no module name pmadarima

Question: On installing pip install pmdarima via command prompt as admin, I get the below message as successful installation.
Requirement already satisfied: patsy>=0.5 in c:\users\username\appdata\local\programs\python\python39\lib\site-packages (from statsmodels!=0.12.0,>=0.11->pmdarima) (0.5.1)

But unable to work on it via Jupyter, get the below error on running
import pmdarima as pm

from pmdarima.model_selection import train_test_split

ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'pmdarima'

Comment: Your Jupyter notebook may be using a different interpreter or virtualenv.
Comment: Can you please help in resolving these errors?
Answer: When you do pip install, you're using your system's default python. You can have multiple versions of Python installed on the same computer.
For example, on my Mac if I do python in the terminal that opens Python 2. If I do python3 in the terminal, that opens Python 3.
When I do pip install numpy, it will install it to Python 2 by default. A program running in Python 3 will not be able to find that package.
To get it working for Python 3, I would do python3 -m pip install numpy. This uses the pip belonging to the right Python interpreter.
What is most likely happening here is that your Jupyter notebook is using a different Python interpreter. Try doing the install inside the notebook itself in a cell and that should work.

no module name pmadarima


What is the origin of CMB fluctuations?

Question: I have read somewhere that CMB (cosmic microwave background radiation) fluctuations in temperature are linked to mass distribution fluctuations in the early universe (at ~350000 years after Big Bang, which is of course when the cosmic radiation was emitted), and that is used to explain the formation of large structures (galaxies, clusters of galaxies..). Why is that so?
Answer:
The CMB  (cosmic microwave background) is a snapshot of the oldest light in our Universe, imprinted on the sky when the Universe was just 380,000 years old. It shows tiny temperature fluctuations that correspond to regions of slightly different densities, representing the seeds of all future structure: the stars and galaxies of today.

The anisotropies are very small,

The cosmic microwave background radiation is an emission of uniform, black body thermal energy coming from all parts of the sky. The radiation is isotropic to roughly one part in 100,000: the root mean square variations are only 18 µK, after subtracting out a dipole anisotropy from the Doppler shift of the background radiation .

One needs a model and the dominant one is the Big Bang model

This light stopped interacting with electrons and nucleons at 380.000 years after the BB,
before gravitational attraction formed stars and galaxies. The great uniformity of temperatures, at the level of 10^-5, cannot be explained thermodynamically because there was no uniform communication over the then universe ( due to special relativity) of the particles and energy forms before the photon separation, to homogenize the soup.  This uniformity forced the inflation period in the very beginning of the Big Bang model. The rapid inflation homogenized the primordial soup so that we end up with the observed CMB spectrum.
The CMB has been used to model a homogeneous early inflation period to explain  the CMB observation. Once the CMB homogeneity was  modeled  by the inflationary period, the homogeneity in the density of  cluster of galaxies and galaxies  also follows.

and that is used to explain the formation of large structures (galaxies, clusters of galaxies..).

The CMB does not explain the formation of large structures, those are explained by statistical mechanics and gravitational forces as the universe cooled from the BB . It explains the homogeneity  , which is still under study.
Answer: The CMB is a snapshot of the state of the universe at the moment when the universe cooled enough to allow protons to capture electrons to form atoms, thereby allowing light to travel unimpeded for the first time - prior to this the universe was a remarkably uniform distribution of plasma.  But there -were- minute variations, which appear to be a Gaussian random field: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_random_field ).  The hotter spots reveal regions of slightly higher density, so it's theorized that these became centers of gravity for stars/galaxies to coalesce.  This gives us a starting point to map the evolution of the universe over time to the present era.
Comment: Yep, what I don't understand is the correspondence between temperature and density..
Comment: That part's thermodynamics - if you take a sample of gas like the air, and compress it to reach a higher density, its temperature increases because there's a higher amount of kinetic energy per unit volume.  The same applies to the early universe - the slightly hotter regions indicated a higher density of matter where the temperature was high enough to ionize the gas and polarize the CMB photons that we see today:  http://wmap.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/rel_firstobjs.html
Comment: Always glad to help ;)

What is the origin of CMB fluctuations?


Have these roof ridge tiles been installed correctly?

Question: Had a roofer replace some missing ridge tiles on the hip of my roof. He has used mismatching ones. Disregarding aesthetic, is this a problem?
Comment: Finding replacement tiles that match is just about impossible , even if you can find the same pattern they will be a different color, I would have started at the top of the ridge but there is not as much moisture on the ridge as the lower tiles
Answer: Should not be a problem, if they seal well to the old ones.
The only function they have is to keep the weather out, looking good is only a bonus.
Will need to check that the top most one is well sealed to the old, that is the first place water can enter, since water flows downward easy.
Comment: I was thinking about the top-most one, too. Needs to have a nicely shaped mortar "bead" leading up to it to encourage the water to flow away and not collect up there where it can spend time working its way through the mortar.
Answer: Clay ridge tiles don't really waterproof anything. The mortar joints are common leak points. The tar paper or synthetic membrane underneath does that. The tiles are for protection and appearance.
So, as you suspected, this is just an appearance issue. Tile size aside, I've certainly seen prettier mortar work.
Answer: I'd tend to disagree with the other two answers - that appears to be an appallingly bad standard of work. Even a competent DIYer would do a better job than that, let alone someone who claims to be an experienced roofer. I'd be concerned that they're not sufficiently bedded to keep them in place in the long term and that the poor finish will allow water in, which will hasten deterioration by freeze-thaw - particularly where the top tile is raised above the existing. Also, it's not that difficult to find reasonable (not perfect) matches for even very old roof tiles (yours are not ancient - and they're 'modern' concrete, not clay) - again a competent roofer would have little trouble sourcing a much better matching tile. Having said that they'll probably stay up for a few years or more so unless you're planning on staying in the house for a long time you could always just let the next owner worry about it!


is the first sound /k/ in the word "confused" aspirated or unaspirated?

Question: I thought that it is aspirated because of the rule of aspiration : the stops like /p t k/ become aspirated when they occur in the word initial position OR in the onset position of the stressed syllable. But the answer was "unaspirated" because /k/ is not in the stressed syllable even though it occupies the word initial position. Is the answer correct?
Comment: It can occur either aspirated or unaspirated, depending on whether there is a secondary stress on the first syllable, and how fast the speaker is going. In a phrase like _initially confused_ (as in "He was initially confused, but..."), there would not be such a stress, and the /k/ would appear unaspirated [ɪ'nɪʃəlikṇ'fyuzd]. In the Monty Python sketch name "Confuse-a-Cat", however, it'd be aspirated.
Comment: @rogermue: that's because (1) aspirated and unaspirated versions are allophones of the same phoneme, like light and dark *l* and (2) aspiration is optional for probably around half the unvoiced plosives in speech (like the /k/ in *confused*).
Comment: The IPA notation for English uses no signs for aspirated plosives.
Comment: This is a difficult question because in English, compared with Spanish for example,  consonants all have some degree of aspiration.
Answer: It's aspirated, since it's at the beginning of a syllable. The aspiration is less prominent if the syllable does not have stress, but it's still aspirated.  Compare the "t" of "tomorrow" or "today", where "t" is before the schwa of an unstressed syllable, yet has clearly discernible aspiration (at least for many people -- there could be exceptions).


How can one boot Kodibuntu live USB from grub2?

Question: everyone!
As the question suggests, I'm finding it difficult to boot Kodibuntu from grub2. Here's the whole story:
I have recently bought an Intel Compute Stick which so far has been great for my purposes but I want to dual boot Windows 10 and Kodibuntu from it. I already have Windows 10 installed, obviously.
I went on and downloaded the Kodibuntu ISO from the official website, and burnt it on a USB stick with LiLi. Needless to say, it didn't boot on my Intel Compute Stick. I checked all the setting in the bios, everything was just fine. Tried using UNetBootIn and Universal USB Installer to create the USB and both failed. I then tried booting off the stick on my laptop which worked fine and therefore, the problem isn't with my usb/iso, it's with the Intel Compute Stick.
Next, I burnt an Ubuntu iso to the stick and I wasn't surprised to see that it booted from it flawlessly on the Intel Compute Stick so I concluded there must be some compatibility between the Bios on the Compute stick and Kodibuntu. Since the bios won't boot it and I could enter the grub console from the ubuntu live usb, why not boot kodibuntu from grub. It is, after all, the universal boot loader.
I then took a look at the file structure of the kodibuntu iso which is as follows:
<code>|----md5sum.txt
|
|---.disk
|       casper-uuid-3.13.0-43-generic
|       info
|
|---casper
|       filesystem.manifest
|       filesystem.manifest-remove
|       filesystem.size
|       filesystem.squashfs
|       initrd.lz
|       vmlinuz
|
|---isolinux
|       adtxt.cfg
|       boot.cat
|       exithelp.cfg
|       f1.txt
|       f10.txt
|       f2.txt
|       f3.txt
|       f4.txt
|       f5.txt
|       f6.txt
|       f7.txt
|       f8.txt
|       f9.txt
|       isolinux.bin
|       isolinux.cfg
|       menu.cfg
|       prompt.cfg
|       splash.png
|       stdmenu.cfg
|       txt.cfg
|       vesamenu.c32
|
|---preseed
     ubuntu.seed
</code>
It isn't exactly the same structure as an Ubuntu live ISO, as you can see.
I placed the kodibuntu files onto a partition on the storage of the compute stick and from the grub console I tried setting the root to that partition and then setting linux and initrd accordingly but it when trying to set the linux it always told me "wrong magic number" whatever that means. I then moved the Kodibuntu files onto the usb and tried doing it from there. Same magic number thing.
After that failed, I decided to add an entry for Kodibuntu in the grub config of the ubuntu live usb.
<code>menuentry "KODIBUNTU" {
    linux   /KODIBUNTU/casper/vmlinuz file=/KODIBUNTU/pressed/ubuntu.seed
    initrd  /KODIBUNTU/casper/initrd.lz
}
menuentry "KODI2" {
    set isofile="kodibuntu-14.0-helix_amd64.iso"
    loopback loop (hd0,1)$isofile
    linux (loop)/casper/vmlinuz boot=casper iso-scan/filename=$isofile noprompt  noeject
    initrd (loop)/casper/initrd.lz
}
</code>
I placed the kodibuntu files into a folder named "KODIBUNTU" right in the root of the USB drive.
As you can see I tried 2 different entries and both of them loaded something and then threw me at the BusyBox console.
So, any ideas how I can boot kodibuntu from grub? I'd really appreciate your help.
(Also, I don't want to install any other linux distro and then install Kodi on top of it. I want a fresh install of Kodibuntu alone.)
Answer: I found a solution. I've replaced all files from the Ubuntu live USB with the files from the Kodibuntu live USB and in the grub confing, replaced "vmlinuz.efi" with "vmlinuz".
Booted from the usb, selected "Install Ubuntu" from the grub menu (I was too lazy to change the text of the menu entry) and it fired Kodibuntu like a charm.


