Zero or blank space in a table

Question: For an article that I want to publish, I would like to report the results from a survey in a table format but I do not know if I should put Zero or just a blank space/dash (-) whenever the score/percentage is zero. I cannot find any requirements from the journal concerning this issue. I cannot find any articles from that journal that would help me with this issue. How should I proceed? Any ideas?
Comment: Ask the journal itself for guidance. There's not going to be a universal practice for this.
Answer: Use a zero. A dash or blank space could be misinterpreted as 'not applicable' or 'missing data'.
Comment: A footnote can dispel that misinterpretation, of course.
Comment: Sure, but why dispell what you can avoid.
Comment: I am presenting some descriptive statistics in the table and for some observations the result is zero and as those zeros serve like gap identification I though that a dash might be a good solution because it is more visible but thatnk you for your comments henning I will stick to them and I will report zero values
Answer: If there is no guidance from the journal, use your own judgement. Look at several versions. A table showing insignificant (i.e. zero) results could be "busy" if there are a lot, but otherwise just fine.
Choose a version that makes it as easy as possible for the reader to grasp the important results.
Among other things, consider what happens if the table gets split over multiple printed pages. Make sure that it is easy to see which result in the body matches with labels and such in the margins.
If you break any of the journal's rules accidentally, I'm pretty sure you will be asked for an alternate version. Reviewers may comment as well.
Answer: Use a zero if that is just the numerical answer.  (E.g. Number of Nobel Prizes won by poster guest.)  Use a dash or preferably something like "not applicable" or "not measured" (abbreviated) if that is more the case.
Note, I do use - in some PPT tables in a business setting.  But, I don't think they are optimal in a technical report.  Try to be more precise (but still terse).  You are writing for archived technical literature and you want people to understand if the answer was zero or just not measured.

Zero or blank space in a table


Is there any keyword to get the epoch details or stake-pool details in Plutus Smart Contract?

Question: I am trying to write a smart contract where I can get the awards for delegators of a particular stake pool. I need to know if that is right now possible to do using Plutus, if yes, pls suggest me.
Comment: Hey Kuldeep. Welcome to the forum! I made an attempt to answer your questions, but I think I and the other contributors could answer better if you would be more specific with the type of epoch and stake-pool details you are looking for.
Answer: Okay. I think you are asking a couple different questions:

Is there any keyword to get the epoch details or stake-pool details in Plutus Smart Contract?

It really depends on what information you need. There are ways for a script to validate certain information about an epoch, e.g. check that the current slot is within a defined epoch.
For example, to check if you are past a deadline in a validator:
from slot `contains` posixTimeRangeToSlotRange (txInfoValidRange (scriptContextTxInfo ctx))

will return True if the transaction takes place after a specified slot. And there are ways to convert an epoch to a slot.
There is also limited staking information in the transaction context.

I am trying to write a smart contract where I can get the awards for delegators of a particular stake pool. I need to know if that is right now possible to do using Plutus

A smart contract can't withdraw awards on behalf of other delegators. The awarded ADA will be only be withdrawable by the wallets that have delegated the funds.
However, it is possible for a script to delegate its own funds. So, depending on the behavior you want, you could have a smart contract delegate on behalf of other delegators and get a similar behavior.
Hope that helps :)
Comment: Sorry if the question was put in a confusing way. Is there any way we can know how much a particular delegator earned (ADA) in an epoch from a particular staking pool. This is to be done using Plutus SC. I hope to be clearer this time.


Windows installation disk MBR error

Question: I need to install windows on a laptop which has no OS. When selecting the partition of Hard disk to install... Gives me such an error:"Windows cannot be installed to this disk. the selected disk has an MBR partition table. On EFI systems windows can only be installed to GPT disk." Please get me out of here!
Answer: Either You have to disable EFI boot and install Windows on MBR or You have to convert partition scheme to GPT and use EFI boot.
It seems like if you have enabled UEFI boot in BIOS, windows will allow you to install it only on a GPT drive. You can disable EFI boot from BIOS and then install on MBR partition.

Windows installation disk MBR error


How to force Chrome to display images on black background?

Question: If I browse to an image, I would like my web browser to display it on black (not white). How can I do that?
Comment: Principally I use Chrome.
Answer:
Take a look at some Chrome Web Store apps that are available.
Look under the Related tab there to see more app solutions you can use to reverse Chrome's look.
Comment: If I understand correctly, the OP wants to change the background colour when viewing an image file. The extensions you suggested seem to be for inverting colours on all websites, so kind of different from what the OP wants.
Comment: I am not sure. @Indrek, you may be right. But I read the question differently than you, I guess.
Comment: @Indrek Looking at your link again, I'm pretty sure you are correct about my answer being not exactly on-target.
Answer: You didn't say you use Chrome exclusively, so for Firefox, you can use the Old Default Image Style add-on. It allows you to specify a custom colour for images, as well as to choose whether to show them in the centre or top-left corner.
Answer: There is a chrome extension which allow you to change the behavior of chrome when you open an image: Image to center.
In addition to center the image in the browser instead of having it in the top-left corner, you will be able to select a solid background color of your choice or a checkerboard one like on Photoshop.
It's very useful when you are looking for a well aliased picture as there is a lot of png file with some transparency but which render well only on a white background. So you just lose the interest of having transparency and that kind of pictures are still displayed in the google result with alpha filter.


Why is the breeding aspect important?

Question: In one scene, we are clearly told that the dinosaurs couldn't breed on their own because they are all female.  We later find that, in fact, since they used frog dna to create the dinosaurs, they can in fact breed.  Why was so much importance put on this aspect?
Comment: +1. Just saw the 3D version last night and I found a few new JP questions to ask as well (despite seeing the movie an innumerable amount of times).
Comment: Didn't it turn out not all of them were female after all?
Comment: @poepje No, it turned out that the frog DNA they used for completing the sequences was from frogs that are able to change their gender under certain circumstances (to which degree this ability can extrapolate onto the mutated dinosaurs I cannot say, but yet it was science fiction after all).
Comment: Among other things said here, because breeding dinosaurs will prevent population control. The scientists were specifically trying to control population.
Comment: It gave reason for there to be a second and third film with many more dinosaurs. rather than all of them dying out eventually
Answer: In the original novel, Alan Grant make a big issue about how insanely irresponsible and dangerous it was to introduce dinosaurs back into the world.  John Hammond dismissed his concerns, saying the dinosaurs couldn't escape from the island, couldn't breed, and couldn't even survive without a special diet fortified with amino acids.  So when it was revealed that the dinosaurs actually could breed, it wasn't so much a "behold the miracle of life" moment as it was a major "how could we have fucked up so bad?" moment.  I seem to remember that they were going to stop everything else until they could get an accurate count of the dinosaurs, and an accurate count of every eggshell on the island to make sure there were no hatchlings unaccounted for.
This was all pretty much dropped in the movie.
Comment: "It wasn't so much a 'behold the miracle of life' moment as it was a major 'how could we have fucked up so bad?' moment." ~ That is so well stated. +1
Answer: It is one instance that explains everything that happens throughout the movie.
From the dinosaurs escaping to the dinosaurs breeding, much of the events that happen throughout Jurassic Park are meant to prove Dr. Malcolm right when he said "life finds a way."
In this specific example, the Jurassic Park scientists are "spared no expense" and years of research was conducted whereby they did "...things which nobody's ever done before." But we learn that in spite of this massive biologic and engineering feat, where so much deliberate science was conducted to prevent pretty much everything bad that happened in the film, life found a way anyway.
Answer: If I remember correctly from the novel the computer system managing the park were designed to count the number of animals of each type in the park, and to report if that number ever dropped unexpectedly (presumably denoting an escape).
At one point in the novel I believe Dr. Malcolm asks them to run a scan for more animals than expected rather than less. This is when they discover an increased number and so learn that the dinosaurs have been breeding.
I don't remember that element actually being in the film, but it's been some time since I've seen it.
Comment: I remember this scene vividly from the movie, but on seeing it again, it isn't there.  Maybe I imagined it - I've asked the question here: https://movies.stackexchange.com/questions/100277/was-there-a-dinosaur-counter-in-jurassic-park-original-movie

Why is the breeding aspect important?


Can we trademark the name of our group of which the founder and president is no longer associated?

Question: I am looking for advice.  We have a social group.  Our president chose to leave our group, (do not wish to name the name).  This president founded the group and choose the name.  The group pays dues and has annual parties of which the proceeds go back to the group for other functions. The president stole the money.  When we confronted the president, they quit the group.  I have checked and the name is not trademarked.  We want to trademark the name to prevent the former president from having a claim to the money under the group name.  Can we do this legally?
Comment: What does this have to do with websites?
Answer: Yes. In cases of dispute, this disparity of rights is often referred to as "first to file" as opposed to "first to use." In most systems, a trademark can be registered if it is able to distinguish the goods or services of a party, will not confuse consumers about the relationship between one party and another, and will not otherwise deceive consumers with respect to the qualities of the product.
The owner of a registered trademark may commence legal proceedings for trademark infringement to prevent unauthorized use of that trademark. However, registration is not required. The owner of a common law trademark may also file suit, but an unregistered mark may be protectable only within the geographical area within which it has been used or in geographical areas into which it may be reasonably expected to expand.
In the United States the registration process entails several steps prior to a trademark receiving its Certificate of Registration.

an Applicant, the individual or entity applying for the registration, files an application to register the respective trademark. The application is then placed in line in the order it was received to be examined by an examining attorney for the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
Following a period of anywhere from three to six months the application is reviewed by an examining attorney to make sure that it complies with all requirements in order to be entitled to registration.[7] This review includes procedural matters such as making sure the applicant's goods or services are identified properly. It also includes more substantive matters such as making sure the applicant's mark is not merely descriptive or likely to cause confusion with a pre-existing applied-for or registered mark.[8] If the application runs afoul of any requirement, the examining attorney will issue an office action requiring the applicant to address certain issues or refusals prior to registration of the mark.
and after the examination of the mark has concluded with no issues to be addressed or an applicant has responded adequately to an examining attorney's concerns, the application will be published for opposition. During this 30-day period third-parties who may be affected by the registration of the trademark may step forward to file an Opposition Proceeding to stop the registration of the mark. If an Opposition proceeding is filed it institutes a case before the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board to determine both the validity of the grounds for the opposition as well as the ability of the applicant to register the mark at issue.
provided that no third-party opposes the registration of the mark during the opposition period or the opposition is ultimately decided in the applicant's favor the mark will be registered in due course.

