How do astronomers know when the Sun will die?

Question: How it is possible for astronomers to find out when the end of the Sun's life will be?
Answer: Yes, astronomers could be wrong.  Part of being a scientist is always having to be ready to admit that you were wrong.
Astronomers have developed models of how the sun and other stars work. We understand them to be nuclear furnaces. These models may not be perfect, but they are well supported by the evidence and can predict much of what we observe from the sun and other stars. Rob's answer gives some examples of the many tests that these models have passed.
Using these models we can expect the sun to exist for about 10 billion years, and it is currently about 4.6 billion years old. While the model could be wrong, it is probably not very wrong, and the sun will go on shining for a long time yet.
Comment: The fact that "scientists have to be ready to be wrong" is a key part to the answer, I'd like to keep it at the top.
Comment: Following up on the previous comment, those astronomers who are also physicists, have methods to estimate and quantify how wrong they are. Those are not absolute and final, but serve to establish confidence in models and derived quantities. And the statement that the sun will die in the specific way we predict now, has a very small error bar.
Comment: "it is currently about 4.7 billion years old" -- do you have any evidence to support that claim?
Answer: The expected longevity of the Sun is derived from stellar models. Stellar models incorporate all the thermal and nuclear physics we know about how compressed gas at high temperatures will behave. There are multiple points of comparison to test the accuracy of these models using the properties of the present-day Sun - including its luminosity, radius, neutrino losses and helioseismological oscillation spectrum.
There are however some remaining uncertainties that might lead to uncertanties in the lifetime of order $\sim 10$%, but these uncertainties - to do with uncertainties in the initial helium abundance of the Sun, the efficiency of convective heat transport, the potential presence of additional mixing mechanisms and the opacity and composition of the solar interior, can be calibrated out to some extent by matching the properties of the Sun at the known age of the Solar System.
The evidence we have from looking at other star-forming regions and by looking at the relative abundances of the daughter-nuclei of short-lived radioactive nuclei in solar system materials is that the assembly of the Sun and solid material in the Solar System took place on a very short timescale (a few million years) compared with the overall age of the Sun and Solar System.
The age of the Sun (4.58 billion years) is then pinned to the absolute age of the oldest things we can find in the Solar System (ancient meteorites), which are dated through the use of various radioactive decay chains with long half-lives (e.g. lead-lead and uranium-lead dating).
The validity of these tuned solar models is then tested by comparing their predictions against other stars at a range of masses and ages, particularly stars that exist in groups with similar age - i.e. stellar clusters, or stars in (eclipsing) binary systems where the masses, radii and luminosity of the two components can be simultaneously determined.
All these checks and observations lead astronomers to be in no doubt that the Sun will swell up to become a huge red giant in about 7.5 billion years time, where the level of accuracy is likely to be in the second significant figure (e.g. Schroder & Connon-Smith 2008).
Answer: To understand stellar evolution (the life cycle of all stars, including our Sun), we start by simply looking at all the stars. We can find out what they are made of and what temperature they are by looking at the spectrum - different elements emit and absorb different wavelengths of light, and the brightness gives us information about temperature. Over hundreds of years, we have then developed models of stars and tried to fit them to explain how many of different types of stars we can see. The models that fit well we keep and refine, the ones that don't fit reality we discard. There are still things we don't understand about stellar structure and evolution, but our Sun is a rather well understood type - it is low to medium mass, and in about the middle of its life. We can't predict to the day or year or hundred years exactly what will happen, but we can predict to around a billion years accuracy when it will run out of hydrogen fuel, swell up to a red giant, and then explode as a supernova and become a white dwarf.
Comment: small nitpick, the sun isn't big enough to go *super*nova (and those generally don't leave white dwarfs behind)


Near/radar/ray/collision sensors refuse to work

Question: None of the physics sensors in my game work, I'm trying to create an AI man that chases after a player, but for whatever reason, he just won't sense the player, I've tried copying and pasting the property name just to be sure, but that's not it.
Answer: Check the Actor option physics tab for your player so it can be detected by the Near and Radar sensors :
Comment: you're a life saver chebhou! thanks! how could i miss something so simple?


Question on the eighth precept of Vipassana

Question: The 8th precept in vipassana says to abstain from using high or luxurious beds.
Should I sleep on the floor not on bed ?
Answer: Normally monks used to have a bed height below the knee and simple one with two inches mattress. Here we need to understand the concept behind the precept.  According to buddha one should refrain from the mind, having luxury, not in physically.  But avoiding physical luxury automatically refrain from the luxury mind.  Because of that we used to live with simplicity. Lord buddha preferred to live with nature like under the tree, near the waterfall, with very minimal facilities.  But Buddha accepted palaces and comfortable things chairs beds etc.
The reason behind is until we become enlightened we have to follow the said path.  If we use more comfortable things automatically mind sets to those comfort and used to seeks those comfort.  It may hinder the following the middle path for the enlightenment.  That is why Buddha asked us to avoid two extremes an be in the middle path always.  Hope you got the idea.
Another important thing you should not touch the buddhism in words and its meanings.  Words there to explain the consequences or the occurrences.  We need to feel it from the mind, catch them using meditative wisdom. For that, first you need to learn the concept using words.  Example:- Matters 4 main Elements. Earth, Water, Fire and Air. In Earth element, it is spreading through hard to softness you have to feel each points differences with the next point.  Actually this can not e done using words even you understood using meditative wisdom.  If so lord Buddha would have already told us. But once you start experiencing the differ of the matters little by little you will understand the wisdom of lord buddha.
This is how monks used to have their beds.  This will clear your answer for your question by seeing these pictures.
01.
02.
03.
04.
May Triple Gem Bless you!!!
Answer: There's at least one Q&A on that topic at suttacentral:

Eighth Precept: What Constitutes "High and Luxurious"?

In summary the interpretation of that precept seems to vary:

I've seen different Theravada communities set various expectations as to how their 8 Preceptors should follow Precept No 8.

I gather that "a bed" is permitted, only not a "high and luxurious" one.
So something like "a mat" may be OK; or perhaps a thin camping-mattress.
Answer: Good sleeping is good for the meditation, but sleeping too much is bad for the meditation.
Normal people can't have good sleeping on the cold concrete cement, but better on the hard wooden bed and too much better on the king's bed.
In the same case on the difference situation, some day normal people is sick hardly, maybe the king's bed is better, then his healthy is return and the king's bed is too much good again.
On every case the wholesome meditation's development is the measure.
The way to know whether "what's  good" and "what's  bad" is the Mastery Jhana Meditation like the Buddha is teaching "Keeping on the concentration meditation because the  jhana-mastery can see the truth".
Answer: When we think about the precepts, it's always best to remember that the Buddha advocated the middle path: the path that avoids extremes. It's common even today for wealthy people to have thick, luxurious mattresses that go well beyond the needs for comfort towards pure sybaritic pleasure.  See for instance:

We don't have to sleep on a mattress on the floor; a simple frame with a simple bed for the simple purpose of sleep is perfectly appropriate. Asceticism can be as much a trap for the ego as conspicuous wealth if one engages in self-denial for the purpose of demonstrating ones own superiority.
Answer: That's pretty the best way to follow the conducts of the Arahats, yet a mat to get not dirty and catch no cold, a simple, wouldn't be wrong.
Answer: Depends on where you live. If one lives in a cold place sleeping directly on the floor might not be a good idea for health-related reasons. Instead using a low bed or very thick mattress would be good. Otherwise one can use a simple bed.
The most important thing though is to be mindful of the arising of any liking and attachment towards the bed especially when waking up in the morning and experiencing the warmth and cosiness of the bed.


Routing Serial cables instead of Ethernet

Question: I am doing some CCNA training videos and using packet tracer and they showed using a serial cable to connect two routers.  Why are serial cables used instead of Ethernet cables? Does it depend on the router or is it just a Cisco thing?
The cable connection in question is dce to dte.
Comment: What kind of serial cable do you mean?  In networking, there are several different ones (such as RS-232 and HSSI).  Are you talking about running RS-232 serial over a Cat5 cable to the router's console port?
Comment: I don't know the technical name, but it was refereed to as `dce to dte cable`
Comment: Oh, when you say "serial cables used _over_ Ethernet cables", are you meaning "serial via Ethernet" or "serial instead of Ethernet"?
Comment: @JasonPass, Cisco simulators can use either an ethernet or serial cable; the decision to use one or the other is normally arbitrary unless there is a specific link encapsulation required (such as frame-relay or hdlc)
Comment: chrylis, Serial cable instead of using Ethernet.
MikePennington So its more based on the need or personal preference?
Comment: If an answer tells you what you needed to know, please accept it to help improve overall quality of the information on the site!
Comment: Did any answer help you? if so, you should accept the answer so that the question doesn't keep popping up forever, looking for an answer. Alternatively, you could provide and accept your own answer.
Answer: One of the jobs of a router is to connect networks that have physically different transmission media.  Twisted-pair Ethernet is extremely common these days, but fiber (Ethernet, SONET/OC, and others) is used for most high-speed or long-distance runs, and different types of layer-2 and layer-1 networks have been used in the past and are still in use today, such as T1/T3 lines, ISDN, and Token Ring.
For historical reasons, serial cables such as HSSI may be used to connect equipment such as T1/T3 terminating devices. These will show up as interface SerialN, and you can get detailed information on the hardware installed in a router with show controllers serial.
Unfortunately, "DCE/DTE" technically applies to a number of different hardware signaling schemes. In the context of networking, it's most likely to refer to a serial interface that's used to connect to a WAN drop.
In the case of your simulator, you should practice with both types of interfaces. In most business networks, the "inside" interfaces will be Ethernet, while the WAN interface will be either serial or Ethernet depending on what service the telco is providing, and you'll need to be able to configure either one.
Answer: For the sake of completeness: Serial links are not solely used for gateway-WAN connections.
For instance, there are companies which host your network equipment and link your device via serial link to their infrastructure. Although your device is online with a public address, it still is not a DTE-like topology.
Another even more LAN-related serial link may be used on a daily basis by yourself and your colleagues: USB. Since USB does not only connect an end device to a storage device, but is also hosts to networks. An example for a host-to-LAN connection would be a tablet user currently being dislocated from a WAP. Because tablets usually do not have an Ethernet interface, a work-around is necessary. An example for a host-to-WAN connection would be field personnel accessing mobile broadband services via a pluggable antenna.
Answer: Historically WAN links were almost always serial connections, to connect to service providers csu / dsu normally a serial cable was run from the router to the device sp. Cisco 200-355 VCE
Ethernet is used internally within the organization for the LAN, so the router has an ethernet port for that purpose.
Nowadays there is less use of serial interfaces, since WAN connections use the ethernet derivations of service providers for MPLS, Ethernet Metro, etc. There is usually a fiber device installed by the service provider and an Ethernet cable from which it goes to the router. So using serial interfaces for new connections is now less common, they are still loads out there though.
As for why PT default to a serial link between two routers, I guess that's what the developers chose as a default. Probably because connecting two routers together is usually a WAN connection. And ICND1 and 2 cover a lot of serial interface material, and Frame Relay, which also runs in series.
Answer: we can classify devices into two..
1.DCE
2.DTE
to connect similar device Ex. DCE and DCE ..use crossover cable
similarly, to connect DTE and DTE use cross over cable
To connect different devices DTE and DCE or DCE and DTE use Straight through cable.
(check which devices are DTE and which devices DCE)
Answer: A serial interface on a Wan Interface Card (WIC) card is common.  The configured framing for it varies depending on implementation but could be hdlc, ppp, etc.  The DTE/DCE specifies your cable pinouts.