Jquery Validation test for a value

Question: I want to use jquery validation to validate an user input. He has to insert his Steam Id (a thing of a online game) in a form and I want to validate it but I have no ideia how to do that.
The Steam id expression has to like this: STEAM_0:1:2131341411
The thing that is required is this: STEAM_0:
Then it is just numbers
STEAM:0:(number 1 or 0):(numbers)
Maximum of characters of 20.
I've tried to do a regex thing to put in the add.method function but I couldnt,
Thank you, I hope you've understood what I meant
Answer: Try this regular expression: <code>/^STEAM_0:(0|1):[1-9]{1}[0-9]{0,19}$/</code>

Jquery Validation test for a value


Loss of 750 night crawler worms in a raised garden

Question: I have a wooden raise garden, 4 foot by 8 foot by 24 inches in depth, containing 20 inches of rich soil. The bottom of the raised garden is a foot off the gound. Last spring I introduced into the garden 750 night crawlers I purchased from Uncle Jim's worm farm. I grew tomatoes, squash, onions, radishes and pickles. We left some of the dead leaves on the surface, as well as poked some of them into the soil for the worms to feed on. There are very small holes for drainage in the bottom of the box. I also had a 30% shad netting over the garden to keep the birds out. By the end of fall, all of the worms had disappeared, and I have absolutely no idea why. I have asked the people at Uncle Jim's worm farm the question, as well as other sources and have yet to come up with an answer. I know night crawlers come to the top to feed at night, but like undisturbed soil to burrow in, and the bottom eight to ten inches of soil was not disturbed. Does anyone have any idea what may have happened to the worms?
Comment: what part of the world are you in, or what's your USDA zone, and do you mean European Night Crawlers or African Night Crawlers?
Answer: Hope I can help with this mystery.  'Rich' soil means what in your opinion?  Did you have a soil test?  Worms need DECOMPOSED ORGANIC MATTER on which to feed.  Not live stuff.  The decomposers have to decompose the live stuff before that material is edible for nightcrawlers, or earthworms.
Did you use garden soil for this raised bed?
Did you apply any decomposed organic matter at all?  These worms HAVE TO HAVE decomposed organic matter or they starve.  If you use any bark or chips or anything that was once alive and now dead but NOT decomposed those worms have nothing to eat.  Those worm people should know this, how weird.
Next time all you have to do is find DECOMPOSED ORGANIC MATTER, purchase by the bale.  Usually not completely decomposed but at least it doesn't come with weed seeds and pesticide residues...which might also be an avenue to consider.  Are these beds made with pressure treated wood?  That would  also kill micro and macro organisms plants need to up take chemicals for photosynthesis.
What else have you added to your soil?  Raised beds do not need any structural assist by wood or concrete.  To leave your beds ON THE GROUND to drain and create an ecosystem with the sublayers of soil is critical.  That is an awful lot of worms with no food and no place to go to have their own families. Grins, but this is kinda sad.  Nightcrawlers do not like to burrow into sub soil that is  compact.  They prefer some tilth for air. They are wonderful for coming up to the surface to eat DECOMPOSED ORGANIC MATTER not UNDECOMPOSED OR FRESH LEAVES...then going back into the soil to poop it  out and mix organic material into your soil for you.  THAT is the beauty of these macro soil organisms.  But you have to FEED them DECOMPOSED organic matter.  I buy it by the bale.  Don't go to your land fill unless they are able to give you a soil test sheet that tells you there are no pesticide residues in the mulch.  Make your own compost or DECOMPOSED organic matter but good luck in making enough of it to top dress your beds at least 2 inches thick and doing this at least a second time preferably a third time during the growing season.  Why did you raise your beds above ground?  We can discuss further if you send more information about your construction, what soil you have used and what all you've added.  Poor worms.  But this is how we learn...gardening.  Otherwise, worms do not do anything for your crops, not in those numbers certainly.  If you supply the food THEY WILL COME to your restaurant!!  If your garden soil is part of the bigger picture!
Answer: I'm not sure why you put 750 night crawlers into your raised bed - these worms are usually purchased for fishing bait, or to put in a composting pile or bin. I imagine you thought they might increase the fertility of the soil in your raised bed, but if conditions are suitable, raised off the ground or not, worms will arrive (usually earthworms rather than brandlings, red wrigglers or night crawlers) - but only if they find the conditions amenable.
If you used African night crawlers, they don't like cold temperatures, so would likely have gone before winter, even if they hadn't already departed. Ultimately, there is no point in adding worms to an area such as this, because, if conditions are right, worms will be there, if they're not, they won't. If you live somewhere cold in winter, even earthworms burrow deep down in to the soil to get through the cold temperatures, and only become active nearer the surface once the soil has warmed again. Two feet deep, suspended in the air, likely means no worms will stay all year anyway, unless you don't have cold winters.


How to recover formatted drive encrypted with bitlocker?

Question: I was using Windows 10. For some reason, I tried to install Ubuntu but it deleted my all data.
I have recovered some data. But I could not get my data from the drive which was encrypted with bitlocker. Then I reinstalled Windows 10, and that drive is appearing empty.
I have used different softwares for data recovery but nothing helped. What should I do?
Comment: You would need your bitlocker recovery disk and a good data recovery company.
Comment: Actually, in theory, it's possible... but not with regular recovery software. Becasue, Bitlocker encrypts file-system, and that's exactly what a recovery software looks for to find volumes... "Intact File-System!"If the data in drive is intact, and you can dump it sector-by-sector to another partition or VHD file, there's a chance you have a brand new Bitlocker enabled volume to unlock!
Comment: A skilled forensic-investigator with a good understanding of files system is recommended to achieve this goal. (but not 100% possible)
Answer: I don't think even the CIA would be able to get your data back at this point.
My guess is that at some point, either during your Ubuntu or your Windows installation, you have formatted the partition containing your Bitlocker data. If this would have been a non-encrypted partition, you would have had a chance of recovering some files. Yet because you would need the entire, untouched Bilocker-protected partition in order to restore it (you don't), you won't be seeing you data back.
Take away lessons:

When doing experiments like this, don't use your day-to-day computer, but use a test machine.
If you have to use your own machine, first make backups. Actually... always make backups. Every day, or soms system that auto-backups any files changed.

So, unfortunately, the answer to this question is... "You can't"
Comment: Another excuse for me to trot out the adage... "Any data not stored in at least three distinct locations ought to be considered temporary."
Comment: To be honest, I'm sure each of us faced similar data-loss before turning that knowledge into practice. It's almost like a rite-of-passage :)
Comment: I think I started making backups, to MO & DAT, back in the 90s. Before that I just got lucky & never lost anything significant. These days, one in-house [hourly] & one offsite [daily] for all the important machines. As a rite of passage, I'm very glad I never had to find out the hard way ;)


What happens after the death of a fully enlightened being such as Buddha Shakyamuni?

Question: If possible could someone provide me with references to sutras where the Buddha broaches such topics? In my previous question I asked about it generally and a kind user told me that information could be found in the second and third turnings of the Dharma wheel. Since I am fairly new to Buddhism, could you tell me where exactly to find answers to above question?
Answer: I will constrain my answer to the second turning of the wheel of dharma - which is held to be of definitive meaning while the first and third are said to be of interpretive meaning - and answer from Nagarjuna's seminal Fundamental Verses for explaining the Prajñāpāramitā the Buddha's teachings from the Second Turning of the Wheel of Dharma.
This exact question is brought up in Chapter 22, verse 13 and page 448-451 of Tsongkhapa's, Ocean of Reasoning: A Great Commentary on Nagarjuna's Mulamadhyamakakarika:

The following explanation is given:

Just in case you think the story is different for the Buddha and sentient beings we have:

To put a very fine point on it, the topic is brought up again in the Chapter on Nirvana, page 529:

The pithy answer is that the Tathagata continues in the same essenceless existence after his passing away as he did before he passed away and this is similarly true of all sentient beings. We all exist free of essence.
Hope this is helpful!
Comment: The reply is that the exact opposite is true: to exist with essence would necessarily contradict our everyday ordinary existence. It is only by virtue of the fact that things *do not* have essence, that our everyday ordinary existence can be! Good luck with your reading and study. Feel free to ask more questions that might come up and hopefully someone can help :)
Comment: If you want to know how to begin to try and understand it you could ask another question perhaps :)
Comment: Yes, very much so. Thank you
Comment: I must admit it's very hard to wrap one's head around this coming from a western background. I honestly can't see the difference to nihilism. To exist without essence seems to contradict existence itself. I can't seem to figure out how one can exist as the same entity without having an essence. Same with rebirth. How can one remember one's past lifes in the moment of enlightenment if one's true nature is devoid of self? But thanks to you I have plenty to read now. The rest, the true understanding and the gist of what I was trying to comprehend today will probably take me many years to come...
Comment: "It is only by virtue of the fact that things do not have essence, that our everyday ordinary existence can be!" I believe you, but that's just incredibly hard to understand. Admittedly, I am not advanced enough on the spiritual path to understand that yet.


Can I safely leave male/female plugs exposed on a rooftop balcony?

