How to bake animation of non-transformation properties with curve-modifiers applied?

Question: I have a point light source whose power has been animated with a noise curve-modifier to have a flickering effect. I want to cycle its animation over 12 frames. For transformation properties like location, rotation and scale, I can convert the modifier to keyframes by baking the animation via Object>Animation>Bake Action, and then cleaning up the remaining frames and adding a cycle modifier. How do I approach cycling the animation for the Power property of the light? Thank you!
Answer: The way to get a keyframe animation from the Noise modifier is a bit confusing in Blender. It goes over baking and un-baking the curve. Usually, baking a curve removes keyframes to make the curve permanent, i.e. unalterable by keyframes. So baking the modifier curve gnerates no keyframes either. But now you can un-bake the curve to get keyframes. Here I'll show it step by step, these instructions work for other curve modifiers as well:

In the Graph Editor, select the curve with the Noise modifier and choose Key > Bake Curve from the menu or use the shortcut Alt+C. The result will be the curve in the frame range which is set as start and end for the animation, so e.g. frames 1-250.

At first this might look incorrect, since the curve probably changes its appearance - that's because you now have the modifier on top of the baked curve. You can now delete the modifier.

After you removed the modifier, the noise will look just like before the baking, but notice that it's only between the first and last frame. If you just want a smaller part of the curve, just set start and end frame accordingly before baking.

Since a baked curve has no keyframes, you now have to choose Key > Un-Bake Curve from the menu and already you have converted the Noise modifier into keyframes which you can edit like any other keyframe animation.

The resulting keyframed noise animation, now you can use a Cycles modifier or other things like tweaking the keyframes for smooth transition etc. to make it looping:
Comment: Hey! That worked perfectly. thank you!
Comment: I did the same and have the keyframes in the graph editor, but I can't seem to find a channel for "Power" or its keyframes in the action editor. As a result, once I pushed down the action, I can't edit it again.
Comment: @jais Hmmm... I never use the _Action Editor_, not sure what's going on there.


How does one say "viewing party" in Spanish

Question: I need a concise way to say "viewing party". It needs to be clear that it's about having a bunch of friends over to your house to watch a soccer game.
The phrase is:
"the elements of a perfect viewing party."
Comment: Good question. I am surprised that in Spanish we don't have an accurate word to say that.
Answer: There is no such translation for "viewing party" in spanish.
You must be more precise at what will you be watching. If it's a soccer game, then you can say:

"fiesta para ver el partido de fútbol" - party to watch the soccer match
Comment: You're right, spanish doesn't have that expression. You must build one, another example will be: "tenemos todos los ingredientes para una perfecta noche de fútbol en mi casa" -> "we have all elements for a perfect soccer's night in my house"
Comment: "Noche de fútbol" es excelente... siempre y cuando el partido sea por la noche.
Answer: Las claves para ver un partido de fútbol con los amigos.
Comment: This translation doesn't have any sense
Comment: I also don't think it has many sense, so I am downvoting it. However, it is still an answer, so it shouldn't be deleted. @prgrm: could you update it explaining why are you suggesting this and what sources helped you to think this is a valid translation?
Comment: From [How does deleting work? What can cause a post to be deleted, and what does that actually mean? What are the criteria for deletion?](http://meta.stackexchange.com/a/5222/209901) _For answers, any post that is [not an answer](http://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/163730/when-should-i-delete-an-answer/163733#163733) (should be a comment, doesn't answer the question, etc.) should be deleted. Answers that are wrong or that dispense poor advice should be downvoted, not deleted._


How can I set my preferred game controller through the registry?

Question: Windows allows a "preferred" device to be set as the primary controller. What registry key is responsible for this? I want to change it through a batch script rather than opening this dialog every time I want to swap controllers.
This is a limitation of some games which only uses the preferred device.
Comment: What is this screenshot of?
Answer: I don't believe this information is kept in the registry. The reason is that
Windows 10 does not keep this information between reboots, so it is clear that
the information is kept in memory.
I have seen the advice given by gamers to never turn off the computer, but only
sleep, because this conserves the order of the game controllers and the preferred
one.
For keeping the order of game controllers, the manual solution is to verify the
order after each boot. If Windows has shuffled the order, the advice is to remove
the out of order controllers and add them back in in the required order.
Added controllers are always added to the end of the list.
One gamer has had enough and has written the package
devreorder,
which is still being maintained.
The order is specified inside a file named devreorder.ini, using the exact
names as listed in the Game Controllers dialog.
The readme file of devreorder is very detailed and contains a lot of useful
information.


Can a Web site owner prohibit men from accessing a site for religious reasons?

Question: Is it legal for a woman who writes a religious blog to not allow men to access the site because of a belief that women should not teach men about religion?
Comment: I would suppose for the same reason that the owner of a motel, grocery store, school, taxi... are limited in how they can restrict access.
Comment: Why do you think owners of blogs can't restrict who has access?
Comment: @user6726 the difference is: in a physical store you can actually can physically do such a control, while on the internet it **can't** even be done properly at all without the user actually *helping* the page to do so.
Answer: That depends what is meant by "not allow".
Such a blog author could certainly include a statement that the blog was intended only for female readers. That would not be enforceable. She could include a ToS provision requiring a user to agree to such a restriction.  That might be enforceable in theory, but it would be a lot of work to try to enforce, as a blog author does not normally know who her readers are.
Such an author could have the blog require registration and log-in, and as part of the registration process require registrants to provide evidence that they are females. That might work to keep (at least most) males from directly reading the blog.
If we suppose that the author had such a registration process, and someone brought suit under a federal or state anti-discrimination law, what would happen? Such laws usually only apply to "places of public accommodation". Such laws have mostly been employed to address discrimination in hotels, restaurants, theaters, retail stores, and similar places. I am not aware of any case declaring a blog or any similar online service a "public accommodation". Such a finding would be needed for a suit in such a case to be won by the plaintiff.
There are also specific laws prohibiting discrimination in employment, housing, and education. But those would not apply to this sort of case.
So I am inclined to doubt that any such restriction, if imposed by a blog author, would be found to violate US anti-discrimination law.
Comment: it would most certainly be an unenforceable clause in the ToS, as it isn't really noticeable there and nobody would expect it to be there.
Comment: @Trish Such a provision could be made prominent through sn enlsrged font, boldface, boxing, or other display techniques. It could even have a separate acceptance checkbox.
Comment: It also depends on what is meant by "men"...
Comment: @DavidSiegel under EU law, it has to be boldly written before you access the main page. Hidden in the ToS is unenforceable, and even such a disclaimer on a bannar might be held unenforceable on its own.
Answer: At least w.r.t. federal law, they can. Although there are laws against discrimination in public accommodations (Title II of the Civil Rights Act), sex is not a protected category. So we don't have to raise the question of whether a website is a "public accommodation". W.r.t. a different anti-discrimination law (ADA: title III), there is some legal murk over whether a public accommodation has to be a physical location, but so far websites have not been forced to comply with other anti-discrimination laws.
States may have their own anti-discrimination laws, but as far as I know, no state has attempted to regulate websites. All websites are "in interstate commerce", and one state cannot regulate commerce by another state, only the federal government can regulate interstate commerce.
Needless to say, a significant First Amendment issue would be at stake with such a law.
Comment: "no state has attempted to regulate websites." Lots of states regulate conduct which can occur on websites. For example, if had a discriminatory apartment rental website on a webpage, that could be the basis for a discrimination lawsuit. Given the religious basis of this claim though, I doubt discrimination laws would apply. CA, TX and FL all have law specifically regulating some kinds of websites.


Can it harm my water pump if I limit the input with a valve?

Question: I'm using a water pump for an undergravel filter with 300 l/h (Eheim universal 300). If the filter is blocked because or irregularities, the pump starts to suck air because water isn't sinking fast enough through the gravel. Inserting a valve and limiting the input of the pump causes it to run smooth/without noise and without sucking air. Can this input reduction be somehow harmful for the (lifetime of the) pump?
Answer: Short answer, Yes it can.
Your product link is not English, and I did not see diagrams.  Different designs can have different issues.  Less water is probably better then sucking air, so your solution is likely better for the pump then without it.
The pump is designed and tested for moving a specific volume of water.  When you limit this there will be strains on the pump.
Comment: Different issue than this, but it is completely safe to throttle the output (with some exceptions), but rarely ok to throttle the input which is what this would be doing.
Comment: I adjusted the link in case that allows you to verify things, but your answer already makes sense, thanks.
Comment: Sounds strange to make the pump work more, but I guess having water around the rotors makes the effect of keeping it save, right?
Answer: Instead of inserting a valve to the input of the pump, you should have another (a bit more complicated) setup.
Add a "short-circuit" between the input and the output, and insert the valve in the "short-circuit".
If the valve is completely closed, then the pump works as designed.
If the valve is (partially) open, then some water will flow through the "short-circuit", therefore reducing the flow through the pump, and through the tubes (especially the exit one, which is of interest to you).
This setup should have no negative impact on the pump - but it might use more electricity compared to a smaller-sized, suitable, pump.


Qgis 2.12 Raster Calcuator gives nan raster image

Question: With the 'r.los' command I've made some tiff raster images from a dem tiff. When I open the raster calculator to do math with the new rasters, the result is always a "nan" raster. From its options I load min/max values and it gives me 1.79769e+308 and -1.79769e+308. I reclassified the 'los' rasters with integer values but no change. I used the clipper to fill no data values with 0, but nothing changed. I saw here a post which said to do the math operations like this "float(los1+los2)" but nothing changed. The "fill no data" command gives me values from 1-255. The "r.fillnuls" command corrupts the results probably because i don't know what value to put in the "Spline" parameters. Do you have any option?
Answer: Well I found a solution. I converted all the los tiffs into vector, and then merged them. Finally I converted them again into raster. If there is some less brutal solution I would appreciate it.


