tire leaks with chrome wheels

Question: I had a flat repaired recently and was told it was the result of having chrome wheels.  Something about rust building up in the wheel where it meets the tire and causing a gap, thus the air leak.
Comment: Welcome to Motor Vehicle Maintenance & Repair! What is your actual question here?
Comment: Presumably the wheels are chrome plated steel . Chrome gives good corrosion protection but there are always imperfections : No doubt , porous  rust build-up at an imperfections in the chrome caused the leaks.
Answer: You may have a rim that is rusting between the tire and rim. This is common throughout all rims.  When new tires are placed on the rims the installer must clean the rim by grinding with an abrasive media. Once clean they should apply a sealant to the rim and tire where they meet. This should last the life of the tire. If this happens before the tires are replaced the same thing can be done.
This will happen a lot faster with aluminum rims and would cost the same labor as installing new tires. Tires should be balanced after removing them from the rim.
Answer: a reputable tire shop would grind the rim edge for you.  This isn't a problem specific to chrome wheels.  Most factory wheels on older cars are iron.
Answer: Try to remove any excess air left in the tire by putting pressure on the valve stem.
Comment: Hi and welcome to the site.  How does this answer the OP's question?
Answer: Having a chrome wheel isn't causing the tire flat, that was absurd and lazy reason because the chrome is actually eliminating the rust problem.
What was causing is could be several causes, such as:

Improper installation
Dented rims
Defected rims
Leaking tire nozzle
Defected Tire

The reason having rust inside the rims usually because water content in your tire's air that's why there is nitrogen for tire for zero water content*
But with the chrome plated rims it should be eliminated the problem, the reason usually improper installation like using improper tools when installing the tire and make the rims scratched on the tire lips this way could make a rust and eventually flatting your tire.
Using improper tools could make your rims to be dented on the lips. Because tubeless tire depends entirely on the rim lips it should be smooth and nice round without a dent.

tire leaks with chrome wheels


How could Ruth do yibbum if she converted only after her husband died?

Question: How could Boaz be required to do Yibbum with Ruth being that she was a non jew when she was married to?
Comment: Note it couldn't be proper yibum as Boaz isn't a brother.
Comment: How do you know he was obligated? [Ho do you know she was a gentile when married to Machlon?](https://judaism.stackexchange.com/q/16167/759)
Comment: Could it be you are confusing *yibum* with the ceremony described in Ruth 4:7 - which I don't understand as *yibum* but rather as a tradition that, when buying a piece of land one also has to acquire the deceased's wife. *Yibum* is valid even when not acquiring a piece of land
Comment: Where does it say that he did Yibum?
Comment: related: https://judaism.stackexchange.com/q/110090/170
Answer: Since all of Naomi's children had died, Ruth was free of the requirement of yibum and did not perform yibum with Boaz. Indeed, one of the reasons Naomi gave trying to convince Ruth and Orpah to leave her was that there would be no child available to perform yibum. Ruth 1:12 - 13

Return, my daughters, go, for I have become too old to marry, that I should say that I have hope. Even if I had a husband tonight, and
  even if I had borne sons,
Would you wait for them until they grew up? Would you shut yourselves off for them and not marry? No, my daughters, for it is
  much more bitter for me than for you, for the hand of the Lord has
  gone forth against me."


Why is an equicontinuous and pointwise bounded sequence of real-valued functions on a compact metric space uniformly bounded?

Question: Why is an equicontinuous and pointwise bounded sequence of real-valued functions on a compact metric space uniformly bounded?
I couldn't get my head around this. Can anyone please explain?
Answer: Heuristically, if you have a family of equicontinuous functions, then  you could essentially treat them as a "single continuous function" because for any $\epsilon>0$ you could always find a single $\delta>0$ that will work for your entire family. Moreover, we know a continuous function on a compact metric space attains its maximum, i.e. bounded. Hence together you can see why the family should be uniformly bounded.
Edit:
Here's the proof.
Let $(X, d)$ denote the compact metric space and $\mathcal{F}$ is our equicontinuous family of functions.
Fix $\epsilon>0$. Then for every fixed $x \in X$, by the equicontinuity property of $\mathcal{F}$, we can find a $\delta_x>0$ (i.e. $\delta$ depending on $x$) such that
\begin{align}
|f_n(x)-f_n(y)|<\epsilon  \ \ \text{ whenever } \ \ |x-y|<\delta_x.
\end{align}
In particular, it follows
\begin{align}
|f_n(y)| < \epsilon +|f_n(x)| \leq \epsilon +M_x \ \ \text{ whenever } \ \ |x-y|<\delta_x.
\end{align}
Note that we have used pointwise boundedness of $\mathcal{F}$. Next, observe $X \subset \bigcup_{x \in X} B(x, \delta_x)$ is an open cover of our compact metric space. Hence by compactness there exists a finite subcover say $\bigcup^N_{i=1} B(x_i, \delta_i)$. Let $M = \sup_{1\leq i \leq N} M_{x_i}<\infty$, then we see that
\begin{align}
|f_n(y)| <\epsilon+M
\end{align}
for every $y \in X$ and $n\in \mathbb{N}$.
Comment: Yep, I could see that conceptually, but couldnt come up with a delta-epsilon proof
Answer: Here's a formal proof, which may be found in many textbooks (Rudin chapter 7, for instance).
Let $\{f_n\}$ be the sequence of functions and let $K$ be their compact domain. By equicontinuity, for any $\epsilon>0$ there exists $\delta>0$ such that for all $f_n$ $|f_n(x)-f_n(y)|<\epsilon$ for $d(x,y)<\delta$. By the compactness of $K$, we can find finitely many points $p_1,\ldots,p_r$  such that $K$ is covered by $\delta$-balls centered at the $p_i$. Now for each $p_i$ there exists $M_i$ such that $|f_n(p_i)|<M_i$ for all $n$ so that letting $M$ be the max of the $M_i$ we find, by using the equicontinuity condition, that $|f_n(x)|<M+\epsilon$ for all $n$ and $x\in K$. By letting $\epsilon$ go to zero the claim follows.
Comment: I suppose not no.
Comment: Is the last sentence in your answer required?
Answer: In fact, we can generalize this slightly - we do not need $I$ to be countable.

Let $X$ be a compact space. Let $\{f_i \colon X\to\mathbb R; i\in I\}$ be an equicontinuous system of functions, $I$ being an arbitrary set. Moreover, for each $x\in X$ there exists $M_x$ such that $|f_i(x)|<M_x$ for each $i\in I$; i.e., the functions are pointwise bounded. Then the system of functions is uniformly bounded, i.e., there exists $M$ such that $|f_i(x)|<M$ for each $i\in I$ and for each $x\in X$.

Proof. Let us denote $g(x)=\sup\limits_{i\in I} |f_i(x)|$. (The fact that the given functions are pointwise bounded means that $g$ is a real valued function.)

We will show that the sets $A_r=\{x\in X; g(x)<r\}$, $r\in\mathbb R$, are open.
Then we can use the fact that this is an open cover of a compact space to get uniform bound.

Each $A_r$ is open. If we already know that supremum of a family of equicontinuous function is continuous, then we get that $A_r=g^{-1}(-\infty,r)$ is open.
But it is also easy to prove this directly. (Here I basically repeat the relevant part from the proof linked above.) Assume that $x\in A_r$, i.e.,
$$g(x)=\sup_{i\in I} |f_i(x)|<r.$$
Let us denote $\varepsilon=(r-g(x))/2$. Equicontinuity implies that there is an open neighborhood $U$ of $x$ such that
$$|f_i(y)-f_i(x)|<\varepsilon$$
whenever $y\in U$ and $i\in I$. From this we get
$$|f_i(y)| \le |f_i(x)| + |f_i(y)-f_i(x)| < g(x) + \varepsilon < r$$
for every $i\in I$.
So we see that that there is an open set $U$ such that $x\in U\subseteq A_r$. Since this is true for every $x\in A_r$, the set $A_r$ is open.
Open cover and uniform bound. Pointwise boundednes means that $x\in A_r$ for $r=M_x$. So  $\{A_r; r\in\mathbb R\}$ is an open cover of $X$. Since $X$ is compact, there is an finite subcover $A_{r_1},\dots,A_{r_n}$. If we put $M=\max\{r_1,\dots,r_n\}$, then we have
$$g(x)=\sup\limits_{i\in I} |f_i(x)| \le M,$$
which means that the set $\{f_i; i\in I\}$ is uniformly bounded. $\square$
This proof is similar to the proof posted in other answer. However, it still seemed useful to me to stress the point that this is in fact related to the fact that the supremum is continuous. (In fact, we only use upper semicontinuity.)


Where is the iOS 4.0 - 4.1 Device Debugging Support install directory?

Question: I am in China, the iOS 4.0 - 4.1 Device Debugging Support & old version simulator downloading will cause me about 2~3 days, because there is no any apple's host in China, the networking is very very terrible.
I usually backup the simulator SDK before updating xcode, it is located at  /Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/iPhoneSimulator.platform/Developer/SDKs directory. After updated xcode, I will restore the directory to install old SDK quickly.
Now, I want to know there is the iOS 4.0 - 4.1 Device Debugging Support directory. I'm going to try to backup it. I know it maybe not work but I want to have a try.
Thanks in advance.
Answer: I think its located @

Developer/Platforms/iPhoneSimulator.platform/Developer/Applications


Mac OS X Archive (.app) crashed on test Mac machine: EXC_BAD_INSTRUCTION

Question: I am working on a Mac application, which is running fine on my machine which is a development machine.
The project has quite a few dylib files, the dependancies for which I had to solve using
install_name_tool -change
I used @executable_path in the above command. After doing this, the program works fine on my machine, when I move the .app file to test environment it fails..
Crashed Thread:  0  Dispatch queue: com.apple.main-thread
Exception Type:  EXC_BAD_INSTRUCTION (SIGILL)
Exception Codes: 0x0000000000000001, 0x0000000000000000
Thread 0 Crashed:: Dispatch queue: com.apple.main-thread
0   libfreetype.6.dylib             0x001f736b FT_CMap_New + 105
1   libfreetype.6.dylib             0x0022d1a4 tt_face_build_cmaps + 516
2   libfreetype.6.dylib             0x00229f0a sfnt_load_face + 1424
3   libfreetype.6.dylib             0x00200cbe tt_face_init + 231
4   libfreetype.6.dylib             0x001f5fb4 open_face + 218
5   libfreetype.6.dylib             0x001f5bf1 FT_Open_Face + 528
6   libfreetype.6.dylib             0x001f59db FT_New_Face + 68
Looking at the bold characters one can make out that the problem is in freetype dylib. But why is it giving problems? I have included the .dylib file in the my_app.app/Contents/Frameworks/ directory.
Is this why the problem is caused?
Answer: This error is seen because the location of the font supplied to freetype was incorrect.
The client did not have the supplied font file (ttf) on his machine.
When I supplied the ttf file along with the bundle, it was fixed.!


