How to change toolbar button order in eclipse 4.2?

Question: With the old version, we just needed to drag and drop to change the positions toolbar's button. But with juno, how do we do this?
Comment: That'll be fixed in 4.2.1 (at least partially) by https://bugs.eclipse.org/bugs/show_bug.cgi?id=340695
Comment: No. That is a different bug. The question is about changing the relative position of the perspective buttons with respect to each other not the ability to drag the toolbar. This still appears to be broken in Kepler.
Answer: I don't believe you can re-order them in Eclipse 4.2.
However, you can choose to hide them:
  - Window -> Customize Perspective -> Tool Bar Visibility
Comment: No worries.  Mark the solution as solved if it's done though :) (+1)
Comment: While, true this does not answer the actual question. I want to reorder the buttons, not hide them. Surely there must be some sort of work around to reorder the buttons manually? Presumably the order is saved persistently in some workspace file?
Answer: This is bug 364046, and has supposedly been fixed but is not yet released.
In the meantime, you can reorder the perspective buttons using the Live Application Model View. I am not sure what you need to install to get this view -- Eclipse e4 Tools perhaps?
I didn't see the view in the Show View dialog but it shows up with Ctrl-3.
Once you get the live application model view up, you need to find the Perspectives Stack,
which I found under Windows->Trimmed Window->Controls->PartSashContainer->Perspectives Stack.
Then you can reorder either by dragging/dropping in the tree view, or by the up/down buttons in the editor. I had to restart Eclipse to see the changes.
Comment: Bug 364046 was apparently fixed in Eclipse version I20140528-2000, back in 2014. In Eclipse RCP 4.7.1.v20170906-1700 _Oxygen_, it is possible to drag and drop entries in the Perspective Switcher.
Answer: until the bug is fixed, i've found that one can:

figure out the order of the perspective items you are interested in
close all perspectives (or at least all that are in the wrong order
re-open in the order preferred.

if switching the last 2, just close the 2nd to last one, then re-open it, and it will be the last one.
if you want to move the first one to the last position, close it, then re-open.
if you want to move the last one to the first position, well ... you'll have to close all the others, then re-open them in the order you want.
this might involve less work than pulling in the "live application model view".  at the very least, it just worked for me after coming to this question in hopes of seeing a real answer to the problem.


What constitutes evidence in philosophy?

Question: I have noticed an apparent confusion when posing and answering questions as to what constitutes evidence in philosophy. Especially in scientifically-related areas, I often cite scientific evidence that I think is relevant. Sometimes, I get the impression that this is not considered necessary or sufficient. So what is philosophical evidence?
Comment: _Philosophical evidence_ is an oxymoron (philosophy is essentially rational, evidence is essentially empirical, the opposite). Although science (empirical/physical knowledge) is considered part of it, philosophy is mostly speculative (rational/metaphysical knowledge). Evidence in philosophy is neither necessary nor possible. Special case: in _academic philosophy_, writings from a known author can be taken as _evidence_, although that is not the precise term.
Comment: What is philosophy? A topic, a method, a mindset? For sure, not a science. Thus, we cannot imagine that evidence and empirical considerations have the same role that they have in science.
Comment: Some philosophers say that modern philosophy is the bit left over after the sciences are removed. I do not accept that philosophy is speculative, and that evidence is irrelevant to it.
Answer: There is no canonical answer to this question, because the question of what constitutes evidence is an open question with multiple metaphysical positions. Evidentialism as an epistemological theory, like many positions in epistemology, depends on one's broader metaphysical commitments. From WP:

Evidentialism is a thesis in epistemology which states that one is justified to believe something if and only if that person has evidence which supports said belief.1 Evidentialism is, therefore, a thesis about which beliefs are justified and which are not.

Thus, there is no one "right" answer to this question, but rather a series of positions. The IEP treats the topic of evidentialism with more rigor, and rightfully makes manifest that there are important differences between scientific views on evidence and those that are salient in a philosophy of religion. From the IEP:

it is worth noting that evidentialism is also a prominent theory in the philosophy of religion. Evidentialism in the philosophy of religion has its own set of controversies, but this entry will not cover them. On evidentialism in the philosophy of religion, see Alvin Plantinga's classic article, "Reason and Belief in God." For a more extended discussion, see Plantinga's Warranted Christian Belief.

So, while your question cannot be answered with a single position, it is possible to narrow the scope of your question by specifying which metaphysical presuppositions apply. Evidence in criminal justice? Evidence in Christian apologetics? Evidence in paranormal research? Chemistry research? And so and such like.
Answer: The short answer: It is the feeling to be familiar with the question at hand and to know the answer by intuition.
Evidence and intuition - as the corresponding capability to recognize matters of fact by a capability which remains unconscious - are related to each other. Evidence is a subjective certainty, and intution is the method to produce without much ado such certainty.
Intuition may be helpful as a heuristic. But it is not suitable to decide a philosophical discussion. A good example is the discussion we had some days ago at this forum concerning evidence-based Christianity. What seems evident to one group of persons may be even negated by another group.
The philosophical method relies on arguments and their assessment.
Comment: I like the intuition thing! I didn't expect it.
Comment: Subjective evidence (intuition) is not evidence in the sense the OP asks (when posing and answering questions).
Answer: I was once a science student taking philosophy courses. I suspect your challenge isn't in understanding what "evidence" is, but in understanding what is going on in philosophy discussions.
In the (undergraduate) science classroom, students are principally occupied with learning some set of facts and relationships. These facts are expected to be supported by evidence, which comes in the form of empirical observation and analysis
Philosophy discussions do not work this way. It might be easier to think of philosophy as an exploration of ideas. Instead, you are focusing on the logic, rigor, and clarity of ideas. Participants expected to understand and dissect arguments. There is no "evidence", only logical argumentation.
As a fellow wayfarer, journeying through the philosopher's world, some parting strategies to enhance your participation:

Arguments should be logical. That is, the conclusions should follow from the argument provided. Look for cases counter-examples where the reasoning doesn't hold.
Arguments should be clearly articulated. Many problems arise when language is unclear, terms are used inconsistently, etc. Question what key terms mean.
Arguments should be explicit. Look for hidden assumptions. Exposing when the author's (or speaker's) argument requires an unstated assumption can advance a conversation by pointing out previously hidden nuances - or weaknesses.
Arguments should be consistent. When a person contradicts themselves, it should raise a red flag. Does their argument clearly support treating those cases as different things, or does it indicate a weakness in their reasoning?
Answer: I think of philosophy as the primordial soup in which other fields of human endeavour are formed. The end goal of a philosophical discipline is to "graduate" to be its own field.
Science, itself, used to be thought of (and called!) "natural philosophy". Logic was once a wholly philosophical discipline, and now it's gone through mathematics and computer science and is now (in part) engineering. We actually build things entirely out of logic!
The answer to your question, therefore, is that it depends. Moreover, a large part of philosophy is trying to answer the question of "what constitutes evidence" or "what constitutes sound methodology" in a specific situation.
Having said that, there are experimental parts to philosophy, and the normal rules of scientific evidence applies. The ur-example is in moral philosophy, where you can run experiments to try to work out if there is a consistent sense of "morality" in some hypothetical model scenario (e.g. trolley problem) across cultures.
Comment: "normal rules of scientific evidence applies": Wrong. The rules of science can't regulate philosophy, mainly science is a subset of philosophy, and for many additional reasons. In principle, science looks for _empirical truth_, which can be objective and can constitute evidence, but the scientific method is unable to rule _metaphysical truth_, since it is subjective and can't constitute evidence (e.g. how would you test and get evidence of Determinism, when it's just a speculation? we can't experience multiple pasts). The scientific method does not apply to metaphysics, the core of philosophy.
Comment: @RodolfoAP Do you disagree with the example I gave in that paragraph?
Answer: When it comes to philosophical conceptual analysis, a common practice is to advance a general/universal definition and then "test" the definition by trying to come up with particular counterexamples. How is an example identified as a counter? If it matches the proposed definition but "intuitively" doesn't match the concept being defined.
But then you will find a debate between those who weigh the intuitions of so-called experts over the intuitions of the philosophical "laity." The latter weighing is the sine qua non of so-called experimental philosophy.
Another strategy is transcendental argument. Roughly (very roughly), this works from the possibility of an evidence type to necessary principles of the type (or that is a way to interpret the practice, anyway).
Quine's naturalized epistemology partly gave birth to another kind of philosophical "evidence," i.e. indispensability arguments. Those are akin to transcendental arguments but in a sense draw more on a posteriori considerations. The classical example concerns a surprising realism about mathematical objects. As the IEP article puts it:

The indispensability argument in the philosophy of mathematics, in its most general form, consists of two premises.  The major premise states that we should believe that mathematical objects exist if we need them in our best scientific theory.  The minor premise claims that we do in fact require mathematical objects in our scientific theory.  The argument concludes that we should believe in the abstract objects of mathematics.

One might view an indispensability argument as based on the theory of ontological commitment:

On its face, the notion of ontological commitment for theories is a simple matter. Theories have truth conditions. These truth conditions tell us how the world must be in order for the theory to be true; they make demands on the world. Sometimes, perhaps always, they demand of the world that certain entities or kinds of entity exist. The ontological commitments of a theory, then, are just the entities or kinds of entity that must exist in order for the theory to be true.

Yet another sphere of philosophically informed theories of evidence is the dialectic of higher-order evidence. To try to bring things full circle: questions of meta-evidence might be taken as questions of epistemology, of the analysis of knowledge, and we can imagine that first-order evidence for theories of second-order evidence would be conceptual analyses of the latter.
Answer: In philosophy, every thought can be evidence, and every evidence can be questioned by thought.
Comment: @RodolfoAP, philosophy is not police investigation.
Comment: [I'm not Rodolofo] But one standard of evidence in philosophy is to quote some big label philosopher.  This approach is particularly valued on this site ... Too much IMHO to distinguish it from the fallacious _Proof by authority_
Comment: Wrong. If so, I can think you've killed 10 people, and you would go to jail, just because "every thought can be evidence".
Comment: +1 I wish short answers had more value out here
Comment: I do no get the objections. Nearly all philosophers, when justifying a conclusion, or try to prove something, they use thought as evidence. Isn't the same with math?
Comment: @RodolfoAP, can you provide me examples of evidence from a philosopher other than thought?