Question: I have just purchased a set of lightbulbs that I would like to suspend on my rooftop balcony. Unfortunately, they do not come with a remote, so to turn them on/off I will need to plug-in/disconnect the plug to an extension cord. Do I need to worry about rain damaging either the male or female parts of the plug/extension if they are left disconnected on the ground and then it rains? Will that damage either part? If so, how is this thing usually handled to mitigate damage?
Answer: Safe?  Well anything plugged in outside is going to a GFCI protected outlet right?  So that should provide some safety when everything is wet.  The open female ends might trip said GFCI if they get really wet, so it would be good to cover those up or just turn off the circuit when rain is expected.
The other issue is corrosion and... spiders.  Most of the metal that plugs are made from will corrode over time when they get wet.  You will start to get poor connections which can lead to sparking inside the plugs which leads to even worse connections, etc.  The other issue is tiny spiders and other bugs getting inside the plugs and making them dirty on top of the corrosion.
They make small water resistant cases for extension cord connections.  They pop up at home stores during the holidays (for outside light strings), but some places carry them year round.  Keeping a case on the female end will help.  Using some anti corrosion spray and cleaning the contacts regularly will also help.
Comment: Sandwich baggies and rubberbands?
Comment: @peinal, I guess it depends on how classy this rooftop balcony is, but sure.  Note that the typical sandwich bag doesn't have any UV protection so they get weak and brittle pretty quickly on a rooftop.  Actually, just remove the bags after the rain or they will hold more moisture in.
Comment: Agreed. I assume this is just for some temporary needs. Otherwise, it is a terrible suggestion. ;)


To call a build.xml and run there from a target in another build.xml file

Question: I have a Build.xml file. By using that file, I want to run another build.xml file which is in another location by using ant. How can I achieve this...?
Comment: From your main xml file if you import your another xml file, then you can call desired targets directly in dependency chains : ``
Comment: http://stackoverflow.com/a/25207678/1422630, thru depends="" we can chose the other xml target
Answer: subant to the rescue.
The following are examples of it's use:

Intermodule dependency in ant
running specific target in different ant scripts in different directories
Answer: In brief you have two options.
You can include/import the other ant file, so you can depend on the targets or call its macros. This method kind of merges the other build file. This is more efficient if you call a lot of targets, since the file is only loaded once. Check this answer for more info on the difference between importand include, and check the official documentation for more details (import, include).
Another way is to execute the other ant file in a new process, using the ant task.
In this way you can achieve higher isolation between the two build files, but the other file will be loaded once for every call.
You are also able to use antcall when importing/including the file. You will however typically like to avoid this, since it creates a new project instance the same way ant does. There is more on the difference between using depends and antcall in this great post.
Good Luck
Comment: antcall doesn't call another ant file - from ant manual (https://ant.apache.org/manual/Tasks/antcall.html) : "Call another target within the same buildfile optionally specifying some properties". It's the deprecated way for reusing functionality before Ant 1.6 (released in 2003) introduced macrodef.
Comment: My bad. Thanks for the correction. I'll update the answer right away.


Can an idea be a being?

Question: According to a friend, anything that exists is a being.  A rock, a rainbow, a dream, an idea.  I am ready to buy into the first three, but the last is difficult for me.
Is he correct?
Comment: What does he mean by 'a being'? If he just means 'anything that exists' then it's not really saying anything. If something else, what exactly?
Comment: I think he was studying St Thomas Aquinas, so it would involve Aristotle.  Being would be anything that exists, but I am a little uncertain whether this existence is material and how a dream can be a being.  I guess I am not very good yet at taking a word I have used in a daily life way and rethinking it in a philosophical sense.  Had the same trouble with motion.
Comment: If he defines "being" as anything that is, then so it is defined. The existential status of ideas has been debated since Plato. Medieval scholasts named it the [problem of universals](). According to realists ideas are "beings", and according to [nominalists](https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nominalism-metaphysics/) they are just fictions, *nomina*
Comment: Hi Ted, welcome to Phil.SE! Currently your question is not well-defined, and thus cannot be answered properly. I'd advise you to define "being", and explain why that definition does not sit well with the concept of "idea". That would help get better answers. As of now, I voted your question to be close as *unclear what you're asking*. I believe that if you edit the question accordingly it will stay open and receive good answers.
Answer: I think this question is conflating a few different levels of analysis.

'Being' in the sense of sein or dasein, which is usually taken to mean the peculiar nature of life (or human life in the latter case): i.e., very roughly equivalent to conscious experience.
'Being' in the ontological sense of material existence: i.e., it has physical form, therefore it exists.
'Being' in the cognitive sense that it has a functional representation in the human mind and human language: i.e., we can imagine it an talk about it, therefore it has a certain 'life' as a concept.

You can think of this in Sartre's terms as être-pour-soi (being-for-itself), être-en-soi (being-in-itself), and l'être-pour-autrui (being-for-others), though that misses some nuances (e.g., a materialist might claim that a rock only has being-in-itself and being-for others, while a spiritualist might assert that a rock also has being-for-itself in the sense of a universal consciousness). But when we talk about something like an 'idea' or a 'mood' or even a 'color'... These things clearly have being-for-others, since we can talk about them and use them for functional purposes. The question seems to hinge on whether they have being-in-themselves in some non-trivially-reductionist manner. I mean, colors have a physical reference in electromagnetic waves; moods and ideas also have physical referents in the electrochemical state of the physical brain. But it's not at all clear that there is any simple relationship between the objective states and the subjective experience.
We still have a long way to go on this issue...
Answer: Welcome to SE Philosophy!
From (SEP: Existence):

We can trace the issue of whether existence is a property to a disagreement between the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle and some of his medieval followers over the relationship between an individual's essence and its existence.

The question you pose goes back to at least Aristotle, and is metaphysical in regards to the idea of 'being' being a category, that is to say, the statement 'X is a being' (Being(idea) = True) is a predicated proposition. Thus, the question of what belongs in the category of being would normally rely on it's properties.The question of what is the nature of the property of existence is controversial among metaphysicians since the question of what is a property is philosophically complicated because it relates to other fundamental ontological notions like relations and categories and debates over sub-classes of properties such as essential and accidental properties.
Aristotle denied that existence is actually a property, and was followed by other great thinkers (ibid.):

There is a long and distinguished line of philosophers, including David Hume, Immanuel Kant, Gottlob Frege, and Bertrand Russell, who followed Aristotle in denying that existence is a property of individuals, even as they rejected other aspects of Aristotle's views.

Starting with Aristotle, essence and existence roughly echoed form and substance, but in the modern interpretation, mind and material are generally used echoing the Cartesian duality and can be framed whether you practice phenomenology or analytical philosophy or are realist or not.
The easy answer is there is no easy answer, and depends on your metaphysical presuppositions which is why we still argue over these things.
(See strongly related SE post here.)
Answer: Surely, Ideas=Thoughts, Ideas are part of Consciousness. In the world we live in, and in our normal state, Consciousness is composed of: 1-perceptions  2-thoughts  3- feelings. Hence, Ideas are part of Consciousness. Look: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness
We can generate Consciousness, i.e: we can generate thoughs, feelings, or may thoughts, feelings  are imposed on us, for example: dreams, obcessive compulsive disorder.
So, dreams are kind of Consciousness, somehow a kind of wakefulness. Dreams usually are unorganized and incoherent.
What if we are, or you, alone, are in a big, ultra-real, coherent, clear, organized, orderly and regular dream. Then are rainbow, rocks are beings?, while thoughts are non beings?!. Or rainbow, rocks, thoughts are all Ideas. Then, all reality just Ideas passing or flowing in a substanse or essence we call it Mind. Thus all reality are beings, things, ideas flowing in that substance (mind)=mental existence.
If Ideas are non being, then non being entered me,or I generated it to me, this made me respond.The response of mine is being, is thing. The response of mine is eighther thoghts (Ideas) or actions or both, ideas and actions. Ideas=non being, actions=being. Then the response of mine (being) generated (non being)+(being)?.
The question is: Is Being=Thing=Existent?. Are all things imaginable, or there are some things which are unimaginable. Are unimaginables Infinite?.
Answer: The Ontological Argument
St Anselm formulated the Ontological Argument. It is an argument for the existence of God.
It is a striking instance of an idea that compels being.  I'll let you read it for yourself.
I'll just say that for the thousand years following, philosophers rebutted it.

That so many have tried suggests it is controversial
That so many of varied persuasions have seen fit to grapple suggests there is something of import

So the answer to your title question is yes
For all ideas?? I'm not prepared to concede!

Can an idea be a being?


Can a positive quark and an anti-quark annihilate?

Question: I'm not a physics major, just very interested in some of the things about physics, when I read in the book some particles are composed of quarks and will these particles and their antiparticles annihilation reaction, such as a proton and an antiproton two gamma photon annihilation reaction will happen, but the proton and quarks, why at the time of annihilation does not produce positive and negative quarks annihilating particles? I wonder if quarks can actually annihilate, would the annihilation of protons and antiprotons produce several photons with the same mass as the quarks inside them instead of just two photons with the same mass as the protons? This point really makes me confused, I hope there is a big god can give me guidance, thank you!
Comment: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annihilation#Proton%E2%80%93antiproton_annihilation
Comment: Maybe an introduction to particle physics will help clear the confusion https://indico.cern.ch/event/447008/contributions/1953687/attachments/1184942/1717323/ParticlePhysicsFOR_TEACHERS.pdf
Answer: Quarks and antiquarks do annihilate, but generally in an indirect way, by forming a meson first.
For example, in proton-antiproton annihilation, the strong interaction overwhelms the electromagnetic interaction, and the quarks and antiquarks rearrange into some number of pions.  (The mean number of pions is about five; see this talk by Goldhaber for an insider's perspective on why this was a puzzle, and its resolution.) The charged pions can't decay to photons while preserving electric charge; charged pions primarily decay to muons via the weak interaction.  Neutral pions do decay to photon pairs.  However if you are new to quarks, you may be unsettled to learn that the neutral pion doesn't have a well-defined quark flavor; the $\pi^0$ is a mixture of $u\bar u$ and $d\bar d$.
This "mediated annihilation" isn't limited to quarks. Regular old positrons in matter generally form a bound state with an electron before annihilating to photons. There are actually two species of this bound state, positronium, which differ in the symmetry of the wavefunction's spin piece and the spin of of the ground state.  The spinless para-positronium annihilates to two photons; the spin-triplet ortho-positronium must annihilate to at least three photons.  The ortho-positronium annihilation is roughly 1000 times slower than the annihilation of para-positronium.
Comment: The only caveat I'd add is that whether the quark and antiquarks form mesons first depends on the energy of the interaction. Mesons don't form when the strong interaction is very weak, and scales >> QCD confinement
Comment: Yes, there's a lot of heavy-quark and high-energy stuff swept under the rug by using the word "generally" in the first sentence.
Answer: I may be misinterpreting your question, but it seems like you are asking:

Can quarks and anti quarks annihilate?
What happens when protons and antiprotons collide?