Will Geirim (proselytes) receive a future land allotment?

Question: Will converts to the Israelite religion, also known as geirim or proselytes, who have no land allotment in the land of Israel and can't permanently own Israelite land receive a land allotment in the future when Moshiach comes?
Comment: The Torah says gerim do not inherit land rather they can take maaser at the same time poor people do. What makes you think there would be a change during moshiach times?
Comment: @Dude because the prophet Yechezkel - Ezekiel says so. See my answer.
Comment: @הראל please do not use מתיהדים for proselytes - many  explain that word in Esther to refer to people masquerading as Jews, not proselytes. (And is a popular explanation for dressing-up on Purim.) Though, admittedly, Rashi says מִתְיַהֲדִים. מִתְגַּיְּרִים:
Comment: @DannySchoemann "_because the prophet Yechezkel - Ezekiel says so._" If that is what made הראל think there would be a change during moshiach times, he should [have] state[d] so in the question.
Answer: Yes.
The prophet Yechezkel - Ezekiel when discussing the division of the land in Moshiach times states in 47:22-23:

וְהָיָ֗ה תַּפִּ֣לוּ אוֹתָהּ֮ בְּנַחֲלָה֒ לָכֶ֗ם וּלְהַגֵּרִים֙ הַגָּרִ֣ים בְּתוֹכְכֶ֔ם אֲשֶׁר־הוֹלִ֥דוּ בָנִ֖ים בְּתוֹכְכֶ֑ם וְהָי֣וּ לָכֶ֗ם כְּאֶזְרָח֙ בִּבְנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל אִתְּכֶם֙ יִפְּל֣וּ בְנַֽחֲלָ֔ה בְּת֖וֹךְ שִׁבְטֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃
You shall allot it as a heritage for yourselves and for the proselytes who reside among you, who will have begotten children among you. You shall treat them as Israelite citizens; they shall receive allotments along with you among the tribes of Israel.

וְהָיָ֣ה בַשֵּׁ֔בֶט אֲשֶׁר־גָּ֥ר הַגֵּ֖ר אִתּ֑וֹ שָׁ֚ם תִּתְּנ֣וּ נַחֲלָת֔וֹ נְאֻ֖ם אֲ--י יֱ--ה׃
In whatever tribe the proselytes dwells with you, you shall give him his inheritance there, says the Lord Gcd.

The Abarbenel (from a footnote on pg 480 of The Living Nach) elaborates:

Having joined the ranks of Isreal during  its time of exile and suffering, the proselytes will share in the messianic promise and settle in the land of Israel after the Redemption
Comment: For reference, Mishneh Torah, Sefer Nashim, Hilchot Issuer Bia'ah, Chapter 13, Halachot 4-6.
Comment: Excellent answer Danny. It isn't so much a part of the question, but more about the process of becoming a full fledged convert, meaning bringing a Korban. Consider Hilchot Gerim from Mishneh Torah in the regard to the distinctions between Ezekiel 47:22 and Ezekiel 47:23. The ultimate common and contiguous donated land within the borders of the land of Israel is the destined portion of the male converts. That land also pertains to King Moshiach who is the heart of the whole nation.
Comment: You shall divide this land of yours for the tribes of Israel.
You will cast a lottery of inheritance for the converts who converted (during exile) and resided among you (during exile) and had (male) children, from your inheritance. They will become like native-born Israelite citizens to you; (like) with you, they shall receive inheritance by lottery among the tribes of Israel.
You will give his inheritance (the inheritance of the Converts) to the tribe in which the Convert dwells (meaning the tribe of the male converts)—declares L-rd G-d.
Comment: This lottery will take place after the Converts acquire the status of being a "complete Convert" by bringing their Korbanot, like Rambam poskins in Mishneh Torah, after the third Temple has been rebuilt and the Temple service has been reinstituted by King Moshiach. Prior to that act, they and their male children have no inheritance in the land of Israel because they are excluded from all other tribes like was the decision from Moshe Rabbeinu. This "bringing of the Korbanot of the Converts", is the final, physical, material expression of the ingathering of the exiles.
Answer: Possibly not. Sifri, commenting on Bamidbar 10:29, cites the verse from Yechezkel that Danny mentioned, but then interprets as follows:

אל המקום אשר אמר ה' אותו אתן לכם – ואין לגרים בו חלק. ומה אני מקיים (יחזקאל מז) "והיה השבט אשר גר הגר אתו..."? אלא, אם אינו ענין לירושה – תניהו ענין לכפרה: שאם היה בשבט יהודה – מתכפר לו בשבט יהודה, בשבט בנימן – מתכפר לו בשבט בנימן. ד"א: אם אינו ענין לירושה – תניהו ענין לקבורה: ניתן לגרים קבורה בארץ ישראל
"To the place that Hashem said I will give to you" - gerim do not have a portion in it. How do we explain the verse in Yechezkel? Rather, since it cannot be speaking about inheritance, we apply it to atonement: if a convert is among the tribe of Yehudah, he receives atonement together with the tribe of Yehudah; if with Binyamin, he receives atonement together with Binyamin.* Another explanation: since it cannot be speaking about inheritance, we apply it to burial, that gerim receive burial in Eretz Yisrael.

* Netziv offers two interpretations: it's referring to when the Sanhedrin makes an error in halachah and they have to bring an offering on behalf of each tribe; or that it's talking about the atonement one receives for living in Eretz Yisrael, which will depend on the respective tribe's merits.
Comment: You should take a look at my comments to @DannySchoemann. The land that will become an inheritance to the 13th tribe, the tribe of male Gerim and their sons, is that portion given by all the tribes to their King (meaning King Moshiach), who is the heart of all Israel. Like Gerim, the King has a quality that is distinct from the individual. That is the distinction between Tzibbur and individual. This also pertains to the halachic concept of Tzibbur Lo Met צבור לא מת. See Ba'er Hetev on Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 90:11
and Steinsaltz on Temurah 15b:6
Comment: @YaacovDeane It's a nice vort and it would explain a lot, but is there any source for this point (that Moshiach will give away/reserve some of his portion for the gerim)?
Comment: Shavuah tov and Purim same'ach. You should look over the commentaries on Yechezkel that discuss the land given by all the tribes to the King. The concept is alluded to there as I recall.


Why can't we feed datetime to Linear Regression and how does toordinal() different from any other integer datatype?

Question: I'm working with dates for the first time. First I knew I had to convert it to timestamps which gave me the values in "datetime64" values. But then I came to know that Linear Regression from sklearn does not accept datetime as dtype for regression. Why is that?
Also, after executing df.date = df.date.map(datetime.toordinal) I saw that the datatype for the column is "int64". How does the sklearn LinearRegression know it is not any random int64 dataand a datetime data (considering the fact that I got the needed model after plotting)?
Comment: cross-posted at https://stackoverflow.com/q/64283130/10495893
Answer: Linear Regression is associating any numerical (or binary, which is a particular numerical) value to a coefficient. Multiplying those values by those coefficients gives you an output, and setting the threshold, you know if the model predicts 1 or 0. (This is a brief summary, you'll find plenty of people explaining in details how it works).
If your variable is a date, you have a format, like "Year/Month/Day", and the regression doesn't know how to interpret it, since it need numerical data.
So as to use the date in a regression, you can basically take the year, as a variable.
If you want to be more precise, you'll have to create your own variable, with the meaning you want (Ex : a binary variable taking 1 if the day is a Saturday or Sunday, 0 either).
Side Note : Watch out when you use dates variables, if you want to use your model to predict new, future data. For ex, if you have a variable Year, and you test your model in a Cross-Validation, it will have an impact since the trend can change with years. Moreover, if you want to predict new values input, Year will always be '2020', so this won't be that useful. Utilizing it to evaluate your model might biaise your results.


how to dual boot arch with win 10?

Question: I was working on my arch linux for like two months and everything was fine until i had to install windows 10 to use some softwares, after installing windows 10 i couldn't enter my arch! there was no dual os menu at the starting time so right now i'm using windows 10 ! i can't just uninstall it because i installed it on an important partition i can't just format it to erase the windows , so right now i've got like 3 partitions : arch 100Gb ,swap 6Gb and windows + all my files 850+ Gb .. could someone help me ?!
Comment: Have you reviewed https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/GRUB#Dual-booting ?
Answer: Windows setup is known to overwrite your MBR. In other words your GRUB2 bootloader is gone, so you need to restore it.
You can use Super Grub2 Disk to do this easily.

how to dual boot arch with win 10?


