Can I get the OSX's Animal name from the Terminal , instead of just the Version?

Question: Other questions have discussed how to get the numeric name of the current OSX version, ie with "sw_vers -productVersion". However, I know of no way to get the animal word name, like Lion, Mavericks, etc? This word does not appear in Apple / About this mac.
Comment: @slhck, maybe I am older than you are :). I first got OSX with the first version and I already cannot remember which was which. A lot of docs only use one or the other notation. I find it incredibly confusing and any scripts I can write/read to deconfuse myself help a lot!
Comment: Why would you need this? There aren't that many versions so it'd be trivial to add a mapping of version number and name to a script.
Answer: While I was looking for a solution to this, I came across this blog post:
https://erikberglund.github.io/2016/Apple_Product_Marketing_Name_Query/
As quick summary of the blog post (in case it ever disappears), Apple has a web service you can query for the marketing name of macOS for versions 10.7+. You can supply it with the macOS version number you need the marketing name for and it will return XML with the marketing name.
curl -s "https://support-sp.apple.com/sp/product?edid=10.12.6"

Returns (formatted for display purposes)
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<root>
    <name>CPU Name</name>
    <configCode>macOS Sierra</configCode>
    <locale>en_US</locale>
</root>

If you wish to get the marketing name for the version of macOS that you are currently running, you can run the one liner
curl -s "https://support-sp.apple.com/sp/product?edid=$(sw_vers -productVersion)" |
xmllint --xpath '/root/configCode/text()' -

Note that as of November 2017, Apple has forced the use of https over http for this service.
Comment: 1.I wonder can I / should I change to accept this answer? it is really great!    ; 2.The one liner on my terminal printed over my line prompt characters. So to clarify the output, I added a dummy echo, ie: curl -s http://support-sp.apple.com/sp/product?edid=$(sw_vers -productVersion) |
xmllint --xpath '/root/configCode/text()' - ; echo ""
Answer: The animal names are for marketing purposes only. Running terminal and making queries will only result in numeric references, much like the language is limited to unix-based terminology.
Answer: I'll give you two alternatives. Both have (some) drawbacks, but they work and answer your question.
First solution: make a bash script that contains the animal names. The disadvantage is that you manually have to add an entry if a new version appears. But that's (only) once every 2 years or so.
#!/bin/bash
# Check if bahs supports arrays (only recently added)
test[0]='test' || (echo 'Failure: arrays not supported in this version of bash.' && exit 2)

versions=( "1.0" "10.0" "10.1" "10.2" "10.3" "10.4" "10.5" "10.6" "10.7" "10.8" "10.9" "10.10" )
animals=( "Hera" "Cheetah" "Puma" "Jaguar" "Panther" "Tiger" "Leopard" "Snow Leopard" "Lion" "Mountain Lion" "Mavericks" "Yosemite" )
length=${#versions[@]}
thisversion=`sw_vers | grep -E "ProductVersion" | grep -o '[0-9]*\.[0-9]*' | head -1`
count=0

while [ "${versions[count]}" != "$thisversion" ] && [ "$count" -le "$length" ]
do
    count=$(( $count + 1 ))
done

echo "Your OS X's version animal name is : ${animals[count]}"

Second solution: try to use the information that is on Wikipedia and forge a one-liner-bash-script that gets the animal's name. You'll need a working version of grep, curl, html2text (I installed it using brew), sw_vers, head and awk. Here is her royal nastyness:

curl -s http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS_X | html2text -nobs -ascii | grep -E '^(Mac_)?OS_X.[0-9]{4}.' | grep -f <( sw_vers | grep "ProductVersion" | grep -o '[0-9].[0-9]' | head -1 ) | awk '{ print $2 }'

A little explanation:

Get the Wikipedia page using curl
Convert it to ascii using html2text
Isolate the table with OS X version from the Wikipedia page using grep
Then grep the table with the version of OS X you're using
Your OS X version comes from sw_vers, which is double-greped and headed to isolate the 2-digit version number
Last, but not least, the second column of the Wikipedia table is shown (let's hope they keep the animal names in that column) using awk

Long story short: can it be done? Yes. Is it robust and maintenance free? No.
Comment: Thank you @agtoever ! Maybe later that Wikipedia page will have Wikidata / Wikimedia access, then I think the parsing would work easily. //edit there exists http://wiki.dbpedia.org per http://stackoverflow.com/questions/990079/how-do-i-grab-just-the-parsed-infobox-of-a-wikipedia-article


Turning Converted Leads to Read-only on Lightning

Question: Lead is already converted but still editable. Lead OWD-Public/Write/Transfer which i think doesn't have anything to do with converted leads. One solution is to create a validation rule to avoid fields from being edited if status is Converted, but its troublesome to maintain such big validation rule for each field. View and Edit Converted Leads in profile is unchecked. How can I make the Converted Leads read only or make sure that fields are not editable once its been converted?
Comment: You want to make total read only or want to allow some fields to be available for editing some are not which is controlled by profile
Comment: we wanted all fields. Is this a known issue/feature on Lightning? I kept on reading other articles saying that converted leads should be read-only and most questions are about opening it up for access, but for some reason, its still editable even if the profile i'm using doesn't have the the editing converted leads permission as per the spring 17 release functionality
Answer: You can make a simple validation rule for this and check the value of converted field. Once lead is converted it will be true always.
IsConverted && PRIORVALUE(IsConverted )

Comment: I think he only want restriction on certain field not all
Comment: @AvijitChakraborty I think he want to complete restrict to it.
Comment: we wanted to restrict the entire record itself(all fields). So my current solution is use IsChanged(every field..etc). Also i'm not sure why IsConverted is not working. Still, thanks
Answer: This will solve your issue. updated the answer after getting confirmation
AND(

    ISCHANGED(IsConverted ) = false,

    IsConverted = true

)

Comment: Both those are unchecked on the profile that i'm using. That option is only checked on User Interface.  I tried them too i researched that before. Also for some reason IsConverted is not working. Its not firing on the validation rule so i still use IsPickVal(status, 'converted'). I don't know why but thanks


What if the "actual" force to accelerate an object was hypothetically 400 x what it currently is?

Question: Since f=ma, and we derive whatever the force it takes to accelerate a specific mass at a specific acceleration as a unit of force.  I understand this ratio of actual force will always be the same in the entire universe but is there a reason why for example 1kg accelerated a 1m/s^2=1 N which is equivalent to .225 pound force. (don't focus so much that I am using pound force my main question is why is the actual force what it is, why not more why not less) This is a such a light force, but what if we didn't know any better and 1 N was equivalent to 100 pounds of force(instead of .225),(could you imagine if it took 100 pounds to accelerate 1kg mass at 1 ms^2)  this would mean it would be very hard to accelerate objects and approx 400 x the force we are currently use to would be required to accelerate matter throughout the universe.  This would then mean to accelerate a 10 kg object at 10 m/s ^2 would still be 100 N but since we are hypothetically pretending 1 N = 100 pounds this would then mean a 10 kg mass on earth would be 9,800 pounds.  Now I know this is all hypothetical but my only question is why is any unit of force what it is for example 1 N is a very light amount of pressure why is the amount of force to accelerate 1 kg 1 m/s^2 not a heavier force or even a much lighter force.  Is this just a constant value we "accept" or is there a reason why to break inertia at a specific acceleration equals what it does.  Why isn't the force to accelerate 1 kg 1 m/s^2 not more or less then we are currently use to in this universe?.  Why is the "actual force" what it is?  Why not more why not less?? What if 1 N was very light like 1/100th the actual force it is now this would mean that using the f=ma everything would be 1/100th.  But again why is "the actual for what it is".  Maybe there is no reason and it is what it is.  But that is an answer as well.
Comment: Not sure where you're going with this. And, without paragraph breaks it is very hard to read.
Comment: Is there some specific situation that you have in mind? Essentially since everything else will scale with force there isn't going to a difference. Maybe you are asking specifically if humans were 400× times weaker, or something relating to human experiences. Is there a way to edit the question and make it more concise and specific?
Answer: You are essentially redefining mass units. Mass is the conversion factor between force and acceleration. If you increase the value of force holding the acceleration constant, it implies that the mass unit of measurement must be lower by a corresponding factor. The equivalence of inertial mass and gravitational mass is a cornerstone of general relativity.


Where do Warpers go when they teleport?

Question: When a Warper teleports away, where does it go? To another location in the game? To an inaccessible location? Or does it leave the game entirely until it's time for it to warp back in?
Answer: It depends on why it teleports to. If the Warper is dealt enough damage to "kill" it, it will warp away (and despawn) instead of leaving a corpse.
Conversely, if the Warper is merely patrolling (has not noticed the player, or they are being actively ignored), it warps back to a spawn point (whereupon it will resume patrolling again).
Comment: When you say "it will warp away instead of dying", where does it warp away to?
Comment: @TenMinJoe I mean, instead of having a dying animation (as other fauna will), it simply teleports away and is gone. I'll edit that to be more clear.
Comment: But they *don't* go back to their spawn point. I watched a Warper through several cycles, far enough away that it didn't notice me. When it warped away, as far as I could tell, it was just... gone. It was only after a few minutes that it finally came back to its spawn point, in a second warp.
Comment: @HiddenWindshield At times I think they teleport outside of the map, behind geometry. This seems to happen to most NPCs, and I think it has to do with the LOD of geometry not lining up properly in the distance, allowing them to easier get stuck the further away they are from the player.

Where do Warpers go when they teleport?


Definition of granular material

Question: I am doing a project on some properties of granular materials. I might have to face people who ask the definition of granular material. How can we define granular materials? One answer is "it is sand-like materials," which is true but not enough. Wikipedia gives lower limit for a material size to accept it as granular as 1 micro meter. And there is no upper limit. Is that true? What ever people are not satisfied with these definitions how should we define them?
Comment: I would think a granular material is one containing particles too large to satisfy the continuum assumption and too small (i.e., too numerous) to be worth characterizing individually when analyzing the system through constitutive equations.
Comment: Thanks...it is clear Then it is significant ony when large number is present.isn't it?.then is it necessary to specify how much large number.can we define an accurate boundary. I think it is not needed,but people often ask for clarification. What should i say them?
Comment: You could tell them that the system size criterion is subjective. If you don't have the computational power to model the stresses, orientation, and displacement of each particle, then you need the constitutive equations for a granular material.
Answer: The first line of An Introduction to Granular Flow by K. Kesava Rao and Prabhu R. Nott (2008):

A granular material is a collection of solid particles or grains, such that most of the particles are in contact with at least some of their neighboring particles.