Keywords Ranking

Question: I have a list of keywords taken from 95 documents. I'd like to rank their importance, but I have only the number of documents in which the keywords appear and the maximum frequency of a keyword among all the documents. I'm looking for a ranking formula that could help. At the moment I'm using IDF, but I'd like to know if there is any better formula.
Answer: word frequency is already done by listing the most important words in English ( and many other langs ) by Wikitionary Frequency Lists which has many type of lists based on the most important and top words, besides the TV and Movies most frequent words and many others.
If you like to do some algorithm based on word ranking I would suggest you don't go far away from
TF-IDF
and here you can find the Latent semantic indexing algorithm which might me an asset for you.
Hope that is what you needed.
Answer: TF-IDF is definitely a good base and easy to implement.
It is also really common to add other bias such as the position of your terms inside your documents; a term occurring at the beginning of a document, or better, in its title tends to be more relevant than the ones occurring in the middle or at the end.
But you have to keep in mind that choosing an algorithm and its bias also depends on the nature of your documents. For instance, long documents (e.g. research papers or books) would need a position bias, but not necessarily news articles. Same thing for the "IDF" measure, it has to be computed on a large corpus of documents with similar type of content than your documents. You don't want to have a relevancy score computed on a "TV and Movies" corpus if for instance your documents are research papers about semi-conductors.
My two cents.

Keywords Ranking


Can I make a call from iPhone 5s via WiFi?

Question: I have an iPhone 5s that ATT will not unlock.  Can I make calls via WiFi if the SIM card is still in it but I have no cell carrier? Phone is at IOS 8.1.3.
Comment: not enough to be an answer, as you might live anywhere in the world… but Virgin [UK] have an app for that. Dial from anywhere you can use wifi & it uses your home phone 'connection' rather than charging your 'mobile provider'
Answer: There are 2 VoIP apps that are widely used here in Southeast Asia.
http://www.viber.com/en/#iphone
https://itunes.apple.com/app/id414478124?mt=8&ls=1
Check them out.
Answer: FaceTime Audio works great, but only Apple product to Apple Product (iPhone to Mac or iPad to iPhone, etc.) I'd give it a try, just go to the FaceTime app and tap Audio on the top, then select or add who you wish to contact.
Answer: You can, but you will need a VOIP application for that.
Something like Skype works well over WiFi, since you can actually call phones (landlines or Cellular).
The Skype app is free, however calling phones is charged (but much less than AT&T was)
As you know the only limitation is you have to be in a WiFi signal range.
Comment: Not sure why someone marked you down. +1 from me. I was going to add TalkaTone and Google hangouts to the list. All work great.


Restricting Subversion commits if the Jira Issue key is Not in the commit message

Question: I am using SVN-1.7.4 for revision control and atlassian JIRA as the issue tracker for my LAMP website. I want to restrict SVN commit if any of my team member commits without mentioning the Jira Issue key for the same.
I am using JIRA standalone and have installed it on my server. Google search gave me Subversion Jira Plugin (https://studio.plugins.atlassian.com/wiki/display/SVN/Subversion+JIRA+plugin) but it can only help me out in tracking the commits that had a JIRA key, not in restricting them.
Please let me know, if I should post any more specifics about the issue.
Answer: It's not difficult to check that the issue exists in JIRA also, using the JIRA ReST API.
In our case I used the pre-commit.tmpl file and added the following after the opening comments section:
REPOS="$1"
TXN="$2"

SVNLOOK=/usr/bin/svnlook
CURL=/usr/bin/curl
JIRAURL=http://our.jira.url:8080/rest/api/latest/issue

# Make sure that the log message contains some text.
LOGMSG=$($SVNLOOK log -t "$TXN" "$REPOS")
echo ${LOGMSG} | grep "[a-zA-Z0-9]" > /dev/null || exit 1

# check that log message starts with a JIRA ticket
# should have format 'FOO-123: my commit message' or 'FOO-123 my commit message'
JIRAID=$(expr "${LOGMSG}" : '^\([A-Z]*-[0-9]*\)[: ].*')
if [[ "$JIRAID" == "" ]]
then
  echo "No JIRA id found in log message \"${LOGMSG}\"" >&2
  echo "Please use log message of the form \"JIRA-ID: My message\"" >&2
  exit 1
fi

# check if JIRA issue exists
JIRAISSUE=$(${CURL} ${JIRAURL}/${JIRAID})
if [[ "${JIRAISSUE}" =~ "Issue Does Not Exist" ]]
then
  echo "The JIRA id ${JIRAID} was not found" >&2
  echo "Please use log message of the form \"JIRA-ID: My message\"" >&2
  exit 1
fi

This requires the the message to be of the form "JIRA-id: text" or "JIRA-id test". You could make the regular expression more general to allow a JIRA id anywhere in the text. You could also add checks on the ${JIRAISSUE} to ensure that the issue is open if desired, but this seems sufficient for our purposes.
Answer: I happen to have a pre-commit hook that covers this (as well as many other things).
The hook is available via Git-Hub. It doesn't verify that the Jira ID exists, but it can verify that a Jira like ID does exist in the commit message. This is usually good enough to ensure developers are adding in Jira ticket numbers into their commit message. There's an example control.ini file that shows you how to check for a Jira like ticket number in your commit message. Valid commit messages would be formatted as follows:

NONE:  I fixed an issue that had no Jira ticket number
FDS-1231: I fixed a single Jira ticket
FDS-1231, FDS-3232: I fixed several Jira tickets

However, a better way than a pre-commit hook is to change the culture of the workplace, so that developers will naturally put the Jira ticket number in commit messages and will automatically give more detailed commit messages. I found that using a continuous build server like Jenkins will do this.
Jenkins will automatically build your code with each check in. Each build shows you the changes, and the commit comment. Jenkins integrates to Jira, so with one click, you can see the Jira information. Jenkins will also attach the commit message and build # onto the Jira ticket, so a QA person can look at a particular Jira ticket, and see which build fixed this ticket.
Suddenly, the commit message information becomes more visible. Developers and QA start to rely on it. Developers who don't add the Jira ticket, are hounded not by the guy who does the builds, but by their boss and their fellow developers. Putting good commit messages now becomes the culture of the place. And, that's a way better enforcer than any pre-commit hook.
Comment: I understand the change culture at workplace part, but we are a startup with a small team. And although I have been trying to make it happen, once in a while people do commit w/o putting in JIRA issue.
Answer: Atlassian provides a trigger script that does this for most common VCS systems including SVN, plus a JIRA plugin that lets you define what to look for in the commit description.  See the JIRA Commit Acceptance plugin page.
Comment: This plugin is not supported in the latest version of jira and itself hasn't been updated in a while. I tried to use it and very bad things happened to my JIRA instance.
Comment: @JeremyK the Commit Policy Plugin that I suggest in my solution is pretty much a replacement for the old Commit Acceptance Plugin. It is updated for new JIRA releases, installs with a single click and leverages all the modern JIRA features (JQL, REST, P2, etc.). Just try it and you'll love it.
Answer: Well, i did it creating a simple shell script (pre-commit) hook that verify if jira issue key was supplied by a regex and call a REST API to guarantee the issue exists on the server
#!/bin/sh

REPOS="$1"
TXN="$2"

SVNLOOK=/usr/bin/svnlook
JIRAURL=http://myown.jira.server:8080/rest/api/latest/issue
CURL=/usr/bin/curl

LOGMSG=$($SVNLOOK log -t "$TXN" "$REPOS")

# check if any comment has supplied by the commiter
if [ -z "$LOGMSG" ]; then
echo "Your commit was blocked because it have no comments." 1>&2
exit 1
fi

#check minimum size of text
if [ ${#LOGMSG} -lt 20 ]; then
echo "Your Commit was blocked because the comments does not meet minimum length requirements (20 letters)." 1>&2
exit 1
fi

# get jira ID by regex
JIRAID=$(expr "$LOGMSG" : '^\([A-Z]*-[0-9]*\)[: ].*')

# Check if jira id was found.
if [ -z "$JIRAID" ]; then
echo "No JIRA id found in log message \"$LOGMSG\"" 1>&2
echo "Please use log message of the form JIRA-ID: My message" 1>&2
exit 1
fi

# check if JIRA issue exists on the server
JSON_RETURN=$(${CURL} -s ${JIRAURL}/${JIRAID} -u username:password | grep -o "errorMessage")

if [ -n "$JSON_RETURN" ]; then
        echo "The specified Jira Issue \"$JIRAID\" was not found in Jira server." 1>&2
        echo "Please, verify the specified issue ID and try again!" 1>&2
        exit 1
fi

Answer: Commit Policy Plugin is a fairly new JIRA add-on to enforce this.
Unlike the other solutions suggested here, it does not only verify if there is an issue key like pattern in the commit message (like "FOO-123"), but even matches that against a configure JQL query in JIRA!
For instance, this allows to check if the mentioned issue(s) are:

in-progress user stories in the current sprint
unresolved bugs or tasks targeting the next product version
high-priority tasks assigned to team-leads (in a code freeze period)

Other than checking the mentioned issues, it can also verify:

the committer's identity (is he in JIRA? is he in a JIRA group?)
the changed files (only images are submitted? is there any, .class,.obj,*.tmp file? all *.PNG are in the /images directory?)
the commit message (is this 10+ characters long without whitespace? does it start with a JIRA key?)

