What is Virtue?

Question: I have been reading Plato and re-reading Nietzsche and both of them discuss Virtue without saying what it is. In Thus Spake Zarathustra Virtue seems to come in flavours where you have to pick one or they tear you apart. Virtue by Socrates is something handed down from the Gods but none of them explain what it means to be virtous or what Virtue is. I'm not a philosopher so I'm probably missing a lot.
Comment: *Sensu eminenti*, virtue is synonymous with *Deus*. Good luck solving the mystery.
Comment: Be cautious with things written around the late middle ages or renaissance in Italian, French, or English, in which virtue may refer to *manfulness* (see *virility* for the same root) as opposed to *moral excellence* specifically.
Comment: For Christians all virtue is rooted and grounded in charity, christian love (and all vice pride).

But Nietzsche is well known for not having a system of values, so it may be more difficult to know when to consider something as having sprung from your anti-Christian virtue.

For what it's worth, I think all vice is foolish, if not unreasonable then empty of sense.
Answer: Virtue is a concept with a long history in philosophical thought, and its definition can vary significantly depending on the philosopher or tradition being referenced. However, at a broad level, virtue is often understood as a character trait or quality deemed to be morally good or desirable.
In the context of Plato and the ancient Greeks, virtue (also known by its Greek term "arete") referred generally to "excellence" or "living up to one's potential." Plato often discussed virtue in relation to the concept of the "good life" or "eudaimonia," suggesting that virtuous living was a key component of human flourishing. In this context, virtues are seen as innate potentialities that can be cultivated and developed to achieve this state of flourishing.
For example, in his dialogue "Meno," Plato discusses four cardinal virtues: wisdom, courage, temperance, and justice. These virtues, according to Plato, are necessary for a well-ordered soul and a well-ordered society.
Nietzsche, however, had a very different perspective on virtue. He was critical of traditional moral systems, including those that valued virtues such as humility, altruism, and selflessness. Instead, Nietzsche championed virtues that he believed were life-affirming and that celebrated the individual's will to power. In this sense, Nietzsche's virtues may seem more like "flavors," as you put it, because they can vary greatly depending on the individual and their own unique will to power.
Nietzsche was kinda critical of the idea that virtues are handed down from the gods or any higher authority. Instead, he believed that virtues (and values in general) are created by individuals and communities, and that these values can and should be re-evaluated and re-created over time.
Answer: The easiest way to define virtue (in the abstract) is to see virtue as an ideal of action: one does what is good, right, proper, or correct within a context. As such, virtue is both cognitive and performative. One has to know what the correct course of action is and how to do it, and then one has to follow through. The Ancient Greeks often talked about virtue in terms of athletics, because it's a concrete representation. To throw a discuss or a javelin one has to learn the technique, train the body and the mind into the correct form, and then put it all together at the games (or on the battlefield). But every other human activity — from love to poetics to politics to... — also has its own virtue ideal.
Christianity took this active notion of virtue and made it passive; Christian virtues are almost all 'shalt nots'. I suspect this is because Christianity took the view that sin is fleshly, and we only need to refrain from fleshly indulgence to guarantee the already-sanctified soul. However that may be, Nietzsche took exception to the restrictiveness of Christian 'morals', which he saw as a hypocritical form of social control. Virtue is still an ideal of action for him, but it is an ideal that each must discover, not something that can be handed down through doctrine. Nietzsche's over-man is a representation of a person who has become the source and author of his own virtue.
Answer: The concept of virtue only makes within a teleological context, where the virtue of a thing is determined by the extent to which it fulfills the function for which it was designed or apparently designed (e.g., living things and their parts).

What is Virtue?


Tomcat 8 limit size of Catalina.out

Question: I have Tomcat 8 and my Catalina.out log is 3GB large, it takes a lot of space. In $CATALINA_HOME/conf/ I have logging.properties that contains:
<code>1catalina.org.apache.juli.AsyncFileHandler.level = FINE
1catalina.org.apache.juli.AsyncFileHandler.directory = ${catalina.base}/logs
1catalina.org.apache.juli.AsyncFileHandler.prefix = catalina.
</code>
I want to limit the size of Catalina.out to let's say only 500MB. So every time when 500MB is reached, some of the first lines in the Catalina.out would have to delete themselves.
I've googled and found out that there are 2 ways of Tomcat logging, one is FileHandler (which I use) and the other one is Log4J.
But does FileHandler allow me to limit the size of the Catalina.out?
I know I can change FileHandler.level to some other value than FINE, but I want to stay at value FINE, these logs are important to me.
Comment: Did you find solution?
Answer: You may use logrotate to manage Catalina.out
https://dzone.com/articles/how-rotate-tomcat-catalinaout

Tomcat 8 limit size of Catalina.out


Distributing proxy server

Question: I am searching for some sort of proxy forwarder that will keep a stack of other proxy servers and will distribute connections between them. It will accept connections as usual proxy server, but then will forward them to another proxy from stack. For example it will keep a connections count for every proxy from stack and will switch to another on connections limit. Is there some existing solution?
Answer: The rules here is usually don't give product recommendation.
However, you can get better google/search result using proxy load balancer.
You may post question again, after you choose a particular solution/package/product, and have difficult setting it up.

Distributing proxy server


What is a suitable image resolution for canvas prints?