A good way to get a definition is to look for a textbook on the subject.
Answer: Granular materials (GM) are primarily defined as being athermal - thermal fluctuations/energies are negligible compared with grain-grain or grain-environment interaction energies - disordered, and dissipative (frictional effects, coefficient of restitution for collisions).
Consider a sand grain (about 1 mm in diameter), and estimate the gravitational potential energy associated with lifting the grain by 1 diameter. Compare with kT at room temperature and you'll see that the thermal energy is comparatively negligible - typical statistical mechanics approaches cannot be used to characterize these systems, which is why they are so interesting and still a relatively young field. The lower limit you present (microns) makes sense for typical particle densities, but of primary importance is the mass, not just the size. Obviously, though, the concept of a granular "material" makes the most sense when you have a collection of these bodies, not a single classical grain.
A description of these ideas can be found in the first chapter of Granular Media: Between fluid and solid (B. Andreotti, Y. Forterre, and O. Pouliquen).
An idea I haven't found in the literature or GM textbooks:
An upper limit on size may be the size scale at which contact repulsion (which primarily characterizes grain-grain interactions) is no longer dominant. If a bunch of terrestrial planets were placed in a compression cell, for instance, their mutual attraction might be so strong as to cause attraction and elastic deformations even without applied a pressure or shear stress. (I don't know if planets are actually massive enough for this, haven't done this computation.) In fact, they would be in a "jammed" (solid) state because attractive interactions would dominate. I have not seen this idea presented in the literature or textbooks, but it seems reasonable to me. With some simple calculations one could estimate the crossover from contact-repulsion dominance to attraction-dominance and see where the transitional size scale lays - maybe at the planetary size, maybe not.

Definition of granular material


How to Find the Variant ID of a Product Variant for the Squarespace Commerce API

Question: While using the Squarespace Commerce APIs in order to adjust inventory of a product variant, the Inventory API requires a variant ID to be sent with the request. How does one go about obtaining the variant ID for a product variant?
Answer: There are a few ways to get a variant's ID:
Option 1: Make a request using the Squarespace Inventory API using the API Key you created as authorization header. The response will contain product/variant information, including variant IDs.

Option 2: Go to the page for the product/item in question in a not-logged-in window. Then, add ?format=json-pretty to the URL. Then go to item >  structuredContent > variants. Find the variant number in the variants array by comparing sku or attributes properties. Once you've found it, grab that item's id value. That is the variant ID.

Option 3: While logged in and editing your site, edit the product in question, go to "Pricing & Variants" and use your browser's developer tools to select the specific variant's image. That div will have an id attribute of the variant's ID.

Note that there are likely other places within the front-end and back-end code that the variantID shows up and can be obtained using dev. tools, such as in the variant drop-down on the details page for a product.


Early Church on image veneration?

Question: Is there any archeological or written evidence for image veneration in the first few centuries especially in the ante Nicene period outside the Rome?
Related - What was the ante-Nicene Fathers' view on image veneration?
Comment: My answer to your linked question states that the Dura-Europos church (233) in Syria is known as the earliest identified Christian house church. It contains paintings of the "Good Shepherd", the "Healing of the paralytic" and "Christ and Peter walking on the water" are considered the earliest depictions of Jesus. A much larger fresco depicts three women approaching a large sarcophagus; this most likely depicts the three Marys visiting Christ's tomb or the Parable of the Ten Virgins. There were also frescoes of Adam and Eve, and David and Goliath. It contained frescoes that are  well preserved.
Answer: The early Church adamantly warned Christians not to treat objects made to look like gods or animals in the way pagans did. They were even encouraged to be careful to avoid stumbling other Christians due to carelessness in buying meat sold in the market that had first been presented before idols of pagan deities. See Romans 1:23-25; Acts 15:19-20 & 29; 1 Corinthians 8:7-19, 10:20-22 & 28; Revelation 2:14 & 20; 9:20, 21:8; 1 John 5:21.
All those warnings were written down by the Apostles themselves, before the end of the first century A.D. You can't get any earlier than that for the Church! Whatever later leaders of the Church said on the matter would have to agree with the Apostles' very clear warnings if they were to be true to the Christian faith.
Yes, there have been many paintings found, done by Christians, but whether they depict biblical scenes, or include animals (like Christ on the donkey, or a dove) - the question is, did the Christians revere those paintings in a way akin to worship? Did they look to those paintings to pray to who or what was depicted? There's nothing wrong with having a bit of art-work (generally speaking) but when they become bedecked with gold and jewels and silver and processed during worship, or kneeled before in private devotions, then that is exactly the sort of things the pagans did in Bible times and right through to today. Different people might define 'idols', 'icons' and 'worship' in different ways, so the only safe guide is to stick to how the 1st century Christians viewed those matters.
You ask for "any archeological or written evidence for image veneration in the first few centuries especially in the ante Nicene period outside [of] Rome". Well, of course there is, and increasingly so over the centuries following the death of the Apostles. That does not indicate it was okay to do that! It just indicates that it began to be done, and that reasons would be made to allow such practices (including redefining words), contrary to what the Apostles had stated. So, how far back are Christians prepared to go, in search of the truth about image veneration? If some support by some early church fathers is found, is that as far back as one is prepared to go? Does that give reason enough to ignore the warning of the Apostles against iconography, or idolatry (in any form or shape whatsoever)? These are important questions that spring from the fact that support of iconography and revering of objects crafted by human hands began to slip into Christian worship from an early stage, shortly after the death of the Apostles.
Answer: In terms of written evidence, there are a number of references in the Early Fathers to veneration of the Cross. This from the Catholic Encyclopedia:

Justin Martyr (d. 165) describes it [the Cross] in a way that already
implies its use as a symbol (Dialogue with Trypho 91). He says that
the cross is providentially represented in every kind of natural
object: the sails of a ship, a plough, tools, even the human body
(Apol. I, 55). According to Tertullian (d. about 240), Christians were
known as "worshippers of the cross" (Apol., xv). Both simple crosses
and the chi-rho monogram are common ornaments of catacombs; combined
with palm branches, lambs and other symbols they form an obvious
symbol of Christ.

In addition there are many depictions of Christ and the apostles in the catacombs, although it cannot be proved that these were venerated. (See "Christ as the Good Shepherd" from the Catacomb of Priscilla above.) Unfortunately for the OP's question, the best examples are in Rome.
Conclusion: the best written evidence for image-veneration in the Early Church is probably Tertullian's statement, coupled with Justin's report of widespread depictions of it, that Christians were "worshippers of the cross." We cannot be certain whether or not the many examples of Christian iconography in the various catacombs were venerated, or if they merely served as sacred decorations.

Early Church on image veneration?


How do you manage spacing between text styles in different context?

Question:
I am using texts in different context and thus I am changing the padding depending on the context. (as in the attached image)
Regarding collaboration with developer what is the good practice ?
Developers are reluctant to inspect screen to search for spacing specs and would rather use a more generic solution as the following : establish a padding for each type of text style (e.g H1 has 24px bottom padding, H2 has 16px bottom padding etc.) For me, the problem with this solution is that depending on the context I consider that the padding needs to be adjusted.
Answer: While it depends on the designer and style, you're on the right path. Personally, I think you're leaving too much space between elements, which breaks Gestalt's Law of Proximity, but your presumption about different spacing between elements is still correct.
If you need some tips, there's an interesting article on Typography for the web. A couple of points are arguable, but all in all, it's a quite handy resource.
EDIT: Based on Danielillo's comment, it appears that I misunderstood your question initially. In this case, it seems that if you're using a prototyping tool, it would be easier for developers to review your design and make the necessary adjustments. Instead of relying on measurements or screen checks, they can simply refer to the code output from your design.
However, it's true that sometimes developers may overlook certain adjustments because they assume they have already implemented a particular element. Additionally, making those adjustments may require additional work. Either way, it may be necessary for you or a project manager to conduct a quality assurance (QA) process. This ensures that the design is implemented correctly and any necessary adjustments are made. Do not to assume that developers will make mistakes, just wait and see what they do.
Comment: I think the question is not focused on the design, but rather on communication with the developers. Devs want everything standardized and the designer wants different spaces according to the content relationship
Answer: From my personal experience, the best (and I don't know if the only) way to get along with developers is to try not to mix terms they are used to working with, with design concepts.
For a developer h1, h2, h3 are standards that support specific and generic modifications. On the other hand, if we present the project talking about title1, title2, title3, etc. the developer will understand these elements as new components to incorporate.
In other words:
NO → h1 {padding-bottom: 6px;} ❌
YES →
h1 {line-height:0;}
.title1 {padding-bottom:12px;}
.title2 {padding-bottom:4px;} ✅

This is a title

This is the beginning of a paragraph

This is a title

This is the beginning of a main text

Result


Why don't higher order multipole moments "stack" like the monopole and dipole moments do?

