Share Site email not being sent

Question: If I share a site the email is not being sent.  This function does work with everything else like if you share a document or a list.  This is happening for all users and all sites. The relays on the email servers are setup correctly.
Comment: This was not answered with the other solution due to the invitation email working for documents and lists.  This is only occurring for if you share a site and it is happening on all site for all users.
Comment: Ok after working with Microsoft we found what was causing the issue.  I was using a codeplex project http://ldapcp.codeplex.com/ to resolve names through adfs.  This was not showing the email address in the metadata.  Once I updated it and added the mapping for email in the metadata then it started to work.  Thank you everyone for you help.
Answer: This old question might be the same problem/solution. The Share with email does not use the farm settings as it sends as the currently logged in user, e.g. Joe has shared a site with you. You might need to open up your relay(if using exchange) to allow this send as behavior.
"Share with" e-mail invitations not being sent even though all other e-mails work in On-Premise SP 2013
Comment: This solution does not work for me.  The share function works for document and lists.  Its only happening if you share a site.
Comment: Ok I found my answer.  After working with microsoft we determined it was a codeplex tool I am useing to resolve adfs entries in people search.  I just need to update this code and add the email into the metadata.

Share Site email not being sent


Netflix: Is there an app yet?

Question: Is there an app to play videos from Netflix and Hulu for the Android?
Comment: Do you mean a single app that plays can play both /either Netflix and Hulu? If not, then let's edit this to omit the Hulu double-barrel question.
Answer: Yes there is!
Today Netflix released an offical App.
Netflix Blog post about release.
Currently Netflix playback is supported on the following phones:

HTC Incredible with Android 2.2
HTC Nexus One with Android 2.2, 2.3
HTC Evo 4G with Android 2.2
HTC G2 with Android 2.2
Samsung Nexus S with Android 2.3

If you don't have one of these devices but you do have an HTC or Samsung device you can try this method here to make the Netflix app work on your device.  I have not tried this myself as I have one of the supported devices.  Try this at your own risk
Comment: More recently, Netflix said it works on all phones that run Android 2.2 and 2.3.
Answer: Netflix recently posted on their blog that they will begin to roll out support for individual devices in the coming year, but not a generic Netflix app. They claim:

The hurdle has been the lack of a generic and complete platform security and content protection mechanism available for Android.

You can read the entire post at http://blog.netflix.com/2010/11/netflix-on-android.html .
Answer: As of today, no there is nothing public. Like Matt says, you can find this out through other sites instead of asking here. A simple Google search will give you results of speculation and rumor like this:
http://mashable.com/2010/08/07/netflix-android-app/
Answer: No, as of Sept. 18, 2010, but according to this story Netflix appears to have hired Android developers, almost certainly for this purpose: http://www.downloadsquad.com/2010/08/10/netflix-android-app/

Netflix: Is there an app yet?


Installing Zorba (XQUERY) PHP Extension on Windows

Question: I'm trying to install zorba php extension on windows and I am having all sorts of problems. I have installed the zorba binaries on my computer, but when I try to install the PECL package (pecl install zorba-alpha) I get the following error "ERROR: the DSP zorba.dsp does not exist".
I've tried searching for zorba_api.dll or zorba_api.so in order to just bypass the pecl install process, but no luck.
If anyone can tell me how to get the zorba extension installed on my windows php I will be eternally grateful. Alternately, if someone knows of another xquery solution for PHP that I can install, I will be equally excited and appreciative.
Answer: I believe that the following resource will help you: http://dl.dropbox.com/u/1487285/php/php.html
Please let me know if it works.


validate a rails activerecord field by a callback method?

Question: is there a way that can validate a single field from the boolean returned by a callback method? something like:
validate_with_callback :title, :callback_method, 'an error message'
doesn't have to be exactly the same, but is there something similar built-in in rails?
Answer: I suppose you could do something like:
def self.validate_with_callback(attr, method, error)
  validate do |record|
    record.errors.add attr, error unless record.send(method)
  end
end

But this is just a dumb wrapper around validate, so I'd just call it directly.


Leave Apple Developer organisation and buy personal membership

Question: I have an Apple Developer Account, but it's in organization that I no longer work for. How I can leave this organization and buy my own membership in the Apple iOS developer program?
Answer: It wasn't as easy when you asked, but now it's quite easy to add a new AppleID and then switch roles. Even if the company does not want to do any of the work, you can set up a new AppleID and promote that to the owner and then eject your desired account.

https://developer.apple.com/support/roles/

When that is done, you can reapply. I would open a support case with developer support before you start to be sure they can help and you are cleared. They have been exceptionally helpful to us in getting past employees that quit and move the company accounts around as needed. Just give them time to check on things - the more a rush you are in, the more they wonder you're trying to pull a fast one.


Abnormal RAM usage

Question: from past several days, a weird problem is worrying me. My fedora takes too much RAM than usual, on idle the usual RAM usage is around 2 GB, but it hikes up to more than 5.2 Gb which mostly results in the crash of my DE. I checked the list of processed running and I dont see the list showing any process taking more than 300 mb of RAM, even if I sum them up, total ram usage of processes dont add up to 5 GB. I cant find relevant answers for a fix on forums. If anyone can suggest a fix, I will appreciate it. Thank you
Distro: Fedora 36
Kernel: 5.18.11-200.fc36.x86_64
DE: GNOME 42.3.1
Comment: Where (how) do you get the info about your *"RAM usage"* ?
Comment: Fedora mounts `/tmp` as `tmpfs` - if you have a ton of space occupied in `/tmp` that would explain everything.
Comment: And of course, the output of cat /proc/meminfo would be welcomed displayed as part of your question.
Answer: It is tricky to determine how much of RAM each process owns. Numbers you see in the various tools often display how much memory is mapped into the process's address space. But, some memory may be mapped to more than one process — so when you add up their usage that shared part should not be added. Some memory may be shared by many processes. Some memory may be mapped into the process twice.
Therefore, "memory usage" for each process is useful only for considering each process individually, but it should not be added — you never know how much of that memory is shared and what is sharing depth. It is incorrect to sum those values, the result will be overestimage does not correspond to any thing real in the computer. On the other hand, if you are going to sum just memory unique to the processes, you'll fall into great underestimate. So never sum them. Rely on the values for "available" memory that the system reports.
Another widely known misunderstanding is what Linux considers "free" memory is technically not the thing you should be worried about. What you should look at is available memory; technically that's "free plus buffers plus cached". Buffers and cache will be freed immediately upon application request; that's just "the memory was unused so Linux used it to speed up the computer because otherwise the more memory would be just wasted money, but it promises to release it once somebody needs it". See also explanations here: https://www.linuxatemyram.com/ .
Crashes due to insufficient memory are caused by kernel's out of memory killer (OOM-killer). If it is the culprit, it will definitely register its actions in dmesg, along with circumstances. In short, if there is really insufficient memory, it chooses the "worst" fat process and kills it, freeing the memory. Definitely check for that, if you suspect memory overflow. If no OOM killer actions are logged, your crashes are not because of high memory usage.
Comment: Regarding your last paragraph : Your system should not crash **because of** the OOM-Killer since it aims at preventing system crashes. Might depend on /proc/sys/vm/panic_on_oom settings though.
Comment: You mean, the application crashes itself when it detects that memory can not be allocated before OOM-killer has a chance to kill it? Yes, that's a possible scenario. Still I'm think this is not very pleasant behavior of an application: if you were recognized the problem, try to resolve it. If you are going to die anyway, don't obscure the cause.

Abnormal RAM usage


What's the difference between "I lost the key" and "I have lost the key"?

Question: Let's say one girl is crying in front of her house door because she can't get into her house. Incidentally, her neighbor sees her crying there and comes to ask what happened.  He asks" why are you crying?". She responds, "I lost the key to the front door". He asks again, "Did you lose your key?.
In this situation, I am wondering if I could say " I have lost the key" instead of "I lost the key".  "Have you lost the key?" instead of " Did you lose the key?"  If possible, what's the difference?
Answer: I lost the key - Past Indefinite Tense (We use the past simple for past events or actions which have no connection to the present.)
It suggests that either the key has been found or you have otherwise adapted to the loss.
I have lost the key - Present Perfect Tense(We use the present perfect for actions which started in the past and are still happening now OR for finished actions which have a connection to the present.)
"I have lost the key," suggests that you are still in the "lost the key" state, which remains unresolved.
Comment: From the point of grammar, you are right. But in a daily conversation, I think some native speakers can use "I lost the key" and "I have lost the key" interchangeably, especially the above-mentioned situation. Am I right or wrong?  I appreciate that if any native speaker could tell me the examples where those two tenses can be used interchangeably in their daily lives.
Answer: These questions work better on https://ell.stackexchange.com/.
The have is optional, but if the girl is crying, she will probably choose the most succinct form.  In fact, I believe she will not talk about losing the key, she will say

I can't find my key!