You can read more on Trademarks on Wikipedia
Disclaimer: I am not a lawyer. All information given is from Wikipedia. You should consult with a lawyer.


PostgreSQL Queries - Spree product filtering methods and associations

Question: I am trying to add some filtering to products, but my queries are pretty ugly and heavy..
How would you improve this query? (want to return products that don't have a translation or have but field is blank)
Spree::Product.all.map { |p| p if !p.translations.find_by(locale: 'en') || (p.translations.find_by(locale: 'en') && p.translations.find_by(locale: 'en').name.blank?) }.reject(&:blank?)
# takes about 1 second

Another query is about Taxons associated with Products:
Spree::Product.all.map { |p| p unless p.taxons.any? }.reject(&:blank?)

I know there is a way to return Records that don't have any associated has_many records, like: Spree::Product.all.includes(:taggings).where(taggings: { taggable_id: nil }). But for some reason it doesn't want to work with Taxons.
I wonder also if there is a way to improve queries on model methods. For example, I have a query that returns all the products that don't have images:
Spree::Product.all.map { |p| p unless p.all_images.any? }.reject(&:blank?)
# takes over 2 seconds

# product_decorator.rb
def all_images
  (images + variant_images).uniq
end

Thanks!
Answer: When you use the .all it will load all the records and perform those operations you set inside the blocks({}). Try to mount a query using pure SQL or even better, using the .where clause, it will mount your query and will perform better. You can use several .where, one after the other chaining the methods.
You can find more about conditions on the Rails guide


Processing batches with a delay

Question: I have an interesting challenge, I'm sure there are a few decent solutions but I'd like to get some input from the community. I am building a tool that will allow my users to use the Angel IVR Outbound API (you call it API, it places calls for you. Like Twilio). They run a custom query using the tool and it call's all the resulting records. I have this part working just fine. The challenge is, we want to break the calls up into delayed batches. Reason being that if we place 1000 calls and they all go out immediately and then the people receiving the calls need to call into our customer care center, our help desk people could be quickly overwhelmed by the call volume. So ideally we could pass in a set of IDs and a minute delay as well and have the batch of 1000 broken into groups of say 200 with that minute delay inserted between.
The approach I was thinking of taking is having the main application look and see if a delay time greater than 0 is passed in. If so, instead of just batching and placing the calls (my outbound dialing function already handles the batching) it would schedule an invocation of a scheduable class. That class would then take the entire list of ID's (would have to store them somewhere, not sure where though since I don't think you can pass arguments to a scheduled class). That scheduled class would send one batch and delete those ID's from the set. If there are ID's left it will schedule another invocation of itself X amount of time from now, which will then recursively run until all ID's have been handeled. This seems solid, but there are a few questions.
1) Can a scheduled class schedule another invocation of itself?
2) What would be the best way to store the list of records to dial
Just to get an idea of scope, about the most records we would every deal with this application would be about 10,000, but ideally it could scale up near infinity. The batch size will generally be between 100 and 250. Each batch consists of just one outbound HTTP request to the angel API, as you can include multiple numbers to call per request (up to 250, hence the batch size limit).
Anyway, I'd love to hear some input from other experts and see what you all think might be the best way to approach this. If you are curious what I have for my class already check out my blog at
http://iwritecrappycode.wordpress.com/
Particularly the campaignCall function, as that is the one that gets called currently to place calls. Thanks!
Answer: The strategy that I have seen employed to do this is to schedule a job one minute in the future, passing the state between the Scheduled and Batch Apex class as a property so you have some scope. So, in the finish method of your Batch Apex class, implement a 'delay':
Datetime sysTime = System.now();
sysTime = sysTime.addSeconds(60);
String chron_exp = '' + sysTime.second() + ' ' + sysTime.minute() + ' ' + sysTime.hour() + ' ' + sysTime.day() + ' ' + sysTime.month() + ' ? ' + sysTime.year();
ScheduledClass scheduler = new ScheduledClass();
scheduler.SomeState = yourState;
//Schedule the next job, and give it the system time so name is unique
System.schedule('CMP2 ' + sysTime,chron_exp,scheduler);

Schedulable class:
global with sharing class ScheduledClass implements Schedulable
{
    public Set<ID> SomeState {get;set;}

    global void execute(SchedulableContext sc)
    {
        BatchClassImpl batch = new BatchClassImpl(doNextBatch);
        batch.SomeState = SomeState;
        Database.executeBatch(batch,250);
       //remove from scheduled job list
        System.abortJob( sc.getTriggerID() );
    }
}

Answer: In Summer '13 release you will have a new "ScheduleBatch" method to use.  This will let you specify a time delay for enqueuing the next batch job.  It more-or-less does the mechanics that are listed in Phil Hawthorn's response.
Answer: The way I look at it, you would need a 'Staging' Custom Object, into which you insert the results of your query as records, with a status (Pending / In Progress / Completed)
This object could have a lookup to the CampaignMember / Contact / Lead whose details need to be sent out via the API Call.
Write a Scheduled Class, which scans this staging table and picks up records with a Status of 'PENDING' with a limit of the number of records you want to process at a go (batch size)
Process these selected items and mark them Completed or delete them.
In this way, the scheduled job runs as often you desire (using System.schedule and a cron expression) and picks up batch size number of records at a go, and processes them.
Answer: If I properly understand the problem then this may work:
Persist all the IDs into a custom object with a status as described above. Then you can schedule an apex class to execute every 5 minutes (You can schedule apex to a minimum of every 5 minutes).
This would mean every 5 minutes your table is scanned for queued records, calls the API, then deleted or updates status of the records.
This would allow you to process batches every 5 minutes- hopefully that is suitable.
Comment: That sounds like a good way to persist the state, providing the storage costs aren't too high. Any ideas on getting this too run more often? Could one job call the other immediately after finishing?
Comment: @MikeChale, you can get it to run more often with the pattern I described above, i.e. self scheduling + the bonus here is that you're only using one scheduled job can delete itself as the last thing it does.

Processing batches with a delay


Reverse electric guitar pickups

Question: It seems obvious to me that the principal behind a standard electric guitar could be reversed, so that electrical signals passed through the coils in the pickups could induce a vibration in the string and thus cause it to emit a sound. Would simply driving the resonant frequency of the string through the pickup be adequate to produce sound like this?
Comment: Speaker coils indicate the process can work in general. However, coils as sensors are designed to different criteria than coils as drivers.
Comment: A science equipment company, PASCO, used to sell a set of coils, one a driver and the other a detector. Both were iron/steel cores wrapped in copper wire. The detector had more turns of wire to make it more sensitive, but their basic constructions were the same.
Answer: There is something which does exactly this- it is a small battery-powered device called an E-BOW which the guitarist holds in their right hand near the strings. It contains a pickup coil, an amplifier, and a drive coil. When the pickup coil detects string vibrations, the amplifier makes the signal more powerful and sends it to the drive coil, which forces the string to vibrate more strongly at its original frequency. By driving the string in this manner, the E-Bow lets guitarist hold the note of their choice forever without physically plucking that string. The guitarist for the band Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers used one for the guitar solo in the song "Breakdown", from their first album.
Comment: why the downvote???
Answer: My understanding of the detection vs driving is as follows:
Firstly, as Jon Custer has mentioned in the comment above, the detection coils are designed for detection. They are very sensitive, but unlikely to drive a string, because they are not suited to supplying the required intensity of varying magnetic field required.
Secondly, the vibration frequency $f_1$ of a string is according to the following equation:
$$f_1 = \frac{\sqrt\frac{T}{m/L}}{2L}$$
by which vibrational frequency is determined by its effective length $L$ (for a given cross sectional area and string material, which determine the mass $m$ per unit length $L$), which also affects tension $T$ in the string. These two are the short term determinants of the fundamental vibration frequency of a string.
There is no need to drive the string at a certain frequency, if it is plucked or hammered, it will vibrate at a frequency determined by its effective length.

Reverse electric guitar pickups


Negative GARCH coefficients

Question: Generally, for a strong GARCH(p,q) process it is assumed that all coefficients $\alpha_1, ..., \alpha_q, \beta_1, ..., \beta_p$ are non-negative. However, I estimated a regular GARCH(p,q) model for which the data exhibited strong volatility persistence as one could see in the plot of squared residuals, and I got negative coefficients for some $\beta_i$ and I am wondering if that is okay? Together all coefficients add up to $< 1$, so second-order stationarity is satisfied. But what should I do about the negative coefficients (if anything)?
Comment: If I remember correctly, you could get away with negative coefficients as long as certain inequalites are satisfied (the cofficients cannot be "too negative"). Tsay "Analysis of Financial Time Series" has some note on it, I think. But I may be wrong.
Comment: Nope, I just checked, there is nothing in Tsay "Analysis of Financial Time Series".
Comment: Sorry then. Perhaps that was for multivariate models in Lütkepohl's ["New Introduction to Multiple Time Series Analysis"](http://www.springer.com/us/book/9783540401728), but that is irrelevant.
Answer: So there are two considerations you need to make when inspecting the estimated parameters. First, does my GARCH process possess a strictly stationary distribution, given the parameter estimates and secondly, will the GARCH process be non-negative (since it is a variance), with these same parameters?
Strict stationarity is a minimum requirement for the maximum likelihood estimator to be consistent, that is, the estimation procedure returning the "true" parameters on average. When restricting the parameters to be positive a sufficient (but not necessary) condition is, as you also point out, that the sum of the $\alpha$'s and $\beta$'s is less than 1. This rule doesn't apply if the parameters are allowed to be negative.
Non-negativity:
There is no easily checkable rules (to my knowledge) that ensure non-negativity for the general GARCh(p,q) process. But Nelson & Cao (1992) give easy checkable conditions for GARCH(1,q) and (somewhat) manageable conditions for GARCH(2,q). For example the conditions for the GARCH(2,1), $$\sigma_t^2 = \omega + \alpha_1 y_{t-1}^2+\beta_1 \sigma_{t-1}^2 +\beta_2 \sigma_{t-2}^2$$ are
\begin{aligned}\omega & \geq0\\
\alpha_1 & \geq0\\
\beta_1 & \geq0\\
\beta_1+\beta_2 & <1\\
\beta_1^{2}+4\beta_2 & \geq0
\end{aligned}
These conditions only ensure that the $\sigma^2$-process is non-negative, but says nothing about stationarity of $\sigma_t^2$ or $y_t$.