Sampling with a lens

Question: First off, I'm a beginner optics experimenter so bear with me... I'm looking to sample a light source.  I am looking for a lens or prism that allows most of the light to pass through unaffected, while some of it is deflected to another direction, allowing me to monitor the light source without affecting its main path. I've looked into beam dividers and beam samplers, but I don't know enough about optics to know if this is what I need. Does something like this exist? Thanks!
Comment: See https://www.edmundoptics.com/optics/beamsplitters/
Answer: A fancy beam splitter might work for you, but so might a simple piece of glass.  This is all going to depend on your light source, what exactly you mean by "sampling" it, and what exactly you mean by not "affecting its main path".  Are you just monitoring the power?  If so, you can probably get away with any old thin piece of glass placed in the beam at an angle.

Sampling with a lens


Is it ok to tell the OP to accept an upvoted answer?

Question: Is it ok to tell the OP to accept an upvoted answer? I'm asking this because in my two last answers that where upvoted by the OPs I tell them to mark as accepted if the answer worked for them and I would like to know if my attitude was correct. I said that as they do this, their accept rate will be increased.
Comment: It drives me mad when I get told to accept an answer.
Comment: How do you know it was the OP who upvoted your answer?
Comment: @Dennis - Because they said.
Comment: @ThePower: You can be mad with an accept rate of 86% and 4.4k rep, but I think the accepted answer is the way to go for users with 0% accept rate and less than 100 rep.
Comment: http://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/88535/asking-for-someone-to-accept-your-answer
Comment: @assylias - Thank you for the link.
Comment: @ThePower: 86%, really? You don't strike me as a B student ;)
Comment: I for one often upvote answers to my question without accepting any of them.
Answer: The only time I do this is when:
The user explicitly thanks me for the answer, saying that it "worked great".
AND
The user has not previously accepted any answers.
If those conditions are true, then I think politely mentioning that they can "click the checkmark next to the answer to indicate that it was correct" is appropriate.  And remember, if they continue to not accept any answers, they'll end up with the red 0% accept rate, which the community tends to ... frown upon.
Answer: Accepting answers is an entirely optional activity.  Consequently, asking users to accept your answer feels like rep whoring to me.
If the OP has a 0% accept rate, you can link them here: How does accepting an answer work?
Comment: @davidbuzatto It's rep whoring only if you badger them every time to accept _your_ answer only. If it's a new user and they aren't familiar with the system (accept rate won't show up unless they have 4+ Qs older than 2 days with upvoted and unaccepted answers), you could tell them to accept the answer that helped them the most, without referring to yours specifically. You can also let them know that they can always change their acceptance if a later, better answer comes by. More often than not, they're just unaware that they can accept an answer and only need to be educated.
Comment: Accept rate depends on a number of factors; how good your questions are, whether they are conceptual or specific, whether the community was in a good mood that day, etc.  Any accept rate above, say 50% is perfectly acceptable.
Comment: Ok, so I will not ask them to do this anymore. I was just trying to help they understand that it is good to have a good accept rate.
Comment: @RoberHarvey - Ok, now I understood. Thank you for your explanations!
Comment: I whole heatedly disagree with discouraging telling newbies to accept an answer.  Granted it might be a tad bit of rep whoring but in the long run I don't openly waste an hour typing out an answer, testing it for accuracy, and then posting it (along with further edits if I think of something else) just to get a comment of "thanks that works great".  That's one thing I HATE about stack is "answers are optional" when clearly a perfect answer gets no upvotes, no answer points, nada.. This is one thing that Experts-Exchange did right that I wish Stack would fix.  Abandoned questions = **BAD** (-1)
Comment: It's often the case that new users forget that they can accept and/or upvote, and are content writing a heartfelt "Thank you, you saved my life!" comment.
Answer: I try not to badger people about accepting answers, but there's nothing explicit wrong with telling someone to accept an answer. In fact, I believe it's encouraged when a fairly new user is involved. Telling them to "click the checkmark" informs them as to how SE works and makes things better for everyone. If they don't figure it out, someone's going to badger them about their accept rate (unfortunately). Better fix the problem now rather than later.
Comment: The caveat, of course, is to not endlessly nag at someone to accept an answer and to tell them they aren't forced to accept an answer that they feel is incomplete or otherwise inappropriate.
Comment: I think it could make someone feel they are obliged to accept an answer when to their mind, there is no answer that exactly works. If I have answered a good few questions and a person seems happy with the answers, I might mention the faq, but not always.
Comment: I don't really know what "accept rate" is and why someone would worry about it, and I am not going to look it up. I would rather sleep well.
Comment: @SergeyOrshanskiy Fortunately, accept rate is not as visible now as it was a year ago.
Answer: I recommend against it.
It irks me particularly when the question is fairly new. Is there a reason (other than rep whoring) to pressure someone to accept an answer as early as they possibly can? What is wrong with giving other responders the opportunity to provide a better answer? If yours is still the only answer, you're potentially denying them the chance to learn if there are any other/better answers, since questions with accepted answers are largely ignored.
You already got an up-vote, which indicates that the OP found your answer helpful. Let them decide, unpressured, if and when they want to accept your answer as the answer. People have different reasons for not wanting to accept an answer immediately, and I don't think it's our place to try to force their hand.
If you genuinely want to help a user with a low accept rate, I'd say completely detach your guidance from your answer. Find one of their other questions in which you haven't participated, and comment there, pointing them toward the FAQ. This is a much cleaner approach, IMHO - it shows the user what the community expects, it absolves you from any rep-whoring connotations (since in that context it won't look like greedy badgering), and may (indirectly) ultimately get you the accept you were looking for anyway.
Answer: When I see a 'thanks' without an acceptance or up vote, I post this https://stackoverflow.com/help/someone-answers
But I do it when I encounter it regardless of who wrote the answer or who gets the rep.  I think it's helpful.  Sometimes my comment is upvoted, which I take as confirmation that it's helpful.
I also post the same link for snarky comments.  Which, on the other hand, gets very mixed results, as it did here  How do I edit the dynamic data in an ASPX file?
So you always take your chances in these sorts of things...
Comment: Great choice. Effective while still being elegant. I would love to upvote your answer but the thread is closed... Sorry
Answer: I've repeatedly answered questions on various sites and had to remind new and old users that they could accept my question, however...
I try to phrase it as "Is my answer correct, or could I improve it?" or "Hey ##UserName## have you seen my answer?" And I try not to do so when there might be a better answer. This is happened once where I'd provided a better answer and it was taken well.
Not everywhere moves as fast as SO and not everyone has time to keep checking their old answers. Use discretion, but don't 'never' do it.
Comment: I regularly flag comments like these as "too chatty" or even "not constructive", and have not had one declined, to my knowledge.
Comment: @AndrewBarber I guess it depends on the site. Like I said, use discretion. I don't remember a time when I've ever been flagged for this, nor had it turned down.
Comment: @Pureferret: how do you remind them? Do you write it in comments, or is there a way to send a private message?
Comment: @SergeyOrshanskiy Comments.
Answer: I had been reading SO for some time before I started noticing that some answers were marked as accepted. So far I was not able to use it as a guide. Apparently, I don't see much correlation between the fact that an answer is accepted and its usefulness. I end up reading other answers anyway, and quite often there would be a later-posted answer that is actually more useful. So at this point I really don't care about this green check mark.
There is an exception to this rule: when a question asks about some very specific information, the accepted answer is usually correct. Typically such answers get dozens or even hundreds of upvotes, generating a lot of reputation, so it strikes me as greedy to ask to accept an answer on top of that.
On a more philosophical note, many questions don't really have "correct answers", so once again, I would rather discourage this "correct-answer mentality".
Comment: If the question doesn't have a possible clear "correct answer", it doesn't belong on SO.
Answer: I think it's OK.
Other people make effort finding solution for someone's problem, and the OP often takes the solution and doesn't leave any feedback.
In my opinion, OP should be oblidged to make a feedback for each answer with non-negative score. Either accepting one of the answers (stating therefore, it's better than the others) or leave a comment stating that it doesn't solve the problem or solve it only partially or require the clarifications from answerer.
When there's no feedback from the OP, feel free to leave the comment.


Why does congestion happen

Question: Imagine a network full of routers . The job of a router is to be able to receive multiple packets from multiple sources then send the packets 1 at a time in each of its outputs.If the routers are able to do that then why is there congestion at all?
Answer:
The job of a router is to be able to receive multiple packets from
multiple sources then send the packets 1 at a time in each of its
outputs.

No. The job of a router is to route packets between networks.

If the routers are able to do that then why is there congestion at
all?

Suppose you have a WAN router with a 1 Gbps LAN and a 100 Mbps WAN. When routing from the LAN to the WAN, the router can receive up to 10 times as much LAN traffic as it is able send on the WAN. That is congestion, and the router could be forced to drop most packets received on the LAN destined to the WAN.
Comment: But the router only sends 1 packet/output line and it can have many packets in its waiting list.
Comment: The queues are rather limited (depending on the model, only a few hundred packets), and it takes no time to fill them, forcing later incoming packets to be dropped. When packets must be queued, that is congestion. You can configure QOS to do things like give real-time protocols priority, and randomly drop packets in queues to prevent TCP global synchronization.
Comment: So the inner memory of the router can hold limited # of packets and when that memory is full then depending on if the packets have priority classes the router will replace packets of lower priority with higher priority.
Comment: There's congestion if a router receives 1 Gbit/s from each of two interfaces and needs to forward that traffic out of a single 1 Gbit/s interface. Queueing is generally limited and can do only very little and only for short bursts.
Comment: @MissMulan, each interface can have software queues added (the tiny hardware FIFO queue is the default). Different queues can have different priorities, and classified packets can be separated into the different queues, each queue getting to send a number of packets to the hardware FIFO queue per the queue priority. You could also have a priority queue, where it has exclusive use of the hardware FIFO queue when there are any packets in the priority queue. When a queue is full, any incoming packets for that queue are tail-dropped, messing up TCP. QoS is a huge subject that fills books.
Comment: @RonMaupin please explain the concepts simpler.
Comment: @Zac67 so if the data coming into a router/s >data coming out of the same router/s then in steady state response of the network we have traffic congestion in that router while in the transient response of the network we have just queueing?
Comment: @MissMulan, there are many questions about QoS here with answers such as [this answer](https://networkengineering.stackexchange.com/a/39575/8499) and  [this answer](https://networkengineering.stackexchange.com/a/23038/8499). Simply search for questions with the [tag:qos] tag.