Question: Electric charge is notorious for needing only a relatively small number of electrons or protons to move to produce macroscopically visible effects. Similarly, electric and magnetic dipoles produce big effects in capacitors and ferromagnets. Nature is full of objects that have permanent quadrupole moments and higher, especially the building blocks of ionically bound crystals, like table salt. Why don't these higher order $2^\ell$-pole moments seem to "stack up" in the same way the lower order moments do?
Answer: This question, as with so many others in physics, can be answered by a simple scaling argument. Every permanent $2^\ell$-pole will have a characteristic size to the volume it takes up, call that $a$. The number of $2^\ell$-poles that can potentially stack up constructively is given by a simple ratio of volumes, say
$$N = \frac{L^3}{a^3},$$
in an $L\times L\times L$ cube.
The multipole moment of the building block will have a normalization factor that can be arranged to be
$$Q_\ell^m \propto qa^\ell,$$
for some characteristic charge $q$ (usually around the electron charge). If we assume that we're dealing with the lowest non-vanishing multipole, so that it is translation invariant, then the total $2^\ell$-pole moment will be just the number of $2^\ell$-poles times the moment per $2^\ell$-pole, to get
\begin{align}
     Q_{\ell,\mathrm{tot}}^m &\propto Nqa^\ell \\
    & = q L^3 a^{\ell-3} \\
    & = q \left(\frac{a}{L}\right)^{\ell - 3} L^\ell = q' L^\ell.
\end{align}
The significance of the last line is that it is the same as exhcanging all of the microscopic $2^\ell$-poles for a single equivalent macroscopic one built with monopoles of characteristic charge $q'$ that get the same $2^\ell$-pole moment. For $\ell < 3$, size of the charges needed to build the equivalent macroscopic $2^\ell$-pole grows with $L$. For $\ell=3$, the octupole moment, the characteristic charge is constant (e.g. the net octupole moment of a salt cube is, up to a numerical factor of a few, the same as having a single uncompensated electron/proton on the corners of the cube). For $\ell > 3$ the charge needed to build the macroscopic equivalent $2^\ell$-pole is actually shrinks with growing $L$.
Granted, for fixed $q$ and $a$, the net $2^\ell$-pole moment always grows $\propto L^3$, but this change-out for an equivalent macroscopic $2^\ell$-pole places an abstract concept into concrete terms that make it easier to picture just how small the electric fields being produced are.
Another way to look at the issue is to consider how big the field produced at about the surface of the object is. For a $2^\ell$-pole the leading order term in the electric or magnetic field is proportional to $r^{-2-\ell}$. Since the the minimum observation distance is $r\sim L$, and the $2^\ell$-pole moment grows like $L^3$, the electric field at the minimum distance from the point-like equivalent $2^\ell$-pole is $\propto L^{1-\ell}$. With this way of measuring the "impact" of trying to stack multipoles, only the monopole moments stack well, with the dipole moments being marginal.
And all of this assumes that the "stacking" can be done perfectly, ignoring thermodynamic effects that lead to magnetic domains and crystal grains.


Does ornamental cabbage make decent sauerkraut?

Question: I've heard that ornamental cabbage/kale can be bitter. I'm interested in using it for food, but I would want to make sauerkraut with it (lacto-fermented ornamental cabbage). Is the bitterness going to be as much of a problem here as it would be with cooked cabbage dishes? I'm thinking maybe the sourness from the lactic acid would overpower the bitterness, or maybe the fermenting would change the bitter flavor to something else—or even complement it.
Comment: Ornamental cabbage and kale are usually exceptionally bitter, I wouldn't think they'd make good anything to be honest. However please let us know if it does.
Answer: Apparently, it has been done. According to this website, the flavor will be strong compared to sauerkraut:

The flavor is strong; hard to describe — not just simply more acidic but strong, and the texture is a little tough... I also find that kale ferments accentuate the salty flavor, no matter how carefully I salt and I have no idea why. Mirror this with bold flavors. Ferment kale with lots of garlic, chiles, smoked salts, chipotle, curry or other unflinching spices.

So the proposed solution is to make kale kimchi mixed with other vegetables, or add kale to a normal sauerkraut to dilute the harsh flavor.


Can we feel heat in outer space?

Question: Is there air outside of earth atmosphere?  If not, could we feel heat coming from sun?
Comment: Here's an extreme example: [If I stood next to a piece of metal heated to a million degrees, but in a perfect vacuum, would I feel hot?](https://physics.stackexchange.com/q/491589)
Comment: Note that you can feel a temperature increase or decrease on your skin, but you can't feel heat.  In other words, temperature is not heat.
Comment: How do you think heat gets through the 150 million kilometres of vacuum between the earth and sun?
Comment: thanks everyone.I got my answer.
Comment: @simpson If you are satisfied with an answer, you should mark it as Accepted.
Answer: We can most definitely feel heat in space.
As @aystack said, on earth heat transfer is through contact, convection or radiation. Convection relies on the movement of air or some other fluid, so that will only work inside a spacecraft or spacesuit. Transfer of heat through contact means that, if you touch something that is hot or cold, you will definitely feel it.
Radiative transfer of heat in space works in the same way in which you feel the heat of a roaring fire, or an electric bar heater. Photons travel from the source to us, enabling us to feel the heat. Photons travel through vacuum even easier than through air - if they didn't, we would not even be able to see the sun or stars.
It is because the photons travel from the sun through vacuum that we are able to feel the heat of the sun here on earth. Spacecraft also have to make sure that they do not overheat when the sun shines on them. With some spacecraft that means installing massive sun-shields. For example, the James Webb telescope, due for launch in November, uses a 5-layer, tennis court-size sunshield to keep cool. This shield is made of reflective material, so the sunlight is reflected away from the telescope.
The Parker Solar Probe, which flies to within about 6 million km of the sun (roughly a 10th of Mercury's distance), carries a massive carbon-composite shield that will reach temperatures of 1350C.
Comment: It's hilarious to me that people don't think of themselves as already being in space. LOL.
Answer: The pressure in space is very low as there are very few atoms per unit volume (compared to the atmosphere).
As a result, convection and conduction do not work for heat transfer, but radiation still works. Without sunlight, there is only 2.7 K background microwave radiation from big bang, so very cold (-270 deg Celsius). With sunlight you get quite warm, because the only way for you to loose temperature is again to radiate it - vacuum is a good isolator.
In this context, it is worth to mention that due to the low pressure around you, the boiling point is very low and liquids in your body like blood will boil very fast. There are interesting questions and answers about what actually happens if an astronaut takes off his helmet. Here is just one from another forum as an example https://www.quora.com/What-would-happen-to-an-astronaut-who-took-their-helmet-off-in-space-for-a-few-seconds.
Answer: I would say yes, one should be able to feel heat in outer space. Heat transfer can be due to contact, convection, or radiation. Although there is practically no air, in outer space there is light, or more precisely, electromagnetic radiation (visible, infrared, etc.) from the sun. So in principle at least, one should be able to feel heat from the sun in outer space.
Answer: Yes. Light does not require a physical medium to travel though, only spacetime. We can therefore feel radiation in the form of light. If not, how would the suns heat ever reach us? It must be able to travel through the vacuum of space.

Can we feel heat in outer space?


Are surge protector power strips designed for long-term, mounted use?

Question: Some of these units look yellowed and half-baked. In apartment electrical rooms I see many old surge protector power strips attached to the wall holding various small transformers and plugs for camera or intercom equipment. Many are 20 or more years old. Are they designed for long term use, essentially permanently attached? The transformers hide much of the receptacle openings. What can I tell the building owner so that these units are not fire bombs in disguise?
Comment: i do not think that `i heard it on the internet` will be a convincing argument for the building owner
Comment: UV yellowing is not an indication of failure or danger. Why are you concerned about these and not all the other 20 year old equipment in the place, such as outlets, circuit breakers, and refrigerators?
Comment: If they're yellowed, they're plastic. There's half your risk right there.
Comment: There will be a lot of opinion here but if the surge protector has built in monitoring that tests the MOV's so you can see that they are still functioning they can last a lifetime. However even brand new these are fire bombs in my opinion I have seen quite a few melt down when they did there job of spike/ surge suppression. If there is no monitor to me they are useless. If you check there listing they do have to be mounted to meet MFG requirements and yes this is legal  and quite common in telecom and electrical closets in commercial buildings that are regularly inspected.
Answer: Almost no electronic device lasts forever.  Instead they have MTBF(Mean Time Before Failure), although if you reverse engineered a bunch of power bars, you would probably find some more robust and likely to survive much longer, you probably shouldn't count on any past their warranty.  They are not likely to fail short and explode, it's more likely they will fail in such a way that the connected devices are not protected.
I'll just mention at this point that you can get system sized surge protectors if your boss is really worried about surges.
One thing you could do is go around and check the ratings of them and see what you can look up about each individual unit.  No telling whether they are all surge protectors in the first place, what their protection ratings are, if they have any connected equipment warranty, whether it applies to commercial use, whether the warranty has expired.
By the time you've done an assesment you'll likely have enough information to say to your boss "Ok roughly 30% are ancient, 20% are power splitters not surge protectors, 45% are out of warranty and another 30% aren't sized well or warranty doesn't cover all connected equipment.  I also found 2 of them that don't have regulatory markings (CSA(Canadian Standards Association) or UL(Underwriter's Lab) in Canada). There are 114 units in total, and we can do a bulk order of insert quality replacement for 22 currency each.  Would you like to replace them?"
Comment: The wording of the question does not imply "my boss" more "my landlord" but the relationship to the building owner is not actually specified. I suspect that "tenant concerned about old powerstrips" is going to rate low on the "spend money to fix this now" scale. Personally, I've never had one burst into flames, but failing to work as intended is a pretty common old age (or post surge) issue.
Comment: I'd look into using a hardwired multioutlet assembly (Plugmold(tm) or equivalent) for this application vs a portable power tap (power bar) as the former's intended to be, well, permanent.
Answer: Power strips are prohibited as a substitute for the permanent wiring of a building. NEC 400.8(a).
If you need long-term/quasi-permanent receptacles, then you should install proper outlets using permanent wiring methods.  For instance they make metal surface  raceway with built-in receptacles (e.g. Legrand Plugmold)... which (for jurisdictions that count these things) count as 1 receptacle even though they have a bajillion outlets.
As far as surge protection, fuggedaboutit. That protection is ablative (consumed by use) and lasts between a week and a few years depending on the quality of the unit.


Saturated model - why is it perfectly fitted?