Make sure you check out the documentation and try it.
Disclaimer: I'm a developer working on this add-on. Nevertheless this is the best solution available to this problem.
Answer: Following script has added regex to find any pattern like abc-123 and check if it is present in jira. Also any similar pattern could also be present , anywhere in the comment but presence of one successful pattern will allow the commit -
#!/usr/bin/perl -w

$STATUS="1";
$REPOS=$ARGV[0];
$TXN=$ARGV[1];

$SVNLOOK="/usr/bin/svnlook";
$CURL="/usr/bin/curl";

$JIRAURL="http://x.x.x.x/jira/rest/api/2/issue";

$LOGMSG = `$SVNLOOK log -t $TXN $REPOS`;

chomp ($LOGMSG);
print "--$LOGMSG--\n";

if ($LOGMSG !~ /[A-Za-z][A-Za-z]*-[0-9][0-9]*/ ) {
print STDERR "NO JIRA case Found in comment - $LOGMSG";
exit (1);
}
@ARRAY= split (' ',$LOGMSG);

foreach (@ARRAY){

next if ! /[A-Za-z][A-Za-z]*-[0-9][0-9]*/ ;
chop();

$JIRAISSUE = `$CURL $JIRAURL/$_`;
chop ($JIRAISSUE);
if ($JIRAISSUE =~ /Issue Does Not Exist/){
print STDERR "The JIRA id $_ was not found\n";
}else { exit (0) };
}
exit ($STATUS);

Answer: I have seen this done before using a simple regex in a pre-commit hook.
On the plus side it didn't need to check Jira at all, but it also meant you could just put something in that just looked like a valid issue key.


landscape wire in pex piping for under concrete installation

Question: I was planning to install some low voltage landscaping lights and I needed to go under a 10 foot wide concrete driveway. Can I use a flexible drill bit to dig a 1/2 wide hole and fish some 1/2 pex piping as a conduit? What are the pros and cons compared to digging out a 10 foot long trench and hammering a pvc pipe in?
Comment: I'd probably connect a garden hose to your pex and water-bore through.
Comment: That's a rather vague question. Can you? Sure! Pros and cons of pex vs. PVC? Of a drill bit vs. a dug trench? What are you asking? It mostly depends on your skill set and available tools.
Comment: Fully agree with @isherwood, although it is soil dependent. I have used water drilling to get a ~10 foot piece of 1" PVC under a concrete driveway. Very quick and easy.
Comment: Hopefully you have some leeway on the other end as far as the terminal location of the conduit, because it's kinda hard to bore dead straight.  IDK that you're gonna have any luck with fishing 1/2 PEX though.  Consider a larger pipe, like 1" or 1.5" PVC, and cutting it into sections that you can connect with couplers.  Otherwise your bore pit may need to be 12' long.
Comment: @Huesmann - 1" PVC is pretty flexible - you will need 4 feet or so of a trench, but not the full length.
Answer: Others make a point of what's under the driveway being unknown. You want something that isn't so noticeable.
Try this:
Circular saw with a concrete cutting blade.
Straight edge across the driveway as a guide.
Cut across the driveway just about 1/2 inches deep.
Move the straight edge over just about the width of the blade, to make another pass.  You now have a trough cut about 1/4 wide by 1/2 deep.
Tuck your cable in the trough.  ( adjust the width or depth if needed)
Fill the trough with concrete filler caulk.
After the trough is caulked sweep with an old broom or stiff bristle brush to mimic the brushed texture of the driveway.
After a few weeks of weather and dirt from use the line is about invisible.
Answer: Consider the challenges ahead.
Driveway concrete is usually laid on top of crushed compressed stones. Sometimes but rarely (the cheap method) just on top of dirt.
So you will probably facing/drilling into crushed stones.
Water drilling will not work here.
Since you plan to use a flexible drill extension you will have no control where the drill goes.
Before you give up on this method, excavate near concrete and inspect what are you facing.
If rocks, then plan using diamond saw to cut a trench. Consider the driveway concrete is usually 6 inch thick, so you need a saw that can cut that depth. Once you are through the concrete excavate a trench for your pipe.
THE EASY WAY
Since as you say it is low voltage cable, it does not need to go underground.
Choose a driveway cable protector and be done with it.
Answer: If I understand you correctly, I think you will wreck your drill, its not designed for lateral forces.
I  would hire a concrete cutter to cut two 10ft lengths and then cold chisel out the groove. Then place the conduit in the channel.
Or, if possible, take it into the garage  up the wall and across the ceiling and down the wall again.
Answer: Using a drill isn't likely to work because the hole will certainly crumble and cave in over a 10 foot tunnel. Depending on the soil conditions, it will collapse entirely at least in several spots.
The benefit of the flexibility of 1/2" PVC will also be your downfall: Hammering or pushing on the end of a 10' long piece of 1/2" PVC will look a lot like trying to push a piece of cooked spaghetti. A larger diameter pipe would be more rigid, but as you mention, may need a longer trench. What about driving in a 1" or 2" EMT instead? The thinner walls may help and, obviously, the softer the soil the easier the tunneling will go.
Last time I drove a PVC pipe under cement, it was a 3" schedule 40 PVC drain line for my downspouts. It took 2-3 hours because of not only the gravel that was under the slab, but because it was close to the house and that's where all the rock from excavating the foundation ends up. I ended up splitting the end of pipe several times and destroying several wood blocks with the sledgehammer I was driving it with. That was only a 36" wide sidewalk. The time before that I spent only an hour getting a 1.5" line under a sidewalk because I had the luxury of being able to go under most of the gravel.
Depending on what fill is under your driveway, going deeper (18"-24") may be worth it to get underneath most of the rock. Plan on sacrificing some of the pipe in the process so you can cut a clean end on both ends after it's in place.
Also, maybe come back and post an update after the job is done so others with similar projects can learn from your adventure? Good luck!


Can you file for employment insurance if you still own a business that makes 10,000 a year without work in Canada?

Question: Can you file for employment insurance if you still own a business that makes $10,000 a year without work in Canada? Let's say you lose a job, not by your own fault, that made you $90,000 a year, but you're still making 10,000 a year in a side business that doesn't require you to put more than 1 hour every month, can you still apply for employment insurance and get $1,500 cheques every month in Canada?
Answer: Yes, but you must report the income (gross income - operating expenses) in the week when the work was performed. It probably will reduce the EI payment for that week.
Self employment other than farming
Comment: Does that include income generated from past work? Because it says income from service.
Comment: @Sayaman That I'm not sure about but in general they talk about assigning the "income" to whatever week the work was performed, even if money will be received later.
Comment: Ok, I was wondering, because in the theoretical situation I was thinking about it was performed before the insurance. Let's say I made some music and I am getting income from a music song I wrote like 1 or 2 years ago.


Why are cryptographic algorithms implemented in the data-link layer in wireless networks?

Question: Could someone please tell me why cryptographic algorithms are placed in the data-link layer for wireless networks?
Answer: Though the OSI model is more often a source of confusion than enlightenment, it is here reasonably informative. The WiFi encryption occurs in layer 2 ("data link") because it strives to embody a security feature which is inherently related to the data link.
Namely, WiFi was designed to be the over-the-air equivalent of wired Ethernet. In Ethernet networks, there is a physical isolation between systems which are physically connected to one of the wires, and those who are not. This can be viewed from a security point of view: if you can prevent physical access to the wired, e.g. by keeping the wires inside a building and locking the doors, then you can keep out intruders from your local network. Since WiFi is radio-based and radio waves tend to propagate freely (that's their point), something was needed in order to provide something equivalent security-wise, and that something is encryption (whether it was done properly is another question).
Since the security feature (keeping the local network out of reach of attackers) is bound to the local network (hence "layer 2"), it made sense to use encryption in the layer 2 as well. This has the additional benefit of being immediately compatible with whatever protocols are used for layers above it; in plain words, as long as the WiFi card driver is aware of the encryption, nothing else in the host operating system, in particular its TCP/IP stack, needs be modified in any way.
(This is not entirely true because the connection management system has to happen somewhere -- the user must enter the WiFi password at least once -- but this again can be contained. The first WiFi cards and drivers for Windows did all the job without the Windows ever becoming aware that such a thing as WiFi ever existed.)
Putting the crypto at some upper layer would be possible, but that's another model. This basically means forfeiting the link-level security, using it as if it was some hostile playground, and adding crypto algorithm (e.g. IPsec) to the TCP/IP layer in order to restore some sort of security. That's exactly what happens when someone connects to an open WiFi in a restaurant or hotel, and then fires up his VPN to connect to his office network, or simply uses only HTTPS Web sites.
Comment: That was most enlightening. Thank you for your response.
Answer: There are many methods of attack in the Data Link Layer. Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) are no exception. WLANs have many methods of attack, or as I would say, many methods of approach. There are several techniques used to mitigate attacks involving the Data Link Layer. For WLANs, one of these methods is to utilize certain protocols/encryption. Many Wireless Access Points (WAPs) allow for changing of firmware and installing certain software daemons that can allow for things such as hybrid or custom algoriths to be used. So to answer your question, I would say that using cryptographic algorithms (something custom/hybrid, or known) for your WLAN(s), in the DataLink Layer, is just "Business as Usual".


Theme styling for plugins

Question: I have a plugin that has it's own CSS for the content generated when you use the associated short codes. I am trying to create a theme to re-style the front end of my site but as this plugin has its own CSS how can i modify it from within my new theme?
Comment: Could you rephrase your question? At least to me it's a bit hard to understand what your goal is and which problems you are facing.
Comment: CSS styles can be overwritten in various ways. Use the plugin's generated classes and style them in your theme with `!important`, but it's not a good practice in mass edit you know. Anyways, it's not a WordPress related question to me, it's rather a CSS related question only.
Comment: As you said its not good to overwrite massive amounts of styling so is it not possible just to change everything else on the page?
Answer: Your two options are to add your own stylesheet to redefine the plugin's styles, or remove the plugin's css file entirely by dequeueing the stylesheet (assuming the plugin has correctly added the stylesheet via the API)
<code>function wpd_my_theme_css() {
    // dequeue plugin css with same handle it is enqueued with
    wp_dequeue_style( 'plugin_css_handle' );
}
// priority must by a higher number than the css is added on
add_action( 'wp_enqueue_scripts', 'wpd_my_theme_css', 9999 );
</code>
You'll have to look at the specific plugin's code for a definitive answer on what's possible here.

Theme styling for plugins


How can I install Ubuntu if my computer doesn't boot from the CD?

Question: I have installed ubuntu alongside windows 7 in a brand new computer and it worked fine for some days. Eventually, Windows showed some problems, but after a safety mode initialization it was working again. Then, Ubuntu cracked and I couldn't use it. After that, I have reinstalled Windows using the recovery CD and now I can't boot from the CD. I put the CD with the Ubuntu image on the drive, turn the computer on, press f12 to choose the drive for the boot, select to boot from the CD and then it automatically starts Windows, ignoring my choice. How can I substitute Windows for Ubuntu?
Comment: The CD you made for Ubuntu installation has failed to be a boot-able one.Did you use this same CD before for installation? It is not Windows to decide from where to boot but BIOS.Try to write another CD by using Image writing software like this http://download.imgburn.com/SetupImgBurn_126.96.36.199.exe
Comment: See [this][1]

  [1]: http://askubuntu.com/questions/129901/how-to-install-ubuntu-12-04-with-pendrive-linux
Answer: Try doing off a Live USB.

