cycles of the four ages (mahā yug) and his night also extends
for the same span of time. The wise who know this understand the
reality about day and night.
At the advent of Brahma's day, all living beings emanate from the
unmanifest source. And at the fall of his night, all embodied beings
again merge into their unmanifest source.

Means devtas are born at start of kalp then they won't require amrit in
every yug.
One kalpa equals 71 * 14 = 994 yugas.
Hence, no churning of ocean
Comment: Thank you for the response.


Glass effects UIView

Question: I would like to know how it is possible to add a glass effect on a UIView
I would like something like this effects on the gray translucent view you can see here :

Thanks
Answer: There's nothing like glass effect in UIView .All you can do is set the opacity of the view between 0 and 1.Also the view shown above has fine set of images which makes it seem like your "Glass Effect".
Well If you what your UIView to be "shiny and elegant" , you can do it in two ways :-
1>You can simply have effects in images created with photoshop as it will decrease the overhead of doing the same with programming.
2>you can have it using core-Graphics library provided by apple then you might have to get into a more complex world of drawing and see the Tutorial to get Gloss Effect
Glossy Buttons By Ray wendelich
Another Tutorial on Glossy button
Comment: I already set the opacity to 0.2 on the picture you can see above, but it's far from what I want, I'm sure there's more I can do but I don't know how
Answer: There's a pretty cool Mac app called PaintCode, that allows you to create your glossy/glass effects in a similar way to Photoshop, say, but then generates the code you can add you your app. They give some examples here: http://www.paintcodeapp.com/examples.html
Comment: PaintCode looks really nice, but I can't really afford it right now and the free version is rubbish.
Answer: There is no trivial way to achieve this with a UIView, but of course it can be done, in the way that all graphics work can be done: Setup a drawing context and draw your effect using CoreGraphics in your views drawRect method.
If you're curious, I recommend you take a look at an application called Opacity. It is a simple graphics editor for Mac OS - and allows you to work on a visual canvas and apply effects, including, amongst others, a 'glass' filter. The distinguishing feature of this app is that it will generate backing Quartz code for what you've designed visually with its GUI.
The code it generates may or may not be sufficient for what you're seeking, but I use it routinely to generate rough drawing code that I can then look at as a basis to put together my own drawing code.
I have no affiliation with this product beyond the fact that I use it.
Answer: I guess you need a glossy effect in your UIView. This can be achieved by setting the alpha mask of your UIView and adjusting the backgroundcolor to a little darker in the drawrect method of your UIView.  If this doesnt satisfy your needs, you can go for a more comprehensive solution outlined by Matt Galagher

Glass effects UIView


Is it possible to develop Lightning Web Components without using SFDX?

Question: Is it possible to develop Lightning Web Components without using SFDX?
I'm wondering if we can develop LWC using Illuminated Cloud  (IntelliJ) or VS Code IDEs. I saw LWC create options in Illuminated Cloud, but not sure how it would work? Any reference would be also great.
Answer: In Short: yes that is possible LWC does not depend on SFDX
Some Clarification:
SFDX stands for Salesforce Developer Experience .

The Salesforce Developer Experience (DX) is a set of tools that streamlines the entire development life cycle. It improves team development and collaboration, facilitates automated testing and continuous integration, and makes the release cycle more efficient and agile.

It has nothing (directly) to do with what is available on Platform or not
The SFDX Cli is a command line wrapping some tools which provides many plugins used by SFDX in order to provide Tooling around Development, Testing and Code Synchronization but in the end it can also be used completly out of DX Context in order e. g. to write other useful Administrator / Development Automation Tasks
Illuminated Cloud and other bigger IDEs (like Welkin Suite have support for it. Or you can manually deploy them via Metadata Api (e. g. via Ant or Workbench. LWC is represtented by the LightningComponentBundle Metadata => See Metadata Api. For Development with VS Code you need the Salesforce Extension Pack which in returns requires the installed CLI - but as explained above -> if you want to develop in the "old" model without any scratch orgs etc. it will be absolutely no problem. The Extensions support "Development on any org" since end of last year
Comment: That helped me to clarify what I was looking for. Basically, I'm looking to LWC development without using ScratchOrg and all.
Answer: Lightning Web Component doesn't require you to enable SFDX (or Dev Hub). You can build Lightning Web Component using following free tools:-

Visual Studio Code
Lightning Web Components Playground. Link it to your org.
Answer: As per documentation there are other IDE as well for developing Lightning Web Component like Illuminated Cloud but VS Code has beautiful integration with Salesforce CLI. So it as always preferred to use VS Code for Lightning Web Component Development.


