Lightsaber Fighting Styles

Question: According to the Star Wars extended canon, there are 7 different lightsaber fighting techniques. A few of these are used by characters in the movies, such as style 2 by Count Dooku, or style 6 by General Grievous. However, none of the styles fluidly integrate an aggressive use of The Force and lightsaber dueling. What mechanics of the Force, or technicalities, prevent a true pinnacle fighting style, without an obvious lean towards defense or offense. (I am not counting style one, since it is the base technique for all other styles.)
Comment: @GarrickOllivander - perhaps because there are always tradeoffs in real-world fighting styles?  For a style to be good at something, it has to be less good at something else - that is, it must make choices at what it would value and what it can defend against.  I am not aware of any real fighting style that has only strengths and no weaknesses, so it would seem unrealistic to give the Jedi one.
Comment: It seems that you might be asking two different questions here, both of which have been answered here already. The first is why there are multiple lightsaber styles, and the second is why Jedi/Sith do not use the Force more in combat.
Comment: you are referring the 7 known styles of lightsaber combat. What you are asking is a bit unclear... if you have read the differences in the 7 styles how come yo cant deduce the answer? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_m5RnO8bc9Y
Comment: I am asking why the styles all have an obvious disadvantage or weakness that could be exploited, rather than creating an eighth style that isn't  nerfed. I could not find any technical reason why this is impossible, other than making an overpowered Jedi.
Comment: For that matter, the UFC, built to determine "the best fighting style", keeps proving this. The best fighting style is BJJ. No wait... it's Muay Thai... no, now it's some weird dancing Capoeira stuff. No, it's... well, you see. :)
Answer: The Force is VERY heavily used in lightsaber combat, just not in the obvious fling-stuff-around way. After all,

A Jedi uses the Force for knowledge and defense. Never for attack.

I think the best description of how the Force is used in lightsaber combat that I've seen comes from the novelisation of Revenge of the Sith:

Three MagnaGuards...were certainly beyond Obi-Wan's ability to defeat, but it was not Obi-Wan who would defeat them; Obi-Wan wasn't even fighting. He was only a vessel, emptied of self. The Force, shaped by his skill and guided by his clarity of mind, fought through him.
In the Force, he felt their destruction: it was somewhere above and behind him, and only seconds away.
He went to meet it with a backflipping leap that the Force used to lift him neatly to an empty droid socket in the ceiling hive. The MagnaGuards sprang after him but he was already gone by the time they arrived, leaping higher into the maze of girders and cables and room-sized cargo containers that was the control centers superstructure.
Here, said the Force within him, and Obi-Wan stopped...frowning back at the oncoming killer droids...Though he could feel its close approach, he had no idea from where their destruction might come...until the Force showed him a support beam within reach of his blade and whispered, Now.
His blade flicked out and the durasteel beam parted...and a great hulk of ship-sized cargo container that the beam had been supporting tore free of its other supports...and crashed down upon all three MagnaGuards with the finality of a meteor strike.
Oh, thought Obi-Wan with detached approval. That worked out rather well.

That was the true power of the Force in combat - not to throw things at people, but to know and perceive things faster and more completely than a brain - or even a computer - possibly could.

Lightsaber Fighting Styles


Issue with npm known not to run on node.js v12

Question: I'm having trouble figuring out why npm is not working correctly. I'm on ubuntu 22.04.2LTS.
I don't remember what I did to install node.js the first time, but I remember I installed Angular cli through npm install -g @angular/cli
I tried using ng version to check my angular installation, but this appears:
Node.js version v12.22.9 detected.
The Angular CLI requires a minimum Node.js version of v18.13.

Please update your Node.js version or visit https://nodejs.org/ for additional instructions.

Whenever I try to use npm -v to check my node.js installation, this appears instead:
ERROR: npm v10.2.3 is known not to run on Node.js v12.22.9.  This version of npm supports the following node versions: `^18.17.0 || >=20.5.0`. You can find the latest version at https://nodejs.org/.

ERROR:
/usr/lib/node_modules/npm/lib/utils/exit-handler.js:19
  const hasLoadedNpm = npm?.config.loaded
                           ^

SyntaxError: Unexpected token '.'
    at wrapSafe (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:915:16)
    at Module._compile (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:963:27)
    at Object.Module._extensions..js (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:1027:10)
    at Module.load (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:863:32)
    at Function.Module._load (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:708:14)
    at Module.require (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:887:19)
    at require (internal/modules/cjs/helpers.js:74:18)
    at module.exports (/usr/lib/node_modules/npm/lib/cli-entry.js:15:23)
    at module.exports (/usr/lib/node_modules/npm/lib/es6/validate-engines.js:39:10)
    at module.exports (/usr/lib/node_modules/npm/lib/cli.js:4:31)

At this point I tried doing sudo snap install node --classic --channel=20 but this didn't change anything.
I tried: sudo npm uninstall -g npm but always get the same ERROR as above.
I wanted to delete manually the folder on /usr/lib/node_modules, I don't know if it will help and then reinstall node.js?
Comment: You can find a response in this github issue: https://github.com/npm/cli/issues/6724
Answer: You need to update the node version globally either you can update your node version with the lates one or you can use it nvm to to use the latest node version or keep switching whenever you required.
Solution 1-

To update you node version with the latest one

Solution 2-

Using nvm - to install you need to follow this URL https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/node-version-manager-nvm-install-guide/

Once you installed the nvm you need to follow these two steps if you face any issue.
nvm install 18

nvm use 18

Solution 3-

Using volta - https://volta.sh/

# install Volta
curl https://get.volta.sh | bash

# install Node
volta install node

# then pin the node version in your current repository using this command
vola pin node@18

Note- Make sure you stay on your current project directory when you perform these task.
Happy Coding  - Cheers
Comment: Thanks! installing and using nvm solved my issue


Restore and Backup with Entity Framework

Question: I use C#, .net 4, Entity Framework and SQL Server 2008 R2 in a project.
I have no familiarity with backup and restore from database by Entity Framework. Please help me to write restore and backup code in Entity Framework
Answer: Entity Framework is an ORM - object-relational mapper - designed to handle interactions with single entities and/or short lists of entities. It's neither designed for bulk operations, nor is it a server admin framework. So no - I don't think you can do this using Entity Framework - that's not its job.
Use an appropriate tool for the job! Either use SQL Server Management Studio to handle backup/restore - or if you must do it programmatically, use the SMO (Server Management Objects) which is intended for exactly these kinds of jobs
Answer: To other friends who have this problem ....
Useing ExecuteSqlCommand can backup of db in EF 6+ .
For example : (this code create backup of your DB , I had tested this.)
string dbname = db.Database.Connection.Database;
string sqlCommand = @"BACKUP DATABASE [{0}] TO  DISK = N'{1}' WITH NOFORMAT, NOINIT,  NAME = N'MyAir-Full Database Backup', SKIP, NOREWIND, NOUNLOAD,  STATS = 10";
db.Database.ExecuteSqlCommand(System.Data.Entity.TransactionalBehavior.DoNotEnsureTransaction, string.Format(sqlCommand,dbname, "Amin9999999999999"));

backup saved in C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server\MSSQL10.SQLEXPRESS\MSSQL\Backup
ref=> https://entityframework.codeplex.com/discussions/454994

but I do not recommend for working with this method!

I strongly recommend the use of the article below:
http://www.c-sharpcorner.com/Blogs/8679/backup-and-restore-the-database-in-Asp-Net-web-application.aspx
Answer: This should get you going on the restore side:
void LoadDB(
    System.Data.Entity.DbContext context,
    string backup_filename,
    string orig_mdf, // the original LogicalName name of the data (also called the MDF) file within the backup file
    string orig_ldf, // the original LogicalName name of the log (also called the LDF) file within the backup file
    string new_database_name
)
{
    var database_dir = System.IO.Path.GetTempPath();
    var temp_mdf = $"{database_dir}{new_database_name}.mdf";
    var temp_ldf = $"{database_dir}{new_database_name}.ldf";
    var query = @"RESTORE DATABASE @new_database_name FROM DISK = @backup_filename
        WITH MOVE @orig_mdf TO @temp_mdf,
        MOVE @orig_ldf TO  @temp_ldf,
        REPLACE;";
    context.Database.ExecuteSqlCommand(
        // Do not use a transaction for this query so we can load without getting an exception:
        // "cannot perform a backup or restore operation within a transaction"
        TransactionalBehavior.DoNotEnsureTransaction,
        query,
        new[] {
        new SqlParameter("@backup_filename", backup_filename),
        new SqlParameter("@database_dir", database_dir),
        new SqlParameter("@new_database_name", new_database_name),
        new SqlParameter("@orig_mdf", orig_mdf),
        new SqlParameter("@orig_ldf", orig_ldf),
        new SqlParameter("@temp_mdf", temp_mdf),
        new SqlParameter("@temp_ldf", temp_ldf),
        }
    );
}

If you don't know them beforehand, the MDF and LDF LogicalName values can be obtained manually or programmatically from a query like this one:
RESTORE FILELISTONLY FROM DISK @backup_filename


Can you dye the costumes?

Question: Can you dye the costumes (Ezio's Costume, the Pirate Kidd Costume) and others or is the colour on them permanent?
Answer: Building on kotekzot answer:
The recolours are listed on the outfits section of the buy menu for the traders.
You can buy every recolour (outfit) and then go back and choose another one just buy pressing the button to select it (A button in xbox/pc with xbox controller).
This is the same behaviour as you find with the weapons on the trader menu!
I was actually expecting that these outfits would be selectable from the wardrobe in the secret room in the homestead. But no!
Answer: No, you cannot change the color of outfits other than your basic assassin robes. You can buy recolors of your basic outfit from merchants.