Question: I can't understand why is saturated model perfectly fitted? I know the definition, I just don't have any intuition.
Comment: How much lack of fit do you expect when you draw a straight line through two points, or lay a tabletop on three legs?
Comment: See [here](http://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/78218/is-a-saturated-model-a-special-case-of-a-overfitted-model/78406).
Answer: One way to get some intuition for staturation is to look carefully at parameter indices.  I'll use an example from contingency table analysis, because I think it's a little bit clearer than the regression context (and also because regression versions have already been pointed to).
Consider the log linear models of a two way contingency table $C$.  Notationally, the $i$th row and $j$th column value is denoted $C_{ij}$.  Textbooks define a sequence of models for the log of the expected or mean value of the these entries $E[C_{ij}]$, in the same way that regression models build a model of the expected value of some $E[Y_i]$ in terms of some function of covariates.
Assuming you have some intuition for the idea of link functions (here the log) and the idea of modeling the expected value of something rather than its actual value, then the intuition for saturation comes like this:
The simplest model of $C$ says that
$$
\log E[C_{ij}] = \lambda
$$
this implies that all entries should, according to the model, have the same expected value because the parameter $\lambda$ has no index, meaning it applies to all $i$ and all $j$.  (Simplifying slightly, parameters are distinct only when they have an index that can vary, and they can have as many possible distinct values as there are possible values of that index.)
The next two most complex models
$$
\log E[C_{ij}] = \lambda + \lambda_i
$$
and
$$
\log E[C_{ij}] = \lambda + \lambda_j
$$
say that each row (column) has the same expected value but different rows (columns) can have different expected values, because the new parameters are indexed by $i$ but not $j$ ($j$ but not $i$)  These models allow as many different expected cell values as there are rows (columns) but that's still fewer distinct values than there are cell entries in total, so the model is not saturated and the expected values won't typically coincide exactly with the actual values.
Finally the most complex model in this sequence is
$$
\log E[C_{ij}] = \lambda + \lambda_j + \lambda_j + \lambda_{ij}
$$
The indexing indicates that there can be as many distinct expected values as there are entries in the table. Entries in $C$ are labelled by all combinations of $i$ and $j$ and the model has parameters corresponding to all combinations of $i$ and $j$ too, so every cell can effectively get its own parameter.  When that is the case (and when we fit by Maximum Likelihood) the expected cell value coincide with the actual cell values.
In more detail, and comparing with the second model: the expected cell values in row $i$ are forced to be all the same, even though the actual cell values in row $i$ probably aren't, so we can interpret the difference between the two as unmodelled variation from a mean.  In the final model there is no variation around the model's expected values for each cell, because there are no other cells with the same mean to compare it with, so the expected cell value are also the actual values.
Addendum: There is a completely parallel development of these ideas based not on the parameters of various different types of model, but on which table sums and margins each model must respect.  In this sequence, the first of our models need only agree with $C$ about what the total sum of the entries is.  In the second model it must agree about the total sum and also get the same row totals as $C$.  In the third model it must agree about the total sum and also get the same column totals as $C$. And in the final model it must reflect all the entry values.  But if you have the intuition about the parameters then it should make sense why these margin capturing relationships hold.
Comment: I think that I understood the idea, thanks. But you consider only the case where independent variables are discreete (or even binary). What should I understand as saturated model when my variables are continuous?
Answer: Saturated essentially means "perfectly fitted". In a saturated model there are as many estimated parameters as there are observations.
Take a simple case of only 2 observations.  Say "height" is the DV and one person is male and one female. Now a model with just "sex" as an IV will fit perfectly. In a linear model, the intercept would be the average height of the two people and the effect of (say) maleness with be the difference between the man and the woman.
Comment: But with four observations (two for each sex) the model won't fit perfectly, yet it's still saturated (unless you have another IV up your sleeve).
Answer: Looking at the answers to this thread

A saturated model is one in which there are as many estimated
  parameters as data points.

Consider the case  of linear regression. You have a sample of size $n$ and $k$ regressors including the constant term. Then you essentially are trying to "solve" (i.e. find the $k$ unknown parameters that satisfy) a set of linear equations
$$\begin{align} y_1 = b_1 + b_2x_{21} + ...+ b_{k}x_{k1} \\
y_2 = b_1 + b_2x_{22} + ...+ b_{k}x_{k2}\\
...\\
y_n = b_1 + b_2x_{2n} + ...+ b_{k}x_{kn}\\
\end{align}$$
In matrix notation
$$\mathbf Y_{n \times 1} = \mathbf X_{n \times k}\mathbf b_{k \times 1}$$
As long as $k<n$ the system cannot be solved exactly, because we have more equations than unknowns,  and so we resort to an approximate solution, under some optimality criterion, say, a parameter vector that minimizes the sum of squared deviations. But if $k=n$ then we have as many unknowns as equations. This is reflected in the fact that now, the matrix $\mathbf X$ has become a square matrix, and we are looking at
$$\mathbf Y_{n \times 1} = \mathbf X_{n \times n}\mathbf b_{n \times 1}$$
Then from high-school algebra, we know that as long as the $\mathbf X$ matrix is invertible ("determinant not zero"), then the system has a unique solution
$$\mathbf b_{n \times 1} = \mathbf X^{-1}_{n \times n}\mathbf Y_{n \times 1}$$
But this is a solution in the mathematical, exact sense, of the calculated parameter vector satisfying exactly each and everyone of the $n$ equations - no "residuals" -which, in statistical terminology, is the equivalent of "perfect fit".


Eclipse - List of default keyboard shortcuts

Question: Is there a list of the default Eclipse keyboard shortcuts?  I'm generally looking for language agnostic things like starting the debugger or deleting an entire line in the source editor.
Comment: Did you check Google first?  Tons of links on the topic - http://bit.ly/4FgqrN
Answer: Rather than a full list of shortcut (JGlass mentions for Eclipse 4.6 this pdf), I prefer using only a few shortcuts:

CTRL+Shift+L: "Show Key Assist", List of shortcuts (depending on the context)

CTRL+3: Quick Access

Source: "Good features of Eclipse 3.6 (Eclipse Helios) JDT, 2011, from Sony Thomas"
Those two covers almost everything.
You can add two others:

CTRL+1: Quick Fix

ALT+Shift+F1: Plug-in Spy

Note that Eclipse 2019-09 now shows key bindings when command is invoked.

For presentations, screen casts and learning purposes, it is very helpful to show the corresponding key binding when a command is invoked.
  When the command is invoked (via a key binding or menu interaction) the key binding, the command's name and description are shown on the screen.
  Key binding of triggered command shown on screen

You can activate this in the Preferences dialog via the Show key binding when command is invoked check box on the General > Keys preference page.
  To toggle this setting quickly the command 'Toggle Whether to Show Key Binding' can be used (e.g. via the quick access).
Comment: At these times, the `Ctrl`+`Shift+`L` shortcuts has the same binding of `Quick text search`, that is a really faster way to search for text.
From [here](https://marketplace.eclipse.org/content/quick-search-eclipse):
Ctrl+Shift+L shows Quick Search; Ctrl+Shift+L twice shows list of shortcut; Ctrl+Shift+L 3 times shows Preferences > General > Keys
Comment: @JGlass Thank you. I have replaced the image by a new one, and included your link in the answer for more visibility.
Comment: Awesome! I didn't know about this one!
Comment: The link #3 is broken, e.g. http://www.techvj.com/misc/blog_images/eclipse_qaccess/eclipse_qaccess.jpg  I tried to find a trace of the image to replace it but cannot.  Also tried to edit the article to too many linked non https images (now a requirement) however I did find this nifty list [eclipse-shortcuts-4.6.0.pdf](https://github.com/pellaton/eclipse-cheatsheet/raw/master/eclipse4.6/eclipse-shortcuts-4.6.0.pdf)
Answer: As VonC said you can get alist of short cuts with the following command.
Ctrl + Shift + L "Show Key Assist", List of shortcuts (depending on the context)
SHORTCUTS FOR DEVELOPMENT
But here are some which you will use often during your development.
Ctrl + Shift + P Switch between openning and closing braces.
Ctrl + Shift + R Open any file quickly without browsing for it in the Package Explorer. This shortcut opens a dialog box that accepts the name of the file you're looking for.
Ctrl + Shift + T Open a type (e.g.: a class, an interface) without clicking through interminable list of packages. If what you want is a Java type, this shortcut will do the trick.
Ctrl + O Go directly to a member (method, variable) of a class file, especially when there are a lot of methods.
Ctrl + Shift + F Format code.
Ctrl + Shift + / Comment out XML or JSP code.
Ctrl + L Go to line number N in the source file.
Ctrl + E Show a list of open editors.
Ctrl + F6 Move between open editors.
Ctrl + 1 Quick Fix.
Ctrl + 3 Quick Access.
Ctrl + Q Go to the last edit location.
Ctrl + T Go to a supertype/subtype.
Ctrl + I Indent selected code block.
Ctrl + + Move to one problem (i.e.: error, warning) to the next (or previous) in a file.
F3 Go to a type declaration.Alternatively, you can hold Ctrl down and click (ie: Ctrl + Click) the hyperlinked variable.
SHORTCUTS FOR VARIABLE GENERATION
Ctrl + 2 + L  Generate return value type and variable assignment
Alt + Shift + L Generate return value type and variable assignment. but here you can make selections.
SHORTCUTS FOR DEBUGGING
F8 Resume
CTRL + F8 Resume.
F5 Step Into
F6 Step Over
F7 Step Return
CTRL R Run to Line.
F11 R Debug
CTRL + SHIFT + B Toogle Break Point
You can find further shortcuts under :
Help → Help Contents → Java Development User Guide → Reference → Menus and Actions
Answer: Previous answer not quite correct as in Eclipse you can redefine keyword shortcuts (as I often do).
You can always access current list of defined shortcuts by pressing Ctrl + Shift + L in Eclipse (on Windows at least).
Comment: Questioner asked for "defaults"
Answer: The full list of defaults in Eclipse 4.6 and earlier versions can be obtained from this GIT Hub page:
https://github.com/pellaton/eclipse-cheatsheet specifically https://github.com/pellaton/eclipse-cheatsheet/raw/master/eclipse4.6/eclipse-shortcuts-4.6.0.pdf


How do you decide when a paladin has fallen from grace in DnD 5e?

