Search across multiple sharepoint sites from one location

Question: We are using SharePoint 2013 and have multiple sites, libraries, and collections across the company.  A lot of these sites reside on different servers across the network and geographically.  There has been a request from the higher ups to see if there was is a way to have one location to search across all the sites.  I have been looking around, and I think that the "Search Center Site" may be the solution, but I don't know.  Is this the correct feature in SharePoint to use to collect all the documents into one location for a search?  If this isn't, is this possible to do in SharePoint 2013?  If there is a way can someone just point me to the resources so I can read up on it and provide an answer if this is possible or not and what will be needed to do a central search across all SharePoint collections.
Comment: Is this one SharePoint farm or are there multiple SharePoint farms? Means is there only one Central Administration managing all sites or are there multiple Central Administrations to manage all of your SharePoint services and sites?
Answer: You say you have sites on different "servers" do you actually mean separate SharePoint Farms? If so this is very easy to achieve. Select the SharePoint Farm and Search Service Application that you wish to be our "global" search application. On that farm configure the content sources with start addresses for the web applications in all the other farms, web applications, etc. On that farm create an Enterprise Search Center site and then configure it how you like to serve results from all of your locations.


By the end of Babylon 5, which races achieved "First One"-like status?

Question: We know at the end of Babylon 5 humanity has achieved First One like status, but what about the other races? I think I heard somewhere that the Minbari also achieved First One like status while all the other races are still around but just stagnated.
Comment: @Edlothiad I assumed he meant became energy beings like Vorlons, which was implied that humans achieved at the end of the series.
Comment: How do you define "First Ones-like status"? The Babylon 5 wiki seems to define the "First Ones" as those that were around before the younger races, Humans and the Minbari would therefore never reach that status.
Comment: I said First One "like" status because by a million AD humanity has reached to the point that they are beings of pure energy that can shift back to their human form. They also have encounter suits much like the Vorlons which implies that humanity has stuck around to guide the younger races of that generation.
Comment: Oh, is that what "the dawn of the third age" was about? (I never saw the last season.)
Answer: Humans became like the First Ones as shown in "The Deconstruction of Falling Stars". As JMS answers, quoted in the JMS Speaks section of the Lurker's Guide page for "The Deconstruction of Falling Stars":

[Q:] What about the other races?
[JMS:] The Minbari eventually make it; the Narn and Centauri do not. They don't die out, they just don't hit a state of First One-ishness, which is darn close to immortality (barring violence).

No other comments on any of the other races we've seen.


What is the difference between "poverty" and "poorness"?

Question: What are the subtle differences in meaning and usage between poverty and poorness?
Comment: Can we have the context where you want to insert one or the other?
Comment: _Poorness_ would be used in metaphorical sense of _poor_, as in talking about poor grades. You wouldn't say **the poverty of your grades*.
Comment: "Poverty" is a condition that, while it has graduations, ultimately either is or isn't.  A millionaire would never be considered to be in (financial) poverty.  "Poorness" is a relative term, in that a millionaire might be unable to buy that second Lear Jet due to his poorness (though it's certainly stretching things to phrase it that way).  And there's the simple matter that "poorness" is a relatively rare word.
Comment: 'Poorness' is a word? What does a dictionary say about the two? Which is to say, 'poorness' is rare.
Comment: @HotLicks Your distinction seems to be the correct answer. Why don't you post it as an answer so it can be accepted or at least voted on?
Answer: I'll tell you one big difference: the frequency :-)
At Google Books:
"poverty is"
About 938,000 results
"poorness is"
About 815 results
"Poorness" is quite rare, by comparison.
Also, that "poverty" is used only in financial contexts is not true. Better dictionaries show:

pov·er·ty noun
1 a :  lack or relative lack of money or material possessions :
  privation, want
transition from a life of almost the greatest pomp and circumstance …
  to one just, but only just, above the line of genteel poverty —
  Geoffrey Gorer>
in poverty, morality and even a touch of happiness was possible,
  never in destitution — R. A. Schermerhorn>
had roamed the picturesque poor quarters … but this ugly, barren
  poverty on the Spanish land was his first view of some men's helpless
  fate — Janet Flanner>
b :  renunciation as a member of a religious order of the right as an
  individual to own, to receive by inheritance or gift, or to dispose of
  property
2 a :  meagerness of supply :  scarcity, dearth
biographer … is necessarily embarrassed by the poverty of personal
  information preserved — John Loftis>
the cold thin atmosphere of his
  work was due … to a poverty of ideas and sensuous imagery — V. L.
  Parrington>
b :  poorness in kind or quality :  inferiority
cannot hide poverty of form under an opulent mask of orchestral color
  — Hunter Mead>
c :  lack of desirable elements or attributes :  deficiency
the … poverty of North and Northeastern Africa in river-producing
  power — Samuel Haughton>
suffered … from a certain poverty in our English critical vocabulary
  — Irving Babbitt>
3 a :  debility due to malnutrition :  feebleness, emaciation
produce insufficient fodder … and one or two ranches suffered quite
  heavy losses from poverty — Report: Northern Rhodesia Veterinary
  Department>
b :  lack of fertility
poverty of the soil>
Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary
Answer: Poverty is the word for the concept of "poorness." There is nothing that grammatically prevents "poorness" from being used. "Poorness" is technically correct, but inelegant. Inelegance is something of a flexible concept, but it includes words like "cactuses," "angryness," etc. A creative writer might use poorness in place of poverty to make the reader involuntarily think twice about it, but it isn't a word normally encountered.
Caveat: this is true when talking about "poor" as it relates to scarcity. When used to describe low quality (i.e. poor test scores), "poverty" no longer applies. -Credit for pointing this out: Janus Bahs Jacquet.
Comment: That's not true. There are some senses (2b and 2c in the definitions quoted in Marius' answer) where _poorness_ is more common and idiomatic than _poverty_, and where _poverty_ might appear very odd or indeed mean something else: "the poverty of these examples" refers to scarcity; "the poorness of these examples" refers to quality; and similarly with "the poverty/poorness of the food", except there, _poverty_ just generally sounds bizarre, even if referring to scarcity.
Comment: Hey that's true! When "poor" is used to indicate bad quality, "poverty" no longer works. I'm gonna put that in. Thanks :)
Comment: ...However, if talking about the scarcity of the food, you wouldn't say "poorness" either. You would, in fact, say "scarcity." "Poverty" is used when the subject is the owner of the food, not the food itself.
Answer: Poverty : One meaning :

The state of having little or no money and few or no material possessions.

Poorness : 4 meanings :

The state of having little or no money and few or no material possessions
Less than adequate
The quality of being meagre
The quality of being poorly made or maintained

Summary Of Difference : Poverty is used in financial contexts, while Poorness is used in wider contexts.
Comment: Nah, you can say stuff like "moral poverty." It's quite common.
Comment: Your conclusion is incorrect, however. "Poorness" isn't used in *wider* contexts, it's used in *different* contexts. As for the word "moral," it would be no less necessary if someone were to use "poorness" instead of "poverty." Although, again, "poverty" is the proper term there.
Comment: @MishaRosnach , the word "moral" Deliberately moves "poverty" away from financial contexts. Now consider "the poverty of his students is a reason for their ragged clothes" & "the poorness of his students is an indication of his bad teaching skills". Without any Deliberate words, the Default context is set.
Comment: Yah I agree, poverty is not useful when talking about lack of quality. I actually just edited my own answer to include that. "Moral poorness" still doesn't work, though; nor does "poorness" imply moral poverty. The term "moral poverty" is both correct and common.
Comment: @MishaRosnach , I have no arguments over the correctness (& commonness) of "moral poverty" , but I point out that the word "moral" Deliberately takes it out of financial contexts. In my answer , I mention "poverty" having 1 meaning , with "poorness" having 4 meanings.
Answer: Poverty is French/Latin pauvreté from Latin paupertas/tatis. Poor and poorness is the English development from French pauvre, adj, and Latin pauper, pauperis, adj. So both nouns belong to the same word family and basically mean the same. Poorness can be used figuratively as in the poorness of his style (speaking of a writer).
Etymonline's article on poor, adj, is very interesting.
http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=poor&searchmode=none
Answer: To me, "poorness" relates to a current state of affairs under which a person has low or no income, which may be by choice (such as farming or a business which produces limited income, or choosing to live off of limited savings for a period as a break, such as backpacking through Europe), or a temporary status such as between jobs or while a college student, whereas "poverty" relates to a prolonged, non-voluntary condition from which one cannot easily extract him/herself or be easily extracted.
Comment: Welcome to ELU.SE. This site strives to provide objective answers. As it stands your answer is purely subjective and could be improved by adding [references](http://meta.english.stackexchange.com/a/59/77227). Take the [tour] or have a look at the [help] to find out more about good answers.


When describing a person without siblings, should I say "the -" or "an only child"?

Question: I understand the phrase "only child" means the only person born from or adopted by a set of parents in a family, or a person with no siblings.  I often hear the term used as "an only child," which does not appear to be grammatically correct, but does appear to be the correct usage of the term.  I have sometimes used "the only child" instead.  Which phrase is correct?  Is "the only child" incorrect?
Comment: Why was this downvoted?
Comment: I didn't downvote it, but I did find myself upvoting all 4 answers because they're all perfectly good. Maybe somebody thought a question so easily answered isn't a particularly good question. Though I've no idea what that implies for whether it's easily established from standard online resources.
Answer: X is "the only child" of his parents, and "an only child" along with Y and Z.  Similarly, I am "the" elder child of my parents and "an" elder (and eldest) child along with bunches of other people.
One refers to the specific situation; the other refers to the classification.
Edited to add:
Consider the following examples:
"The":

Census interviewer: Do your parents have any other children besides you?
  Teenager: No, I'm the only child.

"An":

Bob: I'm an only child.
  Sue: You too?  Did you also experience (...)?

Now what happens if Bob says "the" instead of "an"?