Do we create the backlog before concluding the contract with the client when using scrum?

Question: Do we create the backlog before concluding the contract with the client?
Comment: Doesn't that depend on what the contract says? Who needs an initial backlog if the contract is along the lines of "client pays for a team of X people. Client may terminate the contract at the end of each month."
Answer: The backlog is not something that you create and then is static. The backlog changes - items are added, removed, and reordered - throughout the effort. Unless there is some legal or contractual reason not to, there's nothing to prevent starting the creation and refinement of the backlog before any kind of formal contracts that may be necessary are in place.
However, there may be some risks here. First, the developing organization may have to fund this effort without a way to recoup the costs from the client. Second, depending on the nature of the relationship, it may not be allowed to interact with the client to get feedback on the backlog state until after the contract is finalized.
Comment: Chambers Dictionary: "a reserve or accumulation of business, stock, work, etc that will keep one going for some time".
Comment: I *still* hate the term, "backlog," because it strongly implies the "casual, colloquial" meaning of the word what what *we* mean by it is very different.
Answer: I'd suggest that the best answer is no. Creating and refining items on the backlog is part of business-as-usual - part of the ongoing collaboration between you and the client. Presumably that collaboration starts when the contract starts. Creating the team would have to come first and then the team can have its initial Sprint Planning meeting.
Creating a backlog in advance might give the wrong impression by suggesting that the PO and the rest of the team don't really "own" their backlog.
Answer: As any work that you perform before the contract is finalized may be lost, you should constrain yourself to only those work items that are necessary to secure the contract.
If building an initial backlog helps to create a better estimate and to convince the customer that you're qualified to execute the contract, it might be fine. Otherwise, it's just premature work that is probably not billable and may be lost if the contract isn't entered.
Answer: The corporate managers who are attempting to secure the contract should be the only ones to tell you how much planning and advance work you should be doing before the ink is dry ... if any.  Because, if for any reason the contract falls through, the entire cost of the effort that you spent is a "sunk cost."  They will be obliged to pay your salary out of their own reserves, so don't spend their money unless they tell you to.
You might well be asked to predict what the course of the now-hypothetical project might be, to assist the contract-makers in filling in the proper numbers (so that everybody gets paid), but you should not spend any effort (money ...) without express authorization from the managers and negotiators.  You should give them exactly what they ask for – no more and no less.  No contract is real until it is signed, and you're not the ones holding the pen.


Understanding hypothesis testing (Kruskal Wallis, Mann-Whitney) when there are tied values

Question: tldr: In Python's Scipy stats modules, the kruskal and mannwhitneyu functions will both raise an error if called with only identical values. Why?
Context: I'm evaluating results obtained using stochastic algorithms. To do so, I use Kruskal Wallace tests to determine whether two sets of results are significantly different at a certain confidence level, and if they are, I use Mann-Whitney U tests to determine which group is significantly greater.
I'm using scipy.stats.kruskal and scipy.stats.mannwhitneyu in Python to do this for me. Now, one of the algorithms has a very high chance of returning 0, so I have many groups of results that consist entirely of 0s. When I run kruskal on two groups that consist entirely of 0s, the function raises an error like All numbers are identical in kruskal. MWU does the same.
In my context, I think I can safely assume that two groups consisting only of zeros are not significantly different. I would, in fact, expect the test to tell me that they are from the same population with a 100% confidence level. But before I act on my assumption and write a bypass into my script, I would like to understand why the functions are designed to behave in this way. Why are two groups, both only consisting of a single value, considered invalid input for a Kruskal or MWU test? In what scenarios would it be erroneous to conclude that the two groups are identical?
Comment: [The Mann-Whitney test is inappropriate as a *post hoc* pairwise test following a rejection of the Kruskal-Wallis](https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/108958/kruskal-wallis-test-is-not-significant-but-some-of-the-mann-whitney-comparisons/108966#108966) null hypothesis because (1) it uses a different set of rankings, and (2) it does not use the pooled variance estimate implied by the Kruskal-Wallis null. You should be using Dunn's test, or even better, the Conover-Iman test (which is strictly more powerful that Dunn's test, but the former is much more known).
Answer: The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank (Mann-Whitney U) test two-sample test and the
Kruskal-Wallis test for comparing $k > 2$ samples, are both based on
ranks. That is, the numerical values you input are reduced to ranks.
For a single sample, ranking goes like this (output from R):
x = c(1, 4, 7, 3, 11, 6);  x
[1]  1  4  7  3 11  6
rank(x)
[1] 1 3 5 2 6 4

If there are ties in the data, then ranking is not quite so straightforward:
y = c(1, 4, 6, 2, 4, 6, 11);  y
[1]  1  4  6  2  4  6 11
rank(y)
[1] 1.0 3.5 5.5 2.0 3.5 5.5 7.0

Various texts and software packages treat ties differently.
In order to find a p-value for the test, all of them begin
with with distribution theory based on ranks from data without ties.
Some have approximate distribution theory for the less-tidy ranks
that result from ties. (When more than one sample is involved,
not only duplicated values within a sample count as ties, but
duplicated value anywhere among the groups also count.)
If there are only a few ties in a dataset, then printed warnings
about ties can often be ignored. If there are many ties, then
either no p-value will be given, or the p-value provided may be
essentially useless.
An unofficial trick can be used to assess how serious ties are
in any one analysis. You can artificially jitter the data with
just enough random noise to break ties and see if the p-value
changes by enough to matter. (Best to do this a couple of times
with different jittering.)
Example:
x = c(1, 2, 2, 4, 5, 3, 0);  y = c(4, 6, 3, 8, 11, 11)
wilcox.test(x, y)

        Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction

data:  x and y
W = 4, p-value = 0.01778
alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

Warning message:
In wilcox.test.default(x, y) : cannot compute exact p-value with ties

.
# Jittering
jx = runif(length(x), -.01, .01);  jy = runif(length(y), -.01, .01)
wilcox.test(x+jx, y+jy)

        Wilcoxon rank sum test

data:  x + jx and y + jy
W = 4, p-value = 0.01399
alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

The original and jittered $x$s look like this:
x; rank(x)
[1] 1 2 2 4 5 3 0
[1] 2.0 3.5 3.5 6.0 7.0 5.0 1.0
round(x+jx, 4); rank(x+jx)
[1]  0.9958  1.9900  2.0035  3.9945  5.0093  2.9995 -0.0095
[1] 2 3 4 6 7 5 1

Another run with different random jittering also gave P-value about 0.014.
So if we are working at the 5% level, is seems safe to say that the
original version of the test (with warnings about ties) gave a useful result.
If there is any doubt or if the result is for review or publication,
then you must do a formal test on the data. My first choice would be a simulated permutation test. One elementary
review of permutation tests is Eudey, et al.. (Sect. 3 is
most relevant to this discussion.) Also, perhaps see this Q&A. Permutation tests do
not use ranks and can handle ties without difficulty.
Finally, I don't know exactly how your groups with all 0's should be treated because I don't know what process is producing the 0's. Clearly
not with rank-based tests. You are correct that two groups with all 0's
can't be distinguished from one another by hypothesis testing. If one
group has a few 0's and another has mostly 0's, a binomial test (0's vs non-0's) or permutation test
should help to judge whether they came from different populations.


Can a piece of EU legislation have (unrelated) "riders"?

Question: In relation to this popular q, I don't recall seeing riders in EU legislation or the matter even being discussed in relation to it, so I'm guessing some form of single-subject rule is enforced even if it's not explicit. But I cannot find any further discussion on this regarding EU legislation (and I don't mean national legislation of member countries). So, are there such anti-rider provisions in EU legislation/treaties or maybe in EU Parliament procedures?
Comment: Would the 'adherence to the rule of law' clause in the EU budget count as a rider? https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54964858
Comment: @DaveGremlin: maybe. As I understand it, the rule on rule of law was actually adopted previously. The rider in this case would actually be *exception* that made after Poland and Hungary vetoed the budget.
Comment: You might want to take a look at https://www.europarl.europa.eu/infographic/legislative-procedure/index_en.html . Essentially, European Parliament (Elected MEPs) and Council of the European Union (Ministers related to the topic from all EU Governments. Also, not the European Council) pass any law back and forth until both agree. One cannot add a rider after the other already agreed on the law, without the law going back to the other for confirmation.
Comment: @Morfildur: I [roughly knew](https://politics.stackexchange.com/a/60482/18373) the problem amendments can cause. Basically that's part of the answer, so you could write it as one. On the other hand, the US House and Senate also have to agree on a text eventually.
Answer: My own searching leads me to multiple articles (example) pointing to the exact same instance of a legislative rider, and I can't find any others. Basically, in the regulation establishing Member State fishing quotas for 2007, there's a clause allowing limited fishing by electric current, a normally forbidden practice in EU waters (for the legislative source text, see here Annex III section 4, on page 178).
Fishing regulation is nowhere near a subject area I would consider myself knowledgeable, but I'll just note it's debatable whether adding regulation of fishing methods to a law on fishing quotas could be considered a rider.
Other than that, I cannot find a reference to this in the treaties (see TFEU Chapter 2 for the EU legislative process, especially Article 294 for the ordinary legislative procedure used in most cases). So while it seems to be technically allowed, I would argue the decentralized structure of the ordinary legislative process makes riders nearly impossible in practice for three reasons:

Unusually for Western political set-ups, the legislative process is formally initiated by the executive body of the EU, the European Commission. In theory, the Commission is supposed to "defend the interests of the EU as a whole," arguably riders would normally be counter-productive to smooth running of the EU.
After the Commission proposes the legislation it must be approved by two further institutions, the Council and the Parliament. Either might object to the rider or potentially just amend it out (which sometimes requires unanimity in the Council though). In theory, this means the legislative process would be much smoother with focussed legislation. Note that even for related subject matter, controversial aspects could risk failing to pass uncontroversial aspects, eg. the controversy surrounding Articles 15 & 17 of the DSM Copyright Directive in an otherwise uncontroversial directive.
It is possible the rider is in a subject area requiring unanimity in the Council thus making the legislation as a whole more difficult to pass. This is less relevant these days as the Treaty of Lisbon moved most subject areas to qualified majority voting, but it could have played a more prominent role in the past.
Comment: I agree that riders would usually be counter-productive, given the diverse bodies that need to agree or at least are allowed to add comments/opinions (this includes several comittees as well as national parliaments) before the legislation can be accepted. See also the [Handbook on Ordinary Legislative Procedure](https://telacmsf.europarl.europa.eu/telagenericfront/olp/en/ordinary-legislative-procedure/handbook-on-the-ordinary-legislative-procedure).
Comment: @Hulk Yes, that's my impression too. I did assume a little in my answer that the rider might be controversial, though some of the reasons i provided still work with acceptable riders... it's just simpler to not add any riders, and I'm guessing many European politicians might be annoyed if the Commission (or the Council/Parliament through amendments) tried something like that.
Comment: So to be accepted, a rider would have to be acceptable (or missed) by both a majority of the parliament (not nearly as strictly voting along party lines as national parliaments often do, as the incentives are different - there is no "government" that represents a faction of the parliament and has a certain majority behind it) and the council (i.e. the national governments).
Comment: The EU Parliament can't modify any legislation (or more accurately, they can make suggestions - but any such suggestions can simply be ignored). This was one of the whining points about the lack of Democracy in the EU with relation to Brexit. Thus there is no possibility of a 'rider' coming from that institution.
Comment: @ouflak I don't believe that's an accurate portrayal. These "suggestions" are called Amendments by Article 294(7)(c), also see Hulk's comment where the Handbook is linked & search for amendment. Parliament is absolutely allowed amendments. Yes, they can be "ignored" but it's not too different from other bicameral democratic systems where one house might disagree with another house's amendments. But, Parliament still can't be completely ignored because for proposals to become law requires a majority of Parliament to vote for it.


Phonegap facebook plugin for android gives me an oauthexception

Question: seriously going insane here....
I'm trying to get the phonegap facebook plugin for android to work, but it's really driving me up the wall (no pun intented).
I am using the code from https://github.com/irnc/phonegap-plugin-facebook-connect/tree/oauth-2.0+irnc, at least I think I am.
I appear to have two problems:

the following callback in the login (from pg-plugin-fb-connect) gives an error because "FB.Auth.setAuthResponse(response.authResponse, response.status);" cannot be found. Am I using an incorrect facebook sdk? Apparently no, see edit below
PhoneGap.exec(function (response) {
        console.log('PG.FB.login.success: ' + JSON.stringify(response) + ', store into localStorage ...');
        localStorage.setItem(key, JSON.stringify(response));

        FB.Auth.setAuthResponse(response.authResponse, response.status);

        if (cb) {
            cb(response);
        }
    }, null, service, 'login', ['publish_stream', 'read_stream']);
},

When I comment the FB.Auth.setAuthResponse(response.authResponse, response.status); statement, my login returns successfull! I get an authresponse with an accesstoken and status set to connected. When I try to execute the following code (on success callback)
FB.api('/me/feed', 'post', { message: body }, function(response) {
if (!response || response.error) {
    console.log(JSON.stringify(response.error, null, 4));
    alert('We are very sorry, but somthing went wrong');
} else {
  alert('Message was successfully posted to your wall!');
}
});

it gives me an oauthexception message: "An active access token must be used to query information about the current user."
I authenticated with 'read_stream, publish_stream' permissions.
These two are probably related, but I can't find anything about the setAuthReponse call in the facebook api.
EDIT help is apparently not on it's way, but i've continued my quest to get this to work.
The facebook js sdk I got from the github repo's are all using the 'old' auth methods. I've downloaded the new facebook js sdk and FB.Auth.setAuthResponse is there. I copied the code to my existing js sdk and changed all calls to setSession to setAuthRepsonse. Everything is working fine, except that the access token doesn't appear to be posted when I make above FB.api calls. After these changes, the error remains exactly the same!
Oh yeah, I also changed the check in the login callback to check for authResponse instead of session (it's in the example).
Help is more than welcome,
rinze
Answer: I think I fixed this. Basically the ConnectPlugin.java is still returning a "session" response object instead of the "authResponse" that the new SDK expects.
See https://github.com/odbol/phonegap-plugin-facebook-connect/commit/0ef84e29603338930ff82fc6d6ef8525b668077d for details.


Using Highlighted Content to retrieve all docs with a managed property value

Question: I want to configure the highlighted content web part on a hub site to bring back all documents that have a managed property column set a certain value.
I can configure a filter or CAML if I point to single library but what if I need to incorporate all document libraries in the hub site family
Here, I set up my managed property

next I configure my HCWP

Nest I weep as nothing is retrieved :-( .  I wonder if this restriction in HCWPs .. Is there a way of seeing the final query?
Answer: In the quert text(KQL), there seems to be a problem with the symbol "=". Try to use ":" instead of "=". Check if it works.
For example:
<code>contentclass:STS_ListItem_DocumentLibrary
</code>
Comment: Thanks, will try that


How can we check bad blocks in a certain directory

Question: What utility, and how its uses, to check if there's bad blocks in a specific directory
Answer: I presume you're talking about bad blocks in files?
# drop FS caches to force the kernel to reread files from the disk
echo 3 | sudo tee /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches
# simply read files to RAM
find /directory -type f -exec cat '{}' >/dev/zero \;

If this command completes without showing any error messages on the screen, all the files are readable and there are no bad blocks.
However in some instances this might not be enough because blocks could be readable but not writeable in which case you will have to unmount the entire partition and run badblocks on it in RW mode.


Windows Server 2012 - Distributed Scan Server service won't start

Question: I just purchased a printer/scanner (Epson WF-7620) and am trying to configure it as a network printer/scanner for the first time. I have it connected to my server computer via a USB printer cable. I installed all of the print management roles but the scan server role/feature won't start. Printing works fine through the network. I can get on a desktop and see the printer that's on the server and print to it. I can also use the scanner but I have to be on the server to do it. I can't seem to figure out how to get it to allow me to use the scanner to scan documents and have the server place the scanned documents into a shared folder on the network. Any ideas?
I'm assuming the problem is because the scan server service won't start but I can't figure out how to get it to do so to safe my life. Thoughts?
Thanks in advance.
Answer: Why do you not configure the server with SMTP (point that to your eMail server) and then it can do "scan 2 email" as explained by Epson here.


Will having an iFrame on someone else's domain transfer pagerank to my site?

Question: I am having a hard time finding a good answer to this question.  I see that Google treats the content in the iframe as its own seperate site, but what I want to know is if it transfers any pagerank to my site.  What I am letting other sites embed is an interactive javascript app.
I have an iframe embed that looks something like
Stuff about the Keywords and my site.

Will the link inside the iframe tags transfer pagerank to me or no?
Answer: I don't think so. The pagerank at the best of my knowledge is forwarded just in the case of link.


Retaining access to table that will be dropped and recreated

Question: I have a small GIS table that is is dropped and recreated from a third-party tool called MAPINFO.
Each time I drop and recreate that table I grant access to roles created. Is it possible to retain access even after drop and create?
I cannot run SQL through Mapinfo. It does not provide truncate table - it just drops the table and creates a new one.
Answer: Answer left in comments by spaghettidba
Do you have control over the schema where the table gets created?
If so, you could grant privileges on the schema.
Another option is a DDL trigger to grant permissions on the table upon creation.


What's the correct way to write drawn-out vowels?

Question: How should I denote drawn-out vowels in English? If I have a character with speech disorder or with a very unique accent, what is the correct way to express, in written form, this quirk of their speech? Would it be appropriate to just repeat the vowel? Or perhaps there's a specific punctuation mark I am not aware of.
Answer: Grammar Girl (among others) recommends avoiding it:

It may say more about the author and his or her assumptions than about
  the characters, or it may distract readers to the point that what is
  being said is overshadowed by how it's being said.

The article goes on to make this recommendation:

The other option for communicating a character's accent to readers,
  which I recommend, is to use standard spelling along with a
  description of the character's speech in the text introducing the
  character. One might write, "Her roots in the South were evident in
  her slow, melodious speech," while using standard spelling when
  writing out her speech. This method is much easier for the reader and
  avoids inadvertently stigmatizing a character.
Answer: Yes, you would repeat the vowel. Be careful not to double a vowel that would form another word (e.g. elongating the vowel in to to form too actually makes another, different word). For this reason, writers will usually use at least three consecutive vowels, such as:

I was sooo happy to see them.
That was waaaaaay too much effort.
I reeeeeally can't believe it.