Question: There does not seem to be a clear-cut way to determine when a paladin's actions have become egregious enough to justify them breaking their oath. Do a lot of minor slights eventually add up and cause an oath to be broken? Do they get some sort of warning like losing their laying on of hands ability?
Answer: You're right.  There is no clear cut way.  That's by design.  How this works varies a lot by playstyle:
Some groups have a solid understanding of ethics and jurisprudence and use some limited form of said understanding adjudicate alignment in D&D.  Others use their full understanding of ethics, which cumulates for them into a D&D compatible system, to perform that adjudication.  These groups are very similar except that the first group tends to have less issues adjudicating alignment in difficult situations where the latter group discovers holes in their beliefs about morality.  In both of these cases alignment is adjudicated according to the chosen moral/ethical system, and what constitutes oath-breaking will be adjudicated similarly according to the related principles of jurisprudence. As moral relativism becomes, unfortunately, increasingly popular, objective alignment becomes less and less so, especially amongst simulationist groups, and so these two methods of alignment adjudication are unlikely.
Some groups think alignment is stupid, meaningless, and entirely subjective.  These people are very vocal.  They likely also think that oathbreaking is similarly problematic.  Like alignment-based powers in previous editions, in these groups if you're going to use anything that's based off alignment or alignment-like systems (like the paladin class) you should first check with your DM to find out 1) if it's allowed and 2) what it means in the context of the campaign.  One common solution in the past in these kinds of groups has been just to waive the alignment restriction entirely, for the Paladin class.
Some groups think that obviously alignment is objective, because it's in the rules, but they just don't understand it yet.  These groups will post difficult alignment questions as they come up on online fora.  The outcome of alignment based actions in such groups will be fickle and likely a point of tension.
Some groups try and adjudicate this according to the original inspiration for the alignment system, which is a set of novels written by Michael Moorcock.  This is hard because the novels are novel-y and don't explain exactly what Law and Chaos are in cut and dry terms.  Such groups would probably not adjudicate the oath the same way they do alignment, because Jurisprudence is fundamentally a principle of Balance, not Law, in that system, and there's almost nothing to go on for how something like the 5e paladin oath should be dealt with.
In any case, if you are not the DM, ask your DM how the metaphysics of ethics and jurisprudence are related in their game.  If they are related, seek to focus more on the adjudication of ethics than jurisprudence as the ethical component is probably dominant in most GM adjudications.  If they are not related, ask about Jurisprudence in general, and the adjudication of your class abilities in particular, if necessary, focusing on what an Oath means, what it means to break it, and how reparations might be made if the oath is indeed broken.
If you are the DM, I strongly recommend you consciously decide what philosophical system of justice you will use in your campaign, as all of the other options amount to unconsciously using some system and putting some introspective thought into this choice before you start running the game is likely to make these kinds of decisions much easier and much faster during the game sessions, since you will spend much less time figuring out how to approach each specific case.
If you want a place to start looking at different approaches to the philosophy of oaths, I recommend this paper.
Comment: agreed. Ultimately it's philosophical. If you're the DM, you have to decide how much of your philosophy pours into the game you're running. My buddy likes to weave his own story for the players and his life philosophy is much different from mine and it was very apparent with the choices he made regarding what would happen to the PCs. You can do the same thing, but that's not always the DM's job. Figure that out for sure.
Answer: First and foremost, the only clear-cut answer one might obtain on this subject would be from the DM running the specific campaign in question.  The classification of actions as lawful, chaotic, good, or evil and the relative magnitude of the action relative to the classification (i.e., the action is evil, but just how evil?) is based entirely on the ethos of the particular religion, culture, details of the outer plane which is the source of the alignment, etc.  That said, detailed knowledge of these things is generally not necessary.
More important is understanding why 'falling from grace' is included in the rules in the first place.  Like most other character restrictions and limitations in the rules, this one is included to help enforce balance between the character classes.  Paladins are granted a number of special abilities that are of significant advantage.  Immunity to fear and disease alone are high order advantages.  These advantages are offset by a number of equally strict limitations such as the single lawful good alignment.  One might fancy a Paladin views (or should view) strict discretion and application of great power to be as much a measure of 'power' as the effects of its use.
The methodology behind the mechanics, however, must always be balanced against the reason for playing the game in the first place; to have a fun and meaningful game play experience.  The Paladin's 'fall from grace' restriction/consequence is purposefully left vague and is intended more as a threat or failsafe than as a rule to be implemented.  That said, use it as such.  Certainly actions deemed as utterly evil should be met with immediate expulsion from the ranks of the chosen.  However, assuming the player is attempting to stay in the spirit of the game, such blasphemy will be very rare.  Most potentially 'damning' acts fall into a gray area of lesser sin.  Continuing onward with the assumption of a well-intentioned player, a good dm should 'guide' the paladin in such a way as to bring clarity to the 'correct' path of behavior when deviation has or is about to occur.
There are several typical methods to impart this 'wisdom' upon the character and these are often most effective when used in combination. Providing a simple verbal warning of a sort is the more kind of these tactics.  This may be a direct 'dm to player' dialogue or something a bit more subtle and 'in-game'.  "You are suddenly blinded by an intense light.  A moment later the glare from the noon sun striking the surface of the lake ahead subsides with the passing of a cloud, but you can't seem to shake the feeling you have been given a sign…"  Alternatively, a post-action penance of some sort may be mandated by a high authority local theocrat, or demanded from a brief encounter with an 'angel' or other minor servant of the cause.  A quest to find some sacred artifact and a hefty tithe to the local order will often curb even the most ignorant of players.  The severity should fit the score so to speak, but a few of these instances are usually enough to make the point.  Ultimately, the actual act of stripping the character of Paladin status should only be undertaken when multiple warnings and/or penalties are ignored or as a last resort of sorts in any case.
Comment: Good point about the "threat" nature in paragraph three. It makes more sense for the DM to gently guide a player, telling them, "Are you sure that burning orphanages is compatible with your Oath? Let's talk this through, maybe there is another way to draw out the City Guard.", rather than slamming them with, "You know that thing you burned down that you thought was a shed full of ambush-ready goblins? It was actually an orphanage. You Have Fallen."
Answer: My opinion is that, for the most part. it is when they break an obvious part of their oath (like using poison for example) or willing commit a truly evil act with no good end.
Though on specific part of oaths. I feel that there are exceptions that a specific paladin can have. I'll use an example I had from a character
Scandal: The character had a flaw/compulsion to be a dracophile from his dragon blood. So I said that to avoid falling from favor and becoming shunned by the people he protected, he could lie about that part of his personality.
I also said that as long as their act wasn't grievous and for a truly good end, he could avoid almost any provocation (for example: a Paladin that kills the corrupt king of a corrupt land wouldn't fall from grace)
To sum up: I focused on the idea that justice is to some extent more important than their oaths.


Can animals perceive screens?

Question: Since the RGB scheme and refresh rates are designed with the human visual system in mind, what do other animals see when they look at screens?
Can they see just as well as us? Can they see the image, but with less saturation or different colors?
Comment: My dog's interest in a moving mouse cursor on the TV says yes.
Comment: what if my users are animals?
Comment: Not really usability topic material but a funny question that I had to answer.
Answer: From this answer at Biology StackExchange:

Cats and dogs can both view tv screens & monitors ... though their viewing experience is a little different to ours thanks to differences
  in cone structure leaving them color blind and giving low acuity.

From sciencenordic.com:

"We humans need about 16 to 20 images a second to perceive what we see
  as continuous film, whereas dogs need about 70 images per second.
So a few years ago, Fido was probably confounded by his master's
  behaviour of sitting for hours staring at a flashing succession of
  images. With modern resolution and quicker imaging, dogs have become
  potential television viewers.
This has not gone unrecognized in the USA, for example, where hopeful
  TV producers have started special TV channels for dogs.
If you have other pets, however, you need to think twice before
  placing them in front of the TV.
Birds need at least 100 frames per second to see TV images as a moving
  picture. Having a bird in the same room as a TV with a lower frame
  rate than that will be very stressful for the creature."
Comment: We had a dog barking at the bear on the giant CRT.
Answer: Absolutely, I have seen a dog watch TV very intently.
I have a close friend with 2 Boston Terriers, a male and a female. They look like this:

(Image credit: ASPCA)
Their male Boston has a very interesting reaction to the television. It doesn't really react to people, but when animals of any kind - real, animated or cartoon dogs, birds, seals, stuffed animals - appear on screen, it immediately hops up on the furniture near the TV, turns its head to look out the corner of its eye and growls menacingly until the animal leaves the screen.
It cracks me up, but they're used to it.

Can animals perceive screens?


The vertex covering of a graph that has isolated vertices

Question: I know the theorem that in a graph G=(V,E) which has no isolated vertex, a set $C\subset V$ is a vertex covering in G if and only if the set V‐C is an independent set in G. I want to know whether this theorem will hold if G has isolated vertices? Why? Thanks in advance!
Answer: Sure, why not. The reasoning behind that statement doesn't depend on whether or not there are isolated vertices.
Let $C \subseteq V$ be an arbitrary set of vertices. $C$ is a vertex cover if and only if each edge of the graph has at least one end in $C$. This is the same as saying that there are no edges in the graph whose both ends are in $V \setminus C$. This is the same as saying that no two vertices in $V \setminus C$ are connected by an edge. That is synonymous to saying that $V\setminus C$ is an independent set.
UPDATE: You can find the short version of this argument on wikipedia.
If this isn't convincing, you can think about isolated vertices specifically. If $C$ is a vertex cover and $v$ is an isolated vertex, then you can see from the definition that both $C \cup \{v\}$ and $C \setminus \{v\}$ are also vertex covers. In the same vein, if $D$ is an independent set and $v$ is an isolated vertex, then $D \cup \{v\}$ and $D \setminus \{v\}$ are also independent sets. What this tells us is that isolated vertices have no say in deciding which sets are vertex covers and which are independent sets. So they cannot spoil your theorem.


Car parked at my residence was made dirty by neighbouring building construction: can I get compensated?