Question: I would like to create a 60 inch x 20 inch canvas print using an image with a resolution of 4759x1798 (240 pixels per inch) and I would like to know if the image quality will still be good at that size.
To generalise the question, what is the recommended maximum size of an enlargement at varying image resolutions?
e.g. 3 megapixel, 5 megapixel, 8 megapixel, etc
Comment: The "resolution" in the image properties is basically just a suggestion. It has no bearing on anything. (See this for more: [Does the dpi number reported by camera in JPG have any meaning?](http://photo.stackexchange.com/questions/11182/does-the-dpi-number-reported-by-camera-in-jpg-have-any-meaning))
Comment: Thanks @drewbenn.  I got the 240 pixels per inch from the image properties.  I understand what you're saying about the actual print.  Some of the top and bottom is getting cropped but all of the image features are still in the frame.
Comment: I would also like to know what resolution would give me a sharp enlargement of 2' x 3'? Cheers!
Comment: You may be interested in the answers to: [Is there a general formula for image size vs. print size?](http://photo.stackexchange.com/questions/456/is-there-a-general-formula-for-image-size-vs-print-size)
Answer: It all depends on the distance you want to view the image from.
A billboard(20'x60') might look completely fine with an 10MP image, that is as low as 5dpi.
I personally have printed canvas prints from images as low as about 70dpi without issues. They look great. Before I send them off though, I use software to resize them to the desired output. Most if not all labs that create canvas prints will also have similar software to do this, but I prefer to do it on my own. I use Perfect Resize from OnOne Software.
To answer your specific question, will you be able to create a 60"x20" canvas from a 4759x1798 image? I think you will just barely be able to squeak by. It isn't going to be "art studio" quality necessarily or be able to be scrutinized very closely, but that isn't typically the purpose of a canvas print.
As noted by other answers, you will have to crop the image on the short end to achieve that aspect ratio though. Since you are already starting with a low resolution image, you may want to alter the aspect ratio of the canvas to get every last pixel that you have out of the image rather then cropping further.
I have seen people turn old Facebook photos into canvas prints at 16"x20". Is the quality good by my standards, no. But they are completely fine with it as we all have different levels of acceptable quality. Also, they aren't viewing it from up close, so it really isn't a problem.
Comment: precisely. It depends only to espace and distance rules. For main purposes Human eye cant notice higher then 300dpi so you can stick to that.
Answer: I would talk directly with the company you're using to produce the canvas prints.
In general, I try to print at 300 ppi on photographic paper and 200 ppi on canvas.  I've gone as low at 100 ppi on canvas with good results.  Yours is just going to be slightly lower resolution.
The closest I have to what you're doing is a 3600x2400 image printed on canvas at 3 ft by 2 ft.  That's 100 ppi.  It's fine.  It isn't meant for up-close viewing.  The success of the image doesn't depend on fine detail.  Canvas isn't the best medium for fine detail, anyway.
Comment: +1 - Last sentence is the most important, I think. Anthony's expected ppi is pretty crappy, but on canvas it evens out because I suspect printing at 200+ ppi is impossible to begin with!
Answer: When it comes to printing large, the native image size out of the camera doesn't mean much. A 60x20 inch print is very large, and print resolution is measured in PPI, or pixels per inch. Even the highest resolution cameras of today, such as 18mp-24mp sensors, do not produce enough native resolution to be printed that large...most top out around 17x20 native. Your physical print resolution for a 60x20" print is 14400x4800 pixels @ 240ppi. For reference, thats a 69mp image...about three times higher resolution than the highest resolution DSLR sensors on the market today.
Your going to need to do some digital enlargement to achieve that, and you'll need to do some careful sharpening or use specialized tools to do so without softening the image too much. You will also want to make sure you know the type of printer that will be printing your photo. It is important to keep the image resolution relative to the native print resolution of the hardware you'll be printing with...otherwise the printer driver or rasterization software will do additional scaling for you. That could (and often does) compromise the hard work you put into careful enlargement in the first place.
Epson ink jets, including the commercial variety, have a native print resolution of 720ppi (note, print resolution and print DPI, or dots per inch, are not the same thing...DPI in print is usually quite a bit higher, such as 2880x1440.) The standard resolution for most other ink jet printers, both both personal and commercial, tends to be 600ppi. You will want to make sure that you resize  your images to an evenly divisible ppi of the printers native, so that no additional resizing is performed during a print. For Epson printers, you will want to use something that divides 720 evenly, in which case 360, 240, 180. For other ink jets (so long as they are not unique devices with unique resolutions), you want something that divides 600 evenly, in which case 300, 200, 150. The difference between the two is minor, however you may wish to choose 360/300 depending on how you intend to mount the print, and how close your viewers will be able to get.
When it comes to actually choosing a print resolution, it will really boil down to how much original resolution you have, how much larger the print will be, how close you want your viewers to be able to view the print from, and how much effort you are willing to put into scaling and sharpening to preserve the necessary detail level. If  you are going to hang the print in a location that precludes closer viewing, go with the lowest resolution...180/150ppi. That would require enlargement to 10800x3600/9000x3000 pixels. If you intend to hang the print in a location that allows your viewers to get within 4-5 feet (say middle of a standard wall behind a couch), you'll probably want to use 240/200ppi, which requires an enlargement to 14400x4800/12000x4000 pixels. If you intend to hang the print in a location that allows your viewers to get within 3 feet, and want to keep drawing them in with more detail, you'll want to use 360/300ppi. This latter scenario is more rare, and is only really necessary when you really want to draw your viewers in. In this case, you need an enlargement to 21600x7200/18000x6000 pixels. I have two walls in my house along hallways that do not even allow the viewer to get more than a few feet from the print, and I opt for 300ppi or more for any prints that hang along these walls.
It should be noted that if you do not have much resolution to start with, say 8mp or less, then there is no point in trying to preserve detail with 300ppi. With such a low starting resolution, your some eight times lower than you need for such a large print. No matter how you massage your pixels, they will never enlarge well enough for a 300ppi print...or even a 200ppi print. Your better off sticking with 150ppi, and saving yourself the trouble. If you are not starting out with 16mp or more, maybe even 18mp, you might not want to bother with 300ppi either, and just go with 200ppi. Once you move beyond a 3x enlargement, its extremely difficult to preserve fine detail. You might be able to handle a 4x enlargement from 16mp to 69mp, but its going to require a lot of effort. Finally, don't bother enlarging beyond 150-200ppi if there is not much fine detail to start with, or if fine detail does not matter. Landscapes, macro shots, bird and wildlife and the like usually have a ton of fine detail. Architecture, sports, most man-made objects, portraits, etc. generally do not contain the kind of fine detail that you need or want to preserve, so stick with the lowest resolution and save yourself time and effort.
I have written a small study on using iterative bicubic scaling to achieve extreme enlargements here on PhotoSE: Emprical Study: Extreme digital upscaling. You can use iterative bicubic to preserve fine detail, or you can try using one of the several enlargement programs tested to preserve fine edge detail (S-spline and fractal scaling do well maintaining edge definition, where Bicubic breaks down.)
Comment: I think you meant to say "last" instead of "latter." Latter means second. I would edit it for you but I can't because of Stack Exchanges's harebrained 6+ character edit rule.
Comment: How does the fact that the OP wants to print on canvas, which is a lower resolution medium than photo paper, affect the target ppi number?
Answer: When I printed a big canvas the company said their canvas printer was 150dpi. I had to enlarge my 10Mp image slightly (from 100dpi to 150) and it still looks really good. you will be going from 79dpi to 150 dpi with your image and intended size.
What you can do is measure your monitor and view it at a zoom level so it shows the right amount of pixels per inch on your screen - first 79 and then resize 1.9x and step away form the monitor and see how it looks. Lanczos algorithm is a good algorithm to use for this.
If your image is really good, I think it is safe to resize up to 2x before printing, for canvas due to the texture nature and you want to step back for a good view maybe even x3-x4, but do it yourself, not the printer, so you have control over the algorithm. But if it has lots of noise and the sharpest areas are still kinda blurry, you already used the grace to get the original size.
Answer: Canvas prints are often easiest to print when compared with prints to be made on high art or glossy photographic paper. The reason is that the texture of the canvas removes some of the need to show super sharp detail. The detail becomes subsumed into the material texture of the canvas to an extent. The weave coarseness can help the photographer where insufficient pixels are available within the captured image. Another factor to consider is what the viewing distance will be. The general rule is that the observer should be standing (at least) between 1.5 and 2 times the distance of the image diagonal, away from the canvas.
The appropriate resolution will always be based upon viewing distance and how much detail you want to be visible to the observer. Your chosen resolution of 240ppi mandates that the 60 inch side will need to contain 14,400 pixels and the 20 inch side will utilise 4,800 pixels. These numbers are derived by simple multiplication. 60 x 240 and 20 x 240. One more simple piece of arithmetic multiplies 14400 and 4800 together (the answer is 69,120,000) and we can see that you will require 69 megapixels to achieve your target resolution.
This is usually way beyond what can be easily managed by skilled hobbyist photographers. My own camera is a full frame, compact, mirrorless model and it does not manage to capture more than 24.3 megapixels. It was quite recently updated and yet it still only manages to capture 42.4 megapixels. We could look at medium format and we see that the medium format Leica only captures 37.5 megapixels. Hassleblad does produce 50 megapixel files and by some multi-shot pixel shifting it can produce 200 megapixel files. Now we are getting somewhere but the dollar costs are stratospheric.
What can the ordinary photographer do? There are many techniques for increasing the apparent resolution of an image inside Photoshop, until we get to the point where there are enough pixels in the image to permit printing. There are also software solutions which claim to be able to increase image size. What is happening is that these methods use interpolation... which is a smart  method of saying that photographer's invent more pixels between the ones that we actually do have. Falsifying the pixel count can work, if the viewing distance is sufficient and there is not too much detail to be seen.
Another commonly seen technique is to reduce some of the image detail so that the image tends towards emulating a water-colour painting. This can work well because it does not require the observer to see any of the image detail in great depth. One piece of interpolation software that I have had some successes with is Resize Sense... A batch image resizer. It was not very expensive at $11 and it does a reasonable job. It may only be available for the Mac.
Your first question requires you to have a 69 megapixel sensor in your camera. Failing which you need to find a way to quadruple your available image resolution. (I have assumed that you are using a camera with a resolution minimum of around 18 megapixels) Your second question about maximum size of enlargement must depend on why you want to enlarge the image from the state it was in when first captured. Web resolution is generally around 100 ppi and it can be as low as 72 ppi if you can be sure of how it will display in many different browsers and operating systems.
When printing, you should take into account the surface of the print, the viewing distance, the purpose of the print, whether it will be under glass or in the open, ink specifications, dot gain, screen angles and ink coverage. It is generally a safe rule of thumb to assume nothing less than 300ppi is going to be good enough but 240ppi and 180 ppi are acceptable resolutions where the viewing distances are sufficiently wide enough to assist the observer with seeing a continuous colour image. Banding and pixels are not going to be acceptable artefacts.
My past experiences have shown me that all images, destined for a professional printing house; should be supplied as PDF files. This ensures that the image will appear just as you had laid it out and the print house will not be able to mess with it in any manner. Any textual elements will not require you to send your own fonts (for which you have paid) to the print shop. They will be able to prints all text as it is. Embedding the colour space in the file (to match that used by the print house) will also guarantee that The image on your screen is precisely what the printer will print. Check before laying up the final file to be sent to the printer any of their own requirements for specialist coloured inks (Pantone CMYK or Hexachrome etc) registration marks, colour separations and flattened files that can be read by the printer.
Ensure that all work is formally proofed and signed off by you before agreeing to the final print run.
Answer: If the picture is meant to be viewed as a whole, 6mp is enough for every size of the printout. The human eye does not have a better resolution if the viewer is far enough away to see the whole image.
However, if you print e.g. a landscape and viewers are expected to look at small details by getting close to the picture, then a higher resolution is required.


EBS with RAID0 (striping) and restoring snapshots

Question: We have a MySQL database on EC2 and are looking at the disk IO performance there.  Currently we have a single EBS volume with XFS and take snapshots for backup.  It seems that a lot of people have seen significant performance gains by striping across multiple EBS volumes with software RAID.  If this is done, how does one take snapshots and ensure the consistency of the file system?  It seems to me that restoring the file system from multiple snapshots could be tricky.
Answer: Definitely add RAID. EBS volumes will become a bottleneck very quickly. We've had good luck with 8 drives - nice balance of manageability and performance. I recently did some testing with m1.large instances and found that after 8 drives the performance fell off.
I use ec2-consistent-snapshot to make snapshots: http://alestic.com/2009/09/ec2-consistent-snapshot
This is hands down the best way to do it with multiple volumes. It automates the process outlined by Hugh Perkins. It flushes the tables, locks the filesystem, starts the snapshots and then puts everything right again. I find with our system the DB is usually locked for less than 1 second. We do this on both our master and slave machines.
Answer: If you want to snapshot the live system EBS volumes:

Using xfs lets you freeze the filesystems during snapshotting
lock tables during snapshotting by opening a mysql session and issuing 'flush tables with read lock', and keeping that session open until the ec2-create-snapshot has returned for each volume.

See Running MySql on Amazon EC2 with Elastic Block Store for lots more details about this process.
Alternatively, you might consider:

replicating the data to a different machine, and snapshotting that instead, which could be a simple task, and avoids impacting the primary machine.
dumping the entire database to dump files, and either saving those to s3, or saving those to a different ebs volume


Use of data extension fields dynamically inside a SMS content

Question: Can we use a data extension fields dynamically inside a SMS content in marketing cloud. Any help would be appreciated.
Comment: Yes - similar as you would do in emails or cloud pages. Can you be more precise in what you are trying to achieve and where you are stuck?
Comment: What is the sending audience? List? DE? Journey
Comment: The sending audience is a data extension
Answer: To use Data Extension fields in SMS for personalization, use the AMPscript Lookup function, as you would do in an email: https://ampscript.guide/lookup/
Bare in mind, that the MOBILE_NUMBER is the subscriber key for SMS subscribers.
Here's an example of a lookup function for use in SMS:
%%[

set @lookupValue = MOBILE_NUMBER
set @fn = Lookup("DataExtensionName","FirstName","MobileNumber", @lookupValue)

]%%
First Name: %%=v(@fn)=%%

Here is a question similar to yours: Personalization in Mobile Connect SMS called within Journey Builder


Name a non-testing related activity that improved your testing?

Question: I'm curious to know different activities that can help us as testers even that are not directly related to testing?
Answer: I think this is a really good question, a few things that helped me improve my testing skills are:

I developed a simple API using express to expose a database and access it through postman. It helped me in understanding what is an API actually and what am I actually testing when I say API testing. I also developed a simple API service for providing API automation training this helped me to explain what is an API other than the normal eg:
"Imagine you are in a hotel and you order food , the waiter is the API :D"

I got involved in the business meeting which helped me to understand how the product makes money for the organization and what features were seen as flagship features that made the customers interested in the product. This helped me to test the application from a business perspective than just from functionality.
I was able to provide design improve suggestions and feature recommendations

I take up an open project and provides fixes, this helps me understanding Whitebox content. Helps me in testing the product by keeping the code in mind than just the UI. This will allow in more focused attack points which I can break-in.