Can you dye the costumes?


Edits less than six characters

Question: On several of the betas, I've run into the "Edits must be at least 6 non-space characters" rule. Five characters or less can make a big difference, especially in technical questions on a short word or phrase. What should be done in cases where a significant edit should be made, but it is under the character minimum?
Comment: I hate the 6-character rule, too... everywhere.  But the powers-that-be won't budge. And although I disagree with them, I understand and respect their reasons.  The solution is to post a comment, and/or wait until you have enough rep to bypass the limit.
Answer: I always leave a comment to let the OP know and fix the mistakes. Once they have done so you can delete the comments that led to it.
During private beta when you get to 500 rep you don't have to worry about the 6 characters rule anymore.
And during public beta the required rep is 1000.
Comment: @Flimzy I tried to vote up your addition but I can't vote up my own post! (-:

Edits less than six characters


what titles do the legitimate children of Oberyn or the legitimate children of Trystane have?

Question: Is the title of Princess/Prince in House Martell only used by the children of the current ruler, or do the children of the ruler's siblings get the same title?
Comment: sadly unknown seeing Oberyn  only has bastards and no further information has been given on this topic.
Answer: TLDR; "We do not know"™. There is no explicit information, no precedents to draw on and the instances that do exist within the works are often contradictory.

The Martell family tree is not as fleshed out as other great families so it is not possible to find out an historical precedent to deduct an answer from.
However, purely speculative, there are good arguments for both cases. As Prince is a royal style used only by dynasty on the iron throne and the Martells of Sunspear, we can make a fair judgement based on practices of Targaryens (Given the absence of evidence in Martell family tree).
As per Targaryen customs, sons of Princes retain the style of Prince. For example, sons of then-Prince Maekar were all Princes. Even though Maekar's sons were not supposed to inherit the throne which was to go to the senior Branch of the family (Prince Baelor and his sons).

Prince Maekar gave him an incredulous look. "Did the trial addle your wits, man? Aegon is a prince of the realm. The blood of the dragon. Princes are not made for sleeping in ditches and eating hard salt beef." He saw Dunk hesitate. "What is it you're afraid to tell me? Say what you will, ser."The Hedge Knight

and

"No doubt Prince Maekar had some good reason for allowing his son to
squire for a hedge knight," he said, "though I cannot imagine it
included delivering him to a castle full of traitors plotting
rebellion. How is that I come to find my cousin in this nest of
adders, ser? Lord Butterbutt would have me believe that Prince Maekar
sent you here, to sniff out this rebellion in the guise of a mystery
knight. Is that the truth of it?"
Dunk went to one knee. "No, m'lord. I mean, yes, mlord. That's what
Egg told him. Aegon, I mean. Prince Aegon. So that part's true. It
isn't what you'd call the true truth, though."The Mystery Knight

But here too, Targaryens are contradictory. While Prince Maekar's sons were styled Princes, Prince Daemon's daughters were styled lady.

King Aegon had leapt from the saddle when the dragons were still twenty feet from the ground, shattering both legs. Lady Baela stayed with Moondancer all the way down. Burned and battered, the girl still found the strength to undo her saddle chains and crawl away as her dragon coiled in her final death throes. When Alfred Broome drew his sword to slay her, Martson Waters wrenched the blade from his hand. Tom Tangletongue carried her to the maester.The Princess and the Queen

This is what GRRM has to say about contradictory nature of medieval succession laws, which by extension can also be applied to styling customs:

"The short answer is that the laws of inheritance in the Seven
Kingdoms are modelled on those in real medieval history... which is to
say, they were vague, uncodified, subject to varying interpretations,
and often contradictory."

But coming back to the Dornish, at some stage, the younger branches definitely lose their "Prince" style. For example, Ser Manfrey Martell is a cousin (We do not know if they are first cousins or further removed) to Prince Doran Martell. But he is always referred to with the style Ser as befit his rank as a Knight or Castellan as befit his office or just plain old Manfrey.

Princess Arianne was waiting in the outer ward to greet her father,
with half the court about her: the old blind seneschal Ricasso, Ser
Manfrey Martell the castellan, young Maester Myles with his grey
robes and silky perfumed beard, twoscore of Dornish knights in flowing
linen of half a hundred hues.AFFC - Captain of the Guard

and

War is happening, though Arianne, and this time Dorne will not be
spared. "Doom and death are coming," Ellaria Sand had warned them,
before she took her own leave from Prince Doran. "It is time for my
little snakes to scatter, the better to survive the carnage." Ellaria
was returning to her father's seat at Hellholt. With her went her
daughter Loreza, who had just turned seven. Dorea remained at the
Water Gardens, one child amongst a hundred. Obella was to be
dispatched to Sunspear, to serve as a cupbearer to the wife of the
castellan, Manfrey Martell.TWOW- Arianne I


SQL Server Backup retention policy

Question: I need to backup database in full recovery mode with a condition as:
1. Backup database, only when space is available for backup operation and Backup retention policy must be like expect last two days backup folder, delete all other backup folder.
any help will be highly appreciable.
Answer: You should backup your database via a maintenance plan "Back Up Database Task". Following that, you should add a "Maintenance Cleanup Task" to specify your retention policy and delete backups older than say, two days.
You can create your plan via the "Maintenance Plan Wizard".
Taking backups is your number one task as a DBA so you should really always make sure you have sufficient disk space. If disk space is an issue and you are using SQL Server 2008 Enterprise or SQL Server 2008 R2 Standard or higher, you can use backup compression to save space.
Answer: Solution
From your problem description, it sounds like you are running your backup device storage close to the wire. Correct this situation be allocating sufficient storage and you remove the need to check for sufficient space ahead of time.
Then simply follow the recommendations of others and create a Database Maintenance plan to manage your backup job.
Take a look at the following Blog post for an example implementation: Create database maintenance plans in SQL Server 2005 using SSIS
Background
So the issue here then is that SQL Server does not determine the amount of disk space required in order to store a database backup file prior to the actual execution of the backup process. My assumption is that this occurs because the size cannot be determined until the backup operation has completed, perhaps because of transactional activity that is occurring in tandem to the backup process for example.
However, it's considered good practice to have over and above what would be considered sufficient disk space, available at the location you store your database backups. This ensures that you always have sufficient space available to store your backups, even in the case of unexpected growth, perhaps as the result of increased transactional activity for example.
Further Reading
To read more on the basics of administration of SQL Server databases, in order to identify areas for further study, take a look at the excellent Technet Magazine Article: Top Tips for Effective Database Maintenance written by Paul Randal.
Answer: You should be able to set this up with a database maintenance plan.
If there is insufficient space, the backup won't run, so point 1 is satisfied.
(Although there should be some sort of alerting built in to your servers to notify you of this, as this is BAD.)
For point 2, get the maintenance plan to clean up old backups.
To get to the database maintenance plan go to:
SQL Server Management Studio, connect to your SQL Server, expand the Management folder, then right click on Maintenance Plans and run through the wizard.
Comment: No need to apologise my friend! Through collective contribution, together we produce a higher quality of content overall, for others to benefit from.
Comment: Just a minor highlight, your point about the backup process not running is inaccurate. The backup process would indeed run but would fail when disk space runs out. To me your explanation implies that the backup process will not even start if there is insufficient space, which is not the case.
Comment: You're right, sorry I worded that badly. I assume (I've never actually seen this in practice), that the incomplete backup file would be deleted, and that the transaction log wouldn't be affected by this?

SQL Server Backup retention policy


What are "must read"/classical refences on data aggregation/disaggregation in statistics?

Question: I am looking for "must read"/classical references on data aggregation/disaggregation in statistics, particularly, what they are exactly, why they are done and how statistical measures (media, mean, correlation coefficient, etc.) and indices (Human Development Index, poverty, Gini, etc.) behave under aggregation/disaggregation of data.
Is this topic worked out in basic school or undergraduate courses. It seems it is not.
Comment: The question seems weakly related to math. ed., except in the way that all mathematics that is taught or learned is related to education. -- Cross-posted: https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/613536/what-are-must-read-classical-refences-on-data-agregation-disaggregation-in-sta (currently closed there).
Answer: A classic reference is The Future of Data Analysis by John Tukey. This appeared in the  Annals of Mathematical Statistics in 1962 and is widely available, for example on JSTOR. I love the beginning sentences: For a long time I have thought I was a statistician, interested in inference from particular to general. But as I have watched mathematical statistics evolve, I have cause to wonder and doubt.  Of particular interest for this forum is section 9 of the paper titled "teaching of data analysis." Tukey also authored the book Exploratory Data Analysis in 1977.
Tukey is referred to as "the progenitor of data science," was an intellectual giant of the twentieth century, and was one of the most influential statisticians of the twentieth century. He discovered the ubiquitous Fast Fourier Transform, coined the word "bit," developed the statistical programming language S which begat R, introduced visualizations such as box and whisker plots, $\ldots$
Comment: It's unclear from the answer whether the book deals with aggregration/disaggregation.
Comment: @Raciquel, Data aggregation refers to numeric or non-numeric information that is (1) collected from multiple sources and/or across multiple measures, variables, or individuals and (2) compiled into data summaries or summary reports, typically for reporting purposes. audiences or statistical analysis. This means examining trends, making comparisons, or revealing information and insights that would not be observable when the data elements are viewed in isolation.
Comment: @Raciquel, Data aggregation can be divided into two categories: types of aggregation by period and types of aggregation with mathematical functions.
Period aggregation types include temporal aggregation and spatial aggregation. Temporal aggregation is the collection of data about a single resource over a given period. Spatial aggregation is a time period for which all data points for a group of features are collected.
Comment: @HumbertoJoséBortolossi Neither of your comments refers to Tukey's book. The relevance of the book to the specific focus of your question was the point on which I sought clarification.