Why does congestion happen


Perception (saṃjñā) and discrimination

Question: How do perception and discrimination relate?
I remember thinking (when reading) that they were near synonyms
Answer:
Discernment (wisdom; panna) & consciousness are conjoined, friend, not disjoined. It's not possible, having separated them one from the other, to delineate the difference between them. For what one discerns, that one cognizes. What one cognizes, that one discerns.
Feeling, perception, & consciousness are conjoined, friend, not disjoined. It is not possible, having separated them one from another, to delineate the difference among them. For what one feels, that one perceives. What one perceives, that one cognizes.

Mahavedalla Sutta
Answer: Discriminant is wisdom. You try to see things clearly or as they are, especially uncluttered by perception. (See introduction of Discernment: The Buddha's Strategies for Happiness II)
Perception is your outlook of the world or mind map of the world.
Perception clouds seeing things as they are hence the relationship.
Answer: This question tagged as five-skandas. So the words perception and  discrimination may relate to it.
In pali  (Thipitaka - language) 'five-skandas' are "aggregates" (Pali: khandha; Skt.: skandha) are material "form" (rupa), "feeling" or "sensation" (vedana), "perception" (Saṃjñā), "volitional formations" or "fabrications" (sankhara) and consciousness (viññāṇa).
So the word "discrimination" is meen by (viññāṇa) consciousness.
taking two examples A) seeing Flower, and b) seeing leaf.
The action of separating (recognition) flower and leaf is perception (Saṃjñā).
The action of separating flower and I, leaf and I is discrimination (viññāṇa).
Quote from Maha Thera Nyanatiloka. Manual of Buddhist Terms and Doctrines, Buddhist Publication Society, first edition 1952.

Viññāna: 'consciousness', is one of the 5 groups of existence
  aggregates or clusters;khandha, one of the 4 nutriments āhāra, the 3rd
  link of the dependent origination paticcasamuppāda, the 5th in the
  sixfold division of elements; dhatu.
Viewed as one of the 5 groups; khandha it is inseparably linked with
  the 3 other mental groups feeling, perception and constructions and
  furnishes the bare cognition of the object, while the other 3
  contribute more specific functions. Its ethical and kammic character,
  and its greater or lesser degree of intensity and clarity, are chiefly
  determined by the mental constructions associated with it.

Quote from Andarei

Nothing is solid, everything is made of pieces or depends on
  conditions. This includes "I" which cannot possibly be a
  solid/independent entity. Since "I" is really just a compound
  phenomena, it is not independent and too is subject to conditions.
  What we call "consciousness" is too an interplay of conditions and not
  a substance or entity.

Perception (saṃjñā) and discrimination


When I install applications with snap, i always have to start them as root. How do I fix that?

Question: Additionally to that, I tried to install an application on ubuntu using snap install, which is originally a windows application which used wine in the background.
This application was pretty huge and I realized there, that it got installed in the root directory bcs it filled the complete free disk space of the root partition. How can I change the directory or fix that I have to execute applications installed by snap as root?
Comment: which app are you looking to run?
Comment: @tatsu that was a game  http://ubuntuhandbook.org/index.php/2018/09/install-league-of-legends-ubuntu-snap/
Comment: which one? I can give you a step by step.
Comment: oh I used that snap! it works well for me, but yeah, the constraint is it is home dir-only. sorry you'll have to use Lutris instead. a tiny bit less user-friendly than a simple `sudo apt install ...` but still really straightforward. it's the same exact tech used under the hood anyways
Answer: Ok so snaps, as it turns out, are not all they're cracked up to be.
sure it circumvents dependency issues but as a con, you have to wait for it to start up your transparent emulated environement, so a longer startup time, not a hassle in your case since your snap is for a windows binary anyways so you'd have this extra startup in any event.
the problem, however, is that snaps can apparently not be elsewhere than your home.
I'd wager moving the dirrectory of your app inside the ~/snap dir to another hard drive and running it from there should be doable but, you run into the issue of not even having enough space in Home at download so that's a no-go.
It looks to me as if you'd be better served installing the app in question via a more powerfull method, such as lutris (or steam). which allow download to a specific destination and much more configurability.


Providers of fake DOIs?

Question: How to find and check providers of fake Digital Object Identifier (DOI) numbers? What are the consequences of using fake DOI numbers? How can I know is DOI number actually fake?
Comment: Not sure, but can't you check where a DOI points to on https://www.doi.org/ ?
Comment: @SolarMike https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/130975/are-comments-ephemeral-and-what-should-be-done-with-informative-comments Also, I think it's quite reasonable to assume people know what a DOI is.  We have a tag for it and I use DOIs several times a day.
Comment: Seem to remember putting a comment asking what was meant by DOI - would have appreciated a notification of the edit instead of someone just deleting my comment. But that seems to be how some act. Sad.
Comment: @AnonymousPhysicist sure: Drunk Or Incapable...
Comment: @SolarMike: What a shame!
Comment: It's a side-note, but DOIs commonly contain letters, so calling them numbers seems at best unnecessary. The I=Identifier provides a more suitable noun anyway.
Answer: DOIs are registered and managed by Registration Agencies appointed by the International DOI Foundation. All registered DOI numbers resolve through https://doi.org/ - if it doesn't resolve it's not a DOI. A DOI can be applied to many different things so the fact that content has a DOI doesn't say anything about the quality or validity of the content. There's a blog post about this - https://www.crossref.org/blog/dois-unambiguously-and-persistently-identify-published-trustworthy-citable-online-scholarly-literature-right/
Comment: "All registered DOI numbers resolve through https://doi.org/ - if it doesn't resolve it's not a DOI." In my experience this is not true.  I have obtained a DOI from a journal a few days before it began to resolve.
Comment: @AnonymousPhysicist The journal did not give you a DOI.  It gave you a magic cookie that transformed into a DOI when doi.org started to resolve it.
Comment: @AnonymousPhysicist And yet its meaning changed when it was blessed by doi.org.
Comment: A DOI functions when it's registered so if you get a DOI prior to it being registered it's a DOI that isn't active yet - there's nothing magic or blessed about it. I could give you a URL to a domain name that isn't registered yet and the link wouldn't work until the domain name is registered. However, I could also just make a random string of numbers and letters that look like a domain name or a DOI - e.g. 10.65421/1238djkad - is it a DOI?
Comment: @JeffE It was exactly the same text as the DOI.
Answer: The EU-backed FREYA is currently working on a project called 'common DOI search' to address this issue.
Answer: Attempt to resolve the DOI digitally. If the number doesn't resolve then it doesn't currently identify a digital object adequately.
Do you mean "how do I identify DOIs resolving to objects that are academic garbage, lack peer review or a publisher exhibiting academic standards of review prior to publication?"

Providers of fake DOIs?


Audio hooking or a custom audio driver for audio processing and routing to the default audio device

Question: I have developed a pretty complex audio software for my client with plugins for Winamp, Windows Media player and VST. Now the client is interested in some method to avoid maintaining the multitude of plugins, we have no way to support all the media players out there.
The client does not care for Unix/Mac yet, so I can look only at Windows XP and Vista/7/
Basically, what we need is a way to always reliably intercept as much audio stream protocols as possible (well, except maybe ASIO, that's another story, I guess), then pass this audio through our custom effects engine and then route back to the default audio device, whatever it is.
Now I am thinking, what options do I have (theoretically).
I could use hooks. I need to hook globally older vaweOut and also DirectSound.
But will this still work on Vista/7?
I could use a virtual driver, like the author of the Virtual Audio Cable did:
http://software.muzychenko.net/eng/vac.htm
Seems a pretty daunting task. Anyway, the client will contact the author of VAC to see if he agrees to sell his source code for a reasonable price.
This driver could install itself as a default audio output device, intercept the audio stream from Windows, and pass it back to default device. Hmm, but what about various DirectSound audio buffers, do I have to mix them myself or is there any way I could tell Windows mixer to mix all for me and pass a single mixed audio stream?
It seems, this custom driver will of course kill all the hardware audio acceleration, but we can live with that, if we warn our customers about this issue.
As I understand, the most current Windows driver standard is WDF.
But maybe it does not work for audio on Windows Vista/7?
I know, Vista/7 has a different audio stack from XP.
If I can do it using WDF, what driver should I write - kernel mode or user mode?
Maybe I am missing more elegant and simple options to intercept, process and route audio on Windows?
Answer: Try Virtual Audio Streaming SDK. Also virutal sound card and let you read/process audio data in realtime.
http://www.virtualaudiostreaming.net/sdk-license.html


Are questions by veteran users better received than questions by new users?

Question: This now deleted question (10k only) stated that questions by new users are generally received worse than other questions. It was based on anecdotal (n=1) evidence, but are there some statistics from e.g. SEDE to support this observation or not?
Comment: Jon Skeet just receives upvotes for showing up anywhere. Just my 2¢ :3
Comment: My question scores on stack overflow [are awful](https://stackoverflow.com/users/400654/kevin-b?tab=questions), can confirm!
Comment: Related Blog post: [Stack Overflow Isn't Very Welcoming. It's Time for That to Change](https://stackoverflow.blog/2018/04/26/stack-overflow-isnt-very-welcoming-its-time-for-that-to-change/?cb=1)
Answer: Yes; questions by users which are newly registered (less than one month) are less well received than questions asked by users who have more experience on the site. This could be research by Captain Obvious, but if you dig deeper, there seems to be an interesting trend. According to this SEDE query, the average question score on Stack Overflow decreases when you look at accounts older than a year:

Questions by users with an account of about 4 years are (on average) just as 'good' as questions by 'newbies'. If you 'zoom in' to the first year (with this SEDE query), you see that already after a few weeks, the score is nearly equal to the 2.25 average for the rest of the first year.