One such project was regarding HTML report for postman where I learned about HTML handlebars, template, and many more things about HTML which really made testing web a really easy task
Answer:
Reading
Thinking
Talking
Writing

about

tech
society
history
science
people (society)
anything else

Generally speaking, using scientific method on anything, i.e. trying to understand things and to create hypotesis that will confirm or disprove a theory about any one of the above-mentioned (but not limited to) categories.


What are the benefits of sparse representations and sparse parameters?

Question: What are their benefits? I know sparse parameters are a different story than sparse representations, but I want to know how each of these can benefit us and which one is more important than the other one.
Answer: Sparse representations have two main purposes:

They are form of regularization, that pushes parameters to exact zeros. It works as any other form of regularization, so basically, it leads to simpler model by learning what parameters can be dropped, lowering their total number.
Another reason for using them, is to produce models that are smaller in terms of memory usage, for example, when you need to send them over network, or store on mobile devices. That's the same reason as for using sparse data formats.
Think of a recommender system, where you have thousands of users and thousands of products, so the matrix of all the possible interactions is huge, by using sparse data format you can save a lot of memory. Same with sparse model representation. Deep learning models have a lot of redundancies, and in many cases you can get rid of a lot of weights by preserving the quality of results, as discussed for example by James Kwork in this talk on Compressed Deep Neural Networks. You can remove those redundant weights and use sparser solution, that needs less memory to be stored.

Notice that sparse models are defined in terms of sparse weights, they are not different story.
Comment: @Breeze basically sparse representations *are* defined in terms of sparse parameters. The difference is that usual regularization, like $L_1$ or $L_2$, lead to parameters that are close to zero, while sparse representations drag them to exact zeros.
Comment: Thanks a lot. what about the sparse parameters? if I impose a regularization term on activations of lets say a layer, so that their absolute value would go to zero, it will affect the parameters values, making them have small/near zero values. will this result in sparse representation as well? will these sparse parameters be of any use o us?
Answer: I can think of two benefits.
The first one is that it simplifies interpretation considerably which makes understanding our models easier (probably not so relevant in the case of neural networks)
Another benefit of having sparse representations, that arise e.g. in Lasso-Regression is that the penalization that induces the sparsity reduces the estimation variance (at the cost of larger bias)
Consider e.g. a really noisy linear regression where there are only 2 covariates that have a real influence on $y$ and 100 noisy ones (that have no real influence). If we fit a linear model (including the noisy covariates) there will be a lot of estimation variance which will likely result in a bad fit. L1-regularization however can handle this pretty well by inducing sparsity in the parameters and thereby reducing the estimation variance. (see here)


How Do I run laravel framework from apache 2.4

Question: I've been trying to get laravel welcome sreen for entire day and nothing..
Here's what I do :
1) Install laravel via composer to the /var/www/html/ like this :
composer create-project laravel/laravel laravel_v1 4.2 --prefer-dist

2) When I run command
php artisan serve

It says is started on localhost:8000 and when I go there I get welcome screen.
3) Now I create vhost file in /etc/apache2/sites-available called myapp.conf, that has the following content :
<VirtualHost *:80>
 # Host that will serve this project.
    ServerName      app.dev

    # The location of our projects public directory.
    DocumentRoot    /var/www/html/laravel_v1/public

    # Rewrites for pretty URLs, better not to rely on .htaccess.
    <Directory /var/www/html/laravel_v1/public>
        <IfModule mod_rewrite.c>
            Options -MultiViews
            RewriteEngine On
            RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
            RewriteRule ^ index.php [L]
        </IfModule>
    </Directory>
</VirtualHost>

Now when I go to app.dev in my browser all I get is apache welcome page. What am I doing wrong in here? Could you please help this young man so he can start with some coding. Thank you.
Answer: <VirtualHost *:80>
    ServerName app.dev
    ServerAlias www.app.dev

    DocumentRoot /var/www/html/laravel_v1/public"
    <Directory "/var/www/html/laravel_v1/public/">
     <IfModule mod_rewrite.c>
         Options -MultiViews
         RewriteEngine On
         RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
         RewriteRule ^ index.php [L]
     </IfModule>
    </Directory>
</VirtualHost>

there is mistake in relative path.


Chrome of Mac: ctrl+click to open a new tab

Question: I've been changing shortcuts ever since I got my new macbook so that I can retain my muscle memory from window PC. I've managed to customize lots of shortcuts for chrome via system preference, as long as those shortcuts have a corresponding menu title in chrome. However, to open a new tab in background, the shortcut in PC is ctrl + click, while this in mac is command + click. How to change this?
Comment: Honestly, I think you'd be better off in the long run learning the new paradigm. I move from Mac to Win day in, day out & you just get used to it after a while.
Comment: I'm with @Tetsujin and Darth below. A few years ago at my previous job Macs really took off and *everyone* was switching, and in my observation, the biggest long-term predictor of happiness with that decision was embracing Mac OS X, learning the different shortcuts, learning what preference panes and applications did what, etc.
Comment: AMEN. You'll be more productive if you learn to know what the distinctions are rather than spend time homogenizing your Mac to match Windows. Believe me, it's more ingrained than you can imagine. But if you're committed to muscle memory, install Windows in a VM on your Mac and you can "practice" your Windows key sequences all day long.
Answer: Contrary to others here, I do think there's a lot of value of standardizing your shortcuts across operating systems. It requires some effort, but once done it keeps you in the flow and focused on the work you're doing, without being self-conscious all the time of which operating system you're using. This is particularly true if you use a KVM, and it changing frequently and seamlessly between OSes but with the same mouse/keyboard.
By far the easiest solution I've found is to use BetterTouchTool. It's a commercial product, but it's only $21 for a lifetime license, it has a generous 45 days free trial, and it's incredibly robust and full-featured. It's a must-have if you'd like to customize and automate your Mac.
Here's the steps to configure ctrl+click to open a link in new background tab in Mac OS:

On BetterTouchTool configuration, click the bottom-left + button, Select App from Running Apps, select Chrome
On top select Normal Mouse (or press ⌘-6)
Click on the + button at the bottom, to create a new trigger action
Under Please select a trigger, just click with your left button, and select the ^Ctrl checkbox
Under Assigned action column, select Click here & select action
Under Action, select Mouse Click Actions, and CMD(⌘)+Click

Your configuration should look like this:

Now you can either use Ctrl-click or Alt-click to open links in a background tab.
Answer: You may use a soft like Karabiner (previously known as KeyRemap4MacBook) to remap keys as you want.
If wanted behavior is not available in default list, you may add new ones with the help of documentation
Answer: I don't think you can do this easily just for Chrome. Your best bet to actually change the keys will be to globally swap your command and control keys in System Preferences:
How to Switch the Command and Control Keys
I agree with @Tetsujin 's comment that it's easier just to get used to the paradigm shift in the long run. The Apple keyboard is laid out slightly differently, and it feels weird (to me) trying to use Windows key combinations on it.


How do you determine if a camera has fast or slow auto focus?

Question: When talking about a camera, for example the Canon 5D Mark II, plenty of people will state that one of its weaknesses is the "slow" auto focus. What is this compared to? Is there a standardization, or some type of reference?
Answer: There's no standard, or even agreement. Generally, people mean "compared to other cameras of that general class". Or maybe "compared to a sense of all cameras available now" — it depends on the context.
The answer may even change over time — a camera may be fast compared to the competition when it comes out, but a few years later be slow compared to the new generation. And, by itself, this is missing another crucial element: slow at what? Bad at tracking moving subjects? Slow to acquire focus lock? Hunts around in low light?
There's also no sense of scale without any context — does "slow" mean "excruciating to use" or does it mean "undetectable without measuring, but measurements show...."? Reviews often get caught up in the latter, because the Internet selects for reviews which seem serious because they measure things and provide numbers (as opposed to objective, in the field use), and the secret is that all cameras made today are extremely powerful and awesome, so there's incentive to make a big deal of small things. This is compounded by the disease imusthavethebeststuffitis, which leads to a the hobby of comparing and contrasting such things on forums — which, sure, can be a fine hobby, but ultimately less interesting than actually going out and making photographs.
Basically: you need context; "slow" doesn't mean much by itself.
Comment: Also, your f1.4 50mm might be instantaneous in daylight, yet take a whole second in low light. Does that make it 'slow'?
Comment: @Tetsujin A lens doesn't usually move slower or faster depending on light. The camera's AF system takes longer to tell the lens which way and how far to move depending on light. A wider aperture lens gives the camera more light from a wider baseline to work with. That can help with AF speed (and accuracy, and consistency), but it gives that benefit under all lighting conditions and on all cameras compared to other lenses with narrower maximum apertures in the same light or on the same cameras.
Answer: It might be worth reading some of the LensRentals.com blog posts on Autofocus to understand some of the things they test and how they test them to determine AF speed.  Most of the topic is testing accuracy, but they do cover speed to a degree.

https://www.lensrentals.com/blog/2010/07/how-autofocus-often-works/
https://www.lensrentals.com/blog/2012/07/autofocus-reality-part-1-center-point-single-shot-accuracy/
Answer:
How do you determine if a camera has fast or slow auto focus?