Are you at fault for being misguided

Question: If somebody respectable had told you something was halal when in fact it was haram but it was to late to reverse the damage who's at fault? Was there anything like this that happened in the Quran? JazzakAllah
Answer:
Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) said, "he who called (people) to error, he shall have to carry (the burden) of its sin, like those who committed it, without their sins being diminished in any respect" - Sahih Muslim 2674.

This indicates that the one who calls to misguidance and the one followed in that misguidance both share blame (sin). It applies to someone knowingly calling to misguidance or speaking out of ignorance while he has no right due to lacking knowledge.
In your case,

If the "respectable" person you mention is just high-profile such as being known for good deeds but not known for scholarly Islamic knowledge then you are at fault because it was wrong of you to blindly follow someone not known for knowledge. He is also at fault for speaking without knowledge and misleading.
If the "respectable" person you mention is respectable in terms of being known as a Mujtahid/scholar who gives proof and his Ijtihad was just wrong in this case, then he strived to the best of his ability and you followed the general principle of turning to those of knowledge (scholars). No fault on either. But once we get proof showing otherwise, we have to reform our belief/action.

Beyond this, your question is too vague to really give examples or place blame when it comes to worldly damage. My suggestion is going to a scholar and submitting this question with more specifics.

Are you at fault for being misguided


Did Jesus know he was immortal at the time of the crucifixion?

Question: According to the Bible, was Jesus aware of his immortal nature at the time of the crucifixion? Or did he only become aware of it after the Ressurection?
Answer: No.  Jesus did not have an immortal nature at the time of the crucifixion or he would not have been able to die.
I do think Jesus was aware that He was eternal (John 17), mortal, and would be resurrected or have an immortal nature in the future.
Jesus was however aware that He would be resurrected, Matt 20:19.
Jesus offered eternal life in John's gospel - One cannot offer something one does not have.
Comment: When you stated "No. Jesus did not have an immortal nature at the time of the crucifixion ". Are you saying the two nature of Jesus as God-Man ceases at the time of crucifixion? If Jesus is not immortal then his nature will only be Man not a God-Man. can you explain your answer further?
Comment: @Lionsden - Your answer appears confused and self-contradictory to me.  I do not understand how Jesus could voluntarily lay down His life and (Himself) take it up again unless he remained God.  His human nature and body were definitely mortal but His divine nature remined immortal.
Comment: Explaining the trinity will always be a puzzle but I'll give it a shot.  God exists in 3 persons.  Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.  All eternal, all not created, all God, but distinct.  The eternal Son who existed before time began entered the human race about 2,000 years ago as a man.  At this moment He took on a mortal and perishable nature.  He did not cease to be God. The Spirit and the Father did not have this mortal nature.  This is one distinction that sets the Son apart.  When Jesus died, God the Son died.  His mortality did not diminish His deity.
Comment: Thanks, but do you think it would contradict John10:18 as Jesus clearly said "As Jesus said no one can take his life...." that means Jesus is immortal, His body is not perishable like you claimed because it was immaculate and death has no hold on Jesus body because He was sinless.Are you still saying that Jesus possessed a mortal and perishable nature? Can you further support your answer biblically.
Comment: Very good question.  Jesus said the following, "17 For this reason the Father loves Me, because I lay down My life so that I may take it again. 18 No one has taken it away from Me, but I lay it down on My own initiative. "  In this passage He is actually claiming that His life can be laid down.  What does it mean for Him to lay down His life?  I believe He's speaking more to His voluntary sacrifice as opposed to others being in control of His murder.  I think it actually better supports the fact the He's going to die.
Comment: This is one of my favorite verse on understanding the nature of God.  28 Be on guard for yourselves and for all the flock, among which the Holy Spirit has made you overseers, to shepherd the church of God which He purchased with His own blood.  Acts 20:28
Comment: What do you make of Jesus' statements that He and the Father are one?  or, that He is the Great "I AM" (John 8:58, 18:4-7, etc)?  He also said numerous times that He was going to the father and would rise on the third day.
Comment: This answer appears problematic. "Jesus did not have an immortal nature at the time of the crucifixion" strongly implicates that he removed or otherwise no longer possessed his divine nature and thus how can you say he is still God if he does not have a divine nature? It is still better in light of the Chalcedonian definition to attriibute mortality or immortality to the person of Christ rather than the nature.
Comment: I think there's a philosophical misunderstanding that immortality = divinity.  1 Cor. 15:53 Humans will put on the immortal but not be divine.  Jesus never lost his divinity when He took on human flesh.  He was still 100 percent God the Son, in mortal human flesh.  If not mortal then no death, if no death then no resurrection, if no resurrection we are dead in our sins.
Answer: I'm assuming that you define "immortal" to mean "unable to permanently die".
The Bible indicates that death is a consequence of sin:

For the wages of sin is death, but the free gift of God is eternal life in Christ Jesus our Lord. (Romans 6:23)
And you were dead in the trespasses and sins (Ephesians 2:1)

All of humanity has inherited a sinful nature, therefore everyone will eventually die:

For all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God (Romans 3:23)
Therefore, just as sin came into the world through one man, and death through sin, and so death spread to all men because all sinned. (Romans 5:12)
[W]e all once lived in the passions of our flesh, carrying out the desires of the body and the mind, and were by nature children of wrath, like the rest of mankind. (Ephesians 2:3)
If we say we have no sin, we deceive ourselves, and the truth is not in us. (1 John 1:8)

Jesus, being God taking on human flesh, never sinned, and therefore did not deserve to die:

For we do not have a high priest who is unable to sympathize with our weaknesses, but one who in every respect has been tempted as we are, yet without sin. (Hebrews 4:15)
He committed no sin, neither was deceit found in his mouth. (1 Peter 2:2)

When Jesus was crucified, He died in our place for our sins. Therefore, anyone who believes in Jesus is unable to permanently die, but will have eternal life (and could be said to be "immortal"):

For God so loved the world, that he gave his only Son, that whoever believes in him should not perish but have eternal life. (John 3:16)
Whoever believes in the Son has eternal life; whoever does not obey the Son shall not see life, but the wrath of God remains on him. (John 3:36)
Truly, truly, I say to you, whoever hears my word and believes him who sent me has eternal life. He does not come into judgment, but has passed from death to life. (John 5:12)
No one can come to me unless the Father who sent me draws him. And I will raise him up on the last day. (John 6:44)
Jesus said to him, "I am the way, and the truth, and the life. No one comes to the Father except through me. (John 14:6)
And this is eternal life, that they know you the only true God, and Jesus Christ whom you have sent. (John 17:3)
He will render to each one according to his works: to those who by patience in well-doing seek for glory and honor and immortality, he will give eternal life; but for those who are self-seeking and do not obey the truth, but obey unrighteousness, there will be wrath and fury. (Romans 2:6-8)
If the Spirit of him who raised Jesus from the dead dwells in you, he who raised Christ Jesus from the dead will also give life to your mortal bodies through his Spirit who dwells in you. (Romans 8:11)
For our sake he made him to be sin who knew no sin, so that in him we might become the righteousness of God. (2 Corinthians 5:21)
For by grace you have been saved through faith. And this is not your own doing; it is the gift of God, not a result of works, so that no one may boast. (Ephesians 2:8-9)
How much more will the blood of Christ, who through the eternal Spirit offered himself without blemish to God, purify our conscience from dead works to serve the living God. (Hebrews 9:14)

Since Jesus is God taking on human flesh, He already knew all of this before He was crucified:

For just as Jonah was three days and three nights in the belly of the great fish, so will the Son of Man be three days and three nights in the heart of the earth. (Matthew 12:40)
From that time Jesus began to show his disciples that he must go to Jerusalem and suffer many things from the elders and chief priests and scribes, and be killed, and on the third day be raised. (Matthew 16:21)
And he began to teach them that the Son of Man must suffer many things and be rejected by the elders and the chief priests and the scribes and be killed, and after three days rise again. And he said this plainly. (Mark 8:31-32)
And as they were coming down the mountain, he charged them to tell no one what they had seen, until the Son of Man had risen from the dead. (Mark 9:9)
[F]or he was teaching his disciples, saying to them, "The Son of Man is going to be delivered into the hands of men, and they will kill him. And when he is killed, after three days he will rise." (Mark 9:31)
Saying, "See, we are going up to Jerusalem, and the Son of Man will be delivered over to the chief priests and the scribes, and they will condemn him to death and deliver him over to the Gentiles. And they will mock him and spit on him, and flog him and kill him. And after three days he will rise." (Mark 10:33-34)
"We heard him say, 'I will destroy this temple that is made with hands, and in three days I will build another, not made with hands.'" (Mark 14:58)
Saying, "The Son of Man must suffer many things and be rejected by the elders and chief priests and scribes, and be killed, and on the third day be raised." (Luke 9:22)
Jesus answered them, "Destroy this temple, and in three days I will raise it up." (John 2:19)

(There are, of course, many more verses in the Bible that could answer your question, but I feel these should be enough for now.)
Answer: Because all sin, all die. Jesus committed no sin, so I think that since he fulfilled the law he would've remained and lived (like the LORD said so many times in the OT); God cannot take the life of an innocent man. That innocent man, however, can lay his own life down, if he knows how to separate body and spirit. This particular man CREATED the thing that condemns as well as the thing that gives life, so earning eternal life doesn't seem like something Jesus had to do. He says that He is the resurrection and the life (and judging by Lazarus, I'd say he could keep all he wanted alive including himself). I think he was aware of it, but wasn't allowed to make use of it for his own glory and to condemn sin and renew us.
I just have a hard time thinking that the natural path of this man's life was death even if he hadn't laid down his own life purposefully. I think the only way for him to have died is by his actively trying to die.


Why the M24 Chaffee was not used as a tank at Dien Bien Phu?