Negative GARCH coefficients


How to grab the audio channel from an MP4 video file into a separate audio file?

Question: Having an MPEG4 (MP4 container, H264 AVC video, AAC audio) video clip downloaded from YouTube, how to separate its audio channel into an independent audio (without de&re-compressing the audio preferably) file with free Linux tools?
Answer: Considering Youtube videos, extracting audio from video may not be necessary, as the audio tracks can be downloaded separately as
such by using Firefox with the latest Flashgot addon or by using mps-youtube (it is a tool meant to play and download audio tracks from youtube: more here).

Considering mp4 video files:
As answered here, one can us a more generic command without the need for the specific names of the files, and add that to the File Manager custom menu, like:
ffmpeg -i "$0" -map 0:1 -c:a copy "${0%%.*}".m4a

(Using .m4a is preferable as it is more largely supported as a container for .aac, but you can use the raw .aac instead if you wish.)
Also, this command run in a terminal will extract audio tracks from all mp4 files in the current folder:
for i in *.mp4; do ffmpeg -i "${i}" -map 0:1 -c:a copy "${i%.mp4}.m4a"; done

(here the source post)

See comments and related info in the linked answers and questions on how to use such commands in the context-menus of file managers.

Above and other similar commands can be used also for extracting audio from other types of video files, by replacing accordingly the input and output extensions.
The first command works as such for flv too; but for other video, just replace m4a with whatever audio is contained by the video clip. The second command needs replacing both video and audio extensions if applied to different  types of video files.
Usually, mp4 and flv files contain aac audio, Webm files contain ogg and avi files contain mp3 audio. To be sure what audio is contained by the video, use  mediainfo: mediainfo-GUI, or just install mediainfo and in Terminal: mediainfo <file>.
Answer: If you know there is only 1 audio stream and that it is aac, then you only need this:
ffmpeg -acodec copy -i "movie.mp4" -y "audio.aac"

If you want to script the  first audio stream ID and codec-type/file-extension, you can use this:
eval $(ffmpeg -i "movie.mp4" 2>&1 |awk '/Stream.*Audio/{print "stream=" $2 ";codec=" $4}' |head -n1)
stream=${stream:1}; stream=${stream/:/}
extn=${codec/,/}; [[ $extn == "aac" ]] ||
    { echo "You need to manually set the fiie extension. Codec type is: $codec"; exit 1; }

ffmpeg -map $stream -acodec copy -i "movie.mp4" "audio.$extn"

Comment: Perhaps `ffmpeg -i` in not outputing a single line which matches  *`/Stream.*Audio/`* line... If there is more than one, then to grab the first one, you need `eval $(ffmpeg -i "movie.mp4" 2>&1 |awk '/Stream.*Audio/{print "stream=" $2 ";codec=" $4} |head -n1)` .... Otherwise just experiment with `ffmpeg -i` and see what it needs, or for a one-off,  manually enter the correct filetype...
Comment: eval: 1: Syntax error: "(" unexpected
Comment: By the way, do you happen to know a similar trick for FLV files? ffmpeg says "Unable to find a suitable output format for 'audioFile'". Seems it thinks it's webm.


When a University changes name after students graduate

Question: If a University change its name after graduation, should graduates use the original or the new name of the school in their CV? Sometimes even countries change their names, again should graduates refer to the original or new names in their CV if that takes place after their graduation?
Comment: This actually happenned to me. My university was "Universite du Maine" when I graduated and is now named "Le Mans Universite". I agree with everyone else that indicating both names seems the most appropriate for a CV
Comment: Related, if not duplicate: [How to refer to a university that changed its name?](https://academia.stackexchange.com/q/56313/7734)
Comment: Just use both names.
Answer: I think a good rule of thumb for this situation is to list both names for the sake of clarity.  I would use the new name first and then list the previous name.  For example on your CV you could write:
BSc Biology - 2018-2022
University of Unicorns (previously Unicorn's University)
Comment: Actually using the new name (the "after graduation" name) first  is confusing. It implies that you were given a degree by "University of Unicorns" when the diploma says otherwise.  I still suggest listing the name as it was at the time the degree was given, then a qualification that it has since changed. Not a hill to die on, but history matters.
Answer: On a CV I would always put both.
Also in terms of filling out digital CVs where the school auto-populates I would always ask if they prefer I put whatever name they have listed (new or old) or if I should fill in "school not listed" instead. Sometimes I get told to put the school they have, sometimes I get told to put that it is not listed.
(I have had an issue where my college's school name from many many many years ago still auto populates for some reason).
Answer: For a CV it is easy enough to list both names. This happened to me. Name the degree (MA, or whatever): University of the South, now named University of the Universe. Give the date of the name change if you like, but I never do. It lets people find you as needed in old records and is completely honest.
Comment: Yeah, you see a share of this on LinkedIn - *B.Sc. University of the South (formerly Belle College), Alabamy, USA.*
Answer: This happened to me, and my CV contains the university's original name.  I suppose I could add the new name and the reason for the change. (The University of Detroit merged with Mercy College and became the University of Detroit Mercy.) But the current form of the CV, with only the original name, has worked without problems for many years, so I don't see any urgent need to change it.
Answer: Your CV is a promotional document, aimed to sell you as an employee, therefore you should use whichever name is best known or most prestigious. If you are unsure listing both is a perfectly reasonable option, but it is probably unnecessary since a google search for the old name will find the new.
Really the only situation where it might cause difficulties for you is if they ask to see your certificates as proof of qualification and the names differ between CV and certificate. However, it seems extremely unlikely that any employer is going to change their decision on whether to hire you or not if you tell them the university changed name and you used the new one when you hand them the certificate.
Answer: In my case the institution upgraded status and name. I believe that all graduates were offered a new degree parchment with the new name shown on it. But many of us didn't bother.
In today's digital world where changes of name to an institution become known instantly and many job candidates have their CVs informally verified via e.g. LinkedIn, I would advise you to apply the new name lest someone find no link to that institution on social media and deem you an imposter.
Naturally, keep possession of the old parchment as you worked so hard to get it.


Install Ubuntu with Android in Samsung Galaxy Note

Question: hi I am a user of Samsung Galaxy Note 10.1 and I just have seen an app "Ubuntu for Android"
I have Android 4.1.2 in my Note. Please tell me if I am able to use both Ubuntu and android in the tablet(like a formatted desktop which can use various OS at a time) and if it is possible please try to tell me the process
Answer: First of all,  Ubuntu for Android isn't a 'mobile version' of Ubuntu. ie, After installing 'Ubuntu for Android' you won't be able to use Ubuntu OS in your android tablet. What it does is on connecting your tablet with your PC using and HDMI cable you'll be able to use the desktop version of Ubuntu.ie Your still will be in Android. The image below clarifies this :
Ubuntu For Android
So I assume what you expect is the Ubuntu For Phones :The Mobile OS of Ubuntu.
I don't think Galaxy Note is ready for dual boot.
If you want an Ubuntu only tab, read the following.
Developers are trying to make the Ubuntu Os for a variety of devices. Samsung Galaxy Note is still under testing. Following are the current status.

What is working?

Touch
Wifi (atm broken?)
both Cameras (atm broken)
Sound
GSM (only mobile network)

What is not working?

GSM (phone/sms)
Video recording
May be more

How to install

Download the latest the build for GT-N7000
Download the latest quantal-preinstalled-phablet-armhf.zip
( Afterflash isn't needed anymore with 03-08 build)
Make a Nandroid Backup
Make a Full wipe
Flash the ubuntu_n7000_X-X.zip
Flash the quantal-preinstalled-phablet-armhf.zip
reboot

PS: The Rom will now build daily. Be sure that you use the latest daily rom with latest ubuntu daily.


How do I calculate Nakshatram manually?

Question: I want to calculate nakshatram manually.
Could you please explain me in detail?
Answer: It's simple. You just have to remember the following:

Each zodiac sign has a total of 9 padas.
There are 12 zodiac signs. So, 12*9 = 108 padas.
Each nakshatra has 4 padas.
Span of each pada is 3° 20′. So, 3° 20′*4 = 13° 20′(which is the span of one nakshatra)

So, start counting from Aries beginning with the nakshatra Ashwini, then Bharani and Kritika. These three nakshtaras fall in the zodiac sign Aries. 4 padas of Ashwini and Bharani and 1 pada of Kritika is in Aries (since a zodiac sign can have just 9 padas). The other 3 padas of Kritika falls in the zodiac sign Taurus.You will have to do this calculation for each sign or you can just use a vedic software which does the calculations for you.
You can also go through the detailed analysis here : "How To Calculate Tithi and Nakshatra & its Pada Manually?"
References: here

How do I calculate Nakshatram manually?


Android kills process without calling onSaveInstanceState

Question: I'm tracking down a bug that, on rare occasions, causes an app to crash when it is reactivated via the recent apps list after being in the background for a while. When this occurs, the call stack information indicates that the activity has not restored its instance state correctly. The necessary code for saving/restoring the state is in place - the state is saved in onSaveInstanceState and restored in onCreate (not onRestoreInstanceState in this case).
I'm aware of what Android is doing: It kills the app process at some point to conserve memory, and restarts it when I reactivate the app. But it appears that Android sometimes does not call onSaveInstanceState before killing the process, causing a null Bundle to be passed to onCreate. This is fatal because from the app's point of view, it never stopped, but now its state is gone.
Any ideas how this can happen?
Another puzzling detail is that although the crash cannot (easily) be reproduced by killing the app's process via a task manager, it is consistently reproducible be setting the number of background processes to "none" in the device's developer options. (I know the entire process is actually killed in both scenarios, because when the app is restarted, I can see it waiting for the debugger to attach, which doesn't occur when the process is still alive).
In the case where no background processes are allowed, pressing the home button and reactivating the app via the recent app list is sufficient to reproduce the crash. Logging clearly indicates that onSaveInstanceState is not called, and that a null Bundle is passed to onCreate.
According to the documentation, onSaveInstanceState is always called before the system kills a process. Any ideas why it would not do so in this case?
Answer: What type of data are you trying to save? It's best to commit any long term data in onPause() as there are cases where onSaveInstanceState() may not get called. I would also recommend sanity checking the data so if you get nothing from the Bundle it is handled gracefully. From the Activity documentation:
"...Because of this, you should use the onPause() method to write any persistent data (such as user edits) to storage. In addition, the method onSaveInstanceState(Bundle) is called before placing the activity in such a background state, allowing you to save away any dynamic instance state in your activity into the given Bundle, to be later received in onCreate(Bundle) if the activity needs to be re-created. See the Process Lifecycle section for more information on how the lifecycle of a process is tied to the activities it is hosting. Note that it is important to save persistent data in onPause() instead of onSaveInstanceState(Bundle) because the latter is not part of the lifecycle callbacks, so will not be called in every situation as described in its documentation."