You use it and compare it to other cameras you have used in the same types of shooting situations.
Do you get more keepers or fewer in rapidly changing situations where focusing speed matters? Do you miss shots with one camera while waiting for the AF that you could have gotten with the other camera?
Fast and Slow are always relative terms. How high does a car's top speed have to be to be considered a "fast car?" How restricted does a car's top speed need to be to be considered "slow?" Does how long it takes that car to reach its top speed have any bearing on whether it is considered fast or slow?
All of that depends on whom you ask and how they define "fast" and "slow." A drag racer bases their definition of "fast" on how long it takes to go 1/4 mile in a straight line from a standing start. An F1 racer defines "fast" as a combination of acceleration, top speed, and the ability to nimbly negotiate curves to complete a circuit from a running start. What the drag racer considers "fast" wouldn't be competitive on an F1 course. What the F1 racer considers "fast" wouldn't be competitive with top fuel cars on a 1/4 mile.
In the case of cameras and autofocus system performance there are just too many variables and different use cases to standardize a way of measuring one AF system against another, especially in terms of real world usage. This is the case, even with entry level and mid-grade AF systems that are not very configurable by the user.
To further compound the problem of standardizing AF performance metrics, the most sophisticated pro-level AF systems on the market today, such as those contained in the Canon EOS 1D X Mark II and Nikon D5, are highly configurable by the user to perform the way each user needs it too. The various combinations of AF settings with these cameras are almost endless and allow each user to customize the way the AF system acts to suit the situation in which they find themselves shooting. So even if one could come up with a "standard definition" of "fast" with regard to AF systems, it would still be difficult to rate each system using every possible permutation of the AF settings.
So the definition of "fast" often hinges on exactly what aspect of the AF system one needs to be fast to get the shot. But sometimes the definition of "slow" includes "all of the above."
In the case of the EOS 5D Mark II the AF system is more than just a bit slow regardless of how one defines "slow" within the context of "pro grade" DSLRs introduced in the last decade or so.
My 5D Mark II has more shutter actuations than any other camera I've ever owned. It's a great camera and is useful for many things and gives excellent images when used properly. But fast AF is not one of its strengths. It is slower to focus in bright light than the other non-Rebel EOS bodies I have used extensively: 50D (but not by much), 7D, 7D Mark II, 5D Mark III. It was slow compared to the other Canon "pro" bodies when it was introduced (1Ds Mark III, 1D Mark III). It is slower to track moving subjects. It is slower to focus in low light, if it can focus at all. It is slower with lenses that focus very fast on other EOS bodies. It is even slower to focus with lenses that focus less quickly on other bodies. And it's not like we get any increased accuracy or shot-to-shot consistency for all of that waiting on the AF system. Anyone who has ever shot with it realizes it's slower to AF than most other cameras in its class.
In the end the definition for "fast" or "slow" AF depends on the user. Does it allow you to get shots you couldn't get with the other cameras to which you are comparing it? Does it restrict your ability to take the shots you want? Do other cameras AF fast enough to get those same shots?
Comment: So, tl;dr "it's slower to AF than most other cameras in its class"? :)
Comment: TL;DR just read the **bold** parts. Any AF system is only slow or fast when compared to other AF systems.


Login Screen Freezed 17.04

Question: I updated Ubuntu 16.04 to 17.04 and now my login screen is freezed with no access to touchpad and keyboard! I opened in grub mode there sudo apt-get update is not working either! What do ido? It is showing unable to unlink read only files /var/lib when i try to update
Comment: Please specify your computer, at least brand name and model. It helps if you also tell us about the graphics chip/card.
Comment: My laptop is dell inspiron 5567 AMD Radeon 4 GB Graphics
Comment: 1. Did you backup the 16.04 LTS system before upgrading? In that case the best option is to restore from the backup ; 2. Otherwise, generally, Dell computers *should* work with Ubuntu. Maybe the graphics is a problem. You can try with the boot option `nomodeset`. The computer is new and powerful ; 3. Maybe you can also try live (booted from USB) with Ubuntu 17.10 ; 4. Finally, before doing 'too much', if you have not already done it, boot from a USB boot drive with 16.04 LTS or 17.10, and backup all personal files (at least the files, that you cannot afford to lose.
Comment: I'm glad you found a solution. It can help other users, if you describe your solution with some details :-)
Answer: I had this same problem more recently, when upgrading from 16.04 LTS to 16.04.5. That was a bad idea, the screen began freezing at the session login. So when your new to ubuntu like I am, don't upgrade to a version that isn't stable (LTS) unless you've got time on your hands !
Option 1 : upgrade from 16.04.5 to 18.04 LTS, the latest stable version.
Option 2 : Change your display manager (gdm3, lightDM)
=> sudo dpkg-reconfigure MANAGER
Option 3: If you have random freezing, then make sure you have the right drivers for your graphics card => sudo ubuntu-drivers autoinstall
To upgrade despite the login freeze, do it either as root (which you can do by booting into a root shell in recovery mode) or by entering Ctrl + Shift + F2/F3 when at the login interface and, connecting to your session without the graphical interface (I found that connecting to the WIFI to get the update was easier using this last option).
Hope this helps anyone else that makes the same mistake !

Login Screen Freezed 17.04


Weight of MLP is larger than 1

Question: I noticed when training MLP that weights of neurons can be larger than 1. Would this have negative effects on the outcome of the network? If yes, how to mitigate this problem?
Answer: Of course they can be larger than $1$, since MLP does not enforce any hard constraint on its weights. In general, negative effects are produced when weights become very large, not when larger than specifically $1$. To mitigate such issues, you can apply regularization or increase its degree if you're already using it.
If you use the MLP implementation in scikit-learn, the regularization is achieved by alpha parameter. Typically, it's set to some value other than $0$, so you probably have some degree of regularization in your model. This parameter increases/decreases the level of L2 regularization you apply to the weights, which means punishing square of $W_{ij}$ severely for it not to become too large.

Weight of MLP is larger than 1


LAN with no connection to main internet

Question: This is a fairly simple question. Can I host/join a LAN game for minecraft if I have no connection to the main Internet? What I have is a router that can't be connected to the modem (I just don't have access to it. It isn't broken. ) and I want to be able to host a LAN game. Will it work?
Answer: Yes you can. Lan Games don´t need a connection to Internet.  However, every player will have to play "Offline Mode". The LAN server will not enforce you to be connected to the internet to authenticate your account.
You just have to be sure that all computers have an IP address, by configuring a fixed ip on all machines, or by configuring your router to distribute those to all members of the LAN.
Comment: Would I still need to set up a fixed ip if I use a wired connection?
Comment: Depends on your router. If it have a `dhcp` server to deliver ip addresses through your cable and wifi, no. If it´s not configured, you will have to add ips to all machines.

LAN with no connection to main internet


ARMA vs ARIMA Models

Question: ARMA(p,q) is generally denoted as a special case of ARIMA(p,d,q), when d = 0. However, ARIMA(p,d,q) is actually ARMA(p+d,q) so an ARIMA is actually an ARMA model, right? Then, how come ARIMA model is generalized version of ARMA models?
Comment: Why do you think "ARIMA$(p,d,q)$ is actually ARMA$(p+d,q)$"?
Comment: It is here in Definition section: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoregressive_integrated_moving_average
Comment: Note also the phrase "having the autoregressive polynomial with $d$ unit roots", which distinguishes from a stationary ARMA process whose AR polynomial has no roots in the unit circle. A fast search gives e.g. [these slides](http://www.fsb.miamioh.edu/lij14/672_2014_s6.pdf) as an overview of the unit root topic.
Comment: So, are the following true then? 1. An ARIMA is a non-stationary ARMA; 2. A stationary ARMA is an ARIMA with d = 0.
Comment: 2. True. 1. A nonstationary ARMA can be just that, a nonstationary ARMA (e.g. ARMA$(1,0)$ with the AR coefficient >1), not necessarily an ARIMA.
Answer: If you do not impose any restrictions on the coefficients then yes, the general ARMA model is the most general, and it subsumes the ARIMA model.  The general ARMA model includes both the ARIMA model as well as "explosive" cases.  However, it is common to impose the implicit condition that the auto-regressive part of the ARMA model is stationary (autoregressive roots outside the unit circle), and in this latter case, the ARIMA model (with stationary AR part) is the more general, and it subsumes the stationary ARMA model.  The relevant subset relations are shown in the diagram below.
This issue can be rather confusing because time-series books and notes often fail to explicitly differentiate between the general ARMA model (allowing any coefficient values) and the stationary ARMA model (requiring the roots of the AR part to be outside the unit circle).  Many texts regard the "explosive" cases as being of no interest, and they also wish to exclude the ARIMA model from the ARMA form, so they will often implicitly assume they are dealing with the stationary ARMA model without mentioning the constraint explicitly.  This means that you sometimes have to "read between the lines" with these texts and see the way they are treating their models.

ARMA vs ARIMA Models


WASP Node Instalation

Question: I am trying to set up the wasp node the first time, I am trying to follow the official tutorial but somehow cannot figure out How to install the wasp console or command line. I know this is a very basic question but if someone has some reference material then please let me know. Thanks
Answer: Right now, you need to install from source.
You can clone the wasp repo to get started.
Please follow this tutorial around the same.
Comment: thank you for the answer, I am following the same tutorial my question is, DO I need to install the wasp separately?
Comment: When you're building from the repo, you're essentially installing it.
Answer: The YouTube guide is not working after some updates. The GitHub repo also seems to have some errors. Can someone look at the repo and explain how the errors can be fixed?

WASP Node Instalation


What special in using storyboard in iOS 5

Question: i am new to ios development and the concept of views looks confusing to me. For instance i am creating a 'single view application', now whats special in selecting 'story board'. In short what is the difference in using a viewcontroller and adding multiple viewcontroller screens in it and using a storyboard?
Answer: A Storyboard is:
A container for all your Scenes (View Controllers, Nav Controllers, TabBar Controllers, etc).
A manager of connections and transitions between these scenes (these are called Segues).
A nice way to manage how different controllers talk to each other.
Storyboards give you a complete look at the flow of your application that you can never get from individual nib files floating around.
A reducer of all the "clutter" that happens when you have several controllers each with it's own nib file.
I have been using Storyboards for awhile now and the ONLY downside is that you can't target iOS 4 or below. Storyboards only work on devices running iOS 5 or better. Other than that, the benefits are many and the downsides are non-existent IMO.
The best tutorial I have seen is Ray Wenderlich's
Also, if you are a member of the Apple Developer program, check out last years WWDC session on Storyboards (iTunesU), it is awesome.
Another great one (also on iTunesU) is the latest Stanford iOS Application Programming course.
Comment: so u mean that it is a good alternate to using seperate nib files? or does their requirement still exist for some cases? (reason other then iOS 4 compatibility)
Comment: yes it's a good alternate in comarison to several nib files but according to my experience level there are some limitation too with storyboard.for that you can refer this link http://blog.waynehartman.com/archive/2012/01/07/uistoryboard-on-ios-5-the-good-the-bad-and-the.aspx
Answer: go through these tutorials about ios 5, he has explained very nice about new features in ios5 and how to use in coding very easily...
http://www.raywenderlich.com/5113/announcing-the-ios-5-feast
Comment: any free tutorials resource :|
Answer: By using story board you can create your views and connect them using the single file rather than creating one nib file for one view.
You can google for "story board tutorial iphone" and get lots of tutorial to follow.