Question: According to the Wikipedia page of the M-24 Chaffee, ten of these tanks were sent to the french forces in Dien Bien Phu, where they provide "fire support".
Considering the French were outgunned by the artillery the Viet Minh was able to provide through jungle, why the M-24 were not used along the French elite infantry (like airborne forces or Foreign legion) to mount raids against the artillery positions?
The French aviation might even had supported these attacks with previous bombings.
Comment: I'm trying to picture a tank in the jungles of Vietnam. What have you read on the situation at Dien Nien Phu?
Comment: I read about it mainly that the strategic problem was a bad knowledge of the logistics of Viet-Minh, that it was able to concentrate enough artillery to stop the use of the airstrip, thus reducing the logistics on the French side
Tanks were used in jungle during the Vietnam war and during ww2
Comment: Tanks were used in the jungles of the Pacific, yes. Unless there was good artillery or anti-tank weapons. Cover in the jungle really benefits the defense. And the Vietnamese were proficient in jungle actions.
Comment: Dien Bien Phu wasn't very jungly... see google images.
Answer:
Question:
  Why the M24 Chaffee was not used as a tank at Dien Bien phu?
Answer:
The M24 Chaffee was used as a tank at Dien Bien Phu.  They were critical in giving fire support to the French infantry in repulsing the many Viet Minh attacks over two month battle.

The Battle of Dien Bien Phu
  The French deployed a small number of M24 Chaffee light tanks during the battle that proved critical in repelling the enemy's many attacks. With the exception of using heavy artillery and rocket-propelled grenade launchers (RPGs), the Viet Minh could not effectively fight back against the French armour, ensuring their use throughout the battle/seige.

.

Question:
  Why the M-24 were not used along the French elite infantry (like airborne forces or Foreign legion) to mount raids against the artillery positions?
The French aviation might even had supported these attacks with previous bombings.

The French infantry was heavily outnumbered in the Battle at Dien Bien Phu (more than 3-1)  and could not have been expected to penetrate up to 7-17 miles behind Viet Min lines, against an entrenched enemy, while navigating a jungle and climbing mountains to engage the Viet Min field artillery.
Viet Min Artillery included:

M101 howitzer with an effective range of 7 miles
122 mm gun M1931/37 (A-19) with an effective range of 12.67 miles
122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30) with an effective range of 7.33 miles
D-74 122 mm field gun with an effective range of 15 miles
130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46) with an effective range of 17 miles
152 mm towed gun-howitzer M1955 (D-20) with an effective range of 11 miles.
152 mm howitzer M1943 (D-1)  with an effective range of 7.7 miles.
152 mm howitzer M1937 (ML-20) with an effective range of 10.7 miles

The tanks did somewhat offset the numerical superiority during the two month battle, however the lite tanks were designed for mobility and could not penetrate the heavily wooded jungle which surrounded the French base, nor could they climb the mountains to support an assault against the Viet Mihn artillery placements with surrounded and looked down on the French base.
Background
The major flaw in the French battle plan was their over reliance on air to defend and resupply their base.  The French mistakenly believed the Viet Mihn had no anti aircraft guns.  When the Viet Mihn guns appeared it made adequate resupply of the base impossible.  Despite the fact the French were loosing more troops than they could replace through air resupply the French continued to send in re-enforcements.  Likewise the inefficiency of the air resupply strategy proved detrimental to maintaining French fire power, supply, and moral.
To your question,  They french were able to fly in their 10 M24 Chaffee tanks.  Each of which were broken down into 180 individual parts, flown into the base, and then re-assembled.
The Americans who replaced the French after their withdrawal faced their own Dien Bien Phu predicament at the siege of Khe Sanh,  21 Jan - 6 Apr 1968.  A siege ultimately broken by the Americans after 4 months.  Instrumental in the Americans ability to resupply it's two Marine Regiments surrounded by 3 divisions of North Vietnamese, was a more capable air force and the helicopter.  Both allowed the United States forces to maintain themselves over the siege until a relief column could reach the base after 4 months.
I had a friend who toured Khe Sanh a few years ago, and at one point his guide reached down and picked up a handful of dirt, lit a match and set it on fire.  The US had dropped so much munitions around Khe Sanh that even to this day the soil still burns.
Sources:

Battle of Bien Bien Phu
Battle of The San
Weapons of the Vietnam War
Answer: To the extent that any tactic remotely associated with the French at Dien bien phu could be said to be not entirely stupid or insane, the French employment of the the Chaffees would be a good candidate. Fire support is what tanks do.  If you're creating a fortress with the intention of drawing your enemy into the open where you can destroy him with fire then having armoured, tracked machines which can carry cannon and machine guns and thus be relatively less vulnerable to suppressing fire and using them in local counter-attacks would be helpful. Having a full regiment of tanks would have been more helpful, assuming that we can magic away the logistics of bringing them in (you may recall the French needed to disassemble the Chaffees just to fly them in) and supplying and maintaining them.
A study of the ground, both via maps and contemporary photographs, will show that the Viet Minh positions were primarily in the surrounding hillsides, which were forested.  The VM artillery was rather quite well concealed and protected.  They studied techniques employed to great effect by the Japanese in the second world war.
An attack, uphill, in fairly well vegetated ground, by just 10 tanks, would have been unlikely to achieve much.  Armour needs to co-operate with other arms, especially infantry.  The French would have needed to attach at least one or two battalions of their already small reserve, which would have probably gotten pinned down by the VM artillery, surrounded, then destroyed by the VM, which had about twice as much infantry as the French. It would be quite probable that the Viet Minh would have used 'Death Volunteer' sappers in their close-in attacks on the tanks themselves.
The French air force was hard pressed enough to carry out its attempts to bombard Viet Minh positions and to re-supply the garrison.  It would not have had any extra capacity to co-operate with such a proposed operation. I don't think that the 1954 U.S.A.F. had much capability that would be similar to that of the Second Indochina war's Arc-light so assuming an alternate universe in which the Yanks help openly like that is rapidly a topic for the SF stack exchange site.
The French did use armour in the First Indochina war, often as part of battle groups called Groupement Mobile.   In the Second Indochina war, the Free world forces (Americans, ARVN, and Australians among others) and the North Vietnamese used tanks.  There was a famous small tank battle in 1969 and the 1972 and 1975 offensives saw the NVA use armour extensively.
Martin Windrow's The last valley might be an informative read.  Simon Dunstan's Vietnam tracks has a chapter on armour in the First Indochina war.  It has a fair number of photographs which are interesting.
Answer here:
The competence of the Viet Minh staff work would have been sufficient to plan for predicted fire missions on the French outposts and forming up positions and for hitting any force as it made its way to a hill.   There would have been some field telephones in the VM trenches and they could use flares and runners if need be.  The co-ordination would not be very good - perhaps Great war Hill 70 level – but would you want to be there?
If the attack takes place during the day the observation of the forming up of the French attacking force could be made from the hills as well as from the VM trenches.  Spotting of shot would be from there as well.  Tanks are noisy and the assembly of them would be a signal that they were going into action and the direction of attack.   This holds true for day and night.
If the attack would take place at night there could be no co-ordination with the French air force as they didn't fly at night.  The spotting of the VM artillery would be more difficult but stuff like star shell and WP are useful for this sort of situation.
You will recall that it is several hundred metres between the French outposts and the hill sides and it is mostly cultivated ground, without tree cover.   During the siege the VM were busy building saps and a rather significant force of VM infantry could be assembled to close action.   I would not put it past the VM to infiltrate men behind the main body of the attacking force and their start line.   Assuming that any significant French force got to a hill side, it would then need to climb the hill under fire and then try to storm and destroy the dug-in artillery positions.  As mentioned, the VM learnt from the Japanese about how to dig in artillery so just finding the dang things, let alone destroying them would be difficult. Then the French would need to try to do that for all of the rest of them.
And you do understand that Chaffees were light tanks for recce don't you?
What actual study of the matter have you made and what are your findings?
Comment: Thank you for your answer! Could you maybe expand on the hability of the artillery combined with infantry to stop an assault of a few tanks, supported by infantry and aviation?
I always assumed that in such a close environment, the VM was not enough coordinated to use artillery and infantry in a cooperative fight
Comment: I've answered the question in the post as it was too long to fit in a comment.


100% chance of failing a rush?

Question: Heres the story, I have to complete 4 rushes to complete a achievement. I've tried at least 10 times with 20-30% chances and failed everyone. This is very frustrating, if anyone knows a solution to this problem please let me know.
Answer: RNG hates you.
It's not that there's 100% chance of failing (unless it's bugged), you're just really unlucky.
Just keep trying you'll eventually complete them. You can try putting more skilled dwellers, such as more S in power rooms, as well as luckier dwellers. Both reduce the chance of failing a rush.
Note that the rush chance of success decreases quite dramatically after a rush (succeed or fail) so doing it many times in a row will make it harder to do a successful rush.
See this answer for more factors influencing rush failure rates: https://gaming.stackexchange.com/a/224005/106901
Comment: Does luck increase the chances of successfully rushing as well?
Answer: Luck is the biggest factor in success of rushing a room aside from the initial percentage (which is based on both luck and the time since a previous rush.)  The primary ability doesn't appear to effect the rush rate, but instead the actual room output. I've had 10-S dwellers with low luck rush, and had just as many failures as low-S dwellers with low luck.
I did some experimenting and found that if you put a room full of dwellers with max luck, the initial percentage of failure is much lower than a room with non-maxxed/low luck dwellers. That being said, the more times you rush in a given time, of course the failure rate climbs. The only thing that will decrease that is time.
tl;dr: Try putting high-luck people in the room and see if your success rate increases.

100% chance of failing a rush?