Using a USB drive?
Most newer computers can boot from USB. You should see a welcome screen prompting you to choose your language and giving you the option to install Ubuntu or try it from the CD.
If your computer doesn't automatically do so, you might need to press the F12 key to bring up the boot menu, but be careful not to hold it down - that can cause an error message.

From: http://www.ubuntu.com/download/help/install-ubuntu-desktop
Comment: Installing Unetbootin is very easy. You can download the 4MB unetbootin.exe and give it permission to execute as program and then  make a shortcut to it. No further work necessary. Next thing you can do is to install Ubuntu in USB flash drive. You might need to change the BIOS setting to boot from USB.
Comment: Oh, duh, forgot about that.  What about Pen-Drive?
Answer: When you burn the CD you should not be treating the iso file as a file.  If you just copied the file to the CD it is not a bootable CD.  Most CD burners have an option to burn a disk image file.  The disk image is stored in an ISO file.  You have to burn the image to CD, not the iso file.  If you double click on the iso file, it might default to exactly what you need.
Once burned, put the CD into the CD drive.  If the CD has just the ISO file, then you did not burn the image correctly, if there is an assortment of files, then you probably did it right.
When you boot, go into the bios (typically with F8, F12, DEL, or other special key).  In the BIOS you can view the boot order.  You can change the order to give priority to the CD or even the USB.  BUT, when trying to boot, if a choice does not present bootable media, the BIOS will step to the next option.
If you display a boot menu and pick a device that does not have a bootable system, the BIOS will then sequence through the list defined in the BIOS.


In Australia, possibility of transfer from a fixed-term Lecturer to a continuing appointment

Question: Recently I got a position as a 3-year fixed-term lecturer at an Australia university. I wonder if there is any possibility to transfer to permanent position? Or I would have a better chance if I apply to an open continuing position after working there?
Comment: I don't quite agree, I think this is an interesting question. "Is this a valid career progression pathway in Australia?" is worth asking as it isn't in some countries, and I think it can be answered broadly without too much focus on one institution.
Comment: At my university, such positions don't usually lead to a continuing position.  Australia universities tend to have such positions to manage their budget so that they don't have a long term salary commitment.  The more usual case is that the position gets extended; e.g., after three years, the position may be reviewed and extended for one session or one year.  This may continue for a number of sessions/years; basically, you don't have job security.
Comment: I suspect that the answer to this will depend upon the policies of the university in question, so it's likely that this question will be closed. Congratulations on your appointment, though, and welcome to the site.
Comment: Yes, it is too individualized. Ask at your current university what options you might have.
Comment: @GrotesqueSI, unless Australia has applicable laws, the policies of each university may be different. What is common at one, may be impossible at another. If it is _ever_ possible, then it technically is possible, but that won't help the OP unless it is possible at their institution.
Comment: @Buffy fair enough, I suppose I was interested in the larger question, not just this person's individual circumstance.
Answer: Ask your head of school, but probably not.
Usually people switch from fixed-term to continuing within their university by

Attracting a large grant which requires that they be employed by the university.
Applying for an open position at their university.

It is not usually available as part of the promotion process.  I don't know every university in Australia, though.
Answer: Is it possible? Yes. Fixed-term positions can (in general; individual departments may have their own oddities) transition into

Another fixed-term position;
A 'continuing contingent funded' position (i.e. an ongoing job supported by an external funding stream, which might one day run dry, in which case you can be let go);
A 'continuing' position (an ongoing job supported by the University's central funds).

Depending on circumstances various HR hoops may need to be jumped through.
Is it likely? This is going to depend on the specifics of your situation, local politics, and financial considerations. If there was already funding in place for a permanent position, it is unlikely they would 'only' advertise a fixed-term job. However, there may (or may not) be prospects of more money becoming available in the future, e.g. due to retirements. This is something to discuss with the people recruiting you, but remember that  their 'hopes' and 'intentions' may not ultimately count for much. Inevitably, when that money becomes available, there will be competing demands for it.
As @AnonymousPhysicist says, your chances are greatly improved if you are able to obtain leverage: a threat to leave and take $$$ of grant funding with you tends to focus the administration's mind.
Comment: Thanks so much for your comments and suggestions. I guess I just need to work hard and don't worry too much.


Which type of portable electric heater is better?

Question: When one is buying a portable electric heater, there are at least three different types available:

Radiative halogen heaters
Fan heaters
Oil-filled radiators and similar

Images of examples of each are shown at the bottom of the question, in order.
Assuming that any of these has the same electrical input power, and given that they must all eventually be 100% efficient at converting electricity to heat, any advantage or disadvantage must relate to the way that they transfer the heat to the room.
Is one type clearly better? If not, what are the advantages and disadvantages of each?

Comment: In bed, a modern, safety-certified [electric underblanket](http://enwp.org/Electric_blanket) or [hot water bottle](http://enwp.org/Hot_water_bottle) would be more efficient, and might also be safer.
Answer: General principles
The important thing here is to realise what these heaters heat.

Radiative heaters radiate infra-red light which strikes objects and heats them directly, heating the intervening air less.
Fan heaters primarily heat the air in the room by forced convection.
Oil filled radiators, work like ordinary central heating radiators, primarily heating the air in the room by natural convection.

If you are heating a space with ventilation but no heat recovery (you open a door or window regularly, or have a draught) then a fan heater or radiator would be less useful than a radiative heater. Much of the heat you generate will escape with the air which escapes.
If you are in a space where there is little likelihood of hot air escaping, but where the walls are thin and poorly insulated, then a fan heater might be better. While some of the heat from the radiative heater will strike you and heat you directly, the energy which hits the walls will be divided between radiating back into the room and escaping through the wall.
In a well insulated room with little escape of air, there would be negligible differences between the different methods other than perceptual ones.
Safety
It is usually recommended that radiative and fan heaters are not left running when unattended. Even when an oil filled radiator is rated for unattended operation, care should be taken, as with any heating device, that nothing flammable is left close to or in contact with the heater.
Care should also be taken with these heaters when used in a room where people are sleeping. If there is any chance that they could be knocked over, or bedding/clothes could fall on them and pose fire risk, do not use the heater.
Finally, in kitchens and bathrooms, only use appliances rated for use in those rooms. Moisture in the air could cause a heater not rated for those environments to fail, posing an additional fire risk.
Personal experience
From personal experience, I always feel warmer in front of a radiative heater, and they certainly produce less noise pollution than fan heaters, so are more pleasant to be around. Both are more controllable than oil filled radiators, so you get heat out of them sooner after you need it and waste little heat when you no longer need it.
I find infra-red heaters particularly useful in bathrooms. Heaters like the following are (or were) common in UK bathrooms:

The way to use a heater like this is on demand.
I don't normally heat my bathroom, but I turn on my bathroom IR wall heater before I get in the shower so it is up to full heat by the time I get out of the shower. The infra-red heat keeps me nice and warm in those those crucial moments between stopping the hot water flow and towelling off the rapidly cooling water. I then turn off the heater as I leave the bathroom, having wasted little electricity unnecessarily heating it.
I have never understood why people replace IR wall heaters in bathrooms with fan heaters. I find that they can never warm up the air in the bathroom enough during the time you are showering that you don't feel cold during the towelling. I know that IR heaters are seen as old technology, but they work very well, are as 'efficient' as every other electric heater and are far more reliable than fan heaters. I have never had a fan heater last for more than a decade, but the IR heater in my bathroom has been working for over four.
Comment: @SimonWaldman - Probably the best for a steady temperature is an oil filled radiator. A thermostatically controlled fan heater will alternate between be either on or off, say 1 minute on then 5 minutes off. The switching of the radiator heating elements may be similar, but the heat output would be more consistent due to the thermal mass of the oil.
Comment: Thanks - so a fan heater (with a thermostat) is probably going to be better at maintaining a steady temperature in a well-insulated room, but a radiative heater aimed at your body will warm you more quickly. That makes a lot of sense.
Answer: I'll take a slightly different line to Mark Booth's excellent answer.
fan heater: If you've got a lot of still air, and / or if you only want the heater on for short bursts, then the fan heater is probably best, because it will get the warm air circulating in the room, and it will respond quickly to being turned on and off. However, dust can settle on the heating element, and you can't reach it to clean it, so you get the smell of burnt dust.
oil-filled radiator: If you want a slow-to-respond heater that will have a lot of thermal mass, so it will warm up slowly, and cool down slowly, that will give comfort advantages, but if you turn it off when you no longer need the heat, it will continue to radiate for some time, as the oil in it cools down, and that could be a waste of energy. If part of the heater's duty will be to help dry clothes, this radiator might be your best option.
infra-red lamp: If it's for a room where you'll spend a time with a lot of skin exposed, and if you're ok with the air being relatively cold but your skin feeling warm (like being in full sun on a winter's day), then the infra-red heater is the thing.
Comment: I only own one heater, and it is oil filled. Its mission in life is to keep my children's nursery warm while not lighting it on fire. The oil filled radiator is, in my opinion, best to simulate having a different thermostat setting in one room of the house. I keep my house at 65 F in the winter, but the baby's room at 72 F. As an added bonus, my kids can touch it without burning themselves.
Answer: Safety
When it comes to safety (eg for a heater used in a child's bedroom, or someone sleeping), I would never use a fan heater or bar heater because of the fire risk should the device be knocked over, covered, or an item put in front. I'm reasonably comfortable using an oil filled heater or wall-panel heater though, but I wouldn't go without having a smoke alarm in the room that's been tested.
Unfortunately oil heaters are terribly inefficient, as much of the heat rises to the ceiling where it is lost with little benefit.
Also, twice I've had fan heaters fail where the fan stopped working but the heater part continued to operate. If I wasn't there, perhaps they would have caught fire? I would never leave one running unattended.
I find that when I'm working on a computer in a cold house, occasional use of a fan heater pointing under my desk/table seems by far the most efficient. Usually it only needs to be run on half power, and even then only sporadically.
Comment: Making an electric radiator black would make [no difference difference](http://skeptics.stackexchange.com/a/15473/2772). Also, while safety is a concern, a well built fan heater would trip it's [thermal fuse](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_fuse) long before it caught fire, even if its normal [bimetal cutout](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_heater#Safety) has failed.
Comment: @MarkBooth it appears you're correct about black paint not helping, as long as the external surface isn't shiny metal: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_radiation#Surface_effects though it appears it's a common misconception! They got it wrong here too: http://www.thenakedscientists.com/HTML/questions/question/3136/ I've updated my answer.
Comment: I'm also inclined to use insulation rather than heating, preferring a DIY box-bed over heating the whole bedroom, for example. But in a bathroom... my solution was to move to Australia :)
Comment: As for the thermal cutout/fuse, I wouldn't like to rely on it personally!
Comment: My experience has been that thermal cut-outs are often over-sensitive and likely to fail open, rather than not working or failing closed. Anecdata, admittedly.
Answer: The oil heaters at least mine pull a large amount of energy 1200 watts a piece i have 2.. I use 2 halogen heaters now.. heats faster and lowers my energy bill. Also you can warm up super fast by standing in front lol not with oil, and having 2 oil heaters and other electronics on same line throws breakers when the extra 2400 watts kick in together.
Comment: Welcome to Sustainable Living! Your answer provides very little explanation why a halogen heater is prefered over an oil heater. How much (less) energy do the halogen heaters use? And are the heaters comparable when comparing the time it takes to heat up a room?