Why do logarithms produce such difficult problems

Question: This was inspired by Fun logarithm question, because it made me remember a question I accidentally asked on a quiz some time ago.  It was suppose to have both log bases the same, 3 or 5. $$\log_{5}\left(x+3\right)=1-\log_{3}\left(x-1\right)$$
   After apologizing to my students, I talked to some people about it and we could not find an analytical solution... other than to realize that $x=2$ is a solution by just trying it.  So, my questions are: Is there an analytical solution to this specific problem? And, more importantly, why do variables in exponents/logarithms that are seemingly easy to state produce such difficult problems? I would like some insight into the second question more than the first, as answering the second will also answer the first, I think.
Comment: Mathematica can solve it to give $x=2$ as the exact solution, but it looks like it can't do more general examples without resorting to Root[] objects.
Comment: Are logs really special in producing difficult problems? Even a fifth degree polynomial can be pretty tough.
Comment: As an extension, the reason the integer 2 (as opposed to a non-integer real value) is an exact solution is that this is a case of the more general equation $\log_{a}\left(x+u\right)=1-\log_{b}\left(x-v\right)$ where $x-v=1$ and $x+u=a$, which reduces the problem to $\log_{a}\left(a\right)=1-\log_{b}\left(1\right)$, $1=1-0$, $1=1$.
Answer: If you put everything in a common base, let's say 5, this equation is equivalent to $$(x+3)(x-1)^c=5 $$, with c = $\log_53 \approx 0.68261$. Solving expressions with polynomials is usually easy. I would guess that the problem here is that the exponents are not integer, but real, which makes everything harder.
Comment: I guess logs only give the illusion that something really complicated is in fact simple. For example, at first sight I have no idea how much $5^{0.5693}$ is, or even if it's closer to 0 or 5. But if I was told that it is almost the $\log_5 2.5$, things would seem easier.
Answer: Ad question 1
Like user120820 already indicated, you can solve it analytically by converting into a common base via the change of base formula
$$
\log_b(x)=\frac{\log_k(x)}{\log_k(b)}
$$
With this we have $\log_3(x-1)=\frac{\log_5(x-1)}{\log_5(3)}$. To simplify things we define a name for the constant factor $c=1/\log_5(3)\approx 1.46497352072$ that it costs converting a $\log_3$ to a $\log_5$. Then the equation becomes
$$
\log_5(x+3)=1-c\log_5(x-1)\\
\Updownarrow\\
\log_5(x+3)+c\log_5(x-1)=1\\
\Updownarrow\\
(x+3)(x-1)^c=5
$$
Ad question 2
The problem you gave involved only addition and multiplication along with different bases of the logarithms involved. The change of base part produced an extra step that was difficult to identify and deal with.
Because the rules for logarithms are so suprising in a way, it is a bit like solving a puzzle where the steps in the puzzle are so entangled with themselves, that it becomes complicated to keep track of your moves...
Here is another $\log$-equation, you could find entertainment in solving:
$$
\log_5(x)+\log_{25}(x)=\log_{5}(\sqrt{3}x)
$$
Regards, String
Answer: The whole idea is, after noticing that $x=2$ is a solution, to take the derivative, and observe that it is strictly positive for $x\ge1$, meaning that the function itself is monotonously increasing on $[1,\infty)$, hence the solution is unique.
Answer: Also not really an analytical solution, but another way to "visualize" the solution is to make a substitution
$$3^t=x-1$$
then the equation transforms to $3^t+4=5.5^{-t}$
or
$$3^t5^t+4.5^t=5$$
which is the same as $$(4-1)^t(4+1)^t+4(4+1)^t=1+4$$
Then it is clear that if $(4-1)^t(4+1)^t=1$ and $(4+1)^t=1$ then we have solution. Those two equations hold true for $t=0$ and plugging it back to the original substitution, we obtain $x=2$.


Can drone pilots use 1-800-WX-BRIEF?

Question: Can drone pilots call 1-800-WX-BRIEF to get weather information like pilots of crewed aircraft can?
Answer: Yes, that is a general FAA-related resource. The site is less helpful.  If calling - know your lingo.
But there are many better resources for drone flight management.  B4UFly and a good weather app are all I generally use.  I found the reference cited antiquated, difficult to use, and not as helpful as basic weather-tracking tools.
In general, I recommend a hard skip on that resource.

Can drone pilots use 1-800-WX-BRIEF?


Is there a way to find the price of an asset from the JSON object of a transaction received from a Blockfrost webhook?

Question: I am trying to find the price of an asset from a transaction JSON object that I receive from a Blockfrost webhook in which I track transactions from and to JPG store, the object has all the information about a transaction and the UTxOs but none of them have the price of the asset/assets, is it possible to find it by using one of the properties?
Comment: What do you mean by transaction JSON object, how does it look, what kind of information do you have access about it? Also, where did that transaction come from? If it's from JPG store than they create transactions in such a way that is possible to know the price of an assets if it's from an unknown marketplace, then you can't know for sure, but you can make assumptions and end up with a value.
Comment: Please clarify your specific problem or provide additional details to highlight exactly what you need. As it's currently written, it's hard to tell exactly what you're asking.
Comment: @Mateus I am receiving this JSON object from a Blockfrost webhook that listens to transactions from and to the JPG store and I have read through the whole object but there is no price attached to an asset, that's why I asked if it is possible to retrieve that using one of the properties.
Comment: @Badro I see, can you edit your question to include this information and maybe also what transaction information you have access to through the block frost web hook? I believe you will find the price in the datum, but I can try to make a more developed answer once you edit your question
Comment: I have edited it, let me know if it is better now or needs more information :)
Answer: The price of the asset is stored within the datum of the order itself by the jpg.store contract.
Let's take the transaction 8698d938588ca9a93663cb1a9e4478390f374873970ced6d46ae9c4e6ac88723 for example.
To find out more information about this order, we need to find out the Datum of the UTXO that has been spent.
$ curl -s -H 'project_id: token' https://cardano-mainnet.blockfrost.io/api/v0/txs/8698d938588ca9a93663cb1a9e4478390f374873970ced6d46ae9c4e6ac88723/utxos | jq .inputs[].data_hash
null
"e782c5dbe30c01d0dee590e474fa0a92c18fd4ff3f459fb74c8253e4c87ddddd"
null

And here, you can the content of the datum.
$ curl -s -H 'project_id: token' https://cardano-mainnet.blockfrost.io/api/v0/scripts/datum/e782c5dbe30c01d0dee590e474fa0a92c18fd4ff3f459fb74c8253e4c87ddddd | jq
{
  "json_value": {
    "fields": [
      {
        "bytes": "bf5be2e0d7246b59b89f9ff57dfed904257985ecde6a20fc66cf7b26"
      },
      {
        "int": 680000000
      },
      {
        "bytes": "86ec26a91051e4d42df00b023202e177a0027dca4294a20a0326a116"
      },
      {
        "bytes": "617175616661726d657231303534"
      },
      {
        "bytes": "baaaa8b9a088f04386cb7119ccf686616fc15f81663f58f459d0bf67"
      },
      {
        "int": 50
      }
    ],
    "constructor": 0
  }
}

As you can see, the second field value is the price.
Comment: Thank you for answering, I have tested this with a few transactions in which people have bought assets and I do find the correct price after adding up the values. Same thing for when an asset is listed or its price has changed, thank you very much.


Circumcision once then blood drawn

Question: When a gentile is already circumcised and wants to convert to Judaism, blood has to be drawn from his penis. Why is this? What's the point?
Comment: You realize "drawing blood" here means just enough to see a drop, right?
Comment: @Shalom Possibly two drops, since there is a debate regarding the exact site where the drop needs to be extracted from.
Answer: The drawing of blood, in the context of circumcision, forms a blood Covenant with God. As part of the conversion process, the person needs to join this blood Covenant, just like all other Jews who are part of this Covenant. If a person had their foreskin removed in the past, then the way to join this Covenant is by drawing blood from the same area where the circumcision would normally have been performed in the context of conversion.
Comment: Two examples might help illustrate: a Jew born without a foreskin (some sort of congenital defect) needs this done too, and a Jew who removed his foreskin using lasers or something such that no blood comes out does not fulfill the commandment.

Circumcision once then blood drawn


Is it possible that women can sing baritone songs?