Question: My car parked at my residence was made dirty by some neighbouring building construction. Can I get compensated in some way (e.g., paying for car wash)? I live in California, USA.
Comment: @abelenky Respecting each other's properties is also normal and expected. Would you be ok with someone defecating on your car? Anyway I'm looking for legal insight, not moral. I'm ok if the legal answer is one can't claim anything, but I just want to know.
Comment: If the builders dirtied your car deliberately or even negligently, then possibly. If they were doing their job normally, then no.
Comment: Although it doesn't necessarily answer this question theoretically, I would suggest thinking about the principle of *de minimis non curat lex*.  This is simply not the kind of issue that legal processes are meant to resolve.
Comment: Washing your car is a normal and expected part of owning a car. How much is a car wash?  $10?
Comment: The right to exclude others from private property is hardly considered a *de minimis* interest in common law countries. The OP has a claim, as described below.
Answer: Yes.
The tort of trespass addresses this situation.
In California, the plaintiff in a trespass suit must prove five things:

Plaintiff occupied the property;
Defendant negligently entered plaintiff's property (this can include an entry by the defendant, or by tangible objects that the defendant caused to enter the property, Newhall Land & Farming Co. v. Superior Court 19 Cal.App.4th 334, 345 (1993));
Plaintiff did not authrize that entry;
Plaintiff was harmed; and
Defendant's entry caused that harm.

Obviously, the time and expense associated with pursuing this lawsuit would quickly outstrip the value of any damages likely to be recovered. But a person who just really wanted to stick it to the construction company should have a viable case.
Comment: Not a lawyer and just curious about your item #2... If the construction dust was blown into a neighboring parking lot by a wind or breeze, then has the defendant "caused" it to enter the property?  Could this be considered an act of God, similar to a tree being blown over? Thank you.
Comment: I would have said nuisance rather than trespass, although the two torts often get confused with each other, even by appellate courts.


How Do I store fence pickets

Question: We have three remaining 6' by 6" fence pickets that have been treated for termites.  My question is how best to store these?
Comment: ... in a pile? Leaning against a wall? There are endless choices, none of which we could make for you without more information.
Comment: For such things like that I make use of space between joists in the ceiling of the  unfinished basement.
Comment: cut lengthwise into three sections (6'x2") .... cut each of the sections into 4 pieces .... sharpen one end of each piece .... use them for staking vampires
Answer: Use them to build a shelf. The treated wood will last forever.
If you don't have any stuff to put on a shelf now, you certainly will soon. After all, you're the kind of person who saves fence pickets.
Comment: They might be specific design fence pickets and easier to store for spares than they might be to find at a later date.
Answer: Put them in a shaded, dry place, with an inch of airspace between them, and between them and other things.
For example, I have some fence slats under my porch.  They are supported by short 2x2 pieces of wood (so that they are 1½" above what is beneath them), and have a gap separating the slats in any given layer of the stack.
You can similarly stack lumber you plan to use, or firewood that you need to dry out.  But make sure that you do not store treated wood with firewood!  You do not want to risk accidentally burning treated wood.
Answer: I am guessing you are keeping them as spares and do not want them to be rehabilitated by termites ?
Keep them away form high humidity areas, off the ground and away from moisture.
You can wrap them in a clear bag (termites like the dark) so make it clear perhaps that painters floor spill protection plastic. Seal it up completely with tape. Termites have no trouble with 1/16 inch opening - so make sure you seal it. You can then store it as per my previous information.

How Do I store fence pickets


make find fail when nothing was found

Question: When find is invoked to find nothing, it still exits with code 0. Is there a way to make it return an exit code indicating failure when no file was found?
Comment: I don't think `find` directly supports it. You can do something like `find ... -print0 | grep -qz .`, perhaps, if your `grep` supports it.
Comment: @XZS you can skip the `-q`, then `grep` will simply pass through the data, while still breaking the pipeline and reporting a failure if nothing comes through.
Comment: My grep is gnu grep so it supports this nice idea. Unfortunately, I also need the find output to be piped somewhere and I cannot replace the pipe with `-exec`.
Comment: I'm making something.
Comment: @muru A do-nothing grep guarding the pipe, very elegant. Turn this into an answer and it will be accepted.
Answer: If your grep supports reading NUL-delimited lines (like GNU grep with -z), you can use it to test if anything was output by find:
find /some/path -print0 | grep -qz .

To pipe the data to another command, you can remove the -q option, letting grep pass on the data unaltered while still reporting an error if nothing came through:
find /some/path -print0 | grep -z . | ...

Specifically, ${PIPESTATUS[1]} in bash should hold the exit status of grep.
If your find doesn't support -print0, the use grep without -z and hope that newlines in filenames don't cause problems:
find ... | grep '^' | ...

In this case, using ^ instead of . might be safer. If output has consecutive newlines, ^ will pass them by, but . won't.
Comment: Grep's `-z` is a GNU extension. Do you have something for more Posixy?
Comment: @jww unlikely, since with pure POSIX, I don't think you can detect a failure in the middle of a shell pipe. If you have a shell which can do that (via `PIPE_STATUS` or something similar), then it probably has a `read` which can do null-delimited input; then you can read a single line, fail if empty; or print it back out and `cat` the rest. (Assuming you want to pass on the data to something else, otherwise you can probably do `find ... -exec echo foo {} \+ | grep -q foo`.)
Comment: Is `-z` just to make sure strange characters like `\r` are preserved?  If piping through grep isn't desired, or there are no weird filenames, then is `grep -z` needed?
Answer: You ask specifically for a return code... which I don't see in options. But this is how I solved it (because grep -z is not on Mac port):
Gives code 0 if 1 line was found
test 1 == `find */.kitchen/ -name private_key | wc -l`

So...
if [ 0 == `find */.kitchen/ -name my-file.txt | wc -l` ] ; then
   echo "Nothing found"; exit;
fi

Also, as a generic solution, this might be useful:
Check if pipe is empty and run a command on the data if it isn't
Answer: I am very late to this question, but I just found an elegant answer :-)
find . -type d -empty -and -not -name . -print -exec rmdir {} + | \
  awk '{print} END {if (NR == 0) {exit(1)}}'

find here looks for empty directories in the current directory,
removes the empty directories,
prints the name of removed directories to the pipe,
awk prints the output of find and if no output is found NR == 0, bails out with an error code.
This means I can now iteratively remove empty directories:
while find . -type d -empty -and -not -name . -print -exec rmdir {} + | \
  awk '{print} END {if (NR == 0) {exit(1)}}'; \
do echo; done

Replace "my" find parameters with yours, keep the awk part either as is or without the {print} if you do not want to see the output of find in the terminal, and "voilà".

make find fail when nothing was found


Scala - infix vs dot notation

Question: Is there a best practice for one over the other?  I've been reading the Scala book by Odersky, et al. and it seems like infix is used for a lot of the Collections API functions, whereas dot is reserved for programmer-defined functions.
Answer: I personally do not have any hard and fast rules for this, but I tend to use infix notation only with symbolic method names, and dot notation for alphanumeric ones.
Infix notation makes it cumbersome to modify code later. Here are some examples.
Imagine you have this line of code:
xs filter { f } map { g }

Suppose at some latter point in time you need to add a toList at end. You put it so:
xs filter { f } map { g } toList

This may cause semicolon inference issues. To avoid these issues, you either put a semicolon at end, or put a new line. Both options are ugly, in my opinion. To avoid all this nonsense, I prefer to go with xs.filter(f).map(g). It's always easier to refactor with this syntax.
Another example: Say I have the following in my code:
if(foo contains bar) { ..

Say, I need to negate the condition. If I modify it as follows:
if(!foo contains bar) { ..

Bummer. This gets parsed as (!foo).contains(bar). Not what we wanted.
Or suppose you need to add a new condition in addition, and you modify it so:
if(foo contains bar && cond) { ..

Another bummer. This gets parsed as foo.contains(bar.&&(cond)). Not what we wanted, again.
Of course, you could add a bunch of parentheses around, but that would be ugly and hard to read/edit as compared with dot notation.
Now, all of what I said above applies to symbolic method names too. However symbolic methods look unnatural when used with dot syntax, and so I prefer the infix syntax for them.

One exception to the guideline above: Internal DSLs. They are usually crafted with care so as not to cause parsing issues when written in the manner prescribed in their documentation/examples (which usually uses infix notation).
Comment: This same logic can also be used in favour of infix notation, as it gives an additional mechanism for controlling precedence (in addition to choosing operators). AND it makes the precedence more visually obvious.  For example, try rewriting your first example with true functions and not just lifted methods: `(xs filter f map g).toList` is still far cleaner and more obvious than `xs.filter(f).map(g).toList)`
Comment: `someExpression` => `someExpression.newPart` is not significantly better than `someExpression` => `(someExpression).newPart` In both cases you must add `.newPart`. Admittedly, you have to add the parenthesis in the second case, but you likely started with a lot less of them in the first place.  The straw man was to justify the former approach with the "This may cause semicolon inference issues." explanation - which is a symptom of the added postfix call, not the original expression.
Comment: Putting parentheses around requires non-linear editing, one more reason to avoid infix notation. Dropping the braces around doesn't help the case either.
Comment: Dropping parenthesis in there is the whole point. When combined with the relative "strength" of operators and the use of parentheses/braces, then having the ability to *also* use infix vs. dot notation to control precedence is a very powerful tool for keeping code clean.
Comment: And, yes, un-dotted POSTfix methods are a Bad Thing(tm).  But it's a bit of a straw man fallacy to use them in criticising INfix method calls.
Comment: My point was that with infix notation modifying code becomes harder, and I have well provided many arguments _and_ examples in favor of that claim. If you read properly, I am not using postfix notation to argue against infix notation, and that makes above comment of yours a strawman.
Comment: @missingfaktor I have grown to try and avoid such infix calls for exactly the reasons you describe.
Comment: You see, I am not fond of the extra noise - all the dots and parentheses, but I am not fond of the issues I discussed either. That's why, since some time, I use infix notation very sparingly.
Answer: It's a matter of personal preference.  Your decision to use one style or the other should be based on what makes your code the most readable.
But note that the ability to leave off the dot and parentheses is limited only to certain syntactic constructions, so sometimes you just have to fall back to using them.
Comment: Note also that `a.op(b)` is longer than `a op b` but shorter than `(a op b)`.  Minor difference but it can be part of the "most readable" consideration.
Comment: You can use a?b instead of a.?(b) or a ? b if you need to save every byte. :) Of course, the number of methods, nameable like this, is somehow limited.
Answer: There is a good style guide in official Scala site documentation that describes the proper usage of infix notation over dot notation.
Suffix Notation:
names.toList
// is the same as
names toList // Unsafe, don't use!