Learning linguistics from scratch

Question: I am a student of mathematics and physics but have been inspired to learn more about linguistics after having learned a new language this year. I found the subject deeply fascinating. As of now I am a bit blind about how to approach in learning the field. I would like some advice on a general progression of learning linguistics. Does anyone have any insight on a logical way to learn linguistics?
Comment: Enroll in a university? Read linguistic textbooks?
Answer: Linguistics is different from physics and math, where there is a well-defined curriculum for the first year, then the second year. One (non)-answer to the question is "What are you interested in in linguistics?". Then depending on your answer, people will suggest reading X, versus Y, or Z. For example some people are fascinated with regional dialects of English, so someone might suggest reading a sociolinguistics book (especially by Peter Trudgill).
However, there is a "classical" answer to what constitutes the basic foundation of linguistics as a technical discipline, namely phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, historical linguistics and (if you can find good materials) semantics. The typical. I have used Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication by Akmadjian, Demers, Farmer & Harnish at the most basic level (that was an earlier edition, never saw the current one). This gives an elementary introduction to the questions that the main fields of linguistics address. There is a question as to what's the best order to present topics in. My favorite is syntax, semantics, morphology, phonetics, phonology, historical (which is not the ADFH order). My rationale is that it is much easier to show that there are significant scientific puzzles to solve in syntax, coming from English (many people hate learning about languages that they don't know, and it is extremely difficult to demonstrate the basic problems of phonology using English, though there is a little bit that isn't trivial or hyper-controversial).
If you are still interested after that, there are introductory textbooks for each of these sub-areas, indeed a series from Cambridge (the "Introducing" series: lacking a historical textbook). Or, there are other textbooks that focus on each of the specific sub-disciplines.
If you have that knowledge as background, I would then suggest attempting to undertake some form of original research in an area that interests you. I don't mean that you should plan to actually publish a research paper in a peer-reviewed journal, I simply mean, do a serious project. It is easiest to do this if you can come up with a data domain, for example conducting an experiment on vowel formant  trajectories in a particular context of English – or, anything on some less well studied language. The point is that you learn by doing much more than you learn by just reading.
Comment: Pretty much all of the subdisciplines in linguistics are concerned with "the structure of language". The problem is that it doesn't have just one structure; there is a structure to the phonetics, and a different structure to the phonology, and several varieties of structure in grammar, and so on. Language is structured at every level we can think of; that's the main takeaway from linguistics -- it's heaven for people who seek structure, because that's almost all there is.
Comment: Thank you for the very well thought out response. You answered what seemed to be my most fundamental question, that of what the scope of linguistics was and how all the subcategories related. I am mostly interested in the matter of understading the structure of language. I will give the textbooks you recommended a read and will further investigate the subcategories. Thanks again.
Comment: For the textbook of Akmadjian and Co. It is indeed elementary, but very superficial. It might be sufficient to learn basic terminology, but it cannot trigger interest in linguistics.
Answer: Linguistics is such a broad field, that any introduction will inevitably leave gigantic gaps, and there are so many different ways to structure a linguistics course.
One way is to choose a few "core subfields" and look into those. At the university I went to, the 3 core linguistics classes were "Phonetics and Phonology" (sounds of language and how they are used), "Syntax" (how words and phrases are combined to make utterances people use), and "Semantics and Pragmatics" (how utterances get meaning). Other places might place more emphasis on "Historical linguistics" (how have languages changed, how do we know about languages of the past), "Morphology" (how are words formed), "Sociolinguistics" (language in the context of who uses it), "Psycholinguistics" (how people's brains process language), or "Computational Linguistics" (how can people formalize language into something that can be processed or produced)
Another is to find an intro textbook, or find a syllabus for an intro to linguistics class and read all the books cited on it.
If you like learning from videos, you might want to check out the Ling Space, a YouTube channel giving overviews of various areas of Linguistics.
Yet another approach is to find a language or language area you are interested in, and trying to use that as your basis. A grammar of a language or a survey of languages of a region will probably have all the "basic parts" that an intro ling class would split the discipline of linguistics into, but giving more concrete examples for each.
Some people like to approach linguistics from the angle of field work (how to document a language), and if you want to try that way, you might want to read a field methods guide or handbook of phenomena that a field worker might use, like Describing Morphosyntax by Thomas Payne.
Answer: Coming from Maths and Physics, the most important intersection with Linguistics would be Logic, often treated in Semantics class, but inseperable from Syntax and Philosophy and informations science. Assuming a good background in Programming for applied sciences, a basis in theoretical Computer Science with regards to the hierarchy of formal grammars (Chomsky hierarchy) should also be of interest. If 6726 already pointed out what compromises the fundamental aspects onto language, these surrounding tangents should be noted, if it may offer a smooth transgression into the field of linguistics, which endevors many crossovers with other fields, i.e. historical linguistics, socio-linguistics, philosophy of language and cetera, to understand that the fundamental aspects are mere tools to work in these universal problems, or at least, if those broader fields can illuminate the make-up of the fundamentals.
Comment: You can get a good look at how linguists deal with logic in Jim McCawley's book _Everything that Linguists have Always Wanted to Know about Logic (but were ashamed to ask)_. A brief study guide to logic for linguists is available here.
Comment: Whoops! Forgot [the link for the study guide](http://www.umich.edu/~jlawler/logicguide.pdf). Sorry.

Learning linguistics from scratch


Unable to remotely connect to machine via SSH after establishing OpenVPN connection

Question: I have a computer that I use as a file server.  It is correctly configured (finally!) to connect to KeepSolid VPN servers at boot, via an OpenVPN systemd service.  At first, I could only connect by issuing an openvpn --daemon command, as I was having trouble making the VPN client connect at boot.  I resolved that by looking at another thread and learned I had not properly configured the service.  But now I have that all taken care of.  Now I am just missing full access from a remote client.
THINGS I CAN DO:

connect via internal IP while on LAN (e.g. ssh email@example.com)
connect via FQDN while on LAN (e.g. ssh email@example.com, my free DDNS service)
connect via either of those while away from LAN if I first shutdown OpenVPN service (e.g. systemctl stop openvpn@keepsolid)

THINGS I want TO DO BUT CANNOT:

connect via FQDN while away from LAN

In case it wasn't already clear, I really am not an expert on networking.  I tried some suggestions that were marked as "ANSWERED" on similar posts with my problem, including opening external connections for SSH by using sudo ufw allow ssh, as suggested here.  I get this now
sudo ufw status
Status: active

To                         Action      From
--                         ------      ----
22/tcp                     ALLOW       Anywhere
22/tcp (v6)                ALLOW       Anywhere (v6)

I even tried to fiddle with the IP tables and routing tables, following the instructions here.  Although I didn't understand the spells I was casting, I didn't see any errors in the output from the commands, and doing these steps did not seem to stop me from being able to access the machine locally.  I can at least say that there were no pre-existing ip rules dealing with netfilter masks.
Thanks in advance!  Also, I've read enough forums and help pages to know that it may be helpful to see certain outputs.  Below are the ones that seem relevant.  I love tinkering with my machine and learning more about how it works.  Thank you to anyone helping me overcome this latest hurdle.
Here is the output of ifconfig
enp0s25: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 10.0.0.5  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 10.0.0.255
        inet6 fe80::21d:9ff:fe95:5343  prefixlen 64  scopeid 0x20<link>
        ether 00:1d:09:95:53:43  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 3701  bytes 1113971 (1.1 MB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 5440  bytes 2390198 (2.3 MB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0
        device interrupt 20  memory 0xfdfc0000-fdfe0000

lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING>  mtu 65536
        inet 127.0.0.1  netmask 255.0.0.0
        inet6 ::1  prefixlen 128  scopeid 0x10<host>
        loop  txqueuelen 1000  (Local Loopback)
        RX packets 1341  bytes 391348 (391.3 KB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 1341  bytes 391348 (391.3 KB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

tun0: flags=4305<UP,POINTOPOINT,RUNNING,NOARP,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 10.200.0.70  netmask 255.255.255.255  destination 10.200.0.69
        inet6 fe80::16c9:9b04:376d:3412  prefixlen 64  scopeid 0x20<link>
        unspec 00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00  txqueuelen 100
(UNSPEC)
            RX packets 2562  bytes 606632 (606.6 KB)
            RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
            TX packets 3647  bytes 1979619 (1.9 MB)
            TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

This is the output of systemd service
 systemctl status email@example.com
● firstname.lastname@example.com - OpenVPN connection to keepsolid.ovpn
   Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/openvpn@.service; indirect; vendor preset: enabled)
   Active: active (running) since Tue 2019-11-05 21:43:11 EST; 12min ago
     Docs: man:openvpn(8)
           https://community.openvpn.net/openvpn/wiki/Openvpn24ManPage
           https://community.openvpn.net/openvpn/wiki/HOWTO
 Main PID: 1616 (openvpn)
   Status: "Initialization Sequence Completed"
    Tasks: 1 (limit: 4915)
   CGroup: /firstname.lastname@example.com
           └─1616 /usr/sbin/openvpn --daemon ovpn-keepsolid.ovpn --status /run/openvpn/keepsolid.ov

Nov 05 21:43:07 inspiron530 systemd[1]: Starting OpenVPN connection to keepsolid.ovpn...
Nov 05 21:43:11 inspiron530 ovpn-keepsolid.ovpn[1616]: UDP link local: (not bound)
Nov 05 21:43:11 inspiron530 ovpn-keepsolid.ovpn[1616]: UDP link remote: [AF_INET]126.96.36.199:11
Nov 05 21:43:12 inspiron530 ovpn-keepsolid.ovpn[1616]: [openvpn2.vpnunlimitedapp.com] Peer Connecti
Nov 05 21:43:11 inspiron530 systemd[1]: Started OpenVPN connection to keepsolid.ovpn.
Nov 05 21:43:19 inspiron530 ovpn-keepsolid.ovpn[1616]: TUN/TAP device tun0 opened
Nov 05 21:43:19 inspiron530 ovpn-keepsolid.ovpn[1616]: do_ifconfig, tt->did_ifconfig_ipv6_setup=0
Nov 05 21:43:19 inspiron530 ovpn-keepsolid.ovpn[1616]: /sbin/ip link set dev tun0 up mtu 1500
Nov 05 21:43:19 inspiron530 ovpn-keepsolid.ovpn[1616]: /sbin/ip addr add dev tun0 local 10.200.0.70
Nov 05 21:43:19 inspiron530 ovpn-keepsolid.ovpn[1616]: Initialization Sequence Completed