Question: I know this is probably a weird question but I am just wondering if it is actually possible for other people. I'm currently 15(and a girl) and my comfort zone is around the baritone voice type. Even my speaking voice is deeper than most people, and I've been trying to understand how this is possible in any way.
Comment: Possible duplicate of [Voice classification and voice types: how can voice be classified based on range?](https://music.stackexchange.com/questions/20156/voice-classification-and-voice-types-how-can-voice-be-classified-based-on-range)
Comment: my friend sings baritone and she sings lead in several musicals. Do what you're comfortable with.If you want to extend, lessons may help.
Comment: Absolutely not a problem.  Listen to how high male tenors go, for example.
Comment: Some can reach Baritone but it'll not really be called "Baritone". Like how Alto range for Men is called "CounterTenor"
Answer: You can and (I hope) will sing wherever your range is comfortable. If it's where usual baritone or tenors sing, then so be it. What everyone needs to do is find the key for each particular song you want to sing. The key that suits your voice, for each song. It's not going to be the same key for every song, just because it happens to be D for several!
Most people have a two to two and a half octave range, roughly speaking. Some can extend to more, although the quality at each end may suffer. Karen Carpenter, I believe, had a four octave range - so could sing down where you are, but easily into soprano and more. Useful when multi-tracking!
Work with what you have been given, there are at least a million songs out there that will suit your voice, and if you sing in a choir, the lower register of your voice will always be welcome.
Answer: It's not all that unusual.  Timbre is also part of the equation so even though there is some overlap between male and female voice ranges, "crossovers" in choirs tend to be rare unless nothing else could possibly work.  In all-male and all-female choirs, the appreciated ranges at the "wrong end" tend to be quite more.  Practice helps accessing registers and ranges that feel less natural and thus can make choir and ensemble work more accessible.  For chanson-like solo singing, a low female voice responding well in chest registers will be very much sought after.
So not much to worry about, assuming that your usefully accessible range will, after training, be large enough to be musically useful.
Answer: There is an actual name for us: We are typically classed as contra_alto (not the same as alto). Generally that means female voices of tenor range but baritone included in this as well. We are rare, the lower the rarer and more wanted!
The alto typically ranges from F3 to F5, where tenor ranges from C3 to C5.
A baritone generally stretches from A2 to A4.
Practice! Strengthen. Don't forget, you are young and your voice may still drop (girl voices drop as well, just not as drastically).
I can sing nearly a whole octave lower than in high school but my higher range is less than it used to be since I stopped practicing.
If you want something flirty, there's always Nina Simone.
Answer: Certainly.  'Female baritone' is almost the standard voice type for mature Broadway actresses!
Make sure you ARE singing, not just crooning along with a recording though.  Many self-taught singers never actually 'turn the engine on'.
Answer: As a contralto i think of myself as a female bass with a baritone tessitura...e2 to A4, maybe a little higher on a day when my energy level is high and i can really employ power...most comfortable in third octave rang. I take lessons and have learned that with proper technique and the correct key I can adapt most songs to my range. I think power or air/energy and staying relaxed and just feeling the song is the way to approach the deep female voice...be confident with it...But it needs practice and its really best i think to work with a very good vocal trainer and learn music theory...you will need it to work within various keys..
Comment: Wow, E2 from a woman is crazy... That's a male bass singer's low E!
Answer: Yes. It is not weird at all and that doesn't make you weird.
The way your voice sounds is determined by many factors but the size and shape of your larynx, neck and throat are the most important factors.
When I was in college one of the assistant professors was a female bass and sang in an all woman SATB quartet. I also sang bass in choir and sometimes she would sing in the bass section with us, lower than the baritones.
Her regular speaking voice wasn't that low, but definitely lower.
Hope this helps.


eclipse error "android.jar" missing

Question: I'm trying to import my android projects to my new pc. but eclipse fires the following error-
"Project 'MyProject' is missing required library: 'C:\Users\myName\AppData\Local\Android\android-sdk\platforms\android-10\android.jar' Build path Build Path Problem.
but there is no folder called 'C:\Users\myName\AppData~", my user folder is 'C:\Users\PC\AppData~.
how to fix this guys??
Answer: Delete the android.jar from Project->Properties->Java Build Path
Comment: @amitsharma Glad it helped :) Btw I will suggest you to move on Android Studio now. Eclipse is outdated for android development.
Answer: Right click on AndEngine go to Properties ->Android select Android 4.03 and click ok . This will build your project in Android 4.03 and get the required Andengine.jar file.
Answer: Change your computer name to "myName".
Comment: changed to myName. but the path is still C:\Users\PC\AppData~. new projects are working perfectly. i'm using windows 8 pro with latest android developer tools.
Answer: I also came across this kind of issue occationally, doing clean or selecting android project build target doesn't work, restart eclipse works though.
Answer: Your sdk have missing .jar file
Download android.jar file from https://github.com/Sable/android-platforms and paste it.
It will work fine on Windows and Linux

eclipse error "android.jar" missing


Vacuum pump clanking, pulling oil into line

Question: About 3.5 weeks ago I bought a new vacuum pump (VEVOR 8 CFM Vacuum Pump 2 Stage).  It's started sometimes making a rattling noise for a moment on start, like this morning.  I also had a problem when I turned it off this morning, too, with the line still under vacuum, because a little while later I noticed pump oil being pulled up into the line - by the time I noticed, there was probably a tablespoon or two of oil pooled in the bottom of the hose.  That also seems bad.  It's not doing either thing right now or I'd attach video, but that also makes me think neither are expected behaviors.  Is it bad practice to turn your pump off while under vacuum?  Is clanking normal, somehow?  Or like, should I return this pump or something?  (I got the protection plan, also.)  Kindof a shame, since it pulled a better vacuum than my previous pump.
Comment: Unless the manual says otherwise, I would not expect this pump to have a problem starting against vacuum. I would agree with @Ariser about the seizing = broken. If you got the protection plan get it replaced - it could have just been one faulty unit out of 100s made.
Answer: So for the oil being pulled into the line you can fit a trap.
As for the clanking you need to get that investigated - maybe a bearing is failing. Bearings fail for several reasons: overloaded, manufacturing defects or lack of lubrication. I would check for the last two.
Comment: Well, the oil level is near the max (though this pump doesn't have the usual min/max markings on it).  How would you check for manufacturing defects?  And the pump seized up entirely for a few seconds yesterday, which, again, seems bad.
Comment: Oh also - I ran it for maybe 20-30 minutes and it went into (presumably) thermal shutdown.  (Started back up again a minute later.)  (This was particularly bad because oil started to flow back into the line, automatically.)  How long do most pumps run for continuously?  I was under the impression they're supposed to run a long time.
Answer: I had a similar pump of this style. They are sold all over the globe only differing in the handle and the AC-plug. What you describe sounds like you have too much oil in the pump. If the oil is on max you risk the oil filling the operating volume. As oil can't be compressed the pump will receive heavy blows on every compression of the volume. This can produce the clanking sound and will move the oil to the high pressure side. Furthermore it will draw extra power from the motor.
Take out the surplus oil to have the oil level at the middle of the gauge-glass.
Always take care the pump is standing on a perfectly leveled surface when operating otherwise the oil level across the housing will not be what you see in the gauge-glass.
Always let the oil settle down some minutes after moving the pump around.
Comment: Ah, good to know; thanks.  The pump seized up entirely a few times, and I returned it.  I'm pretty sure the oil was between min and max - probably closer to max, but still within bounds.  My new pump started making a slight rattling noise, too, though it's not yet clear it's a symptom of anything.  The only thing I'm doing that's likely to be weird is stopping the pump under vacuum, and starting it again under vacuum.  Is it bad for the pump, to do that??
Comment: If it seizes, it's broken. Something came loose and blocked. Starting against vaccum sholdn't be a problem for this type of pump. If the pressure at the suction side is low at startup the pump won't move much air but that's just physics. In fact startup should be easier then. Rattling noises to some degree seem to be common with these pumps. After all they aren't high precision machines.


Is there any relationship between Aquinas teaching on the analogical knowledge of God and Christ teaching in parables?

Question: Is there any relationship between Aquinas teaching on the analogical knowledge of God and Christ teaching in parables (ie. via analogies)?
Comment: Given the fact that most "off topic" complaints are scope or so-called "truth question" concerns, specifying a Church usually does suffice for making a question on topic.
Comment: I've always thought so, but I don't know of any academic sources.
Comment: Just slapping the "catholicism" tag on a question doesn't really suffice for making a question on topic.
Comment: @curiousdannii Thanks for pointing that out
Answer: Parables & Metaphors
To speak parabolically is to speak in metaphors, and metaphors pertain to poetry, "the least (infima) of all the sciences" because it "makes use of metaphors for the sake of (propter) representation" (Summa Theologica I q. 1 a. 9 arg./ad 1).
Unlike analogy, metaphors can be used to conceal knowledge (or reveal it):

Matthew 13:10-11Why speakest thou to them [the multitudes] in parables [and openly to the Apostles]? […] Because to you [the Apostles] it is given to know the mysteries of the kingdom of heaven: but to them it is not given.

St. Thomas's commentary on Matthew 13:3:

And he spoke to them many things in parables. The reason is twofold[: that]

[…] by parables of this kind, sacred things would be hidden from the unbelievers, lest they blaspheme: for it was said above, "Give not that which is holy to dogs" ([Mt.] 7, 6). […]

spiritual things are hidden; for that reason, they cannot fully be made known through temporal things, hence, they have to be made known through different things; "I wish that God would speak with thee, and would open his lips to thee, that he might shew thee the secrets of wisdom" (Job 11, 5-6).

Metaphor is "improper supposition" according to John of St. Thomas. This means "that a word is predicated of something which does not fall under what the word signifies." (McInerny Logic of Analogy p. 146).
Analogy
Thesis 4 of the 24 Thomistic Theses states:

Thesis IV.
Ens, quod denominatur ab esse, non univoce de Deo ac de creaturis dicitur, nec tamen prorsus aequivoce, sed analogice, analogia tum attributionis tum proportionalitis.
Being, which derives its name from existence, is not predicated univocally of God and creatures; nor yet merely equivocally, but analogically, by the analogy both of attribution and of proportionality.
Commentary: If the actuality of existence is in God a Pure Act and is in creatures an Act mixed with Potency, Being cannot be predicated of God and creatures in an identical way [univocally]: God is self-existing, creatures have their existence from God. Still, because the effect in some manner reproduces its cause, Being does not belong to God and creatures in a totally different sense [equivocally]. Being, as predicated of God and creatures is an analogous term. Its analogy is first that of attribution, since Being appertains to creatures as far as they have it from God, to whom it appertains by essence; and is secondly that of proportionality, since the actuality of existence is intrinsic to God and creatures as existing beings. [Summa Theologiae, Iª q. 13 a. 5; Contra Gentiles, lib. 1 cap. 32 et cap. 33 et cap. 34; De potentia, q. 7 a. 7]

Cf. McInerny's Aquinas & Analogy and this constructive criticism of it; its ch. 6 is on "Metaphor and Analogy".
cf. also: "Are analogical middle terms sufficient for a valid demonstration?," a distinctive feature of Thomism, and St. Thomas on the three types of predication from his De Principiis Naturæ
Comment: @Thom [Rom. 1:20](https://aquinas.cc/196/198/~388) is the classic verse on knowing God by analogy from creation. Also, Vatican I's [_Dei Filius_](http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/creeds2.v.ii.i.html#v.ii.i-p17.13) on faith & reason mentions analogy.