The answer to 1) is yes, what you've read in books is correct. Quarks and antiquarks can annihilate into two photons. Perhaps the subtlety here is related to confinement: quark and gluon interactions behave very differently at different energy scales. At high energies, quarks do not bind to form protons. Instead, a quark and an antiquark are free to exist in an initial state at some time long before the annihilation takes place. So we can say: we start with a quark and an antiquark, then they annihilate, and we end up with two photons.
At low energy scales, things are more complicated. Quarks interact very strongly with gluons, so much so that the simple picture of initial state - interaction - final state (as the experts would say, the S-matrix in perturbation theory) breaks down. Instead, we have to work with the bound states the quarks form: protons, neutrons, pions, etc. Then these bound states can be analyzed in the way we did before: a proton can be an initial state that proceeds to participate in an interaction.
This brings us to 2) What happens when protons and antiprotons collide? A famous example of this is the Tevatron, a collider that collided protons and antiprotons at high energies. At high energies, the constituent quarks and gluons inside these bound states find each other and annihilate (or interact in other ways) and these fundamental annihilations would also create two photons each. Because the proton and antiproton are made up of many quarks and antiquarks (and at high energies more quark-antiquark pairs can pop up out of the vacuum and interact as well), then in total many more than two photons can be produced from these several underlying annihilation events. Really, these bound states are a bit of a mess, so it's better to imagine two blobs of a bunch of particles crashing into each other, and the particles can interact in various ways, throwing out a bunch of different stuff: quarks or gluons being ejected and forming jets, photons, and other types of particles. Because these bound states are complicated, their final states are also more complicated, and there are many possibilities of what can be produced in these interactions. The simple picture of particle + antiparticle -> two photons doesn't fully capture the physics for proton-antiproton collisions.


doubt on representation theorem for open sets in R

Question: statement says that every non empty open set in R is union of countable collection of pairwise disjoint open intervals so if my interval is (0,1) then is it's representation according to above theorem is itself (0,1)?because if i broke down it into open sub-intervals like union of (0,0.5) and (0.5,1),we will miss 0.5?so am i right?
Comment: English sentences start with capital letters.
Comment: "I" will keep this in mind from now onwards:)
Answer: If your interval is $(0,1)$ then $\{(0,1)\}$ is exactly its representation.


Can I have the market update an app that was installed from else where?

Question: I'm writing an app and would like users to be able to download the apk and install it from my website. However, I would like the app to still be able to update through the market, is this possible?
Answer: I don't believe that it is possible.
You are better off to link them to the market from your website rather than hosting the APK file.
<code>market://search?q=pname:your.package.name
</code>
That will open the market on the users phone. It is safer and easier than plugging in the phone and installing over USB.
Answer: As far as I know and tested, applications installed using .apk files, will be recognized from the android market. Some games though like Angry Birds, do not appear on my list of installed applications and unfortunately I can't find out why.
But for what is worth the following link will help you more.
http://androidforums.com/application-development/65282-can-you-keep-your-paid-app-updating-illegally-installed-apk.html
Answer: This is not possible without apps like Titanium Backup.  Titanium Backup can link apps to their market counter-parts but you cannot do it without an app like that (which requires Root).
Answer: As i know - it's not possible.
Even if you'll use the same package names and signing certificates.


how to test Android appplication in LoadRunner?

Question: I am using Load Runner for Calculating Response time on Web pages. Now, i am planning to test Android applications through Load Runner.
I have tried by using TruClient but i cant connect to Server Port.
how to test Android Application on Load Runner?
Answer: load runner provides some feature for testing Native web and mobile applications.
we can select the VuGen Mobile protocol and in the Single and Multiple protocol we can choose the option like TruClient Mobile Web, TruClient Native Mobile options.
After Selecting the Appropriate option we can navigate to the Script page. As usual we can generate the Scripts by recording the application by using Emulators.
We should set the path of the Emulators by
<code>-avd AVD_NAME -netspeed full -netdelay none
</code>
here AVD is the Emulator name...
Answer: Have you considered using a proxy to capture the requests between the phone and the server, assuming for a moment that those requests transit across HTTP?
if it is true that HTTP is in use, setup VUGEN for proxy mode recording.  Assuming you can use your phone on the same network as your VUGEN host and their are no intervening security issues, then set your phone HTTP global proxy to the VUGEN proxy IP address and port number.
Start VUGEN.  Start recording.  Start your application.   You should see an HTTP layer conversation being recorded.
Incidentally, as you are trying to compare mobile to desktop, consider some "big data" style log analysis.   Every mobile phone includes "mobile" as a key word in the user agent string.  Consider finding a request in your production HTTP logs which is common to both mobile and non mobile users.   Assuming your a tracking the w3c time-taken field in your logs, then you can compare the statistical information from mobile and non mobile clients to see how long it takes to serve a common component to both client types globally, as well as any given point in time (such as last thursday from noon to 4pm eastern.
When you test for mobile it becomes critical that you model network impairment as the network has at least as great an impact on the client response time as does the application itself in congested 2/3/4g environments.


Is there a difference between TDD and Test First Development (or Test First Programming)?

Question: Both ideas sound very similar to me, but there might be subtle differences or the exact same thing, explained in different ways. What is the relationship between TDD and Test First Development/Programming?
Comment: Related: http://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/334820/what-is-tdd-why-is-everyone-confusing-it-with-mostly-tfp
Answer: There's a difference in terms of what the driving factor is.
Do you have a vague idea of what the class (or system - this can happen at different scales, of course) should look like, then think up tests which give it the actual shape? That's TDD.
Do you know exactly what the public API of the class should be, and just write the tests before the implementation? That's test-first development.
My style tends to be a mixture of the two. Sometimes it's obvious what the API should be before writing any tests - in other cases testability really drives the design.
To put it another way, TDD starts with "What questions do I want to ask?" whereas non-TDD (whether test first or not) starts with "What answer do I want to give?"
Comment: If you look at just the words, this distinction seems to make sense. If you look at the history, you will find out, though, that TFD from the beginning referred to what you describe as TDD. See my answer.
Comment: @jurgenreza: I wouldn't call them definitions - but presumably if you're going to categorically state that my description is *wrong* then you have alternatives? If so, I suggest you post them as a new answer.
Comment: It may have done so historically, but my answer is what I understand the current distinction to be in normal parlance. There's clearly a real differences between the two approaches I've described, and TFD and TDD imply those differences reasonably well, IMO.
Comment: I guess we just have different experiences with "normal parlance", then. To me, it seems that there is at least a big part of the Agile community to which the names wouldn't imply those differences at all, and it might be valueable to be aware of that.
Comment: It's certainly being aware of both sides - that some people will treat the two as synonymous, and some people will see a significant difference.
Comment: @JonSkeet This is wrong. Do you have any source for these definitions?
Answer: They are basically different names describing the same thing - well, in fact five names, as the last D can stand for Design as well as for Development.
Test First was the term used originally, especially in the context of Extreme Programming, for the test-code-refactor cycle. The name Test Driven Development has been proposed - and quickly adopted - later, to stress the fact that TFD is - and always has been - more of a design strategy than a testing strategy.
Obviously today some people have different connotations for those two terms, but that wasn't the intent behind their existance, and I wouldn't rely on it being common knowledge (because it's not). In fact, I'd rather see the term TFD as being deprecated.
Comment: Exact: Kent Beck decided to change the name from TFP to TDD while he was writing "Test Driven Development: by example"
Comment: Is it possible to provide the sources for the claims in this answer? More specifically "Test First was the term used originally ... The name Test Driven Development has been proposed ... to stress the fact that TFD is ... more of a design strategy than a testing strategy" and "... but that wasn't the intent behind their existance"? Thanks!
Comment: It's clearly not the same thing: http://www.stefanhendriks.com/2012/03/31/the-difference-between-tdd-and-test-first-development/
Comment: TFD and TDD are not synonyms. Test-first is when all the breaking tests are written first, TDD requires only as much test-code written till it fails. That way the tests actually _drive_ the design and increase confidence in the test-suite.

It's not just a semantic difference. While doing TFD it's possible that half way through you realize you need to change the API (for example). That would require all your tests to be re-written (including the passing ones)
Answer: The are a lot of similar terms like test-first programming, test-first development, test-driven development or even test-driven design. It is important to clarify a few points:
1. Test First Programming (TFP)
The term test-first programming is a programming best practice. It was reintroduced (if not coined) by Kent Beck in his book "Extreme Programming Explained": "Write unit tests before programming and keep all of the tests running at all times". So, when talking about test-first programming we are talking about writing automated unit tests by the very developer that is going to write the code to satisfy those tests. The unit tests pile up and build an automated regression test suite that could be run periodically.
2. Test Driven Development (TDD)
Test-driven development (TDD) is the name of a methodology introduced by Kent Beck in his book "Test Driven Development by Example". It is a software development process, it is not only about writing tests before code. The whole book is trying to explain it by patterns, workflows, culture and so forth. One important aspect of it is the emphasis on refactoring.
Some people use the terms test-first development, test-driven design, or test-driven programming and ... One thing is for sure: the well established methodology is test-driven development and the programming technique is test-first programming. The rest are either generally referring to the idea of writing tests before code or mistakenly referring to test-driven development or test-first programming.
Answer: TDD = TFD + Refactoring.
When you do TFD , you apply some refactoring to make code more generic and robust.
Comment: This is, in fact, not true - TFD has always included the refactoring step, too.
Comment: More like TDD = TFD + Listening to the tests to drive design.
Comment: I think you've got it - here is a link confirming http://www.agiledata.org/essays/tdd.html
Answer: Historically Correct: Test-First Programming and Test-Driven Development mean Same Thing with an Improved Name
In the context of XP (Extreme Programming), which is the software development process that made Test-First Programming and Test-Driven Development popular, Test-First Programming was renamed to Test-Driven Development and then Test-Driven Design following the realization that writing tests first has a tremendously positive effect on the software architecture and design of a software system.
This influence on architecture and design is a consequence of more or less surprising synonyms:

Testable
Decoupled
Reusable
Independently Deployable
Independently Developable
Independently Reasonable

Software entities can only be easily reused, tested, deployed independently, developed independently, or easily reasoned separately if they are decoupled. Writing tests before the actual implementation is an almost bullet-proof method to ensure continuous decoupling.
This influence on software design and architecture became so important besides the other positive effects that the creators found it worthwhile renaming it from Test-First Programming to Test-Driven Development.
The name Test-Driven Development also helps marketing the method better in terms of acceptance as well as proper understanding because the name Test-Driven Development emphasises better on the holistic aspects of the method than Test-First Programming.
Not Historically Correct but Useful
While historically not correct, I find the following distinction very useful:
Test-First Programming…
…is any method in which tests for the code under test are written before the code under test.
Test-Driven Development…
…is a specific subset of Test-First Programming that follows the 3 Laws of Test-Driven Development as described by Robert C. Martin:

You can't write any production code until you have first written a failing unit test.
You can't write more of a unit test than is sufficient to fail, and not compiling is failing.
You can't write more production code than is sufficient to pass the currently failing unit test.
  — Robert C. Martin, The Three Laws of Test-Driven Development

Following these three rules puts you in what is called the Red-Green-Refactor cycle.
1. You write a failing test.
2. You make it pass.
3. Now that it passes, you can refactor mercilessly before writing the next failing test.
Note that refactoring safely requires tests. Refactoring means changing the structure of source code without changing the significant behavior. But how do we know that we haven't accidentally altered significant behavior? What defines significant behavior? That's one of the many things for which tests are useful.
BTW if your tests get in the way of refactoring, your tests are too low-level, too tightly coupled, and maybe you've used too much mocking.
Other interesting renames in Extreme Programming

Continuous Integration -> Continuous Delivery -> Continuous Deployment; Strictly speaking they mean different things, however, in the spirit of XP, it meant Continuous Deployment from the start, and when people jumped on the bandwagon, it was realized that integration was taken too literally and people stopped before they are done.
Continuous Refactoring -> Continuous Design Improvement; Refactoring is not a means to an end in itself, but follows a higher purpose.
40 hours week -> Sustainable Pace (Urban legend: This rename happened after protests by French software developers.)
Answer: In Test Driven Development: By Example, the author, Kent Beck, clearly states that "test first" (TF) is the rule. So TF is the principle that rules TDD. The later one is the process.
Answer: TDD (Test Driven Development) is Test First Development/Programming although I have seen and heard TDD used to mean creating persistent, repeatable unit tests (even after the code), but really it implies the tests are written before the code they are testing.
Answer: They are exactly the same thing. Both reference writing tests first, then writing the code that will pass the test


The verb associated with 'payment': come through or gone through?

Question: Is it "the payment has come through" or "the payment has gone through"?
Answer: Either is acceptable. The context would perhaps vary: if I was expecting a payment, and it arrived, I might say 'The payment has come through'. If I was sending or making a payment, and I saw it had left my account, I might say it has 'gone through'. But a recipient might also use 'gone through'.
Comment: Also with regard to the "comes" version I would say it's not just about who's speaking, it's about whose perspective is being evoked. For example, when speaking to your bank about a pending outgoing payment you might say "Please let me know when my payment goes through", but when speaking to the recipient you could say "Please let me know when my payment comes through".
Comment: Yes, either one works. [English _come_ and _go_](http://www.umich.edu/~jlawler/5-ComingAndGoing.pdf) are not as simple as their analogs are in other languages.
Answer: To say "come through" is to imply that you are the recipient or that the recipient is involved or referred to.  "Gone through" could be used by anybody.
To clarify, as the recipient you might say "The payment has come through" or "I will ask the recipient if the payment has come through", while if talking to the recipient you could ask "Has the payment come through?".  If you were not the recipient and were not either talking directly to the recipient or referring to them, I feel that "gone through" would be more appropriate.


Are demons as strong as angels?

Question: Demons are fallen angels. Are they as strong as angels are? Or are they weaker because they've been "kicked out" from heaven?
Comment: How would you measure or describe strength in this context?
Comment: Welcome to Christianity SE and thank you for your contribution. When you get a chance, please take the [tour] to understand how the site works and [how it is different than others](https://christianity.meta.stackexchange.com/a/1809/50259).
Answer: I think the question is wholly answered in these few verses :

7 And there was war in heaven: Michael and his angels fought against the dragon; and the dragon fought and his angels, 8And prevailed not; neither was their place found any more in heaven.

9 And the great dragon was cast out, that old serpent, called the Devil, and Satan, which deceiveth the whole world: he was cast out into the earth, and his angels were cast out with him.

10 And I heard a loud voice saying in heaven, Now is come salvation, and strength, and the kingdom of our God, and the power of his Christ: for the accuser of our brethren is cast down, which accused them before our God day and night.

11 And they overcame him by the blood of the Lamb, and by the word of their testimony; and they loved not their lives unto the death.

12 Therefore rejoice, ye heavens, and ye that dwell in them. Woe to the inhabiters of the earth and of the sea! for the devil is come down unto you, having great wrath, because he knoweth that he hath but a short time.

Revelation 12: 7-12 (KJV) Biblehub
Comment: I don't think this answers the question.   It shows that Christ is stronger than  Satan. It may show that the heavenly hosts are collectively able to defeat the smaller force of Satans demons. However it does not answer are individual angels more powerful than demons
Comment: @Kris i would be careful with that statement as originally Satan had half the angels in heaven with him...in the end only 1/3 did not return to God...so I don't think superior numbers is a valid point. I think personally the strength in angels has everything to do with right and wrong...good and evil. Good was designed into life, ultimately that is the strength that is life. Evil is the weakness that is death.
Comment: What statement should I be careful about?  That 2/3 is greater than 1/3?     I will call my third grade teacher but I'm pretty sure that is accurate
Answer: Irrespective of what you understand "strength" to mean, the demonic party would never have been "kicked out of heaven" had they been stronger than the angelic party. However, biblical language about such unseen, heavenly, spiritual events need not have a literal, physical outworking, as we envisage with mortals who have varying degrees of physical strength, especially if one side commands far higher numbers of warriors and more powerful weapons.
How about thinking in terms of a legal battle, where God's sovereign rights are challenged, Satan usurping the rule over this earth because he maintains that God has no right to it? And what if God decides the challenge must be lawfully settled, once and for all, so that the usurper will be exposed to all sentient beings as deserving of the most severe imprisonment and punishment? And suppose that settling such a cosmic legal case requires thousands of years?
Just switching your thinking to take on board far more massive issues than mere armies fighting with literal weapons could help you understand what "strength" can mean. Have you ever heard the sayings, "He doesn't have a leg to stand on", or, "There is no case to answer"? Have you thought about the strength of law? Have you taken on board God's requirement for utter justice?
When the Book of the Revelation speaks of Christ being whisked up to the throne of God, it says that then Michael and his angels battled with Satan and his angels, the latter being cast down, and confined to, this earth. They know their time is short before the last trump, the end of time, and entering into eternity in the lake of sulphuric fire as God's righteous judgment of them. All the language is symbolic, not literal. It's meant to strengthen God's people for the tribulations they have to suffer during their very short time on earth, before Jesus suddenly returns to start the Day of Resurrection and Judgment and take up his legal rights of rulership over this earth. Believers in Jesus have to be strong in faith. Strength can include physical strength, but in the Bible it's more likely to mean other things. As here:

"For [Christ] must reign, till he hath put all enemies under his feet.
The last enemy that shall be destroyed is death... So also is the
resurrection of the dead. It is sown in corruption; it is raised in
incorruption: It is sown in dishonour; it is raised in glory: it is
sown in weakness; it is raised in power... Death is swallowed up in
victory. O death, where is thy sting? O grave, where is thy victory?
The sting of death is sin; and the strength of sin is the law. But
thanks be to God, which giveth us the victory through our Lord Jesus
Christ." (1 Corinthians 15:45-46 & 42-43 & 54-57)

The question may ask about supposed physical strength of individual spirit angels and spirit demons, but nobody is going to get anywhere fast in grasping the enormity of "strength" in biblical language until they expand their vision, as does the Bible.
Comment: @Kris  It really is up to the person asking this Q to supplement it with further Qs based on any given answer, otherwise this is in danger of wandering into matters not related (as far as the asker is concerned). You could always ask that as your own Q because it's actually very good!
Comment: Did Christ battle or just Michael and his angels?  Are Michael's angels and Christ's angels two different heavenly armies?
Comment: Which denomination should I ask so that Anne will answer?
Comment: @Kris  This site is not for wheedling out of individuals their opinions, nor is it to be turned into a denominational grand-stand. I became a Christian as an adult 42 years ago, have been a member of two Protestant denominations and continue to fellowship freely within a whole range of other Protestant groups. Denomination does not determine Christianity. I hope this helps you form your question.
Answer: Are demons strong as angels?
That will depend on the particular demon!
Some demons may be more superiorly stronger than some angels but not all.  The fallen angels also called demons did not lose their nature or their connatural gifts at the moment of the turn away from God. Thus a demon from the order of Cherubims  will be superior in strength than Angels from the order Dominions.
Since demons have not lost their connatural powers when they fell, one can not say with certitude which demon is stonger than which Angel. The differences between the angels is far greater than the differences between men and the various races of mankind. Each Angel being uniquely created by the Almighty, makes each Angel unique and endowed with it's own individual powers. We have no way to determine which Angel is stronger than which demon and vice versa, except between the various choirs of angels.
Although it is now generally accepted that there are nine choirs of angels and each choir is of angel is different and ranked accordingly.

During the Middle Ages, many schemes were proposed, some drawing on and expanding on Pseudo-Dionysius, others suggesting completely different classifications. According to medieval Christian theologians, the angels are organized into several orders, or "Angelic Choirs".
Pseudo-Dionysius (On the Celestial Hierarchy) and Thomas Aquinas (Summa Theologica) drew on passages from the New Testament, specifically Ephesians 1:21 and Colossians 1:16, to develop a schema of three Hierarchies, Spheres or Triads of angels, with each Hierarchy containing three Orders or Choirs. Although both authors drew on the New Testament, the Biblical canon is relatively silent on the subject, and these hierarchies are considered less definitive than biblical material.
Choirs in medieval theology
St. Thomas Aquinas in Summa Theologica (1225–1274):

Seraphim, Cherubim, and Thrones;

Dominations, Virtues, and Powers;

Principalities, Archangels, and Angels.