Designing Testable Functional Code

Question: I like the idea of writing pure functions, but I'm having trouble understand ways to combine them that lead to testable code.  I'm used to extracting classes and then stubbing appropriately, and feel that I'm missing some key insight into functional programming.
Here is an example that I've slimmed down from a problem I'm currently facing.
I want to take a list of a list of dates and filter it for those which meet an 'opportunity' criteria.
In C# it looks something like:
    static List<List<DateTime>> Opportunities(List<List<DateTime>> dates)
    {
        return dates.Where(ds => HasOpportunity(ds)).ToList();
    }

    static bool HasOpportunity(List<DateTime> dates)
    {
        var threshold = 0.05D;

        var current = OpportunityProbability(dates, DateTime.Now);
        var previous = OpportunityProbability(dates, DateTime.Now.Subtract(TimeSpan.FromDays(30)));

        return previous >= threshold && current < threshold;
    }

    static double OpportunityProbability(List<DateTime> dates, DateTime endDate)
    {
        // does lots of math
        return 0.0D;
    }

So at the tip we have OpportunityProbability that I know how to test.  The trouble I have is in HasOpportunity and further up the chain (Opportunities).
The only way I know how to test HasOpportunity is by stubbing out OpportunityProbability but I can't do that.  And I don't want to create fake data to satisfy the design of OpportunityProbability in order to test HasOpportunity.  So even though both functions are pure, it isn't testable, and I feel like its bad design.
And thus I feel like I'm designing bad Functional Code :)
What I care about with HasOpportunity is mostly the boolean test.  Given two doubles and a threshold do the comparison and return the result.  In order to get those two doubles it uses a function which requires a list of dates and a date.  This leads HasOpportunity to also be responsible for determining the dates (DateTime.Now and 30 days before).  Maybe I can split that out:
    static bool HasOpportunity(double probability1, double probability2)
    {
        var threshold = 0.05D;

        return probability2 >= threshold && probability1 < threshold;
    }

So that is clearly testable.  I could even move the threshold up:
    static bool HasOpportunity(double threshold, double probability1, double probability2)
    {
        return probability2 >= threshold && probability1 < threshold;
    }

So this is even more generic.
The issue I run into when I do this is that I've just moved things up to Opportunities:
    static List<List<DateTime>> Opportunities(List<List<DateTime>> dates)
    {
        return dates.Where(ds => {
            var current = OpportunityProbability(ds, DateTime.Now);
            var previous = OpportunityProbability(ds, DateTime.Now.Subtract(TimeSpan.FromDays(30)));
            return HasOpportunity(0.05D, current, previous);
        }).ToList();
    }

This is where I don't know the next step to take.
Any thoughts oh functional overlords?  Help me write F# in C#, thanks in advance!
update
So taking it another step, I can get:
    static List<List<DateTime>> Opportunities(double threshold, DateTime currentDate, DateTime previousDate, List<List<DateTime>> dates)
    {
        return dates.Where(ds => {
            var current = OpportunityProbability(ds, currentDate);
            var previous = OpportunityProbability(ds, previousDate);
            return HasOpportunity(threshold, current, previous);
        }).ToList();
    }

So I still don't know how to test this, but it is nice in that the parameters to this function end up making a definition of what the opportunity is:

threshold
first date
second date

And then given a list of a list of dates it can give you the opportunities.
Comment: care to comment why a downvote?
Comment: *"Any thoughts oh functional overlords?"* Thoughts on what? How to test built-in operators? *"Help me write F# in C#, thanks in advance!"* What F#?
Comment: I feel this is pretty generic code.  It is in C# because I had to pick one, but I could easily rewrite this in F#.  The whole question is based on how to combine pure functions in a testable way.  I could write that more abstract, but I don't think it helps anything.
Comment: I think your last step there is fine -- since it's a pure function, you could use the randomized testing features in NUnit, or perhaps FsCheck (which can also be used for C# code).
Comment: I just want to delete the question since its considered stupid.
Answer: Did you consider using higher-order functions? Pass in the OpportunityProbability functions into HasOpportunity.
static List<List<DateTime>> Opportunities(List<List<DateTime>> dates)
{
    return dates.Where(ds => HasOpportunity(ds, OpportunityProbability, OpportunityProbability)).ToList();
}

static bool HasOpportunity(List<DateTime> dates, Func<List<DateTime>, DateTime, double> currentProb, Func<List<DateTime>, DateTime, double> prevProb)
{
    var threshold = 0.05D;

    var current = currentProb(dates, DateTime.Now);
    var previous = prevProb(dates, DateTime.Now.Subtract(TimeSpan.FromDays(30)));

    return previous >= threshold && current < threshold;
}

static double OpportunityProbability(List<DateTime> dates, DateTime endDate)
{
    // does lots of math
    return 0.0D;
}

Now you can test both OpportunityProbability and HasOpportunity independent of each other (in the case of HasOpportunity you "stub" the second and last parameter. If you wanted  more separation you could pass in OpportunityProbability into Opportunities as well.
Comment: You might find the following article useful, generally it's a great website for F# and functional programming techniques: http://fsharpforfunandprofit.com/posts/recipe-part1/
Comment: I did think about that, but didn't try it out.  These things are the intuition I'm looking to build for FP.  I don't actually care about testing the code, I am just using it as a proxy for design.  Thanks for comment.
Answer: I think you should throw in a bit of good-old object orientation, and honour the Single Responsibility Pattern. One possible way is to create classes:

OpportunityCalculator with method double OpportunityProbability(List<DateTime> dates, DateTime endDate)
OpportunityFilter with method bool HasOpportunity(double threshold, double probability1, double probability2)

These classes could be tested independently:

OpportunityCalculator abstracts out the complex math.
While testing OpportunityFilter, you can stub out OpportunityCalculator. Your tests would be centred around the fact that the calculator would be consulted twice with the correct parameters.

Designing Testable Functional Code


Guitar Feedback Through Earphones

Question: how can I get guitar feedback that will only be heard thru earphones. I've been playing 30 years off and on, and I know most equipment, but I want to quietly record but still get that Cobain-esque style distortion with a Fender Stage 160 amp, and/or recording with/of the amp simulation and recording functions of a Boss BR800 eight track recorder.
Comment: The best approximation should be achievable by mounting a [tactile transducer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactile_transducer) on / below / next to the bridge. It wouldn't be completely quiet but much quiter than any speaker-based feedback, yet have more of the "brutal chaotic" character of acoustic feedback than you get with magnetic sustainers. I've never tried this or know someone who did, thus no answer from me, but it might be a starting point for research. Most off-the-shelf transducers wouldn't work, because they're generally optimed for bass frequencies only.
Answer: It won't be real. It can't be real. Feedback is the speaker vibrating the guitar, which feeds the speaker, same so forth.
I own a guitar with a Fernandes Sustainer system, which sends the signal through an electromagnet in the neck pickup. It's somewhat disappointing without gain or compression, but some would say that most things about the electric guitar are disappointing without gain.
There are pedals such as the Fender Runaway and the Digitech FreqOut that mimic this effect with electronics. I've not tried them, so I can't tell you how well they work.
Comment: "disappointing without gain" – you mean without _overdrive_.
Comment: Or distortion or fuzz. I said what I said.
Comment: Yeah but _gain_ doesn't mean any of these things.
Comment: @DaveJacoby, Never seen a Fernandes in person, but I have a Freqout--I like it.  Check out my answer.
Comment: @leftaroundabout the knob CALLED 'gain' on a guitar amp may well have that function.
Answer: There is no way to get "real" feedback using headphones only, however there are a couple of fake solutions:

A sustainiac, or sustainer pickup will give you feedback which is similar, if not exactly like audio feedback through magnetic feedback.
A sustainer pedal emulates sustain electronically.
Many DAW's will let you add fake sustain at any frequency you like in post processing (and some real-time, to an extent)

But if you want it to sound real, you need the volume from an amp to create the feedback. No shortcut to doing it right.
Comment: For a DAW setup, I saw someone once say they sent a dry signal out to a transducer (like the vibe-it model B0042L29KW) and placed the transducer on a guitar and then armed a track to record it back in with lots of compression and gain vst
Answer: How quietly is 'quietly'?
You can't do it on headphones, so it can't be done silently, but it can be done with a small studio monitor placed in very close to the guitar, pointing right at the strings & pickups.
You will need plenty of compression, the quieter or further away the speaker the heavier the compression needed. It will compromise your sound slightly, but you can just about get away with a much lower volume that would be required to do this 'for real'.
Answer: I needed feedback in a low-volume live setting and got fairly solid results with the DigiTech Freqout $179.99 at the time.  It works at any performance volume, acting on the natural guitar signal.  Since it's not true feedback it can't sustain forever--but it sounds pretty legit.

A long, sustained note begins one of the tunes on our album, feeding back until the intro solo guitar starts.  We captured this on the record exactly as one would expect--in a large room, me ten feet from an amp cranked to nine billion decibels.  Live shows found me doing it the same way, with fairly consistent results.
But then...
We booked a show for a Medal of Honor convention, a pretty sweet gig with 45 or 50 recipients, families and dignitaries in attendance.  We knew going in this wouldn't be the place for a high SPL, sonically assaulting a bunch of octogenarian war vets, so I sought quiet feedback solutions.  IIRC I only found two, and the other didn't review well.
I took a gamble, ordering the Freqout without much time to spare.  Felt pretty dumb buying a $180 pedal for one song, but I lucked out.

I never adjust the settings (forgive the sideways photo).  The gain and onset are just past noon. Momentary so the pedal only engages when I'm on the button.  The 2nd harmonic sounds the best to me.  I can't recall what "dry" does.  I read the instructions when I got it, realizing in short order I'd likely never touch the knobs again.

It's not perfect, but it sounds pretty convincing in short bursts--maybe ten seconds--and it then dies suddenly and rather anticlimactically.  I've learned to time this and remove my foot before the "feedback" ends, and it fits the need--the LEDs indicate how much more "Feedback Mojo" remains, and I sometimes still watch them to avoid my feedback rug being yanked out from under me.
I've since worked the effect into more songs ...sparingly.  Since it's on my board, I can use it while singing--needn't leave the mike to hug the amp.  I'm pleased with my purchase, even if I only use it three or four times in a 90-minute show.
I think I saw one at Guitar Center--see if they'll let you test drive one.
Comment: I don't like this solution much at all, but +1 because it's the simplest thing that answers the OP's question.
Comment: Haha, thanks--I think!  Is the dislike simply a cost-vs-fakery thing?

Guitar Feedback Through Earphones


What is the ideal user-interaction for full album download as MP3s?