New GFCI worked at first but now

Question: I installed a new GFCI in my garage. It worked when I tested it, but once I screwed it back into the box it tripped and now remains tripped and won't reset. With my GFCI tester plugged into it, when I push the reset button, the lights that indicate it is working correctly come on and the downstream plugged in items work and then it trips after about a second. Any help?
Comment: Did you separate the neutrals on the load side, downstream?
Comment: Did you peel off the warning tape and attach wires to the "LOAD" terminals? *Where do those wires go?*  I.E. what else loses power when the GFCI trips?
Answer: You probably have the earth ground touching the neutral, that will cause it to behave exactly as you describe. Unlikely but it is possible the unit failed. Remove it form the box but do not unwire it and validate that again operates. The other option is something downstream is causing the problem. Unplug everything then one by one plug them back in until you find the problem.
Comment: @Bradford Oh then probably the bare ground wire touching the "Load"  neutral screw.  If the box is metal, the ground should be going to the box via a green ground screw on the box. Then, quality GFCI recepts can use their "self-grounding" feature to pick up ground from the metal box, no need to run a ground wire to the GFCI.  That lets you push the ground wire down in the back of the box where it'll stay out of trouble.
Comment: This is the second new GFCI so I'm pretty sure I've ruled out a faulty new one. Also, all things unplugged downstream and it still occurs...I removed it from the box and it continues to fail.
Comment: Disregard, I pulled it back out of the box and it is working. I'll let you know if I push it back in if it works or not.
Comment: Great you have it. I always place the ground wire on the box then to the device with metal boxes. I do not trust the self pick up ground, if a screw comes loose or something gets in there like paint it can and sometimes does fail. You can always place a piece of sleeving on the ground, appropriate color of course.
Answer: If you have a tight fit in a box, especially a metal box, combined with wires stripped a drop more than they need to be, you can end up with a short (breaker trip) or a ground fault (GFCI trip). If you put it back in the box and it has the same problem again, take it out, remove and reattach all the wires with special attention paid to making sure that all wire under the screws is stripped but that no wire not under the screws is stripped. And if all else fails, try a wrap of electrical tape (make sure it is real electrical tape, not duct tape or "whatever I have lying around" because anything else may work now but lead to serious problems later) around all receptacle screws as you may have a "just a drop too tight" box.
Answer: So, I removed the GFCI, trimmed all of the wires up better so that there was not even one bit of exposed wire and then put a little electrical tape around the ground and over each contact before reinstalling into the box. No issues! Must've been some illicit contact :) thank you so much for the feedback, i was ready to lose my stuff the other day.

New GFCI worked at first but now


FFT result of windowed cosine function

Question: The frequency spectrum of cosine function is as below.

While adopting a square window function to the cosine function, it is same as implementing convolution of their frequency spectrum as below. The thick dash line is the sum of them. Is it correct to say the points on this dash line are the FFT result of corresponding frequency? I feel it is not true, but don't know where the problem is.
Answer: There is no problem in your plot if by fft you mean DTFT (or Discrete Time Fourier transform) and it is true to say "the points on this dash line are the DTFT result of corresponding frequency":
If your function is a cosine:
$$
x[n] = \cos(\omega_0n) \Longrightarrow X(e^{j\omega}) = \pi\delta(\omega-\omega_0)+\pi\delta(\omega+\omega_0)\ ; \qquad|\omega|<\pi
$$
and your window function is defined as follow:
$$
w[n] = \left\{
        \begin{array}{ll}
            1 & \quad |n| \leq N \\
            0 & \quad |n| > N
        \end{array}
    \right.
\Longrightarrow W(e^{j\omega}) = \frac{\sin\left(\omega(\frac{N}{2}+1)\right)}{\sin\left(\frac{\omega}{2}\right)}
$$
as you mentioned if we multiply two functions in time domain, it's equal to periodic convolution in frequency domain:
$$
y[n] = x[n]w[n]\\ \Longrightarrow Y(e^{j\omega})=X(e^{j\omega})\circledast W(e^{j\omega})=\frac{1}{2\pi}\int_{2\pi}^{}X(e^{j\omega})W(e^{j(\omega-\theta)})  d\theta
$$
in this case (in one period):
$$
Y(e^{j\omega})=\frac{1}{2}\frac{\sin\left((\omega-\omega_0)\left(\frac{N}{2}+1\right)\right)}{\sin\left(\frac{\omega-\omega_0}{2}\right)}+\frac{1}{2}\frac{\sin\left((\omega+\omega_0)\left(\frac{N}{2}+1\right)\right)}{\sin\left(\frac{\omega+\omega_0}{2}\right)}
$$
if you plot this function in one period for $\omega_0=\frac{\pi}{5}$ and $N=2$ it look like this:

but if you change the window length to $N=4$ the result changes to:

and the cause for this, is that two main lobes overlap with one another.
Comment: Thx, I got it. This is a good explanation.
Answer: That's one way to look at it conceptually.  The DFT definition is only concerned with the bin values at integer $k$'s.  As far as it is concerned there is nothing in between the bins.
However, there is nothing that mathematically prevents you from using a fractional k value in the DFT definition.  This called the "trigonometric interpolation function" and is equivalent to a Fourier Series evaluation.
When you do, it is as if you set
$$ \omega = \frac{k}{N}2\pi $$
in the DTFT and applied a window function (implicitly) by using the samples 0 to N-1.  Very similar to this with the FT
Amplitude after Fourier transform
The points on the dashed curve can also be found by summing two Dirichlet kernel functions (discrete version of the sinc) or you can use my more efficient combined forms found here:

DFT Bin Value Formulas for Pure Real Tones
An Alternative Form of the Pure Real Tone DFT Bin Value Formula

The latter is for frequencies very close to a bin, or a different perspective.
They calculate the DFT at the bin values and will give a different answer in between for fractional $k$ values.
This is what is called "leakage" if you are off bin (not an integer number of cycles per frame) in the DFT.  (The DFT is the proper name of the operation, FFT is a faster way to do it.)
Comment: Thx for your help! Actually, I am trying to compare the frequency convolution of cosine function with two different types of window function to see if I can find some advantage of triangle one.

FFT result of windowed cosine function


'Communication skill'. Why not 'communicational' skills?

Question: I understand that communication skills is more appropriate. But, i have this doubt-
Why is the word communication (which is noun) used in 'communication skills', while in 'interpersonal skills' the word 'interpersonal' is used (which is adjective)?
Comment: Both adjectives and nouns may (often, but not always) be used as premodifiers of head nouns. [Can/should an adjective and an attributive noun be use to modify the same noun?](https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/266510/can-should-an-adjective-and-an-attributive-noun-be-used-to-modify-the-same-noun) looks at using coordinated structures. / Why? It's been found convenient: it saves on the number of necessary words we have to learn – and adjectives and noun modifiers can exist with different senses. Usages have often just evolved. / Can it lead to lack of clarity? Occasionally.
Answer: This is very common with the word "skills": math skills, football skills, cooking skills, management skills. Phrases of the form " skills" are interpreted as meaning "skills in ".
This is convenient because there isn't always an adjective that can take the place of the noun. While we can say "mathematical skills", "culinary skills", and "managerial skills", there isn't a common adjective for "football".
And as Edwin Ashworth said in a comment, this is just a particular case of a general ability to use nouns as modifiers.


Using a field for populating the meta-tags of view pages

Question: I've got taxonomy pages that are emulated by real views. The vocabulary terms have an additional field "field_meta_description", where meta-description tags can be added. On the view page of each term, this field should be used to populate the content of the html tag <meta name="description"/>.
How can this be accomplished? I know there are some modules out there like metatag, but I am looking for a custom way to do it by lightweight self-coding.
Answer: Assuming Drupal 7:
You can go for implementing hook_page_alter() in your theme's template.php and use drupal_add_html_head() to insert your own metatags. Following the link you will find lots of exmples in the comments.


MTG: Card Binder storage

Question: I'm sorting and storing all of my rares and mythics into looseleaf binder pages (the UltraPro platinum 9card) and slapping them into regular office binders. Thing is, I've noticed that the sheets kind of sag if I store the binder upright, if that makes since. Like the bottom ring hole is nice and close the the spine, but the top ring hole (because of the weight of the rest of page) kinda sags away from the spine of the binder, making the whole page crooked? If that makes sense? I'm just wondering if this is ok for storing safely or if the sagging can damage the cards next to the spine.
Comment: Why not store them hanging? The cover will hold the weight just as easily, there's no bending moment on the spine, and the weight is distributed across the page holes much more evenly.
Comment: I always store my binder laying flat horizontally, this prevents the kind of damage you are referring to, since the weight of each page is on the page below it which is in turn eventually on the binder and then the shelf.
Answer: From my experience, the UltraPro 9-Pocket Platinum Pages are some of the sturdier pages out there and therefore will be more resistant from the start to the kind of wear you're describing. You don't have to worry about your cards much, though, as the pages or binders will be damaged before the cards will.
They work well and last long if you use them with keeping the following things in mind:

Use a proper binder with three rings (or, as many rings as your pages demand).
This will give your pages the proper stiffness in order to never damage your cards, since the pages will be held as straight as possible. Those binders are not easy to come by where I live, especially since it's tempting to buy them at office supply stores instead of from UltraPro directly for cost reasons, but they're certainly worth it compared to using four-ring pages in two-ring binders, or even punching new holes in these yourself.
Don't expose the binder to much stress - don't carry it around as a trade binder.
The most damage you'll get will be from browsing, moving or yanking your binder, as that's when the most force is applied to the pages. That's why these don't make for excellent trade binder solutions. There's a reason for binders made especially for carrying cards around not using rings to hold their pages. However even then, your cards won't likely get damaged before the pages.
Fill the whole page, starting from the inner side.
The more pockets you fill, the stiffer the page will get on it's own, making it less likely to end up with accidentally folded page. For those pages you can't find enough cards for, make sure to start from the inner end of the page - it's fine to start from the top, though.
Use little more than two cards per pocket.
You always end up with multiple copies of even rares or mythics, and the pockets will easily let you put more cards in the pockets than the two I'm suggesting. However, the weight factor will contribute to how much the topmost hole will be stressed over time.