"Pure" Aerospace engineering vs mechanical engineering/pathway aerospace?

Question: Does "pure" aerospace engineering give better aero-knowledge then mechanical engineering/pathway aerospace?
What is point of specialization aerospace at mechanical engineering, isn't aerospace too big branch to be just one pathway?
Answer: It really depends on what you want to do in the business. If you're looking at jobs as an aerodynamicist, or flight, test, work, or similar specialized aeronautical or space work, then an aerospace engineering degree would probably make more sense. For general work i.e., structural design, structural analysis, that sort of thing, a Mechanical Engineering degree is just fine.
That being said, much of the specialized knowledge you need can be obtained after school through trade groups, lobbying organizations, such as SAE, AIAA, etc.
Fresh out of school, I believe an employer is going to look at 1) your overall performance in school ie GPA, what you majored in ability to handle difficult subjects, etc. 2) internships and class projects.  If those tend to be in line with what they're looking for in entry-level work, you have a good chance of getting in.
Aerospace has become considerably easier to enter into as a new engineer than it has in the past. This is largely due to the fact that employers have shot themselves in the foot for years relying on senior guys with a lot of experience, and neglecting the tribal knowledge aspect of the profession to mentor and bring in new people. They're now backed up against the wall and facing a brain drain as senior employees retire, so there's considerable motivation to bring in and mentor young people.
If you're living in the United States, far more integral to job security would be the ability to obtain a security clearance. It would not only guarantee local work, but also high pay work.  So don't get yourself into a lot of debt, don't use drugs or commit crimes, or anything else that would potentially deny you such a clearance.
Answer: Aerospace companies of all kinds and sizes hire lots of engineers of all kinds -- Mechanical, Electrical, Software, etc.  Anyone with a technical background who wants to work in the Aerospace industry should be able to find a role.
Mechanical Engineering's curriculum is the closest cousin to Aerospace Engineering, so your question about 'whats the difference' is a relevant one.
ME curriculum does not focus on any particular industry -- they'll work manufacturing (of anything), mechatronics, HVAC, automotive, etc. etc.  However, in Aerospace, the curriculum is focused on flight vehicles -- aircraft (airplanes, helicopters, gliders, etc), launch vehicles, orbital spacecraft, space probes, etc.
What this means is that the ME's do not consider the vehicle as a whole -- it is a bunch of mechanisms, components, and machines all working together.  Conversely, AE's are always interested in the system as a whole -- that is usually the vehicle, but it can also be the fleet, constellation, or other even larger system.
A good example of this is typical Sr. Design curriculum.
In a ME program, it is expected that a Sr. Design project start with a problem statement and proceed through the design process until fabrication and test.  You have to build it or it doesn't count.
Conversely, in an AE program, it is expected that a Sr. Design project consider the entire aircraft or spacecraft.  Since the real system at scale may take years and $1B to develop, you clearly can't do that in a university course.  So instead of going all the way to building it, most AE Sr. Design program's final output is a report about the design of the aircraft -- a paper aircraft.  If you don't do the whole system, it doesn't count.
In ME, they would never accept a paper about designing a widget if you don't build the widget.  In AE, they would never do a design of a widget, you have to do the whole vehicle or more.
Some AE programs try to compromise and have students build a R/C aircraft or UAV.  This can be done in a way that it is a surrogate for a design of a full aircraft system, but often there are many compromises in this approach.
In industry, you'll find that most of the jobs that have a full vehicle, big picture, or system-level perspective are filled with Aerospace Engineers.  In fact, you'll find that when other industries need systems-thinkers, they often hire Aerospace Engineers to do decidedly non-aerospace things.
None of this is to say that there aren't exceptions -- I know Civil Engineers and Architects who ended up as Technical Fellows in Conceptual Design.