Question: I want to offer a full length album as a free digital download.  I can easily throw the MP3 files up on a webserver and put a link to it.  I've used this method before and it works ok.  Savvy users know what to do with it:

Right click each MP3 link and save them to your desktop or downloads folder
Drag them all into iTunes and let it copy them into its database
Delete the originals

My worry is that most users just click them, and their browser loads them and plays them.  I want to streamline the user-interaction experience and optimize it for "download the whole album into my iTunes library."  Posting the entire thing as a ZIP file is slightly better, but not by much.
Does anyone know of examples of other sites that have done this really well?  Any other ideas or tips for how to package this?  Disk Image?  M3U file?  Platform-specific scripting?
Answer: To force downloading instead of opening the file, add the following to your HTTP headers when downloading:
Content-Disposition: attachment; filename="track1.mp3"
And any well behaved browser won't try to open the file. That said, another option is to just throw them all into a ZIP file with no compression (as MP3s don't compress inside a ZIP anyway) and then they don't need to download all the invididual files. The time taken to unzip (which is why you use a ZIP with no compression, which makes this step much much faster) is going to be about equal to the time taken to download all the files, but with much less clicking involved.
Comment: Unzipping a 50 MB zip file doesn't take long, even on slower computers. And compressing will save *some* space, albeit only ~1 MB.
Comment: For well-compressed MP3s/OGG files, you'd be lucky to get a 1MB reduction on a 50MB file. They already use similar compression to ZIP/RAR, just like AVI files, and 350MB AVI files only save about 5MB or less with extra RAR compression. In fact, some end up larger after being "compressed" using ZIP or RAR. Likewise with PDFs. There is absolutely no reason to compress those filetypes. The same applies to MP4s, PDF, JPEGs, PNG, etc.
Answer: As long as the ID3 tags are all in order, why not just put the MP3s themselves in the root of the ZIP folder? I mean, since they're going to be tossed into an iTunes library anyways... I do hate zipping things on a Mac though (when you unzip the file on a PC you get a couple hidden things, including a confusing __MACOSX folder).
Answer: Zip is fine for posting it on your webserver. But you really should be getting your music onto distribution channels like emusic and itunes. It's super easy these days. And of course they'll integrate directly with many media players AND offer a broader audience than you're going to get on your website.
Try http://www.tunecore.com/ if you want to sell your stuff and http://www.jamendo.com/ if you want to give it away.
Don't re-invent the wheel! especially when the hoveboard has already been created.
Comment: Thanks for Jamendo.  I will also have it up on all of the digital distribution that CDBaby sends to (including iTunes) but those all cost the end user some money.  I'm looking for a way to also post it for free.
Comment: yea, jamendo's free to upload, AFAIK. I like it because creative commons features jamendo as The Source for CC music (http://search.creativecommons.org/). Decent rankings too: http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/jamendo.com+napster.com+emusic.com
Comment: He would be re-inventing the wheel only if he's trying to produce another iTunes/jamendo/tunecore-type service. There's nothing wrong with putting your music up on digital distribution networks _and_ distributing it yourself for free on your own site. If a fan is already on your site, why make them go to iTunes to download your stuff?
Comment: I agreed zip was the best method for posting on the web-server, but he never clearly indicated that he already has a thriving busy website. So I wanted to answer his question precisely: I think "the ideal user-interaction for full album downloads" would be itunes or jamendo type service, not a bunch of individual artits' websites. Both is wonderful, but if you had to pick one, pick the service. Would you agree with that?
Answer: Either:

A platform-specific "smart client" (this has many names) such as a downloaded Adobe Flex desktop client, or a Silverlight "Out-of-Browser" local client

OR, more likely

A single zip file for each album, with a folder structure in the zip, i.e. something like: .\artist-name\album-name\<individual files> ; where the individual file names are on the form <tracknumber> - Title ; and with an MP3 playlist for the album in each album directory.

The zip file is of course way easier to implement...
Comment: What is the purpose of the folder structure?  I realize that's how iTunes organizes it once it imports it, but what purpose does it serve inside the ZIP file?
Comment: @lukecyca: That's just how I prefer it, and keep my own music organized. :-)  One could argue that there shouldn't be any folders in the zip, the zip should just be there to assemble all the files in one download.


Does our sun/solar system orbit around any other celestial objects?

Question: Does our solar system orbit around another massive celestial object? Like a massive star or black hole for instance? From my understanding our sun rotates around the centre of our galaxy, thus our solar system follows. But I'm curious to know if there is/are other(s) gravitational force(s) that affect our suns? Other than the rotation around the centre of the milky way.
It would make sense to me that the gravity of massive objects would affect our sun, which in turn would affect our solar system, but I cannot find any answers other than ones concerning the "galactic year".
Comment: Possible duplicates: https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/questions/10124/is-it-possible-that-the-sun-has-a-binary-partner-the-nemesis-theory-that-has-e, https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/questions/2531/is-sun-a-part-of-a-binary-system?lq=1
Comment: Oh, and this one: https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/questions/10017/does-the-sun-turn-around-a-big-star?lq=1
Comment: Thanks! Next time I'll check for a duplicate before posting.
Comment: the galaxy itself including the sun will converge with andromeda, and then our local group with the m81 group afterwards i presume, not much info on it, worth another topic.
Answer: The orbit of the Sun around the Galaxy is quite complicated, because unlike the solar system, the mass is not completely concentrated at the centre. So, in addition to the roughly circular 230 million year orbit in the plane of the Galaxy, there are superimposed motions in and out of the plane and towards and away from the Galactic centre. These roughly sinusoidal additional motions, called epicycles, do not have large amplitudes - a few hundred light years - and take about 70 million and 160 million years respectively.
The Sun does not systematically orbit any other Galactic structures or stars (see the flagged potential duplicates for more details - there is no evidence for any binary companion to the Sun larger than a few Jupiter masses)  and is unlikely to do so in the forseeable future. The space between the stars in our Galaxy is large enough that they are essentially non-interacting.
The Galaxy itself is in motion with respect to the galaxies around it. The nearest tens of galaxies form the local group and probably have complicated orbits within their summed gravitational potential. These orbits cannot be precisely determined, because although we can measure line of sight velocities using the Doppler effect, the tangential motions require extraordinarily accurate position data over many years. These are now becoming available - for instance we know our Galaxy and M31 will collide in around 4 billion years.
Further afield, the local group is part of a larger galaxy aggregate, called the Virgo supercluster, but here, determining an orbit is impossible.
Even further, large galaxy clusters are arranged into a web of larger superclusters, voids and filaments that are all in motion with respect to each other.
Comment: This is a fascinating answer in need of a new question!


In Jmeter, After Login, A graph is displayed apart from some menus

Question: Here is the Scenario :
When i login to the application, a graph is displayed with some main menus on the left side of the page.
The graph takes some time to get displayed say 3 to 4 seconds but the buttons are displayed early.
I want to measure how much time the graph is taking to get displayed after successful login.
Answer: If I got your issue correctly then, there is a work around of doing this, you just either need to know/find out which HTTP requests are made for displaying Graph or which requests are made after Login and displaying navigation links in Left. Once this is known, just move those requests (cut-paste) to a different Controller (you can use Simple Controller for this), and when you execute the script, listener will show you the Response time for the Graph requests (new Controller) separately.

It is easy to know which requests are made for Displaying graph if Graph section is a separate page which is being displayed after login; for example: if your application under test is like
1. Login.aspx: Login page required for login
2. Home.aspx: Homepage with Left Navigation links
3. GraphContainer.aspx: page containing graph which is displayed inside Homepage
If structure is like this then it is easy for you to separate the requests and then adding them to separate Controllers in JMeter, even without adding new controller you can tell the response time for the graph requests in this kind of application structure. If not then apply another work around, jot down the request or sequence number of request (this is a feature in JMeter 2.13 that it displays sequence number before request URL) which are send before displaying graph, once that request or sequence number is known, all major requests after that will be related to Graph feature only.
This complete work around will work positively, as I too have tried it for couple of performance tests where a same action provide multiple results or I need to separate response time like in your scenario.
Answer: It looks like your application is using AJAX request(s) to display the graph. You need to capture the requests somehow and execute along with main GET request to the page. You can use Transaction Controller to measure and record the whole sequence execution time.
In regards to AJAX thing itself, JMeter doesn't provide a relevant sampler to exactly simulate browser's behaviour, you will need to implement the logic yourself. Some approaches are listed in How to Load Test AJAX/XHR Enabled Sites With JMeter guide.
Answer: You can try to use WebDriver plugin which interacts with UI elements. It support explicit wait on some conditions like IsElementVisible.
Answer: This doesn't seem in-line with what JMeter is built to do: create load on a server.
Sounds like you'd be better off doing this sort of thing in Selenium. For manual testing, just use the network tab of DevTools in most modern browsers.


How much flexibility does one have in selecting their PhD coursework in the first year?

Question: For instance, if someone is working as a Phd in computer-science, but on a neuroscience related topic, she might need to take some neuroscience related courses. And some CS courses might not be any help at all for the area she is interested in. Do universities put a lower/upper limit on the number of courses one can take?
Also, does this differ from university to university?
Comment: **Every department is different.**
Answer: It varies dramatically, by university, field, and country.
It can be any of:

There is a fixed curriculum that everyone takes
There are a few required courses and the student can choose the rest
The student has a committee which recommends courses to take
The student can take any courses but has exams to pass
No coursework at all (I understand this is common in Europe, where Ph.D. students come in with a Masters)

Usually there are upper and lower limits on the number of courses to take.  In the US, one usually has to take at least 3 or 4 courses to be considered a "full time student" and be eligible for funding.  (But one can often count research as one or more of these courses.)  And it is often not allowed to exceed 5 or 6 courses without special permission.
Answer: This is going to be school- and program-dependent.  In my Computer Engineering program, we had to take two 1-credit overview courses (not intensive) our first semester, and then my advisor told me the courses he expected me to take during that semeseter.  I ended up taking three full classes, which was probably excessive.  Of course, then I took three the next semester, too... After the first semester, I chose courses that fit in with my research, and also courses that were required for the degree.
Here are some pros and cons to taking multiple courses and courses outside your field:
Plusses:

If you take more courses when you haven't yet begun research, you will have more time for research when you're more advanced (if you fulfill any requirements early).

Taking courses tangentially related to your field or outside your field leads to a greater body of knowledge in which to find interesting problems.  This can lead to better research.

You'll meet more professors, and this can lead to other research opportunities.

Minuses:

You can easily become too busy to get research done, and research is what will get you the PhD.  One of my fellow student's advisor tells his students, "No A plusses!" and what he really means is, you can study too hard on a course with a detriment to the more important research.  During grad school, I only had one semester where I didn't take any courses (and it was nice, I'll admit).