It's also interesting to investigate the behaviour on other sites. Mathematics does not observe a decrease after a year. On English Language & Usage there's a small downward trend but not as much as Stack Overflow (the zigzag at the end is caused by the small number of data points). On Meta the trend is upwards.
But all sites exhibit the same behaviour for new (< 1 month old) users, which is not surprising since it takes some time to 'know' the Stack Exchange culture and how to phrase your question. Note that the SEDE query does not include posts which were deleted (often by Roomba) due to their low quality. New users are more likely to post these, but those have already been filtered out.
Actually, upon further investigation, the trend on Stack Overflow seems to be skewed by old, highly upvoted questions. Those were only posted by users which were at that time new. This SEDE query shows that more recent questions follow the same trend as e.g. Meta Stack Exchange:

Another case of Lies, damned lies and statistics?
Comment: @JohnDuffield oh please, there is nothing as much fun on SO as voting down a bad Q/A from a high-rep user, especially if you 'know' them!  Sadly, doesn't happen very often, whereas finding a bad question from a new user just means opening a tag and poking at the screen with your eyes shut.  That' not entertaining at all:(
Comment: @JohnDuffield - **You have absolutely no proof that "high reputation users" have "buddies" who vote on their contributions.**
Comment: Thanks @M.A.R.ಠ_ಠ - something went wrong in refactoring that sentence.
Comment: Interesting trend on the Meta query. Could this suggest newbies have a harder time here than on SO?
Comment: Also, seems that in the case of Answers, it is a different story: for [SO](https://data.stackexchange.com/stackoverflow/query/edit/844840#graph) it is almost the same, while [Mathematics](https://data.stackexchange.com/math/query/edit/844841#graph) and [Meta](https://data.stackexchange.com/meta.stackexchange/query/edit/844842#graph) show some clear trends.
Comment: A controlled experiment could be to post very similarly structured questions from a medium rep participant and a very low rep participant.  These could help us tease out the difference between perceptions affecting voting trends, and the learning curve, i.e. participants' questions improving objectively in quality of questions as the participants gain experience with the site in general and also with writing questions.
Comment: Good stuff Glorfindel. But I think the important issue is that highly-upvoted questions and answers tend to get more upvotes. And the high-rep user is more likely to have buddies who will immediately  upvote his question or answer regardless of its quality. I don't know how stats could show that.
Comment: If anything, it's low-rep users who are most likely to have umm...  'upvoting buddies'.  Has there ever been a case of a skilled,. experienced and respected high-rep user running sock-puppets and/or voting-rings to inflate their rep?
Comment: @MartinJames [yes](https://english.meta.stackexchange.com/q/10927/116151) (that question does not contain all details, though)
Comment: The stats make me wonder if the FAQ and help for new users is ok to start with, as with users with experience in the site methodology get better score. I guess users learn how to write a good question to get result, as SO vs a normal forum is really not the same
Comment: @Ramhound : let's not go into "gaming the system" today. Your comment noted Martin James. Another good one Glorfindel.
Comment: @JohnDuffield - I never once made mention of Martin James  So I am not sure, if you confused me with somebody else, but please keep track of whom directing comments to.
Comment: The shown statistics don't say anything about the quality of questions asked by new users, anyway.
Comment: @Ramhound : I think you misread my comment.


Relation between dual of nuclear space $(\substack{\text{lim} \\ \leftarrow i} H_i)'$ and $\substack{\text{colim} \\ i \rightarrow } H_i$

Question: Let $\substack{\text{lim} \\ \leftarrow i} H_i$ be a nuclear space, considered as the limit of the codirected diagram  $$... \to H_2 \to H_1 \to H_0,$$
with $f_{ji}:H_i \to H_j$ being the trace class operators in the diagram. I'm hoping that $$(\substack{\text{lim} \\ \leftarrow i} H_i)' \cong \substack{\text{colim} \\ i \rightarrow} H_i$$ holds as topological vector spaces, so is this maybe a known relation? Here, the operators in the directed diagram are just the adjoints $f_{ij}^*:H_i \to H_j$.
Maybe there is some literature about the connection between projective and inductive limits of topological vector spaces?
Comment: Did you mean to write the colimit of the _duals_, rather than just the $H_i$ themselves? If so, then this would be correct, because a continuous linear map to a normed TVS (such as the scalars) from a projective limit of Banach spaces factors through some limitand, for nearly definitional, easy reasons. Are $H_i$'s Banach? Hilbert? It would not be good to identify every Hilbert space with its dual.
Comment: Thanks! The $H_i$'s are Hilbert spaces, i wouldn't have thought that it makes a difference to take the colimit of them rather than of their duals, but this is still nice, though!
Comment: so maybe i'm stupid, but why should a functional should factor through a well-defined map $H_i \to k$? I understand that if it is well-defined it must be continuous, but not why it should exist at all (even if the projections are surjective)
Comment: @JochenWengenroth's edit/addition explains why these maps factor through limitands...
Answer: The algebraic equality is clear by the remark of Paul Garrett. There is an issue about the usual locally convex topologies: The dual of $H_\infty=\lim\limits_{\leftarrow i}H_i$ is usually endowed with the so-called strong topology of uniform convergence on bounded sets and the colimit has its colimit (or, as it is usually called, inductive) topology which is the finest locally convex topology making all maps $H_i^* \to H_\infty^*$ continuous. Spaces $H_\infty$ for which these topologies coincide were called distinguished and Grothendieck proved
that e.g. reflexive Frechet spaces are distinguished. For this it would be enough to have a (projective) limit of arbitrary reflexive Banach spaces (neither Hilbert nor trace class connecting maps are needed).
EDIT (concerning the algebraic equality).
That $H_\infty$ is topologically the (projective) limit of the spectrum $(H_i,f_{j,i})$  means that $H_\infty$ has the initial topology with respect to the canonical maps $f_{j,\infty}:H_\infty \to H_j$. The $0$-neighborhood filter in $H_\infty$ therefore has a basis $\lbrace f_{j,\infty}^{-1}(V): V$ $0$-neighborhood in $H_j\rbrace$. A  continuous linear functional is bounded on some $0$-neighborhood and you can then well-define a continuous linear functional  first on the range of $f_{j,\infty}$ and then extend it by Hahn-Banach to $H_j$. In this sense, every $\phi \in H_\infty'$ comes from a continuous linear functional $\phi_j$ on some $H_j$, i.e., $\phi=\phi_j \circ f_{j,\infty}$.


Can't set isdeleted through Heroku Connect

Question: I have a postgres database on my heroku instance tied to various salesforce custom objects. Whenever I write true to the isdeleted field in my table everything is fine. However, after it syncs with salesforce the isdeleted is written back as false. Is there some way to set this field?
Comment: If you're trying to *delete* a record, you need to *delete* the record.
Comment: I was told that wouldn't work and it would just come back when salesforce synced. That was apparently wrong, and this is all I needed to do.
Answer: IsDeleted field is a system field and we cannot update this field.This field is automatically set when the record is  moved to the Recycle Bin (true) or not (false).
You can find more details in below link:
https://developer.salesforce.com/docs/atlas.en-us.api.meta/api/system_fields.htm
You can try to map your field with a custom field and do your operations with that custom field.
Comment: while not the true solution the problem that spawned the question, it is the correct answer to the question. Thanks.


Use external mouse with Limbo

Question: I'm using the Limbo PC Emulator on my Samsung I9305 running rooted stock 4.4.4.
If I plug in an external mouse through USB OTG or (I presume) Bluetooth, there are two cursors on the screen. Limbo's cursor, and the Android cursor. In order to move the Limbo cursor, I have to click and drag with the mouse just as I would have had to using the touch screen.
Is it possible to just have once cursor, that responds directly to the external mouse?
Answer: Yes, later versions add a feature that captures external mouse movement and actions and hides the android mouse.

Use external mouse with Limbo


Polygon Selection in Manual Editing (eCognition)

Question: eCognition software allows manual editing on segments with the options such as"polygon selection, line selection, rectangle selection and cut object manually". In my study, polygon selection option does not work correctly when determining a boundary and just emphasizes the current segment. So, a new edited closed area cannot be created manually but "cut object manually" works correctly. Is there any setting to overcome this problem?
Answer:
there should be a toolbar of manual editing and then you can select a new class then click an object which means you are assigning a new classification on it.


how can i calculate p value of miRNA raw reads counts using R?

Question: working on lung cancer project and need to find out which genes are deferentially expressed and which are not. for that i a have downloaded miRNA data set from GEO id is GSE110907. And the file i got has to variable gene_id and read counts. from that i have to derive p value from that data/file.
Comment: For context, this question was already asked at biostars https://www.biostars.org/p/417111/, with some follow-up comments.
Answer: I would start by re-formulating the question in this post: Your end-goal seems to the differential expression analysis (DEA) of your samples (and you have to have to levels for this like treatment-control, mutant-WT, etc ...). P-values are context-dependent and should be calculated based on your research question/hypothesis.
DEA has been addressed by many researchers and R has a lot of packages to help you with this; DESeq2, edgeR, limma, etc ...
I would go to the Biconductor website, search for one of the three above, and go through their rich vignettes and would come back here for specific questions.


2 breakers connected together

Question: I have two 20 amp breakers connected together with nothing else connected to those breakers. I have not had the electricity turned on but I am wondering why this was a done and what would happen if the electric was turned on and these two Breakers was still connected together?
Comment: Please edit your question are you saying you have a two pole breaker or is one circuit feeding through two different breakers? Maybe a picture would be nice.
Comment: If you mean the wires are connected to each other, they will trip.  If you mean the breakers have [**handle-ties**](https://www.electricalsupplies.com/ProductDetail.asp?InventorySys=981892), those have a very specific purpose and they are required. To understand why requires a relatively deep understanding of this field.
Answer: I am going to presume that you mean the handles of the breakers are tied together.
This is the older method of creating a 2 pole, 240 volt circuit or a multiwire branch circuit.
If nothing is connected to them then nothing will happen when you turn them on.
Comment: It could be several other things.  There are several areas in modern usage where handle-ties are required. Some of them are not easy to explain but still important.  A simple one: if you split a receptacle and feed it from 2 circuits, they must be handle-tied so a repairman is forced to turn them off as a pair. (so he doesn't turn off one circuit and unexpectedly get bit by the other one).