Most of that is rather self-explanatory or at the very least sounds obvious once you read it. There really isn't much you can do particularily wrong, since those products are made exactly for this purpose.
As mentioned in the comments, storing the folders hanging from the fold, or standing them on the opposite side (both of which likely would require a special kind of stand) will distribute the weight more evenly. Of course the most safe, yet least convenient way is to just lay them on their back, not putting strain on anything - if you only have a single or a couple of binders, this is feasible and will leave you with folders in pristine conditions. As long as they're reasonably full, you can easily place multiple binders on top of each other this way.
Comment: Recommend ranking your recommendations in order of strongest benefit; use a proper binder, don't stress the binder, fill the page, and limit cards put each slot.

MTG: Card Binder storage


Is a light year a different distance if measured from a moving object?

Question: The speed of light is absolute, but time is relative. So would a light-year for us on earth be a different distance from a light-year on a different uniformly moving object? Why or why not?
Answer: The distance light travels in a given period is the same for every observer. That's the whole point of relativity.
You can figure out for yourself almost all the effects predicted by relativity if you start with that assumption and think through its consequences.
Indeed, the reason why times have to be relative is to allow observers who are moving relative to each other to agree on the speed of light.
Take the classic set-up where you are on a railway carriage and I am on the platform of the station you are passing.
As you pass me I flash a laser along the platform.
After what seems to me to be 100 nanoseconds, light has traveled to a certain point 100 feet along my platform (a foot is a light-nanosecond, hence a shorter version of a light-year). To you, however, that point is not 100 feet away, as you have been travelling relative to the platform, so it is some other distance.
If we both agree that the speed of light is the same, ie the ratio of the distance it has covered to the time it has taken, when we each think it has covered a different distance, then we must disagree about the elapsed time, ie time is relative.
Comment: @KeiNagase Because the speed of light is the same in all reference frames. Velocity is a measure of *distance* over *time.* The two are linked; an observer moving at relativistic speed will observe length contraction of objects, but their time dilation from a stationary observer is the same factor, thus the two cancel out.
Comment: @KeiNagase "I am not sure why we should make such an assumption." This is the way science works: make a hypothesis,work out its implications, & see if that explains so far unexplained phenomena. If you're looking for some idea of how someone might have come up with such a hypothesis, perhaps in historical context, consider that electromagnetism had described light as electromagnetic waves. The question Einstein asked himself was, what would an electromagnetic wave look like in a reference frame moving as fast as the wave?
Comment: Thank you for the explanation, it's easier to visualise (after reading it a few times). However, what if the platform was 100 feet long and on the other end of the platform was a wall. If the person on the train started a clock at the start of the platform and timed 99ns then dropped a ball out of the window. Would that ball immediately hit the wall or would it appear before or after the wall?
Comment: Hi Elliot, it is impossible to answer that question unless you know what speed the train is travelling compared with the platform (and its direction!). Let's assume the train is travelling towards the wall at 100 feet per second. After 99ns it will hardly have budged.
Comment: However, I think I know where you are coming from. Imagine the speed of light was quite low, say a foot per second, and the train was travelling an inch per second. And imagine that all along the carriage you have mates sitting ten feet apart. The light leaves you and travels along the carriage, and your mates record the time it passed them. When you compare notes afterwards your pals see that there are ten second gaps between the successive times they have noted (assuming their watches are good)...
Comment: I on my platform have mates ten feet apart, and we record our times too. Again we find that ten seconds pass on our watches every time the light goes past another of my mates as it travels along the platform.
Comment: Imagine your friends made chalk marks on the platform as light based them, and mine made marks on the side of the train. Having done the experiment we reverse the train to its original position, and we compare the positions of our chalk marks and the times we each noted. We will find that the chalk marks on the train and platform don't line up, and the times we each recorded for light passing from one of our friends to another don't agree. If we all think the speed of light is a foot per second, how do we explain the discrepancies? Try working that out.
Comment: I think it would help if you gave the result of the scenario, otherwise your explanation won't be very helpful for those who are trying to understand this.
Comment: Additionally, you state `The distance light travels in a given period is the same for every observer... You can figure out for yourself almost all the effects predicted by relativity if you start with that assumption and think through its consequences.` I am not sure why we should make such an assumption. It seems like in your answer you are proving that light travels the same distance for every observer over a given period of time if you define the length of time by how long it takes light to travel the given distance.
Comment: He concluded that couldn't be. It must look the same to every observer.  More technically, space-time transformations preserving Maxwell's equations are the relativistic equations describing the perception of observers moving at constant velocity in relation to each other.
Answer: A light-year is exactly 9,460,730,472,580,800 meters, the distance light travels in one Julian Earth year. Time dilation is irrelevant to its definition.
Comment: This seems to me like a circular argument: _"A light-year is constant because a light-(1/299729458 seconds) is constant"_
Comment: Alright, well I guess don't understand the question well enough to ask it then.
Comment: Ignore the words "light" and "year" and think of it in the same you think of "meters" or "kilometers" and any confusion should disappear
Comment: Yes, a simple Google search returns that. My question is, will that distance differ for an observer is in a different uniformly moving body? So would the distance still be relevant if we gave this distance to someone on mars (even if the different was negligible)?
Comment: Every observer thinks that a meter stick, or a light-year stick, at rest relative to that observer is the length it is supposed to be. But observers measure *moving* meter sticks or light-year sticks as being length-contracted.
Comment: If you already knew that time dilation was irrelevant to a light-year, why did you ask whether relative time mattered?
Answer: The answer depends on the context of the question. Are we measuring the distance between objects that may be outside our frame of reference depending on our speed? Or are we measuring the distance between objects in one frame of reference, then re-measuring after changing all objects to a new frame of reference?
The distance between external objects, such as stars in the galaxy, will appear to be different depending on our reference frame.
The distance between internal objects, such as the length of the spaceship we're measuring from, will appear to be the same no matter the reference frame.
Distance Between External Objects
The distance is different if we measure static objects from each frame of reference. Due to time dilation and the assumption that light travels at a constant speed relative to a given frame of reference, distances along the velocity axis between two frames of reference will be measured differently.
Take, for example, an interstellar spaceship traveling 0.995c relative to Earth. This gives a Lorentz factor, γ (gamma), of 10. Now, the spaceship is traveling in some direction in a straight line. Conveniently, there are a bunch of stars along that line at consistent intervals.
Suppose Earth is able to broadcast powerful radio signals towards the stars and record the reflected signals. The radio signals take 20 years to bounce off the first star, 40 years for the second, etc. Using the time delay between signals, Earth determines the first star is 10 light years away, and each subsequent star is 10 light years from the previous star.
Now, the spaceship passes by Earth at the exact moment one of the broadcasts goes out. Because the spaceship is moving towards the stars, it will take less time for the return signal to get to the spaceship. So we'd calculate the same time out, and a (much) lower time back. Then we divide this time by the Lorentz factor to get the perceived time.

Specifically, the times for star number i are:
$t_{out}(i) = i \cdot 10 \text{y}$
$t_{back}(i) = \frac{ d_{remaining} }{ v + c }$
$= \frac{i \cdot 10\text{ly} \cdot \left( 1 - \frac{v}{c} \right) }{ v + c }$
$= \frac{i \cdot 10\text{ly} \cdot 0.005 }{ 1.995 \frac{ly}{y} }$
$= i \cdot 0.02506 \text{y}$
$t_{total} = t_{out} + t_{back}$
$= i \cdot 10 \text{y} + i \cdot 0.02506 \text{y}$
$= i \cdot 10.025 \text{y}$
$t_{perceived} = \frac{ t_{total} }{ \gamma }$
$= \frac{ i \cdot 10.025 \text{y} }{ 10 }$
$\approx i \cdot 1 \text{y}$
Because the round-trip signal takes an apparent 1 year, the spaceship might measure the distance between stars as being half a light year. However, repeated measurements would also show that the stars are moving towards the spaceship at nearly the speed of light, meaning light only travels half the distance before bouncing back (the radio signal goes out at about the same speed as the stars are coming in, so they meet in the middle). Thus, the spaceship would conclude the stars are 1 light year apart and moving quite quickly.
I'm too lazy to do the full math right now, but it should turn out that for any given time dilation, the apparent distance between two objects will be lower by the exact same factor. In this case, a Lorentz factor of 10 means Earth will simultaneously perceive the time taken to be 10 times longer, and the distance traveled to be 10 times farther.
Distance Between Internal Objects
Next, let's look at measuring distances between objects in our frame of reference after changing the reference frame of both us and the objects we're measuring.
For example, let's say we park our spaceship on Earth and measure the distance from stem to stern. Then, we accelerate our spaceship to 0.995c and measure again from the spaceship.
Instead of using light years, let's bring that down to light microseconds, or about 300 meters. Conveniently, our spaceship is about 300 meters long. (Says this site and Wikipedia, not that it matters.)
So when our spaceship is sitting on Earth, we put a mirror on the front and a laser pointer and detector on the back, activate the laser, and time how long the laser takes to bounce off the mirror and return to the detector. It takes 2 μs for the signal to hit the mirror and return, so we measure the spaceship to be 1 Lμs long. Which is obvious, because that's how we set up the problem.

Now, we accelerate the spaceship to 0.995c, which gives a Lorentz factor of 10, as noted above. The light is just barely going faster than the mirror up front, so it takes a long time to get there. Then the return trip is almost instantaneous since the detector and light are moving in opposite directions. After calculating the total, we modify it for time dilation to get the perceived time taken.