Assessing a property from a widget in a slide_up_panel Flutter

Question: I have a screen that contains a Slider_up_widget
On the main body I can pass a variable using widget.type.varaible and returns a string
_pageDetails.detailsMainImage(widget.barPage.barBusinessNameMainImage),

On my slide_up_panel I'm trying to do the same but I'm getting an error
  _pageDetails.businessOperating(widget.barPage.barBusinessAddr),

"The getter 'barPage' isn't defined for the type 'PanelWidgetBusiness'."
This is my panel class
class PanelWidgetBusiness extends StatefulWidget {
  final ScrollController controller;
  final PanelController panelController;

  const PanelWidgetBusiness({
    Key? key,
    required this.controller,
    required this.panelController,
  }) : super(key: key);

  @override
  State<PanelWidgetBusiness> createState() => _PanelWidgetBusinessState();
}

class _PanelWidgetBusinessState extends State<PanelWidgetBusiness> {
  final _pageDetails = const BarRestPageWidgets();

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) =>
      ListView(
        padding: EdgeInsets.zero,
        controller: widget.controller,
        children: [
          // _pageDetails.businessOperating(),
          _pageDetails.businessOperating(widget.barPage.barBusinessAddr),
        ],
      );

}

I have tried using
final BarDetails barPage;

which removes the error but then my panelBuilder requires
The named parameter 'barPage' is required, but there's no corresponding argument.
What have I got to put in there to satisfy it.
 panelBuilder: (controller) => PanelWidgetBusiness(
          controller: controller,
          panelController: panelController,
          barPage: null, // ←← What should I put here
        ),

Is it possible to make the barpage not required in the Panel Controller.
I've tried
final BarDetails? barPage;

But then I get the error
The property 'barBusinessAddr' can't be unconditionally accessed because the receiver can be 'null'.
And adding a ! null type can be added.
Any help appreciated.
Answer: You are unable to access widget.barPage.barBusinessAddr in your Stateful Widget because you are not parsing any barPage in the constructor.
If you add final BarDetails barPage; to your PanelWidgetBusiness class then you are not setting the value, you are just defining variable. Because it is non-null type it must be a required argument in your constructor or get a different fixed value during initialization. Setting nothing is not an option in this case.
If BarPage is optional, then you can make it nullable by adding an ?, but you need to be careful. Depending on the logic, your code could look something like this, provided your barPage can be null.
if (widget.barPage != null){
    _pageDetails.businessOperating(widget.barPage!.barBusinessAddr);
}

Comment: Thanks, for the advice, I'll try to find another way to get the variable.
Answer: I'm posting this as the answer as I will surely come back to it again.
On the panelcontroller you are passing parameters to the PanelWidgetBusiness() class.
 panelBuilder: (controller) => PanelWidgetBusiness(
          controller: controller,
          panelController: panelController,
          barPage: null, // ←← What should I put here
        ),

for the barPage you pass the widget.barPage
 panelBuilder: (controller) => PanelWidgetBusiness(
          controller: controller,
          panelController: panelController,
          barPage: widget.barPage // Answer
        ),

Now you can access all of the elements in the barpage model.
Ans can be assessed using
_pageDetails.businessOperating(**widget.barPage.barBusinessAddr**)

widget.barPage.barBusinessAddr is the main part, the rest is a Widget wrapped around it.


Why couldn't newborn animals be offered with their parents?

Question: According to Leviticus 22:28:

Whether it is a cow or ewe, do not kill both her and her young on the
same day.

Why couldn't animals be offered together with their parents on the same day?
Answer: Righteous Animal Treatment of [Leviticus 22:28] is explained by Moshe in Deuteronomy 22 regarding prohibition of exterminating a species.
[Devarim | Deuteronomy 22:6] : "If a bird's nest chances before you on the road, on any tree, or on the ground, and [it contains] fledglings or eggs, if the mother is sitting upon the fledglings or upon the eggs, you shall not take the mother upon the young." (כִּ֣י יִקָּרֵ֣א קַן־צִפּ֣וֹר | לְפָנֶ֡יךָ בַּדֶּ֜רֶךְ בְּכָל־עֵ֣ץ | א֣וֹ עַל־הָאָ֗רֶץ אֶפְרֹחִים֙ א֣וֹ בֵיצִ֔ים וְהָאֵ֤ם רֹבֶ֨צֶת֙ עַל־הָֽאֶפְרֹחִ֔ים א֖וֹ עַל־הַבֵּיצִ֑ים לֹֽא־תִקַּ֥ח הָאֵ֖ם עַל־הַבָּנִֽים)
[Devarim | Deuteronomy 22:7] : "You shall send away the mother, and [then] you may take the young for yourself, in order that it should be good for you, and you should lengthen your days." (שַׁלֵּ֤חַ תְּשַׁלַּח֙ אֶת־הָאֵ֔ם וְאֶת־הַבָּנִ֖ים תִּקַּח־לָ֑ךְ לְמַ֨עַן֙ יִ֣יטַב לָ֔ךְ וְהַֽאֲרַכְתָּ֖ יָמִֽים)

Ramban comments on [Devarim 22:6] stating : "we should not have a cruel heart and be discompassionate, or it may be that Scripture does not permit us to destroy a species altogether, although it permits slaughter [for food] within that group." [https://www.sefaria.org/Deuteronomy.22.6?with=Ramban&lang=bi&aliyot=0]

Why couldn't animals be offered together with their parents on the same day?
The action would be regarded as though you exterminated that entire species.
Comment: Link doesn't work, strangely. Please edit.

Good explanation, though. How do I type out your name in English, btw?
Answer: Ellicott encourages an act of mercy:

Not kill it and her young both in one day.—According to the ancient canons, this prohibition to slaughter the dam and its youngling the same day was not only designed to remind the Israelites of the sacred relations which exist between parent and offspring, but was especially intended to keep up feelings of humanity. Hence the ancient Chaldee version begins this injunction with the words, "My people the children of Israel, as our Father is merciful in heaven, so be ye merciful on earth."

Similarly, Pulpit:

A lesson of charity is added. A young animal and its mother are not to be killed (though reference is specially made to sacrifice, the general word, not the sacrificial term, for slaying is used) on the same day, just as the kid is not to be seethed in its mother's milk (Exodus 23:19; Deuteronomy 14:21), nor the mother bird be taken from the nest with the young (Deuteronomy 22:6). Thus we see that the feelings of the human heart arc not to be rudely shocked by an act of apparent cruelty, even when no harm is thereby done to the object of that act. Mercy is to be taught by forbidding anything which may blunt the sentiment of mercy in the human heart. Leviticus 22:28

Likewise, Benson:

This Maimonides considers as a precaution of humanity, lest the dam should be brought to the altar while she is yet mourning the loss of her young, slain perhaps before her eyes. And, indeed, there is a degree of cruelty in the very idea of imbruing the hand in the blood of both parent and offspring at the same time. Therefore Jonathan, in his paraphrase, considers this as a symbolical precept, to teach the Israelites to be merciful, as their Father in heaven is merciful.

Why couldn't newborn animals be offered with their parents?
To do so would be cruel and against mercy and charity.
Answer: It is possible we may never know the full implications of this prohibition. This seem very much akin to the passage in Deut 14:21, "You shall not boil a young goat in its mother's milk." One reason for this seems to be that it would render the kid unclean.
I agree with the comments made by the Cambridge Bible Commentary on this. This prohibition seems to suggest a natural order of propriety or decency like the laws in Leviticus 22:27-28 which says,

"When an ox or a sheep or a goat is born, it shall remain seven days
with its mother, and from the eighth day on it shall be accepted as a
sacrifice of an offering by fire to the Lord. But whether it is an ox
or a sheep, you shall not kill both it and its young in one day."

However, since this prohibition was directly linked to the offering of first fruits in Exodus 23:19, this may have been a prohibition against a particular pagan practice for the purpose of securing a good harvest for the coming year. According Clarke's Commentary,

"It was a custom of the ancient heathens, when they had gathered in
all their fruits, to take a kid and boil it in the milk of its dam
[mother]; and then, in a magical way, to go about and besprinkle with it all their trees, and fields, gardens, and orchards; thinking by these means to make them fruitful, that they might bring forth more
abundantly in the following year."

If this is true, then the prohibition would certainly make sense because God was the surety of the produce of their harvest, not some pagan ritual. This prohibition would have been a restriction against Israel practicing such things. If this was the intent of the prohibition, then God was not about to share credit for their harvest with other gods, nor would he permit Israel to petition other gods for what the Lord said he would do for them. They were to understand that the Lord was the only causative factor in a successful harvest.


How would the Casimir effect stabilize wormholes?