2 breakers connected together


Bypass 500 folder limit in Outlook

Question: In our company we use Outlook 2016. Our service department has got the problem that it comes to the 500 folder limit. We sort our emails by customer/project. So is there a way how to bypass/get around this problem? Some plugins or tweaks I could install?
Comment: Although there are workaround/configuration to extend the limit, it's not recommended to do so, as it may cause performance issue in Outlook. See: https://support.microsoft.com/en-sg/help/2768656/outlook-performance-issues-when-there-are-too-many-items-or-folders-in
Comment: We are currently implementing a new `ERP System` were we won't need outlook for this case anymore. So it's just a temporary solution
Answer: If using Office 365, then according to its Roadmap Outlook has improved
synchronization of folders by removing the 500 folder limit for shared mailboxes.
Otherwise, here are some reported workarounds:

The thread
Method to deal with "too many folders" in Outlook
has this user report:

Simply unchecking 'Cached Mode' and 'Download Shared Folders' then relaunching Outlook did not work. I needed to remove the Profile from the PC entirely [Control Panel-> Mail-> Profiles] and then recreate another Profile. When launching Outlook needed to add the account without selecting 'Cached Mode'.
This has resolved the issue without needing to edit the server registry or allow other Users to have more than 500 folders.

The Microsoft article
Exchange Store Limits
offers the register update of creating in the key
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE \SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\MSExchangeIS\ParametersSystem,
a new value named MaxObjsPerMapiSession, and in it create a
DWORD (32-bit) named objtFolderView that is set to a value higher than 500.
Another option is to grant access to individual folders within the mailbox
instead of to the entire mailbox.
You can grant access to folders with the PowerShell cmdlet of
Add-MailboxFolderPermission.

(Future Outlook updates may disable some of the above workarounds.)

Bypass 500 folder limit in Outlook


How do I make the slab stable?

Question: The tiles/slabs I have outside my house are loose. So when I walk over them and step on the sides, the opposite side lifts up and its very awkward and dangerous. I would like to fix it properly on the ground. Please could any one tell whats the standard practice of fixing this type of issue. I have attached an image to show what i mean
Answer: The first thing that comes to mind is to:

Pick up all of the tiles
Excavate a few inches under where they were
Put some small gravel down and compact
Put some paver sand down and compact
Reinstall the tiles

Another way to go would be to lay a bed of mortar down over some gravel.  That would lock them in really nicely as well.
Answer: Adding onto RQDQ.
Use dirty shale underneath the paver sand as the base - or pick up a couple bags of paver base from a local hardware store. You can use shale dust instead of the sand as well. You can use Polymeric paver sand to lock the pavers in place instead of messing with mortar also.
You simply dump this sand into the spaces between pavers, sweep away excess, and then very lightly mist water over the sand. As soon as the sand gets wet, it hardens and locks the pavers.
You have to re-level them. Your problem is they are not level.

How do I make the slab stable?


If you have $N$ 1ohm resistors, how many distinct equivalent resistances can you create?

Question: If you have $N$ 1ohm resistors, how many distinct equivalent resistances can you create?
Assume that only parallel and series and mixture of them is allowed and no bridging between two parallel connections is allowed.
Comment: What do you mean by "bridging between two parallel connections?"
Comment: @George: my assumption was that you couldn't create a ladder or mesh.
Comment: Oh, that makes sense now.
Comment: This is a combinatorics problem.  Since all your `N` resistors are indistinguishable, you can start w/ all combinations (not permutations) of spanning sets. Really, this is purely a math problem, with a little work at the end to see how many spanning collections produce the same net resistance (if any).
Answer: There are basically two kinds of addition here (ordinary addition and inverse-sum-inverse), representing series and parallel arrangements.
You can represent the thing as a tree with alternating nodes of addition and ISI layers.  The thing resolves pretty much down to a tree with N leaves.
The magic is dealt with here http://oeis.org/A000669 .  It talks about leaves on trees, but the various branch-points represent a set of resistors in series or parallel, depending on the parity of steps between the level and the ground.  Because this presuposes say, a series layer, you have to double the number.


How to change Angular Kendo UI grid page index programmatically?

Question: This question was asked 8 years ago, however the Kendo UI grid has evolved and now supports Angular. The answers for the original question dont work for the Kendo Grid Angular.
I have a kendo grid where I hide the pagination controls if there is less than one page of data.
 template: `<kendo-grid #kendoGrid [kendoGridBinding]="gridView"
                        [pageSize]="pageSize" [pageable]="showPaginator()"

where
showPaginator(): boolean {
        return  this.gridView?.length > this.pageSize;
    }

If there is just one item on the second page and I remove that item, the grid shows the second page with no items but hides the pagination controls.
I would like to either select the first row of the grid, or select the first page of the grid but can't find the api calls to do that.
Answer: In order to select the first page of the grid you will need to use Kendo's grid state in order to change the skip like:
html
[pageSize]="state.take"
[skip]="state.skip"

ts
public removeItem() {
    //remove the item
    this.state.skip = 0;
    //reload items refreshing grid
}

As you can see, I have also changed [pageSize]="state.take" instead of pageSize. You can find more info on take.
Answer: Although the first answer is correct, I wanted to post the full solution for hiding the pagination toolbar when it is not required, as well as moving back a page if the last row on the page is deleted.
Template
     template: `<kendo-grid
                    [kendoGridBinding]="gridView"
                    [pageSize]="pageSize" [pageable]="showPaginator()"
                    [skip]="skip"
                    (pageChange)="pageChange($event)">`

Component

    skip = 0;  // how many rows to skip
    pageSize: number = 20;
    _gridData = []; // original passed data
    gridView: any[]; // store a slice of data if any filter are active

    // Each time the number of rows in the grid data changes
    // move back from last page if empty (eg deleted last item on last page)
    @Input() set gridData(values: any) {
              this._gridData = [...values];
    } else if (values && values.length === 0) {
          this._gridData = [];
    }
    this.gridView = cloneDeep(this._gridData); // set initial view

    while ( (this.gridView.length <= this.skip ) &&
            (this.skip >= this.pageSize)) {
        this.skip = this.skip - this.pageSize;
      }
    }

    while ( (this.gridView.length <= this.skip ) &&
            (this.skip >= this.pageSize)) {
                this.skip = this.skip - this.pageSize;
            }
    }

    public showPaginator(): boolean {
      return  ((!!this.gridView) && (this.gridView.length > this.pageSize));
  }

  // Keep track of the current page.
  public pageChange(event: PageChangeEvent): void {
      this.skip = event.skip;
  }


What flour for crepes should I use?

Question: What type of flour should I use for crepes? What are the differences? I want to cook both sweet and savory, but not American style pancakes, just French thin ones.
Answer: In my experience, whatever wheat flour (aside from super grainy wheat meals) you use with crepes should be fine. The primary difference between bread flour, AP flour, and pastry/cake flour is the amount of protein, which in dough, will drastically affect the elasticity of it. More of the proteins glutenin and gliadin will form more gluten, which makes the dough much chewier. The water and fat content in crepe batters is too high for a whole lot of gluten do develop, so while there might be some very minor differences in texture, anything should work.
Comment: "Too much water for the gluten to develop " - could you explain this, please? And not all batters for thin pancakes contain extra fat.
Comment: @Stephie: For gluten do develop fully, there needs to be a certain concentration of glutenin and gliadin, water, and kneading (or something similar.) Thin pancake batters have enough liquid that the concentration of those proteins is pretty limited, and kneading is near impossible. The balance of protein is pretty sensitive: replacing 15% of your all purpose flour with corn starch will make a pretty significant difference in the amount of gluten that develops. Traditional crepes do have melted butter, and fat also retards the formation of long gluten strands.
Answer: Find a recipe and follow it.
The serious eats recipe uses all purpose flour (which is the default when someone says "flour" in the US), as does Pepin's New Complete Techniques (Crepes Suzettes, p.545) and Essential Pepin. Pepin's application is sweet, Serious Eats' is savory.

What flour for crepes should I use?


U.S. Census data for particular addresses?

Question: Is there a way to get United States Census mapping data for a particular addressees, or are TIGER's blocks and tracts the finest spatial resolution available?
Answer: From their technical documentation, section 4-12-5, they don't have individual addresses, but address ranges:

Address Ranges
The address range feature county-based shapefile contains the geospatial edge geometry and attributes of all
unsuppressed address ranges for a county or county equivalent area.
All the TIGER/Line address range files contain potential address
ranges, not individual addresses.
Potential ranges include the full range of possible structure numbers
even though the actual structures may not exist. The Census Bureau
suppresses single-address address ranges in order to maintain the
confidentiality of the described addresses as specified by Title 13 of
the U.S. Code, and does not currently provide any address ranges for
the Island Areas.

You can find the files for 2023 at the following address: https://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2023/ . The pdf file at the root of the directory gives an explanation of the files included in the subdirectories. You may be interested in particular by the "ADDR", "ADDRFEAT", and "ADDRFN" subdirectories.
The data seems divided in multiple files for various zones (I didn't find a file containing all the data at once, but I may have missed it), so it might require scripting from your part, depending on your use case.
On how to use these files, Section 5-1 and appendix L-5 of the technical documentation will give you technical details. If you need specific advice on how to use the files for your use case, this is a different question that would probably require you to tell how you intend to use these files. In this case, maybe ask a question on https://gis.stackexchange.com/ if you encounter technical difficulties when using these data.
Related: How do I from convert from street level address to block/block group/census track?


Is there any need to roll for surprise when the enemy has no way to detect you?