You could lose focus entirely.  Remember, getting a PhD is all about focusing on a particular problem until you are the expert on that problem.  Spread yourself too thin, and you'll have a harder time reining in that one problem.  This really is a minor minus, though, especially during your first year.
The bottom line is that you need to tailor your schedule to account for a number of factors, including your own sanity and your ability to do research.  How your schedule is determined will largely be up to you, but each school will have its own individual requirements and policies.
Answer: You will likely piss people off at your major department if you take more courses outside than at the department itself. This will be viewed as lack of respect to them -- what kind of know-it-all are you??? One course is probably OK, especially if you "negotiated" that upfront by stating your multidisciplinary interests, but I wouldn't risk any more; not at least until you are done with the comprehensive exams, or whatever they may be called in your program. Passing them should be your top priority. You can also excuse yourself by declaring a Ph.D. minor in an additional field, or working towards an MA/MSc in that field. Again, that's something that needs to be discussed with your Director of Graduate Studies and adviser (which you may not have in the  first year).
In my program, I took about 15-18 courses in my main department (statistics), another 6 in a graduate certificate program, and a scattered number of 1-2 courses in four or so other departments (economics, biostatistics, sociology, taking their [whatever]metrics courses), and graduated with some 70+ credit hours instead of required 45 or 48. I don't think they liked it very much... but then my tuition coverage came from another research center on campus that appreciated my breadth. Do as I say, not as I do, though, as I now work in industry after having failed the tenure track.


experimental unit subject or organ piece?

Question: I have an experiment where a a specific organ is taken from an animal. It is divided into 4 equal parts then each part is assigned a treatment.  Then another  organ is taken from a different animal and divided again into 4 equal parts and each part is assigned a treatment. I would like to know if there is an effect of treatment or time. What is the experimental unit the animal or the part of the organ? Would this be a repeated measures analysis or 2 factor ANOVA?
Comment: What is the response?
Comment: It is a continuous variable (levels of hormones).
Answer: I suppose you have the two main effects treatment group and time. If time is nominal scaled (i.e. t1, t2 ... tn) and your dependent variable is continuous you want to use a repeated measures ANOVA.


Is there a place on AskDifferent to post helpful links for Apple-related topics?

Question: I'm wondering whether there is a place on AskDifferent to post helpful links for Apple-releated topics (e.g. I stumpled across https://hey-siri.io/ recently which lists possibly everything Siri can do for you). Is there a way to post these without breaking the rules?
Comment: Thanks for taking this to the Meta site. I reworded your question to allow for discussion of the topic, hope that's ok for you.
Answer: Not really as this is out of scope for really any Stack Exchange site.
SE basic aim is to have the information on this site as from experience we have seen many links change and the information is lost.
In fact I think on many sites a reason to close a questions is if it asks for off site information which really is the only question your information could be provided as an answer to.
Also on one of the review queues an option is to delete a question for being link only.


Bevel or Bullnose a Slate Tile

Question: I know that most people bullnose a slate tile using an angle grinder, but can I cut a 4" square slate tile at a 45 degree bevel?  The application is a kitchen backsplash, specifically the spot where the tile transitions to the wall, and the end of the counter.
Comment: Slate is not a very hard stone; only 3to 4 on Mohs scale. Sanding block?
Comment: Is this a style question or "is it possible" to cut slate at a 45?
Answer: Your question is more about your personal grinding skill. A grinder is pretty rough and you could expect it to break the slate and look pretty ragged, unless you are just awesome. Perhaps a dremel tool would be ok... which will probably take much longer than you want.
A better idea would be to use a diamond bladed (a concrete blade) circular saw, because it will probably not completely shatter the slate.
If I was beveling a 4" piece, I would maybe sandwich it between to other pieces of slate with water based glue to help hold it and prevent the edges from breaking. Then soak it in water to remove the glue.
Answer: Use a tile saw or brick saw.
Some have a feature so you can tilt the table to make angled, or bevel, cuts. Otherwise you can cut a wooden block at an angle with a circular or table saw and use that as a "jig" to hold your tile against when making bevel cuts.

Bevel or Bullnose a Slate Tile


ReportParameterValueNotSetException in SSRS subscription

Question: I am not getting this error locally in VS 2005
or when running the report through the preview
but during subscription I start getting
ReportParameterValueNotSetException
even though all my parameters especially the one it's complaining about is set
this has started happening all of a sudden and has been working great before.
Any ideas why this might have happened
Answer: You could try deploying the report with a different name and see if subscriptions for it have the same problem. If it does not, then blame cosmic rays.  It happens. In that case, delete the old report entirely from the server and then you should be able to deploy with the original name again.
If it continues to happen, then I'd start looking at what's different between running it live and running it through a subscription. Usually it's permissions related. Or perhaps the time of day the subscription fires off vs the time of day you test it live.
Answer: Is the parameter value used for the subscription hard coded, or is it based on another query?
If the latter
 - does the query used for this param gen purpose work?
 - does it return the correct datatype/expected data?
 - does it work at the time you are running the report (database is online, has permissions set correctly)?


How to block all followers except followed

Question: I have a lot of followers due to spam. I want to block and unblock them all to make them unfollow me except ones I followed. how to do that? is there any script to do that?
Answer: Twitter does not offer a way to do it in their native web/mobile app. There are however some 3rd party Twitter applications which handle bulk blocking/unblocking. Blocktogether, although built for other purposes, might help you do the job.


Was Pixies inspired by Rites of Spring?

Question: I was listening to "Hey" by Pixies, and I noticed that the style was quite similar to that of Rites of Spring ("For Want Of" came to mind specifically). Both bands were active around the same time, and I was wondering if Pixies may have drawn inspiration from Rites of Spring. Does anyone know?
Answer: I do not think so, for several reasons:
1) Rites of Spring songs are usually typical emo/posthardcore songs, I do not see musical similarity to Hey,
2) I doubt Frank Black was familiar with this record. At least I've never came across such an information. Pixies influences are rather well known by now (I recommend reading Doolittle by Ben Sisario).
3) Pixies very rarely used someone else's music as a template. Not because they rejected the idea but simply because they were not very good at it (at least according to Frank Black and Joey Santiago). However, there are examples of such songs, like Is She Weird is "The Cars song".
4) Pixies members did not seem to be very interested in niche bands or spent much time looking for this kind of music. Their favorite bands are mostly well known acts like Velvet Underground, AC/DC, Beatles, Husker Du, Violent Femmes, The Cars, etc.
Comment: I often see connections between things that aren't apparent to anyone else. I guess I was mistaken. Thanks for the thorough answer anyway!
Answer: I think this is a beautiful question and thank you for asking it.
I agree that they are both emotionally dense bands. They bare their soul--or try their best to. I think the easiest explanation for this similarity would be something of "simultaneous invention."
Just like Rites of Spring, Husker Du also started writing emotionally dense and even melodic hardcore music in the early 80s. Except the Huskers were from the Twin Cities instead of D.C. Check out "Diane." We know that Pixies loved the Huskers. Pixies found Kim Deal through a newspaper ad which read: "band seeks bassist into Hüsker Dü and Peter, Paul and Mary, please – no chops"
Pixies might have been aware of the D.C. scene, but they didn't have to be. They could pull their molten emotion from the Huskers. What's beautiful about music is that there are always many different streams of influence pointing towards the same place, even if they are coming from different sources and not necessarily crossing over between themselves. In the end, it all comes from the blues, anyways.

Was Pixies inspired by Rites of Spring?


No power to the GFCI at end of run

Question: The two GFCI in the kitchen at the end of a run had no power.  Took them out and noticed no voltage coming into the line run GFCI (so no power to end GFCI either).  The 15 amp circuit breaker for this run indicates that multiple non-GFCI outlets precede the two GFCIs at the end of the run. All of the non-GFCI outlets are working...   I am assuming the line feed from the last non-GFCI outlet prior to the GFCI has been lost (shorted)... if this is right how best to find the short?
Comment: If it was shorted your breaker would be tripping. So you're looking for a break or open-circuit, not a short.
Comment: If you have two GFCI's on a single run, you have too many.  Plug something (night light) into every GFCI in your house and get them all working.   One at a time, push TEST on each GFCI.  This will knock out power at that GFCI.  Now check all your other GFCIs.  If any of them also lost power when you did that, replace those with a plain receptacle, and mark the cover "GfCI Protected".  Now you have a handful of GFCI receptacles you can use to protect other parts of your house.
Comment: Open up the previous box in the chain and have a look-see.
Comment: GFCI'S wired in series as you are MUST be reset in the order they appear on the circuit.  (Because the reset button won't work if the unit is not receiving power.). Chances are you just need to find all figure the order.  You should still update as @Harper describes, but with this tip you may be able to get them all back on for the moment.
Answer: If you have NO Voltage on Line In at the GFCI - and I am talking the PHYSICAL WIRE and not the receptacle plug - then given you have power at the preceding receptacle and not at the GFCI - you have an OPEN circuit.
That means the wire is not feeding power due to a open connection or broken connection on the preceding receptacle or on the 1st GFCI.

Why you have the second GFCI I am not sure and ordinarily you would
  place the GFCI first in the line and all other circuits down line from
  the GFCI are protected no need for additional GFCI's in that circuit
  run.

I think there are also some issues with placing a secondary GFCI in line with an existing GFCI, either one or both GFCI's might not work properly.
If it is at the receptacle end where you are measuring no voltage - the GFCI has tripped. Given you have two at the end of the run - is the other one tripped ?

No power to the GFCI at end of run


Mongodb in a single server then scaling

Question: If I start with Mongodb on a single server, but foresee that I need to scale out, should I configure it in any specific way? I guess I am looking for tips from people who have gone down this route.
Answer: No, Replica Sets and Sharding (the two methods of scaling and redundancy) do not require any special treatment to occur on the solo db so that you may later add them in.  In fact, adding replication is reasonably painless and straight-forward.  (Sharding does require a little more effort, but is still pretty easy.)
Comment: I'd suggest a minor edit to the answer: the only "special treatment" to the solo database server instance would to be to restart it in "replica set mode" and initiate a replica set config on it. Similar handling for sharding. Both are easy, and fairly well documented.
Comment: That is only once the decision to make it a replica set.  Until then, nothing needs to be done.

Mongodb in a single server then scaling


Is it acceptable to ask for an upvote on question by the OP?