Question: According to various sources, the Casimir effect could theoretically be used to stabilize a two-way wormhole because it "simulates" the negative energy exotic matter that would normally be required. For this to work, would you literally sandwich a wormhole between two plates? I've heard that it might actually involve positioning charged metal balls in the mouths, but the linked article was behind a paywall.
Comment: Please specify "various sources".
Comment: Wikipedia, Scientific American, the Kavli Institute—basically everything that comes up when you Google "casimir effect wormhole." As far as I can see, they all indicate that it's done with metal plates, but the negative energy density is created _between_ them, and a "traversable" wormhole that requires passengers to be squeezed thinner than 10 nm seems like it would make for a relatively unpleasant trip.
Answer: The Casimir effect is of interest because it is one of the earliest effect that was discovered to violate most energy conditions without any restrictions - it produces negative energies in a static manner. As such, it violates the Null Energy Condition, the Averaged Null Energy Condition and is not constrained all that much by the Quantum Inequalities.
While that is all very good, it also has quite a few drawbacks. The Casimir effect is very small, it requires very close proximity of two conductors, real conductors are not perfect conductors which makes it even less pronounced in real applications, and of course, the most important part, there are two giants sources of energy right next to it, the metal plates themselves. Due to that, if you can indeed form a wormhole from the Casimir effect (just the fact that it violates energy condition does not guarantee that it can), it is likely to be of extremely small size, due to both the very small negative energy and the fact that it has to be far away enough from the plates themselves.
On a more theoretical side, we also don't know if the Casimir effect is actually of negative energy. All that we know is that in QFT, it is of lower energy than the ground state. Experimentally checking if the energy is indeed negative would require testing gravitational effects, since only those actually care about the absolute energy.
Answer: Indeed if the exotic matter is between the plates then you need each wormhole mouth to have its throat between two plates.
The more extreme the negative energy density you need the closer together the plates need to be.
So the wormhole becomes quite small to fit inside. I agree that doesn't sound fun.
Of you managed to make it and separate the mouths then you could at least then put each mouth between its own plates and move the. Away from each other. Of course if the time dilation near each wormhole gets out of sink and they are a distance a way then eventually closed time like curves develop. And some people think that will lead to an instability and an increase in energy density. This might counter the Casmir effect.
So in the end it might be a short lived wormhole.
Answer: We know that a wormhole is made up of energy. When we talk about 'Energy', we actually refer to positive energy. A wormhole connecting two distinct points in spacetime is created by warping the Spacetime 'fabric'. As astrophysicists suggest that a wormhole is unstable and may occur for a very short amount of time, it needs to be stabilized and prevented from closing up.
This can be done by providing the hypothetical negative energy to the walls of the wormhole from the inside(Casimir Effect)..
At present, as we haven't created a wormhole for our size and of course Negative Matter/Energy, the Casimir effect is yet to be proved practically..
This answer may not be completely true..its just from my point of view(i'm just a grade 10 Student).
Answer: I'm a 10th grade student as well. I think the more we apply the -ve energy to the internal surface of a wormhole the more it will stretch out to get bigger in size. By increasing the negative energy meaning logically decreasing the energy. Cause the more the energy goes in the minus form the more will the wormhole grow bigger in size and will also elongate the extent of that wormhole...... Well, this is what I think .
Comment: Welcome to Physics SE. Please note that answers must be well-researched and usually should agree with results presented in conventional textbooks. Personal opinions and hypothetical theories are usually not considered as answers.


Salop (1979) model for labor markets

Question: Can the Salop (1979) model also be applied to labor markets or is there any reason why it should not be?
Comment: Please provide a working link and a complete reference (because links tend to stop working). Also, the paper is from 1979 so a forward search on who has cited this paper in labor economics may provide you the best answer (the best way of showing that it can be applied to labor markets is probably doing it and given the age of the paper most likely someone will have if it was a good idea).
Comment: Edited the link. Forward searching references with 4500 citations is a bit difficult, I searched for it independently though.
Comment: ok, well a search of Journal of Labor Economics on key word Salop 1979 results in this paper: Staiger et. al (2010) 'Is There Monopsony in the Labor Market? Evidence from a Natural Experiment' they say 'our empirical analysis is explicitly motivated by a model of geographic differentiation among firms, similar to Salop (1979)'.
Answer: I have provided one reference where Salop (1979) is applied to labor markets:
Staiger et. al (2010) 'Is There Monopsony in the Labor Market? Evidence from a Natural Experiment' Journal of Labor Economics.
You will find another application in section 3 - on matching - of the article
Puga (2004) Micro-foundations of urban agglomeration economies.
The basic motivation for the application of the Salop 1979 model is in this case the assumption of a skill-space. Labor is heterogeneous and different companies are more productive when hiring labor that matches their needs in skill space.

Salop (1979) model for labor markets


Have metals's "electron sea" electrons effect on x-ray diffraction?

Question: Can it be possible that there is no effect come from the "electron sea" because of there is no net electron flow, or that flow creates a fuzziness in results?
Comment: Whilst this is not my field, I'm pretty sure that metal electron "seas" result in definite structure in x-ray diffraction patterns because the wavefunctions of the delocalized electrons have definite, periodic structure. "Sea" is an often used, but probably misleading word.
Comment: Indeed, as @WetSavannaAnimalakaRodVance says, the sea is electrons in Bloch states that satisfy the requirements of the underlying lattice.
Answer: Electrons in metals are described quantum mechanically by Bloch waves $$\psi(\vec r)=u_{\vec k}(\vec r)\exp{i(\vec k·\vec r)}$$ where $u_{\vec k}(\vec r)=u_{\vec k}(\vec r+\vec R)$, $\vec R$ is a lattice vector, has the periodicity of the crystal lattice. Therefore, the location probability of the electrons and thus their average density is given by $$ \psi^*(\vec r)·\psi(\vec r)=|\psi(\vec r+\vec R)|^2$$ has also the periodicity of the lattice. Thus x-ray scattering from electrons in a metal including from conduction electrons is determined by the lattice structure.


Change Registration Error Message

Question: I would like to change the error message: "Invalid login details" into "This username or email already exists." I am using a plugin called Login Customizer and even if I deactivate it, the same error appears. Reference Picture
Answer: To change the error message, you can try modifying the code in the plugin that generates the error message. You can also try modifying the WordPress core files that handle user authentication, but this is not recommended as it may cause issues with your site and can be overwritten during updates.
You can try modifying the plugin's code by following these steps:

Navigate to the WordPress plugin directory on your server, which is typically located at /wp-content/plugins/.

Locate the Login Customizer plugin folder and open it.

Find the file that contains the code for the error message, which is typically called functions.php or login-customizer.php.

Open the file in a text editor and search for the error message text.

Replace the error message text with the new message you want to use.

Save the file and upload it back to the server, overwriting the existing file.

Test the login form to see if the error message has been updated.

Keep in mind that modifying the plugin's code may cause issues with your site if the plugin is updated or if there are conflicts with other plugins or themes. It is always recommended to backup your site before making any changes to the code.
Comment: Thank you! I have solved it by searching the specific text in a code editor. I found it inside the Really Simple SSL plugin files.

Change Registration Error Message


Is the frequency spectrum dependant on frequency, or on imaginary angular frequency?

Question: The frequency spectrum of a time domain signal x(t) can either be written as X(f) or $X(j\omega)$. But how is the later correct? I mean, the frequency spectrum is clearly dependant on the frequency, not on a $j\omega$ part, is it?
Comment: I don't understand your question. "Can either be written" is from some book or other source.. and I'm getting tired of [repeating](http://dsp.stackexchange.com/questions/37669/are-there-amplitude-and-phase-characteristics-of-harmonic-signal-components#comment72507_37669)|[this](http://dsp.stackexchange.com/questions/36671/#comment70220_36671)|[repeatedly](http://dsp.stackexchange.com/questions/36565/#comment69959_36565), but if you have a formula from somewhere that you've got a question about, **properly cite and give a bit of background.**
Comment: I'd normally not be as persistent about this, but you're dealing with spectra now for quite a while now, and you should by now be very able to write down the Fourier transform of $x(t)$ from the top of your head. Thus, you can probably understand and represent very much more precise where that $j\omega$ is used later on, or where it came from.
Comment: @MarcusMüller Chill out man....
Comment: @CarlosDanger extremely chill here :)
Answer: Basicaly it's just a convention and the Fourier transform is a function of $\omega$ .
The imaginary argument $j\omega$ can be understood in different perspectives.
In one convention, for the class of signals $x(t)$ which are absolutely summable (i.e., stable) , the continuous time Fourier Transform (CTFT) $X(j\omega)$ is considered to be derived from the existing Laplace transform $X(s)$, with $s$ being a complex number, by replacing $s$ with $j\omega$, which amounts to evaluating the Laplace transform on the imaginary axis ( where $s =j\omega$ )  of the complex plane. Hence in this interpretation, the argument $j\omega$ retains the conceptual and mathematical link between the Laplace transform $X(s)$ and the CTFT $X(j\omega)$ where we say $X(j\omega) = X(s)|_{s=j\omega}$
A similar argumentation also holds for the discrete time Fourier transform (DTFT) $X(e^{j\omega})$ as such: For the class of signals $x[n]$ which are absolutely summable (i.e., stable), the discrete time Fourier Transform $X(e^{j\omega})$ is considered to be derived from the existing $Z$-transform $X(z)$, where $z$ is a complex number, by replacing $z$ with $e^{j\omega}$, which amounts to evaluating the $Z$-transform on the unit circle ( where $z = e^{j\omega}$)  of the complex plane. Hence in this interpretation, the argument $e^{j\omega}$ retains the conceptual and mathematical link between the $Z$-Transform $X(z)$ and the DTFT $X(e^{j\omega})$ where we say $X(e^{j\omega}) = X(z)|_{z=e^{j\omega}}$
However, note that, there exist certain very important class of signals (such as the pure sine wave or the impulse response of an ideal Low-Pass filter) which are not absolutely summable (unstable) therefore whose formal Fourier transforms (as obtained by replacing $s$ or $z$ by the corresponding $j\omega$ or $e^{j\omega}$) do not exist. Those Fourier transforms are obtained from another perspective by utilizing the impulse function $\delta(\omega)$ or discontinuities in the frequency domain. In such a case the argument is misleading and there exist no coresponding $X(s)$ or $X(z)$ which you can obtain by replacing $j\omega$ or $e^{j\omega}$ with $s$ or $z$ in the Fourier transform $X(j\omega)$ or $X(e^{j\omega})$, hence in that case it's just a convention.
Answer: Both.  For a strictly real time domain signal, $X(j\omega)$ is conjugate symmetric, and thus X(f) is identical to folding the complex range (with a scale factor of 2 pi thrown in).