Question: Supposing my wizard has an owl familiar (120ft darkvision) and spots a band of enemies 120 feet away at night.  If my wizard engages from a distance that they cannot possibly detect her from, is a surprise round guaranteed?
Comment: Which kinds of enemies are these? Do they lack senses that operate out to that distance? (Like hearing, perhaps?)
Comment: Also, how is she "engaging", since familiars can't attack? Or how are you using the owl familiar to engage?
Comment: Oh, by "she", I meant my wizard, not her owl.  I should clarify.
Comment: Fire Bolt has a 120foot range
Comment: *Fire bolt* is not a touch spell....
Answer: The rules on this are very short:

The DM determines who might be surprised. If neither side tries to be stealthy, they automatically notice each other. Otherwise, the DM compares the Dexterity (Stealth) checks of anyone hiding with the passive Wisdom (Perception) score of each creature on the opposing side.

The DM might reasonably decide that the distant owl (or wizard) is too far for any check to be required — there's room for that under the first sentence of the paragraph. But there's no guarantee. Remember too that what is good for you may work in reverse, and that if this is what your DM decides, it's totally reasonable to also sometimes have the party entirely surprised with no chance to not be even with high passive perception.
In a situation where it's just a very small, stealthy creature that is likely to be in the environment anyway, like the owl alone in a forest, I might as a DM forgo a check, but 120 feet isn't really all that far away (especially when you're talking about heroic characters and their elite and perhaps mystical opponents). So, to resolve any doubt, I would probably require the stealth check — which the owl is quite good at, anyway — and apply an appropriate penalty for to the opposing passive perception. Maybe the owl catches a glint of moonlight and a very perceptive observer catches on, or whatever ranged attack the owl is about to make (a spell?) causes something noticeable just in time.
If the wizard sneaks up to cast fire bolt, though, the check seems absolutely warranted. The situation would have to be a lot more in her favor for it to even occur to me to have her automatically succeed.
Answer: The official rule is "DM determines surprise". It is up to the DM whether they require any kind of roll before declaring that any characters could be surprised (as pointed out in other answer, there is not really such a thing as a "surprise round" in 5E, although informally it can be thought of as the first round where some of the characters can be surprised).
It is rare that any strategy is perfect though.
For a start, your character's owl is not guaranteed to spot all foes at the limit of her vision unless the encounters are happening on a featureless plain. 120 feet is close enough that enemies could hear movement, and they would very likely see lights from torches etc, so you'd better all have Darkvision or be well hidden. In addition, outside at night is rarely perfect darkness.
Assuming all that is good and DM has told you that you have noticed the enemy, but they have not noticed you, then you still have an issue. Unless the owl itself is going to deliver the spell then your wizard needs to be able to target the enemy somehow themselves. That will usually mean approaching the enemies and/or preparing an ambush, unless your wizard already happens to be standing with clear line of effect from themselves to the target - i.e. they are standing, in the open, within 120 feet of the enemy, and with nothing between them and the enemy. They will have needed to be in this state whilst the enemy did not notice the wizard at all, and with the wizard likely unable to tell in advance whether they were standing in a good spot.
Stealth or Deception are commonly required in order to set up an ambush. Depending on circumstances (such as amazing recon done by a familiar) might give you Advantage or even persuade the DM that no roll is required. It will come down to individual circumstances though.
A simple scenario where I would as DM grant absolute surprise with roll for your setup: It is a very dark night, or perhaps underground. The wizard is standing guard for a specific location, and not moving, with line of effect to where the enemy is approaching from. The owl is flying more or less directly above the wizard's head to help them take guard, and otherwise there are no good clues to the wizard or their allies' presence. Then I would probably just declare that the approaching enemy all were surprised in the first round due to the large difference in perceptions of PCs versus NPCs. If the night was not very dark, then I would allow even enemies without Darkvision to make an opposed roll versus the Wizard's Stealth or Deception, because normal people can see things 120 feet away on a typical moonlit night. The enemies' rolls would likely be at Disadvantage.
Answer: There is no surprise round in 5e. There is a surprised condition. Initiative is rolled as normal, but the "surprised" creatures cannot move or take actions or bonus actions on their first turn of combat and may not make reactions until after their first turn ends. If they were expecting or preparing for an attack then they wouldn't be surprised, however, the circumstances make that seem unlikely.
Comment: I would be careful describing surprise as a condition since condition is a specific in game term. Surprise is simply a quality that some creatures have at the beginning of combat


Tokenizing Text Held in a Rope Data Structure

Question: I am building a text editor which makes use of a Ragel based tokenizer to support syntax highlighting.  I am considering the use of a rope data structure to support efficient modifications and undo/redo operations.  Is there a standard approach for tokenizing or searching text contained in this type of data structure?  Some characters can cause the tokenizer to consume the rest of the stream.
Comment: While I have heard of ropes before, I have never actually needed to use them directly: this is an interesting question. Are there any constraints on what characters are in each node in the rope? Perhaps each token should be its own node?
Comment: I may be tokenizing at too high a level and have to revisit that area.  Rather than having a single token consume an entire comment or string; it is probably wiser to have a begin and end token for those constructs.  The renderer could then simply render based on state; now, it renders characters with a style based on the token type it belongs to.  I may be able to have a rope that keeps track of whole tokens rather than segments of text.  But, I am still curious about operations like searching efficiently.  Would I have to reconstruct the string for each search?
Answer: I'm familiar with the underlying state-machine approach described in your link --- it's been around for decades. It can tokenise/categorise any stream of text that supports a get-next-character operation.
I'm familiar with ropes in the context of a text editor. The usual purpose (as I know it) is to break the strings into portions that have the same display attributes: colour, font, link, line breaks etc. This works well for both editing and display. The major operations are: insert character; delete character; delete token; cut and paste. Maintaining the rope is not easy.
It's not obvious from your question whether you expect the tokeniser to generate the rope. Is it a rope of tokens, where each token has its own display attributes? I would be troubled that editing and tokenisation could interfere with each other. Things like quotes and comments can reach a long way.
No, I don't there is a standard way of combining these ideas. I suspect the right idea is for the tokeniser to generate/regenerate the rope, immediately for the on-screen portion and in the background for the rest. Edits should affect the rope (only) with a short delay before retokenising. The tokenising needs to be interruptible too.
It feels like a reasonable approach, but I'm sure there are many challenges in making it work well. You might want to read some source code (Eclipse? Netbeans?) to see how others do it.


How does a Hub work when sending broadcast packages?

Question: I know that hubs send broadcast packets, so every packets is received by each node in the broadcast domain. I read that frames that are received but that aren't addressed to a NIC'S MAC address are dropped. But I mean if it is a broadcast packet, it shouldn't be accepted by each node?
Comment: There is a difference between "mindless" repeating (what a hub does) and broadcasting (what a switch does) . To be precise, broadcasting is something that a switch "chooses" to do, while a hub will repeat what it "hears" "mindlessly".
Comment: Hubs have no idea what they are sending. Hubs merely amplify and repeat the signals received to all other hub interfaces.
Comment: Hubs are obsolete since way back. Do you perhaps mean switch?
Comment: Nono, I mean hubs and I refer to this [post](https://networkengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/59040/why-can-a-packet-sniffer-in-an-ethernet-lan-obtain-all-packets-sent-over-the-lan)
Comment: "I know that hubs send broadcast packets, so every packets is received by each node in the broadcast domain. I read that frames that are received but that aren't addressed to a NIC'S MAC address are dropped. " -- true for hubs. Broadcast packets don't really make sense with repeaters (hubs), only for switches.
Comment: But the hub broadcasts packets to all his ports
Comment: So the hub repeats packets to all his ports, but a packet coming out from a hub doesn't have a  FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF mac address so?
Comment: Did any answer help you? If so, you should accept the answer so that the question doesn't keep popping up forever, looking for an answer. Alternatively, you can provide and accept your own answer.
Answer: Hubs are layer 1 devices. As they receive electrical impulses constituting a frame, they forward them out all ports other than the receiving port.
This is regardless of whether the l2 destination is unicast, multicast, or broadcast (ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff).
This may result in an Ethernet collision if multiple hosts transmit traffic to the hub simultaneously.
A host's Ethernet adapter will pass certain received frames up the protocol stack for further processing ( generating a cpu interrupt)

Unicast frames which match its Ethernet unicast address
Multicast frames destined to any l2 multicast address which the host is "listening" to
All broadcast l2 frames

If the l2 frame includes a l3 packet, the host cpu will de-encapsulate and process it.
If the interface is placed in "promiscuous mode" ( by tcpdump for example) it is possible for all received Ethernet frames to be sent up the protocol stack and generate interrupts.
Answer:
I know that hubs send broadcast packets

Hubs don't send anything (by themselves). They forward bits (or symbols) on the wire, regardless of framing and addressing.

so every packets is received by each node in the broadcast domain.

Every frame is forwarded to each hub port and ending up on each node in the broadcast domain, yes. With a repeater hub, the broadcast domain is identical to the collision domain.

I read that frames that are received but that aren't addressed to a NIC'S MAC address are dropped.

By the NIC, yes.

But I mean if it is a broadcast packet, it shouldn't be accepted by each node?

A NIC (not in promiscuous mode) processes frames addressed to its MAC or the broadcast address or a multicast address that it was configured for. All other frames are dropped/ignored.
Early Ethernet relied on the NICs sorting out unwanted frames as the shared wire transmitted each frame to all the nodes on the wire. A repeater hub replicates that behavior in that it copies each bit from the receiving port to all other ports. Only one port can be receiving at any time, anything else received causes a collision. It doesn't make any difference to where that bit's frame is addressed to as a repeater (hub) has no concept of frames and addressing.
Addressing does make a difference with switches that selectively forward unicasts by MAC address. They handle broadcasts similar to how a repeater handles everything: the broadcast is "flooded" out of all ports but the one it was received on.
Comment: Thanks, but for example in a network with 3 computer A,B,C (no-one in promiscuous mode). Supposing arp cache are empty, A pings B, why a sniffer in C can see arp request/reply and ICMP request/reply?
Comment: @Fab996 I assume you're referring to a repeated, single collision domain network? All traffic between A and B is also physically seen by C's NIC - but unless it's broadcast (ARP request) it's dropped there (unicast ARP reply). A sniffer usually activates promiscuous mode, so it's able to capture the unicast traffic as well.
Comment: So a sniffer not in promiscuous mode shouldn't see ARP reply and ICMP request/reply because they are unicast? How can i check with tcpdump, I used this command tcpdump -p -enni , is it right?
Comment: A sniffer not using promiscuous mode won't see alien unicast, e.g. ARP replies from B sent as unicast to A. The `-p` should stop `tcpdump` from using promiscuous mode.
Comment: Ah okay because in the comment above you said "is also physically seen by C's NIC", so I thought that the sniffer sees unicast packets but then they are dropped, but maybe I understood wrong. So unicast traffic is not seen by a sniffer working in a no promiscuous mode?
Comment: When the NIC drops a frame it is physically received but not passed to the driver/OS. As stated before, the NIC drops all frames that carry none of the addresses it is configured with (hardware MAC, broadcast, other MACs, multicast), so C's NIC drops frames sent to B's NIC.
Comment: Thanks, so for example during a MAC flooding the attacker's NIC should be in promiscuous mode in order to sniff packets?
Comment: Generally, yes, MAC flooding attack or not. A sniffer only works for local traffic unless the NIC is in promiscuous mode.