In Brave New World, If Lenina is a beta, why does she wear green?

Question: I never quite understood why Lenina wears green if she is a beta, since betas don't wear green.
Comment: Closely related: [In Brave New World, what caste is Lenina Crowne?](https://literature.stackexchange.com/questions/4)
Answer: There are a couple of possibilities, some of which are also touched on in the answers to In Brave New World, what caste is Lenina Crowne? I'm listing them in what I think is decreasing order of probability.

The author made a mistake.
The colour associated with the Beta caste is only stated once in the whole story, in a throwaway line in Chapter IV (emphasis mine):

Like aphides and ants, the leaf-green Gamma girls, the black Semi-Morons swarmed round the entrances, or stood in queues to take their places in the monorail tram-cars. Mulberry-coloured Beta-Minuses came and went among the crowd. The roof of the main building was alive with the alighting and departure of helicopters.
'My word,' said Lenina, 'I'm glad I'm not a Gamma.'

Perhaps either this use of the word "mulberry" was a mistake, or the author forgot it when describing Lenina's green outfit (although the latter is mentioned more than once).

Betas have more freedom in what colours to wear.
Perhaps the higher castes are not so strictly required to wear only the appropriate colour for their caste. As a Beta, perhaps Lenina has a little more latitude in clothing colour - presumably so long as it's not the same colour as one associated with another caste, so a different type of green from the Gammas' "leaf-green" might be acceptable.

She's a Beta-Plus with a different associated colour from Beta-Minuses.
It's never mentioned explicitly which caste Lenina belongs to, although it can be more or less deduced that she is Beta. But whether that's Beta-Plus or Beta-Minus is another question, and it's just possible that the two may have different associated colours. The "mulberry" quote only refers to Beta-Minuses, after all. Possible but perhaps unlikely, since only one colour is mentioned for each of the other castes.

"Mulberry" referring to a green colour?
Two answerers on Quora seem to think "mulberry" means green, one of them saying "Lenina wears bottle green shorts, which is close to the mulberry green colour. Thus, the readers know she is Beta." and the other asserting that "While mulberry today indicates a deep red, there is a colour called "mulberry green" that's very close to old dark green bottles." However, I couldn't find any evidence that this is actually true: I could only find mulberry green as a brand of the company Mulberry, which definitely postdates Huxley. And there are other mistakes made by the answerers on that Quora page, so definitely take this with a pinch of salt.
Comment: Perhaps it gave her a thrill to dress downward.
Answer: I think it is unlikely that the author made a mistake, as Lenina's green clothes and green being the color of Gammas are both emphasized multiple times.
However, Lenina is only shown with green clothes during leisure time, not at work. It is likely that the color requirements are specifically for work (and school for children). They are several times described as a uniform, for example:

An octoroon in Gamma-green uniform saluted and proceeded to recite the
morning's programme.

Furthermore, there is a changing room where the workers go at the end of the shift; it seems that everyone changes their clothes when they finish work, which would imply that they have more sartorial freedom for leisure activities.
It also makes sense that colored uniforms would be specifically required for work, because that is when the various castes would be interspersed and interacting with each other, and it would be important to be able to easily identify someone's caste. But in leisure activities it seems that the castes are kept largely separate anyway. For example:

Beneath them lay the buildings of the Golf Club — the huge Lower Caste barracks and, on the other side of a dividing wall, the smaller houses reserved for Alpha and Beta members.

And:

Near Shepherd's Bush two thousand Beta-Minus mixed doubles were playing Riemann-surface tennis. A double row of Escalator Fives Courts lined the main road
from Notting Hill to Willesden. In the Ealing stadium a Delta gymnastic
display and community sing was in progress.

Thus, Lenina wearing green outside of work should not be taken as an indication that she is a Gamma rather than a Beta.


Email validation in a custom module

Question: I am using the form API to create forms. How can I validate the email address without needing any separate module? I am just looking for out of the box functionality.
Comment: There isn't anything out of the box, you'll either need a custom or contributed module, or to implement `hook_form_alter()` in your theme's template.php file
Answer: In a custom module, consider using PHP's built function for email validation: filter_var().
$email_a = 'firstname.lastname@example.com';
$email_b = 'bogus';

if (filter_var($email_a, FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL)) {
    echo "This ($email_a) email address is considered valid.";
}
if (filter_var($email_b, FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL)) {
    echo "This ($email_b) email address is considered valid.";
}

This code will go into a validation function. A validation function can be added as an element to the form array (see the form API for details) that you linked to. If your module is named spade, for example, your form may be in function spade_form(). Your submit may then be put in function spade_form_submit(), and your validation would be in function spade_form_validate(). This is the default handler for validation.
See the following links for more information.

http://php.net/manual/en/filter.examples.validation.php
http://php.net/manual/en/filter.filters.validate.php
https://www.drupal.org/project/examples

The first example is exactly what you're looking for (and the example that I copied above). The last link contains the examples module, which has a lot of great form examples.
Answer: Out of the box the form API for Drupal 7 has the functions listed in
https://api.drupal.org/api/drupal/includes%21form.inc/7, which includes element_validate_integer(), element_validate_number() and element_validate_positive_integer() for textfields.
You are free to provide your own element validate function for any form element you wish to provide custom code for, which is not provided by Drupal Core. You do this by providing an #element_validate key and creating the custom function. see the official form API documents on #element_validate.
You can also give in, and install the Email field module.

Email validation in a custom module


What is the difference between Requirements Elicitation and Requirements Analysis in the real world?

Question: What is the difference between Requirements Elicitation and Requirements Analysis?
Answer: Based on my understanding of the English language and trying to be logical about what should be the difference:
Requirements Elicitation = Requirements Gathering.  This is asking what are the requirements, what if this, what if that, etc.  This is about asking the questions and getting responses.  How well are the answers is another matter entirely.  This requires the stakeholders to answer their part of what is to be done and why.
Requirements Analysis.  This is more the organizing of answers to the first part.  Which solution is optimal?  What are the trade-offs of various possible implementations.  In this part there may be the odd question but it isn't the main point as this is about seeing which solution may be better under various constraints,e.g. which is the fastest or cheapest.  This is more about how is something to be done and why does that way make more sense than another.
Another way to think of this is that the Elicitation has to come before the Analysis as otherwise you are analyzing nothing, which may not be that useful or productive.
Answer: Requirements Elicitation is about finding out what customers (and potential customers) say they think they want. It produces a wishlist (well, you might be polite and call it something else, but that's what it is).
Requirements Analysis is about distilling the wishlist to produce a list of actual requirements together with dependencies between them. It also involves saying that some things on the wishlist are out of scope for one reason or another (e.g., you're proposing to do a project on some client software and the customers asked for you to do something that clearly requires major server changes).
Once you've done the requirements analysis, you're in a position to come up with a plan taking into account the resources and time available. You're also passing a project milestone; if you've not got coherent requirements, it's time to abandon the project as impossible to plan.

For reference, I like to keep the output of the Elicitation in a wiki and the outcome of Analysis as feature requests in a bug tracker with cross-references. I'm sure there are other ways to do it.
Comment: Often it's not even what they think they want, but what they think you want to hear. Or what they think causes the most amount of work because they don't want change.
Answer: Requirements Elicitation: the process through which the customers, buyers, or users of a software system discover, reveal, articulate, and understand their requirements.
Requirements analysis: the process of reasoning about the requirements that have been elicited; it involves activities such as examining requirements for conflicts or inconsistencies, combining related requirements, and identifying missing requirements.
Requirements specification: the process of recording the requirements in one or more forms, including natural language and formal, symbolic, or graphical representations; also, the product that is the document produced by that process.
Requirements validation: the process of confirming with the customer or user of the software that the specified requirements are valid, correct,
and complete.
Answer: For any project, be it a short-term or a long-term project, it is very important that the requirements are clear and complete. This could be ensured by requirement elicitation and analysis
Requirement analysis:  is taking account of all the possibly conflicting requirements of the various stakeholders, analyzing, validating, and documenting the requirements. Typically, development of user scenarios, identifying use cases and prototypes can be considered for the analysis.
Requirement Elicitation: is the process of bringing out all the details required for the successful implementation of a solution  catering the demand of the end-users and other stakeholders , without any major deviations, either in the planned efforts or in the schedule.
Answer: Here is the answer from ChatGPT (my own take is at the end).
*Requirements elicitation and requirements analysis are two distinct activities in the software development process that are concerned with gathering and defining the needs of stakeholders for a software system.
Requirements elicitation is the process of gathering information about the requirements for a software system from stakeholders such as customers, end-users, business analysts, and subject matter experts. The goal of requirements elicitation is to gather as much information as possible about what the stakeholders expect from the software system in terms of functionality, performance, and behavior.
Requirements analysis, on the other hand, is the process of evaluating the requirements gathered through elicitation and determining the feasibility of building a software system that meets those requirements. This process involves reviewing, organizing, and verifying the requirements, and identifying any ambiguities, gaps, or inconsistencies in the requirements. The goal of requirements analysis is to ensure that the requirements are complete, consistent, and unambiguous, and to identify any potential problems that may impact the development of the software system.
In summary, requirements elicitation is focused on gathering information, while requirements analysis is focused on evaluating the information gathered and ensuring that the requirements are well-defined and feasible to implement.*
My Take:  At the end of the day we must identify the needs of the stakeholders and document them as verified and validated requirements. I think Analysis encompasses all of that, but if people want to call the first part of that 'elicitation' a  la the IIBA, then there is no harm in it.


Is there a way I can separately store all of my new commands in a single file?