Arity-1:
// right!
names foreach (n => println(n))
names mkString ","
optStr getOrElse "<empty>"
// wrong!
javaList add item

Higher-Order Functions:
// wrong!
names.map (_.toUpperCase).filter (_.length > 5)
// right!
names map (_.toUpperCase) filter (_.length > 5)

Symbolic methods/Operators:
// right!
"daniel" + " " + "spiewak"
// wrong!
"daniel"+" "+"spiewak"

Answer: I have found that using infix notation for map works nicely when I am creating cartesians with the cats library. e.g.:
(fetchIt(1) |@| fetchIt(2) |@| fetchIt(3)).map(MyCaseClass)

you can get rid of the surrounding parentheses like so:
fetchIt(1) |@| fetchIt(2) |@| fetchIf(3) map MyCaseClass

and in my view the second variant reads nicer. A matter of taste I suppose. Just wanted to add my two cents' worth.
The above works because | in "|@|" has higher precedence than m in "map". Read this part of Scala lang specification to find out more detail:

If there are several infix operations in an expression, then operators
  with higher precedence bind more closely than operators with lower
  precedence.

http://scala-lang.org/files/archive/spec/2.12/06-expressions.html#infix-operations

Scala - infix vs dot notation


Adding Recessed Lighting and Switches to Pull Chain Fan

Question: I currently have a ceiling fan with light in my living room.  It has no switch, and is controlled solely by pull chains.  I would like to add recessed lighting to the room, and I would like to add two switches: one for the fan, and a dimmer for the recessed lighting.  What is the simplest way of adding these two switches? A 3 wire switch loop? If so what is the proper wiring configuration.
Comment: So there's no switch for this fan at all? You have to cut power at the breaker? Also, what access do you have above the box and into your walls?
Comment: The only switch is the pull chain.  There is no wall switch.  Sorry for the confusion.

I have attic access above the room.
Comment: Next question: you want two switches total (one fan and one lights) or two switches for the light and one for the fan?
Comment: How is this living room laid out?
Comment: One switch for fan, one switch for recessed lights.
Answer: You could probably get by running 14-3 wire from the box to a double gang box. Make the white wire your incoming hot, nut it to your two switches, wire switch #1 to the black, and finally switch #2 to the red. You can then attach the lights to your black at the box, and the fan to the red.
NEC recommends dropping a neutral to the box, however. If you can, get some  14/2/2 wire (4 line) and use the blue (or white-red stripe in some) to bring your hot in. Hook the white to the neutral and then nut it off in the switch box.
Comment: "NEC recommends dropping a neutral to the box" this has been _required_ for several years now.


Do you need to increase pressure to pump a fluid from a large pipe through a small pipe?

Question: The application of this question is towards clogged arteries and blood flow. I am wondering why people with clogged arteries have high blood pressure if a smaller artery (assuming it is smooth and cylindrical) means less pressure exerted by the blood according to Bernoulli's Equation. Is this because the heart has to pump the blood harder to be able to travel through a smaller arterial volume?
Answer: I am not sure if the same laws apply to the heart as that of mechanical pump, but for a given flow rate, say X gallons per minute, the mechanical pump must develop a pressure P to overcome pipe friction and any other force trying to retard flow. If the pipe in a system is reduced in size, to pump the same flow rate a higher pressure will be required. The higher pressure will also require an increase in horsepower.
Answer: As mentioned by @Chester, Bernoulli isn't a good approximation for viscous flows which blood flow is. Instead you should use the Hagen-Poiseuille law which relates the average volumetric flowrate and the pressure gradient in the pipe. From it we find that the flowrate $Q$ is proportional to:
$$Q \propto R^4 \Gamma$$
where $R$ is the radius of the pipe and $\Gamma$ is the pressure drop. Now the function of your heart is to provide enough freshly oxigenated blood throughout your body and it does this by striving to keep the flowrate constant. From our relation it is easy to see for a constant $Q$ and a reduced $R$ (as is the case for clogged arteries), the pressure gradient $\Gamma$ has to increase to compensate.
Answer: The Bernoulli equation is a good approximation only if viscous flow resistance is not important.  In blood flow through arteries, veins and (particularly) capillaries, viscous flow resistance is very important.


Node.js dns.resolve() vs dns.lookup()

Question: I need to lookup a given host to its corresponding IP in Node.js. There seems to be two native methods of doing this:
> dns.resolve('google.com', (error, addresses) => { console.error(error); console.log(addresses); });
QueryReqWrap {
  bindingName: 'queryA',
  callback: { [Function: asyncCallback] immediately: true },
  hostname: 'google.com',
  oncomplete: [Function: onresolve],
  domain:
   Domain {
     domain: null,
     _events: { error: [Function] },
     _eventsCount: 1,
     _maxListeners: undefined,
     members: [] } }
> null
[ '22.214.171.124' ]

And:
> dns.lookup('google.com', (error, address, family) => { console.error(error); console.log(address); console.log(family); });
GetAddrInfoReqWrap {
  callback: { [Function: asyncCallback] immediately: true },
  family: 0,
  hostname: 'google.com',
  oncomplete: [Function: onlookup],
  domain:
   Domain {
     domain: null,
     _events: { error: [Function] },
     _eventsCount: 1,
     _maxListeners: undefined,
     members: [] } }
> null
220.127.116.11
4

Both return the same IPv4 address. What is the difference between dns.lookup() and dns.resolve()? Also, which is more performant for lots of requests per second?
Answer: The dns documentation already describes the difference:

Although dns.lookup() and the various dns.resolve*()/dns.reverse() functions have the same goal of associating a network name with a network address (or vice versa), their behavior is quite different. These differences can have subtle but significant consequences on the behavior of Node.js programs.

dns.lookup()

Under the hood, dns.lookup() uses the same operating system facilities as most other programs. For instance, dns.lookup() will almost always resolve a given name the same way as the ping command. On most POSIX-like operating systems, the behavior of the dns.lookup() function can be modified by changing settings in nsswitch.conf(5) and/or resolv.conf(5), but note that changing these files will change the behavior of all other programs running on the same operating system.

Though the call to dns.lookup() will be asynchronous from JavaScript's perspective, it is implemented as a synchronous call to getaddrinfo(3) that runs on libuv's threadpool. Because libuv's threadpool has a fixed size, it means that if for whatever reason the call to getaddrinfo(3) takes a long time, other operations that could run on libuv's threadpool (such as filesystem operations) will experience degraded performance. In order to mitigate this issue, one potential solution is to increase the size of libuv's threadpool by setting the 'UV_THREADPOOL_SIZE' environment variable to a value greater than 4 (its current default value). For more information on libuv's threadpool, see the official libuv documentation.

dns.resolve(), dns.resolve*() and dns.reverse()

These functions are implemented quite differently than dns.lookup(). They do not use getaddrinfo(3) and they always perform a DNS query on the network. This network communication is always done asynchronously, and does not use libuv's threadpool.

As a result, these functions cannot have the same negative impact on other processing that happens on libuv's threadpool that dns.lookup() can have.

They do not use the same set of configuration files than what dns.lookup() uses. For instance, they do not use the configuration from /etc/hosts.

As far as concurrency goes, you are better off using dns.resolve*() because those requests do not end up in the thread pool, whereas dns.lookup() requests do because they call out to the OS DNS resolver which typically blocks (although there are some kind of-async interfaces now -- but they are not necessarily implemented everywhere).
Currently, node internally uses dns.lookup() for any automatic DNS resolution, like when you pass a hostname to http.request().
Comment: It is worth mentioning that the list of IP addresses resolved comes in a different order every time. This can be utilized for load balancing (DNS resolve using round robin method).  https://www.nginx.com/resources/glossary/dns-load-balancing/
Comment: Any idea which set of configuration files `dns.resolve()` does use? (Looks like [dns.setServers()](https://nodejs.org/api/dns.html#dns_dns_setservers_servers))
Comment: I think it's worth mentioning that `dns.resolve()` has a pretty horrible "working as intended" issue where it completely ignores any system configuration - for example even `localhost` will tried to be resolved via the DNS server, which fails on e.g. `22.214.171.124`, instead of using the 127.0.0.1 value given in `/etc/hosts`
Answer: @mscdex answer is really full and explaining. I may add an info about approach we use to bypass thread blocking.
We developed a module that replaces/extends node's dns.lookup method. Module caches responses, has multi-records resolving and TTL support. Also we have good unit and functional tests with 100% coverage. Module was tested in production and highload environments. Under MIT license. Here it is: https://github.com/LCMApps/dns-lookup-cache
If you need support of lookup method but don't work negative effects like blocking of application or responses slow downs you may use our module. I believe it will help!

Node.js dns.resolve() vs dns.lookup()


Do I have to pay New York City tax if I earn my salary Upstate New York?

Question: I am an undergraduate, whose permanent address (parents' address) is in New York City, going to school in Upstate NY. I live out of NYC 10 months a year and do not work while I am in NYC. Since my permanent address is in NYC, do I still have to pay city taxes?
Comment: Have you considered reversing the situation by converting your permanent residence to the college town? Register to vote, register the car, update your driver license, change all the information on your credit cards. Normally there are questions about setting up residence in a different state, but in the case the new residence can be in the same state.
Answer: Yes, if you live in NYC, you pay City Taxes, no matter where you work.

If you live in New York City and earn income, you are charged personal
  income tax.

Also, see the withholding requirements for businesses for further proof:

Who you must withhold tax for
New York City residents even when services are performed outside New
  York City

Now, you said you don't live there for 10 months out of the year, so that could change whether you are considered a resident or not. The relevant form is IT-2104.1, and it states:

Your domicile is not New York City but you maintain a permanent place
  of abode in New York City for more than 11 months of the year and
  spend 184 days or more (any part of a day is a day for this purpose)
  in New York City during the taxable year.

So, I think it depends on whether that place you live for those 2 months is maintained and ready to go for the other 10 months. It sounds like if it is (like you maintain an apartment there), then you are still considered a resident.
You could also be considered a part-year resident.
The intricacies of this are getting to be outside the scope of my knowledge, but hopefully this helps at least as a starting point until someone who knows better can answer (or ask the right questions).
Conversely, if you work in NYC, but live outside the city, you do not pay city taxes.