There is no official rule about how many iterations of the vowel to use, other than the rule of thumb that more = longer when spoken.
There is also no official rule about how to handle the second vowel when two letters are used together to form a single vowel sound (as in really in the example above). My preference is to elongate the letter that most closely approximates the sound intended, as in:

boooooat
frieeeeeeend

Sometimes you will also see the second letter doubled, perhaps to a lesser extent (e.g. booooooaaat) but this is slightly harder to interpret (in my opinion).
Answer: Understand, of course, that the literal text of what someone says, does not change when spoken with a heavy accent or mispronunciation. So, if you are quoting someone in a journalistic sense, you should always write their words exactly as the speaker intended, and with the correct spelling.
To do otherwise, is injecting your own opinion, making a caricature of the person, by exaggerating some aspect of how they happen to speak. However, if you're writing a fictional story, or even a non-fictional accounting of a real-life "character", you may wish to illustrate that individual's characteristic style of speaking.
Because there are so many possible accents or ways to mispronounce words, there are no official rules of how to achieve this — it's up to the author to decide how the spoken words sound, and how to write them down phonetically.
Depending on your own regional accent, certain variations that other people have may stand out to you more than others. If a beautiful picture is in the eye of the beholder, the perfect accent is in the ear of the listener. So use your ears, and write down what you hear.
To give you a real-life example, I live in an area of Massachusetts known for its strong regional accent. The mayor we had a few years ago, spoke it so well, that I saved a few voice mail recordings of alert messages he sent. Here are two that you can listen to:
      Mayor Ambrosino of Revere - announcement about snow emergency.
      Mayor Ambrosino of Revere - announcement about Wonderland parking garage.
There are many words in the mayor's recordings that exemplify his authentic local accent. Notably, when the mayor says:

" There is no parking on emergency arteries. Cars parked on such arteries will be ticked and towed. "

     and

" This roadwork is a necessary part of the construction of the Wonderland parking garage. "

If I were to write that in a way that illustrates how it sounds to me, it would be:

" There is no paahking on emergency aahtahries. Caahs paahked on such aahtahries will be ticked and towed. "

     and

" this roadwork is a necessary paaht of the construction of the Wonderland paahking gaahradge "

So, it's really a subjective thing, but it should only be done when you're more concerned with expressing the sound of someone's speech, rather than the meaning of their spoken words.
Answer: I think you need to explain it in your narrative in most cases, unless it is something that can be approximated with additional letters (such as stuttering or lisping). You can also use the way it is pronounced in a dictionary or elsewhere, such as, "meez-on-senn" for mise-en-scene. If you haven't read it for awhile, you might want to re-read a couple of chapters of the great American author Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn, to see how one novelist managed to do it and remain both credible and engaging without stumbling over his own words or those of his characters.
Answer: You're right. A dash would help. If I knew more about linguistics, I could represent the words phonetically, as it's done in IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet), but that might be too technical, especially for dialogue in fiction.
The linguistic term is vowel breaking; in words with short vowels like cat and dress, the vowels can turn into diphthongs, so cat can become IPA kæjət for example (i.e. "ka-jut"). http://dialectblog.com/northamerican-accents/
Answer: In some parts of Nawth Callina, people pronounce one-syllable words as two syllables: "Wauch me do a flehup in the poohawl."
Comment: Nice, if you could seperate the sylables with a dash to make it easier to see where they begin and end, that would help readers get the idea better. Please take the [tour] and when you have a moment, read-up in the [help] about how we work. Welcome to English Language and Usage.


Keynote, numbers and pages not available on El Capitan after reinstalling

Question: I had installed Windows on my MacBook Air after wiping its HDD and then decided to have OS X reinstalled. One thing I noticed is that the office software that had previously showed up in the dock wasn't installed. When I look up Pages on the Appstore it shows a 20€ price tag. How can that be?
Comment: If you had them installed previously, look on the Purchased tab of the App Store and see if you can download them from there.
Answer: If it was associated with your Apple ID before the OS X reinstallation the reason is that you are haven't logged into the Mac App Store with your Apple ID.
Go to 'Store > Sign In…' and enter your Apple ID credentials. After that you will see "Download" instead of the price for Pages.


Pulback of a map to a pushout / pullback of cells in a fibration

Question: Given a fibration $f:X \to B$ of CW complexes, it makes sense to guess that the pullbacks of a cell of $B$ will be a cell for $X$. That is, let $B_p$ be the $p$-th skeleton of $B$ and $X_p$ the pullback of $B_p \to B$ along $f$. Suppose also that $B_p$ is obtained from $B_{p-1}$ by attaching a single cell along $\varphi : S^{p-1} \to B_{p-1}$. Then we can define $\tilde{\varphi}:\tilde{S}^{p-1} \to X_{p-1}$ to be the pullback of $\varphi$ along $X_{p-1} \to B_{p-1}$. I'm trying to prove that $$X_{p} \simeq X_{p-1} \cup_{\tilde{\varphi}} \tilde{D^{p}}$$It seems to be a part in Hatcher's proof for the Serre spectral sequence (SSEQ thm 1.3). When I tried to prove it category-theoretically, I found out the claim I'm trying to prove is that if I have a map $T \to A\cup_C B$, then the incuded map $$(T\times _{A\cup_C B}A) \cup _{(T\times _{A\cup_C B}C)} (T\times _{A\cup_C B}B) \to T$$ is an equivalence. That is: A pullback of a pushout square along a map to the pushout is a pushout. Even though this is definitely the case in the category of sets, I can't see why this will be true in general, or at least for spaces.
Answer: Well, apparently this is a special case of "colimits in spaces are universal": The general statement is that given a diagram $F:\mathcal{J}\to\mathcal{S}$ in the category of spaces, and a pair of maps $\operatorname{colim}\mathcal{J} \to Z$ and $Y\to Z$, there is an equivalence $$\left(\operatorname{colim}_\mathcal{J}F\left(i\right)\right)\times_Z Y \simeq \operatorname{colim}_\mathcal{J}\left(F\left(i\right)\times_Z Y\right)$$
The case here is the special case where the colimit is pushout and the map $\operatorname{colim}\mathcal{J} \to Z$ is the identity, and this is also known as Mather's second cube lemma, which was proven here at Theorem 25.
See also here for more information.


How can I render painted image texture in cycles?

Question: I want to paint a specific colour on a specific area of an image used as texture in cycles. I set it that so that it shows correctly in texture mode, but I cannot make it show in render mode. How can I do that?
Answer: Texture paint will only show in Cycles when saved and refreshed. Save the paint work to disk and then tab in and out of edit mode to refresh your render view, or press render again to get the update.


How to write characters who hate when you don't understand it?

Question: I hadn't thought about it before, but today I came across a writing prompt that involved hate. My mind kept running up against walls. It's not a skill I have ever worked at fostering. I can't think of a reason good enough to hate someone nor can I think of hateful things to do or say to someone. As a writer I know that I will eventually have to write characters who have this problem (there are villains after all) and I'm concerned that I won't be able to when the time comes.
Has anyone else had this problem, or do you have suggestions of what I could do to help me write these future characters?
Edit: Adding the villains bit was mostly just a silly thrown in statement. I know they are not the only ones to feel hate, but I've noticed that in some fiction the emotion is thrown on them. Sum up of that: it was a silly, superfluous, parenthetic statement.
A lot of good points have been made, and I appreciate all of them. The idea that hate is just dislike blown out of proportion (due to various contributing factors) makes sense, and I believe that I can build a character that hates something/someone using that knowledge.
I have noticed that even when I was very young I tended to be unwilling to make concrete decisions about certain things I disliked because there were too many variables in play to make a definitive decision on it. The upshot of that is that I am saddened by actions and occurrences that cause harm to me and mine. I know that these types of things end up hurting the harmers -sometimes- more deeply than the harmed. I have not experienced the hurt of being a harmer myself specifically, but -being an observer- I watch it happen to them. It's hard to watch, and I hope that they can move beyond it; forgive themselves, and make steps to be kinder in the future.
To me it makes no logical sense to foster deception, harm, and so on since the long reaching ramifications are so horrid. Fortunately, you all have pointed out to me that hate is not necessarily logical so that helps as well.
Thank you.
Answer: Perhaps you understand hate, you just call it something else.
Anger, distain, avoidance, disappointment, shock...these can all have elements of hate in them.  Anger especially.  The word "hate" has been used a lot in recent years and has picked up connotations it didn't really have before.  Now there is a sense of moral judgement on hate and we have the common word "haters."  Try to think of the word in an older sense, as something or someone you dislike in a very strong way.
If you're thinking that only villains can hate then you're using a very narrow definition of the word.
Everyone can hate and probably everyone does hate to some degree.  Maybe you don't hate anyone you know, but you might hate a public figure who has used her/his power to do hateful things.  Or you could have general hate for people who throw their cigarette butts out car windows.  Or you might really hate coconut.  It doesn't have to be profound and life-altering to hate something.
If you really can't relate to it, then find people who can and talk to them.
Treat it like you would learning about people who do or are things you have no experience with.  Like drug addiction, or being a victim of trauma, or traveling to another country, or having parents who divorce.  Or even small things like working in an ice cream shop or getting an F on an essay or owning a dog.
Talk to people.  Your friends and family and people you don't know well.  Reaching out on the internet was a good step.  Learn about how different people can be inside.  What makes them tick, what makes them special, how do different experiences shape them?  This will make you a better writer.
Answer: You say you've been lucky - nobody has given you a cause to hate them. Now imagine someone, or some group, laid deliberate, continuous, unjust abuse on someone(s) you cared about. Or imagine your own welfare and happiness being continually put under threat by a person's or group's deliberate actions. And the system gives you no way to do anything about it - in fact, the system might be the perpetrator, or it might be tacitly supporting the perpetrator, leaving you helpless. Those are the keys here: harm is deliberate, unjust, and "justice" isn't being meted to the perpetrator - they can continue perpetrating, and enjoying the profits thereof. And it is personal - you or somebody you care about are threatened, or actually harmed.
(Harm can be perceived. Blood libels were a common excuse for anti-Semitism, never mind that they were libel - surprise, surprise, we do not, in fact, eat children.)
Because there is no legal recourse to your fear and pain, a boiling need to change things rises in you - to hurt those who have hurt you, to make it so they can't hurt anyone ever again. Only, you can't, at least not without paying a heavy price. And that too is unfair. This boiling cauldron is where hate is born.
That's something you need to understand, when writing: hate is a strong emotion. Hate is passion. Hate is a fire inside you.
There is another element: each character, like each person, has an "inner narrative", within the framework of which they understand the world. Evidence that doesn't fit into this narrative gets tossed away as "a lie", "pretence", etc. So, if a person from a hated group suddenly helps your character, it's "clear" to your character they're only doing this for some nefarious hidden agenda of their own. Basically, hate colours their inner narrative, and they understand the world in light of their hate. Even a cry of pain can be construed as "they're trying to manipulate me, they should be punished for this."
Answer: To me, hate has always been an intense desire for something to change, while believing it is resistant to that change.
Good people can hate many things. They hate the villain. They hate their past. They hate that people are starving, or abused, or ignored. They hate it, because it doesn't have to be that way and yet it still is.
If you want to change something and it is easy to fix, it's just annoying.
A lightbulb is flickering in a room and that's annoying, so you change the bulb, but then it still flickers which is frustrating so you get an electrician to look at it, but it still flickers and now you hate that lightbulb.
From that, my advice is:

Consider how the character's hatred has evolved.

It probably started as a petty annoyance, but it has become a real block in their life, why is that?

Consider how the character's hatred affects them.

Is it a motivator in their life to do something? Is it a demotivator? What does it do to them?

Consider how the character's hatred manifests in their day to day.

Do they mutter to themselves every time they pass their rival in the street? Do they refuse to help someone because of some prejudice? What does it make them do?

That being said, hatred is not always rational and can quite easily crop up with very little rhyme or reason. But if you can understand the character's mindset, it makes it much easier to write about them.
Answer: First, I commend you for having gotten past hate in your own life.  But that's a pretty mature attitude.  If you search your memories carefully (perhaps back to early childhood, if necessary), I'd be surprised if you can't find someone that you hated, at least for a little while --enough to give you the emotional taste of it.  If you can't, you might consider that you may be mentally censoring yourself --even good people feel bad emotions sometimes.
It's worth noting that you can write about hate without understanding it.  Just write from the close POV of character who feels similarly mystified.
Finally, you don't necessarily need to take hate as a subject at all.  Even villains don't always hate.  Sometimes they love too much, or too selfishly, or too blindly.
Answer:
As a writer I know that I will eventually have to write characters who have this problem (there are villains after all) and I'm concerned that I won't be able to when the time comes.

If you want to understand hate better, first you need to realize that 'good people' hate as well as 'bad people.' Hate is a human emotion, and if you want to understand how to write a character that hates, first, you need to understand in your mind that this character is human. You need to be able to step into their shoes and understand why they feel as strongly as they do. It's a cliche but still holds true that every villain is a hero of their own stories.
Answer: Hate is not just over-blown dislike. Hate is visceral, a wish that somebody else suffer harm, often for the harm they have actually done, in other cases for the harm the hater truly believes they have done, or will do, either to the hater, or to people the hater cares about.
Hate can be addictive; it is an intense emotion and has its rewards: For example, if Jill believes another person or group is responsible for the death of her brother, or father, imagining the harms that could be done to those responsible can be a salve to her, imagining them getting their just rewards of pain and grief can feel satisfying.
If she believes their evil is an ongoing enterprise (and for some criminals that can be reality), her hatred may even enable her to scheme to inflict that harm and bring her imaginations to reality, and she may feel justified as a vigilante in doing so to prevent the perpetrators from doing any further harm, to people like her. Jill may believe they would thank her, if they knew she was responsible for hurting them, or killing them. She may be proud of her contribution.
Hate, like love or lust, does not have to be rational. We can reason about it (as I have done above), but the emotion itself is not based in logic, it is not like "X is true and Y is true, therefore I hate." Dislike can be based in logic and reasons. Like can be too: Josh is competent in his job, he's civil and doesn't insult people, he can be funny without racism or sexism, those are reasons I like working with Josh. No conflicts.
Love isn't like that, lust isn't like that, and hate isn't like that. Hate is a visceral feeling, usually felt because one is certain the person hated is a personal harm, or causing harm to others, or is in general a harm to society, and therefore unworthy of any enjoyment or success they (the hated) has in life, and the hater or society in general would be better off rid of the hated person (or group).
Hate may not be strong enough to actually break laws in order to harm the hated, but it can be that strong: the hater can believe the laws are mistaken and should not apply to this particular circumstance, that the hated is guilty and true justice demands they be punished, no matter what the cost.
Answer: All of the answers here already are good answers. It's a complex topic, and all three answers addresses key points the others miss or touch too lightly. But I feel there's a few important things that have not been said. I doubt I've covered them all.
The lack of a reason good enough to hate someone hasn't stopped... just about everyone.
Most of the people I've talked to who claimed to be free of all hate did, in fact, hate someone, and this came out after talking with them for a while. The person they hated was themselves.
This is not a big statement about people hating one thing or another; it's a statement about people tending to encounter others who are like themselves. I've talked to a number of other people who noticed this and thought it was a great power of the universe, but it isn't. It's us. We prefer to be around the familiar, and we are the person with whom we are most familiar. For some of us, this is harder than others; different people are different, and some of us are more different than others.
Hating onesself doesn't have to continue; I've more or less made amends. I have my problems and I try to worth through them, same as anyone else. It was easier for me, because as a straight guy in the US, I haven't been taught to hate myself, I just did. Many people in many cultures are taught to hate themselves, and that can run deep. Most people can't work on fixing it until they notice it.
If self-hatred is also not your thing, understand that even dislike is similar to hate in many aspects. Start with dislike, and add frustration. This thing that is disliked is always there, there's no getting away from it. Most people who hate others but not themselves do so by blaming any inadequacy they feel on the target of their dislike.
Galastel mentions injustice. That's almost a distraction. Justice is a refined concept and hate is a raw emotion. But if you understand the concept of justice, you can harness it to feed that raw emotion, regardless of whether it is properly applied or not. I've seen someone physically assault a police officer and then claim that his subsequent arrest was unjust. I'm sure they were angered by their arrest more because of that thought, regardless of how false it was.
Galastel's mention of blood libels is also an especially good point. Most of the people I've had extensive discussions about why they hated one thing or another have had a significant amount of misinformation about the subject of their hatred. This misinformation was rarely enough to be the source of hatred, but always a significant contribution to it when it was present.


Unable to set field width using binding expression

Question: I have a very simple requirement, which is to dynamically set the width of several (not all, just several) columns in my XamDataGrid to 0 if a binding expression is met.
The columns in question invariably follow this structure:
<igDP:UnboundField Name="Data Field 1" BindingPath="SrcEntity.Field1"
    Width="{Binding Path=DataContext.GetDynamicWidth}">
    <igDP:Field.Settings>
        <igDP:FieldSettings AllowHiding="Always" AllowResize="True" />
    </igDP:Field.Settings>
</igDP:UnboundField>

When I debug the application, the DataContext.GetDynamicWidth is getting called as expected, and is returning the width value as expected (either 0 or Double.NaN). But on the grid, the actual width is unchanged for these columns that have the dynamic binding to their width.
Can anyone tell me if this is an Infragistics bug, or if I'm missing something here?
Note: I've also tried the following field settings:
<igDP:FieldSettings AllowHiding="Always"
    AllowResize="True" CellWidth="{Binding Path=DataContext.GetDynamicWidth}" />

This was also unsuccessful.
Answer: The Field isn't part of the visual or logical tree so binding to the DataContext isn't possible.  To work around this you can bind to a StaticResource instead.


How to avoid generalization?

Question: One of the tips I learn when writing academic papers is to avoid generalizing, and by that, it means we, as writers, need to understand the difference between fact and opinion and try to express things with different levels of certainty. However, I still find the way to differentiate between fact and opinion quite confusing. It would be great if someone can explain the difference between these two things.
Comment: Your title is quite general...
Comment: this seems to be better suited in [writing.se]
Comment: Generalization may be encouraged, since it extends scope (e.g., making academic papers more widely applicable), but perhaps you're interested in something else: What do you mean by _generalizing_? I don't see how it relates to _understand[ing] the difference between fact and opinion and try[ing] to express things with different levels of certainty_.
Answer: Generalization should be encouraged to extend scope, thereby making academic papers more widely applicable. Perhaps the OP is actually interested in another question: It is unclear what the OP means by generalizing, I don't see a relation with understand[ing] the difference between fact and opinion and try[ing] to express things with different levels of certainty. Maybe the OP is interested in

find[ing a] way to differentiate between fact and opinion...It would be great if someone can explain the difference between these two things.