EDIT
This is my attempt at adding an ASCII representation of how my machines connect to the Internet
Machine 1-------
                |----- Router ---- Cable Modem ----- WORLD
Machine 2-------

Both machines are connected via Ethernet.  Machine 1 is my server, and I have configured it to connect to a KeepSolid VPN server.  when that configuration is active, I can no longer connect to Machine 1 via Machine 2.
This question is specifically about SSH connections, but upon further inspection, I also cannot ....

login to a Webmin GUI via port 10000
connect to a deluge-webui via port 8112
directly connect to a plex server on port 32400

For what it's worth, I could do all of those things (except SSH) when I was connecting to VPN by issuing an openvpn --config --daemon command.  The problem seems to have gotten worse after I created the OpenVPN systemd service.  In both cases - daemon or service - the VPN connects to the correct server and my new public IP is changed to the one I expect it to.  So I think that I have somehow erred in setting up the systemd service
Comment: Maybe, you have the same problem as I had: https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/329024/ssh-over-vpn-over-wifi-hotspot-not-working/329132#329132
Answer: We need to known more details about your network design.
Try to post a ascii representation of how your computer connects to Internet.
One think that can be causing the trouble is your Internet router not forwarding the connection to your machine.
Comment: I could not do that as a comment, so I edited the original post for more clarification


fonts not applied to high ASCII characters

Question: After installing the @fontyourface module and adding some Korean fonts locally, the fonts are not being applied to high ASCII characters (which makes no sense as the font is specifically for those characters). The fonts ARE applying to the regular ASCII characters, though.
Comment: This question appears to be off-topic because it is a bugreport for module, or for specific fonts used. Please file a bugreport in appropriate issue queue.
Comment: No- it's not a bug report or for specific fonts. The issue is that fonts are not applying for high ASCII characters regardless of the font specified (including the default fonts). These were used for illustration as they are specific to high ASCII characters (and to preempt the answers of "try installing @fontyourface or related module"). The question is out there for any users who have experienced the problem, regardless of specific modules or fonts used.
Answer: As I suspected, the issue was NOT off-topic. It turns out that the downloaded fonts were not set for Unicode. Most likely, they were using the euc-kr character set. Since the site uses utf-8, the ranges for the characters in utf-8 are different from euc-kr, so the default font was being used to display.
I downloaded a different version that specifically listed the font as Unicode and now the characters display correctly for that font.


Magento 2.3: Get list of unused product attributes

Question: I want to get a list of all unused product attributes through database or code. Any help would be appreciated.
Answer: Try this:

SELECT attribute_id, attribute_code, frontend_label FROM eav_attribute
WHERE entity_type_id = 4 AND attribute_id NOT IN(SELECT attribute_id
FROM eav_entity_attribute);

You can change entity_type_id for whatever entity you want.
Comment: Thank you for your reply. This query gets all the unassigned attributes. I want to get a list of 'unused' attributes(Attributes which may be assigned to the attribute set but never used in any products).
Comment: You can change the table name in inner query like "catalog_product_entity_int" I think it should work.


How to find the terminal in Lubuntu?

Question: Where can I find the terminal in Lubuntu? I thought the CTRL+T option works as it does in Ubuntu too.
Answer: Ctrl+Alt+T will open terminal on all Ubuntu variations & versions, except Kubuntu (by default).
Or GUI way, according to the documentation:
Menu > System Tools > LXTerminal
Answer: Ctrl-Alt-T is the default short cut - for both Lubuntu and Ubuntu.
Answer: ALT-F2 and type lxterminal
But in Lubuntu one is not bound to use  lxterminal which is somewhat limited (less settings) compared to Gnome Terminal and Xfce Terminal, and may install those in synaptic and use them instead.
To set shortcuts in Lubuntu edit the file /home/user/.config/openbox/lubuntu-rc.xml
Answer: right click on mouse or trackpad: it will show up the Terminal option. Or go to the left down corner and go on "acessories" and Terminal...
Answer: Lubuntu >= 18.10
lxqt is used, ALT-F2 and enter qterminal
Lubuntu <= 18.04
lxde is used, type lxterminal.

How to find the terminal in Lubuntu?


1994 GMC Rally 3500 Low Beam out, High beam works intermittently

Question: Low beam doesn't work. High beam will work, but cuts off and then on again. Also, if related, the switch must be jiggled for the interior dash lights to work. Could all of the problem be in the switch?
Answer: It's most likely two separate circuits, and two separate issues. Your interior lights, as you pointed out, work when you jiggle the switch. So, if you pull the switch out, and connect the wires directly, does the interior light stay on constant? If so, it's the switch.
As for the headlights: Stupid, obvious, obligatory question: You've tried replacing the bulbs? One of the filaments can completely burn out, leaving the high beams to work fine. And maybe that filament is making a partial connection occasionally.
More likely, you've got a power lead with a poor connection, possibly even at the head light fixture (hopefully there, since anything else is going to require a bit of detective work on the wiring harness.)


dual citizenship - which passport number must go on ticket?

Question: This questions does not relate to how to use two passports, but which passport number to put down when purchasing an international ticket online.
I have Dutch and SA citizenship..  Which passport number do I give for the ticket - SA or Dutch?  So far I had conflicting answers.
My understanding is that you give the passport number of the country that you are leaving and returning to?
Comment: It doesn't matter. You can type whatever you want: https://travel.stackexchange.com/questions/79636/for-uk-usa-bound-flights-are-details-entered-during-online-check-in-such-as-da
Comment: Note that you don't usually need to give passport information _when booking the ticket_. For routes where advance passenger information is needed you can give it after booking, as long as it's sufficiently long before checking in. (This is useful, for example, if a business trip is booked for you by someone who has no reason to know details such as your passport number -- or, indeed, if you have dual nationality and need to use different passports for different legs on the same ticket).
Answer: The airline wants to avoid a situation where they fly you to another country and the immigration officials decide you can't be admitted to the country.  In such a situation, the airline is usually liable for flying you back to your point of origin at their own expense, and in some circumstances they can be fined as well.
This means that you should always be sure to provide the airline with the information about the passport that will most easily "let you into" the country you're traveling to.  For example, suppose you were traveling between South Africa and the Netherlands.  South Africa allows visa-free entry to Dutch citizens for 90 days;  but South African citizens must have a visa to enter the Schengen area.  Since the Dutch passport would allow you to enter both countries, it would make things easier to provide the airline with your Dutch passport information in both directions.
Of course, there could arise a situation where none of your passports allows you entry to all of the countries you're traveling to.  If you try to board a flight and the airline does not think you'll be permitted to enter the destination country, they'll deny you boarding at your point of origin rather than risk incurring the expense of having you turned back at the border.  In such a situation, when you arrive at the airport, you can provide the airline with supplemental information (a visa or a second passport) to prove that you're likely to be admitted to the country of destination.  In this case, the passport with which you booked the ticket becomes immaterial.


Square-Cube Law?

Question: I've heard about something called the square-cube law. What is it? All I know of it is that it has something to do with mass of large objects and their gravitational influence.
Comment: This is explained on [Wikipedia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square-cube_law). Related: http://physics.stackexchange.com/q/72641/2451
Answer: You are probably referring to Kepler's third law, which states that the square of the period of orbit of a planet is proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit. It can be mathematically expressed as
$$ \frac{T_1^2}{R_1^3}\approx\frac{T_2^2}{R_2^3}$$
for planets $1$ and $2$ in the solar system. This equality is exact in the limit where the mass of the Sun goes to infinity.

Square-Cube Law?


Thematic map made in QGIS

Question: I made a thematic map of carbon stock in Russian Federation in 2017 year.
I am not a cartographer and geographer at all.
What should I do with this map to make it more professional?
Could you send me an example of professional thematic map?
Comment: Is it possible de share the **data source** ? Thanks ... Doesn't look too bad to me, an **english version** would maybe receive more comments ...
Comment: Looks good to me. maybe you could crop a little bit at the bottom?
Answer: That's a pretty good map. I have no major complaints. Here are a few comments and minor suggestions. Please consider them in the context of what you're trying to communicate, and who your target audience is. I don't read Russian, so disregard any comments or suggestions that are already fixed by the text on the map.
As Kurt suggested, you could definitely crop the bottom of the map. You could crop it as far north as mid-way through Mongolia. At a minimum please remove the area below the legend, because there's a very busy combination of country borders and lat/long lines that adds nothing but clutter.
The strong curvature of the map make my neck hurt. I'm instinctively trying to rotate my head as I look at each part of the map, to make north be "up" the way I'm used to. If I had a paper copy, I would rotate the map. I'm not sure if there's actually a better projection for covering such a wide area that extends so far north. It does bug me that the north pole isn't centered - it makes the map feel unbalanced and asymmetric. Again, I'm not sure if there's a solution for that. Choosing a projection always involves finding a compromise between different priorities such as conserving distance, area, and angle, and fitting everything on the page without wasting space.
The combination of the white coloration and the wide blue border between the white area and the green and yellow areas, makes it almost look like the white area isn't part of Russia. Maybe that's okay, depending on what you're trying to emphasize. White is a good choice if you're trying to say, "Let's ignore these outlying areas that don't have any carbon stocks, and focus on the areas that do have carbon stocks." But if you wanted to say, "Oh no, these areas don't have any carbon stocks and that's a problem!" then white is not a good choice.
This color scheme is calm and reassuring. It says to me, "Parts of Russia have a really good amount of carbon stock. Other parts have less than they ideally would have, but it's not a big problem. We should work on improving the levels in these areas, but it's not urgent." If that's the overall message you wanted to convey, well done. On the other hand, if you wanted to convey a sense of impending crisis, try a color scheme with more red and orange tones.
In case it's not obvious yet, I don't really know what a carbon stock is or whether it's a good thing to have more of it. You probably don't want your map viewer to go away without knowing that. Make sure you explain what carbon stock is, either in the legend or elsewhere in a larger document that this map will be part of.
If the map will be viewed on a screen, consider adding a partially-transparent white mask over the area outside of Russia. This would draw focus to Russia and make the background/outside areas less distracting. If the map will be printed, it's fine how it is.
Will your target audience recognize specific locations within the borders of Russia from this map? If not, it might help to include a few cities for reference.