Question: Basically what the title says. I feel like if this is possible it's probably well known but I didn't find anything from searching. I just want to have a single place where I can store all of my new commands, then load the single file into any TeX document I make so I'm not constantly having to reenter them. Is this possible/easy to do?
Comment: while keeping all your definitions in one place is actually a good idea, what *isn't* a good idea is submitting the whole thing to a publisher with a manuscript when only a few of the definitions are actually needed there.  this can cause problems in preparation of manuscripts for publication -- publishers typically have their own commands as required for production of books and journals, and it's possible that some of their command names may overlap with some of yours.  at the very least, "cleaning up" will take time and hair-pulling, both expensive.
Answer: You can create a file for example mycommands.tex.  There you can write your own commands as usual in TeX/LaTeX.
File mycommands.tex:
\newcommand ...    % first own command
\newcommand ...    % second own command
\endinput          % to close this file

You can use command \input{mycommands.tex} in your preamble after loading all packages to include your self defined commands.
Your main.tex:
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{hyperref}
\input{mycommands.tex}

\begin{document}
...
\end{document}

Comment: Why `mycommands.tex`?  Surely the normal advice is to write `mycommands.sty` and load it the normal way: `\usepackage{mycommands}`?  (Admittedly, there are exceptions to this, but that's usually for fairly 'advanced' reasons.)
Comment: Thanks! So I'm assuming there's no way to do this with the "mycommands.tex" file in a separate directory?
Answer: I also couldn't find an answer to this exact question when searching, so here's what I do: I place all my commands into one file, called preamble.tex, which goes in the same directory as the main file. Then, I call \input{preamble.tex} from the main file.
For example, here's a preamble.tex:
\newcommand{\eggs}{1}
\newcommand{\wine}{2}
\newcommand{\ziti}{3}

And here's main.tex, in the same directory:
\documentclass{article}
\input{preamble.tex}
\begin{document}
$\eggs + \wine = \ziti$.
\end{document}

If your preamble grows large enough, you may consider turning it into a package, which is discussed in this post.
Comment: I'm using MiKTeX 2.9. The main reason for me is, that `\input` can input all kind of files like `test.txt` or `test.cfg` or ... `\include` can't.   So writing `\input{mycommands.tex}` documents what one is doing.  BTW: I learned it in this way years ago. It may be that you can omit it now,  but I think it is a good way to document which file is used (and so I am sure that not a file `mycommands.txt` or similar existing in the same directory is used).
Comment: Oh, I never thought about it as best practices. That makes a lot of sense; thank you! I've edited my post.
Answer: I know that it might sound strange, but in this case I suggest to keep it simple and use copy-and-paste. You could \input a file or create a .sty package, but this creates an additional dependency that you have to keep synchronized and distribute with your documents.
Whether you decide to keep a single instance of the file containing your commands or copy it in multiple directories, it seems complicated to keep track of it across multiple documents, and I don't think there are visible benefits over the good old ctrl-c,ctrl-v (or M-w,C-y, if Emacs is your cup of tea). What happens, for instance, if you make a seemingly trivial change to your master command list and this breaks an old document?
Comment: That's actually a really excellent point. I'll definitely take this into consideration
Comment: @mathers101 -- This is what `bundledoc` and `arlatex` address.  Once you want to 'freeze'  a document, you use them (or t least `bundledoc`) to collect a local version of this common file.  See, e.g., [this answer](http://tex.stackexchange.com/a/116797/8528) of mine. This way you get the best of both worlds: common main macro file while writing, then a static, unchanging, and 'local' macro file when the writing is complete.


FFMPEG: FIFO buffer to smoothen bandwidth requirements?

Question: I'm trying to achieve something pretty simple, but it's very hard to describe:
There is a live video stream which uses h264 for it's video, and m4a for it's audio. This stream is not mine, and I have absolutely no control on it: I can use it as-is.
The required transfer bandwidth graph looks like this below:

Huge impact when there is a keyframe, then relax period until next keyframe.
My MachineA receives this stream, and I want to republish it to my other MachineB (only to 1 single place).
Why? Because MachineA can receive the stream, however MachineB (due to geo-lock), can't.
But, between MachineA and MachineB there is a VPN, so MachineA could (and actually can) forward (republish) the stream to MachineB.
The only problem is, that there is a bandwidth limitation between MachineA and MachineB, which causes the stream to quite frequently pausing: (green line shows the bandwidth limitation):

The solution I'm looking for is to utilize some clever ffmpeg approach:

ffmpeg opens the stream on MachineA
On MachineB I open the stream from MachineA, and buffers it for X seconds, before playing.

So I basically want to solve this problem similar to old-school disc-man's anti-shock protection:

fill up the buffer
play the buffer

This was a FIFO approach, ie.: MachineA sends a frame to MachineB, which puts it into buffer. Once buffer is full, MachineB starts feeding it to decoder. This way it can smoothen the bandwidth, as long as the average bandwidth of the stream is less-than-equal to the max bandwidth of the VPN between machines.
How could I manage this with ffmpeg? I.e.: ffmpeg on MachineA receives the stream and republish to ffmpeg on MachineB. ffmpeg on MachineB applies this FIFO approach, and then it displays the received stream.
Answer: You might have done by this time.
Please share if done.
<code>ffmpeg -i input -c copy -f fifo -fifo_format flv -map 0:v -map 0:a rtmp://url
</code>
Ref:
http://underpop.online.fr/f/ffmpeg/help/fifo.htm.gz


Why is my cheese sauce sweet?

Question: I have made cheese sauce before and it has never been sweet. No problem with butter and flour and then I added milk like before. White sauce was fine. So I added cheese. Yes it was a package of shredded sharp cheddar cheese from Harris Teeters. I know fresh is better but it was what I had. The sauce itself was fine, smooth and creamy, but it was sweet. I used skim milk and I have used packed cheese before but it has been a while. Is it the cheese? Have they added something or is it the skim milk?
Comment: Milk is sweet to the taste, lactose IS a sugar. If you've let the milk evaporate a bit more than usual and put less salt than what your taste is accustomed to, and/or if the cheese you've used is also less salted than usual, the natural sweetness of the milk (and cheese) would come forward. Industrial breakfast cereal contains a ton of salt (often more than in crisps) to hide the sweetness.
Comment: @GdD - I once returned some pancakes at a local restaurant because they were too salty. The response was "they must have used salt instead of sugar in the batter again". I especially liked the "again".
Comment: Is it possible you added sugar instead of salt by mistake? It's easily done.
Comment: My response would be "check please!!"
Answer: Carbs in some foods (mostly those that contain simple sugars and highly refined grains, such as white flour and white rice) are easily broken down once broken down they are literally a sugar.
Cooking at too high a temp, or for too long, causes the carbs in the white flour to break down. I think that may be why your sauce is tasting sweet.
Comment: Could you add some references that indicate that complex sugars are broken down into simple sugars by cooking? I can't find any

Why is my cheese sauce sweet?


Why is the Iran regime so obsessed with Salman Rushdie?

Question: I'm trying to understand why the Iran regime considers Salman Rushdie such a problem that they put millions of dollars bounties on him over the years. From my vague understanding Rushdie wrote an allegorical book that might be considered criticism of Islam? Why is Iran so bothered with Rushdie but they seemingly did not put such bounties on more obvious "blasphemies" like the Jyllands cartoons etc.?
Comment: I don't think there is proven/sufficient evidence linking "the regime" directly to the bounty, that believed was provided by "A semiofficial Iranian foundation", which "had put up a bounty of over $3 million for the author...," as indicated by the linked article. The article, however" confirmed that "Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini had issued a fatwa, or Islamic edict, demanding his death", but the fatwa hasn't been revoked by Ayatollah Ali Khamenei as claimed by user366312 in his answer below. https://www.npr.org/2022/08/15/1117484305/iran-denies-it-was-involved-in-the-attack-on-salman-rushdie
Comment: To be fair are they really obsessed with him or is it they just don't care to undo the actions that happened over 30 years ago?
Comment: Who exactly put the bounty on Rushdie and is it still existing? Maybe a few more sources would be good. Also, I guess good answers will discuss the power of symbolism. Rushdie is just a symbol of free, critical speech. Of course some people will hate it. But it could be literally anyone who happened to get a bounty on it. The question could also show a bit more research, the topic surely has been discussed somewhere before.
Comment: To my mind "critical of Islam" sort of implies the book was discussing deficits of the moral framework or practice. I've not read it, perhaps it is an academic discussion on some level, but the Wikipedia page makes it clear it's pretty crass too. So even if there is "criticism" in there, there are certainly things that a reasonable person would see as insults too. Of course, no amount of writing insults justifies violence or threats of violence.
Answer: wrod's answer is interesting, but I was looking for a more political explanation. Apparently Khomeini didn't issue the fatwah until 6 months after the book was published, when there were riots in neighboring Pakistan on the issue.
The fatwa, as communicated on the Iran radio, is extremely short, and doesn't get into much specifics of the charges; the gist of it being "the author of  The Satanic Verses, a text written, edited, and published against Islam, the Prophet of Islam, and the Qu'ran, along with all the editors and publishers aware of its contents, are condemned to death [...] so that no one will dare insult the sacred beliefs of Muslims henceforth".
Whatever Khomeini calculations and reasons may have been, Rushdie sentence thereafter became "political football" between the Iranian hardliners and the more moderate factions (which sometimes formed the government) or during elections. Additionally, it seems the bounty on Rushdie (initially set up by a para-governmental religious foundation -- a bonyad) was also used as a proxy when other things deemed blasphemous happened. As Reuters summarizes a bit of the timeline.

Feb 12, 1997: Eight years after it first offered a reward, the Iranian revolutionary 15th Khordad Foundation increases the bounty on Rushdie's head to $2.5 million.

Sept 22, 1998: Iranian President Mohammad Khatami says the Rushdie affair is "completely finished".

Oct 4, 1998: Some 160 members of the Iranian parliament say the death decree against Rushdie remains valid.

A slightly more detailed article on that reveals that was a majority of the parliament, so effectively rebuking the (more moderate) government.

Sept 16, 2012: Iranian religious foundation raises its bounty for killing Rushdie to $3.3 million.