Bob: I'm the only child.
  Sue: Gee, I thought you were an adult.
  Bill: There are several children in this room.

Bob can correct this problem with the somewhat cumbersome phrase:

Bob: I'm the only child of my parents.
Comment: +1 for correctly drawing the distinction in your first sentence. I think you'd get more up-votes if you explained your reasons in a little more detail.
Comment: I think your vote tally speaks for itself. ^_^
Answer: Although at first glance "an only child" sounds ungrammatical, in fact "only child" is a noun in and of itself. From the Cambridge online dictionary:

only child, noun
  (plural only children)
Definition: a child who has no sisters or brothers

As for using "the only child", I don't see why it would be considered incorrect. In a different context, one might say "the only jar on the shelf". Your version of the phrase is grammatical, but the compound noun above is the one people may be expecting in that given context.
Answer: An only child refers specifically to a person who has never had any brothers or sisters. The only child is more general; it refers to the sole child belonging to a particular group or satisfying particular criteria, which must be specified.
Consider:
John is an only child. He is the only child of James and Susan.
Mike is the only child in the room right now. That does not necessarily mean he is an only child.
Comment: I think you mean "the only child" is more specific, not more general, as it refers to a specific family.
Answer: "An only child" implies that the person is the only child of their parents. The use of the indefinite article identifies the person as belonging to the subclass of children who have no siblings.
"The only child" also generally implies "of my parents", but it requires a qualifier, and is thus context-dependent. You could also be "the only child" in a group consisting almost exclusively of adults, or in a dystopian future someone could be "the only child", period; that is, the only person of young age in existence on the planet.
Comment: If you say "I'm the only child", by itself, you have pretty much established the context, as there are very few contexts that would make sense. I did say the term is context-dependent, requiring a qualifier, but in absence of a more fitting context "of my parents" is generally assumed. Nobody in their right mind would hear that and think you were the only person of minor age on the entire planet, which is what it would mean literally.
Comment: @KeithS: "I'm the only child", by itself with no other context, suggests to me that the speaker is a child, and is unique in that regard. It's impossible to know if the speaker has siblings, since they may not be present, or may be grown-ups, etc, whereas "I'm an only child" can only mean "I have no siblings".
Comment: I disagree that "The only child" implies "of my parents", unless the discussion has already set the context. Otherwise it implies to me that we are talking about an actual child, of which there is only one (in the room, etc) and not "a person with no siblings".
Comment: In the absence of more context, I'd assume by default that the context is the general area. If a kid came up to me and said "I'm the only child", I'd most likely look around for a playmate than consider the implications of not having siblings
Answer: I think what we are missing here is that we have refused to realize both words. An is indefinite while the is definite.
But using it with a child simply means we both know HE or SHE is the only child. If you say an only child, you have generalise the term to mean that you are an only child AMONG many other similar issue in other families. It just means GENERAL..
But the only child on the other hand is specific and definite. If i try to pick point someone among many, i can say THAT'S THE ONLY CHILD OF THE FAMILY..  it won't be okay then to say THAT IS AN ONLY CHILD OF THE FAMILY as i am trying to identify someone in a way.


Intuition for how the cumulative probability distribution can be derived from probability density function?

Question: If we have a probability density function, we can integrate it and now we have a cumulative probability distribution function. Can you help my intuition on why this works?
Comment: You're already familiar with interpreting the CDF as the area under the distribution's PDF ("bell curve" in the normal case), yes?
Comment: Yes. An answer expanding from that idea with visual examples would be nice.
Comment: are you familiar with measure theory at all? The clearest way to understand why integrating a density gives a probability is through that lens, but it won't be very meaningful if it's all new to you
Comment: Not familiar with measure theory.
Comment: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_theorem_of_calculus
Answer: Loosely speaking...
Integration can be loosely thought as an analog to summation. Imagine that you had a discrete random variable following the categorical distribution, with $\Pr(X = x_i) = p_i$ for $i = 1,\dots,n$ and $\sum_i p_i = 1$. In such case $\Pr(X\le1) = p_1$, what is pretty obvious, and $\Pr(X\le2) = p_1 +p_2$, in more general terms
$$
\Pr(X \le k) = \sum_{j=1}^k p_j
$$
so
$$
F(k) = \sum_{j=1}^k f(j)
$$
Now recall that in continuous random variables we have infinitely many $x$'s, so $\Pr(X=x) = 0$ and because of that we use probability density functions, that tell us about "probabilities per foot". Imagine that $X$ is a continuous random variable. Imagine that you bin the values of $X$ in the $[x_i, x_i+\Delta x]$ bins, now given the axioms of probability it follows that probabilities of all the intervals need to sum to unity
$$
\sum_i \Pr([x_i, x_i+\Delta x]) = 1
$$
this can be re-refined in terms of probability densities (probabilities per unit), as described by Kruschke (2015), as
$$
\sum_i  \frac{\Pr([x_i, x_i+\Delta x])}{\Delta x} \Delta x = 1
$$
now as $\Delta x \to 0$ this becomes an integral
$$
\int f(x) \, d x = 1
$$
So in continuous case we use integration to "sum" the probability densities up to a given value
$$
\Pr(X \le x) = F(x) = \int_{-\infty}^x f(t) \, dt
$$
To learn more you could check the Wikipedia page on integrals, Khan academy videos on Riemann approximation of integrals and chapter 4 of the book by Kruschke

Kruschke, J.K. (2015). Doing Bayesian Data Analysis: A Tutorial with
  R, JAGS, and Stan. Elsevier.

since all of them pay pretty much attention to providing an intuitive explanation of integration.
Comment: [Here](http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/15294) is a nice discussion on math.SE about integration.
Answer: Maybe a visual example would help with intuition, as an adjunct to the mathematical discussion in @Tim's answer. The example below uses R code. We create two empirical probability density distributions by simulating random draws from normal distributions, then plot both the probability density functions (in black) and cumulative probability density functions (in red).
The red lines show, at any given point along the x-axis, the cumulative probability density (that is, the integral of the probability density) from negative infinity to the current x-value. This is the numerical integration equivalent of $\Pr(X \le x) = \int_{-\infty}^x f(t) \, dt$ from @Tim's answer.
The red curve rises as we go from left to right because we continue to add (i.e., integrate) more of the density. The slope of the red curve is steepest where the black curve is highest, because that's where each increment along the x-axis adds the most additional area under the curve.
In the right-hand graph, note that in between the first and second "humps", the red curve's y-value is about 0.33. That's because we have 1,500 total draws from the two normal distributions, and 500 of them (i.e., one-third of the total) are from the normal with mean=10 and standard deviation=0.6. Thus, after integrating the area under the first hump, we've added up one-third of the total probability density under the black curve (i.e., one-third of the area under the curve).
When we've reached the right edge of the plot, we've added up (i.e., integrated) all of the area under the black probability density curve, which is why the red curve rises to a value of 1.0 at the right edge of each plot.
<code>par(mfrow=c(1,2))

# Standard normal distribution
set.seed(5)
dens = density(rnorm(1000,0,1))

plot(dens$x, dens$y, type="l", ylim=c(0,1), main="Normal Distribution", ylab="Density")
lines(dens$x, cumsum(dens$y)*diff(dens$x)[1], col="red")

# Combination of two normal densities with mean 10 and 15 and standard deviation
#  0.6 and 0.3, respectively; 500 draws from the first and 1,000 draws from the second
set.seed(5)
dens = density(c(rnorm(500,10,0.6), rnorm(1000,15,0.3)))

plot(dens$x, dens$y, type="l", ylim=c(0,1), main="Two normals combined", ylab="")
lines(dens$x, cumsum(dens$y)*diff(dens$x)[1], col="red")
</code>


Magento 2: Observer or Plugin for Mass Update Product Attribute

Question: I have a custom attribute that I need to observe after the mass update product has been finished, this custom attribute is related to a category in another custom table, so if this custom attribute value changed I need to assign a new category id to the product. My question is what observer or plugin is suitable for this kind of action? i also need to get the previous attribute value and the new attribute value
Answer: You can use catalog_product_attribute_update_before event for this.

In file <code>/vendor/magento/module-catalog/Model/Product/Action.php</code> this
event has been dispatched before updating the products.


How to get the most out of my Fey Step teleporting

Question: As an eladrin from Mtof, I have access to the fey step ability. I have already decided to take at least a couple levels of rogue. Assuming I can multi-class my character, is there any way to get the range of that teleport up? If not, is there a way to improve its "once per short rest" status?
Answer: Get a familiar
I cannot help you with increasing the range or the frequency, but I can help you none-the-less. I think you are not looking in the right place to massively increase the power of Fey Step.

Fey Step. As a bonus action, you can magically teleport
up to 30 feet to an unoccupied space you can see. Once you use this trait, you can't do so again until you finish a short or long rest.

(Emphasis mine). The limitation to see where you are teleporting to is much more severe than wether you have a 30 or 60 foot range. Imagine you could see through walls, doors etc. Then your Fey Step would suddenly grant you access to barred fortresses, locked up treasure vaults, secret rooms -- you get the idea. Well, you can, if you get a familiar with the Find Familiar spell, either from taking one level of wizard, or from taking the Magic Initiate feat. Apart from all the other advantages a familiar brings (such as helping you on your perception checks for advantage, help your attacks in owl form for advantage and Sneak Attack, scouting ahead for you, etc. pp.) it comes with this feature:

As an action, you can temporarily dismiss your familiar. (...)  As an action while it is temporarily dismissed, you can cause it to reappear in any unoccupied space within 30 feet of you.