Datasource for Mailmerge in Word2010 lost if called from Access-VBA

Question: I have a problem migrating from Office2007 to Office2010 (and WXP -> W7). I'm using an Access program to create a CSV file that is used as a datasource for mailmerging. After creating the CSV my program creates a new word document from a template file. The template is setup to use the created CSV file as data source. The CSV is created in the same path all the time.
I'm using the following code
Set doc = msWord.Documents.Add(Template:=templatename)

msWord obviously is my word application reference, and templatename is the full path to my template.
This worked fine with Windows XP and Office 2007. It does NOT work with W7 and Office 2010. My template still creates a new document and it opens, but it is no longer a mail merge main document.
Even stranger, if i create a new document simply by double clicking my template, everything works.
The folder the template is in is a trusted folder for Word as well as for Access. Are there any changes in Office2010, perhaps some security settings? Does anyone know how to fix it? Or at least has some hints where to look?
Answer: Have you implemented the Windows registry described in this article
http://support.microsoft.com/kb/825765
for Word 2010 as well as Word 2007?


Do I lose control of a creature if the aura which granted me control of it is destroyed?

Question: I gain control over a creature with e.g. Hypnotic Siren.
Do I lose control over that creature if the enchantment is destroyed?
Answer: Hypnotic Siren says "You control enchanted creature." This is a continuous effect that's present as long as Hypnotic Siren is on the battlefield enchanting a creature. Once it's gone, that effect goes away and you'll lose control of the creature, giving it back to whoever had it before. (In common situations, anyway - see this question for details.)
Since you used Hypnotic Siren as just one example, though, I should mention that not everything works that way.
If a card simply reads "Gain control of X" and doesn't mention a duration (e.g. "until end of turn"), that effect lasts indefinitely. For example, Beguiler of Wills reads:

{T}: Gain control of target creature with power less than or equal to the number of creatures you control.

That effect lasts indefinitely; you'll get to keep the creature for the rest of the game, unless someone else has a way to gain control of it.
Comment: @EOL In case it was unclear, I was suggesting that you post it as a question. Questions and answers are much more useful to future readers than notes in comments. (Also often more useful than elaboration in long forum threads!)
Comment: Do you know which rule says that the creature goes back to its previous controller? I could imagine that it goes back to its owner, instead, for instance.
Comment: @EOL That seems like a new question. This question didn't ask about multiple control-changing effects. The tl;dr is that when there's more than one such effect, they all still exist, it's just that the last one takes precedence. So if it goes away, the next-to-last one is still there.
Comment: You're right. This is elaborated upon in a thread I started after asking the question here: https://boardgamegeek.com/article/27150694#27150694
Comment: I linked to the answer itself. I prefer not to duplicate the question on two different websites.
Comment: @EOL We definitely benefit from asking things here. Most notably, the question/answer format is much more organized and easy to find answers for future readers. Since you're not inclined to do so, I [posted the question](https://boardgames.stackexchange.com/q/38798/409) myself.
Answer: Yes, you lose control of the creature.
Enchantments with static abilities only work as long as the enchantment is on the battlefield. If the enchantment is destroyed, the effect immediately ends.

611.3. A continuous effect may be generated by the static ability of an object.

611.3b The effect applies at all times that the permanent generating it is on the battlefield or the object generating it is in the appropriate zone.

Logically, the reverse of that rule says that if the permanent leaves the battlefield (or generally the object leaves the appropriate zone), the effect ends.
Note that there are some cards that permanently change control of permanents, such as Keiga, the Tide Star when it dies. If a control-changing effect is not the result of a static ability but the result of a one-shot spell or ability, the change of control is permanent unless the effect has a duration specified.

611.2a A continuous effect generated by the resolution of a spell or ability lasts as long as stated by the spell or ability creating it (such as "until end of turn"). If no duration is stated, it lasts until the end of the game.


SSDs and hddtemp

Question: I thought my SSD was getting hot in my mini barebone PC so I checked with hddtemp. It's fine though at 33 Celsius. Now in the German wiki it says that hddtemp checks temps every minute which will wake up a HDD even when no data needs to be read. I'm I right to assume this is a non-issue with SSDs? Or will it impede any power saving functions?
Answer: You are correct in noting that this will not affect power performance of an SSD.
Because it's your primary drive, it's going to stay powered on, and checking the temperature won't have an affect on power usage of the drive.
The case in which this would matter would be using an HDD, where the drive can be spun-down to save power, and put into sleep. Since an SSD has no power "sleep-state" it won't make a difference. On my laptop, since I have both SSDs and HDDs, I can see that the HDD is occasionally put into sleep while the SSD does not change states.
(From my experience with a Samsung 850 EVO, 1TB HDD, and a 950 NVMe Pro on an Oryx Pro)
Answer: Yes. .you are right to assume this is a non-issue with SSD's typical power draw of an active SSD is very low although it is drive dependent. All the SSD's I have draw less than an amp.
Further reading here.

SSDs and hddtemp


Use combination of digital certificates and symmetric key cryptography

Question: Assuming that:
 - A have CertA and secret key KsA
 - B have CertB and secret key KsB
A need to transfer data M to B with the requirement of confidentiality and authenticity, BUT Data encryption must be done by symmetric encryption.
How do A and B do that to achieve all the requirements?
Answer: This is how all HTTPS and TLS communications work.
2x Async certs/keys are used to create a shared secret which is used as a symmetric key for the lions share of the communication.

In step 6/7 of this diagram, is where the Symmetric key is created and both sides ChangeCipherSpec to make use of this newly established shared key.
Comment: thanks you so much, your answer is also very straightforward and give me lots of information :like:
Answer: To solve this problem a common solution is using a Hybrid Cryptosystem.
Create a new random session key (ephemeral key) for the symmetric encryption (AES) then encrypt the data with this key with a proper mode of operation with an appropriate padding scheme as pkcs#5
key = generate_random_key()
encrypted_data = AES(k, data)

Now, A encrypts the session key with the B's public key.
encrypted_key = Encrypt(key, B_private_key)

Finally, A digitally sign everything
sign = Sign(Hash(encrypted_key || encrypted_data)

and send
Send(encrypted_data, encrypted_key, sign)

In this way;

data encrypted with a symmetric algorithm which is much faster than asymmtrical encryption.
data is confidential since encrypted with a key.
data is authenticated since A uses his secret key to sign, and B can verify this with A's public certificate.
Comment: thank you so much, very straightforward and easy to understand !!!!