Christian angelology (Wikipedia)

St. Thomas Aquinas' list is by far the most widely accepted list of angelic choirs and places the Seraphic order of angel as being at the highest level of angels followed by the Cherubim, and so on. According to St Thomas:

The angels that rebelled and became demons did not lose their nature or their connatural gifts. They cast away, by their sin, the grace in which they were created. They did not cast away the beatific vision, for they never had it. Now, if we think of angelic orders as orders of angels in glory, then, of course, there are no orders of bad angels. But if we consider angelic orders as order of angelic nature simply, there are orders among the demons.

Certainly, there is a precedence among bad angels; there is a subjection of some to others.

Demons of superior nature do not enlighten inferior demons; enlightenment here could only mean the manifestation of truth with reference to God, and the fallen angels have perversely and permanently turned away from God. But demons can speak to one another, that is, they can make known their thoughts to one another, that is, they can make known their thoughts to one another, for this ability belongs to the angelic nature which the demons retain.

The nearer creatures are to God the greater is their rule over other creatures. Therefore, the good angels rule and control the demons. - Orders Among the Fallen Angels

This stated it only makes sense that Satan was a Seraphim, for surely some of the Seraphim fell in great revolt against God. Although one can not say with certainty it is generally believed Satan was a Seraphim.
The thing that tips the balance in favour of the Good Angels is not only the fact that they were superior in number, but also that they cooperated with God's grace. St. Paul's words in Romans 5:20 are very telling here:

Now the law entered in, that sin might abound. And where sin abounded, grace did more abound.

And again:

What shall we then say to these things? If God be for us, who is against us? Romans 8:31

Are demons as strong as angels?


sys.dm_exec_procedure_stats reset

Question: I want to get stats from the sys.dm_exec_procedure_stats view.
When I check the records from months ago, I see that after a point of time its stats reset daily, but there have been no server resets.
It seems there is a job running that makes this view reset. Can anyone help me with this problem? What kind of procedures will reset these views?
Answer: From the docs

The view returns one row for each cached stored procedure plan, and the lifetime of the row is as long as the stored procedure remains cached. When a stored procedure is removed from the cache, the corresponding row is eliminated from this view.

This dmv is therefore reset for each stored procedure recompile, which can happen, for example, after index and statistics maintenance

sys.dm_exec_procedure_stats reset


What is the difference between "portas" and "surhavas"?

Question: What is the difference between portas and surhavas, which were both given as translation for is wearing from Duolingo?
Comment: Does this answer your question? [Kio estas la diferenco de la verboj "porti" kaj "surhavi"?](https://esperanto.stackexchange.com/questions/5880/kio-estas-la-diferenco-de-la-verboj-porti-kaj-surhavi)
Comment: Welcome to [esperanto.SE] Stack Exchange! The same question has already been asked (and answered) in Esperanto: [Kio estas la diferenco de la verboj "porti" kaj "surhavi"?](https://esperanto.stackexchange.com/q/5880/1576)
Answer: Porti is used in Esperanto in a similar way to the German verb "tragen", which can be translated in different ways into English depending on the context. All in all PIV gives five definitions for the verb, one of which is "to have something on oneself or with oneself", especially "to wear a piece of clothing".

Mi portas silkajn ŝtrumpojn kaj mufon. (Z)
Mi portas somerajn vestojn.

Surhavi is limited to porti 3.

La koverto surhavis multajn poŝtmarkojn.
surhavi ĉapelon, veston

When it comes to wearing a cloth, the verbs are interchangeable. If you want to see a difference, all I can think of is a headdress. For me surhavi ĉapelon is more logical than porti ĉapelon.
Having said that I would like to make a remark conserning footwear. In some languages the logic goes that while you can have pieces of clothing on you, footwear is something you are on. For those people porti ŝuon gets associated with carring a shoe in your hand and surhavi ŝuon with having a shoe on your head or something other odd. They are likely to use teni ŝuon (je la piedo) (see teni 1) or some other verb.


Pan audio tracks in an AVMutableVideoComposition

Question: I've created an app that allows mixing of several videos and their respective audio tracks.  I can edit the volume levels just fine using an AVAudioMix, but what I would really like to be able to do is to adjust the pan of each audio track.  I know pan can be adjusted for AudioUnits, but I cant see how audiounits could be used with an AVMutableVideoComposition.  Panning is also available on AVAudioPlayers, but again this is a different area of AVFoundation.  Does anyone know how I could pan the different audio tracks of a video composition like this?
Answer: It looks like this might be possible using MTAudioProcessorTap.  Theres a project provided by apple here : https://developer.apple.com/library/ios/samplecode/AudioTapProcessor/Introduction/Intro.html .  This demonstrates how you can take an AVAssetTrack and apply a band pass filter - but potentially you can apply any AudioUnit effect - pan being a basic one.  There are stereo vue meters in this project too.  Its taken me many days to find this solution, seems its something that is little used.


Cannot Set Default Term Value on Column

Question: I have a Meta Term Column in a Document Library that want to default to a value in my Meta Term Store.  However, the SharePoint UI does not ever enable the "Save" button when for my selected tag.  Why is it preventing me from setting it?  Is it possible?
Comment: is this still an issue? Can you send a screen shot of what you're experiencing?
Answer: Thanks but it appears this must be set using the "Library Settings" | "Column Default Value Settings" Setting default value settings there for your Meta Terms works fine.

Cannot Set Default Term Value on Column


Structural stability on the circle

Question: How can i proove that on the space of circle diffeomorphisms with the C-r topology, Morse Smale diffeomorphisms and Structurally stable diffeomorphisms are the same set?
Answer: You can read Jaco Palis' PhD thesis. The result is presumably also in deMelo/vanStrien
http://w3.impa.br/~demelo/tablecon.html
EDIT
Here is the link to the published version of Palis's thesis:
http://dl.dropbox.com/u/5188175/morsesmale.pdf
Comment: I couldnt find it, could you please tell me the name of his thesis or where i can find it?
Comment: See the edit...
Answer: It is not hard to show that to be $C^r$-structurally stable, the diffeomorphism must be Morse-Smale: Indeed, if it has irrational rotation number one can easily perturb (by composing with a small rotation) in order to change the rotation number (conjugacy invariant, see for example Proposition 11.1.9 in Katok-Hasselblatt's book). If it has a periodic point whose derivative is of absolute value $1$, it is also easy to perturb in order to create either an interval of periodic points or an isolated periodic point (thus change the orbit structure).
Now, to see the converse, notice that if the homeomorphism is Morse-Smale, the set of periodic points varies continuously (it is thus $\Omega$-Stable). To see that the conjugacy extends to the whole circle, notice that any pair of maps of the interval which fixes the boundaries and whose orbits are increasing are conjugated by a homeomorphism (just define an injective map from one fundamental domain to the other and glue in order to obtain conjugacy). By gluing these homeomorphisms one can construct a conjugacy with any small perturbation.

Structural stability on the circle


Want to rescue GRUB

Question: I have ubuntu 12.04 and windows 8 installed on my system. The main boot manager is grub, also the ubuntu and windows are installed in separate partitions. I want to install windows 7 back in place of windows 8, but i want to rescue grub ,so that ubuntu and windows 7 will work fine. Please help Thanks in advance.
Answer: I believe you can boot the machine from a Ubuntu LIVE CD and then install/repair grub from that point.
I would recommend looking through the sister site of Superuser.com, ASKUBUNTU.COM

Want to rescue GRUB


What syntax options exist for variable destructuring/unpacking?

Question: Some languages allow you to write something like
x, y, z = (1, 2, 3)

Which is equivalent to
x = 1
y = 2
z = 3

What are some of the syntax constructs that exist that perform variable destructuring/unpacking?
Comment: Generally the syntax for destructuring will mirror the syntax for constructing the same data. So if your language has data structures which can be destructured, then you presumably already have syntax for them.
Answer: For JavaScript, there are two valid syntaxes, depending on what you are destructuring. In both cases they attempt to mirror the data structure they work on:
Array destructuring
Uses [ ] to enclose the variables that need to be unpacked and does so positionally - the first variable takes on the first value, the second variable takes on the second value, etc.:
const someArray = [1, 2, 3];
const [x, y, z] = someArray;

Positions can be skipped via elision - by not supplying a variable:
const someArray = [1, 2, 3];
const [x, , z] = someArray;

Which is essentially the same as:
const x = someArray[0];
const z = someArray[2];

Rest syntax ...
The remainder of the unpacked values can be collected into a single array by using the syntax ...<variable name>, for example
const someArray = [1, 2, 3];
const [x, ...others] = someArray;

will have others = [2, 3]
Not just for arrays
The common name is "array destructuring" but it does not only work on arrays but any iterable. For example sets or generators:
const someSet = new Set().add(1).add(2).add(3);
const [x, y, z] = someSet;

const someGenerator = function* () {
    yield 1;
    yield 2;
    yield 3;
}
const [x, y, z] = someGenerator();

In a lot of common cases it is more or less the same whether you use it on arrays or not. However, that is not necessarily correct for all iterables - if consuming an iterable keeps producing values, the array destructuring will keep drawing, rather than only get the same position:
const someArray = [1, 2, 3];
const [x] = someArray;
const [y] = someArray;
const [z] = someArray;

Will produce x = 1, y = 1, and z = 1 because each of them is assigned the first position of the array. Destructuring the array produces a new iterator each time that starts from the start.
While
const someGenerator = function* () {
    yield 1;
    yield 2;
    yield 3;
}

const [x] = someGenerator;
const [y] = someGenerator;
const [z] = someGenerator;

Will produce x = 1, y = 2, and z = 3 because there is one iterator in total that keeps producing values.
Object destructuring
Uses { } to enclose the variables that need to be unpacked and does so by name:
const someObject = {x: 1, y: 2, z: 3 };

const { x, y, z } = someObject;