$t_{out}=\frac{ d }{ c - v }$
$t_{back}=\frac{ d }{ c + v }$
$t_{total} = t_{out} + t_{back}$
$= \frac{ d }{ c - v } + \frac{ d }{ c + v }$
$= d \frac{ (c + v) + (c - v) }{ (c + v) (c - v) }$
$= d \frac{ 2 c }{ c^2 - v^2 }$
$= 1 \text{Lμs} \frac{ 2 \frac{\text{Lμs}}{\text{μs}} }{ 1 \left( \frac{\text{Lμs}}{\text{μs}} \right)^2 - 0.995^2 \left( \frac{\text{Lμs}}{\text{μs}} \right)^2 }$
$= 200.5 \text{μs}$
But now we have to take a step back. There's an error here that's non-obvious (to me, anyway). We presumed the distance between the front and back remains the same when the spaceship starts moving. But, for the same reason the stars appear to be closer together in the first example, the spaceship, as measured from Earth, will appear to have contracted along its velocity axis. So we divide the measured resting distance by the Lorentz factor so all the moving values are proper according to Earth's reference frame.
$\require{enclose} \enclose{horizontalstrike}{t_{total} = 200.5 \text{μs}}$
$t_{total} = \frac{ d }{ \gamma } \frac{ 2 c }{ c^2 - v^2 }$
$= \frac{ 1 \text{Lμs} }{ 10 } \frac{ 2 \frac{\text{Lμs}}{\text{μs}} }{ 1 \left( \frac{\text{Lμs}}{\text{μs}} \right)^2 - 0.995^2 \left( \frac{\text{Lμs}}{\text{μs}} \right)^2 }$
$= 20.5 \text{μs}$
$t_{perceived} = \frac{ t }{ \gamma }$
$= \frac{ 20.5 \text{μs} }{ 10 }$
$= 2.05 \text{μs}$
The distance will thus be measured as just over 1Lμs from the spaceship, which is what we expected based on our Earth measurements.
As above, I'm fairly certain there's some math I'm missing that makes the distance exactly equal no matter your reference frame, instead of being a couple percent off, but I'm not sure where the error is.
Comment: This answer gives a good explanation of the ambiguity in interpreting the question (at least the first paragraph, which I read).
"Is a light year a different distance if measured from a moving object?"
Answer: Yes and no, depending on interpretation.
Comment: "Then the return trip is almost instantaneous since the detector and light are moving in opposite directions."
This can not be true. The light returning from the mirror - according to the passengers abord - would travel much faster than lightspeed.
Comment: @MadsAggerholm: That's from Earth's frame of reference.
Comment: That does not change the fact, that the speed of light would be seen different for the people abord when it goes forward, and when it's returned.
Going forward, the speed of the lightbeam looks like it has lightspeed seen from abord, because of the time dilation.
When going the other way, it would look even more instantaneous, exactly because of the same time dilation.
There is something here that does not add up, but I can't put my finger on why.
Comment: @MadsAggerholm: You can't see light while it's traveling. All you can do is model where you think it is, or has been. The Earth-based observer will model it one way, while the spaceship observer will model it a different way. Most of the calculations are done from Earth's point of view, with the last couple showing how the spaceship would see things. A proper spaceship frame of reference would see light going out and assume it was at the speed of light, then see light coming back and also assume it was at the speed of light, and build the model from there.
Answer: In 1983 the General Conference on Weights and Measures determined the definition of a meter to be the distance light travels in a vacuum in 1/299,792,458 of a second, it's current definition. So since all reference frames see light speed the same, a light year cannot change, it is 9,460,730,472,580,800 meters, and the length of a meter is based on the speed of light, a constant, therefore a light year is a constant.
Comment: An observer at your starting point would observe you to have travelled for 2 years. However, due to time dilation, the trip would take you only 1.73 years, subjectively. Since you both agree on the distance travelled, you will assume you were traveling at ~0.58c. On the other hand, if you measure *yourself* to be moving at 0.5c, you will not be surprised to find that you have taken exactly 2 years to arrive, but the observer will see you to have taken *longer* than 2 years, and thus traveling a bit slower than 0.5c.
Comment: @AdrianHoward The asker already knows that the speed of light is constant. He is confused about time dilation, and this answer does nothing to explain it.
Comment: That makes sense in terms of a description, but if I wanted to travel one light-year and I was traveling at 0.5c, how long would I travel for? Still a year?
Comment: This seems to me like a circular argument: _"A light-year is constant because a light-(1/299729458 seconds) is constant"_
Comment: @JiK: you misread it, the speed of light is the constant, therefore distances based on it cannot change
Comment: @JiK: As stated he seems to ask if the light year's distance changes in different frames of reference, it does not. If you interpret the question differently, perhaps giving him another answer would be helpful.
Comment: @AdrianHoward Indeed, he seems to ask if the light-year's distance changes in different frames of reference. This answer is saying that no because the light-(1/299729458 seconds)'s distance doesn't change in different frames of reference.
Answer: The definition of a meter is not constant.  Presume that one day we scientists determine a way to more accurately measure the speed of light in a vacuum.  The constant (c) would not change in this scenario but rather the definition of a meter.
Comment: Speed of light _is_ the definition of the metre. The metre, symbol m, is the SI unit of length. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the speed of light in vacuum _c_ to be 299 792 458 when expressed in the unit m s–1, where the second is defined in terms of the caesium frequency Delta nu Cs. https://www.bipm.org/metrology/length/units.html
Comment: @DDuck: The second is still "only" accurate to about 2 nanoseconds per day. Given better technology, we might change the accuracy of our current measurement of time, and therefore of the meter. The difference here is between the abstract "meter" that's explicitly defined in terms of c, and the practical meter that's measured as best as possible relative to c. https://tycho.usno.navy.mil/cesium.html
Comment: Although I'm not sure this is really related to the question being asked.
Answer: To give an example, take our universe, but with no spacetime curvature or expansion, to keep things simple. Then to observers on Earth, the distance to the star Alpha Centauri is around 4 light years. However to an alien zooming past with a Lorentz factor of $\gamma \approx$ 600 000, 4 light years stretches from Earth to the Andromeda galaxy!
Light itself (technically, I mean a null curve) does not have any distance or time associated with it. But if one chooses an "observer" -- that is, a velocity -- then that observer can measure space and time intervals for the light. However this is dependent on the observer's motion.


twenty thirteen header size

Question: I am new to wordpress so I am really sorry for asking such silly question.
I just want to know that where is the css of header image.
I checked in style.css but there is no css of header image.
Please help.
Thanks
Answer: Your theme's files will be located in your 'wp-content/themes directory'. The file you are looking for is your 'header.php'. This might help to solve your problem.
Comment: WPSE have no control on external links. If you need to refer to external links in an answer, always add a few lines relevant code with a brief description to the link. If a link is removed in future, the answer will still be useful to others, even when the link is 'dead. Just remember that in future

twenty thirteen header size


What are some common properties usually associated with undirected complex networks?

Question: I am aware of the "scale free", "existence of community structure" and"small world" phenomena that commonly occur in real world networks, but what are some other properties associated with these kinds of networks, and what metrics can be used to evaluate them?
Comment: Node degree distribution, node/edge centrality, node/edge betweenness centrality, are some of them. Also, scale-free node degree follows asymptotically a power law distribution $P(k) \sim k^{-\gamma}$ .
Comment: I like to think about microscale phenomena, on the level of diads and triads in a network.

At the diad level you can think about mutuality of ties: if we condition on A->B does the edge B->A exist with higher or lower probability than if we don't condition?

At the triad level, common patterns to look for are transitivity and cyclicality. To measure transitivity you would look at the probability of A->C with and without conditioning on A->B and B->C. Similarly, to measure cyclicality you could look at the probability of C->A with and without conditioning on A->B and B->C.
Comment: @Digio could you talk more about "node/edge centrality, node/edge betweenness centrality"? How are they different from non-complex networks. Also, I am aware about the power law distribution. That is what I had implied by saying I knew about the "scale free" phenomena.
Comment: @Moormanly Thanks, that was helpful. That said, it was a mistake on my part that I forgot to mention I was referring to undirected networks, for which these would not hold. Could you point me towards properties of undirected complex networks that you're aware of?
Answer: One place to look for interesting statistics of networks might be the R package ergm which is used to fit exponential-family random graph models to graphs. In particular, there is a list of optional terms to include in the model starting on page 50 of the linked docs.
Additionally, degree distributions (Pareto-Zipf, Yule, Waring, Poisson, etc) and centrality measures (degree, betweenness, eigenvector, etc) may be of interest.


Why are ㅅ ㅆ pronounced as a stop when they are in the 받침?

Question: I can understand why when ㄷ ㅌ ㅊ and ㅈ are in the 받침 since they require a stop to be pronounced, but I don't understand why when ㅅ or ㅆ are in the 받침, they are pronounced as a stop since they don't require one. Is there a reason behind this rule? Or maybe some historical reason? Thanks in advance.
Comment: Consonants in Korean have different phonetic value according to their position. In medieval Korean, a single consonant ㅅ was used as a genitive case marker. Now it is disappeared, and it was substituted by 받침. But even historians or linguists don't know the exact reason yet.
Comment: If you know why that's the case for ㅈ, you should also know why for ㅅ
Comment: ㅈ is an affricate. It requires a stop before the frication. ㅅ does not.
Comment: Duplicate of https://korean.stackexchange.com/questions/75/when-are-%E3%85%85-and-%E3%85%86-pronounced-as-stops ?
Comment: @user17915 Like I said, I'm asking the why, not the when. I know how it works, but why?
Answer: Korean syllables may only end in single stops, either nasal or non-nasal stops, or in vowels. This is a defining feature of modern Korean phonotactics. Even if the hangeul shows two consonants, only one gets to be pronounced (think of nouns like 값 and 닭).
Both ㅅ and ㅆ are fricatives, so do not have plosive stops as components, unlike ㅊ and ㅈ. However, we must remember that a stop is not necessary a plosive. A plosive is a stop that has a release; in the case of ㅊ ㅈ the release is a fricative /s/ rather than a release burst like ㄷ ㅌ, so it is an affricate rather than a plosive.
However, if at the end of a syllable we do not release any of these consonants ㄷ ㅌ ㅊ ㅈ ㅅ ㅆ, we notice that they all have the same place of articulation (call it coronal, call it dental-alveolar, whatever), despite the fact that they would have very different releases. But because of the stopped, unreleased nature of Korean final non-nasal stops, the release does not matter; only the place of articulation of the consonant does.
Comment: Dang, I don't know what you really said, but this answer is incredibly awesome nonetheless...and I thought this group was about dead too.  Nice job!  Maybe I should start hanging around more :))
Comment: @B.Alvn Plenty of people still hanging around - I think what we need to make the site come to life is more questions! :)
Comment: ok i will start asking more