Note it does not say anything about you being able to see the space where it appears. This is not casting a spell either, so you need no line of effect. You can just have it pop back into the world behind that wall or door in front of you. Then:

While your familiar is within 100 feet of you, you can communicate with it telepathically. Additionally, as an action, you can see through your familiar's eyes and hear what it hears until the start of your next turn

You look through your familiars eyes as an action, seeing the area on the other side of the wall or door. Then you Fey Step there as a bonus action.
Effectively you get most of the power of Dimension Door, a level four spell. (Let me add that I, like many others here find this is a very cheesy use of the familiar, and would support a DM ruling it can only re-appear in a space that can be seen. So you might want to check with your DM if he is OK with this strategy, before implementing. This is always advisable to avoid problems.)
Comment: Note that familiars can't attack (except Warlock Pact of the Chain familiars). They can still be an ally adjacent to a target, so they still do function to provide a sneak attack partner, though.
Comment: @SeriousBri: ha, I do not allow this either in my home game and indeed have house ruled that you only can summon the familiar to a spot you can see. But my DM who likes to play RAW allows it. Also note that calling the familiar is worded as "you can cause it to reappear in any unoccupied space within 30 feet of you.". If it is solid rock, it is not an "unoccupied space" and you cannot make it appear. Another abuse of this poorly worded spell that we used is using this for checking for secret rooms: we just try to make it reappear. If it's solid rock it wont, if not we found a secret room.
Comment: That's certainly an interesting interpretation from JC. He seems to imply that retargeting *hex* and *hunter's mark*, damage within 10 feet from *wall of fire*, and even the 30 foot explosion from *holy weapon* can all affect creatures through walls. I disagree with an interpretation that causes so many absurd situations. I hope they clarify the casting/targeting rules in the upcoming revision of 5e.
Comment: This relies on a DM letting you summon your familiar on the far side of a wall in a spot you can't see. You make argument that it is raw, but I certainly wouldn't allow it, and I very much doubt it is intended, and one misstep such as the far side of the wall actually being rock would likely see the familiar die (due to the oft found rules for appearing in a solid surface). This smacks of cheese.
Comment: @RedOrca: funny thing is we came to the conclusion this is possible based on an [answer here](https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/65485/can-the-find-familiar-spell-resummon-the-familiar-behind-a-barrier). Took me a little to dig it up. Accepted and 11 upvotes
Comment: May or may not be worth mentioning that Ring of Spell Storing can give you a familiar. We have questions about it, but I'm not searching them up because I have work.
Comment: The [Targets](https://www.dndbeyond.com/sources/basic-rules/spellcasting#Targets) section doesn't seem to be limited to when you cast a spell. It's under the Casting a Spell header, but so is Saving Throws, which clearly applies even after a spell is cast.
Comment: It also has an answer supporting your view with even more upvotes, but that dates from 2015, the accepted answer and interview are from 2019, i.e. additional evidence from JC (even if unofficial) to how it is supposed to work
Comment: You may want to check out this question [On using find familiar to resummon behind a barrier](https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/65485/can-the-find-familiar-spell-resummon-the-familiar-behind-a-barrier).
Comment: @RedOrca, yeah it would also get rid of the "using the famililiar as a probing sonar" behaviour you can do if you can summon them to a spot you cannot see. Let's hope that 5.5 fixes this. I'd find it best if there was no popping in/out at all, and if it was more costly or took longer to resummon them. Its way to good as it currently is.
Answer: Possible improvement with variant Eladrin race
A variant of the Eladrin race was released in Mordenkainen Presents: Monsters of the Multiverse†. Along with some other minor changes, the MPMM Eladrin's version of Fey Step reads (emphasis mine):

As a bonus action, you can magically teleport up to 30 feet to an unoccupied space you can see. You can use this trait a number of times equal to your proficiency bonus, and you regain all expended uses when you finish a long rest.

If your DM allows this material, and would allow you the change, it may (or may not) be an improvement to its "once per short rest" status. Whether it is better is heavily dependent on the frequency of short rests in your game, as the MPMM version replenishes only on a long rest. This version does scale up as proficiency bonus increases, so it may be worth more at later levels.
Other means for short teleports
While not exactly the same as the Eladrin teleport, there are other ways to get access to a short teleport for your rogue. To name a couple:

The Fey Touched feat lets you cast misty step once per day
The rare magic item Cape of the Mountebank lets you cast dimension door once per day

† Note: As of this writing, Mordenkainen Presents: Monsters of the Multiverse has only been released as part of the Dungeons & Dragons Rules Expansion Gift Set, the book as a standalone is not set to release until May 2022.
Comment: Good find from MPMM!
Answer: Unfortunately, you are stuck with what is written in the trait, unless you take a feat.
There is no way to improve this racial trait. It is not a spell, so features that modify spells won't work.
However, there is a feat that will get you what you want, Fey Touched:

You learn the misty step spell and one 1st-level spell of your choice. The 1st-level spell must be from the divination or enchantment school of magic. You can cast each of these spells without expending a spell slot. Once you cast either of these spells in this way, you can't cast that spell in this way again until you finish a long rest. You can also cast these spells using spell slots you have of the appropriate level. The spells' spellcasting ability is the ability increased by this feat.

Misty step has the same effect as your Fey Step feature, and this feat gives you an additional use-per-long-rest, and if you are playing a class that uses spell slots, allows you to use them to cast the spell. Sow hile this doesn't actually improve your trait, at the cost of a feat you can get what you are looking for - more teleportation. Fey Touched does have the advantage of being a "half-feat", meaning that it also allows you to increase one of your ability scores by one.
Comment: "_Misty step_ has the same effect as your Fey Step feature" is not exactly correct, as Fey Step from MToF also includes the seasonal effects. The teleportation range and action economy are the same though.


How many inches/mm is left as margin on a standard A4 paper?

Question: Is there a standard length of margin left that works for all printers? On my note taking app I want to know how much space to leave so that when I export to PDF and print (on HP, Brother, Epson, you name it) none of the text is left out.
Comment: usually the default margin on word processor apps is more than enough... but you still better check on the individual printer you'll use. I don't think there's one standard for all printers.
Comment: All printers is quite broad. Could you scope it down to say office printers made since 2010?
Comment: I would say that the standard margin is 12,7 mm. on papers. Becaue maybe printers. Or printers use because program have this much left. I know I can override any margins on laser printers.
Comment: No. There is not.
Answer: There is no standard.
If this is intended for office printing, I might be wrong but I don't think it matters much, as you can always check the 'Fit to Page' scaling option, which will auto-adjust the pages based on your particular printer and its particular margin settings.
I would use a minimum value between 5-8 mm and print with 'Fit to Page'.
Answer: No, there is not.
I have seen printers that leave only like 2 mm as borders, and some that need like 1.2 cm.
There are laser printers, inkjet, etc. (there are a LOT of options). The biggest margin is generally the bottom one.
I would say that you need to learn how to interact with the printer. There are several applications that ask for the printer's declared margins. Try Adobe Reader as an example.
When you send something to print, you have the option to send in real size or to scale to fit. I am assuming the scale to fit takes some information about the printer and uses it as a reference.


Does PMML support probability calibration?

Question: As I need to port a decision tree model from Python to Java, I would like to know whether PMML (Predictive Model Markup Language) supports probability calibration.
Answer: I'm not too familiar with PMML, but probability calibration (or at least, the most well-known methods, Platt scaling and isotonic regression) can be viewed as a stacked ensemble, with the output of your model being fed into a univariate regression model.  PMML appears to support ensembling; see the fourth example at http://dmg.org/pmml/v4-3/MultipleModels.html


Can i apply for a schengen visa in UAE if i am having a tourist visa in UAE

Question: I am an Indian Citizen, studying in Hong Kong and hence have a Student Visa in Hong Kong.
My Parents are in Dubai UAE and have a resident visa of UAE, and are planning a trip to Europe. My plan is to go to Dubai on a Tourist Visa and from there all of us travel together. Can i apply for the schengen visa when i am in Dubai on a tourist visa?
Answer: Generally speaking, no. You should apply at the consulate responsible for your place of residence which is probably the one for Hong Kong.
You can try and ask for an exception, but that's not a good way to start an application.


Intercepting Bluetooth LE communication with an app on the same mobile device

Question: I'm thinking about man-in-the-middle attacks on a BLE connection ... normally when people talk about MITM attacks it's a separate device that sits between the mobile phone/tablet and the BLE device, which immediately limits its effectiveness (the attacker must be physically near the two devices).  Can an attacker write an app that gets installed on the same mobile phone/tablet as the real app, and somehow intercepts the BLE SDK calls and thus becomes a man-in-the-middle that is always there?
Answer: I'm writing an ionic cordova app and stumbled upon this. I'm trying to simply connect my bluetooth headset to my android and set up a SCO channel (for HFP bluetooth), but every time I do, a Spotify Service interjects and sets the connection to A2DP. It seems like Spotify wrote a service to hack the bluetooth SDK to ensure that its bluetooth connections are always compatible with its music listening service. When I delete Spotify this does not happen. So in short, yes, I believe it is possible.
Comment: I don't think Spotify hacked the SDK, but set a service listener and asked Android to route A2DP connections to it.
Comment: It's messing up my app's SCO channel even when it's not running in the background.... (Spotify's service probably is still running, but the app itself isn't). That seems like a bug right?