It was actually a bit hard to figure out what triggered this. (Rushdie's knighthood, itself a source of controversy in Iran, was some 5 years prior.) Apparently it was the release of the film "Innocence of Muslims" which triggered this increase. (I only found a quote in French:)

"Tant que l'ordre historique de Khomeiny de tuer l'apostat Salman Rushdie [...] n'aura pas été exécuté, les attaques [contre l'islam] comme celle de ce film offensant le prophète se poursuivront", a déclaré l'ayatollah [Hassan Sanei, who was the head of the 15th Khordad Foundation.]

User written translation:

"As the historic order of Khomeiny to kill the apostate Salman Rushdie has not yet been fulfilled, attacks [against Islam] like this film continue to offend the prophet", declared the ayatollah [Hassan Sanei, who was the head of the 15th Khordad Foundation.]

(Somewhat unsurprisingly, Saneyi had been appointed to lead the Foundation by Khomeini himself [in 1982, it seems].)
Also

Feb 22, 2016: Iranian state-run media outlets add $600,000 to a bounty for the killing of Rushdie.

As Time commented on that one:

Iranian hard-line organisations often make symbolic gestures to mark the anniversary of Rushdie's fatwa on Feb. 14.
The announcement highlights the political infighting between hardliners and reformists in Iran during the run-up to this week's elections for Parliament and the Assembly of Experts.

Khomeini's successor as Supreme Leader, Khamenei, confirmed the fatwa several times, initially calling it a "bullet" (or "arrow" depending on translation) that has already been fired/shot and so must find its target. So he too made a large personal credibility commitment to the issue, and so stands to lose political capital with his hardliner supporters if he were to back off on this. In more recent times he has more tersely confirmed the fatwa when asked directly (e.g. in 2017).
Comment: @wrod even if it is not religiously valid, it shows that the president of Iran is trying to distance himself from the fatwa and signals that not all of the Iranian establishment is for it and that there is an internal struggle.
Comment: Small nitpick, but I don't see how a president of Iran saying that a fatwa is "finished" is relevant.  My (limited) understanding is that a fatwa is a religious ruling akin to a papal bull in Catholicism.  An elected leader (like Iran's President) has no authority in making such determinations.  It's not a perfect comparison (not by a long shot), but a President of France or a PM of Italy cannot credibly say that one of papal bulls is no longer valid in their country.  Elected authority is a different dimension of power from clerical authority.
Comment: Do you suggest the bounty issuing entities are part of the governing body and branches of the "Iran regime"?
Comment: @SJuan76 true, true
Answer: This question maybe difficult to answer without committing an actual sacrilege.  So I'll try to explain it as carefully as possible.
Just as a warning that if you believe that treatment of either Iran or Rushdie should be critical in describing the situation, this may prove to be hurtful to you.  My apologies if that is the case.  Following the rules of the site, I'll try to stay neutral to both.
Satanic Verses has a flow to it which is somewhat similar to

 the movie "12 Monkeys."  The characters' consciousness drifts between past and present, not being too particular in forcing the reader (or the viewer) to accept that one of them is real.  At the same time, of course, it forces the protagonist(s) to deal with difficulty of both of them being real to them as they happen.

 The actual offensive part is that one of the characters in the "past" is meant to resemble the Prophet Muhammad.  But the character's name is not "Muhammad," or anything which can be pronounced in a way that can be mistaken for "Muhammad."  Part of that character's name contains the word "hound."

Apparently this is the variation on Muhammad that was used in Europe during the Middle Ages to demonize Muhammad.
Because Iran was a theocracy when the fatwa was issued and because insulting the Prophet was considered a capital offense in the religious view of the supreme leader of Iran (in 1989), the said supreme leader issued a fatwa calling for Salman Rushdie to be executed.
Comment: While the hidden text is certainly one of the offensive parts of "The Satanic Verses" that book has quite a number of other offensive parts. Well detailed on wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses This seems important in the context of the askers confusion over violence of the response compared to 'more obvious "blasphemies"'. It should be pointed out that this book has content that would obviously give offence on several fronts. Of course, no amount of offensive writing justifies a violent response.
Answer: It is not.
The Iranian regime  has never been obsessed with Salman Rushdie.
The Iranian regime enjoyed the publicity around the case of Rushdie's book. They tried to exploit it to take the lead of hard-line islamists around the world. They used him to inflate the story of a religious war with the West to consolidate their power at home. But they they never followed their bold statements. They never took any action. Rushdie went to the conference without a strong protection because he felt relatively safe and he didn't expect something like this to happen.
Answer: At first the Islamic Republic is an ideological regime, that's to say they do everything to propagate their ideology and they don't decide according to national security or economic growth. In 1988 the Islamic Republic assassinated its  opponent all over the world especially in Europe, and they wanted to remove Rushdie for criticizing their Ideology:

The Iranian newspaper, Jomhuri-ye Eslami writes: Khomeini invites Muslims all over the world to execute Rushdi's sentence,February 15 1988
Those days the fatwa was ideological, but now the Islamic Republic uses it as a propaganda tool, it says to its supporters that we are so powerful that we can assassinate even in the US and to intimidate its opponents by showing that their terror machine is active not only in Iran, but also in America:

The Iranian newspaper Keyhan writes: Rushdi punished by divine vengeance, Trump and Pompeo the next victims, August 14, 2022
Comment: You've made many claims without any evidence backing them.
Comment: @Bootstrap which claim would you say needs additional backing up?
Comment: @JJJ "that's to say they do everything to propagate their ideology", "they don't understand concepts like national security or economic growth.", "In 1988 the Islamic Republic assassinated its opponent" the given link is not an evidence, that's just a claim, and the whole last paragraph is the personal opinion of TMFG, there's no way to say that's the truth, this reply is opinion based not fact based.
Answer: Some facts from Ayatollah Khamenei's website:
Rushdie Fatwa
In early 1989, Imam Khomeini issued a fatwa calling for the killing of Salman Rushdie, an Indian-born British author. Imam Khomeini claimed that Rushdie's murder was a religious duty for Muslims because of his alleged blasphemy against Prophet Mohammad in his novel, The Satanic Verses. Rushdie's book contains passages that some Muslims — including Ayatollah Imam Khomeini — considered offensive to Islam and the Prophet. Though Rushdie publicly apologized, the fatwa was not revoked, Imam Khomeini explaining that "even if Salman Rushdie repents and becomes the most pious man of all time, it is incumbent on every Muslim to employ everything he has got, his life and wealth, to send him to Hell."
Ayatollah Khamenei confirmed the fatwa
Question: As you know, the enemies of Islam are trying to bring to attention, once again, to the name of that cursed liar Salman Rushdie, particularly, at the Frankfurt exhibition: in order to humiliate the historical fatwa and the personality of Late Imam Khomeini (ra).
Meanwhile, the non-Islamic and invalid violent actions by Takfiri groups, who falsely introduce their satanic acts as Islamic decrees, have led to the creation of a distorted and violent image of Islam. Henceforth, we would like to ask our Wali al-Faqih and our Marja' — given the above mentioned facts — is the fatwa on the irtidad (apostasy from Islam) of the cursed liar Salman Rushdie still in effect? What is a Muslim's duty in this regard?
Ayatollah Khamenei: The decree is as Imam Khomeini (ra) issued.
Answer:
The Satanic Verses controversy

I recall that the Iranian supreme leader Ayatollah Khomeini issued a fatwa in 1989. Mohammad Khatami revoked it in 1998. The reason for revocation was the change in Iranian foreign policy. That is the Iranian government's official position about Rushdie thus far. The bounties are all announced by non-government organizations or individuals.
As far as I understand, Satanic Verses is far more profane than the Danish cartoons.
Comment: The BBC says "The fatwa remains active, and although Iran's government has distanced itself from it, a quasi-official Iranian religious foundation added a further $500,000 to the reward in 2012." That increase was not so long ago. Of course one could argue that the government doesn't have control over the foundation, but much of the Iran's state-owned enterprises run by the religious establishment have that kind of legal status, as I understand it. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4311651
Comment: Was it? It seems the bounty and fatwa are two different things. The fatwa certainly seems it wasn't revoked. "While fatwas can be revoked, Iran's current supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, who took over after Khomeini's death, has never done so. As recently as 2017, Khamenei said: "The decree is as Imam Khomeini issued."" https://apnews.com/article/salman-rushdie-middle-east-iran-tehran-70f0ea8cc69bc2bf226cd3ac400f9db8
Comment: As for the bounty itself "Also, a semiofficial Iranian foundation had posted a bounty of over $3 million for the killing of the author. It has not commented on the attack." Which I'm frankly less sure what it means exactly.
Comment: And the [exact organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15_Khordad_Foundation) which put the bounty seems directly subordinated to the Supreme Leader.
Comment: Can you put up a source to the revocation of the *bounty*?  For the rest, lots of DVs that seem unwarranted when this answers clarifies that the *bounty*, has been revoked (**IF** it has).  While *fatwa* never appears in the OPs question.  Why is it incorrect to point out the bounty is gone (yes, maybe pointing the fatwa isn't belong here too)  +1
Comment: @ItalianPhilosophers4Monica the downvotes are warranted *because* the claims here are unsourced and contrary to other sources. e.g. https://edition.cnn.com/2022/08/15/middleeast/salman-rushdie-iran-mime-intl/ specifically states the fatwa is irrevocable, and that although Khatami distanced himself from it he did not have the authority to revoke it. And per their Wkipedia article, the 15 Khordad Foundation (who placed the bounty) are "under the supervision of the Supreme Leader", which is odd wording to my ears but sure *sounds* like they're what in the west we'd call a government department.
Comment: Maybe the answerer genuinely knows better than everyone else and all the mainstream sources are wrong - it's not impossible! - but this answer provides us with no reason to whatsoever to believe that that's the case; it simply asserts a version of the facts contrary to mainstream sources and then declines to offer any evidence for that version of the facts at all.


Does stuff strapped to the outside of a Backpack count toward the total weight a backpack can carry?