Let's look at the definitions (from Google) of those terms:
<code> Fact. A thing that is known or proved to be true, e.g., hedgehogs have fleas.

 Opinion. A view or judgement formed about something, not necessarily based on
 fact or knowledge, e.g., hedgehogs should drink milk.
</code>
So, facts are true, whereas the validity of opinions are unknown.

The first example is also from Google, the second is a widely believed opinion, which is false.
Answer: I think perhaps by generalizing you mean extrapolating, applying the rules governing one truth, to another. It may or may not lead to a second truth, but I think it is worth doing as it can be illuminating.
Answer: It is a bit unclear to me how generalization relates to facts and opinions, however I think the core question of combating generalization is a good one.
Sometimes it is helpful to focus on writing concisely to avoid generalizations. For example, if you write "several different procedures were done in this experiment" and then list the procedures, the first part of the sentence is unnecessary and general. Start writing with the nitty-gritty specifics in mind, and then use topic sentences (which may be more general) appropriately.
Every sentence in your paper should add something helpful to it. Even if you are summarizing previous points (like in a conclusion), you want to have a specific purpose in mind so that your reader doesn't waste time reading the same sentence with different wording.
In short, start by having a clear focus and then broaden (only as needed to help your reader) from there.

How to avoid generalization?


How can I set the var subject in google forms script editor to return the values of specified fields in the form/sheet its is connected to?

Question: How can I set the var subject in google forms script editor to return the values of specified fields in the form/sheet its is connected to?
For example, if my column headers and corresponding form fields were, "Name" and "Date" respectively, how would I code the "var subject =" to pull that info from those columns, so that the subject of the confirmation email includes that data?
The code below pulls my Form Data from Google Docs into an Email confirmation Message, and displays the data entered. I want to customize the script to have custom email subject lines that match one or more of the form fields, instead of just a set "phrase" (i.e. "New Order Form") like it is now.
function sendFormByEmail(e)
{

  var email = "my email";

  var subject = "New Order Form";

  var s = SpreadsheetApp.getActiveSheet();
  var headers = s.getRange(1,1,1,s.getLastColumn()).getValues()[0];
  var message = "";

  for(var i in headers)
    message += headers[i] + ' = '+ e.namedValues[headers[i]].toString() + "\n\n";

  MailApp.sendEmail(email, subject, message);

}

Answer: Below code snippet is from an already active Google Form email notification script. It is not the complete script, however, if you add it to your existing script, it will do what you asked for in your question.
What the code below is doing:
Step 1: Assigns two variables to two different constants you want to keep consistent in your email notifications, namely var subject1 and var subject2.
*Note: You can change the constants and the variables to suit your needs.
Step 2: Assign both variables you created in Step 1 plus the data you want inserted in your subject line from the user submitted responses.
If I submitted values "John" and "3/6/2014" on your Google form fields "Name" and "Date" respectively, you will receive an email with subject line that says "Submitted by John On 3/6/2014".
var subject1 = "Submitted by ";
var subject2 = "On ";

subject = subject1 + e.namedValues['Name'].toString() + subject2 + e.namedValues['Date'].toString();

Lastly,
Remember that you can add to this subject string as many variables as you want to create the perfect subject for your email notifications.
Hope that helped,
Cheers
T...
Answer: Let's say your form has questions "Name" and "Date", which end up in column 2 (B) and 3 (C) respectively. As you are already accessing the event info that is passed to your function upon form submission, you can do the same to build the subject.
function sendFormByEmail(e)
{

  var email = "my email";

  var form = e.namedValues;
  var subject = form["Name"] + form["Date"];

 ...


How do I know if I spawned so bad it's not even worth playing

Question: I have started playing with friends online, and both of my spawns were horrible even with start bias turned on (hill tundra and plain desert). How do I know if my spawn spot is so bad it's not even worth bothering ? I'd rather not stay in a four hour game where I have exactly 0 chance of winning.
Answer: It's kind of difficult to give a hard rule here.  However, if I was pressed for a rule of thumb, I would say that if your capital city and the tiles immediately surrounding it are more than half tiles that give no base food (ie, desert, ice, mountain, snow), then you're probably in trouble.  In fact, without a balance of food and production, you're probably going to be at a disadvantage, so some forest or hills would be good as well.
In this case, you can move your initial settler to a slightly better tile.  If you can do this within, say, a turn, you're probably not too bad off.  If it takes longer than that or the surrounding area is just completely barren, you're probably at a significant disadvantage.
If you're in a slightly bad location, it probably just means that you need to found a second city earlier than you normally would.  Usually your capital will be a powerhouse, but if you spawn in a poor location it might not be.
You can avoid this situation altogether by playing on more balanced map types - there are some that are completely devoid of desert and ice, for instance.  Disabling start bias is also an option if you really want to play as a civ that usually starts near vast swaths of desert or ice.
Comment: So, it's not game ending if I simply spawn with a lot of desert as long as my second city can get in a decent position ?
Comment: @Kalec, yeah, It hurts, but it's probably not the end of the world.  There are a lot of other factors though - how skilled you are versus your opponents, what luxury/strategic resources you end up with, your civ's special abilities, etc.  I'd probably suggest a different, more balanced map type in order to avoid this situation altogether.
Comment: Thank you for the information, but could you also give me an example of a "more balanced map type" ?
Comment: @Kalec, I have a lot of DLC, so you might not have the same options  I do.  The one I'm thinking of is called Skirmish.  It says 2 players, but you can make it bigger and fit more on there just fine.  If you don't have that, try going into advanced setup and using Pangea with resources set to "Strategic Balance" or "Legendary Start" - either of those should give everyone a really good and balanced starting location.
Comment: In addition to agent86's answer, it is worth noting that a lot of this depends on how you want to play. For instance, if you only have 1 luxury resource in the immediate area, you will struggle with certain strategies.


Motion of air particles across ultrasound waves

Question: I wanted to know if air particles can cross through (transverse direction) an ultrasound wave or they will start to oscillate in the direction of wave propagation (longitudinal) when they get in contact with the wave and get trapped inside the wave. Can I create a zone where particles cannot cross over to the other side of the ultrasound wave ?
Comment: Re, "cross through...or start to oscillate" Why do you think they can't do both?
Comment: What do you mean by air particles? And what is the medium where the wave travels? Also air?
Comment: Yes the medium is air. By air particles I mean atoms and molecules which comprise the air. Thanks
Answer: If you consider linear regimes, then the ultrasonic wave should act as yet another "normal" sound wave. This means that the movement of the "particles" will move in a way dictated by the superposition of the travelling ("main") wave and the ultrasonic wave. Linearity applies here too so this shouldn't be different from two sound waves travelling in perpendicular directions meeting at a point in space.
Now, regarding creating a shaded area, I am not sure this can be achieved in the way you think of it. Maybe creating a pressure null on a specific direction or point in space could be a more appropriate approach, but this again depends on the application. I believe that if you don't provide more info on the specifics of the application we won't be able to provide much more help.


High CPU runs in launchd

Question:
My fan on my Mac has been running all the time. I did google some solution for this problem. However, I didn't see any error on the system.log
Could anybody have any better recommendation for my Mac.
Comment: If you switch to energy use - what apps are taking energy. Launchd is a worker and only is being asked to do work, the trick is to figure out who is asking for work. Your screen shot is too cropped to tell what's happening. Please edit some details in the main post with the edit button.
Comment: @bmike I did add the energy use. In the meantime, my fan is still running and my keyboard has been really warm.
Comment: Wow. Very clean list. You can quit chrome just to rule that out and possibly reboot without using and web browsers until you're sure the issue isn't related to web browsing.
Comment: I experience the same high proc usage of launchd & UserEventAgent (maybe every three days up to two hours) and I usually resolve it by simply relaunching Google Chrome.
Answer: My best guess would be that launchd is trying to launch something that is failing  and it's just trying over and over and over again. I remember seeing something similar before.
First thing I'd recommend is downloading and running EtreCheck. Amongst other things this will look at all your launch agents and launch daemons scripts and point out any that have missing components that might result in this repeated behaviour.
Look for items highlighted in red like in the screenshot below.

High CPU runs in launchd


Adding a 'laser' tag?

Question: Should we add a tag for 'laser' for those of us who are attaching laser cutters/burners to 3D printers to turn them into 3D CNC. Or is this drifting too far off topic from "3d printing"?
Answer: A good question. I'm currently using insights I obtained from mucking about with a 3D printer with Arduino Mega 2560 and RAMPS 1.4 to dive into retrofitting an elderly CNC router (but, as a router, still, not as a printer) with a new control system (presently thinking and have on order Arduino Uno R3 and Arduino CNC shield R3, we'll see how implementation goes on those) and was wondering if I could ask questions here that would overlap, or not, as I don't think there's a CNC/subtractive community similar to this 3DP/additive one in the ecosystem yet.
I actually started out thinking I could just use the same controller setup (there's plenty of stepper driver slots available, and going "dual-purpose" cut and print is potentially interesting) but it seems the official GRBL fork is not 2560 compatible, though there is a fork to try and make it so - it seemed more of a sure bet to stick with the "official" fork and the common hardware.
Likewise I've seen a bit of chatter about making Marlin switch-hit CNC/3DP, but I get the impression it's not all there yet, and I'm more interested in immediately usable based on current/past efforts than trying to develop new functionality my dang self.
Answer: The tag laser has been created. Would you like to provide usage guidance and edit the tag summary and body?
So far I have found one question which is laser related, Laser Engraver with Smoothie, RAMPS 1.4 or AWC708C?. Seeing as you posted this question, did you have any other questions in mind that required that tag? If so, would you mind tagging them as such?