Question: The title pretty much sums up my question. Is it ok to ask for an upvote when the OP feels his/her question deserves one?
Comment: sudo upvote-mypost
Comment: [sudo] password for tachyons:
Answer: It is acceptable only if the OP has done his/her best to formulate a concise, clear and well researched question.
On the other hand, if the question is unclear, lacks details, contains spelling, grammar and punctuation errors, and wrong tags as well, then it is not acceptable to ask for an upvote. In such cases, the OP must be advised to revise the question to make it clearer, useful and answerable.
Frankly, I would rather edit the question myself than upvote it to get it noticed.
Answer: In most cases we generally don't encourage this (though we don't discourage it either - and I'm speaking from the standpoint of experience in the community).
It is okay so long as there is a good reason for asking though, such as if the question needs to get more notice, or if the question is well worth the vote, such as in the case of "canonical" questions.
Comment: Do you by any chance mean: ,,if the question is more detailed than the accepted answer"?
Comment: @Exeleration-G no, I mean the answer that someone is asking for an up vote o.
Comment: OK, well, OP is asking for upvoting on questions. I would usually edit the question title to get that clarified, but I am not yet privileged to do so. It would be nice if anyone else could edit the title.
Comment: @Exeleration-G you can edit it, it will show up in a suggestion queue, and then I can accept the edit.
Comment: No, I can't (yet). The `edit` button is greyed out.


SideNavBar (adding Contents)

Question: I'm using SharePoint Online.
Can additional 'custom' contents be added in the left hand nav or SideNavBar? It can be simple contents such as text and images?
Answer: To appear the custom content on the left side menu of the page you can follow below steps.
Master Page Changes
You need to edit your master page design file (.html) from the SharePoint designer and add your HTML under sideNavBox div.

    .......
    .....
    .....

Contact IT for help!!!

It appear on all pages after saving.

If you want this div for only one page. You can add this using JavaScript.

Add a Script Editor web part to the page.
Add following script
Comment: Thanks Venkat. The images are not showing up. I only need to add contents on one page.
Comment: You are referring the snippet image not showing?
Comment: yes, both images show 'x - enter image description here'
Comment: I can see them correct. Check these link https://i.stack.imgur.com/Yt36s.png and https://i.stack.imgur.com/tXBoc.png
Comment: Thanks again. It worked.  I had to place the Script Editor at the bottom of the Main zone otherwise it didn't work.
Comment: Yes. You are right.

SideNavBar (adding Contents)


TDD and ADO.NET Entity Framework

Question: I've been playing with ADO.NET Entity Framework lately, and I find that it suits my needs for a project I'm developing. I also find cool its non-invasive nature.
After generating a data model from an existing database you are faced with the task of integrating the generated model and your business logic. More specifically, I'm used to integration-test my classes that interact with the data store via mocks/stubs of the DAL interfaces. The problem is that you cannot do this using the ADO.NET Entity Framework because the entities it generates are simple classes with no interface.
The question is: how do I apply a TDD approach to the development of an application that uses ADO.NET Entity Framework? Is this even possible or should I migrate to another DAL-generation toolset?
Comment: No, the answer is not valid any more. Check out http://stackoverflow.com/a/23598884/3481183
Answer: One of the big critiques against the Entity Framework has been that it is inherently hard to test, for example in the ALT.Net Vote of No Confidence that gef quoted.
Here is a blog post discussing how to get around this, and be able to test your code without hitting the database, when using Entity Framework.
If testability is a big concern, you might want to look at another ORM framework, such as NHibernate, at least until Entity Framework 2.0 is released.
Comment: Great reference to that blog post, though it seems like a lot of work to go through for a problem that won't exist after EF 2.0...
Comment: I voted this answer down because it is now possible to create unit tests for EF. EF has changed a lot. See http://stackoverflow.com/a/23598884/3481183
Answer: Although, the original question has been answered, I feel like I might add something:
I am currently using the Entity Framework 4.0 on an intranet site I'm building.  I am able to test everything in my business logic and controllers without a database connection using the POCO support that has been added.
Although, the POCO's can be generated from the new t4 template included in VS 2010, something that I haven't been able to find in VS 2010 is a t4 template for generating your object context (the object context basically works as a built in unit of work for EF and is essential for mapping your EF objects to POCOs).  Luckily Joachim Lykke Andersen in his blog post Entity Framework 4.0 Beta 1 – POCO, ObjectSet, Repository and UnitOfWork wrote a t4 template for generating it and it has been very helpful.  If you pursue a solution using the EF4 that is testable without a database connection I highly recommend implementing something similar to his solution which includes a generic repository, unit of work wrapper, and a unit of work factory.  It has been very helpful.
Best of luck.
Comment: The above link is not working, any other reference place where we can the t4 template? If so please pass it.
Comment: I updated the post to credit the blog author, Joachim Lykke Andersen, and to change the link to the Oct 30, 2010 Wayback Machine archive.
Answer: I agree that version 1 of the Entity Framework is a crime against design and it definitely got my vote of no confidence. I credit the EF product team though for acknowledging the failure and responding by opening up their design process to the community. The next release isn't going to be perfect, it might not even be ready for use in a production level application, but I think they're finally starting to understand what's important to those of use who know that bad design is bad business. That being said... I'm still suspicious. Continuous design-time feedback is new to these guys and I've read quite a few statements on the ADO.NET blog that raise bright, red flags. We'll see how it goes with the release of .NET 4.0.
They appear to be trying though:
Test-Driven Development Walkthrough with the Entity Framework 4.0
Answer:
"The tight coupling of the persistence
  infrastructure to the entity classes
  largely eliminates the ability to
  efficiently use very tight feedback
  cycles on the business logic with
  automated testing. In its current
  state, EF entity classes cannot be
  effectively unit tested independently
  of the database.
The efficiency of automated unit
  testing of behavioral objects is
  largely a matter of how easy the
  mechanics of test data setup are and
  how quickly the tests can be executed.
  Using the actual database will make
  test data setup more laborious,
  introduce data to satisfy relational
  constraints that are not germane to
  the test, and make test execution an
  order of magnitude slower.
A team's ability to do evolutionary
  design and incremental delivery is
  damaged by the Entity Framework's
  inattention to fundamental software
  design principles like Separation of
  Concerns."

Blatantly stolen from here:
http://efvote.wufoo.com/forms/ado-net-entity-framework-vote-of-no-confidence/
Answer: If you're looking specifically at DAL-generation tools you'll have a hard time integrating this with TDD. Most dal generation tools I know also generate your business objects and tightly couple them to the DAL making testing difficult.
You can look at OR-mapping tools like nHibernate and maybe Linq to sql that enable "persistance ignorance", you can define your business objects yourself and they have no links to the DAL or any other infrastructure code. This makes testing your business logic seperately from your database much easier. I found it also enables other scenario's like occasionally connected clients far better.
Answer: This answer has changed to "Yes, you can".
You can generate POCO and interfaces using customized T4 templates such as https://entityinterfacegenerator.codeplex.com/, then create mocking objects to test EF in and out without hitting the database.

TDD and ADO.NET Entity Framework


How to use recommendation systems in engineering/design projects?

Question: To elucidate an example, imagine that you have to build a recommendation system for  keyboard design, where the system should not only use previous designs in the dataset but also suggest modifications from previous projects. For example, a mechanical keyboard is in the dataset, but the output has a mechanical keyboard with RGB LEDs. Assuming that we have a set of rules that suggest plausible modifications to designs.
Since each design depends on the team of designers, each project has a different output depending on the designer's choices, and therefore, I does not seem to be compatible with a collaborative filtering approach.
Answer: Search for Knowledge-based or Constraint-based recommender systems. Quoting the "Recommender Systems Handbook":

Traditional recommendation approaches (content-based filtering [48] and collaborative filtering[40]) are well-suited for the recommendation of quality&taste products such as books, movies, or news. However, especially in the context of products such as cars, computers, apartments, or financial services those approaches are not the best choice (see also Chapter 11). For example, apartments are not bought very frequently which makes it rather infeasible to collect numerous ratings for one specific item (exactly such ratings are required by collaborative recommendation algorithms). Furthermore, users of recommender applications would not be satisfied
with recommendations based on years-old item preferences
Comment: As it's currently written, your answer is unclear. Please [edit] to add additional details that will help others understand how this addresses the question asked. You can find more information on how to write good answers [in the help center](/help/how-to-answer).


meaning of differentiation of stochastic process

Question: Let $X_t,t\in T $ continuous time stochastic process. What is the meaning of $dX_t$ which is differentiation of $X_t$?
Does that mean
$X_{t+dt}$ and $X_t$ are random variables so $dX_t \approx X_{t+dt}-X_t$ is also random variable?
Answer: In the context of stochastic differential equations, the meaning of $dX_t$ is "derived" from the definition of corresponding integrals $\mathcal I[f](\omega)=\int_S^Tf(t,\omega)dX_t(\omega)$. The integral is defined by suitable approximation of $f$ by elementary functions $\phi$ of the form $\phi(t,\omega)=\sum_j e_j(\omega)\cdot\chi_{[t_j,t_{j+1})}(t)$.
However, the problem is that the actually used suitable approximation strongly influences the definition of the resulting integral and its properties. The Ito integral corresponds more or less to using $e_j(\omega)=f(t_j,\omega)$, while using $e_j(\omega)=f(\frac{t_j+t_{j+1}}{2},\omega)$ leads to the Stratonovich integral.
If I try to translate these definitions back into your language/notation, the Ito integral would more or less correspond to your suggestion $dX_t \approx X_{t+dt}-X_t$, while the Stratonovich integral would correspond more or less to $dX_t \approx X_{t+dt/2}-X_{t-dt/2}$.
Comment: thank you for you answer,
in classic calculus $dX_t=X'dt$ represents the amount of the tangent line rises or falls when $t$ changes by amount $dt$. in stochastic calculus how can we interperet $dX_t$?
Comment: @cabri61 Because Brownian motion is (in a suitable sense) nowhere differentiable, thinking about tangent lines won't help. However, if you understand the [Stieltjes integral](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebesgue–Stieltjes_integral) and the corresponding Stieltjes measure, then you might be able to appreciate an interpretation of $dX_t$ as a (stochastic) measure. (I say stochastic measure, because it's $dX_t(\omega)$, if we are careful about notation. I don't know whether $dX_t(\omega)$ is almost surely a Stieltjes measure for fixed $\omega$, but I guess not.)