Bayes Factor vs Likelihood Ratio Calculation

Question: Given data $D$ and models $M_i$ for $i=1,2,\ldots,n$ with parameter $\theta$, in a Bayesian setting why do we integrate over the parameter space
$$
\mathbb{P}(D|M_i) = \int p(D|\theta;M_i) \text{ } p(\theta|M_i) \text{ } d\theta
$$
when computing the Bayes Factor whereas in a frequentist setting we maximize over the parameter space when computing the Likelihood Ratio?
Comment: I think it seems more odd that you get to choose the best possible parameter in the likelihood ratio. When interpreted from a Bayesian perspective, the likelihood ratio is equivalent to having a prior distribution with a point mass at the MLE.
Answer: I think the original poster (OP) is asking why Bayesian model comparison (using Bayes factors) marginalizes across the entire parameter space, but likelihood ratio tests consider only the isolated points in the two models' parameter spaces that maximize the fit.
The answer is: The two approaches measure model fit differently, and that difference comes down to the role of the prior distribution. In a likelihood ratio test, only the best parameter point is considered to be "in" the model. In a Bayesian approach, the prior distribution is inherently part of the model.
In a likelihood ratio test, there is no prior distribution on parameters, and the (maximum) likelihood of the data for model $m$ is the probability of the data at whatever point in parameter space maximizes the the probability. All points in parameter space are equally available candidates for fitting the data, but only the best one is actually considered to be "in" the best fit.
In a Bayesian approach, on the other hand, the prior distribution is inherently part of the model. You can't specify a model without specifying the probability distribution across the parameter space. A model with a prior that loads a lot of probability mass over parameter values that nicely fit the data is a better model than a model with a prior that loads a lot of probability mass over parameter values that don't fit the data.
Answer: It's a difference of philosophy. Firstly, the "generalized" likelihood ratio test should not be confused with the standard likelihood ratio test. the standard test has strong optimality properties, which are only really possible when testing simple (non-composite) hypothesis.
The generalized LR test is based on a asymptotic result, known as Wilks' theorem, which shows that the log (generalized) likelihood ratio converges to a Chi-square distribution as the sample size goes to infinity, under the null hypothesis. Assuming this distribution, the null hypothesis is rejected if the probability of seeing a result as extreme or more extreme than the measured result is unlikely, say with a threshold of 5% chance. Most frequentist tests have this form, where the test statistic's distribution, either asymptotically or non-asymptotic, follows a particular distribution if the null hypothesis is true.
In contrast, the bayes factor test makes stronger distributional assumptions up front (i.e. priors on parameters), and this allows it to make strong non-asymptotic statements about the evidence for one hypothesis other another. It relies crucially on the interpretation of probabilities as beliefs, and so is incompatible with frequentist notions of probabilities as rates of long term repeated events.
Both approaches have positive and negative attributes. Neither approach is clearly the best, since there is no clear criterion to judge which test is better than another. Likelihood ratio tests are far more popular in practice though.
Comment: Note that while the probabilistic interpretation of the Bayes factor may vary, it remains a consistent procedure, selecting the correct hypothesis with probability one as the sample size grows to infinity.
Answer: I don't think OP is talking about the standard likelihood ratio test that one would use to compute a p-value. I believe s/he is talking about the generalized test. One could argue that the generalized test has more in common with Bayesian statistics than it does with frequentist, as one who uses the generalized test might be called a 'likelihoodist'.
Although the typical use of the generalized test would be to compare a model based on the observations to a null model, and would give answers related to p-values (albeit much more intuitive ones), the approach also allows one to specify two predictive models a priori, neither of which would depend on the observations for their point estimates (though the likelihood ratio would still normally be computed assuming the models share the variance found in the observations).
In this sense, likelihood ratios are model comparison approaches just as Bayesian analyses are, and as such have the same desirable property of being statistically symmetrical inasmuch as the evidence can be used to support either model. In comparison, p-values using NHST test only one model (the null) and infer the evidence for the alternative model based on the evidence against the null. Further, evidence for the null itself is logically unobtainable as one can only 'fail to reject' it, never 'accept' it. It is a very odd way of testing models.
As far as the differences between parametrization of likelihood ratios and Baeysian models are concerned, the main difference is that only the Bayesian model assumes a prior distribution, and use the data to update one's prior beliefs. The likelihood ratio instead makes no such assumption but simply tests the two models. John Kruschke above explained how the parameter space is used by each model in a clear way. The only thing I would add to that is that the LR does not necessarily need to use the observed data to set the parameters of the alternative model, but could use any pre-specified value, for example, the size of an effect predicted by a theoretical model, which would not necessarily match the size observed in the data.


Can you point multiple pools at the same device in bacula?

Question: If you want to have multiple pools for purposes of different retention levels for full / diff / incremental, can you point them all at the same storage device?  When each pool goes to do its retention / purge / prune thing using the settings in the pool, is it smart enough to only touch volume files that were created by that particular pool?

One disadvantage of putting multiple pools at the same device is that a device can only service one pool at a time. (But not confirmed.)
Answer: Yes, you can point multiple pools at the same device.
Bacula is smart enough to do the Right Thing with respect to retention policies, pruning, purging, etc. (this is all handled in Bacula's database - the device isn't really involved).
The major caveat to be aware of is that if you're using an autoloader you want to ensure your pools don't overlap (no two tapes have the same bar code) to avoid accidentally scratching a tape you need.  For the same reason you don't want volumes with the same name in two different pools sharing a (disk) device -- Bad Things can happen.
Similarly if you're manually changing tapes you want to be extremely careful to load the proper tape when Bacula asks for it.  Bacula is generally good about reading the tape label and refusing to use a "wrong" tape, but you want to avoid any opportunities for error / data loss.


Is "Shift + Insert" common in Outlook?

Question: Today I accidentally hit Shift+Insert in Windows XP Service Pack 3 with Outlook 2003. An email message form popped up with the latest clipboard entry already inserted into the body of the message. Is this common to all versions of Outlook?
Answer: Shift+Insert is actually a Windows command for Paste that dates from at least Windows 3.1.  It is valid in just about any Windows application, but in the case of Outlook, you had text that Outlook knew how to enter in a message, so it assumed that's what you wanted to do.
FYI, similar commands to the Shift+Insert  for Paste are: Ctrl+Insert for Copy and Shift+Delete for Cut.
Comment: Been in use since *AT LEAST* DOS 5.0
Comment: @Luke I only remember using cut/copy/paste since I was a Windows user, but Wikipedia backs you up.  This was actually the standard from _before_ Windows.  When Windows came out, they adopted the Mac version of editing controls and introduced Ctrl+V, et. al.  I know the old way mostly because I'm a Dvorak keyboard user, so the "new" editing keys don't make sense on my layout.
Answer: They're part of IBM's CUA from the (late) DOS era.
Answer: Works in Outlook 2010. Can't find any documentation on this keyboard shortcut, but it works.

Is "Shift + Insert" common in Outlook?


How to choose a flight controller for my DIY drone?

Question: I am assembling a drone. So far, I have learned that it is 450mm. I'm using 8 to 12 21700 Li-Ion batteries. When I search for AIO flight controllers, I believe I have to search for "30A" and "450mm" but I'm not sure.  Is there an app or online service for winnowing down these decisions?
Comment: Try Bardwells https://www.fpvknowitall.com/ to get started
Answer: You need a few things from a power system/flight controller. I don't think you should use an AIO, but that's personal opinion
Cell count
First things first - you say you're using "8 to 12" lithium cells. I imagine you won't be running these all in series, but it's necessary to point that out. Flight controllers and motor controllers have a maximum voltage they can support, 4S is common, 6S is also quite common, but slightly more expensive. 8S support is less common, and 12S support is in the X-class range and is prohibitively expensive for most people. I would start with either a 4S or 6S 21700 pack, and then consider adding a second one in parallel, but I digress.
Find a flight controller who's voltage rating is at least as high as how many cells you plan to use (it's okay if it's higher)
Motor control/AIO
The term AIO is well overused in this community to mean too many things. The way you've worded it, it seems you're looking for a flight controller with a built in ESC. That's acceptable, but you may have better luck finding suitable components if you use separate ESC and flight controller. You're including 30A in your search - this is good, but may be falling into a common misconception. You don't need a "30 amp" ESC, you need one that is rated for at least 30 amps (you could probably get away with 20). That means a 100A ESC is perfectly suitable for this application. Be careful not to limit your search by specifying a specific rating when you don't have to
Find an ESC (or AIO flight controller) that is rated for at least 25 amps and 6S if you plan on running a 6S battery
Frame size
You're building a 450 size quadcopter. That's a great place to get started - however the flight controller doesn't care. The frame you have will tell you (or you can measure) the mounting holes for a flight controller. It will likely be 45mm, 30mm (commonly 30.5), or 20mm. It may be any combination of these. This is the "stack size", or the spacing between the bolt holes for the flight controller to mount. You need a flight controller that is the same size as these holes - if your frame supports multiple then that opens up your options.
Find a flight controller with mounting holes that match with those in your frame
Answer: In addition to the other answer, you need to consider whether you want a flight controller with features such as:

a barometer (for pressured based altitude hold)
a GPS input (racing drones don't use this, photography and survey drones do)
a convenient socket for DJI digital FPV
an SD card socket for recording black box information (for tuning)

Most other features will be common to all flight controllers, but these seem to be the main options.
Your other main choice is which generation of processor to use. There are still lots of really old FCs on the market (KK2, Naze32, CC3D) but they're nowhere near as good as a more modern board and it's not worth saving $10-20. There's a small but noticeable improvement in handling between F3 and F4 processors. Most people are now buying the latest F7 processors (I've no idea what happened to 5 and 6) The handling difference is barely noticeable but predicted to improve as the firmware is extended to use the extra processing power.
A 4-in-1 ESC that stacks neatly with the FC is nice for compact builds (i.e. race drones) but less important for larger drones. You may be better off with individual ESCs. That way they can be replaced individually if one fails. Note that ESCs get significantly more expensive when they're designed for more than 6s


Plugging in a Power Spike/Surge protector to a Voltage Converter

Question: I'll be moving from India to USA in a month and I am trying to figure out the adapters. Can I connect a Universal Travel adapter( I own this) to a power spike and connect appliances? Is it safe? I don't intend to connect too many apppliances to it, Laptop, Phone charger, Speakers and a clipper could be considered as a typical payload. I think I'll have to buy individual adapters for things like hair dryer and that's fine. I don't want to buy too many adapters or change my current appliances, which is why I'm asking this.
Answer: Most (but not all) modern electronics have a wide input voltage range and can operate off the mains voltages used anywhere in the world without any changes. Some equipment (including older electronics and some non-electronic equipment) can be used on multiple voltage ranges but requires reconfiguration, this may be done either by a switch, moving an insert, or in some cases may require internal changes. Some equipment will only operate on a single narrow voltage range voltage.
Equipment should have a ratings plate or label indicating the acceptable range of nominal input voltages. If a single wide range (e.g. 100-240V) is indicated then it can be used anywhere without changes, if two separate ranges are indicated then it will generally require reconfiguration.
Single voltage equipment would require a step-up transformer, this will be bulky and heavy, especially for high-power equipment. It's unlikely to be worth it for things like hairdriers, just leave those behind if they aren't voltage switchable and get new ones in the USA.
I recommend avoiding universal adapters for long term use. They usually lose the ground, are very bulky and often of questionable production quality. The preferred option IMO when bringing in an appliance for long term use is to replace the plug or lead. If that is not possible then I would suggest either looking for good-quality specific adapters or replacing the plug on a power strip.
Using a 240V power strip on a 120V supply or a step up transformer is fine as long as you respect current ratings, it's the other way round where you can have problems.
Answer:
Can I connect a Universal Travel adapter( I own this) to a power spike and connect appliances?