In most cases, if you don't live in New York City you aren't required
  to pay New York City personal income tax.
Answer: To correct the last part of the above statement if you live outside the city but work in the city you do not pay taxes on each paycheck but do have to file a NYC-1027 with your taxes.  Which is the same as paying the taxes over the year just all at one time and directly to the NYC Department of Finance.
Comment: This answer doesn't seem to stand alone.  The order (and even existence) of answers may change over time.  Could you at least copy in the specific statement that you had in mind?  Thanks!


Current decrease in a lamp due to the change in scale of an analog ammeter

Question: I do not understand what happens in the following situation regarding internal resistance of an analog ammeter. The internal resistance of analog ammeter changes if the scale is changed.
For example if the ammeter has a scale such that the max current is 50 mA and then I switch to another scale, where the max current is 500 mA, the internal resistance will be different because changing scale is equivalent to add or remove shunt resistances.
Consider the circuit in picture, where the lamp is a tungsten filament lamp (the resistance value is at room temperature and rises with temperature). I represented ammeter and voltmeter and their internal resistance next to them. Consider the two scales 1. and 2. of the ammeter:

The maximum current is i=50 mA and internal resistance is Ra=6 omh
The maximum current is i=500 mA and internal resistance is Ra=1 omh

simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab
Now suppose that I set AM1 to scale 1., I measure the voltage difference across R with VM1 and I find a certain value.
If now I switch  AM1 to scale 2. what does happen to the current I and to the voltage V across R?
I tried this with a real circuit and I found that the

Voltage V across R increases
Current I decreases

How can this be explained? In particular why does the current decrease?

I tried to give me the following explanations: Ohm law states
V=I*R|| =R||*10/(Ra+R||) (where R|| is the parallel given by the lamp and the voltmeter which is almost equal to the resistance of lamp)
I see why V should increase if Ra decreases but, looking at the formula, the current I should increase too!
I think that the problem is to consider the rise in resistance of the lamp, hence R|| increases if V increases and this would explain why current I decreases.
But at the same time, following this reasoning, R|| should also increase when current I increases (since more heat is produced by the lamp and it should get hotter)..
I don't see how to get the explanation right and I do not understand how to "prove" that the current must decrease, just starting from the fact that the lamp has a resistance strongly dependent on temperature.
Comment: Please edit your question so that the "R"s used in the text match the "R"s in your schematic. That is: Ra & Rv, not simply R. Also, ammeters usually change range by adding/subtracting shunt (i.e. parallel) resistors, not a series resistor as you show in your diagram.
Answer: To change the scale of an ammeter, you are changing a resistor in parallel with the meter not in series with it.  The full scale voltage will be the same for all ranges.  So for a 1 Amp scale on a 1V meter you would put a resistor that gives you 0.1V across the meter.  For a 100mA scale, you would put a resistor that gives you 1v across the meter.  Ra should be across the meter.


How to allow a DMZ server trusted remote access to LAN SQL instance?

Question: we have a setup where our web server is hosting on a machine in our DMZ, which is behind a public facing firewall with the typical ports 80 and 443 directing web traffic to our web server.  The DMZ is not domain controlled.
We also have several DB servers living inside our domain-controlled LAN, which is protected by a firewall from the DMZ, with the typical port 1433 open to allow the web site access to the SQL servers.
Currently, it is working, but only when our site's connection strings contain the user/pass to access the database.  This is not ideal.  What I'd like to do is to give the site's application pool identity access to the database from within SSMS and use a trusted connection in our connection string.  However, I am having trouble understanding what kind of user account would be able to do this.
First, I tried creating a domain user in the LAN.  Putting the DOMAIN\User, and password into the application pool identity in IIS, appeared to work correctly, and I was able to add the domain user as a SQL login as well.  However, when I tried to run the application and connect to the database, the following error occurred:

SSPI handshake failed with error code 0x8009030c, state 14 while establishing a connection with integrated security; the connection has been closed. Reason: AcceptSecurityContext failed. The Windows error code indicates the cause of failure. The logon attempt failed [CLIENT: ]
Error: 18452, Severity: 14, State: 1.
Login failed. The login is from an untrusted domain and cannot be used with Windows authentication. [CLIENT: ]

Using the web app to output its current user name revealed to me that the application identity was being changed from the domain account to a (non-existent) account on the web server, instead of the expected "DOMAIN\WebAppUser" I put into the application pool identity in IIS, it was outputting "SERVER\WebAppUser", which is what I believe was the reason for the error message when connecting to the DB.
I then tried creating a local account on the web server and granting that access in SSMS.  However, SQL it is unable to find the user I created on the web server, I assume due to it's being outside of the LAN area the SQL server is in.
I have read other threads and articles, which indicate that we may need to set up a trust relationship between the DMZ space and the LAN space, which would mean setting up a domain controller for our DMZ.  I would prefer to avoid the added cost/complexity of this solution.
Is there some way to grant a user the type of network access needed to accomplish this? Thanks.
Answer: It doesn't work like you are thinking. You can have an IIS app pool run as a domain account on a non-domain joined computer. Further more, a trusted account involves a domain joined computer. You are correct in that you would need to configure a trust between 2 domains.
For what it's worth, having the SQL creds on that box isn't as insecure as you would think. The security will boil down to permissions you grant in SQL, and the security inside your Web application.


Does the U.S. Constitution place any limitations on how long a U.S. President can be on vacation?

Question: I am curious to know if the U.S. Constitution places any limitations on how long a U.S. President can be on vacation.
Comment: Shows no research
Answer: Not directly
However, a President who is unable to discharge their duties (by being on vacation or otherwise) can be dealt with by either:

the vice-President and Cabinet invoking the 25th amendment and declaring the President unable to perform their duties,
by the House impeaching the President for the "high crime and misdemeanour" of not doing her job. If convicted by the Senate, the person is no longer President.
Comment: there is something to be said that for certain Presidents, the less time they are in the office, the better.


When to use a totem ward and when to use a control ward

Question: When should I use a control ward instead of my usual totem ward? I don't buy control wards because they cost 75 gold and I can just use the 2 totem wards that the game already gives you, but people encourage you to buy control wards. So when should I use either one of them?
Answer: The totem ward will give your team vision, but a control ward will give your team vision and it will deny the other team vision.
Denying the other team vision is really important when setting up for objectives (Baron, Dragon) or when pressuring different lanes. If you're sitting in the top river, and the other team doesn't have it warded, the threat of giving away Baron itself can be enough to earn your team kills. Then, you can use that momentum to do Baron safely, or push down a lane knowing that you have a numbers advantage.
If you're deciding on which ward to use, you should ask yourself whether you want to deny enemy vision in an area. Control wards are so strong that you're only allowed to use one at any given time. Foregoing them entirely is a mistake, in my opinion. 75 gold is incredibly cheap to deny vision over critical areas of the map.
Good luck on The Rift!
Answer: There are a few different reasons to buy a control ward:
They reveal opposing wards and traps and disable opposing non-control wards. This can allow your team to position out of sight, which can be relevant for taking objectives like Dragon, for sieging turrets, or for ambushing the enemy in the jungle.
They do not expire. You can place a control ward in certain defensive positions and they will live for many minutes (even for an entire game, infrequently).
They add to the total number of wards you can have on the map at any one time. You can only have three green wards placed on the map at once, and only one control ward on the map at once... but therefore you can have four total wards down at any one moment if you've placed a control ward.
You can buy them. This might seem like a downside, but for champions without a support/warding item, the only access to vision comes from your trinket and its internal cooldown. On the other hand, you can buy a control ward at any time.
You might want a different trinket. It's common for junglers and solo laners to switch their trinket to the sweeper in order to remove enemy wards. If you have a sweeper and don't have a support/warding item, control wards are the only wards you have access to.
To try to answer the spirit of your original question: you should "always" buy and use control wards. Sure, sometimes you won't have a spare 75 gold, or sometimes you'll already have a control ward on the map in a good spot... but if you don't have a control ward down somewhere, you should strongly consider buying one and dropping it somewhere you care about.


The difference between using Janrain and OAuth?

Question: Im using Janrain at the moment and dont know much about OAuth.
Could someone explain the differences between these two?
Answer: Janrain is using OpenID, so the user must get an identity with an OpenID provider. You already know how it work: User interacts with a provider that prompt for credentials. OpenID is a good solution if you want a Sign-In system that accept existing accounts from OpenID providers.
In the case of OAuth, it can be completely transparent to the end-user. OAuth works with Tokens and each token grants access to a specific site or resources, it's all about "authorization". You can also configure a  token to expire after a defined duration. OAuth can also be used for Login, that's how Facebook works.
Example with OAuth:
Your website use Janrain for authentication, and now, you want to allow users to import photos from Facebook, but the user provider is Google (for example). You will redirect the user to Facebook for authentication and the user will be asked if he want to grant access to your website. If the user agree, he will be sent back to your website and in background, you'll get a Token from Facebook which must be used in future communication to validate actions. At no point the user shared username and password with your site.
I recommend you to read on OAuth. You can see a really good guide here, for both OAuth 1.0 and 2.0.
Comment: Nice explanation. So OpenID is for authentication. OAuth is for authorization?
Comment: Yes but OAuth can also be used for Authentication.
Comment: Can OAuth authentication be implemented opaquely to the end user? In other words, can OAuth be implemented to conduct a seamless sign on between two applications which are integrated to provide a singular user experience?
Answer: Janrain Engage is a set of widgets and backend technology to support a variety of identity providers who may be authenticating through various flavors of openid and oauth. Shielding you from implementing the protocols required to support the over 20 identity providers that Janrain supports.
Comment: So Janrain is using OpenID under the hood?
Answer: There is no difference between Janrain and OAuth. Janrain is not a particular protocol for social sign in. Janrain creates a set of API's that work with both OpenID and OAuth - so you don't have to know the difference.
like Kevin said, Janrain's Social Login is back-end technology that supports a variety of identity providers who may be authenticating through various flavors of openid and oauth.
So there really is no difference between Janrain and OAuth, it's just that Janrain uses whichever technology the provider is using in their social API - OpenID and/or OAuth.