Switched accounts, now I can't play bought games

Question: I had the Binding of Isaac Rebirth on my computer bought off steam, and I had to switch accounts. Now I still have but I can't play or open it without buying it a second time. Is there any way I can play the games from my other account without having to repurchase them?
Answer: Assuming by "switch accounts" you mean Steam accounts, the game you purchased is licensed to you through the steam client.
When you launch Steam while logged in to the new account, it searches your hard drive for installed games to build the list that it shows you when you click "library". When you try to play Binding of Isaac, the Steam client then checks your user account to see if it is licensed to play that game.  Since you switched accounts, your new account is not registered to play that game, as it was purchased on the other account. The game is installed on your hard drive, so it shows up in the "library" list, but the steam account you switched to isn't authorized to play it.
You can either switch back to the account that purchased the game (if possible) or you can re-purchase it on the new account. If this happened in error (you were logged into the wrong account when you bought it or something similar) you can contact steam support and they may be able to transfer ownership of the game from one account to the other, but you'll need to prove that you purchased it originally (I.E. you own the original purchasing account). If the game was recently purchased you could log into the old account and refund it, then re-purchase it on the new account (all this assumes that you have access to the old account still, of course.)
Comment: I don't think the games in the hard drive would show up in the Library of another account, even on the same computer. (But I'm not sure about this, since I only ever use one account.) Also, Steam has a [Family Sharing](http://store.steampowered.com/promotion/familysharing) feature to allow sharing games between accounts (with limitations).
Comment: it does indeed show games on your hard drive that you don't own.  If I purchase a game, install it, play it for a few minutes, and then refund it, it still shows up in the library, but where it would say "Play" it will say "Purchase" instead, indicating that you aren't autorized to play it  The question was somewhat vauge, as he just said "switched accounts", but I can personally confirm that it does show in your list even if not owned so long as it's installed to the directory that you have set steam to check.
Comment: Well, that's odd way for Steam to do things, but I'll take your word for it.
Comment: just logged in as my fiance's account to verify it, it does work that way, my games were listed, but unplayable (it gave some options related to family sharing, as we have that set up, but it still showed "purchase" on a few games that don't support that) it does only show up when you select "Installed" from the filter / search bar in the options though, clicking "games" doesn't show them there


Is yoga haram? Please clarify

Question: Is yoga haram? I am not referring to a Hinduism worship related yoga, I am talking about exercise yoga. In my school, we are forced to do yoga, is it haram? I am hoping for it to be halal in this exception.
Answer: As long as it's purely related to physical exercise, there is no cause for yoga to be prohibited/haram itself!
Islam doesn't restrain enjoying fun & sports to a certain level and also supports physical fitness as there is a reference in hadith as a physically strong believer!
But if any other prohibited matters are mixed while practicing yoga like co-practicing of adult male & female, prohibited dress up, uttering any words or referring to any such contemplation which directly or indirectly conflicts to the basic Islamic beliefs or and much more, then that practice of yoga would be surely prohibited.
Answer: See the writings of Al Biruni:Yoga Sutras of Patanjali (or for the more advanced reader his translation of Yoga Vasistha or My India).
Sheikh Muhammad Gnauth : Bahr al Hayat or
Muhammad Dara Shikuh; Majma il Bahrain; The mingling of two oceans or for the benefits of the yoga poses;
Ashraf Nizami: Namaz. The Yoga of Islam
So as to understand that the current objectors have no (wanting to) understand of the deeper meaning of yoga and that there is no conflict here. That the yoga practices and teachings deepen each and every religious experience to it's source.
What the objectors are doing is erring in the practice of perpetuating erroneous logic, presenting it as if there is any substance of truth to their argumentation. Yoga's practice might however arrive at a conclusion that long as the mind is engaged in any practice of religious activity with in mind a certain control, or outcome whereas when this can be let go of, in particular for men, the hearts minds and intelligence might have a very different outcome of perspective.
To understand the fear of current orthodox thought and a striving to a stricter return to this see: Shahab Ahmed: Before Orthodoxy
Comment: Your answer could be improved with additional supporting information. Please [edit] to add further details, such as citations or documentation, so that others can confirm that your answer is correct. You can find more information on how to write good answers [in the help center](/help/how-to-answer).
Answer: IMO yes and I'm not about to pull a page of letters instead read this for better information Sheikh Assimalhakeen and may Allah have mercy on him and forgive his sins and yours too https://www.assimalhakeem.net/2014/03/19/is-it-permissible-to-practice-yoga-with-no-music-meditation-etc-purely-for-exercising-purpose-the-class-is-for-ladies-and-taught-by-a-lady-assalamu-alaikumyoga-its-origins-and-the-ruling-on-prac/
Comment: That's irrationally uncalled for. Were there madhhabs at the time of the Sahabah? Despite being a necessity is there however a divine injunction that following one of the four schools of fiqh is a firm and rigorous obligation? When he relies primarily on the Qur'an and Sunnah what cause is there to reject everything he says?
Comment: This shiekh doesn't follow in any of the 4 madhabs so it is best to avoid his answers.

Is yoga haram? Please clarify


How can I Pause an Activity 'B' while going to Activity 'C'

Question: I am developing a web application, in this I have 3(A, B and C) classes.  How can I Pause an Activity 'B'(which contain a Specializations list) while going to Activity 'C'(which contain a Doctors list), and again I want to go back to Activity 'B' from Activity 'C',  when I pressed custom back button which is in Activity 'C.'.  And The data which is presented in the Activity 'B' should be available in 'B' Activity, but it is not displaying the values. It is is opening the Activity 'B' with empty screen.
Answer: Please go through the cycle of Activity from Documentation Activity Cycle
Answer: when u are going from activity B to another activity C, overridden onPause() method of activity is called you need not to call that onPause()
Answer: You can try to move code from activity 'B' OnCreate() method to onResume() method.


Setting static IP for eth0 without router or dhcp

Question: I have a Sungrow inverter I'd like to connect to. The inverter only has the option to change the ip and subnet (192.168.1.239). My RPi (Stretch) is physically connected to the inverter and I have set the RPi to have a static IP (192.168.1.6)but I cannot connect or even ping the inverter. I have a wireless router providing dhcp (192.168.1.100-150). The wlan0 is connected to the router via a static ip (192.168.1.5). How do I set the eth0 ip to connect to the inverter without providing the eth0 with a gateway or dns? Have I got this wrong? Should I be putting in the dns and gateway of my router in the eth0 settings as well?
Comment: You claim to have done various things but not how and provided no diagnostics. Do you expect us to guess?
Comment: Be aware that there have been [*allegations* of serious security issues](https://www.solarquotes.com.au/blog/sungrow-inverter-security/) with Sungrow. Maybe consider setting up `iptables`.
Answer: As far as I understand your Raspberry Pi uses two interfaces: wlan0 to connect to your local wireless router, and eth0 to connect wired to the Sungrow inverter. With different interfaces you also have to use different subnets, each interface connected to a subnet. The wireless network (interface wlan0) uses subnet 192.168.1.0/24 with ip addresses 192.168.1.1 to 192.168.1.255.
You set eth0 to 192.168.1.6 and the inverters ip address to 192.168.1.239. This cannot work because these ip addresses are on the same subnet of wlan0. I suggest to configure eth0 to subnet 192.168.2.0/24 and give it the ip address 192.168.2.6 and the inverter set to 192.168.2.239/24 (or what you like between 192.168.2.1 and 192.168.2.254 except 192.168.2.6), or in netmask notification: to 192.168.2.239 netmask 255.255.255.0.


Choosing a database management system to maximize availability and scalability

Question: If I was planning on choosing a database management system and know that the data needs to be available as close to 100% as possible and that it needs to scale as well as possible, is there a "best" database management system for that at this time? This assumes that I am not looking at other factors such as cost. I'm having such a hard time comparing different DBMS (such as Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, MySQL) and looking to see if there is a single one that outperforms the other. I think an answer is because there is no research that exists to do this comparison. Does anyone know otherwise? Thanks.
Comment: You can't say if one DBMS is faster than the other just like that. It totally depends on the workload, the type of queries and requirements you have. Do you need transactions? Do you need multi-master mode or even a clustered setup? Do you need hot backups? etc.
Comment: Shopping Questions are Off-Topic on any of the [se] sites. See [Q&A is hard, lets go Shopping](http://blog.stackoverflow.com/2010/11/qa-is-hard-lets-go-shopping) and the [FAQ] for more details.
Comment: If there were a "best" one, there wouldn't need to be any other ones. You haven't listed all of your requirements, particularly what your budget for this is.

Any of the ones you named can be configured with HA clustering to ensure uptime. "Scale as well as possible" is pretty vague; it really depends on what problem(s) you're solving by "scaling".
Answer:
is there a "best" database management system for that at this time?

Oracle Exadata. Hands down. We used the last generation in my second last project on a 3 instance full autoamtic replaction system with each insatnce having5 mondes, 21.000gb of storage and it flew-  that was the smallest setup they sold, btw., cost more than a quarter million USD per instance. We used that with a 100% uptime requirement (5x9 - 99.999) and double redundancy did it, especially as the replication was over 10km in 2 data centers with a 10g fiber link dedicated to the database server.
You can easily scale that to 100.000gb with storage nodes reaching a million IOPS per storage node with an all SSD configuration. THe price will approach a million per instance then. ORacle sold like 1000 systems last year, we took 3.
The reason they fly is that they have some ery non-standard hardware (infiniband - still new in many data centers) and are selling optimized hardware to go with the software - super appliance, and "money does not matter".

I think an answer is because there is no research that exists to do this comparison.

Ah, no, there is a LOT of data no that. Ther are standardized performance tests for that.
Comment: Ys, but you have a problem - at this sizes the db is not relevant, those testss test complete systems. Because you have problems getting dfata in / out, makineenough requsts. Check TPC-C in google.
Comment: So, it's the best if your budget is unlimited, you're saying?
Comment: Actually no. Hat would be DB2. Even exadata does not even come close to the scalability of a big iron mainframe cluster. I Remember something about 28 nodes in a cluster, with every node being a separate mainframe (which is itself consisting of a LOT of nodes). This gets into double digit millions though. Check http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/dzichelp/v2r2/index.jsp?topic=%2Fcom.ibm.db2z10.doc.intro%2Fsrc%2Ftpc%2Fdb2z_availabilityandscalabilitylargebusiness.htm
Comment: Are these standardized performance tests published online where anyone would be able to see how a certain DBMS performs? Thanks!
Comment: So, DB2 on zSeries, not just DB2. That's a whole platform you're recommending, not just a DBMS.
Comment: Bad news - want to complete with scalability, that HAS to include hardware. YOu wont get "top notch" systems with run the mill cheap dell boxes.


How much is atomicAdd slower than an atomic counter?