You can connect your universal power adaptor directly into a US outlet. You generally don't need a surge protector. I don't know what  "power spike" is. If you mean a "power strip" than, yes, that's ok too provided you can make the connection safely. Many of the cheaper adapters don't fit well and may fall out of the wall socket.

Is it safe?

It's safe if you stay within the safe limits of the device. That means

All the appliances that you connect MUST have a universal power supply and accept 110 V. That is often the case for chargers (phones, laptops, tablets, etc) but you need the check your clipper and any other device. Look for a voltage rating of "100V-240V". It if says "200-240V" or similar, you can't use it.
The total current drawn by all devices must NOT exceed 6 Ampere. That means the total power of all device should not exceed 500W or so. For low power devices, that's typically not a problem.

for things like hair dryer ...

Keep in mind that most high-power appliances are NOT dual voltage. In this case, you  can't use a travel adaptor but you MUST use a step up transformer. These are heavy and expensive: it may be cheaper and more convenient to buy a new hair dryer.
When we moved to the US, we bought to step-up transformers for the entire household but mostly replaced all appliances.
Answer: Laptops nowadays always have universal power supplies. They also usually have detachable power cables. So my suggestion is to just get a US power cable for it. Just ask around, someone at your job or school (depending on why you are moving) might just have one lying around.
Mobile phone power supplies are nowadays almost always universal as well, so you could get an adaptor. But I think that just buying one in the US will be cheaper.
Hair driers are typically not suited for multiple voltages. So you would not only need a plug adaptor, but also a step down transformer. I would suggest you just don't bring one, and buy one in the US. They are not expensive either.


What is the term ("metric") for the degree of unstructuredness due to many changes?

Question: Is there a specific term (name of a "metric") that represents the growing level of unstructuredness (or just plain badness) of a s/w component that is caused by too many changes, by too many people, over too long a time interval?
Comment: Spaghetti code or feature creep may be appropriate?
Comment: http://meta.programmers.stackexchange.com/questions/6582/on-the-troubles-of-naming-and-terminology
Answer: Technical debt ?

Technical debt is a recent metaphor referring to the eventual consequences of poor system design, software architecture or software development within a codebase. The debt can be thought of as work that needs to be done before a particular job can be considered complete or proper. If the debt is not repaid, then it will keep on accumulating interest, making it hard to implement changes later on.

But it seems to refer more to bad changes instead of many changes.
Answer: I have three suggestions:

Entropy (but in its physical meaning and not in its information science meaning)
As wikipedia says, the term entropy is often used to describe the  "measure of disorder  of a system". I think the situation you described could also be interpreted as the growing disorder of a software system.
Architectural drift which describes that your software architecture is slowly drifting away from the original idea and gets more and more chaotic since new architecture decision are not adjusted to existing ones.
Software Erosion Like the geological term this describes that the structure of the whole software systems breaks more and more apart because new features or bug fixes are not integrated well to the system. And beginning from the edges, the whole architecture looses its shape.
Comment: The thermodynamic and information science meaning of "entropy" are closely connected. The higher the systemic disorder, the more bits it takes to describe the system's state, and the more information it contains. A simple example that ties to the question is duplicate code, such as multiple functions that do essentially the same things or classes that overlap in responsibilities, which increases the total code size.
Comment: That's is definitely a good point and I totally agree, that systems with higher disorder contain more information (no matter if this information is useful or not) and there fore have a higher informational entropy. But on the other way, not all systems with a high information entropy are automatically disordered while systems with a higher physical entropy are.


What influences the deployment speed on SP2013?

Question: I have an Hyper-V machine running Sharepoint 2013 connected to an hosted server with 16GB ram, where the database is installed for that Sharepoint server.
I wanted to improve the local deployment process for a sharepoint WebSite, but I want to know the criteria that defines the speed of the process - Currently, executing this code here, the deploy takes over 30 minutes or so:
Write-Host "Disabling features..."
Disable-SPFeature -identity "MyCompany.ProjectName.SP_WebParts" -URL $webapp -confirm:$false
Disable-SPFeature -identity "MyCompany.ProjectName.SP_Modules" -URL $webapp -confirm:$false
#Disable-SPFeature -identity "MyCompany.ProjectName.SP_Listas" -URL $webapp -confirm:$false
wait4timer($wsp)
Write-Host "Removing Solution..."
uninstall-spsolution $wsp -WebApplication $webapp -confirm:$false
wait4timer($wsp)
remove-spsolution $wsp -Confirm:$false
wait4timer($wsp)
Write-Host "Installing Solution..."
add-spsolution -literalpath "$path\$wsp"
wait4timer($wsp)
install-spsolution -Identity $wsp -WebApplication $webapp -gacdeployment -force -FullTrustBinDeployment
wait4timer($wsp)

write-host "Enabling features..."

write-host "MyCompany.ProjectName.SP_WebParts..."
Enable-SPFeature -identity "MyCompany.ProjectName.SP_WebParts" -URL $webapp -confirm:$false
wait4timer($wsp)
write-host "MyCompany.ProjectName.SP_Modules..."
Enable-SPFeature -identity "MyCompany.ProjectName.SP_Modules" -URL $webapp -confirm:$false
wait4timer($wsp)
#write-host "MyCompany.ProjectName.SP_Listas..."
#Enable-SPFeature -identity "MyCompany.ProjectName.SP_Listas" -URL $webapp -confirm:$false
wait4timer($wsp)

Here's the timer function:
function wait4timer($webapp) {
    $solution = Get-SPSolution | where-object {$_.Name -eq $wsp}
    if ($solution -ne $null)
    {
        $counter = 1

        Write-Host "Waiting to finish solution timer job"
        while( ($solution.JobExists -eq $true ) -and ( $counter -lt 500 ) )
        {
            #Write-Host "Please wait... $counter"
            sleep 1
            $counter++
        }

        Write-Host "Finished the solution timer job. Duration: $counter s"
    }
} #end wait4timer

So, I don't think there is a problem with that code, but in any case. It is posted above.
More details about the WSP package:

It weights around 55MB;
It has over 100 visual webparts and more than 1000 image, javascript and css files.

We want to know what could we do to help speed perfomance for that deployment process:

Increase the local Machine RAM?
Increase database RAM?
Improve some hardware on the local machine?
Some configuration on the local Machine?
A change in the deployment script?

Or any other information on the subject.
TL;DR: What defines Sharepoint deployment speed, and how can I improve it?
Comment: 1000 images.. what are the combined size of them? You have to remember that a wsp is a compressed cab file. Deploying a solution, Sharepoint needs to extract all files.
Comment: what is your wait4timer() function doing?
Comment: @EricAlexander It just waits for the timer job. I'll add it to the question.
Comment: do you have configured search service? what are the crawling settings?
Answer: I don't know your fully requirements but its not good practice to install your wsp package every time. you can use Update-SPSolution command to upgrade your wsp package. Once your package is upgraded call feature deactivate/activate call. This will improve your time performance. For more information read this MSDN link.
Also you said you have 1000 images. Please add property "IgnoreIfAlreadyExists". So they will not add if they are already exist.
Comment: It's not always, we use a lot CKSDEV as well. But we want to improve the perfomance when we do so - when the client update any of these files (they are the ones who controls most of these images and JS files, and they push these changes at once), we have to overwrite all of them. That's when we need to update these packages, and that's why I want to improve the perfomance on these situations.


24 bit ADC chip

Question: I am using my Raspberry pi 3 and I am wondering if there is actually a 24 bit ADC chip compatible with the pi? I am going to use that ADC with LVDT sensor to measure a distance of 10mm in good precision. I understand that noise will kick in and I can only achieve 18 bit accuracy from the link below.
https://www.raspberrypi.org/forums/viewtopic.php?f=37&t=64503
Answer: There's support for the ADAU1977 (Quad 24 bit ADC) in the 4.9 kernel. To use it get the pi kernel sources (https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux.git) check out the rpi-4.9.y branch and follow the build/install instructions (https://www.raspberrypi.org/documentation/linux/kernel/building.md) then edit the /boot/config.txt file, removing dtparam=audio=on and adding dtoverlay=adau1977-adc then use arecord (or another audio app) to capture the samples.
Comment: Thank you for answering :) Hmmm once I am done with the installation of the kernel, which package should I use? Or I can just obtain the drivers of this ADC from the supplier ?
Comment: If you follow the instruction then `arecord -l` will show the ADC. It looks like support was added in kernel 4.4 (https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/pull/1454)

24 bit ADC chip


What do I have to do to summon Plantera?

Question: I really want to fight Plantera, because I have all the gear and stuff. But there's one problem; I don't know how to summon it. What do I have to do to summon Plantera?
Comment: http://gaming.stackexchange.com/questions/193861/having-trouble-finding-planteras-bulb
Answer: You need to find a item in the Jungle called Plantera's Bulb, and destroy it:

Plantera's Bulb is an object found in the Underground Jungle which can be destroyed with a Pickaxe. When destroyed, it summons Plantera.
Terraria Wiki

In regards to how to find it, have a look at this answer: Having trouble finding Plantera's Bulb
Answer: You have to defeat all of the Hard Mode Bosses first before Plantera can be summoned. After that, there's a message that says,

The jungle grows restless.