Using pussy for a female

Question: If I call a man pussy, that would mean that he is cowardly or timid. Could the word "pussy" be used for a woman too to indicate that she is cowardly?
Comment: Given the misogynist way men can used of 'pussy' in connection with women, the word is far too  likely to be misunderstood (or, even worse, understood).
Comment: See [this usage chart](https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=He%27s+a+pussy%2CShe%27s+a+pussy&year_start=1980&year_end=2019&corpus=26&smoothing=3), showing how rare ***She's** a pussy* is compared to ***He's** a pussy*. Bottom line is you *can* use the slang term in this way - but most people don't, so unless you have a very good reason to buck the trend you probably *shouldn't*.
Comment: @MichaelHarvey: See [this chart](https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=He%27s+a+cunt%2CShe%27s+a+cunt&year_start=1980&year_end=2019&corpus=26&smoothing=3), which for reasons of decency I won't explicitly repeat here (NSFW). Unlike ***pussy***, there's no significant tendency to avoid using its synonym in reference to the relevant literal gender. (So I kinda doubt "scope for being misunderstood" is a factor here! :)
Comment: @FumbleFingers interesting. When I was a (London, 1960s) boy, we used the C-word for a particular kind of spiteful, nasty, boy or man. Of course it also meant the female pudenda, but if anyone used it about a girl or woman, I think it would have been perceived as an error, or one might have assumed they had read _Last Exit to Brooklyn_.
Comment: @MichaelHarvey: I was actually quite surprised by the chart. When I saw your comment, my first thought was that I didn't see "misunderstanding" as a relevant factor, but I *did* expect the c-word to be applied less to women than to men. Probably because I've had a lifetime of being warned against / ticked off for using it *in the presence of* women even if it's not directed *towards* a woman. So I only really posted my last comment *because* it showed something I hadn't expected to find.
Comment: Edited for typos - Given the misogynist way men can use 'pussy' in connection with women, the word is far too likely to be misunderstood (or, even worse, understood). I mean, if a man said to his pal, 'Have you had much pussy lately?' he would sound very bad to most women.
Comment: I think they say things like that much more in movieland than in real life. But what do we know? We're both Brits, and it's either a "general American" usage, or a specifically ***Hollywood*** convention (like the number of movie scenes where both men and women "unnaturally" keep their *underpants* on! :)
Answer: Yes, but ...
The word "pussy" is also a vulgar slang word for a woman's genital area. So saying, "She is a pussy" could be interpreted as a crude remark about her sexuality.
So short answer: Just don't. If you want to say that a woman is cowardly, you can say, "She is cowardly". Or if you want to be informal, say "She is a chicken" or "She is a wimp".
Comment: Frankly, the word is crude even when applied to men. I wouldn't advise using it at all.
Comment: @MJ713 I'm not sure when the word is applied to men if the intent is to say "he has the courage of a baby cat", i.e. very little, or "he has the courage of a girl" using a crude word for girl. The former would be rude and insulting but of course that's the intent. The latter would be rude and insulting AND CRUDE. I suppose one could investigate the historical roots to see which is the actual origin, but now that you mention it, yeah, probably better to just avoid using it.
Comment: Honestly, I didn't even consider a connection to the "cat" meaning. Found a different post addressing the etymology of the insult, and it seems like it wasn't related to genitals originally (https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/100990/how-does-pussy-come-to-mean-coward), but I feel like the cruder association has "overwritten" the older one in modern usage. I don't know if there's a technical term for that.
Comment: @MJ713 Yeah, that's what I meant by my last sentence. Regardless of the actual origins, someone hearing the word today might think of the crude sexual meaning. There are plenty of other words one can use that don't have that connotation -- like "chicken" or "wimp" or simply "coward" -- so it makes sense to just avoid it. There are times when I'd say, I'm not going to let the most easily offended person in the world dictate what words I use, but this isn't one of them. :-)
Answer: I've upvoted the existing answer which highlights the important point that the word has another vulgar meaning in connection with women, and it would not be a good idea to use it for that reason alone.
My pervading thought is that the word is strongly associated with so-called 'toxic masculinity'. It is something that certain types of men say to each other to suggest they lack masculinity, but this is rooted in stereotypes of what a man should be. Although this is in itself a generalisation, men tend not say these sorts of things about women, nor do women say them about each other, because they do not measure women by such male stereotypes.
If you're not a native English speaker I would imagine that you have heard expressions like "pussy" and "chicken" from English-language movies, books or TV. It should be noted that this kind of language has quickly become outdated, and even when it has been used in media from the last few decades it was usually associated with undesirable characters such as school bullies.
It may be that you're not asking whether it is socially acceptable for you to use this term - perhaps you're writing dialogue for an undesirable character that would say something derogatory. Of course, common slurs against women exist. I'm certainly not going to give any examples! But just as 'pussy' attacks a man's masculinity, slurs against women tend to attack their femininity or the values that women hold as important.

Using pussy for a female


Travelling from USA to India With Controlled Medications

Question: Are you allowed to travel with a valid 30 day prescription for controlled medications from USA to India? Or are they prohibited?
Comment: You could try emailing the Indian Consulate closest to where you live https://www.indianembassyusa.gov.in/pages/MTc,
Answer: Assume they are prohibited unless you find proof that this medicine is allowed under those conditions. And only take official sources, as people on internet can tell you anything.
For some medicines you only need a prescription, others may not be imported at all, and some medicines are free to buy in other countries but absolutely forbidden in other countries.
Also check availability and price in India, as medicines are not cheap in the USA. It might work to travel with a small supply and buy more at your destination.
You might get a more precise answer if you share which medicines you need to travel with.


Calculate p value

Question: taking stat 101, I was wondering how I could figure out the p-value, with the hypothesis mean being equal to -4 given the data below. Could someone explain the p-value?
Answer: The $p$ value of a test is the probability of seeing a result at least as extreme as the one that you actually saw, assuming the null hypothesis is true.
In your example the null hypothesis is that $\mu=-4$. The standard test here is a two-sided $t$ test, where we first compute the $t$-statistic:
$$t = \frac{\bar{x} - \mu}{s / \sqrt{n}}$$
where $\bar{x}$ is the sample mean, $s$ is the sample standard deviation and $n$ is the number of observations in your sample. In your data $\bar{x}=-5.033$, $s=3.567$ and $n=90$, so
$$t = \frac{-5.033 + 4}{3.567/\sqrt{90}} = -2.747$$
This is then compared to a $t$ distribution with $n-1$ degrees of freedom to calculate a $p$ value. We want the probability that the result is at least as extreme as the one we saw, so we use a two-sided $t$ test, since $t<-2.747$ and $t>2.747$ are both considered equally extreme.
Let $T_{89}$ be a $t$-distributed random variable with 89 degrees of freedom. We have $$P(T_{89} \leq -2.747) = 0.00364$$ and $P(T_{89}\geq2.747)$ will be the same since the $t$ distribution is symmetric, which means that your $p$-value is
$$p = 2 \times 0.00364 = 0.00727$$
so your null hypothesis is rejected at the 1% significance level.

To calculate these $p$ values I used the free software package R, where I simply loaded it up and began typing at the prompt, and it returned a $p$ value:
<code>> pt(-2.747,89)
[1] 0.003639470
</code>
If you don't have access to R but you do have access to a distribution table like this one you could use that. That table only carries degrees of freedom up to 30, and after that it has 'Inf' which represents the normal approximation.
The relevant part of the table for us is
<code>df\p   0.005    0.0005
30     2.750    3.646
Inf    2.579    3.291
</code>
As cardinal says in the comments, with such a large number of degrees of freedom you might think of using the normal approximation, so we look at the 'inf' row. Our $t$ statistic is 2.747, which is
$$\frac{2.747-2.579}{3.291-2.579}=0.236$$
or 23.6% of the way between the entries 2.579 and 3.291. Therefore it's reasonable to think that the $p$ value is 23.6% of the way between 0.005 and 0.0005, which would put it at
$$p \approx 0.005 + (0.0005-0.005)\times 0.236 = 0.00394$$
which we can see is an absolute error of $0.0003$ compared to the true value, and a relative error of $0.00394/0.00364-1 = 0.082$, or about 8.2%.
In applications the error arising from your measurements is nearly always going to dwarf the numerical error that enters when you approximate the $p$ value like this, so it's not something that you need to worry about.
Comment: It is actually unclear in the question whether a one-sided or two-sided test is being asked for. Your answer spells out nicely the two-sided version. A normal approximation might often be used with such large degrees of freedom. Interestingly, the absolute error of the normal approximation is small in this case, as expected, but the relative error is a little over 20%.
Comment: How did you get 0.00364? I couldn't find the value from the table.
Comment: I used the free software package [R](http://www.r-project.org/) to calculate the $p$ value after I'd worked out the value of the $t$ statistic by hand, in which I simply had to type `pt(-2.747,89)`. If you were using a table, you would find the closest matching values in the table and use linear interpolation. Alternatively you could use [Wolfram Alpha](http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=t+test). I'll add the linear interpolation method to my answer.

Calculate p value


How to compile a fla file which need some param from html

Question: In html file, I add params like this:
<param name="FlashVars" value="myVar=1" />
In fla file,I load the param like this:
stage.loaderInfo.parameters

here comes the problem, each time I compile the file, the swf file is reporting errors because of url is null.
so how can I do this right?
Answer: When reading in the property from stage.loaderInfo.parameters, simply set a default value as a fallback so it will work in testing.
var something = stage.loaderInfo.parameters.myVar || 1;

When myVar evaluates to false, it will pick up the default instead.


A software to help learning abstract algebra

Question: What kind of programs there are for a math student to solve problems and prove theorems related to abstract algebra?
Answer: SageMath is an open-source mathematics software system that integrates various mathematical software packages. It includes functionality for algebraic computations, group theory, ring theory, and other topics in abstract algebra.
Isabelle/HOL is another interactive theorem prover that supports higher-order logic. It provides a framework for constructing formal proofs and conducting mathematical reasoning. It is used in formal verification and can be utilized to prove theorems related to abstract algebra.


How to use existing curtain rod bracket with a flat hook

Question: My wife and I moved into a house built in 1954 (in Orlando, FL) and found these brackets above some windows. When the house was staged, they had curtains hanging from them, but we can't figure out what type of rod would work on these. These are mounted into masonry so we'd prefer to not remove it and install new ones, if possible. Any advice would be greatly appreciated!
Comment: Anything screwed into masonry with a wall plug is the easiest thing to remove. You can easily take them out without damaging the wall, easily fill the hole, and easily drill another hole. If it was drywall, I'd be much more worried about removing it, because doing *anything* to drywall normally breaks it.
Comment: Clarifying point since neither answer mentions it. Those are for a "valance" rod. I would not call them "curtain" rods. Most curtains would not work well on them from both a weight perspective, and the fact that the rods are not strongly affixed to the bracket.
Answer: These lightweight metal U-shaped curtain rods engage those hooks. The uprights of the U are maybe 3" or 4" long and the base is straight and whatever is needed to span the window. The rod is pushed on while angled upward then pulled horizontal. There is a hole in the upper aspect of the rod which the top hook protrudes through. The curtain rod is in two parts one of which slips inside the other to allow width adjustment.
You might have to scrape paint off the hooks for them to properly engage. Depending on the span of the widow these rods may need one (or more) supports in the middle. The usual supports are metal hooks which screw into the header above the window. Usually these come in the parts package accompanying the rod.
Answer: The good news is that this is a mount for one of the cheapest curtain rods available. The bad news is the same. Here's an example of the general type, not an endorsement.
By and large they're interchangeable, but you may need to pay some attention to the height of the internal channel (must be at least sufficient to fit around the protruding part of your bracket) and the distance between the wall-end and the hole that the protruding "horn" will hook into. Since these are low-end commodity products and come with their own mounting hooks included, these specs may not be listed online and you'll have to measure in the shop-- or just take your chances, as again these are frequently interchangeable and generally inexpensive.