Essentially the same as:
const someObject = {x: 1, y: 2, z: 3 };

const x = someObject.x;
const y = someObject.y;
const z = someObject.z;

The longer form also allows for re-mapping the properties to differently named variables:
const someObject = {x: 1, y: 2, z: 3 };

const { a: x, b: y, c: z } = someObject;

Essentially the same as:
const someObject = {x: 1, y: 2, z: 3 };

const a = someObject.x;
const b = someObject.y;
const c = someObject.z;

Rest syntax ...
Very similar to how the array destructuring syntax can use ...<variable name> to collect the rest of the unpacked values, the same can be done with object destructuring to collect all key/values that have not been extracted otherwise:
const someObject = {x: 1, y: 2, z: 3 };

const { x, ...others } = someObject;

will have others = { y: 2, z: 3 }
Combining these
These can be arbitrarily nested and combined to access any property and value:
const users = [
    {
        name: "Fred",
        userInfo: { likes: "bowling" },
        addresses: ["Town of Bedrock", "some previous address"]
    }
];

const [
    {
        name,
        userInfo: { likes: hobby },
        addresses: [lastAddress]
    }
] = user;

Will extract: name = "Fred", hobby = "bowling", and lastAddress = "Town of Bedrock".
Comment: You can also destructure within function parameters `({ name }) => name`, or use iterable destructuring with strings.
Answer: An approach I'd like to see would be a construct that combines new automatic-scope object declarations and initializer-like constructs with a compound statement.  Perhaps something like:
union ( int x=foo->bar : 4,8, y = baz->bongo : 3,9;)
{
  ...
}

The syntax would be identifiable by the opening parenthesis following the union keyword--something that would otherwise be impossible.
The "initializers" would need to be lvalues, optionally followed by a bit width and offset.  Such a syntax would invite a compiler to behave as though the declared identifiers were objects of the indicated type which were loaded any time before their value was used, and written back any time after their value was modified, in any manner consistent with normal "caching" semantics (if a compiler modifies the temporary object, future reads would need to come from that object rather than the original until the change was written back; if the compiler reads and caches the original object, but then modifies the orginal object, it would need to ensure that the cached copy was updated or reloaded before it was used againm etc.).
If two or more initializers are bound to the same side-effect-free lvalue expression, a compiler would have to allow for the possibility that changes to one might affect the other, but such allowance would not be required if lvalue expressions have side effects or don't match each other.
Note that while this construct would be semantically most useful when handlings things like bit fields, it could also allow compilers the freedom to keep an object that would be updated multiple times in a register, and consolidate multiple writes to an object, when doing so would be useful, but allow a compiler to flush such cached objectss in cases where the alternative would be an extra register spill (thus allowing what would be the sequence:
load x into r0
... do some stuff with r0
push r0
... do some stuff that needs to use r0 for some other purpose
... pop r0
store r0 into x

to be improved by storing r0 into x before the stuff that would use r0 for some other purpose, and avoiding the need to pop it and then store it.


How to escape {{ or }} in django template?

Question: Django treats {{ var }} as some variable in its template. How can I escape {{ var }} or {{ or }} such that django does not treat it as variable.

"{{ some text }}"
 Should prints exactly the same.
Answer: Django 1.5 introduced {% verbatim %} template tag. It stops template from parsing contents of this tag:
{% verbatim %}
    {{ var }}
{% endverbatim %}

will be rendered as:
{{ var }}

Comment: While 'verbatim' is generally useful, Django bug https://code.djangoproject.com/ticket/23424 makes it problematic for this specific usage. For example this fails:

{% verbatim %}{{{%endverbatim%}hello{% verbatim%}}}{% endverbatim %}

The word 'verbatim' will actually appear in the rendered text...
Comment: This is the most straight-forward way. +1
Answer: I believe you are looking for the templatetag template tag.
As the linked-to doc states,

Since the template system has no concept of "escaping", to display one of the bits used in template tags, you must use the {% templatetag %} tag.

For example:

"{% templatetag openvariable %} some text {% templatetag closevariable %}"

will appear as so:

"{{ some text }}"

Comment: I have two questions: 1. Why django doc don't mentions templatetag in [limitations-with-string-literals](https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.11/ref/templates/api/#limitations-with-string-literals); 2. What can I do if I want to escape with template filter?
Answer: Edit: I don't really recommended this because it's not very clean, but it's still an option.
I was searching for one that I could use with JQuery Templates and figured a way to do it without tags or filters. This is as short as I could get it:
{{ "{{ any text }" }}}

Is printed as:
{{ any text }}

Why it works? Any text within {{}} is displayed as is, as long as it doesn't have two closing braces }} in a row. Then there are three brackets in a row, django interprets two first ones as end of the variable leaving one additional closing brace.
Answer: You can try escaping with html character escapes like:
{ = {
} = }

"{{ some text }}"

Update
In case anyone is trying to use the actual tags for javascript, verbatim is a better solution:

Stops the template engine from rendering the contents of this block tag.

{% verbatim %}
    {{if dying}}Still alive.{{/if}}
{% endverbatim %}

Answer: if you simply need to use {{  }} as a variable for template framework like angularjs, then following maybe simpler:
in your <app path>/templatetags/ngvar.py , add
from django import template
register = template.Library()

@register.simple_tag
def ngvar(var_name):
    return "{{%s}}" % var_name

and in template, do
{% load ngvar %}
{% ngvar "variable name" %}

if ngvar.py is the first template tag, then make sure to add __init__.py file to the templatetags directory
Answer: Another option would be to add a word joiner (zero width no-break space) between each curly bracket:

"{{ some text }}"

Answer: Although the above answers can solve the original problem, I add some hack around here for those who are scratching their heads like me.
Some times, we want to render a single brace followed by a variable. For example, in BibTeX, there may be something look like this:
@MISC{hu2012-spectral,
    author = {Hu, Pili},
    title = {Spectral Clustering Survey},
    howpublished = {GitHub, https://github.com/hupili/tutorial/tree/master/spectral-clustering},
    month = {May},
    year = {2012}
}

Those bib fields come from template variables. If you write
title = {{{title}}},

jinja can not compile and raise an error. If you write
title = { {{title}} },

there will be extra blanks. The hack around is to store '{' and '}' as variables and use later.
{% set lb = '{' %}
{% set rb = '}' %}
...
@MISC{{lb}}{{ meta.bib_key }},
    author = {{lb}}Hu, Pili{{rb}},
    title = {{lb}}{{ meta.title }}{{rb}},
    howpublished = {{lb}}GitHub, https://github.com/hupili/tutorial/tree/master/{{ auto.path}}{{rb}},
    month = {{lb}}{{ meta.month }}{{rb}},
    year = {{lb}}{{ meta.year }}{{rb}}
}

This looks clumsy but it is the best I find so far. If you have a cleaner solution, please tell me.
Comment: Nice - I made a property in my Model where I return the variable as a latexconform string e.g. return '{Author}'
Comment: Note that the HTML entity mentioned above does not apply here. We want the raw text '{' in BiBTeX DB, instead of a '{' viewed from browser.
Answer: This template tag (designed for use with jQuery Templates) might do the trick. It let's you wrap content you don't want Django to interpret as variables with a template tag.
Answer: it can be solved by avoing adjacent angular backets, if its inside javascript code then you can write
'{'+'{address.'+key+'}}'

I used this to print jinja variables into another template,using javascript.
Answer: Jinja, which is what is being used for the templates, offers several suggestions for escaping here. What has worked best for me is using something like "{% raw %}{{ some text }}{% endraw %}"


What era is this JC Higgins 24" bike?

Question: This bike has no serial number, I've looked it over thoroughly. Nothing on the bottom bracket, nothing on the dropouts. I don't expect to find out the exact year but seems there should be a way to narrow it down based on the components. I haven't been able to find many JC's with this particular fork (rounded top as opposed to the flat top). I haven't yet found information on what years skip chains were used but this bike has one.
Comment: The chainring shape seems to be a skip-tooth design, and may pre-date roller chain.  Certainly pre-WW2
Comment: The "skip-tooth" cogs are one of the few markers of age.  Though I don't know when skip-tooth cogs were the rage, they were gone by the mid-50s for sure.  Appears to be a Bendix-style coaster brake, so that probably puts an upper bound on the age (though I don't know what that might be).
Comment: Note that if you can make out a brand stamp on the coaster brake arm, that would be helpful.
Comment: JC Higgins is stamped on the coaster brake arm. I received a comment on another site stating it was a Musselman rear hub. I read somewhere that JC Higgins re-branded the Musselman hub at some point.
Answer: 1949 - 1950 JC Higgins built by Murray.  The serial number is stamped into the bottom bracket.  Time and rust will make it difficult to read.  Keep scrubbing.  MOS is the prefix for Murray of Ohio for Sears.  L, M, N, O, P will indicate the year.
This bike is missing the tank.

Here's a picture of one complete with tank and rear rack. Some models had painted tanks rather than the exhaust ports. Some had painted rims, some had chrome rims
Comment: Hi, welcome to bicycles!  This looks like a great match!  If you [edit] this question you should be able to add your picture here, instead of putting it in a separate answer.
Comment: Done - Thank you for the excellent find, and welcome to the site.  Keep up the good work!

What era is this JC Higgins 24" bike?


Adding our Gnosis-Safe addresses to our BSC auto-paying Smart Contract disables the contract

Question: We are a coin operating on the Binance Smart Chain.
On Friday, we changed our "team owned" wallets to Gnosis-Safe.
These wallets receive automatic distributions from our coin's smart contract periodically throughout the day.
When we changed the addresses of our team-owned wallets to the Gnosis-Safe addresses, our smart contract was unable to make payment to our new wallet addresses during a distribution phase and caused a complete halt in trading as the contract 'hung' and waited for the transaction to complete (which it never did).
An initial contact to support indicated that I should manually perform a transaction with our smart contract through the Gnosis Safe and then everything would be resolved. I did so. Everything appeared to be resolved (no hung payment anymore) ... until the next payment needed to be made, which automatically hung the contract again.
Does Gnosis-safe have an inability to receive payments from BSC Smart Contracts without manual intervention? What can be done to fix this issue?
Answer: Gnosis Safe has all the capabilities of a regular EOA account. The distribution provider should investigate why it is hanging.
One of the potential causes could be that the distributor contract uses smart contract methods that are limited in gas usage - please check it here https://ethereum.stackexchange.com/a/119759/65624


Unable to connect LG G6 to ADB

Question: Im struggling with adb and LG G6 on OSX.