This means Plantera is abled to be summoned. Find a jungle and look for Plantera's Bulb. Destroy the Bulb, and it will be summoned.


Is it possible to Color-tag files in Windows 7, like in Finder on a Mac?

Question: On a Mac, you can right-click on a file/folder to give it a color which is then displayed in the Finder (the Mac utility like Windows Explorer) behind the label of the file.
Is there a way to do this in Windows 7?
Comment: Have you considered changing the folder icon (in Properties > Customize)? It's not quite as easy, but it's useful for managing directories.
Answer: There's no such functionality in Windows. But you could use 3rd party software for changing folder colors. Some options are:

Folder Marker
Rainbow Folders
Folderico

Unfortunately none of these seem to work with files, they only affect folder icons
Answer: I would rather recommend installing the 3rd party software called FileMarker which allows you to change the color of the file's icon.
There are other tags such as "Done Work" and "Accepted" that you might also find helpful.
Answer: For files you can use FileMarker.NET. This is software similar to Folder Marker from the same developer, but it works with files, not folders.
Comment: Welcome to Super User! Please read [How do I recommend software](http://meta.superuser.com/questions/5329/how-do-i-recommend-software-in-my-answers/5330#5330) for some tips as to how you should go about recommending software. At the very least you should provide at least a link and, if possible, provide some additional information about the software itself such as what features it has and why it would be useful to the person who asked the question.
Answer: Uh... yeah, there is a way.  (Ugg... this answer utilizes such a distasteful approach...  But, yeah, it ought to work.)
I'm not saying that it's a sensible way, and not very customizable, but there is a way to get Explorer to show some color on specific files.  If you want to make some files look different than other files, perhaps for a presentation of some sort, and you don't care about how the data of those files are stored on disk, then, well, this is possible.  Without using third party software, in fact.
The ways I have in mind is to alter how data gets stored, just for color effect.  Not usually my priority, but just in case this actually happens to be your priority, then my answer is that yes, something like this is technically feasible.  This approach may be limited to just files, not folders, but it can be done using just the software built into a Windows operating system.
If you compress a file, using the NTFS file compression feature (not the support for Zip files), then Explorer will render it was blue, instead of the normal Black color.
If you encrypt a file, then Explorer will render it green.  Note that using the NTFS file encryption feature may require a Professional version of Microsoft Windows, so that may or may not be an option depending on what flavor of Microsoft Windows you are using.
Microsoft XP File compresion overview notes that "You cannot encrypt an NTFS-compressed file."  So it appears that there's no risk of confusion as to which of those colors will be used.
You may need to check a "Show encrypted or compressed NTFS files in color" box to enable the colors, as noted by the "Displaying Compressed Files in Color" section of MS KB 307987.
That's what I can offer to you as far as options built-in into Explorer.  I'm not saying that the flexibility is as good as what is offered by the Mac interface that you were describing.
By the way: If you weren't trying to use Explorer (the built-in graphical file manager), you may have other options.  Web pages can show the contents of a directory, and web pages support color.  Getting into third party solutions, there are command line programs that will allow customizable colors to be placed on files based on which file extension the software uses.  (JP Software's TCC/LE would be one such option.)  Modern versions of Windows do come with built-in support for some programming languages (e.g., with Windows Script Host can interact with files).  So, if anybody is seeking other options, then custom solutions could be created.  Some of the other answers on this page mention some additional additional third party options, which may offer you some easy pre-made solutions if you're willing to download software for such a feature.


Is there a way to tell .NET where to look for the user settings file?

Question: Basically multiple instances of our application will be launched but they need to have separate user settings.  We currently have use "user settings" for that, and it works fine for a single instance (per windows user) but we would like to be able to launch multiple instances with say a settings path passed in via command line.  Is there a way to do this with the built-in .NET settings or will we have to roll our own?
Answer: The LocalFileSettingsProvider class, the one that manages the file with user settings, is quite impossible to tweak.  Whomever wrote that must have been paralyzed by security concerns.  Perhaps not unjustified.
If you want to stick with System.Configuration then you'll need to implement your own provider.  Probably the best way to do that is to start from the RegistrySettingsProvider sample.  It won't help you get the file handling right but at least you'll have something to build on.  A couple of peeks with Reflector can help.
Answer: I recommend developing a class that will handle app settings and accepts a filename.   I've had to do this for DLLs that needed app settings, and it also helps if you want to store your settings in a non-local location (e.g. single place on the network).
It will give you a lot more flexibility - It's definitely worth the investment!
Answer: .Net has a Configuration Provider API.  app.config is just a predefined implementation of that API.  You should look into using the API to either extend the built-in API, or create your own.
Answer: I would suggest to store the config information in DB and read based on the user. Any case you  have to maintain the user specific information different copies. Onload of the application read from DB and cache all the settings.
User User Personalization and profile API to retrieve the information. It is very easy to update the information in DB rather then dealing with files which are located in users systems.
Answer: There is an interesting CodeProject article which has a custom settings provider. You only need a small tweak of your code, and then it allows you to save and load your settings to a file location you provide.


Is it possible to specify an equivalent RLC network for a loudspeaker?

Question: Can an RLC network be defined that would behave in the same way as a theoretical loudspeaker? Since their behavior is frequency-dependent, would the values of R, L, and C also be frequency-dependent?
Answer: Yes, but you need to determine what properties of the loudspeaker you want the RLC network to mimic (model).  You also need to specify the frequency range you are wanting the RLC network to be valid.
For example, if you want the network to model the electrical behavior of the speaker (e.g. have the RLC network have same voltage/current relationship over frequency) you would measure the speaker's impedance as a function of frequency and then design a circuit that has the same impedance vs. frequency.  For lower frequencies (i.e. below the resonant frequency), the speaker will look like a series resistance and inductance.  As the frequency increases, there will be resonances and the circuit becomes more complicated.
Here is a picture from Wikipedia showing an equivalent circuit for a mechanical phonograph horn that illustrates what form an RLC network could take when resonance is taken into account.
R, L and C are not frequency dependent; however, the impedance for L or C is strongly frequency dependent (\$Z_L=j2\pi f L\$ and \$Y_C=1/Z_C=j2\pi f C\$).
Answer: Um, why?  Why would you want to do that?
Yes you can do what you want, sort of.  At least you can approximate it.  How close the approximation is depends on how complex you want to get.  Everything that @madrivereric said is correct (so I won't repeat it here).
But as you try to get more and more accurate with your loudspeaker model things will get MUCH more complicated.  For example, if you are trying to model a 3-way speaker with a horn loaded tweeter, a ported woofer, and a passive crossover then you have a huge problem on your hands.
As the level of complexity increases then you go back to my question of why.  Educational uses aside, there is very little diagnostic info that such an RLC network can provide that a simple 4 or 8 ohm load resistor can't do.  I would be interested in hearing of an application for this that I haven't considered.
Comment: But then, when designing it how would you count power consumption?
Comment: Also - to understand it. If I have no "real" physics or acoustics, the only way I can interpret loudspeaker behavior is by an RLC model. Thus these "educational" fsctors are significant :)
Comment: @JoeStavitsky power consumption would be accounted for in the power dissipation of one or more resistors.
Comment: @JoeStavitsky in order to obtain the RLC model, you must first understand the physics behind the loudspeaker behavior you wish to model.  If you don't first understand what you want to model, you cannot create an appropriate model!
Comment: @JoeStavitsky Power consumption, as you know, is frequency dependent.  Therefore, to calculate it you must know the audio material going to the speaker.  If you don't know the audio then you cannot estimate with any accuracy what the power will be.  Your estimates could be off by 10x, and having an accurate RLC model won't improve that in a meaningful way.  The best way to get power numbers is to actually measure a speaker with a known audio source-- but that number would only be an estimate for what the power is for similar audio sources.
Comment: @DavidKessner, exactly, but then how shall we determine power consumption at a given frequency without an RLC model? Clearly the entire power draw is not reactive (some is resistive). Is the reactive part inductive or capacitive? It seems to me that the fastest solution lies through an rlc model, but clearly I am mistaken somehow.


Could you simplify meaning of **to tick upward** in this text?

Question: Men's fashion has moved out of the realm of the obscure, the twee or dandy. It is the segment of the fashion business that has been steadily ticking upwards in sales. And this week has underscored the reality that there are a host of young menswear brands that have a strong point of view, a wellspring of creative energy and a desire to build real businesses, not just vanity ones.
Comment: it is the segment of the fashion business that has had consistent, slow but steady, growth in sales.
Comment: The usage ***tick up/upward/upwards*** isn't particularly common. To me it almost sounds like a "misuse" based on the well-established usage *Sales have been **ticking away** nicely*. That one means *neither rising nor falling* - just proceeding at the same regular steady pace, like a clock. Once you start to introduce a *second* metaphoric dimension (***upward*** as well as ***onward in time***), it starts to seem a bit muddled to me. And God forbid OP's author should talk about sales ***ticking down[wards]*** if they ever start to fall. I'd advise learners to avoid the usage.
Answer: The sentence might benefit from being reworked slightly. Is men's fashion the only segment that has been experiencing higher sales? If so, perhaps you could try "It is the only segment of the fashion business whose sales have risen in recent years, rather than falling." If not, maybe "It is a segment of the fashion business that whose sales have steadily risen in recent years." You might also try "that has steadily been rising in sales" or "that has steadily been increasing in sales," but both of those sound a little more forced.
Comment: Absolutely correct.
Answer: "Ticking upwards" almost certainly means an increase, probably occurring in small jumps.
Without much evidence, I suspect that it represents an example of verbing, the conversion of a noun to a verb, and is based on the term "uptick",

uptick: a small increase or rise : "an uptick in sales" "an uptick in hiring" .

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/uptick
I suspect the usage is quite uncommon.