Question: I am considering replacing an atomic counter in my shader code with a SSBO an atomicAdd operation. What I need to know is the difference in performance of these two. I know the atomic counter executes in roughly 3 clock cycles on my Geforce 840m.
The reason behind this is that I would like to add an arbitrary number to the counter rather than just increment by 1.
Answer: According to https://software.intel.com/en-us/articles/opengl-performance-tips-atomic-counter-buffers-versus-shader-storage-buffer-objects there is no difference in performance between the two on Intel's integrated GPUs. I suspect that the argument that they are implemented with the same instruction under the hood is valid on other vendor GPUs as well, so the performance difference between them, if it ever exited, should decrease with time.
Comment: Thank you for the timely response. I would like to add that my experience would confirm this. The only further optimization would be to have multiple counters and a method to distribute the load over them and afterwards perform a parallel sum.


WCF 4.0 Routing and Manipulating responses at Router

Question: Can anyone point me in the right direction with this issue?  We have a WCF central router and we want to manipulate the responses passing through the router based on some xpath criteria. Basically we want to remove a lot of the details from some error requests and sub some extra details in. Ideally we would also like to log the error.
I know it is generally better practice to update the web services to do this but in our case this is not possible and needs to be performed on the router if at all possible.
Also it would be great if we could log each request and response but that is likely a different solution to the manipulation of the responses.
Answer: Not sure if you have solved this but...
You should be able to use WCF Behaviours to do what you need.
Have a logging behaviour to log the requests and responses and another one to log errors/manipulate responses
We use behaviours to log to app fabric, and we have one (nasty) behaviour which catches all exceptions and returns a valid response with an error message.  I personally don't like this 'feature' but you can basically do anything to your requests/responses with behaviours


bypass validation rule upon merging?

Question: How can we bypass validation rule when using the oob merge process. I can't figure out what field identifier to use as my criteria on validation rule that will tell me that user is processing merge and validation rule should be bypass. please advise
Answer: Take the advantage of order of execution of triggers ,validation rules and workflows.
1)Your custom validations run after before triggers
2)Your workflow rules run after your triggers .
3)Triggers and Merge Statement document https://www.salesforce.com/us/developer/docs/apexcode/Content/apex_triggers_merge_statements.htm
Using the above conclusion ,create a boolean field on the record named "ByPassValidation" and avoid this from pagelayout .
As per document when merge happens ,after delete trigger on looser record gives a MasterRecordId ,Query  records with Ids equivalent to  MasterRecordId and  update the boolean  ByPassValidation=true
Now In validation rules use this flag and AND your current validation with this field .Make sure by default your ByPassValidation is unchecked .
Draft a workflow rule now to again uncheck the ByPassValidation flag .In the entire process there can be chance for trigger to fire once more due to wrokflow making an update ,Use Static boolean to avoid this  condition .
Answer: I tried Mohith's solution, but in after delete trigger, it does not allow to update MasterRecord as its part of the merge operation which is currently in progress.
To overcome this, I created a static SET with master record ids in after delete trigger, and wrote a before update trigger, which checks if the Static SET contains the record id, then it set's the flag to TRUE for the record.
And it worked fine, but another problem was, in merge operation, the workflow does not fire for Master Record, so the flag was not reset, it remains flagged.
To overcome this, I wrote another before update trigger method, which will reset the flag always if its TRUE and not in Static Map.
In this case, the record will be flagged as ByPassValidation after merge, but as soon as user tries to update it, it will reset the flag in before trigger, and all validation rules will be applicable as in regular process.
Comment: Thank you, Adrian!

bypass validation rule upon merging?


What meant by DescribeFieldResult Class?

Question: Can anyone clearly explain what exact use of DescribeFieldResult Class in Apex code. And also please provide an example.
Answer: The DescribeFieldResult Class contains methods which provide you the metadata info about a field on a sObject from which you have fetched the DescribeFieldResult instance:
For example:
Schema.DescribeFieldResult fieldResult =
                                  Schema.SObjectType.Custom_Object__c.fields.Status__c;

If you have a close look at the documentation of DescribeFieldResult class available in the Salesforce docs, you will see that you get the length of the field, if its a formula field then you can even get the formula within that field, the default value etc.
There could be multiple use cases wherein you would need such information:
One sample use case might be to create a Select * from... SQL equivalent in SOQL. This is explained very well in a blog here.
Another use case would be to fetch the metadata from each of the fields of the object and compare it with another to figure out the difference (ex: record or object metadata comparison in sandbox vs prod)
This Chrome extension relies heavily on such metadata returned by the DescribeFieldResult class and shows you the difference between two records/objects and their metadata.
Hope this helps.
Comment: In a object I have created a picklist feild ,but the pick list values are stored in translation settings  can i get those values using these methods
Comment: And also explain schema class what is use in sales force ?
Comment: for translation settings i guess metadata api is the only option http://www.salesforce.com/us/developer/docs/api_meta/Content/meta_customobjecttranslation.htm#pickListValueTranslation
Comment: The schema class is used to get the metadata of your entire salesforce org, imagine accessing any object, any fields on those objects, extracting datatype info, tabs etc.
Comment: I just found this "Use toLabel(fields) to translate SOQL query results into the user's language" see if you can use this to get the translated piclist values http://www.salesforce.com/us/developer/docs/soql_sosl/Content/sforce_api_calls_soql_select_tolabel.htm


As an Independent Contractor, do I need to collect tax on the first $30,000?

Question: In Canada, you need to collect tax if you make MORE than $30,000 in a year.  However, what about the first $30,000 while you are under?  I already have a tax number, and I will be starting my first contract soon (before this, I was a normal employee), I am wondering if I need to be collecting tax too.
Answer: If you have your HST/GST number, then you are required to collect tax as per normal. The issue comes in if you are making more than $30,000 per quarter, as you must then register and collect on future transactions [Source - CRA Mandatory Registration]. I would double-check with an accountant though as per the possible penalty if you aren't charging taxes yet, but it doesn't sound like it's a concern. Do remember though, that you are allowed to push invoicing to the next year, if it helps you out to stay under the $30,000. As per the CRA's page on voluntarily registering, once you're registered, you MUST charge, unless you have exempt items; check this list of taxable items as well.
See CRA - How to charge GST/HST and CRA - Calculating how much GST/HST to send in
Comment: What about income filed under T4A?
Comment: I'll have to check tomorrow at a computer
Comment: @YongkeBillYu I would check [this page](http://www.cra-arc.gc.ca/tx/bsnss/tpcs/pyrll/rtrns/t4a/xcptns-eng.html) on the CRA's website. I don't know the answer to your question though
Answer: OK, I did extensive research and here is the answer:
<code>You do need to collect tax as long as you have an Activated Tax Number.
</code>
What I ended up doing is to Deactivate my Tax Number, which you can do over the phone so it's quite easy.  This allow me $30,000 of HST/GST free income, which at that point, THEN I will reactivate my Tax Number and start collecting tax again.


macOS denying service

Question: I reset my MacBook to factory settings 4 weeks ago, after I started having issues with missing libraries, etc., after messing around with a few 3rd party applications (SDKs and such).
After resetting I recognized that my device wouldn't connect to a particular network. It keeps asking me for the WPA2-Enterprise credentials, although previously provided credentials were 100% correct.1
Today, in addition to previous problems, I can't connect to a specific access point including when in "Recovery Mode".1
On top of all that, I cannot connect to certain websites, such as iCloud or DropBox, although both services are available when using a different device.
I already tried to flush my DNS cache and changed the DNS server.
At this point I have no clue what is left to do. Apparently this issue arose a few times in the past, with older setups, yet none of the solutions posted for those times did work out for me.
Has anyone run into these issues before and been able to solve them?
In case it is needed, my device:

macOS High Sierra Version 10.13.2
MacBook (Retina, 12-inch, Early 2016)

1 I can access both devices using my mobile phone, even though I never connected to these devices with my phone before.

UPDATE:
I disabled the 2.4ghz bandwidth of a router I used previously, as well as the password. Now it seems to connect; although having an unsecured connection is not a good option.
Answer: Have you tried to reset PRAM?

Shut down computer
Turn on computer
Hold down command, option, p, and r keys
Release keys after power on sound and apple logo appears

macOS denying service


Beta Function -- finding a lower bound based on parameters

Question: I would like to show that
$$ 1-\frac{1}{c}Beta\left(c+1,\frac{1}{c}\right) \geq \frac{1}{c+1}.$$
for all $c \geq 2$.
I have plotted it out for $c$ up through 200, and it seems to hold.
Does anyone have any tips on if this can be formally shown?  I imagine an expert on the beta function might know...
Answer: The definition of the beta function is
$$Beta\left(c+1,\frac{1}{c}\right)  = \int_0^1 t^c (1-t)^{1/c-1} dt.$$
Since $c \geq 2$ and $t \in [0,1]$, $t^c \leq t$.  Thus (applying integration by parts to the first integral), we have
$$Beta\left(c+1,\frac{1}{c}\right) \leq \int_0^1 t (1-t)^{1/c-1} dt = \left. -c t (1-t)^{1/c}\right|_0^1 + c\int_0^1 (1-t)^{1/c} dt$$  $$= \left. \frac{-c (1-t)^{1/c+1}}{1+1/c}  \right|_0^1 = \frac{c}{1+1/c} = \frac{c^2}{c+1}.$$
Therefore,
$$1-\frac{1}{c}Beta\left(c+1,\frac{1}{c}\right) \geq 1- \frac{c}{c+1} = \frac{1}{c+1}.$$