Adding a 'laser' tag?


Publish ClickOnce app with TeamCity

Question: What is the simplest way to have my Visual Studio 2015 solution also publish the ClickOnce app? Is it possible to change ClickOnce settings parameters, e.g. Update URL, when running the build?
Answer: Turns out this is easy:

Build step is "MSBuild"
Build file points to the Visual Studio solution
Set "Target" to "publish"
Add "Command Line Parameter":
/property:PublishDir="C:\\Users\TeamCity\\Desktop\\publish\\" <=
where the ClickOnce artifacts get put

I also had another Command Line Parameter /property:InstallUrl="http://my.domain/app/" so I can set different install locations for different builds (test/production).
I then added a reference to this parameter in my *.csproj file:
<InstallUrl Condition="'$(InstallUrl)' == ''">http://default.domain/app/</InstallUrl>
<InstallUrl Condition="'$(InstallUrl)' != ''">$(InstallUrl)</InstallUrl>

You may also need these in *.csproj to get your ClickOnce app version sync'd with the TeamCity build number:
<ApplicationVersion Condition="'$(build_number)' == ''">126.96.36.199</ApplicationVersion>
<ApplicationVersion Condition="'$(build_number)' != ''">$(build_number)</ApplicationVersion>
<BuildNumber Condition="'$(build_number)' == ''">22.214.171.124</BuildNumber>
<BuildNumber Condition="'$(build_number)' != ''">$(build_number)</BuildNumber>

And set the build number format (Build Configuration > General Settings) to 1.0.0.%build.counter%. Incrementing major/minor for your app manually.
What I then do is create 3 build steps with 3 different versions of the above for development, test and production. So I have the same build of the ClickOnce app that will install and auto-update from my development, test and production websites (I add all 3 builds to the code repository for the site).
I also add the "AssemblyInfo patcher" feature to the TeamCity build configuration and "system.Configuration" Parameter is set to "Release".
Comment: thank you, this very useful, how would you change the Cert used to Sign ClickOnce?
Answer: Dave's response above was very helpful (Thanks Dave!). Given this a TeamCity - ClickOnce specific question I figured I add some screenshots (TeamCity v2017.2)

I created two configurations (dev, prod) one is triggered on each commit and the other is manual(prod).

I created a single build step with Targets: of Clean,Build,Publish
Both build configs will use the Configuration Release

Where both configuration differ is at the parameters settings. I want dev and prod to publish the ClickOnce files to separate folders which is specified by setting the system.PublishDir
I also wanted dev and prod to be accessible from separate urls which can be done by using the system.InstallUrl
Make sure to terminate your PublishDir and InstallUrl with / otherwise you will get 404 download errors or directory path errors.

7. Lastly make sure your Configuration WinForms project is set to build (this got me) otherwise TeamCity will not generate the ClickOnce Files.
Comment: Three Years Later: make sure you include "Publish" in the TeamCity build Targets - otherwise the ClickOnce process will not execute! e.g., Targets: Rebuild, Publish

Publish ClickOnce app with TeamCity


Minecraft Anvil Enchanted Item adding

Question: In minecraft I have a sharpness 5 Netherite Axe is it possible for me to put it in an anvil, add a Smite 5 Netherite Axe and get a Sharpness 5 Smite 5 Netherite Axe, and then put it in anvil again put a BoA 5 Netherite Axe and then get a Sharpness 5, Smite 5, BoA 5 Netherite Axe?
Answer: The Minecraft Wiki states that Sharpness, Smite, and Bane of Arthropods are mutually exclusive. So no, you cannot add more than one of those types of enchantments to your sword.
If you're willing to use cheats, you can use an NBT editor to get the enchantments on an item.
Answer: Sadly, you cannot add Smite on an item with Sharpness, nor Bane of Arthropods.
It's better to just have 2 swords (yes, swords, not axes) as they deal more damage in Bedrock Edition, 1 with Sharpness and 1 with Smite. Smite for certain hostile mobs, and Sharpness for others.

Minecraft Anvil Enchanted Item adding


How can I choose a good Riemann solver when numerically solving a system of hyperbolic PDEs?

Question: Many numerical methods for hyperbolic PDEs are based on the use of Riemann solvers.  Such solvers are essential for accurately capturing shock waves.  There are a range of such solvers available for the most well-studied systems (e.g., exact solvers, Roe solvers, HLL solvers).  How should I decide which to use?
Answer: For the numerical solution of hyperbolic PDEs the use of Riemann solvers are essential components of conservative shock capturing methods for accurate simulation of wave problems which may have shocks (discontinuous jumps in conserved variables). To be able to obtain accurate solutions to such problems, we need to use proper upwinding techniques -- the Riemann solver is responsible for this. The Riemann solver seek an accurate solution to the interface problem between cells (fx. in Finite Volumes) or elements (fx. in Discontinuous Galerkin Finite Element Methods). The solution of this interface problem is based on solution of either side of the interface and seeks to use this as basis for accurate reconstruction of the (numerical) flux (in terms of conserved variables) across the interface. Goal is to mimic the underlying physics as accurately as possible/necessary to obtain accurate solutions.
There are two standard approaches to the solution of such (local to the interface) Riemann problems, namely, exact and approximate Riemann solvers. For many PDEs there are no exact closed-form solution available in which case we have to resort to approximate Riemann solvers. In practice, it may also be (too) expensive to exactly solve the Riemann problems in which case it may be more practical to resort to approximate Riemann solvers. For the same reason Lax-Freidrichs type fluxes are widely used as a simple means.
Essentially, the choice between Riemann solvers has to do with how accurately one seeks to take represent the wave speeds of the solution and the resulting efficiency.
It is problem dependent. The Riemann problem is based on data from either side of cell interfaces. To reconstruct the flux at the interface based on this data we must know information about the full wave structure of the hyperbolic PDE in question. This makes the Riemann problem problem-dependent and therefore also the choice of Riemann solver. In short, exact solvers seek to take into account the full wave structure, the Roe solver is based on local approximation (by linearization and special averaging) of the local wave structure, the HLL solver is based on estimating two dominant wave speeds in the local wave structure and then impose conservation by satisfying Rankine-Hugoniot condition to hold across shocks or contact discontinuities.
Thus, the choice between specific solvers, exact solvers or approximate Roe/HLL/etc solvers depends on striking a balance between accuracy (in mimicking the underlying physics of the model equations) and efficiency needs. In the end -- as I see it -- in practical application it is often efficiency requirements that dictates the use of approximate Riemann solvers (fx. of the Lax-Friedrichs type).
A good exposition to the subject is given by E. F. Toro in his textbook "Riemann solvers and numerical methods for fluid dynamics", Springer.
Comment: But you say absolutely nothing about how evaluate your metrics for even a single pair of solvers. You always balance accuracy and efficiency, for any calculation.
Answer: I've been lead to believe that for low order numerics one needs high quality Riemann solvers and for high order numerics one can use low quality Riemann solvers.  Intuitively there's some number of FLOPs necessary to capture the physics below which one is hosed.
And, yes, there's also zero content in this answer from an evaluation metric perspective...


Did Hashirama have a son?

Question: In Naruto it us shown that Tsunade is Hashirama's granddaughter. Does that mean she is the daughter of Hashirama's son? So who is Hashirama's son ?
Answer: Hashirama Senju and Mito Uzumaki did have an offspring. But it wasn't confirmed officially if they were male or female.
Also, the series doesn't give importance to Tsunade's parents, as a result of which, they were never revealed. It mainly focused on the relationship Tsunade and Hashirama had between them and her life later on.
From Hashirama's and Tsunade's Wikia articles respectively:

So yes, Tsunade is Hashirama's granddaughter. But it is not known if it was Tsunade's father or mother who was Hashirama's child. And, nothing is officially declared about them.
Answer: Ok so The first hokage is married to Kushina's mother so Kushina is the daughter of The first hokage which means kushina has a sis who had lady tsunade so naruto is technicality lady tsunades cousin but I doubt it
Comment: Do you have any source for Kushina being Mito's daughter?

Did Hashirama have a son?


Responsive Website both mobile and phone, mingle both Reactjs and React native

Question: I want to the responsive web app on Mobile and Web page. I have built a website on React js. I have brought that website using a web view to React native and made it a mobile app. Now I need to direct my users depending upon the platform. If they are mobile users I need to direct them to React native app(live on the browser) and if they use the system they should be seeing the website I build. How can I do that? Is it possible? Suggest me a better Idea.
Answer: You can achieve this using your backend code by checking request user agent if you get mobile, you can redirect to some other url (Probably play store).
You can do the same via front end JS also (not advisable). You can use these methods to detect if the user is on mobile, based on that redirect it to play store.
Answer: Check if the navigator userAgent is mobile or not. If mobile add a links to your app or app store to download it.
if (/Mobi|Android/i.test(navigator.userAgent)) {
    // if I'm here that mean I'm a phone
}


Can why electrons exist in shells be explained by the Pauli exclusion principle?