Mail Script that moves messages with download links to a folder

Question: I am a music supervisor and I receive lots of emails with links to download new music.  I'd like to sort these into their own folder automatically.  Is there anyway to sort emails that have links to certain websites like box.com or dropbox?  I would sort them by the person that sends them but then I'd miss the personal emails that they send me as well.  Any suggestions of how this could be done?
Answer: I assume you're wanting to use a trigger in mail to triage messages as they come in. You will create a local mailbox named "Music" or whatever, and then set the mailbox property of the message to "Music" if its source data contains any of the trigger URLs. Set up the rule using a script like this:
<code>property urlList : {"box.com", "dropbox.com"}

using terms from application "Mail"
    on perform mail action with messages theSelectedMessages for rule theRule
        repeat with thisMessage in theSelectedMessages
            set theSource to source of thisMessage
            repeat with thisURL in urlList
                if thisURL is in theSource then
                     set mailbox of thisMessage to mailbox "Music"
                    exit repeat
                end if
            end repeat
        end repeat
    end perform mail action with messages
end using terms from
</code>


Routing troubles on secondary FIB/routing table on FreeBSD

Question: I have a need for a secondary routing table on this machine. I've got everything mostly set up, but I'm having an issue getting the default route working on the secondary fib.
In most information I can find about secondary routing tables, a simple eg. setfib 1 route add default 10.0.0.1 (where 10.0.0.1 is the router on the network) is used to set a default route for the secondary fib. In those cases, 10.0.0.1 is an external router on the network, and is a static route. In my case, 10.0.0.1 is the machine where I'm trying to configure this. It is also the router for the entire network. If I add that route, I can't connect to outside sources as the routing table pretty much loops back on itself. For example:
First, a route default route is added (a route to 10.0.0.1/16 is already in place)
# setfib 1 route add default 10.0.0.1
add net default: gateway 10.0.0.1 fib 1

Pinging the router (which is the machine itself on the primary FIB) works fine:
# setfib 1 ping 10.0.0.1
PING 10.0.0.1 (10.0.0.1): 56 data bytes
64 bytes from 10.0.0.1: icmp_seq=0 ttl=64 time=0.043 ms
^C
--- 10.0.0.1 ping statistics ---
1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0.0% packet loss
round-trip min/avg/max/stddev = 0.043/0.043/0.043/0.000 ms

But external sources cannot be reached - "Time to live exceeded":
# setfib 1 ping 18.104.22.168
PING 22.214.171.124 (126.96.36.199): 56 data bytes
36 bytes from this_server.my.domain (10.0.0.1): Time to live exceeded
Vr HL TOS  Len   ID Flg  off TTL Pro  cks      Src      Dst
 4  5  00 0054 24ce   0 0000  01  01 3f00 10.0.0.1  184.108.40.206

^C
--- 22.214.171.124 ping statistics ---
1 packets transmitted, 0 packets received, 100.0% packet loss

A traceroute to the external source reveals the problem:
# setfib 1 traceroute 184.108.40.206
traceroute to 220.127.116.11 (126.96.36.199), 64 hops max, 40 byte packets
 1  this_server (10.0.0.1)  0.043 ms  0.036 ms  0.024 ms
 2  this_server (10.0.0.1)  0.033 ms  0.030 ms  0.028 ms
 3  this_server (10.0.0.1)  0.027 ms  0.031 ms  0.032 ms
    ...snip...
64  this_server (10.0.0.1)  0.132 ms  0.138 ms  0.137 ms

The public interface on this machine is on another physical port. If I manually add the ISP provided gateway which is assigned via DHCP, the fib works - though that's not a long term solution as the gateway can change. I'm aware I may be able to set up some sort of hook to re-assign the gateway automatically when provided with a new one, but I'd rather do this the clean and correct way.
I guess what I'm looking for is how to route traffic on that fib over the other interface, rather than over an IP? Is that even a thing? I honestly don't know enough about routing to really know where I'm meant to be going with this.
Here's an abbreviated version of the routing table on both fibs (some established OpenVPN tunnels and other misc things such as an ipv6 tunnel are omitted):
# netstat -r4
Routing tables

Internet:
Destination        Gateway            Flags     Netif Expire
default            lo0-100.NYCMNY-VFT UGS         em0
10.0.0.0/16        link#1             U           re0

# setfib 1 netstat -r4
Routing tables (fib: 1)

Internet:
Destination        Gateway            Flags     Netif Expire
default            this_server        UGS         re0
10.0.0.0/16        link#1             U           re0

I appreciate any help at all with this!
Answer: Correct, you are adding yourself as the default route and this will not work.  You need to change the gateway to another host on the 10.0.0.0 network that will handle the routing for you.
Change the command route command to:
setfib 1 route add default <router on 10.0.0.0 network>

Then when you do setfib 1 ping 188.8.131.52, it will be forwarded to the router which is then expected to handle forwarding it on.


Retrograding a melody that ends on a whole note

Question: If I was retrograding a melody that ends on a whole note, should I count it as a first beat quarter during reversing it or should I count it as 3 quarter rests + a quarter? I've attached an example score to show you why I am asking this question: The retrograde A maintains the timing between the notes of the original melody and retrograde B is precisely an exact reverse of the melody. I am confused because I am not sure whether the timing between the notes should remain consistent during retrograde or not :/
Comment: Ok, well I see what part of the confusion with your question is: you said your melody ends with a whole note, but there aren't actually any whole notes in your melody. It ends with a quarter note, so a strict retrograde would begin with a quarter note. Where you place it in the meter is entirely up to your compositional desires. (Except for a small misprint in B) Both of your examples are perfectly fine pitch retrogrades, but only B is also a rhythmic retrograde. You could have started B on beat 1, 2 or 3 without changing that.
Comment: What do you mean by 'retrograding'?
Comment: I mean reversing the melody.
Comment: You mean playing the whole melody backwards? In that case, a semibreve stays a semibreve, otherwise you're not doing what you want.
Comment: But it seems weird to me because the time gaps between the notes, when reversed, should change as well. Let me attach an example score to show you what I mean.
Comment: @Tim I have attach an example score to make my problem more clear to you. In actuality if I was to play the melody ^ in reverse, wouldn't I play the note on the fourth measure as in eighth instead of a quarter considering that the note before it is an eighth and hence the gap between the last note and the second last note is half a beat and not a full beat?
Answer: If you are working to someone's set of rules, follow them!   Otherwise, I think you can allow yourself some latitude.  Do whatever works.
You can use imitation, write a strict canon, or anything inbetween.  Likewise with the various transformations.  They can be your servant or your master.   Modifing the length of a first/last note is a VERY small transgression!
Comment: I'm just trying to understand whether a full reversal (from modern day audio recording standards) of an audio is different from traditional concepts of retrograde because an exact retrograde wouldn't actually sound like the reverse of a motif or a subject if you come to think of it and hence I was confused whether a retrograde simply means that which is reversed on paper or that which is supposed to sound like an actual reverse audio of the melody.
Comment: Reverse audio would sound QUITE different!
Comment: Right? Because the attack time of the notes would be entirely different than which a full retrograde would have us notate. So retrograde isn't pure reverse right?
Comment: No.  Retrogade is the notes in reverse order.  Not the audio reversed.   But you knew that really, I think!
Answer: The retrogrades and inversion do not have to follow the same rhythmic values. The shape comes from the interval distances, not the rhythms. When I am composing and making my personal "dictionary" of my melody and the inversion and retrogrades, I don't use note values at all. I just write dots. Then I use whatever I want from there (whole or segments) to write my piece. The inversion and retrogrades are just tools to help you find source material to write your piece, unless you are trying to follow a very specific rule (whether someone else's or your own restrictions for the piece.)
Answer: I think a simpler way to look at this is to retrograde the entire 4 bars, beginning with the 3 rests. It makes it a lot easier to conceptualise, and generally this will work for definitions of "retrograde". If you want to start on a note rather than a rest, you can shift everything over by 3 beats later.


Aruba with Thor, the feature fails with weird issue

Question: Building a CLI app using Thor and Aruba as testing framework.
Posted this issue at the Aruba's issues at github https://github.com/cucumber/aruba/issues/76 but still no comments at all.
So I'm posting it here so that I can get some feedback.
Issue
There are 2 scenarios in the features/login.feature file
The difference between the scenarios is that one uses Then I debug step, other doesn't.
When I run bundle exec cucumber features/, the one without debugger step fails. Aruba cannot catch the output.
But the one with debugger step, halts and when I press c to continue, Aruba can catch the output and it passes.
Banging my head since past 2 days, googled the whole earth, but couldn't find whats the issue is.
I've uploaded the repo at https://github.com/millisami/aruba_thor so that someone can see the issue.
To run the feature, just run bundle exec cucumber features.
Answer: I found the workaround myself.
Thanks to those who read this issue.
Comment: @NeilMiddleton https://github.com/cucumber/aruba/issues/76#issuecomment-1464732 this might help you out


publish multiple projects from VisualStudio

Question: I have a solution with several web applications projects.
How can I publish all of them at once?
In VisualStudio 2010, the solution doesn't have an option to do that.
I found out this:
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms404233.aspx
Note that I do NOT use ClickOnce, I am trying to do the publish to a directory(for now).
Running the macro gives an error:

An exception of type 'System.NotImplementedException' occurred in
  VBAssembly but was not handled in user code
Additional information: Not implemented (Exception from HRESULT:
  0x80004001 (E_NOTIMPL))

I can't understand why it cannot call Save() on the project object, since it is the project.
Thanks!
Andrew
Answer: I ran into the same issue with VS2012. You have to make publish profiles for every project. Maybe this post helps.


Remove vim before installing vim-gnome?

Question: Should I remove vim before installing vim-gnome? It seems redundant to leave vim there, but I'm afraid to remove it. (I'm very new to Ubuntu.)
Comment: @heemayl there's an actual `vim` package - it provides `vim.basic`.
Answer: Should you? No, it doesn't make much of a difference. It's only ~2MB either way, so it's up to you.
Answer: You can have as many flavours of vim installed in you system like vim-basic(provided by default), vim-tiny, vim-gnome etc.
You can then choose which binary to use by giving preference of one over another using update-alternatives. update-alternatives decides which binary to execute depending on your preference when vim is used.
Basically the vim binary (/usr/bin/vim) is a symbolic link to /etc/alternatives/vim, which in turn is a symbolic link to your preferred one (e.g. /usr/bin/vim.tiny or /usr/bin/vim.basic). You can read this to get more idea on this.
So you can install as many flavours of vim you want, you just need to choose the one you want to execute by using the preference.

Remove vim before installing vim-gnome?