Optical Activity

Question: I was wondering, does the optical activity of a material change under a magnetic field? Assuming it did, how would one analyze this phenomenon in the eyes of classical electrodynamics or classical optics? I do not require a specific theory but a little push of inspiration would be much appreciated. Thanks.
Answer: Yes, optical activity can be affected by external electric and magnetic fields. Check out the Faraday effect:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday_effect
Explanation of this phenomenon can be attempted with the assumption that the external magnetic field changes the electronic motion inside the molecules in such a way as to modify their effect on the macroscopic EM field. There are models of molecules that try to quantify this, both classical and quantum-theoretical. Details are quite complicated and computationally difficult, unfortunately - the microscopic theory of optical activity seems far from being an accomplished subject.
Comment: Thanks a lot for that, I too stumbled upon the Faraday effect today while searching for an answer.

Optical Activity


information on TAP and TDD for 'C'

Question: I am precisely looking for the info like ,
TAP is for regression and TDD is for Unit Testing ... or
are they mutually exclusive( no need to use both of them ) ?
bonus for suggesting 'good' Unit Test Frame work for TDD in C (expecting to address good aspect as well :) )
finally cMockery (googles code) for Testing C code (not derived from xUnit Patterns) can be used for TDD ? how ?
added for clarity:
TAP is test anything protocol , you can find documentation  in CPAN (perl archive). libtap is TAP for C. http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/onlamp/2006/01/19/libtap.html?page=1 gives good explanation of TAP in
Comment: Could you please provide a link to some TAP description ? never heard of it and can't find it on Google. Thanks.
Comment: TAP is test anything protocol , you can find it in CPAN (perlarchive).
libtap is TAP for C.
http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/onlamp/2006/01/19/libtap.html?page=1 gives good explanation of TAP in C
Comment: This should be three questions, not one.
Answer: For unit testing frameworks for C, you can refer to this question.
There is no conflict between regression and unit testing, as the unit tests are used as a safety net to detect undesired changes.
You certainly can use TAP for TDD, there is no contraindication. If you already use Perl Test::More, then sharing the same output format can be helpful.

Why do you ask wheter cMockery can be used for TDD ? DO you think it cannot ? why ?
TDD and unit test frameworks are just means, not ends.
Comment: after a little exercise i am convinced with your suggestion.
Answer: I guess you're referring to this TAP: "Tests and Proofs". TAP is a conference where people talk about TDD and ways to mathematically prove that a program is correct. So the two are not really related (Way to write software vs. a forum where you can talk about this topic).
TDD is used for both unit tests as for regression testing. For details, see this answer.
I haven't used any TDD frameworks for C but googling for "unit testing c" yields a couple of interesting links.
Answer: I using CUnitWin32 as my testing framework. The front-page highlights the positives
Comment: i am not looking for Win specific soln - rather that is not generally acceptable unless you are very sure. any way will work a little more on the tool suggested. thanks for the info.

information on TAP and TDD for 'C'


Communication between ignition and ROS2 (via gazebo_ros_pkgs/ros_gz_bridge etc)

Question: I have a dilemma here:

I want to test my controller nodes (written in ROS2) on bluerov2 ignition model (https://github.com/clydemcqueen/bluerov2_ignition).
I installed Ignition Citadel (tried Garden and other but this one works with ROS2 foxy).
I installed the ROS2 foxy.
In order to communicate between ROS2 and ignition I installed ros_gz_bridge (https://github.com/gazebosim/ros_gz/tree/foxy). Now I can send commands using mavproxy server and simple messages, but i wan tot establish ros communication
The problem is that when I run the gz bluerov2 model, I run the bridge, and I check the ros2 topic list I can see the gz topics but when I echo them, nothing happens, I don't see any values coming.
I tried to work with "gazebo_ros_pkgs" (https://github.com/ros-simulation/gazebo_ros_pkgs/tree/foxy) I git clone it and colcon build it I receive this error:

Starting >>> gazebo_plugins
--- stderr: gazebo_plugins                          CMake Error at CMakeLists.txt:26 (find_package):   By not providing
"Findgazebo_dev.cmake" in CMAKE_MODULE_PATH this project   has asked
CMake to find a package configuration file provided by   "gazebo_dev",
but CMake did not find one.
Could not find a package configuration file provided by "gazebo_dev"
with   any of the following names:
<code>gazebo_devConfig.cmake
gazebo_dev-config.cmake
</code>
Add the installation prefix of "gazebo_dev" to CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH or
set   "gazebo_dev_DIR" to a directory containing one of the above
files.  If   "gazebo_dev" provides a separate development package or
SDK, be sure it has   been installed.
--- Failed   <<< gazebo_plugins [1.06s, exited with code 1]
Summary: 0 packages finished [3.90s]   1 package failed:
gazebo_plugins   1 package had stderr output: gazebo_plugins

After that i follow this link (https://classic.gazebosim.org/tutorials?tut=ros2_installing&cat=connect_ros) and try to install the gazebo_ros_pkgs and I receive the error:

Building dependency tree        Reading state information... Done Some
packages could not be installed. This may mean that you have requested
an impossible situation or if you are using the unstable distribution
that some required packages have not yet been created or been moved
out of Incoming. The following information may help to resolve the
situation:
The following packages have unmet dependencies:
ros-foxy-gazebo-ros-pkgs :
Depends: ros-foxy-gazebo-dev but it is not going to be installed
Depends: ros-foxy-gazebo-plugins but it is not going to be installed
Depends: ros-foxy-gazebo-ros but it is not going to be installed E: Unable to correct problems, you have held
broken packages.

How to establish the ROS communication with the ignition model? It seems like I am stuck between the two facts:

that the model works with ignition only and doesn't support the gazebo_ros_pkgs
if I want to use the ignition bridge I don't see any data published by the model, however it is running and I can communicate with it through mavproxy by sending commands manually.

I will be very grateful for your help. Thank you in advance.
Comment: Focusing on Gazebo Citadel that works with ros_gz bridge: by any chance did you press the play button or run the simulation with the -r argument to start the simulation? Were you able to echo de gz topics (outside of ROS)?
Answer: I can't help with your original problem, but gazebo_ros_pkgs is not for use with ignition:
Don't mix gazebo (former ignition, with ROS packages named ign* or gz*) with gazebo classic (former "gazebo", with ROS packages named gazebo*).
Do you really have to stay on ROS 2 Foxy? It is in end-of-life state, and it might be that something is not working any more there.
Comment: Well, unfortunately everything comes from the fact that the model has to work on Gazebo Citadel and one of the best options to work with it is ROS2 Foxy. (as far as I know).


End-of-semester course activites

Question: I am nearing the conclusion of my first course as an adjunct instructor and I'm searching for some useful and engaging activities for reviewing the semester's content as a group. This is a required undergraduate survey business systems course that covers a fairly wide range of concepts and terms, with students representing a variety of majors. I hope to both prepare them for the comprehensive final exam and to reinforce the key ideas that we've covered (between which, ideally, there is significant overlap). Although most of the students are performing quite well, there have been several complaints about the difficulty of preparing for an exam covering such a diverse set of topics.
Comment: What course? The activities that can be done in a course about analog electronics can be fairly different than those that can be done in an algebra course.
Comment: I know this is late but: if it's a required course, then likely it has been taught many times before.  Did you ask previous instructors about what they did?
Comment: This is a semi-technical business systems course.
Comment: I did, although since it's always taught by adjuncts, each had sorted through this issue on their own. I ended up stitching together some small group activities and lectures to address the major course modules, and then providing a term list.
Answer: There are an endless amount of resources for this question available on the internet here is just a handful of ideas

Developing a study-guide yourself is a default option for most lecturers. You include all of the concepts that will appear on the exam plus additional ones that you believe the students should know but that you will not assess. The additional information prevents the students from focusing only on test content.
Jigsaw involves dividing the work for the review by groups. Each group reviews their part. After each group reviews their part you remix the groups so that each group includes all of the pieces of the review. Everyone in each group shares their part to form the complete picture.
Some professors have students make potential sample questions. Developing and answering questions is a useful technique in content mastery. Students are able to articulate what they know through such an approach.