Thematic map made in QGIS


After using PSM to select a sample of treated and control subjects from a larger population: would I be estimating the ATE or ATT?

Question: Suppose I use propensity score matching to select a sample of treatment and control subjects from a larger population for a follow-up survey. Assuming I matched subjects using the full range of p-scores, and assuming I matched on all observables and that unobservables were not a problem: would my estimates of impact be equivalent to an Average Treatment Effect or an Average Treatment Effect on the Treated?
Answer: Typical K:1 matching in which K control units are matched to a single treated unit each estimates the ATT. This is because the distribution of covariates in the matched sample is similar to that of the treated group.
There are ways of estimating the ATE using matching, but they differ somewhat from the method I described. You can perform matching imputation, which is what the R package Matching and Stata teffects psmatch do, which involves imputing the missing potential outcomes for members of both groups based on matching close units from the other group. You can also perform full matching on the propensity score, after which you can compute matching weights that target the ATE. This can be done in the MatchIt package.
Also note that if calipers are used or if a common support or exact matching constraint causes you to discard treated units, the estimand is neither the ATE nor ATT but rather an undefined estimand.
Comment: thanks so much for your reply. I have read all your posts closely, and greatly value your insights! Just to clarify: if treated units are "discarded" in the process of sampling using PSM, but the final sample (treated and control) appear to be representative of the overall population (based on pre-treatment covariates) - then is it not possible that we are estimating the ATE?
Comment: Thank you for the kind words! It is possible, and that is exactly the motivation for template matching as described by [Bennett et al. (2020)](https://doi.org/10.1080/10618600.2020.1753532). It is just quite unlikely with PS matching.
Comment: thanks for the reference!


Web Services Quality Factors Cons

Question: Is there any disadvantages using web services affecting any of the quality factors...??
I found a lot of advantages of them like supporting interoperability and reusability.. but I don't find any cons of web services...
Answer: The only disadvantage I can see is that it could allow your data to be used in ways you do not want. The interface has to be coded carefully so that you don't allow your data to be corrupted or misused by malevolent forces(hackers).
Since there is now audit trail back to those who have accessed your API and your data you should only expose the most innocuous data via your API.

Web Services Quality Factors Cons


Giant Velvet Worm

Question: Would it be possible to have a giant velvet worm? Not huge but big, like the size of a small dog, 20 kilograms?
Comment: Are you trying to figure out if it is possible, or how it could have evolved? I don't see a reason why that couldn't happen, but it sounds unrealistic.
Answer: There are two major issues with scaling up a velvet worm: mechanical support, and oxygen transport.
Coconut crabs can get to be as large as a small dog, so clearly invertebrates with open circulatory systems as a general category can get that big, even in the current atmosphere. But crabs have some advantages over the much simpler velvet worms; for one, they have a rigid skeleton (usually considered a problem for scaling up invertebrates, but at this scale, its an advantage, as it would prevent the worm's flesh from simply collapsing into a blob); for another, they have a heart to assist in circulation. Velvet worms, on the other hand, have strictly hydrostatic skeletal support, and rely entirely on diffusion for oxygen transport.
So, now the question becomes "as big as a small dog in which dimensions"? If you just want it to be as massive as a small dog, that's not a problem--just make it really long. All of its tissues will be near the skin, so oxygen transport isn't a problem, and it won't be supporting much weight above the ground, so it won't smush itself.
Scaling up the body diameter is a harder problem, but the combination of structural support and oxygen transport issues might actually help solve each other. If the worm develops muscles capable of compressing the body wall laterally, it may be able to increase and decrease the internal pressure in particular segments to alternate between a flattened-out, gravity-dominated profile and a more circular, taller, pressure-supported profile. That won't work at arbitrary large sizes--eventually, muscles just can't be strong enough anymore!--but it should be fine for something with the diameter of a small dog's torso. And the alternation in shape would also serve to mix the haemolymph to improve oxygen transport. Even so, it will probably be a fairly lethargic creature, so as to minimize oxygen demands.
Comment: Coconut crabs don't have trachea they actually have a primitive form of luing. And there circulatory system is far closer to a closed system than an open one, its actually one of the most complex circulatory system in arthropods. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15683568 It is a really bad comparison
Answer: I dug around.  The largest velvet worm found is 22 cm. https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.00983.pdf
That is about the size of the largest terrestrial slug and largest terrestrial leech - animals not closely related but with a similar body plan. One exception for worm/caterpillar/sluglike terrestrial organisms:  the Gippsland Giant earthworm which measures from 1 to 3 meters.

I am not attaching link to source because site of origin is doing sketchy stuff.
It is strange to me that the Gippsland worm is such an outlier, an order of magnitude larger than other soft bodied terrestrial organisms.  I wonder if it uses the surrounding earth to support it in the way aquatic organisms do.  These worms never look too lively in pictures.
Your dog sized velvet worm could be similar - maybe a predator inhabiting the burrows of something larger like the Gippsland worm or vertebrate burrowers.
Comment: annelid worms have a completely different circulatory system than velvet worms. the former uses a closed system the latter uses an open one.
Comment: @John - the similarity is that both creatures (and also slugs) are elongate, land animals without endoskeletons or hard exoskeletons.  The physics governing what is possible for this form seems cross applicable.  But if you think the closed worm circulatory system allows a larger body size, please expand on that.  That would be something new to me.
Comment: closed systems are far more efficient because it is pressurized thus blood is circulated much faster, which allows it to both extract and deliver oxygen more efficiently.
Answer: Not in the current atmosphere, their breathing mechanism (trachea) and circulatory system (open) do not scale up well, it is the same reason we don't have large insects. Larger animals need have more complex and efficient breathing and circulation than velvet worms have to get enough oxygen out of the current atmosphere. During the carboniferous however oxygen levels were much higher so you did get insects almost as big as us, so a velvet worm that size would be no problem with a different atmosphere.
Comment: > The word "trachea" is used to define a very different organ in invertebrates than in vertebrates.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachea#Invertebrates
Comment: Don't humans have tracheas?
Comment: @ScottCentoni OK, I was thinking of the wrong trachea.

Giant Velvet Worm


How do monk attacks work?

Question: I've skimmed through the books but I'm a little confused about powers. Unarmed monks for example get +3 Atk and 1d8 naturally. Is the +3 only added to rolls when you make a basic attack or does it get added to your abilities? For instance I use Drunken Monkey, it is only my D20 roll + Dex modifier to hit vs. Will, and whatever damage it does right? If so, do weapon proficiency bonus' add to abilities for other classes that use weapons or does that work the same way or does it count if the ability uses x[w] key?
Comment: Will the +3 unarmed still be added where all the monk abilities are "implement"?
Comment: Welcome to the site! And no, it won't be added to implement powers.
Answer: Monk's +3 unarmed proficiency bonus is only added to weapon attacks, not monk "Implement" attacks. Monks are confusing.
The difference is in the keyword of the power.
Drunken Monkey has the following keywords:  Full Discipline, Implement, Psionic
The one we care about is "Implement"
Because monk attacks are implement attacks, they do not use weapon proficiency. Instead, they use Half-Level + Dex Mod for attack versus Will, and  1d8 + Dexterity modifier damage (note lack of half-level) for damage.
To increase the attack mod, you need to invest in feats like "Ki Focus Expertise"
The Melee Basic attack on the other hand would have the weapon keyword. Therefore you would, on an opportunity attack, use +3 + Half Level + Strength Mod versus AC.
Comment: Don't forget you can get implements with enhancement bonuses.
Comment: Also don't forget that if you spend a feat you can get superior implements (same costs just an added bonus) such as Accurate which further adds a +1 to all attacks made using the implement.
Answer: It gets added to any and all of the weapon keyword attacks that you make.
For instance on your weapon attacks the attack roll would be determined by the following:

+3 (Prof with Monk's unarmed strike) + 1/2 level + ability mod specified

For the damage you will use the 1d8 for the weapon damage (represented with [W])

1d8 ([W] + ability specified + any other bonuses

Not all weapon attack powers use the [W] damage, however most of them do.
Finally one of the recommendations I will make is that if you are new player you might want to take a look at a DDI subscription. You will have access to the character builder which does most of the character math for you and also gives you access to the DDI compendium which gives you access to all of the powers/feats/monsters and a ton of the stuff that wizards has put out.
Comment: No. For MBAs it is Str. Monk implement attacks use dex, but monk unarmed strike does not swap MBAs to STr for free.
Comment: N.B. Drunken monkey is implement.
Comment: Thanks brian, removed the power name rest stands as written. Note this is assuming no feat, enhancement or other bonuses.
Comment: Somebody submitted an edit to change it from Dex to Str, and I accepted it... but it looks like Dex is the correct value? In 3E it would've been Str. May want to edit it back.
Comment: @BrianBallsun-Stanton - exactly.  That's why I submitted the change.  To change you'd have to get **melee training** (PHB2, p.187).
Answer: If this helps you to understand how the monk works, divide the monks attacks to two categories, as Brian said above (and as they are divided by keywords).
The first one is the weapon attack, an attack like the fighter's, when the monk attacks with his unnarmed strike or a monk weapon. There is nothing more than martial prowess to that, so the attack roll would be of the formula: Prof.Bonus+half your lvl+Str.modifier.
The second category is the psionic implement attacks, where the monk uses his training and power of will to achieve feats far from normal. These do not rely on how proficient one is with a weapon, but rather on his mental training (thus the psionic and implement tags), and how well can he channel his mental power. These do not gain a Prof. Bonus but an implement bonus, as they are closer to spells than to martial attacks.

How do monk attacks work?