[Unity]Avoid boucing when ground move down

Question: I have a sphere & a quad, when the quad move down, the sphere fall after and bounce back continuously. I dont want to change my project setting like bounciness, gravity,mass and I need the sphere to move freely to jump between quad.
How can I do this, thanks
Answer: You can play with the physics material of your sphere (or quad, depends on which one makes more sense) in order to remove the bounciness.
If you want to achieve an effect that would not normally be possible in the real life (as in following a moving platform without inertia) you will need an extra layer that will manage this between the two shapes, working closely with the Unity physics engine.
The physics material documentation is here: http://docs.unity3d.com/Manual/class-PhysicMaterial.html
If you want to get more information on this topic you will need to extend your question with a demo of what is happening (video would work) and some info about the object configurations (what components are you using and so on).
Answer: not sure how your gravity works in unity but in our jump and run we did years ago we checked if the player touched a moving platform and glued him on it unless the player jumps again. you could do this calling the physic system manually until the player touches the platform again or you just add the player in your scene graph to the platform. it was a very simple game though and didn't use any other physical simulation other than falling down.
Comment: I think you get me wrong, Imagine you in an elevator with a ball, if you drop it itll bounce back but then it going to stay still unless your elevator is free falling


How to deal with abusive parents

Question: No matter how much i try my parents eventullay force me to raise voice before them am i sinful? What should i do? I have treid to find out online but they tell honour parents and thst is just not working fine.
Answer: It was related on the authority of Abu Sa'id Sa'd bin Malik bin Sinan al-Khudri, radiyallahu 'anhu, that the Messenger of Allah, sallallahu 'alayhi wasallam, said:
"There should be neither harming nor reciprocating harm."
[A excellent hadith which Ibn Majah, Al-Daraqutni and others related as of sound isnad, but which Malik related in his Muwatta' as of broken isnad, from 'Amr bin Yahya, from his father, from the Prophet, sallallahu 'alayhi wasallam, but dropping (the name of) Abu Sa'id. This hadith has lines of transmission which strengthen one another (so that it may be regarded as of sound isnad).]
That is to say, do not harm and do not allow yourself to be harmed: in this case by being pushed into doing something haram.
So one way to avoid this situation is to leave the home and for example stay with a relative, even temporarily; or make yourself busy so the time your parents have to interact with you is less; or to spend the day outside or at a friend's house. Maybe they will reflect on their behaviour towards you, and you towards them.
Answer: I think you should distance yourself from them and move into your own place. You will notice that this way you would be able to maintain a healthy relationship with them for the sake of Allah. Talk to them over the phone or visit them only for a couple of hours once a week.

How to deal with abusive parents


I missed some research points in some levels, can I replay to get those points?

Question: I'm about halfway through the campaign, and realized that I haven't gotten all of the research points from all of the previous missions. I'd really like to get those points (just for completeness)- can I replay the earlier missions and get these points added to my research in the laboratory?
Answer: Yep! Same goes for the optional goals that reward credits.
Comment: You'll get the difference between what you got the first time through and what you get this time.  If you got one last time, that one will still be available the second time through and you need to collect it in addition to the others to get the full research points available.
Comment: @StrixVaria - Do you still get the research/credits from completing the  second half of the 'optional' missions? Like, completing 'Haven's Fall' after choosing 'Safe Haven'


Is there a way to convert flac files to ape?

Question: I need to convert flac files to ape. Googled for that topic, but seems like ape file is outdated, so no solution was found. Any tools, ideas to resolve the problem?
Comment: In the title you are asking for 'F -> A' , and in the body of the question 'A -> F'? The former sounds less likely, but you may want to clarify your wording
Comment: noticed that too late, tried to cover both directions in the answer, hope it helps anyway
Comment: I have updated question, thanks @AlexStragies
Answer: I never heard of this file format before, so this is all Google / Wikipedia:

Monkey's Audio on Wikipedia
The multi-platform ffmpeg supports decoding Monkey's Audio files since version 0.5. A GStreamer plug-in is also available, but only for the older 0.8.x version. A number of Mac OS X players and rippers support the format as well. It is also available as a port and package on FreeBSD.
While the license text claims to permit using the official Monkey's Audio codec in GPL projects, several Linux distribution maintainers have found the license to be contradictory. It does not permit redistribution or modification, and thus is not considered open-source or free software.

License issues are always a joy...
And indeed this seems to be the case, at least my version of ffmpeg states:
$ ffmpeg -decoders 2> /dev/null | grep -Ei '(flac|monkey)'
 A....D ape                  Monkey's Audio
 AF...D flac                 FLAC (Free Lossless Audio Codec)
$ ffmpeg -encoders 2> /dev/null | grep -Ei '(flac|monkey)'
 A..... flac                 FLAC (Free Lossless Audio Codec)

So ffmpeg has a decoder for APE, but no encoder. So you should be able to convert/decode APE to FLAC, but it won't convert/encode anything to APE. And if it's not in ffmpeg, then there's not much hope...

Monkey's Audio files can be encoded and decoded on any platform which has a J2SE implementation, by the means of the unofficial JMAC library, which is Free software licensed under the GNU LGPL.

So that leaves you with JMAC http://jmac.sourceforge.net (I haven't tried it)
Or downloading the Monkey's Audio for Windows and running that in wine or a Windows VM. It seems the program is still being updated (latest version of June 18, 2019).
But wait, a quick search on GitHub also found this https://github.com/fernandotcl/monkeys-audio - I haven't tried it either.
With any of these you should verify the quality of the results. Good luck!
Comment: Thanks, will check and comment about results.


Web Server Log Analysis Tool

Question: Any suggestions for an accurate Web Log analysis tool to generate reports on the IIS logs? We used WebTrends, but I don't feel it was accurate.
Comment: From another comment, you said that you were analyzing a specific set of URLs.  How did you configure the profile, and what makes you believe that they aren't correct?
Comment: In web analytics, reporting accuracy is affected by a variety of things.  Most commonly: tracking method, filtering, and pageview definitions.

We run our IIS logs through Angelfish, which offers a bunch of config settings for increasing accuracy.
Answer: To analyze weblogs, I don't think you can go wrong with Analog: http://www.analog.cx/
If you are analyzing your own logs, which are often huge files, you will want the fastest analyzer you can find. Analog is fast.
You'll want one that's been around awhile and is still supported. Analog just celebrated its 10'th birthday.
Analog claims to be the most popular logfile analyser in the world.
Multi-languages.
Did I say its free and open source?
As far as accuracy goes, no tool gives perfect results. Javascript fails often in catching hits. Trying to track individual people's paths through a website (i.e. for Analytics purposes) is fraught with problems. And even trying to differentiate hits versus visits and screening out the bots is all more of a black art than a science.
What is best is simply to have a tool that gives decent basic statistics that tell you what you need to know.
I've looked at other tools, such as Deep Log Analyzer: http://www.deep-software.com/, which attempts to do analytics from your weblogs. But speed was a problem. They claim their new version 3.5 - April 2008, which I didn't try, has improved performance. The big advantage of a program like this is the advanced reporting you can do, including custom SQL requests. You have to purchase their professional version ($200) to do most of the analytics and custom queries. If Analog is too simple for you, then try the free version of Deep Log Analyzer.
And you can also try Microsoft's own Log Parser, as was the recommended answer in: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/157677/a-good-iis-log-viewer-for-large-log-files.
But you will need some extra skills to use it.
Comment: Dead link, Dead project.
Answer: SHORT ANSWER:
You are correct to question the results; log analysis is not adequate to report actual traffic.
LONGER ANSWER:
WebTrends is a great tool for what it delivers.  But as a previous administrator of a WebTrends installation, I found that web logs are notoriously bad at capturing metrics of interest.
For instance, if there exists any caching in your web delivery stack (or on the consumers side-- *I'm shaking my fist at YOU, AOL!), then your web logs are instantly non-reflective of your site's actual activity.  This is because log analysis assumes that all user consumption will translate to an HTTP request back to the web server-- and thus having been recorded in the IIS logs.  In the case of a cache, this would not be the case.
In the future if you want more reliable results, you ultimately need to ensure that there exists a way to bust any caching strategy.  The obvious answer is dynamic content.  But if you do not want to rewrite all of your content in such a fashion, just ensure your web traffic analysis uses a dynamic call.
WebTrends actually offers a solution to this problem, called SDC server. This is exactly what Google Analytics offers as well-- it's a javascript call back to the analysis server.
...I could go for days on this.  If you want more specific information, comment back. ;)
EDIT: With WebTrends, specifically, it is quite important to configure session tracking beyond their default IP/userAgent configuration.  If your web server assigns a session cookie, you will find this will increase your reliability; especially for differentiating between users which may sit behind the same NAT.
Comment: Yeah, I want them to move to Google Analytics, but that takes effort for them since they didn't setup the URLs in campaign format helpful for Google. The URLs have been printed and they really only have the logs.
Answer: What are you wanting to analyze from your logs?  There are a bunch of tools out there - free or paid for - that will go through the logs and spit out a great variety of figures.  Some have real meaning, others are best used with a grain of salt.
What none will show you is "How many people are actually reading my wonderful web pages".  Those that attempt to show "distinct site visitors" or any detailed metrics are at best a rough approximation to an indication of a vague trend...
But for what it's worth, we use Analog.
Comment: We were trying to identify certain URLs (promos) that only exist in the logs because they weren't setup as Google URLs for a campaign. Legacy stuff...
Comment: You will probably find Analog good enough for that - you can filter on directories, file names, and a bunch of other stuff.
Comment: @Ken Ray.  Though, he's already using WebTrends-- which can easily filter on the same criteria.  I'm thinking it's more of a methodology issue.
Answer: I have had really good luck with SmarterStats, from SmarterTools.
Answer: There is a logging package for free from MSFT for viewing this information using SQL Reporting Services. Google it.
Comment: http://www.microsoft.com/technet/scriptcenter/tools/logparser/default.mspx

I agree, it's actually quite cool
Answer: doing it with the logs is only a good idea if it's internal - I'd use google analytics for anyhing on teh internets
Comment: Thanks Jen, I agree. We only have access to the logs at this point.
Comment: Be aware that google analytics does not capture data for instances where JavaScript fails (either because of bugs or because it's off)
Answer: I have been using Summary, which is paid for software, for years, and love it.  The cost of updates is getting to me, and paying for an update to just get user agent string updates out of the deal is getting bothersome.  Not that there are not other fixes, I just tend to not need them.
Anyone care to share if they have used Summary compared to analog?
Answer: Look at XpoLog log analysis platform for web application servers and web servers log. it a log management and analysis platform that integrate to web servers logs and create reports, provide search and log viewer and also monitor for problems. XpoLog

Web Server Log Analysis Tool


onblur and onchange not working with input tag

Question: After fighting this issue I discovered that the events onblur and onchange work as designed, but if your page only has ONE
<input type="text" onblur="loadXMLDoc()"> Change Content</input>

The events behave strangely in the different browsers. Trying to debug was wasted time, no errors! The issue was not having someplace for the focus/change to move to! I added
<input type="hidden"></input>

which ended this problem . What was disturbing to me was the fact that I Googled for hours trying to find an answer; I found a lot of people suggesting third party javascript libraries, some suggestions for interval timers and then those that added a checkbox or submit button. The answer was in reading the HTML DOM Event Object:Form Events: onblur - The event occurs when a form element loses focus. If you have no place to go how do you lose focus? RTM.
Comment: Are you asking a question, or making an observation?
Comment: I believe that `loadXMLDoc` is internet-explorer only; could that be the problem?
Answer: <input /> is right syntax not <input></input>
Fiddle