Tried installing LG Mobile drivers.
Tried MPT, PTP and other modes with no luck
Tried enabling USB thetering

Nothing seems to work, anyone with the same problem??
Thanks!
Comment: Just in case, the phone is already on developer mode and with adb debug enabled
Answer: As I was looking for an answer, I somehow managed to make it work:

Go to Settings
Go to Developer options
Under Networking, tap on Select USB Configuration
Select MIDI device

Easier alternate would be as soon as you connect the device via USB, just select MIDI device. This should initiate the installation of the device.

Afterwards, it should be visible in your USB device list in Android Studio.
Comment: Oddly enough my ADB drivers were working, but then stopped (same day), this odd fix solved the problem! Thanks.
Comment: Very useful. I found that the USB mode reverted to MTP every time the device went to sleep, so I had to enable the 'Stay Awake' developer option too.
Answer: You need to enable USB Debugging in your LG G6 so adb detects your connected device.
(Just in case you don't know)
To enable USB debugging you need to enable Developer Options in your phone first. To do this:
Go to Settings > About phone > Software info > and then tap the build number about 7 times.
I know that this might sound so obvious but since you did not mention that you have USB Debugging on, I thought that you might have forgotten this step prior to connecting with adb.
Hope this helps.
Answer: In order to make it work you must verify also the USB debugging is enabled. In my case it was disabled and grayed out.
I found out here I need to connect the USB cable only after taping on
"Developer options" -> "Debugging" -> USB Debug -> ON.

Hope this can help.
Answer: I have met this problem when i was trying to debug an App in LG G6. In my case, I tried all the methods above, such as enable developing and change the connection types and so on, it is still useless. But when I try to remove the built apk file from my computer to the device and try to install it on the device. It failed. So, I decide to open the Applications page in settings, and I found my App is still installed.(I once tried to uninstall the App.) So I re-uninstalled the App and try to connect again, and it works. So, the conclusion is:
Try to find your App in Applications page in setting, maybe your App is still installed but just disabled as me.
I hope it helps.
Answer: met same problem here. Going through these steps and my debug device(LG G6) pop up in android studio adb device list.
1.make sure usb debugging option is turn on.
2.select usb connection behavior: MIDI (check always connect as MIDI)
3.install LG Universal Mobile Drivers (https://www.lg.com/us/support/software-firmware-drivers)
4.change usb connection behavior: back to MTP (or android studio can not upload apk)
5.start debug in android studio.
Development environment: window 8.1, android studio 3.1.3.

Unable to connect LG G6 to ADB


Fundamental equations in Philosophy and Logic

Question: For the natural sciences it is easy to indicate the most important fundamental equations. If I want to explain Philosophy and Logic to a physicist or a chemist, what are considered the most important equations that define the subject that I should introduce and try to explain?
Comment: there are no equations underlying philosophy
Comment: There is the Fundamental Theorem of Philosophy of course since there is always a "Fundamental Theorem of...", but it only says that there is a non-countable infinity of "-isms" in philosophy ;-)
Comment: "For the natural sciences it is easy to indicate the most important equations that underlie the discipline." I don't believe this is the case. Are the most important equations in physics from QM, relativity, or thermodynamics? What kind of equations are fundamental in the biological or social sciences?
Comment: Another fundamental principle of philosophy is that to every difficult question there is a simple answer... and it's wrong. ;-)
Comment: Equations depend on phenomenon (the way we perceive). For example, you can write an equation adding apples because you take a range of weights and sizes by granted in the definition of an apple (there are no apples the size of a car). But philosophy is beyond such assumptions, so, equations don't apply in philosophy. Same happens with logic: you can describe phenomenon using logic, but you can't describe logic using logic, that would be circular.
Comment: The *fundamental equation* of philosophy is, for better/worse, not known to me. *El rachum*.
Answer: Philosophy can be amorphous enough to be "about" questions more than axioms/theorems. There are seemingly plausible symbolisms that can end up yielding undesired (by some people) results, like the converse Barcan formula: this variously says that {there exists a possible X, so possibly there exists an X} or, for necessity, you can get {there exists a necessary X, so necessarily there exists an X}.
But there are some results that are strongly accepted by, I think, most of the people who are aware of the relevant mathematical questions, and who are interested in answering them. Maybe more disagreement would manifest eventually, but "for now," a possible counterexample to "not even weak consensus" in philosophy: a "general axiom" of normal modal logic. It's perhaps an obscure-seeming matter, but anyway, another arguable example comes from second-order logic: there are logical structures that are in some sense reducible to structures in a different-order logic. And this doesn't seem controversial, as far as I know.
Answer: Most of what is currently called philosophy has very little to do with learning how to do much formal logic, and everything to do with learning what historical people who also didn't know how to do much formal logic had to say about things. Most of those people died before most of this stuff was discovered, so it's hardly their fault - but it is what it is. Learning how to work with those historical ideas has value, but learning formal logic is something else - mathematics.
The core laws of formal logic are identity: A equals A; non-contradiction: A does not equal not-A; and the excluded middle: either B equals A or B does not equal A.
From there you'll want to build up through binary logic, with which almost every physicist and many chemists will be intimately familiar from writing computer code and/or circuit design. Wikipedia has a comprehensive guide to the binary logical operators, but learning to use them properly will take a lot of repetitions on practice problems.
The language of logic is mathematics, and the chances are that the physicist and chemist are pretty good at it. All scientists and philosophers should share a grounding in statistics, which you can't do properly without at least basic calculus.
Philosophy makes outsized use use of Bayes' Theorem, which would probably be intimately familiar to a biologist, but may be new to or forgotten by a physicist or chemist. Bayes' theorem doesn't require any math beyond basic algebra in and of itself.
To go farther in formal logic (even for application to real-world problems) one will want a basic foundation in abstract mathematics, by which point you'd probably be ready to start a masters degree program in mathematics, but may never have read a word of philosophy so labeled.


general representation theorem for bilinear forms

Question: I am interested in representation theorems for bilinear forms, that go beyond treatment of bounded or even coercive bilinear forms.
Whilst I am thankful for any references regarding the topic mentioned above I am specifically looking for a treatment of positive semi-definite symmetric bilinear forms. The bilinear form I am currently concerned with is not bounded.
The reason I'd like to know about that is that I try to check the preliminaries for the existence of an adjoint operator with respect to that certain bilinear form.
So written in it's abstract form, let $B(.,.)$ be a positive semi-definite symmetric but unbounded bilinear form. Let further be $H$ a Hilbert space, $f,g \in H$ and $A$ be a bounded linear operator on $H$. So I am interested in the answer to the following question: When does a linear operator (or any other kind of function on $H$) $A^*$ exist such that
$$
B(f,Ag) = B(A^* f,g)
$$
I know about basic representation theory for bounded bilinear forms and the Lax-Milgram Theorem. But of course they are of no help here.
I'd appreciate any sort of hint into the right direction or to literature for further research on representation theory for bilinear forms and or the existence of adjoint operators.
Answer: I stumbled on the theorem in the Reed-Simon "Method of Mathematical Physics", Volume 1, section VIII.6, theorem VIII.15. The section VIII is devoted to unbounded operators. The representation theorem asks the bilinear form to be closed and semi-bounded though. The unbounded case is also dealt with on page 49 in the document available at
http://maths.swan.ac.uk/staff/vl/projects/cont.pdf
Answer: It is known that for any dual system $(X,Y)$ (two spaces are dual systems if there exists a non degenerate bilinear form from Cartesian product of $X$ and $Y$ into reals or complex) and any two adjoint operators $A:X \to Y$ and $B:Y \to X$, $A$ and $B$ are linear. (we have also uniqueness of adjoint if it exists). Even for pre-Hilbert spaces like $X=C(G)$ ($G$ some compact measurable subset of $R^n$) and any unknown operator $A:X \to X$, it is not known that whether its adjoint exists or not. For example $A:C[0,1] \to C[0,1]$ defined by $Ax:=x(1)$, doesn't have adjoint.


Contra konami code not working

Question: i have an emulated Contra on Jnes with a nes controller usb, and when i enter the Konami code, it doesn't work! Does anyone know how to help me? I've tried both B then A then B then A, and only B then A.
Answer: The code in the original Contra is Up Up Down Down Left Right Left Right B A [Select] Start.
Select is only needed for a two-player game.
The code must be entered while the title graphic is scrolling on to the screen, which means you have to enter it quite quickly.
Comment: i still cant make it work, well i guess im gonna have to live without it :(
Answer: I managed to make it work. I probably pressed both up and left when I pressed up, which made the code not work, but it worked the second time.

Contra konami code not working


A basic question about JL Lions' transformation of a Stefan problem

Question: In J.L Lions' book "Quelques méthodes de résolution des problèmes aux limites non linéaires" (page 196), the author considers a two-phase problem with moving boundary separating the interface. The equations governing the two phases
$$\frac{du_1}{dt} - \sum_i \frac{d}{dx_i}\left(k(u_1)\frac{du_1}{dx_i}\right) = f \quad\text{for $u_1 < \lambda_0$}$$
$$\frac{du_2}{dt} - \sum_i \frac{d}{dx_i}\left(k(u_2)\frac{du_2}{dx_i}\right) = f \quad\text{for $u_2 > \lambda_0$}$$
are transformed by using a transformation of the form $K(\mu) = \int_0^{\mu}k(\lambda)d\lambda$.
Lions then introduces a multivalued map and then its inverse and proves well-posedness.
Can anyone recommend another source (book or paper or lecture notes) that addresses this topic (in particular the multivalued maps that arise from the transformation) in more detail (and in English)? Is it possible to summarise the state-of-the-art of an approach like this?
Thanks
Answer: Lions called it a "Kirchhoff transformation", hence presumably the  K  (p. 197, bottom line).  In Google, this points to a lot of informative papers.
Comment: Thanks. Do you know what he means when he writes $\cos(n,t)$, where $n$ is the normal vector?
Answer: Let me add the nice contribution of Alessandra Lunardi to this volume.