How to alter the default user permisions based on a returned value after login?

Question: I am having some users who have access to a limited modules. Now after a user logs in, i want to alter the permissions of that user based on the uid. I mean i should be able to add or delete some permissions of that user immediately after a user logs in. Immediately after login i wrote a custom code which executes and returns a value whether the user is active or inactive. Then based on the result i should be able to delete some permissions to access some modules of my site if inactive or add if he is active.
Comment: Are they fine grained per-user?  Seems like more of a job for user roles to be honest.
Comment: Yes, they are. Working on it but not able to solve.
Answer: user_role_grant_permissions can help you. Or you are using modules which grant permissions based on users not on roles? If yes, look into code of module which control permissions per user to find proper function
Comment: Are you using user roles, if so you can achieve this by changing roles of user dynamically based on your conditions.
Comment: I am using drupal 6 and the function you suggested is for drupal 7 and more. By the way I'm not using any modules which grant permissions based on users.


Poincaré plane and Logistic Map

Question: How can we draw Poincaré plane and phase portrait for the Logistic Map for different parameter values?
Answer: For dynamical systems in general, you typically simulate the dynamics in a computer - for instance, numerically integrating differential equations, or iterating a map - and then you can analyze your data. The tools mentioned in the question are primarily used for visualizing the solutions:

a phase portrait is usually the plot of one or more trajectories in the system's phase space (which is its state space, i.e., a space where each point denotes a different system state);
a Poincaré plot is (for 1-D systems) a plot of, e.g., $x_{n+1}$ against $x_n$, i.e., for a trajectory $x_0, x_1, x_2, x_3, ...$ the Poincaré plot will be 2-D with points $(x_0,x_1), (x_1,x_2), (x_2,x_3), ...$;
don't mix up the Poincaré plot with the similarly named Poincaré map, which displays trajectories at a lower dimensionality than that of the system, by means of a section of its phase space (for details see answers 1 and 2, Wikipedia, ...). As for logistic map, it's 1-D, so it has a 0-D Poincaré section/map - not that useful for visualization purposes.

How can we draw Poincare plane and phase portrait to Logistic Map for different parameter values?

choose the value of the parameter $r$;
choose an initial condition for the state variable $x$: that's $x_{n=0}$;
obtain $x_0$'s trajectory by iterating $x_{n+1}=rx_n(1-x_n)$.

Now, with this trajectory in hands, you can obtain plots (by hand or software) such as the Poincaré plot for $r=4$ displayed in the Logistic Map's Wikipedia entry:

For a different parameter value, you'd obtain a different plot. A 3-D plot with axes $r$, $x_{n+1}$, and $x_n$ would also be a possibility.
The logistical phase portrait is simply a segment of line, $x_n \in [0,1]$. It can show which parts of it are more densely populated by trajectories, and a 2-D plot of $\{x_n\}$ as a function of the parameter $r$ is known as a bifurcation diagram. Again from Wikipedia:

Also worth of mention, for 1-D maps at least, is the cobweb plot, which is essentially a graphical representation of the iteration process that is very useful for gaining an intuition about the process. Wikipedia examples use precisely the logistic map:

Poincaré plane and Logistic Map


What is the best way to know Apple Remote Control battery status?

Question: Is there any way to know the Apple Remote Control battery status from my Mac OS X?
Answer: There is no indicator in OS X unless you are using an Apple TV.
http://support.apple.com/kb/HT1722?viewlocale=en_US
Apple wants you to take a digital picture of the remote and see if you can see an IR light pulse from it to check if the battery is dead.
Answer: If the battery is getting low, OS 10.5 & 10.6 will flash a picture of the remote, with the battery compartment open to indicate that the battery is low.
This, of course, requires that the remote be able to send a IR signal, so if the remote battery is dead, you'll never see this warning...
See http://support.apple.com/kb/HT1306
Here's a similar picture, but it's not the same picture...


2 Layer PCB Copper Pour on the bottom layer

Question: I am an amateur PCB designer. Trying to design my first PCB. It's a two layer board with ESP8266 module. I have read lot about ground plane and copper pour at the bottom layer. I have tried to use all those knowledge while designing this PCB. Can someone please tell me if I made any BIG mistake here? Here is an image of the bottom layer..
Comment: What is connected to the relays? Mains voltage requires a minimum trace distance and your ground layer would make the design totally unsafe.
Comment: I'd consider flipping the Hi-Link Module, put AC on the edge of the board, and DC pins closer to the middle. Also check if the creepage distance/gaps are large enough for your voltage and PCB finish (mask or no mask, etc). Also, maybe some more margin around the antenna, since apparently you can afford it..
Comment: Hi @WesleyLee Ohh sorry, that was an old gerber, I have already flipped it :) Let me change it.. I can also remove some copper beneath the atenna, no problem.. Beside these do you see any other major issue?
Comment: OMG, I totoally forgot AC on the relays.. Let me remove the copper there.. Thank you for reminding me..
Answer: Just a side-note, which I guess you already are familiar with: Take care for stray islands of copper (these are copper that are floating, not connected to GND or on any other signal). These islands can cause the signal to bounce on them, increasing cross talk issues.
Comment: @ChristianidisVasileios - Hi, Thanks for trying to help. However your edit to that answer is too much of a change to be an edit - one reviewer spotted that. Edits are meant for small clarifications, typos, grammar fixes, layout changes etc. - *not* significant additions of your own. To put it another way: An edit "must not put significantly different words into someone else's mouth", since the answer has *their* name on it. Therefore, please write your own answer, if you want to keep your words. This answer (very short as it is) will soon be reverted back to its original state. Thanks!
Comment: Why is this downvoted ? It is a valid hint, though maybe not that relevant for a low frequency project. But leaving isolated plane patches in place also has almost no benefits, so it is a bad practise that should be avoided generally.
Comment: It was downvoted before the edit. Now, its better/fine


In Attack of the Clones why didn't the Jedi simply disable Count Dooku's ship in order to prevent his escape?

Question: Towards the end of Star Wars: Attack of the Clones, three Jedi try to keep Count Dooku from fleeing Geonosis. They battle him with lightsabers, but they don't think to simply slash his ship with their weapons and stop him from going anywhere. Why not?
Comment: Because then there would be no epic battle with lightsabers.
Comment: Because they're schmucks
Comment: Seems like he could've found another ship.  The real question is why didn't they wreck his ship AND attack him.  We see Yoda lift an X-Wing in ESB, seems like he could've pushed Dooku's ship off the landing pad or something.
Answer: Anakin blew it by being too impulsive. As per usual, Anakin took the fight personal, and for him the obvious and only way to stop Dooku was to take the man down, not do damage to a piece of hardware. And once Anakin engaged, Obi Wan did not have a lot of options (Dooku would not have stood by while Obi Wan demolished the ship).
No idea what was up with Yoda. In the end he preferred to force-catch a humungous pillar that Dooku dropped on the other two in mid-air, instead of pulling two comparatively small bodies aside, and then he did not drop it on the ship, but on the other side. Jedi are repeatedly blamed with arrogance, and maybe there is some truth to it and Yoda just did not take the fight seriously enough.
Answer: Simply put, Dooku was too powerful an enemy to be in the same room with, while trying to accomplish other goals than defending yourself.

The order of events is pretty straightforward. Anakin runs headlong into combat and Obi-Wan follows him in. Anakin gets nerfed almost immediately.

Like a charging reek, the young Jedi came on, his green lightsaber
ready to cut Dooku in half. The Count looked at him out of the corner
of his eye, smiling as if truly amused.
Star Wars: Attack of the Clones - Official Novelisation

Obi-Wan is left to fight Dooku alone, against an enemy with vastly superior combat skill with the lightsaber, and the ability to use Force Lightning on him if he drops his defensive posture for even a moment.

Obi-Wan stepped slowly at first, then came on in a sudden rush, his blue blade coming in hard, right to left.
But with only a slight movement, the red blade stabbed under the blue, then lifted up, and Obi-Wan's blade went flying harmlessly high of the mark. With a slight reversal of his wrist, Dooku stabbed straight ahead, and Obi-Wan had to throw himself backward. He brought his lightsaber across as he did, trying to parry, but Dooku had already retracted his blade by then and had settled back into perfect defensive posture.

Anakin turns up again and suffers much the same fate. There was (theoretically) a small opening for him to cripple the ship while Dooku was distracted by killing Obi-Wan, but this is obviously not the ideal time to do so. Note also that there are other vessels in the same hangar, so trashing Dooku's sail-ship wouldn't have actually prevented his escape.

Hardly pausing, Anakin burst through, lightsaber in hand, entering a huge hangar, with cranes and control panels, tug-ships and workbenches.

Yoda turns up and the same scene plays out. Yoda defends against a well-matched enemy, then finally gets distracted because he doesn't want to let Anakin and Obi-Wan die. Dooku makes good his escape. As with the earlier duels, never was there time to go and smash up his ship without leaving an opening for Force-lightning or a quick stab.

Yoda grabbed the crane and held it fast, but in doing so, he had to release Dooku. The Count wasted no time, sprinting away, leaping up the ramp to his sail ship.