The bound isn't very tight as $c$ increases, though, as we can see from the asymptotics:
$$1-\frac{1}{c}Beta\left(c+1,\frac{1}{c}\right) = \frac{\log c + \gamma}{c} + O\left(\frac{(\log c)^2}{c^2}\right).$$
Derivation:
$$Beta\left(c+1,\frac{1}{c}\right) = \frac{\Gamma(c+1) \Gamma \left(\frac{1}{c}\right)}{\Gamma\left(c+1+\frac{1}{c}\right)} = \frac{c \Gamma(c+1) \Gamma \left(1+\frac{1}{c}\right)}{\Gamma\left(c+1+\frac{1}{c}\right)}.$$
Now, $\Gamma \left(1+\frac{1}{c}\right) = 1 - \frac{\gamma}{c} + O\left(\frac{1}{c^2}\right)$. (This is via the Maclaurin series for $\Gamma(x+1)$; see Expression 8.321 in Gradshteyn and Ryzhik.)
Also (see the DLMF), $$\frac{\Gamma(c+1)}{\Gamma\left(c+1+\frac{1}{c}\right)} = c^{-1/c} \left(1 + O\left(\frac{1}{c^2}\right)\right) = \exp\left(\frac{-\log c}{c}\right)\left(1 + O\left(\frac{1}{c^2}\right)\right)$$
$$= \left(1 - \frac{\log c}{c} + O\left(\frac{(\log c)^2}{c^2}\right)\right)\left(1 + O\left(\frac{1}{c^2}\right)\right) = \left(1 - \frac{\log c}{c} + O\left(\frac{(\log c)^2}{c^2}\right)\right).$$
Putting this all together, we have
$$1-\frac{1}{c}Beta\left(c+1,\frac{1}{c}\right) = 1 - \frac{c}{c}\left(1 - \frac{\gamma}{c} + O\left(\frac{1}{c^2}\right)\right)\left(1 - \frac{\log c}{c} + O\left(\frac{(\log c)^2}{c^2}\right)\right)$$
$$= \frac{\log c + \gamma}{c} + O\left(\frac{(\log c)^2}{c^2}\right).$$
Comment: If you don't like integration by parts, you can just use $\int_0^1 t (1-t)^a \mathrm{d}t = \int_0^1 (1-t)^a \mathrm{d}t - \int_0^1 (1-t)^{a+1} \mathrm{d}t$.
Comment: I added the integration by parts calculation to show that it's not difficult, as there seems to be some implication that it is somehow to be avoided.
Comment: Funny enough, I only decided to add the comment based on your original wording which I read as *your* apparent displeasure with having to resort to integration by parts (maybe because of the parenthetical remark that followed). So, I was just trying to show a simple way to avoid it. Obviously, I appear to have misinterpreted that original statement. Cheers. :)
Comment: @MikeSpivey  I apologize if my answer created the impression that I feel that integration by parts is to be avoided for any reason.  But, making the connection with the Gamma function and using the recursion does have the merit that we get a formula that anyone who can do arithmetic can use to calculate the exact value of $Beta(c+1,1/c)$, and of course, it also yields the bound desired by the OP as well.  Of course, as I said upfront in my answer, to get to the result one does need to know something about Beta and Gamma functions that may not be known to, say, first-semester calculus students.
Comment: @cardinal: And it sounds like I was reading something into your comment that wasn't there! :)  I can see how my original parenthetical remark made it look like I was unhappy with using integration by parts.  I wasn't unhappy, though; I was just giving another reference.  Thanks for your comment, too; that's a nice way to rewrite the integral.  (The current upvote on the comment is from me.)
Answer: I was composing the following when the original answer by @MikeSpivey appeared; his edited answer provides considerably more information. The short calculation below arrives at the desired result without requiring integration by parts but does need knowledge of the relationship between the Beta and Gamma functions.
For $c \geq 2$
$$\begin{align*}
\text{Beta}(c+1, 1/c) &= \frac{\Gamma(c+1)\Gamma(1/c)}{\Gamma(c + 1 + 1/c)}\\
&= \frac{c}{c+1/c}\times \frac{c-1}{c-1+1/c}\times \cdots
\times \frac{2}{2+1/c}\times \frac{1}{1+1/c} \times \frac{1}{(1/c)\Gamma(1/c)}\times \Gamma(1/c).
\end{align*}$$
The product of the last three terms on the right is $c^2/(c+1)$ while all the other terms have value less than $1$.  Hence,
$$\text{Beta}(c+1, 1/c) < \frac{c^2}{c+1} \Rightarrow \frac{1}{c}\text{Beta}(c+1, 1/c) < \frac{c}{c+1} = 1 - \frac{1}{c+1}$$
Comment: Thanks for your comment on my answer, and I agree that it's helpful to see the inequality from the point of view of the gamma function representation.  (In fact, it appears that both of our answers essentially reduce to showing - in different ways - that $\text{Beta}(c+1,1/c) < \text{Beta}(2,1/c) = c^2/(c+1)$.  The current upvote on your answer is from me, by the way.)


How to validate email on webform if the field type is textfield and you have data

Question: by mistake, on a webform, in the field e-mail we selected fieldtype = textfield instead of email type, no problem to change it if you do not have data, but if you have data, when you delete the field all your data is gone.
o
So the email field is NOT validate to enter just email addresses. How to validate this field without export and migrate the data?
Answer: After a couple days asking google for the solution, I did this.
1. Install the module  https://drupal.org/project/webform_validation
this will add another tab on your webform.
2. select "Regular expression, case-insensitive"
3. add the next regex (regular expresion)   ^[_a-z0-9-]+(.[_a-z0-9-]+)@[a-z0-9-]+(.[a-z0-9-]+)(.[a-z]{2,3})$
4. select your email field to validate and add some text to the error message.
that's it...
from now on all your email will be validate,  but the old data must be fixed by hand...
the good thing, is you do not need to migrate your data just for  fix it..
hopefully this will be helpful to someone...
 best


How do you get the sceptre in spelunky html5

Question: I would like to know how to get the scepter in Spelunky HTML 5.
Comment: Have you tried using a guide? If the guide fails, then would be a good time to ask.
Answer: Spelunky HTML5 is ported directly from the original Game Maker version, so the methods are exactly the same as in the original game. You get the sceptre by killing the mummy on floor 13 and picking it up.
http://spelunky.wikia.com/wiki/Scepter (click the tab for Spelunky classic)
Comment: Although please do yourself a favour and download the game instead of playing in HTML5. The HTML5 performance is terribly laggy, and the original downloadable version is 100% free (legally!) from here http://www.spelunkyworld.com/original.html
Answer: You can get the sceptre by killing the mummy at level 13 - level 16.
 To kill the mummy, it is best to use the shotgun to kill it. The mummy spawns flies out of its mouth, decreasing 2 health when contacted. Or, you could throw a bomb if you don't have weapons, and time it at the exact moment where it is.
 The best way to do it without wasting anything is to jump on the mummy, usually done on platforms above the mummy. You can jump on the mummy for several times until it dies, but if you are not controlling well you could easily be killed.


At what level is WCAG enforceable?

Question: Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) is the standard under the American Disabilities Act.
The level AAA clause 1.2.6 states every speech or video must have sign language alternatives. It is not possible for live or video classes or even for prerecorded youtube videos is there a way around it?Is the WCAG level AAA binding by law and requires all video uploaders to provide caption and signs?
Comment: WCAG are *standards*, not laws. The American Disabilities Act is the law. Are you asking for a way to undermine the law in your specific case?
Comment: Why will someone want to undermine law , what was meant is that is WCAG AAA enforceable meaning is it compulsory for allb youtuber's to provide sign language translations?
Answer: WCAG is a standard, not a law.  It is one way of providing the accommodations required under the Americans with Disabilities Act, but not the only way.
Additionally, the ADA only requires reasonable accommodations, not "any accommodation that anyone can think of".  In my experience, compliance with WCAG at the "AA" level is usually considered sufficient to be "reasonable".
Comment: Is compliance only till WCAG A meet ADA?

At what level is WCAG enforceable?


Does the Death Ward spell prevent the side effect from the Nimbus of Pathos feature from the College of Tragedy bard?

Question: The Nimbus of Pathos feature from the College of Tragedy bard states that after 1 minute the target immediately drops to 0 hit points and is dying. Does death ward prevent that?
Comment: I added the D&D 5e tag since you mentioned Matt Mercer's 5e homebrew bard class and the *death ward* spell.
Answer: The "drops to 0 hit points" in Nimbus of Pathos is not "as a result of damage".
Death ward states:

The first time the target would drop to 0 hit points as a result of taking damage

However, Nimbus of Pathos states:

When this effect ends, the creature immediately drops to 0 hit points and is dying.

This effect does not deal damage. Since you are dropping to 0 hit points without taking damage, death ward has no effect.
Answer: Rules, and stuff written by Matt Mercer, don't always mesh
I think the RAW is covered by the answer from Thomas Markov, but Matt's content is notoriously poorly written so RAW isn't the best method to answer this question, in my opinion.
Unfortunately that leaves it mostly up to the DM, but I think Death Ward, which is a 4th level spell intended to stop you from being killed, should be allowed to do its single job and stop you from being killed.
Therefore you would drop to 0hp, but Death Ward would then kick in and raise you to 1.
My additional logic for this is because frankly this class is absolutely terribly weak. Having a capstone that kills you defies all standard logic of the game, and it isn't really that powerful of a capstone anyway so it won't cause problems that you actually manage to survive it. If anything I am not sure it is even worth a 4th level slot.
Comment: The specific wording in Death Ward specifies when they drop to 0 as a result of taking damage; that's not a mistake. A Banshee's wail brings someone down to 0 and Death Ward wouldn't protect against it. Regardless of the strength of the subclass itself, that part of the feature acts in the same way as an existing effect in the game, and it should be ruled the same way.


Would different emails for iCloud explain why I've lost contacts & pics

Question: I set iCloud up with my then email address. I signed out then signed back in with my new email address . Would this cause me to have lost contacts & pics?
Answer: Yes, if you haven't changed your primary email on your iCloud account from the "then" email address to the "new" email address, logging in with a different email means you are now probably using different Apple ID all together and are seeing the contacts and pictures –or lack of them– of this Apple ID.
The proper way to change your Apple ID main email address is described here:

Sign out of every Apple service and device that uses your Apple ID.
Sign in to your Apple ID account page.
In the Account section, click Edit. Under your Apple ID, click Change Email Address. You might be asked to answer one or more of your security questions.
Enter the email address that you want to use as your Apple ID. A verification code will be sent to your new email address.
Enter the verification code from the email into the fields provided and start using your updated Apple ID.
Sign back in to all Apple services with your new Apple ID.
  After you change your Apple ID, you need to use your new sign-in information with all Apple services that you use.

Additionally, you're probably going to have trouble using the "new" email address now, given you cannot use the same email address for two Apple ID's. If you run into that problem, please ask another question (the solution probably involves adding a third email address to the "new" Apple ID, making it the primary email address, and deleting the "new" email address in order to make it available for use again).
Sorry, there is no solution to the last part, apparently: Remove an email address from apple-ID