Does the mass of a beaker filled with water change due to a mass partially submerged in it?

Question:
I believe it should be different as there is upthrust acting on the second block and hence by Newton Third's Law it should act back on the liquid adding to more weight. The answer is given isn't so as it highlights that the upthrust is equal to the weight of block which does not seem relevant.
Comment: Hint: What is the mass of the water that the floating block displaces?
Comment: This should not be a mystery since Archimedes.
Comment: By the diagrams you give, water flows out so that the picture on the left has the same water level. That means that by archimedes principle the weight of the water lost is compensated by the amount of weight  the block is displacing.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimedes%27_principle
Answer: I do not think that Kirtpole is correct.
The total weight of the beaker+water+block in beaker B is equal to the weight of the beaker+water in beaker A. This is because the the weight of the water in beaker B is that of the water in beaker A reduced by  the  weight of water that was in the space now occuped by the block. But the weight of this displaced water (which  overflowed  down the sides of thw beaker as the block was introduced)   is equal to the weight of the block  by Archimedes.
Comment: I agree ... Kirtpole's analysis is not correct.
Answer: The mass of the beaker and water together should be the same, with or without the floating block. If you measure it on a balance then you will se that the weight increases when you introduce the block but this is because now you're also measuring the block's weight. If you subtract the block's weight from your measurement then you should obtain the same result as without the block.
It is true what you say about the third law bit you must consider that you are also measuring the block's weight.


What does `touch` method do in assets pallet?

Question: I am currently looking at the assets pallet and I don't really understand what the touch method does. Hope someone can explain it to me. Thanks!
Answer: In short, the touch method creates a new "Asset Account" for the "User Account".
I suspect that the touch name comes from the unix command called 'touch' which creates a new file if it does not exist already. (sort of, don't worry about it).
In the v4.0.0-dev source for the asset pallet, you can see in the lib.rs that Touch calls do_touch, which we can find in functions.rs.
If we look at that do_touch function, we can see that it checks if the "User Account" already has an entry for the "Asset Account", and if it does not it inserts a new "Asset Account" for the "User Account".
Comment: I am not totally sure if the function name comes from the Unix command touch because it is actually a command that updates the last time modified field of a file, but yeah it can be used to create new files. Anyway, it isn't really important where the name comes from. Thanks for the clarification!


I changed my Gmail primary account user name to my Yahoo e-mail and nothing works

Question: When I was asked about a recovery e-mail address for my Gmail account I added my Yahoo account home e-mail address. This has become my primary (user name for my Gmail account and has locked up Google on my new phone, and my Gmail account....can't open to get in and fix anything.  Afraid to delete old account since it is attached to my new phone.
Comment: Please see [How do I recover my Google username or password](/questions/52706/how-do-i-recover-my-google-password-or-username)
Comment: _I added my yahoo account home e-mail address. This has become my primary_ I don't think its possible. Please clarify your question.
Answer: The way to change the primary email address of a Google account is by canceling the Gmail address this will remove Gmail from the account and also could affect any other service that use a Gmail address as the user ID. But you could still get back your Gmail address.
From the reference

I want to get my deleted Gmail account back
  If you deleted your Gmail account but want it back, we work to help you recover your
  deleted account whenever we can. Within a few weeks' time, the
  account's data might not be available anymore. You can find
  instructions for recovering your Gmail
  username here.

References

Canceling your Gmail address - Google Accounts Help


How do I customize the look and feel(customizing HTML structure) of the out of the box RSS viewer web part in sharepoint 2013?

Question: here i want to customise the RSS reviewer web part where i can apply HTML any structure in sharepoint 2013. same thing i have done with custom web part but i want to try the same for OOTB web part?can any one guide me with this?
Answer: Customizing RSS viewer webpart
check this link might help


Learning About Schubert Varieties

Question: I am a combinatorist by training and I am interested in learning about the connections between combinatorics and Schubert varieties.   The theory of Schubert varieties seems to be a difficult area to break into if one has not already studied it in graduate school.  I don't have a formal course in Algebraic Geometry, but I do know some Commutative Algebra.  Does anyone have any recommendations on what Algebraic Geometry one needs to understand (and what books/papers one should read) in order to begin studying Schubert varieties?  Algebraic Geometry is such a huge subject that I am trying to figure out what is essential to this particular study and what is not.   Thanks, in advance, for any suggestions!
Answer: I would suggest Part III of Fulton's Young Tableaux book (of which you should skip Part I) as the best starting point for learning about Schubert varieties.
One can get very far in this subject with a naive 19th century view of algebraic geometry, especially if one is willing to occasionally accept without proof a few foundational facts (for example the basics of intersection theory).  I would suggest that you don't need to learn algebraic geometry in general for now, though if you're serious about working in this area you'll eventually need to get some feel for what kinds of questions algebraic geometers are interested in.
Comment: I can't second this strongly enough.  Fulton's "Young Tableaux" is a beautiful book, and it's my, as an algebraic geometer, only real access into Combinatorics, which I happen to not be terribly talented at.  The big downside of Part 3 is that it moves very fast.  You might also want to check out a paper by Kleiman and Laksov titled "Schubert Calculus" which appeared in the Notices.
Comment: I think  Charles means :
SL Kleiman, D Laksov, Schubert Calculus, The American Mathematical Monthly, 1972 ,
which is indeed a nice survey.
Comment: Ahh, that's the one.  Couldn't find it quickly and went on memory.
Answer: There is one particular fact that greatly helps me understand Schubert varieties and Schubert cells, and the serves as kind-of an introduction:  They are a generalization of row echelon form for matrices.  If $V \subseteq F^n$ is a $k$-subspace of the standard $n$-space over a field $F$, then it is well-known that $V$ has a unique basis of row vectors in reduced row echelon form.  The shape of the form divides the set of all $V$ (the Grassmannian) into cells which are affine spaces.  The closures of such a cell — itself plus lower cells — is a Schubert variety.  For example, one pattern of RREF for a 2-plane in $F^4$ looks like this:
$$\begin{pmatrix} 1 & * & 0 & * \\\\ 0 & 0 & 1 & * \end{pmatrix}$$
This is clearly an affine cell.  It is equally easy to show (in the case of a Grassmannian) that the cells are bijective with the $k$-subsets of an $n$-set.
This is not a complete explanation because a Grassmannian is just the simplest type of flag variety, but it captures the basic geometric idea.
As for references, there is an interesting mini-review for combinatorialists on page 398 of Stanley, Enumerative Combinatorics, Vol 2.
Answer: Another reference I've heard suggested before is these notes by Brion:
Lectures on the geometry of flag varieties
Answer: I second the recommendation of Fulton's book. Another good source is Chapters 14-16 of Combinatorial Commutative Algebra, by Miller and Sturmfels. You don't need to read the chapters before them! Just jump in and refer back as needed.
Answer: There is a new book by Lakshmibai and Raghavan called Standard Monomial Theory which is mostly about how to do invariant theory in a "Schubert varietiesque" way. It is introductory to both Schubert varieties and invariant theory. I haven't read all of it, but I would recommend it because it works out a lot of different cases. I don't think you need that much algebraic geometry to read it. They review the relevant facts beforehand.
edit: I should also mention that one advantage of this book over Fulton (which I also recommend) is that it covers Schubert varieties in other types of Grassmannians. Also, it gives a nice application of Schubert varieties to invariant theory (in particular, how to calculate rings of invariants in a characterstic-free way in various cases of classical interest).
Answer: I'd also recommend Part III of Fulton's "Young tableaux". Also, if you want a really basic introduction (with some technicalities skipped) to some Schubert calculus and intersection theory you could try reading Sheldon Katz's "Enumerative Geometry and String Theory" which are lecture notes from a Park City advanced undergraduate course. In chapter 7 you can find Schubert calculus of G(2,4), i.e., planes in four dimensional complex space.
Here's an AMS page for the book.
Comment: Katz also talks a bit through $G(2,n)$, though he's only really interested in curve counting, so you get lines, and then he moves on to quantum cohomology related topics, so only a small section is useful.
Answer: Not exactly about Schubert Varieties, but worth mentioning:
This article by Henry Cohn gives a very nice point of view on some combinatorical questions as being questions about geometry over "the field with on element". Every Schubert cell of a Schubert variety should contain exactly one F_1-valued point...

Learning About Schubert Varieties


OAuth2 login provider - endpoint page

Question: I have installed OAUTH login provider and all dependencies to provide authentication service to other web application throug drupal authentication.
The problem is that I still do not manage to test if the drupal auth login provider works correctly. I am not sure what is the URL that I shoud put in the client application to reach the server auth provider.
For example in local development environment if I try
https://localhost/oauth2_loginprovider/

I get a FORBIDDEN response from Apache while if I try to contact
https://localhost/oauth2/ ...

I get a 404 page not found on the server
Could you please help me?
Answer: Have you tried https://localhost/oauth2/authorize ? That is the authorization start point for me.

OAuth2 login provider - endpoint page


Mark MIlestone as completed

Question: I'm pretty new with Entitlement Process and Milestones. i WONDER if exists  a way to mark one Milestone as Completed and update the completion date when the Case exits the relative entitlement process.
For example: I have one Entitlement Process Call ' Case take in Charge' with 2 independent Milestones based on  Case's field  'Case Gravity'. If case Case Gravity = 1 Milestone is 20 minutes, if Case Gravity=2 Milestone is 40 minutes. When the Case status pass from NEW to Working I want the Case to exit the Entitlement process and the Mileston marks as completed with the appropriate completion date. Is it possible? (Below you find some picture)
Answer: I have achieved the behaviour you want previously by marking the milestone as completed via workflow. You should be able to do the same.
Comment: How did you do a workflow on milestone object? I'm not able to find it
Answer: You cannot update milestones with Workflow - Maybe Jannis meant Process Builder?
You can update and close milestones with Process Builder easey peasey
Answer: you can use process builder to do that!
Comment: Please [edit] your answer to add more detail.