Question: I'm going for a more gritty/realistic game, and so I'm having my players be careful about their carrying capacities and weight. While helping a new player build a character, I noticed that the explorer's pack they received is overweight if the waterskin is considered to be full and the rope isn't counted. It notes that backpacks can have things strapped to the outside, but does this weight count toward the total weight a backpack can carry? If stuff strapped to the outside doesn't count toward capacity, is there any limitation besides imagination to just how much could be strapped to the outside of the bag?
Comment: I'd call it a duplicate. I read this and thought of that, but couldn't find that.
Answer: The weight limit for packs/bags/etc is for the contents of the pack/bag/etc.  A container can only hold this much.  There is no explicit limit to how much can be tied to the outside of a pack, besides a character's total Carrying Capacity, and objects attached to the outside do not count against the weight limit for objects placed inside.
Comment: That was my original intuition about things strapped to the outside don't count, I just wasn't certain since the pack comes overfilled as written.
Answer: Beyond the fact that you are asking about a level of granular detail that the rules to not cover, I suggest that you do some research into what a loadmaster has to do for a truck or an aircraft. There are three primary challenges to address:

Maximum weight
Maximum cube
Order of loading.

I had to address the cube problem a lot when I worked during the summers for a moving company.  It all had to fit, and the truck could carry more if it were just the weight being carried.
Each of these constraints can be applied in a micro sense to the pack that an adventurer carries, though "what has to come out first" is the most easily planned for.

Some things aren't that heavy, but are a bit awkward to carry.  The front door of your house/apartment is an example.
Some things fit into a small space but are very heavy: a cubic foot of lead being one example.
Some things you carry and need to get to "in a hurry" and other things you carry and can get to at your leisure.

As an illustration, look at the seventh edition of the Boy Scout Handbook, pages 250-251, on a properly packed Yucca pack.  (If the link doesn't take you to that page, flip to those pages).  That demonstrates a model of "how much stuff fits into a certain sized pack" without too much complexity.
To scale this up a bit, a US Army Infantryman carries about three times that much in his pack: partly due to the density of the contents (ammo is dense and heavy) and partly due to the size of the pack.  The cube is a bit more than twice that of the Yucca pack, but when all of the items are added up, the density increase is non trivial. The soldier's pack will typically top out at 80 pounds, sometimes a bit more.  That doesn't include the weapon carried.
With these practical points provided, you may be able to better visualize the limitations of a back pack full of gear.  If nothing else, once beyond the weight limit of the pack, now and again roll a saving throw versus straps breaking.  Pick a DC: I've had straps on a pack break.  Not a good thing.
Comment: Your knowledge of packing a pack is extensive, however, I was a bit more interested in the limitations of what could be strapped to the outside of a pack. The rules don't specify, but I could imagine a waterskin and a bedroll strapped to the outside much like the rope. One character has an animal hide and antlers also strapped to the outside.
Comment: Since the rules don't specify, consider the volume (can it be attached or is it too bulky) and the weight (will it cause the strain on the straps so that they might break?)  You can tie an animal hide to a back pack, but unless you fold it up you've got a bridal train, and a potential trip hazard if fighting starts.  the Antlers?  Well, how big of a creature, how bulky is it?
Comment: I can give you an idea of what I've strapped to the outside of my backpack as an example: I'm military. Bedroll (rolled), ground sheet, air matress (rolled), Helmet, Paracord (really strong, thin and light rope). Everything else went in the pouches designed to hold things and protect them from the weather around the opening of the rucksack. You could consider those small pouches external technically, and they housed: Flares, Small can of fuel, bug spray, roll of twine, gun tape (like super duct tape), candy, beef jerky, and cigarettes.
Answer: It's up to your DM to decide if what you list as included in the character's "backpack slot" is reasonable. I'd suggest that the weight limit is an abstract measure of how much kit you can have in that "slot", whether it is inside or outside the pack is just descriptive. The only real game impact is down to what happens if the character doesn't have it's backpack. This is both positively in terms of encumbrance but also in terms of what kit is missing if you have left it behind.


ZSH set socks5 proxy by tor

Question: I can set Chrome proxy by Tor. Can use Tor socks5 to set shell proxy?
I tried but failed.
I think no way to do it.
Answer: I don't have zsh installed to try it, but you could try using it with torsocks. For example with bash, you can run torsocks bash. This will launch a bash shell that will redirect new TCP network connections through Tor. It would probably work for zsh as well with torsocks zsh.
It's important to note that not all network traffic will be redirected through Tor when using torsocks (torsocks is not a sandbox and there is no fail-safe). Non-TCP network traffic will be sent without Tor, and any applications that access the network without using libc will also be sent without Tor.
Comment: 通过对torsoks的研究,我了解到了proxychains-ng. 现在,我通过proxychains4加tor browser的socks5实现了代理zsh。git也可以通过tor browser的socks5 127.0.0.1实现代理。    By researching torsoks, I learned about proxychains-ng. Now, I implement proxy zsh through proxychains4 and tor browser's socks5. git can also implement proxy through tor browser's socks5 127.0.0.1.
Comment: Great Firewall can no longer stop me, I am free, thank God!

ZSH set socks5 proxy by tor


Why coriander plant is dying?

Question: I got coriander plant from market but it seems like it is dying. I watered it but the excess water came out of pot hole (which I think is way of telling that it was water extra). Can I still safe the plant? How? Should it be in sunlight or window sill in morning?
Comment: When you say you purchased the plant at a market, do you mean something like a grocery store? Farmers market? Large department store? It looks like there is more than one plant in that pot.
Comment: The pot size is for about 3 coriander plants. Or throw in a spoonful of seeds as done here, and pull plants freely for use.
Comment: @Jurp I got it from grocery store. It is only coriander.
Answer: You don't have "a coriander plant", what you have is a cluster of seedlings.
These pots are produced for the convenience of home cooks, who want to extend the shelf life of their kitchen herbs. Compared to cut herb bundles, the pots stay fresh for longer and there may be some additional growth over time. However, these pots usually lack nutrients for longer time, but the bigger issue is that the seedlings are far too dense and struggle for resources, outcompeting each other. Them being basically plant babies and in a stress situation makes them also very sensitive to even small issues like being too dry (happens often when too long at the store), too dark (dito) or cold.
Looking at the overall pale yellow leaf color, you should probably consider to compost/discard this pot and start over. You can even try it with a few coriander seeds from your spice stash, if you have some. Seed packets should also be affordable and for the price of what you probably paid for this pot you get multiple harvests.
If you really want to try to fix this, you should still thin out the seedlings - three per such a pot is really a good start as mentioned in the comments. Then ensure plenty of light, but not immediately full sun. For watering, you need to familiarize yourself with the signs of wet vs. dry soil - the finger test you mentioned is a good start. Water generously and leave the pot in the water-filled saucer for a while, but discard the excess after about half an hour, which should suffice to evenly saturate the soil and avoid it being too much. If they really make it, you should probably start fertilizing, but carefully, as per the manufacturer's instructions, and if you plan to eat the coriander, choose one that is safe for edible plants.
Answer: It seems to me that perhaps it doesn't have enough water.  It could be that the soil is too free draining.  I would put a slightly deeper dish under it and leave water in the dish.  That way, if the soil becomes dry, it will get soaked up.
Yellow leaves can also indicate that it is not getting enough sunlight, so I would shift it closer to a window.
The leaves also go yellow when the plant is mature and is seeding.  But that's not the case here.
I looked for some references - found one

Not Enough Sunlight
Lack of Consistent Watering
Poor Soil Nutrients
Damage From Pests

From 4 Potential Causes of Your Cilantro Plant's Yellow Leaves
I don't have an affiliation with the website.

Some photos of my wifes garden.  Everything has a tray or reservoir of water.  Some planters have an air gap, some don't.
Waiting to be planted

Tomatoes in the front, the cream planters at the back also have reservoirs

Strawberries in front, the grey pots n the right have raspberries and blackberries - again reservoirs at the bottom.
Comment: My fear is if I put the pot in the dish, it might suck up more water or be flooded like stranded in the water and die? I am very new to all this as I wanna start growing my veggies at home. When u say slightly deeper? is this not deeper? I can pour one glass of water in it and it will still be almost full.
Comment: It is hard to see from the angle of the photo.  For most outside potted plants, we have a dish an inch deep, And we top the dish up every few days.  Doing it this way, only the bottom of the soil is wet and it will suck up as required.  Its 1:35am, I will post some piccies of our pots tomorrow.
Comment: So I did water it, it soaked up 99% of it, 1% the next day. should I water the base again. what is the rule for watering that I don't overwater them.
Comment: Every few days is good enough.
Comment: reservoirs are great. I watered 3/4 of cup and it sucked up the whole thing in 2 hours. I watred them last night 1/4 and this morning it was gone too. If it become empty does it mean it is time to water them? I read somewhere that if u poke ur finger in compost and if it is not moist at a level (forgot number) then water it. It did turned a lot of leaves and stems dry when it was out of water

Why coriander plant is dying?


What Mario-like game is this?

Question:
What Mario-like game is this? The original screenshot is from an iPad.
Answer: That looks to be Super Smash Bros. Melee. Specifically, it is the Mushroom Kingdom Adventure Mode.
Here is another screenshot from a different portion of the level

Image from the wiki page linked above. And here's a video of the level in action. At about 40 seconds in, you will see the portion that is contained in your screenshot.
Comment: @memescientist This adventure mode level doesn't exist in Brawl, so how is the screenshot from brawl?
Comment: I edited the youtube video to start when you see the screen Op posted
Comment: That's still the wrong screenshots.  You're at 2 edits so far, but that screenshot is from Brawl, not from Melee
Comment: @memescientist The screenshot was taken from the Wiki page related to the level. Which I will credit and make it 3 edits ;P
Answer: It's actually the first stage of Super Smash Bros Melee's Adventure mode.
From here:

Mushroom Kingdom (sometimes also called Mushroom Kingdom III or
  Mushroom Kingdom Adventure) is the first stage of Super Smash Bros.
  Melee 's Adventure Mode. Its design is reminiscent of classic Mario
  platforming levels, complete with Goombas, Koopa Troopas, and Koopa
  Paratroopas.

The reason it's Melee is because of the Damage Percentage display on the lower left hand corner.  This is another screenshot from Melee's regular mode. If you look on the lower left, it clearly matches up with the lower left of your screenshot:

Your screenshot in question:

What Mario-like game is this?