Question: Do you know the Pauli exclusion principle?-'No two particles could be in the same quantum state at once'.
Well can you use that principle to explain why electrons stay in shells and electrons in separate shells can never get closer than a certain length to electrons in another shell. I learned somewhere that what the Pauli exclusion principle is really saying is that you should be able to indistinguishably identify
two separate fermions or something very similar to that. Well I'd get why that happens in the first shell (because there are only 2 electrons and they have opposite spins) but how could that apply to shells with higher electrons like for example the 2nd shell which has 4 electrons? I also think that there's an equation describing this and I'd love to know what that equation is. Any help would be greatly appreciated.
Comment: Note that the exclusion principle prohibits two fermions occupying states with identical quantum numbers, the 2nd energy shell has 4 orbitals, $s^x$, $p^x$, $p^y$ and $p^z$ each of these can separately hold 2 electrons since their $l$ and $m_l$ quantum numbers are different.
Comment: Have you read the wikipedia page on the [aufbau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aufbau_principle) principle?
Comment: I did but  wikipedia wasn't all that helpful
Comment: *I shouldn't have attached an $x$ to the s-orbital, can't edit it now, my mistake.
Comment: @Charlie, You can't edit a comment after five minutes, but you _can_ copy it's text into a new comment and then delete the old one.
Answer: The state of a bound electron in an atom is described by four quantum numbers:

The principal quantum number $n$ which takes integer values $1,2,3, \dots$ and determines which shell the electron is in.
The azimuthal quantum number $l$ which takes integer values from $0$ to $n-1$ and determines the angular momentum of the electron.
The magnetic quantum number $m_l$ which takes integer values from $-l$ to $l$.
The spin quantum number $s$ which takes values $\pm \frac 1 2$.

The Pauli exclusion principle then prevents two bound electrons having exactly the same set of values for these four quantum numbers.
In shell $1$ we have $n=1$, $l=0$, $m_l=0$ and $s=\pm \frac 1 2$. So there are at most two electrons in shell $1$.
In shell $2$ we have $n=2$ and $l=0, 1$. When $l=0$ then $m_l=0$ and $s=\pm \frac 1 2$, which allows up to $2$ electrons. When $l=1$ then $m_l=-1, 0, 1$ and $s=\pm \frac 1 2$, which allows up to $6$ electrons. So there are at most $8$ electrons in shell $2$.
And. in general, there can be at most $2n^2$ electrons in shell $n$.


How to add Audio into QGIS recorded and geotagged using OSMand app

Question: Is there a plugin or easy way of adding audio recordings, recorded and tagged using OSMand app, into QGIS.
I'm using a PC and have no coding knowledge!
I was able to  load the photographs using the "load photos" plugin then pop them up using the eVis plugin.
I understand that I could also use eVis for audio but seems to require a database set up which I don't have.
Answer: I am just a beginner, and I dont think this is the best way, but it works - so here is my solution:

import the gpx-file as a new layer into qgis, which osmand exports with all the audio-files and pictures
export this new layer as a new shp-file from qgis and import it again into qgis - now you can edit this layer;
in the attribute table you can see now all the notes from osmand
insert a new column (e.g. "path") into the attribute table and fill in the absolute or relative file-paths on your pc to the notes
start the evis-event browser; in "configure external applications" you can set up for the audio files (3gp files) that qgis should use VLC-Player (or any other player)
Finished! With the eVis event tool you can click on the layer Points. Images will be shown in the small window; With audio files you have to click on the path and your media player will launch...

If you have a lot of notes I used the following method:

Use directory printer to print a excel (CVS) sheet with information (absolute or relative path to the notes) of all the notes
add some kind of matching ID in this list so that you can Join this list with your points layer in QGIS
import this list as text layer to qgis
use JOIN-function to add the path information from the excel sheet (CSV) to the point layer
Comment: Thank you, will have a go ASP, posted the question quite a while back and gave up. appreciate advice
Comment: Let me know if it works, otherwise i will add some screenshots of my workaround or give some more detailed info...


What is alkalimetry?

Question: I've found two answers. One says its the determination of concentration of unknown alkali solution with the help of standard acid solution.
The other says it as the determination of concentration of unknown acid solution with the help of standard alkali solution.
Answer: IUPAC's current terminology for the kinds of titrations is based on the following classification [1, p. 580]:

nature of end-point detection (coulometric, potentiometric, amperometric, conductometric, thermoanalytical, optical, radiochemical titrations);
nature of the reaction between analyte and reagent (acid-base, precipitation, complexometric, redox titrations);
nature of the titrant (acidimetric, alkalimetric, iodometric,  coulometric titrations).

So, alkalimetry is the term used to reflect the nature of the titrant, and the historical IUPAC's definition [2] is still correct, and shall be viewed as a type of acid-base titrimetric analysis:

2. Alkalimetry. Determination of a substance by titration with a base.
[…]
27.03. ALKALIMETRIC. An acid-base titration in which an acid is titrated with a standard solution of an alkali.

As for your confusion, it may be explained by the following footnote [2, p. 429]:

The term acidimetry has opposite meanings in different countries.
For instance, in Britain and the U.S.A. it is used in both senses, i.e. determination of acid and determination with acid.
In France acidimetry generally means measurement of acid, and this appears to be the original meaning of the term.
However, all other usages of similar terms imply titration with, e.g. argentimetry; accordingly, to maintain consistency it is recommended that acidimetry means titration with.
The same remarks apply to alkalimetry.

References

Camões, M. F.; Christian, G. D.; Hibbert, D. B. Mass and Volume in Analytical Chemistry (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure Appl. Chem. 2018, 90 (3), 563–603. DOI: 10.1515/pac-2017-0410. (Free Access)
Sandell, E. B.; West, T. S. Recommended nomenclature for titrimetric analysis. Pure Appl. Chem. 1969, 18 (3), 427–436. DOI: 10.1351/pac196918030427. (Free Access)
Comment: To quote the theatre play written by the Czech fictitious author Jára Cimrman, "Thank you, my chieftain, for supporting my case!". :-)
Answer: Practically, the right meaning is the meaning used and/or assumed in given context, circumstances, community. Use, what is more usual in your region, or perhaps better, replace it by more universal and less controversial/confusing acid-base volumetry.

I assume that the meaning of alkalimetry/acidimetry has the similar fate as the work sign convention schisma in the 1st law of thermodynamics for thermodynamic systems (work done on  a system
$\Delta U = Q + W$  versus work done by a system $\Delta U = Q - W$ ).
Some communities in some periods used terms acidi/alkalimetry for volumetric acid-base titration of acids/bases, as AChem suggests in his etymology analysis as measuring of acids/bases.
Some other communities in some periods used terms acidi/alkalimetry for titrations by acids/bases, like manganometry by permangate, complexo/chelatometry by EDTA etc. Manganometry or chelatonetry are not obviously volumetric analysis of manganese or EDTA contents.
Both notions have some logic in them, similarly as the mentioned opposite work sign conventions. So the right answer may be context dependent and it is always good -- as for TD work -- to explicitly write what you mean by the terms.
Comment: If you look at the dates in the *OED*, the meaning has not changed since 1817. I agree that some people took the opposite meaning but that is not what a classically trained analytical chemist would understand. There are books with the title "Alkalimetry" and all they mean is measurement of base contents *by* standard acids.
Comment: @AChem It may depend on regions where classical analytical chemists were trained. I cannot speak for EN speaking countries. I did near all my titrations before I have learnt English.
Comment: But German authors also used the same def as given the EN language dictionary. I thought Czech and German sciences went hand in hand (or heavily influenced each other).
Comment: @AChem But CS/CZ science had strong hand in used terminology. Even you must admit inconsistency that acidbase titrations are OF and other ones BY. Some chemists may have noticed and started to use BY sense. In practical life, the term was not used much and chemists might not be sure which was correct.
Comment: This is why all these terms are no longer used in modern analytical chemistry...I saw this term after a long time.
Comment: @Achem Partly because there is not many titrations these days, aside of basic parameters in water analysis.
Answer: It is an obsolete term but nevertheless an analytical chemist should be familiar with it. Break the word into two: alkali + -metry. Measurement of an alkali (content). In other words, you use a standardized acid during titration, and the base concentration is unknown. The opposite is acidimetry.
Please note Wikipedia definitions of acidimetry and alkalimetry are incorrect. If you look at original books from 1890s or early 1900s even from respectable German authors, they define alkalimetry as defined in the answer. I pasted the screenshot of the unabridged version of the Oxford Eng. Dict. because it is not available to public. Maybe someone started the inconsistent definitions in some handbook and some people  followed the same without giving a second thought.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid%E2%80%93base_titration
Comment: Why obsolete? What is used instead of it? I think you got it confused, it takes the name after the standard solution, similar as bromatometry, manganometry or chelatonetry, not after what is determined
Comment: *Acidimetry is the specialized analytic use of acid-base titration to determine the concentration of a basic (synonymous to alkaline) substances using standard acid. Alkalimetry, is the same concept of specialized analytic acid-base titration, but for an acidic substance using standard base.*
Comment: @Poutnik, Since when Wikipedia became your reference for consulting good quality science? This is just the opposite what classical analytical chemists would say. I will add more details.
Comment: It is not reference for knowledge, it is source of handy quotes, not to type it myself. // The funny thing is I am finding both ways by searching. // In case the way you have provided is right, volumetry methods have naming inconsistency.
Comment: My CZ book Small Encyclopedia of chemistry from 1976 says(translated) alkalimetry is volumetric method to determine content of acidic substances by titration with solution of hydroxide, usually NaOH  and then enumerates acidic primary standards.  // Unless EN and CZ chemists used the opposite meanings for alkalimetry and acidimetry.

What is alkalimetry?