Reading sensor with current ouput with Arduino

Question: I am having diffuclt times with this sensor, so I kndliy ask for your help!
The sensor is named "SPUVA-CS-C3535-A", datasheet here.
The sensor I use (cs3535) has just two pins (+ and -).
From my undesrstanding the ouput is a current corresponding on the UV light exposed to this sensor.
Max value of the current is difficult to understand from the datasheet that also do not have a typical suggested circuit. It seems that a medium value is 200nA, it seems really low!
I have connected (+) of the sensor to 3.3V, (-) of the sensor to A0, and a 220ohm resistor from A0 to Gnd. But readings are always 0.
Any help would be really appreciated! Thanks
Answer: The "sensor" is just a photodiode that is sensitive to UV. You use it the same as any photodiode.
The simplest (and crudest) way is to use a very large (eg 1MΩ) pullup resistor to 5V on an ADC pin, then connect the sensor (reverse biased) between the ADC pin and GND.
Comment: Thanks. I tried your suggestion, I get an high value (about 600) from the analog input, without UV light on the sensor, and it goes down to 100 when it is exposed. Is this normal? I connected 3.3V -- 1mohm -- (+) sensor (-) Gnd.  A0 to (+) of sensor. Also the read value is not instantyl changed, instead it "drifts" to a value during several seconds...
Comment: That sounds about right, yes. As light falls on it some small current leaks through it, reducing the voltage across it.
Comment: Ok. Thank you very much for your answer.


Why does opening Mac Mail show a preview pane not the whole email?

Question: On my MacBook OS X 10.10.3 when I used to open Mac Mail it would just display the entire message and there was more flexibility to deal with this or other messages. Now it seems to load a preview (constrained) version of the message with fewer options not the entire message as before. Looking on viewing preferences there is no obvious way to view email messages as before.
Answer: Quickest way to get the old view back is enable Classic Layout, prefs > viewing...
Answer: May be relevant: An interface error appears to have crept into 10.10.4
The small dot on the Preview pane used to stop at top when dragged up.  Now it disappears under top of split window.  Solution?: carefully drag split window down from top again!...thought all my mail had gone!


Are words from Sports, War, Hunting and Fighting inappropriate for the workplace

Question: I see words like 'target' routinely used to refer to people, or even just objectives set for them, and wonder how this became so pervasive in public speech in general, but particularly the workplace?
Comment: Before commenting, ask yourself if you would be using the comment feature [for its intended purpose](https://meta.stackexchange.com/a/19757/260382) and keep our [Be Nice](http://workplace.stackexchange.com/help/be-nice) policy in mind. Please don't comment to chastise, vent, share your own opinion, or to answer the question.
Answer: I'm very much of the opinion that Context matters.
For example - Do you think Leonardo DiCaprio is a Racist?
You might wonder what on earth that question has to do with the one you posed - but I'll explain in a minute.
There is one theory of thought (the one I subscribe to) that, whilst I don't know him personally, it's clear he's not a racist.
There is another school of thought that says that certain words are inherently bad, regardless of context.
Your question is coming from this perspective:
"Word X is related to concept Y. Concept Y is bad, therefore Word X is bad"
Target is merely what you aim for. Whether that's a business target, a target demographic, a Deer, an Enemy etc.
The context is what gives the word it's meaning. Just like when Leonardo DiCaprio liberally uses the N-Word in the movie Django: Unchained - the context of 'He's an actor, playing a period correct character, to highlight the moral evil of the scenario' means that his usage of it doesn't besmirch him as a person.
So no, Context matters and since the context isn't War, Hunting etc. it's fine.
Comment: @HappyIdiot - You're at work. Not a Gun Range. If a word like 'Target' is used, the context therefore is work related by default. This sort of approach to language is either deliberately destructive or retentive to the point of absolute.
Comment: @HappyIdiot *I do sometimes feel irritation for crusades about words* - would "crusades" (i.e, a series of religious wars that resulted in hundreds of thousands if not millions of deaths) be another one of those war-related terms that feel is inappropriate and shouldn't be part of day-to-day speech?
Comment: @HappyIdiot - I'll try to be nice: The issue is that there have been many groups that wish others to 'reconsider their everyday terms' - Some have a degree of legitimacy, others have an ulterior motive. The attempt to link the word 'target' from a business sense to War/Hunting/Violent sense is, to me, so far-fetched as to absolutely have an ulterior motive.  People are tired of having their malice ascribed to them, over a word choice made without malice. Part 1.
Comment: @HappyIdiot Part 2: The other thing to note is your comment "We've had a century of "that's not what I meant" and I'm tired of it." This line really makes me wonder if you are on one of the spectrums. Now, if you are - that would, in some way, explain your viewpoint (it doesn't justify it IMO - just explains it) - if not (or at least if you don't have a formal diagnosis) - I would consider finding out.
Comment: @HappyIdiot Are you translating 'target' to objectivo in your mind?
Comment: If words make you feel physically sick - you may want to talk to a therapist.
Answer: As you say, many of the words used in common speech can be linked to violent things, to the point where most people would have to put a fair bit of conscious effort into avoiding all of them. And in most workplaces, many of those words are just accepted as part of day-to-day language and would be completely ignored.
But context matters. The word "beat" is often used to mean "exceeded" (e.g, "we beat our target this quarter", and most people are completely fine with that. But if you worked at a domestic violence shelter, then you might want to avoid using that word.
And as with many things, there are degrees about what may and may not be appropriate in a specific workplace. For example, if you're describing a competition between two teams, you could express that in a variety of ways (and I'm sure you can think of more):

We won against the other team.
We were victorious against the other team.
We beat the other team.
We owned the other team.
We crushed the other team.
We obliterated the other team.
We slaughtered the other team.
We raped the other team.

Most people would be fine with "we beat the other team", and most people would agree that "we raped the other team" isn't appropriate - but exactly where people draw that line will depend on both their own views, and the workplace culture. But again, context matters, both in the nature of the organisation and in recent events.

So this is a real issue, and the kinds of language people use in the workplace is important. But I think in the case of "target", that's a word that's so widespread in its usage and is not considered "offensive" or "violent" by the majority of people, so I think it's unlikely to disappear from common usage.
Answer: I feel like this question would have been better asked.. WIth different phrasing either under English language learners, or the English Language/Usage stack exchange... As the complaint with "target" seems to stem from an extremely limited and narrow definition of the word, used by someone who learned English as a second language.
Etymologically the word "target" comes either from middle French word "targgette", which is the diminutive of "targe". And means a small shield. This was is in the 1600s.
This next bit is a guess, but the usage evolved over time, probably with the sport of jousting. As knights would try to hit the other knights target to reduce the chance of killing the other guy. By the mid 1800s the word target was in use as something that you could aim for or at. With a lance, crossbow, or firearm.
And in modern English with a lot of time between 'target' being a small buckler it is now means according to Wiktionary:

An object that is shot at. (The only definition according to the poster).

A Goal or objective. (We need to hit our targets for this quarter)

An object of ridicule or criticism.

A person, place, or thing that is the subject of an attack, criticism, or ridicule. (Which is how it is used most often in the questions/answers that are the subject of this question).

A kind of shield

Pattern or arrangement of a series of hits.

Sliding crosspiece, or vane, on a leveling staff.

Number of runs that the side batting last needs to score in the final innings in order to win.

the tenor of a metaphor.

the translated version of a document.

A person (or group) that a person (or group) is trying to employ, or have as a customer, audience etc..

A thin cut (of meat)

A tassel or pendent.

A Shred

And the listed Synonyms are:

Goal.

TLDR: English is a complicated language, words often have 15 different meanings. As seen for the word 'target'. Many of these meanings do not appear related in the slightest. For non-native English speakers this can lead to major misunderstandings when speaking with native English speakers... When in doubt, ask for clarification. Assume the best in people, the majority of people have good intentions. Most likely offense was not meant to be given. And if that was not the case asking for clarity on meaning with sincerity is extremely effective at disarming/confusing people.
Comment: I disagree with you there. Latin is that way, and it is a dead language that no speaks.  word meanings evolve to fit the needs of the people that use the language. If words meanings are not changing it is because no one is speaking/using the language.


Do alpha particles attract electrons?

Question: Do Alpha Particles attract electrons? I would think they do because an alpha particle is just neutrons and protons bonded tightly, so they should want to be neutral, so they should attract electrons, but every place I've looked says they don't and I don't understand why.
Comment: What places do say that they do not attract electrons?
Comment: Maybe it's because once it has electrons it's no longer an alpha particle, it's hard to say what your other sources mean without context
Comment: Would you mind citing those sources that say that? Alpha particles for sure have a net positive charge, and very willingly interact with matter. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_particle
Comment: Indeed, helium would much prefer to be neutral. But sending it off at high speed, and through things, tends to strip the electrons off of it until it slows down considerably.
Answer: Alpha particles are Helium-4 nuclei which means they have an overall electric charge that is double the opposite charge of an electron. They indeed get attracted to electrons by simple Coulomb force
$F = -2kq^2_e/r^2$
, where $r$ is the distance between the alpha particle and the electron, $q_e$ is the elementary charge and $k$ is Coulomb's constant.
The fact that alpha particles can form Helium atoms depends on the conditions. You need free electrons around so the nucleus is able to capture them (something your alpha particle will not always find in the interstellar medium) and you relative velocity between both to be small; a stream of relativistic alpha particles traversing an electron flock will have little time to make the electromagnetic interation operate enought for a capture, and the energy of the encounter will be larger than the one needed to mantain the electron bounded to the helium nucleus. You also don't want any scenario where capture is somethign ephimeral since the captured electron could be in an excited state and jump quickly from there to become a free electron again. Photons may also excite helium atoms to the point where any captured electron can't mantain its energy level and the atom becomes fully ionized again.
So yeah, they should create Helium atoms in many scenarios but you always need free electrons around and not so highly energetic interactions going on.
Comment: Indeed, and the way alpha particles were proven to be helium nuclei was to capture a bunch in a sealed glass bottle and measure the spectrum of the resulting gas, showing it was the same as helium. It really isn't too hard to find spare electrons to attach once the nuclei has slowed down enough.

Do alpha particles attract electrons?