There are also an endless supply of games that can be modified to help with reviewing, for example

Jeopardy
Wheel of Fortune
Monopoly
Bingo

This provides some basic ideas.
Answer: Since you say the syllabus is fairly wide but with significant overlap between areas, I would suggest doing an 'overview' session (or more than one) that pulls together the different topics in a different structure, showing the connections, now that the students know all the topics. That helps to give the students an idea of the whole, rather than just disconnected sections, and also serves as revision. Seeing ideas covered from a different viewpoint may also help some students who are struggling to understand one idea but are happy with a related idea from a different section.
Answer: The other answers provide some really good, tangible ideas, but I think sometimes it's good to change up not only what is done but how it's done. During pre-finals week I typically hold in-class review sessions but I also schedule a frisbee review session outdoors, outside of class.
Here, students can toss the disc with me and also ask questions in an informal way. Obviously frisbee doesn't have to do much with coursework, but this helps to break down the barrier between instructor and student. Students often don't expect to ever see their instructor in shorts and a backwards hat. This also helps involve marginal students that probably wouldn't come to an outside review session otherwise.
I've also watched World Cup games with students on campus as well, but it doesn't have to be frisbee or the the World Cup - the idea is to do something that the students like. It helps them feel more comfortable. Many students struggle with test anxiety, so helping students feel more at ease in itself can help them understand material better. Outside of class events give students more exposure to you, as the instructor, allowing them to ask more questions.
Simply goofing off outside of class is not meant to replace good, proven pedagogical techniques, of course. But I really think supplementing in-class sessions with fun, outside-of-class events legitimately helps students.
Comment: Is the frisbee-throwing an optional activity? As a student, I would have been super annoyed if I showed up to class one day (putting aside all the other things I could have been doing with that time) and the professor announced that we're going outside to play games.
Comment: Added bonus: playing frisbee with students also boosts your rate-my-professor.com ratings
Comment: @ff524 I thought "outside was class" implied that this was completely optional

End-of-semester course activites


If-then statements meaning in everyday vs mathematics

Question: In mathematics when a "P implies Q" statement is true it means that every time P is true, Q is true also. What about everyday usage? For example consider the statement: "If it is raining, then I am inside the house." Assume that is true that it is raining and that I am inside the house. I think no one will argue that this holds in general. So this conditional is only true for the time we make the statement? But how outside of mathematics can someone know when to understand such if-then statements as temporary statements? Also when we speak about our habits we usually say "When I watch TV, I eat popcorn." Does the speaker mean that he does this every single time?
Comment: @SofieSelnes I have the opposite concern about raising unrealistic expectations that are then used as a standard to discredit the entire enterprise, when models inevitably fall short. We see this dynamic in many areas, with epidemiological models most recently. I think, in the end, it is better to disclose the limitations upfront. The impossibility of formalising natural languages is fairly obvious, math is a wrong standard. But that does not mean that the work on its formalizable aspects, and modeling its non-formal aspects as well, is not insightful and worthwhile, as you rightly point out.
Comment: The if-then of ordinary language is called [indicative conditional](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indicative_conditional). Its use can not be distilled into any compact set of rules, as much of it is context specific and intuitive, people are trained to use it instead. One learns to understand if-then and other sentences when they master the language, usually as a child. People get quite adept at figuring out implicit stipulations of conversational statements and interpreting what others mean depending on context.  Life is not math, and formalizing natural language is not practically possible.
Comment: @SofieSelnes There is also strict conditional of Lewis, suppositional and other non-truth-functional versions. The problem is that they all attempt to fit a box to a cloud. Each captures some aspect of the indicative conditional, and mismatches other aspects, because the goal is to find neat rules of logical form, whereas ordinary use is patchy and decidedly content specific. Toulmin's model of domain specific warrants and rebuttals is closer, but even it does not capture everything.
Comment: @Conifold , there is a project of Relevance logic that does try to make a better go at understanding conditionals! We intuitively want to say in implication that the information that P would suffice for Q; Relevance logic is about constructing a formal semantics where this seemingly mathematical idea can ground a working logic of inference. (It is non-classical, of course!)
Comment: I suppose I just think it's worth pushing back against the impossibility of formalising natural language. If we take that comment at face value then we're sidelining the good work being done in linguistics and semantics which is helping clarify the concepts at work when we talk to one another in conditional terms.
Comment: Maybe useful: David Sanford, [If P Then Q: Conditionals and the Foundations of Reasoning (Routledge, 1989)](https://books.google.it/books?id=hq-MAgAAQBAJ&pg=PR3)
Comment: It bears noting that the formal sense of if, you the OP reference, is known as [material implication](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_conditional) in contradistinction to the indicative aforementioned. The notion that formal languages fail to adequately capture all of the aspect of natural language is an important one, so great observation!
Comment: If some of the answers below satisfies you, please accept it.
Answer: I watched some YT video on Modal Logic.
And in it, if I remember correctly Lewis said when we mean p→q we actually mean □(p→q), where box is the necessity operator.
Comment: This site doesn't have MathJax, so I replaced the MathJax symbols with their text equivalents.
Answer: In the world of formal, mathematical logic, statements are treated as either true or false.  In the world of natural language, all kinds of statements are uncertain or ambiguous.  The same thing applies to conditional statements, "if A then B", which may likewise be true, false, or uncertain, ambiguous, and equivocal.  The attempts to extend formal mathematical logic to these kinds of statements have not been generally successful.
The three valued logic of Lukasiewicz is possibly the most direct attempt to deal with uncertainty. This has not been generally accepted in part because important logical laws fail, although this failure can be traced to the behavior of conditional statements with the third logical value. This has much in common with the fuzzy logic of Zadeh, and again, the case of doubtful conditionals causes difficulties.
Comment: In 1965, Lofti Zadeh proposed [fuzzy logic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_logic) which has been embraced in engineering circles as alternative to binary logic by providing an infinitely graded approach to truth.
Comment: @Confutus Thanks for the answer. Is it pleonasm to say "If P is true, then Q is true" instead of "Ιf P, then Q"?
Answer:
" If it is raining, then I am inside the house", as it is used in ordinary language, implies a quantification over time :

for all time t , if it is raining at time t, then I am inside the
  house at time t.

In other words and equivalently  :

there is no time t such that (1) it is raining at t, and (2) I am not
  inside the house at time t.

Suppose I live in a country where it never rains, there is no time t such that it is raining at t. So, a fortiori, there is no time t such that (1) it is raining at t, and (2) I am not inside the house at time t. So, the sentence is true.
Suppose I live in a country when it rains 364 days out of 365. On the non-raining day, I am outside. The sentence is still true : there is no time t such that (1) it is raining at t, and (2) I am not inside the house at time t.
So, the natural language understanding of " if... then " is not always opposed to the mathematical one.
Answer: In natural language there is ofcourse need of necessary provision that the speaker is just lieing.
Putting that aside provision must also be made for Unreliable Narrator. May be the speaker is thinking about only particular data points and not have in mind other data that is counter to his assertion.
Third possibility is, he is emphasizing. He is not saying that there is no counter data, he has that in mind, he is just not giving it importance. May be he think that counter data is too little to be of any significance.
Interpret "When it rains I am at home" as "I think that enough time during rainings I am at home to have it as a general rule" or "You are very much likely to find me at home during raining".
In short, its understood by both speaker and listener that what is meant is a general rule, not that there are no exceptions.
If speaker meant there are no exceptions he would have to say "I am always at home when it rains" or more accurately "Never it happen that I am outside home when it rains".
See how lawyers question the witnesses. They explicitly ask for exception: "Doctor, do no patient ever in this disease was able to walk?", "There sure must be days when rain caught you on your way home".
Existence of exceptions are never questioned in daily speak, except when they are specifically denied by the speaker.
Answer: There is an important difference between formal systems of logic and everyday speech. In formal systems, we define statements as having specific and unambiguous meanings, which they always hold. In everyday speech we use words that are open to interpretation, we use them loosely and inconsistently, and what a speaker might intend to mean (assuming they know what they mean) is not necessarily what is understood by a listener.
Given the above, logic in everyday speech is necessarily fuzzy. Take the example you gave, which I might word as 'if it is raining then I am inside the house'. Clearly that is not always true. You might be in your car, for example, or away on holiday. Or you might have some vitally important reason for staying outside and getting wet. Or heavy rain might have started while you were at the far end of the garden, so you decided to shelter under a tree instead. And the word 'raining' is ambiguous- it might mean a torrential downpour or such a light precipitation that it would not drive you indoors or keep you there.
Clearly then the statement 'if it is raining then I am in the house' is a vague generalisation, and short-hand for something more like 'If I am at home and if it is raining heavily, then I will tend to stay in the house unless I have a special reason to go outside'. In everyday speech we don't usually take a lot of trouble to express ourselves precisely, and we expect, consciously or otherwise, that the people with whom we are conversing will not take our words literally but make a common sense interpretation of them.
Clearly also there are degrees of vagueness and generalisation, and there can be cases of everyday speech in which if-then statements are used with the force of formal logic, or nearly so. For example, you might say 'if you give me half of your money then you will still have half left- such a sentence has very little scope for misinterpretation.
You might try to classify all the degrees of freedom inherent in the fuzziness of everyday speech, but there could be no absolutely correct way to achieve it and no hope of achieving it comprehensively, since the scope for words to mean different things to different people is virtually boundless. Indeed, even when two people profess to mean the same thing by a particular word, in many cases you will have no way of being certain that they do, especially where the word describes an abstract idea.


Experienced QA/SDET, wondering if this is a good career move

Question: First post here in general. I'm debating what the next move for my career should be and could really use some external points of view.
A bit of background about me:

34 years old.
In South America.
Have a 3 year CS degree that's probably below a bachelor's and will likely not get validated outside the country.
Working in one of the top 3 companies in the country (and also one of the top non-FANG companies worldwide).
Been working in IT/CS since 2010.
Senior position. I do lead stuff and mentoring but I've never had a formal position that reflects that on my CV.
Since 2010 I've gone through several jobs. Lasting a year or so in each one at first because they didn't give me much room to grow. That changed with my past 2 jobs in which I spent 3 and 1/2 years on one and I'm 2 and 1/2 years on the current one.
Started as your usual manual QA but for the past 5 years I've been doing automation exclusively. In my past 2 companies I've also been in charge of setting the QA practices, training teams and heading the quality side of entire projects of my own. In my current company I'm not so much the one who writes tests for every feature but actually the one in charge of making sure we have whatever we need to carry out the testing, then the dev team writes the automated unit/int/e2e tests for their features. Basically I build the infrastructure, write the frameworks, bring ideas for new tools or approaches and things like that. Of course I also write tests whenever needed.