Would a YouTuber fall in trouble for recording a walkthough of a Game that uses music licensed under CC BY 3.0?

Question: I'm basically developing a Game with a background music licensed under the CC BY 3.0 along with couple of other music/sound effects.
Now suppose a YouTuber/Gamer in future decides to publish a walk-through video of the game, will he get in trouble for not attributing the Music creator in his/her video if someone reports it?
Answer: This is entirely up to the person who owns the copyright on the music (which is nearly always the same person who you are required to attribute). If this person decides to make an issue of it, then they can ask YouTube to take down the video. You have no say in this process.
In most cases, someone who has licensed their work under such a permissive license is more likely to just contact the video creator and ask for attribution in the description (which is a standard form of attribution on YouTube). However, there have been reports of copyright trolls uploading material under permissive licenses, and then finding and suing people who make small mistakes in attribution. Cory Doctorow has written about this problem at length.
You should be aware of the differences between versions. Under CC 3.0 licenses, any breach automatically terminates the license:

This License and the rights granted hereunder will terminate automatically upon any breach by You of the terms of this License. Individuals or entities who have received Adaptations or Collections from You under this License, however, will not have their licenses terminated provided such individuals or entities remain in full compliance with those licenses. Sections 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, and 8 will survive any termination of this License.

Under CC 4.0 licenses, the license restores itself automatically if the breach is cured within 30 days of being notified:

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.
b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or
upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.

There is no such restoration term in 3.0, so in theory, once you violate a 3.0 license, you have to ask the copyright holder to give you a new license, and they can refuse. In either case, the copyright holder has the right to sue over the violation if they are so inclined, but in the case of 4.0, they can only sue over the past breach, and cannot prohibit ongoing use once the breach is cured.
Comment: @Smit you can upvote things now. https://opensource.stackexchange.com/help/privileges
Comment: So it seems that using "cc by 3.0" licensed music in games is quite risky and dangerous. I mean It might be appropriate to use them in animated films, but not in games. Makes a lot of sense now. Thanks a lot for the answer. Much appreciated.
Comment: I'd like to upvote your answer, but it looks like I need to earn a few more reputations to do so. Thanks.
Comment: @chicks Yeah, I've already done that. Thanks :)


Share a List Template globally

Question: I know I can create a list template and share it at the site collection level (from the gallery). But is it possible to share a list template across all site collections in a tenant? Similar to what the App Catalog does with add-ins?
Comment: you may want to see if a content type hub would work in your scenario. That will work globally, but it's not a list template, but there are many similarities.
Comment: Yes I guess that would work, but the user would have to create an empty list then attach the content type which is a little more work and understanding on their part
Answer: Maybe try to use a migration tool like Metalogix or Sharegate to deploy the template across the site collection. It's not exactly a solution, more of a workaround, but it should do the trick.
Answer: After you save a list as template, it will be saved in List Template Gallery.
You can download the template from the List Template Gallery, then upload it to other site collection's List Template Gallery, then you can create the list from other site collections.
Comment: Yep that's true but requires manually deploying it to every site collection

Share a List Template globally


Downloading issue with safari

Question: While downloading any file from safari on Macbook Air, If downloading is paused due to any reason like internet access lost..etc, I am imposed to restart the downloading process rather than resuming.
is there any solution?
Comment: what is your Safari version, MBA, and OSX
Comment: Safari version 12.0(14606.1.36.1.9)
Answer: It is sometimes possible to resume downloads in Safari. Click the download icon in the toolbar, and check the color of the "↻" icon. If the icon is gray, just click it to resume the download. However, if the icon is orange, do not click it, as Safari will delete the partially downloaded data and restart the download from scratch.
When Safari cannot resume a download, it is usually possible to resume it with curl instead. I do this so often, I actually made an Automator workflow to expedite the process.
https://github.com/Wowfunhappy/Automator-Quick-Actions/blob/master/Resume%20Download.workflow.zip?raw=true

Extract the zip file
Double click the .workflow and install it.

The next time a Safari download fails in the middle:

Go to the recent download list in Safari. If applicable, click the "x" to fully cancel the download, and then click the magnifying glass to reveal it in Finder. DO NOT click the orange retry ("↻") button; doing so will delete all partially downloaded data.
In Finder, right click on the partially downloaded file and select either Resume Download or Services → Resume Download.
Wait for the percentage in the terminal window to reach 100%. Note that this percentage does not include the part of the file that was downloaded previously, so it will always start at 0. If the download fails again, resume it again by focusing on the terminal window, hitting the up arrow key, and then the enter key.

Not all downloads can be resumed this way—some servers make it technically impossible—but in my experience it usually works.
Answer: Hifsa, it is always best to indicate what versions of macOS you have and also what specific model of Mac you have when asking a question here. It is often necessary to have that information to provide a (potential) solution. Both are available under the Apple Menu by selecting "About this Mac."
That said if a download does not complete you can click on the download icon in the Safari Toolbar and get a list of recent downloads. If the download failed for whatever reason there will be a light gray circular icon to the right of the file name that you can click on to resume the download.
It will depend on why the download failed as to whether or not the download will resume or start over. I have seen both behaviors on Macs in a variety of macOS versions with little or no understanding of why some you can pick up where you left off and some require you to start over from scratch.

Downloading issue with safari


How to implement IWindowsFormsEditorService in C# ? a.k.a Simulating In-Place Editing in Windows Forms

Question: I would like to implement a custom Windows-Forms based control similar to the Visual Studio property grid. For this, albeit much simpler. I would ideally like to replicate the behavior of the IWindowsFormsEditorService interface, that is used to trigger in-place editing in the property grid by calling client-specified UITypeEditor implementations.
As a simpler exemple, I only need to implement editing a value via a simulated ComboBox (or dropdown list) in a cell. The way Visual Studio does it does involve a real ComboBox control. Rather, Visual Studio displays a little dropdown button on the right of the cell which, when pressed, triggers the display and operations of a simple ListBox control, positioned in such a way as to simulate the ComboBox being dropped down.
I understand that for this to happen, I somehow need to implement my own modal message loop when editing is taking place. However, I have some trouble understanding how and where to put this message loop. I also have issues with the dropdown list expanding past the boundaries of my custom control.
I'm very proficient in COM and C++ but I would like to implement a pure C#-based solution for this.
What would be a good way to implement a simple simulated CombBox In-Place editing in a custom grid-like control?
Answer: You should make a separate form for the modal editing experience (containing a list box), then show it by calling ShowDialog().
The ShowDialog() method will the modal message loop.
Since it's a separate form, you won't have any issues with the size of the parent control.


Is there a documented Kabbalistic idea behind the 80/20 who stayed/and left Bavel and Mitzrayim?

Question: According to Chazal we have this 80/20 phenomenon in Bavel and Mitzrayim, or in other words, only 1 in 5 came out. What is the reason for this ratio in Kabbalistic reasons and it seems to be repeating yet again?
Comment: Where does the ratio repeat?
Comment: The holy name has 4 letters + Kutzo Shel Yod. There are 4 exiles + Egypt, that's beyond the 4 others. For starters...
Answer: --Snip from--
Who is in Charge?
HaRav Boruch Medan
"There is a tradition in the name of the Chazon Ish that before Moshiach comes, four-fifths of the Jewish people will perish, and only a fifth will survive (based on "the Bnei Yisroel went up armed [chamushim -- can also be read as "one fifth" -- see Rashi] out of the land of Egypt"). Tzaddikim will have the merit of being amongst this fifth. A tzaddik is someone who strives to serve Hashem properly, who knows how to grow in Torah, and understands that there is nothing as important as Torah.
Chazal have assured us that during the ikvesa demeshicha every person who deals in Torah and chesed will be saved ["Rabbi Elazar was asked by his students: what will
a man do to be spared from the pains of the arrival of
the Mashiach? Let him occupy himself with the Torah
and let him perform acts of kindness" (Talmud
Sanhedrin 98a) ]. We must wake up from our slumber! We have to learn Torah and run to do chesed!"
Regarding a Kabbalistic reason, From vague memories (I can't remember the sources)
a. Those 80% would have to reincarnate--they weren't refined enough to tolerate geula at that time..not enough emuna, etc.
b. I've seen various sources the majority of Jews, especially in this generation are from the erev rav (usually 2/3rds are cited--I asked a mekubal if the numbers are "that bad" and he said "yes, they're that bad.")
Comment: Thank you...enjoyed your answer.


Proper UX to combine dropdown and segmented control?

Question: Is it good UX to combine dropdown and segmented control?
Something like this:
Answer: There is a good article on Medium written about the use of segmented controls including this nicely presented flow chart / decision tree that you might want to reference and understand so you can apply it to your own project.

The other point I'll make (which was touched on in the article) is about how creating a new component or pattern can have an influence on the rest of your user interface design or design system, so you should also think about the bigger picture.
So to answer your question, I think whether you should combine the dropdown with the segmented control depends on whether you think that they should be separate actions and also if this is something that is a one-off use case or a design that you want to take forward and apply elsewhere.
Answer: Theoretically, and on other context as shown on your picture - its not wrong to use it. But in your case user might misunderstand corelation between two elements (user might think that selecting dropdown will or somehow affects the segmented control, as they are close).
For the sake of consistency you could just replace segmented control with another dropdown. You will achieve consistency, and one click / tap more for user is not so problematic.
Answer: I understand that segmented controllers switch between different data sets.  I don't speak spanish but it appears that you may using the segmented controller to sort the same data by lowest price and closest gas station. You may want to use a dropdown labeled "Sort By" to present the same data set in a different order.


When does the PE file format IAT function addresses get set

Question: I google'd a bit and read http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Executable but i can't seem to find when the Import adress table addresses are written. Does it happen on compilation? Or when the executable is ran?
Answer: The whole point of the IAT is to allow a PE image to be loaded at an arbitrary location in the address space at run time. Since the base address is not known until run time, the IAT cannot be populated at compile time. This means that the addresses are set when the PE image is loaded into memory at run time.
Matt Pietrek's MSJ columns about the PE format are excellent references.
Answer: It happens during runtime.  Read this.