Mark MIlestone as completed


HSSF - How to keep Date data type when exporting to excel using HSSF

Question: I am using POI-HSSF to export some data to excel. Requirement is I need to keep data type of each column. I can keep data type for string and numeric values but not the date. I studied in POI documentation that it supports only 3 basic data types string, numeric and boolean.
Can anyone please tell me how can I keep the 'Date' data type when exporting to excel?
Answer: You can look up DateUtil offered by poi.
The way you check for String, numeric and boolean data types, you can use isCellDateFormatted the same was and get the date cell value (getDateCellValue) - which you can keep, reformat or use them in your customized way.
Comment: Can you please share the detail of dll and its version you are refering
Comment: It would be appreciated if you could some example for .net C# as I am newbie for NPOI
Comment: @user3480558 it wasn't clear from the question which language and library you were referring to. I'd suggest you open a new question with proper C# and npoi tags to get the relevant response.


Numbers: Line graphs for cell values across multiple worksheets

Question: I want to create a line graph whose reference data is across multiple worksheets.
For example: I have 5 different worksheets (named W1 to W5)
In each of the worksheet, a specific cell (Ex: B2) in a specific table (Ex: Tab_Summary) is of interest to me.
I want to plot a line graph to show trends of (Tab_Summary:B2) across each of the worksheets W1 to W5.
Answer: Hopefully someone knows how to source data from multiple table inputs, but I just use brute force and make one table that contains all data I need to chart. Tables can refer to data from multiple other tables, so now with your charting data in one table, charting becomes a snap.


Is a publication with co-authors worth less that a sole-author paper? Does this explain people's reluctance to include someone as a co-author?

Question: Is there a lower value to publishing with other co-authors instead of just oneself? Why are some people so reluctant to acknowledge your participation and contribution?
Comment: There's already a got answer, so I wanted to just point out that in my field (engineering) it is almost never the case that someone has single authorship. Usually students or PhD students write papers and the team leader and professor will be involved as kind of internal referees until they are content with the paper, so their names will appear, too.
Comment: Worth less to whom? Lower value to whom?
Answer: This is, in my (admittedly limited) experience, heavily dependent on your field.
In some fields, single-authorship is the norm; I believe a lot of highly-theoretical mathematics and some social sciences go this route. In other fields, such as astrophysics, this is almost never the case, as the work is often conducted among dozens of researchers working on multiple continents.
From what I can tell, publishing with co-authors tends to signify one or more of the following things:

The work is highly multidisciplinary (even within a single field) -- some research requires many experts in many different domains working together.
The work is "labor-intensive" -- some research requires a great deal of preparation that would be infeasible for a single researcher. For example, in my field of computer engineering, there's usually a significant amount of coding that goes into the research, which is most easily/quickly accomplished by many students and postdocs working together.
The work is large in scope -- larger, more ambitious projects require a higher level of support and more minds working together.
The work involves someone famous and everyone wants a piece of the pie -- okay, admittedly I made this one up.

That's not to say that single-author paper don't fit into one or more of these categories. These are just some rules of thumb that I've seen so far.

As for why some people are reluctant to "acknowledge your participation and contribution": well, this ranges the gamut of everything from the evils of:

Narcissism
Ego
Desire for fame/prestige

to the more mundane/less evil problems of:

Disagreements on what constitutes a large enough contribution to claim authorship
Misunderstandings as to what is being contributed (by one or both parties)
Traditions on what is deemed worthy of acknowledgement in publication.

In short: human nature.
If you're concerned that you aren't being credited for your work, you need to speak with the other party ASAP and set out clear guidelines moving forward as to where credit will be given and for what. Get this in writing -- timestamped and signed preferably, email is great for this.
Comment: There may have been a tendency in pure mathematics towards single-author papers long ago, but this has changed drastically in recent decades. However, multi-author papers still have a SMALL number of authors; having more than 3-4 authors on one paper is still fairly rare in mathematics.
Comment: University regulations can also be a factor. For example, we have the directive that quite some involvement in the work is required for coauthorship, while elsewhere they might just put their Nephew's name on there just because.
Comment: You missed one of the major things that seem to discourage people from co-authoring: the overhead involved. Edit conflicts (version control is still far from being widespread), disagreements over style and storytelling, unclarities about who is responsible for what and which decisions need to be made together (particularly as it comes to submitting), lack of understanding of the other authors' contributions (particularly in a cross-subject collaboration, where authors can have completely different goals) and plain old timezone incompatibility slowing down communication. More ...
Comment: ... important than ego in my experience.
Answer: here is a grad student perspective:
I actually find that it is more time consuming in my field to work with co-authors. I have to wait for feedback, navigate busy schedules, navigate diverging perspectives and approaches. It takes me a couple months or so to draft up a solid empirical paper but then it can take months to progress its way through the inner working of a large R01 research center. I actually think that for student's the trend toward large research teams is a double edged sword. Having 4-8 co-authors significantly extends the time it takes to get it out for review. 1-2 co-authors is perfect I have found. I also think it is quite silly to penalize or raise questions over sole authorship or even judge students who can see a project through from start to finish. Say you have a dataset and you know how to code the data and run the statistical analyses. If you have an outside person look over the code and read the study to verify accuracy this is sufficient I believe to publish a sole piece. As a grad student we are in our mentor's shadow constantly. It can be extremely difficult to differentiate yourself from your mentor. THis is not the case when using secondary survey data and can truly carry out your own study. I am a very productive grad student (16 publications) where about 40% have been solo authored work. I would have never been able to get through the bureaucracy that is large research centers and sustain this level of productivity. On the other hand, all of my papers benefit significantly from co-authors and the final product is always extremely refined. So I think we cannot establish hard and fast rules to govern this type of process. As researchers we are burdened by so much unnecessary hoopla. It is so cumbersome, especially the needless paperwork, self-promotion and negotiating that is academia. I am always shocked because it seems to me that tenure committees are intent on establishing as many obstacles as possible to get in the way of our work while also expecting more. A good CV in my eyes should show a mix of high and low collaboration work. With a clearly demonstrated path that is focused and shows independent thought.
A big problem with grads now in public health, applied sociology to an extent, social welfare and these other professional fields is that they have become producers of globs of students all doing similar work with about 2-5 publications (2 or so first and the rest co-authored). And it is expected to do a post-doc on top prior to entering the tenure track. So it is increasingly difficult to differentiate yourself from other students. My opinion as a solution to this is a return to a BALANCED approach. Demanding students to produce 1-2 SOLE authored pieces during graduate school that firmly establishes their voice as a scholar. Then 3-5ish additional pieces that demonstrate collaboration with primary mentor and others in the field. A similar composition with greater quantity should be expected in the TT and PD tracks.
The last thing I would say is that it is important to emphasize a career stage approach to this. I think for grad students producing several sole/first authored papers is particularly important. In the TT it is important to be first author on a lot with grad students and a smaller number of first author pieces. Then in the Tenure position placing your name last on many publications with 1-3 authors is ideal and for very large productions can have more authors. These are not rules but rather how I would recommend we shift moving forward. Just my own perspective as a grad student.
This would allow for committees to better understand who they are getting with grad students. All in all the existing standards/norms around publishing to just glob out as many co-authored papers as possible is significantly hurting the social and professional sciences.
Answer:
Is there a lower value to publishing with other co-authors instead of
  just oneself?

This will vary heavily by field - and indeed a lot of fields struggle with interdisciplinary research because of it. For example, in my field it is routine to have very large authorship lists. This occasionally causes issues with fields where single-author papers are more common in how they parse the value of a particular paper.
Similarly, in my field single author papers are not usually "mainline" findings that would drive the field forward, but interesting side musings, methodological papers, etc.

Why are some people so reluctant to acknowledge your participation and
  contribution?

There are, as with anything, a number of possible reasons that are all non-nefarious:

They have a different notion of what your participation and contribution were
They have decided that the formal author guidelines put out by some journals are what they're going to stick to, come hell or high water, and they don't think you qualify
"Stretching" to include you would also necessitate the inclusion of a large number of other people whose qualification for authorship is marginal

The first is, in my experience, the most common reason who someone who thinks they should be an author isn't.
Answer: There is one and only one reason to not include someone as a co-author. If the prospective co-author did not contribute any vital input to the work then they should not be included. Not all agree with this, including a former post-doc 'advisor'. Back story:  I refused to include him as a co-author on work that he had no involvement in.  He reciprocated by scrubbing me from a paper for which I generated all the experimental data. (I quit the lab prior to work up. I don't handle charlatans well.)
Comment: You probably meant "one and only one _legitimate_ reason". As your story demonstrates, people may have other reasons, such as retaliation.


Why does Figma automatically flatten my text?

Question: Figma keeps flattening all my text boxes! I have no idea why, I do not do anything with these text boxes except moving them around.
Comment: Hi. Welcome to GDSE. Your question doesn't have enough details. What do you mean by "flattening all my text boxes"? What are you seeing on-screen? Is the text still editable? Can you share a screen shot showing the problem, and that also includes your layers panel with all the layers expanded?
Answer: It would be great if you sent a screenshot of your problem with text layers.
Based on the available information, this problem can arise from the following:

Sticky keys. When pressing MacOS: Command E, Windows: Ctrl E text is converted to vector.
Bugs in Figma itself. Recently, Figma often produces errors and bugs. If you have a similar problem, my advice is to close Figma, clear your cookies, and restart your computer. This should fix the issue.

If none of this helped, send a screenshot and we will try to figure it out more clearly.


Browse Ubuntu source code directory

Question: I have Installed Ubuntu 12.04 On Virtual Box. How to browse the source code directory? What is the commands on terminal to do this?
Answer: An Ubuntu installation comes fully compiled - You won't find the source code in an installed Ubuntu.
To view the kernel code, go to the Linux GitHub repository. To look at ubuntu-specific code, go to the Ubuntu Launchpad code site.

Browse Ubuntu source code directory