Overall I'm pretty happy with what I've done with my career so far and I have established enough contacts and a good reputation that I know I can very likely get a job at any company in the country I'd wish to apply.
Now, I always had this idea that if I'm gonna quit my current company it would be to go work abroad and... well, I have a formal offer to go to Germany.
The thing is... I'm not 100% sure it is a good move career-wise. In every other aspect (quality of live, experience, etc) it is a HUGE change for the better but the position will likely be the same thing I'm doing now and probably without that many responsibilities.
The position is for a senior automation engineer and the responsibilities from what I've been told read something like this:

Review/create test cases
Handle the QA envs using TF/k8.
Help push the change to CI/CD for releases.
Figure out how to do load test and make it easy for the devs to do it.
Everyone does manual smoke validations on release so doing that as well (Which I'm fully pretending to automate).
And the usual stuff of improving quality/speed to not make QA a bottleneck and spread good practices all over the team and department.

Other stuff I've been told is that the team does not have a QA position. The department as a whole does not have any QA people beyond senior (so no principals or leads) and from what I understand there's a lot of manual stuff they do that should be easily improved.
So, all the wall-of-text/details out of the way I could REALLY use an outsider's perspective on this. I'm pretty certain I'm worrying about nothing. Worst case scenario I end up in a place I hate and at that point I either suck it up for a couple years and get a permanent residency in the EU or just say "fuck it" and go back home where I will still have my own place and the ability to get a pretty good job quickly.
The one question I can't seem to get out of my mind is. If I take the leap now it would likely be 2 or 3 years before I can be up for a promotion when in my current company I will likely get one next month or in 6 at the latest (but obviously I can't sit on this offer that long). Would being 37/38 and not having had anything 'bigger' than senior positions come bite me in the ass if I want to apply to those?. I'm pretty sure it won't but I only know the job market in my home country... not so much in Europe. I have lead experience as that has been my job for the past year... just not the official title in my CV.
Anyway, thanks for making it this far. Just writing it out helped me de-stress a bit.
Comment: I'm voting to close this question as off-topic because it is not an answerable question.
Answer: @lau Felt great reading about you experience and thoughts. If I were you I would go for it right away and avoid regrets later if any.
As you said you would be getting a decent job pretty easily even if you comeback I say there isn't anything stopping you from experiencing a new culture.
Sometimes we know answers, and all we need is a tap on back :) All the best!
Answer:
"In the end we only regret the chances we didn't take."

I would suggest to go with the flow and trust the timing of your life.In the long run we regret more about the chances we didn't take.
I strongly think, no matter where one is working, will be safe and growing as long as he/ she stays relevant by keep learning and adding value.


Code runs fine on localhost but doesn't execute on gatorhost

Question: I wrote a small website in VWD. I am running it on my home machine using the localhost features of VWD. It runs flawlessly.
Now the backstory.  I had a linux server with gatorhost. I had them switch my domain and my server type to windows because i decided to learn asp.net(c#). I had a million problems with them hours on the phone. Issues with unable to connect when you search for my domain and my e-mail features and ftp features where all messed up took them hours to figure it out in multiple calls and tickets.
So now i think i got it all working i load my site through VWD onto my server (www.contentiousweb.com) All of my front end code works fine as far as form validation and links.
When i hit my submit buttons that would execute my c# code nothing happens at all. not a thing. When the forms are filled out wrong the validation works.  I got no errors or anything. i like dont know where to start.  Is it my code there server how much can i rely on VWD in being right because i cannot rely on my self lol.
Webconfig file.  (i swapped out my pw and e-mail)
<system.net>
<mailSettings>
<smtp deliveryMethod="Network" from="Ralph <*********.com>">
<network enableSsl="true" host="smtp.live.com" userName="*************@hotmail.com" password="***********" port="587" />
</smtp>
</mailSettings>
</system.net>

Bellow is the button.
protected void Button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{

if (Page.IsValid)
{
string fileName = Server.MapPath("_TextFiles/ContactForm.txt");
string mailBody = File.ReadAllText(fileName);

mailBody = mailBody.Replace("##Name##", nameBox.Text);
mailBody = mailBody.Replace("##Email##", emailBox.Text);
mailBody = mailBody.Replace("##Subject##", subBox.Text);
mailBody = mailBody.Replace("##Message##", MsgField.Text);

MailMessage myMessage = new MailMessage();
myMessage.Subject = "Response from  Contact Page";
myMessage.Body = mailBody;

myMessage.From = new MailAddress("********", " Contact");
myMessage.To.Add(new MailAddress("********", " Server"));

SmtpClient mySmtpClient = new SmtpClient();
mySmtpClient.Send(myMessage);

Message.Visible = true;
ContactTable.Visible = false;
System.Threading.Thread.Sleep(5000);

}
}

}

Any help would be greatly appresciated.  i am new and learning but with my experince and problems with hostgator i think that it is something on there end because everything else has been.  i am clueless.
Please let me know if there is anymore information i can provide.  Thank you for any help
Comment: `[18:41:42.938] Sys.WebForms.PageRequestManagerServerErrorException: An unknown error occurred while processing the request on the server. The status code returned from the server was: 500 @ http://contentiousweb.com/ScriptResource.axd?d=EJBSV2JIVC3wCtbtVqDWEZfeOsqUeA-l1kZnjjZKvx15e0cjnzPdj4H78hvszmtfrIhAM96VdUstdDjn1xGAbsydMzIjEQeNWDOz2tihnjEjxDW5esVemHLoHR01oIyUBoZTNPd7atx4-EPBnuVlWYbQIeLdoH_eBXy1j9kav6ac2ptv4Cl8sraaDBGXntVH0&t=ffffffff940d030f:1507`   I found this error using firefox wed dev tools. if anyone knows what i means?
Answer: try code after removing validations or setting cause validation property to false in .aspx page. If your code works fine then you have to redo all validations as you have put some wrong validation.


Why does the bottom most point in pure rolling has zero tangential acceleration?

Question: In accelerated pure rolling ,as we know velocity of the bottom most point is zero with respect to ground but what makes it to have zero tangential acceleration. If tangential acceleration is to be zero at that point ,it must have net force zero in horizontal direction.The ground applies friction on bottom most point, which in turn applies some internal force on oher points in the body(due to rigidity of body) causing the whole body to get angular acceleration ,the other points applies the same reaction force on the bottom most point .We don't know the magnitude of internal forces. So on what basis we say that these forces cancel each other to make the tangential acceleration or horizontal acceleration of the point zero?
Comment: Is the center of the wheel accelerating?
Answer: The ground applies frictional resistance at that point, yes. But since the wheel (let's say car) isn't slowing down, the transmission is applying torque through the axle, which becomes an equal and opposite force at the wheel: No acceleration, no force (tangentially speaking).
I think a confusing point is bringing in the real-world. It may help to just imagine the acceleration on an abstract wheel rotating at uniform speed, and then transform to a frame that matches the situation. It's clear that velocity at a point goes to zero, and the acceleration at that point is entirely radial.
At least that works for me.
Answer:
The ground applies friction on bottom most point

Maybe it does, maybe it doesn't.   If the translational and rotational velocities match exactly,  no friction will arise.
If there is drag on the object so that it is decelerating, then there will be tangential acceleration on the bottom point.
Answer: One way to deal with the problem is to work in a frame that moves with the wheel.
From that frame, the tangential velocity of the wheel at the contact point matches the velocity of the ground. The relative velocity is zero.
If the car (I suppose the wheel attached to a car) is accelerating, the equation $F = ma$ is no longer valid (in that accelerated frame). There is a force from the ground to the wheel but no acceleration, in the same way that someone inside the car feel a force from the seat on his back without accelerates with respect to the car.


How to add ppa repositories?

Question:
Possible Duplicate:
What are PPAs and how do I use them?

I always like to have my programs up to date but in ubuntu software center the software aren't always up to date.
I know about repositorys and i'd like to add some so how can i find the repository of certain programs in launchpad.
I'm using Ubuntu 12.04.1.
Comment: Can you be a little bit more specific please? Name some of the programs you want to receive via a PPA.
Answer: You can add a PPA location with the command
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:<ppa_name>

For example sudo add-apt-repository ppa:gnome-desktop
You can find some help on Ubuntu Documentation
Comment: To use this command, I am asked to install `software-properties-common`. After I try to install it, I see that is 10.5MB in total! That's some serious size of binaries to simply add a URL to a list of URLs! :O
Comment: And if you're sure the PPA name is typed correctly, you can add ' -y' to the end to auto-allow the new PPA. (sudo add-apt-repository ppa:gnome-desktop -y). This makes it easier to use post-installation scripts that add multiple PPAs without user intervention.
Comment: Although there is no real 'root' user on Ubuntu, you have to have superuser permissions to add a PPA. On a regular system you have to do it with sudo: sudo add-apt-repository ...
Comment: I edited my answer to reflect that. Thanks for the informations
Comment: Just curious what would happen if you accidentally added the same ppa twice?
Comment: @puk Never tried it, but considering [UbuntuForums](http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=1250564) it gives you a warning "W: Duplicate sources.list entry"
Comment: @puk : I know this post is old but I tried it. It did not coplained and added a duplicate line in my list of software sources. I tried it with: `sudo add-apt-repository ppa:freefilesync/ffs`   ..... It reported zero error, correct keyring (priv and pub) creation,etc... Exited normally. At the end I was left with a repeated line:  http://ppa.launchedpad.net/freefilesync/ffs/ubuntu trusty main (Source Code)

How to add ppa repositories?


How do I report basis for an item I sold?

Question: I sold an item, that I personally owned, to a business for more than the $600 1099 reporting threshold.  This sale was not part of any money making venture.  I sold it for less than my basis in said item, so the money wouldn't be taxable, though the business would have no way to know that.  When I eventually receive a 1099 for this, how do I report my basis to prevent the money being reported as taxable?
Comment: Are you sure you're going to get a 1099?  Did the business request a W9 from you?
Answer: You will probably not receive a 1099 from the business for a simple sale of an item.  1099s are for when businesses pay an individual for work performed, or similar situations. (I receive a 1099 from the Amazon Vine program to recognize the value of the "free" items they send me to review.) You won't have to report any income from the sell since you sold it at a loss.
If you have documentation of how much you paid for the item, and when; and documentation of how much you sold it to the company for, just retain that information for 3 years; unless you had a lot of transactions (IE you are in business of buying / selling items), you don't need to report the proceeds as income.
If you bought a $1,200 riding lawn mower 3 years ago and sold it for $1,000, that's a loss.
Comment: Huh? Unless the OP is in the garden maintenance or lawn-mowing business, that loss is a personal loss that provides no tax benefits, and for the business, that sale is probably a sale for profit since the lawnmower has depreciated below $1000 in three years.
Comment: Yeah, not enough information in the OP; was trying to give an example but you are right; my example wasn't much more helpful.


Is it possible to represent the derivative operator as an integral transform?

Question: Apparently, the Schwartz kernel theorem states that all linear operators can be represented as integral transforms (but only if you use generalized functions such as the dirac delta as kernels.) Representing the derivative operator as an integral transform would be really useful because then when defining strange and new generalizations of integrals one could automatically derive an appropriate generalization of derivatives to fit.
Comment: Yes, it's the derivative of the Dirac delta, isn't it? https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirac_delta_function#Distributional_derivatives
Comment: @Rahul You seem to be right https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_doublet
Comment: You may be interested in the [Riesz transform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riesz_transform).
Answer: Yes, you can - but (somewhat disappointingly) the integral kernel for the derivative is just
$$
k(x,y) = -\delta^\prime(x-y)
$$ where $\delta^\prime$ is the derivative of the delta distribution, defined in the distributional sense i.e.
$$
\langle \delta^\prime(x-y),\varphi(y)\rangle = -\langle \delta(x-y),\varphi^\prime(y)\rangle = -\varphi^\prime(x)
$$
This is occasionally useful for manipulating expressions symbolically.  Also look into the single and double layer potential which express a similar idea for directional derivatives across surfaces and is a very useful concept in PDE.
Comment: An additional information (that @Steven Stewart-Gallus has implicitely mentionned by citing a - disappointing - Wikipedia article) is that there is nice physical interpretation of $\delta'$ as modelizing a "doublet" (two opposite charges $q^+q^-$ that are infinitely close.
Comment: The kernel of the nth derivative is the nth derivative of the dirac delta right? And the dirac delta is the identity kernel and the heaviside step function and its integrals are the integrals right?
Comment: @StevenStewart-Gallus Correct.


Independence over A implies independence over the algebraic closure of $A$?

Question: Let $T$ be a first order theory $\mathcal{C}$ be its monster model. Assume that $T$ is stable, let $A \subseteq \mathcal{C}$. Is it true that if $\bar{c}$ and $\bar{d}$ are tuples such that $\bar{c} \smile_{A} \bar{d}$ (i.e.$ \bar{c}$ is independent from $\bar{d}$ over $A$)
 then $\bar{c}$ is independent from $\bar{d}$ over $acl(A)$ (i.e. over the algebraic closure of $A$)?
Answer: Yes, this is true, and even in simple theories (every stable theory is simple). This is already stated in this answer, but there is no proof there. So let's do that.
I am not sure what definition of independence you use, but we can work with just its properties (which hold in any simple theory):

Algebraic closure: for any $c$ and $A$ we have $c \overset{\vert}{\smile}_A \operatorname{acl}(A)$.
Monotonicity and transitivity: $c \overset{\vert}{\smile}_A BE$ if and only if $c \overset{\vert}{\smile}_A B$ and $c \overset{\vert}{\smile}_{AB} E$. From left to right is called monotonicity and the other direction is transitivity.

Claim. From the above properties we can deduce
  $$ c \overset{\vert}{\smile}_A D \Longleftrightarrow c \overset{\vert}{\smile}_A AD. $$

Proof. We always have $c \overset{\vert}{\smile}_A A$ (which follows from algebraic closure and then monotonicity). Then apply transitivity with $A$ in the roles of $A$ and $B$, and $D$ in the role of $E$. This gives the left to right direction, the other direction is just monotonicity.
Now, let's assume $c \overset{\vert}{\smile}_A d$, then using the claim we have $c \overset{\vert}{\smile}_A Ad$. By algebraic closure, we have $c \overset{\vert}{\smile}_{Ad} \operatorname{acl}(Ad)$. So by transitivity we find $c \overset{\vert}{\smile}_A \operatorname{acl}(Ad)$. Then applying monotonicity once gives $c \overset{\vert}{\smile}_{\operatorname{acl}(A)} \operatorname{acl}(Ad)$, and again finally yields $c \overset{\vert}{\smile}_{\operatorname{acl}(A)} d$.
Using similar techniques you can put the $\operatorname{acl}$ in different places (and in multiple places). In other words, independence in simple theories does not care about algebraic closure. Although you will also need the symmetry property for this (being able to 'swap' the left and right side of $\overset{\vert}{\smile}$), but that still holds in all simple theories (and is in fact equivalent to the theory being simple).
A proof of the properties I mentioned in terms of dividing can be found in, for example, A course in Model Theory by Katrin Tent and Martin Ziegler. The property I named algebraic closure is Remark 7.1.3 there and monotonicity and transitivity is corollary 7.2.17.
Answer: Here's another argument, working directly from the definitions of forking and dividing. So it holds in any theory (I won't assume stability or simplicity). Let $B = \text{acl}(A)$.

(1) A formula $\varphi(x,d)$ divides over $A$ if and only if it divides over $B$.

If $I = (d_i)_{i\in \omega}$ is a $B$-indiscernible sequence with $d_0 = d$ witnessing dividing over $B$, then $I$ is also $A$-indiscernible, so it witnesses dividing over $A$. Note we didn't use $B = \text{acl}(A)$ here, just $A\subseteq B$.
Conversely, if $I = (d_i)_{i\in \omega}$ is an $A$-indiscernible sequence with $d_0 = d$ witnessing dividing over $A$, then since an $A$-indiscernible sequence is automatically $\text{acl}(A)$-indiscernible, $I$ also witnesses dividing over $B$.

(2) A formula $\varphi(x,d)$ forks over $A$ if and only if it forks over $B$.

This follows immediately from (1).

(3) $\text{tp}(c/Ad)$ forks over $A$ if and only if $\text{tp}(c/Bd)$ forks over $B$.

Suppose $\text{tp}(c/Ad)$ forks over $A$. Then it contains a formula $\varphi(x,a,d)$ which forks over $A$. By (2), $\varphi(x,a,d)$ also forks over $B$, and $\varphi(x,a,d)\in \text{tp}(c/Bd)$, so this type forks over $B$.
Conversely, suppose $\text{tp}(c/Bd)$ forks over $B$. Then there is a formula $\psi(x,a,b,d)\in \text{tp}(c/Bd)$ (notation: $a\in A$, $b\in B\setminus A$) which forks over $B$, and hence forks over $A$ by (2). The problem is that $\psi(x,a,b,d)\notin \text{tp}(c/Ad)$, since it contains parameters $b\in B\setminus A$.
To fix this, let $b_1,\dots,b_n$ be the finitely many realizations of $\text{tp}(b/Ad)$ (finitely many because $b\in B = \text{acl}(A)$). These are the points in the orbit of $b$ under the action of $\text{Aut}(\mathbb{M}/Ad)$. Since forking is automorphism invariant, $\psi(x,a,b_i,d)$ forks over $A$ for all $i$. And since forking formulas are closed under disjunction, $$\varphi(x,a,b_1,\dots,b_n,d) = \bigvee_{i=1}^n \psi(x,a,b_i,d)$$ forks over $A$. But the set defined by $\varphi(x,a,b_1,\dots,b_n,d)$ is fixed by the action of $\text{Aut}(\mathbb{M}/Ad)$ (which just permutes the disjuncts), so it is equivalent to an $L(Ad)$-formula $\chi(x,a',d)$ (this is a compactness argument). It follows that $\chi$ forks over $A$ and is in $\text{tp}(c/Ad)$, so we're done.


Overheating, water reservoir bubbling

Question: 2001 Chevy Malibu - Squeeze both radiator hoses they are soft like not getting water maybe water pump. Like the water isn't getting to the motor maybe the water pump stuck. The radiator overflow is boiling and then it empties out but it gets too hot and it just shut off.
Answer: I would suggest checking out the radiator cap if, as you say, the hoses stay soft.
The fluid needs to be under pressure as this increases the boiling point so the system can work as designed.
This is also why opening the rad cap on a hot engine is so dangerous...

Overheating, water reservoir bubbling