How do I install and use T-modLoader?

Question: I've always wanted to install mods to my Terraria game, but I have no idea how to use or install T-ModLoader. How do I install and use T-ModLoader?
Comment: While there's an argument to be made for trying to help others, we prefer if askers expend a modicum of effort on their own behalf before asking.  If the mod website does a good job of explaining this, we're not benefiting anyone by repeating it here.
Comment: If you scroll down on their website how to install it is the second thing listed. Did you even try to look this up?
Comment: no i asked this question for other people who don't know how to and are coming on this website to find the answer. @Robbie
Answer:
Download the game. They support Steam and GoG so you need to download it from one of those.
Download the TMODLOADER files. You can find all of the files here
Find your Terraria folder. This is where the files will go
4, Go into the properties of the downloaded zip file, scroll to the bottom, and unblock it. If it does not have an option to unblock it you can close the window.
Extract the zip file. You can download something to do this but most computers can do this by themselves.
Copy the extracted files to the Terraria file. Make sure to let them overwrite files when asked.

Actually creating the mods is much more complicated so I will not be adding that into this post. You can find a tutorial on how to create and use the mods here
Comment: They support GoG.
Comment: @brododragon On their website they only say Steam. Don't know why they wouldn't say you can use GoG as well. Thanks for letting me know.
Comment: On the tmod TCF post it says Steam/GoG. It's writers that it's not on the webpage

How do I install and use T-modLoader?


How Warren Buffett made his money

Question: Is there any authoritative treatise or publication or book or white paper that explores (with all the math included) that how Warren Buffett really made his money? Something that explores the facts outlined here in more detail.
http://www.businessinsider.com/warren-buffetts-investing-strategy-2013-12
Answer: Despite Buffett's nearly perfect consistent advice over the past few decades, they don't reflect his earliest days.  His modern philosophy seemed to solidify in the 1970s.
You can see that Buffett's earliest days grew faster, at 29.5 % for those partners willing to take on leverage with Buffett, than the last half century, at 19.7%.
Not only is Buffett limited by size, as its quite difficult to squeeze one half trillion USD into sub-billion USD investments, but the economy thus market is far different than it was before the 1980s.  He would have to acquire at least 500 billion USD companies outright, and there simply aren't that many available that satisfy all of his modern conditions.
The market is much different now than it was when he first started at Graham-Newman because before the 1960s, the economy thus market would collapse and rebound about every few years.  This sort of variance can actually help a value investor because a true value investor will abandon investments when valuations are high and go all in when valuations are low.  The most extreme example was when he tried to as quietly as possible buy up an insurance company selling for something like a P/E of 1 during one of the collapses.  These kinds of opportunities are seldom available anymore, not even during the 2009 collapse.
As he became larger, those investments became off limits because it simply wasn't worth his time to find such a high returner if it's only a bare fraction of his wealth.  Also, he started to deviate from Benjamin Graham's methods and started to incorporate Philip Fisher's.
By the 1970s, his investment philosophy was more or less cemented.  He tried to balance Graham's avarice for price with Fisher's for value.
All of the commentary that special tax dodges or cheap financing are central to his returns are false.  They contributed, but they are ancillary.
As one can see by comparing the limited vs general partners, leverage helps enormously, but this is still a tangent.
Buffett has undoubtedly built his wealth from the nature of his investments.  The exact blueprint can be constructed by reading every word he has published and any quotes he has not disavowed.  Simply, he buys the highest quality companies in terms of risk-adjusted growth at the best available prices.  Quantitatively, it is a simple strategy to replicate.  NFLX was selling very cheaply during the mid-2000s, WDC sells frequently at low valuations, up and coming retailers frequently sell at low valuations, etc.
The key to Buffett's method is emotional control and removing the mental block that price equals value; price is cost, value is revenue, and that concept is the hardest for most to imbibe.  Quoting from the first link:

One sidelight here: it is extraordinary to me that the idea of buying dollar bills for 40 cents takes immediately to people or it doesn't take at all. It's like an inoculation. If it doesn't grab a person right away, I find that you can talk to him for years and show him records, and it doesn't make any difference. They just don't seem able to grasp the concept, simple as it is. A fellow like Rick Guerin, who had no formal education in business, understands immediately the value approach to investing and he's applying it five minutes later. I've never seen anyone who became a gradual convert over a ten-year period to this approach. It doesn't seem to be a matter of IQ or academic training. It's instant recognition, or it is nothing.

and

I'm convinced that there is much inefficiency in the market. These Graham-and-Doddsville investors have successfully exploited gaps between price and value. When the price of a stock can be influenced by a "herd" on Wall Street with prices set at the margin by the most emotional person, or the greediest person, or the most depressed person, it is hard to argue that the market always prices rationally. In fact, market prices are frequently nonsensical.

and finally

Success in investing doesn't correlate with I.Q. once you're above the level of 25. Once you have ordinary intelligence, what you need is the temperament to control the urges that get other people into trouble in investing.

There is almost no information on any who has helped Buffett internally or even managed Berkshire's investments aside from Louis Simpson.
It is unlikely that Buffett has allowed anyone to manage much of Berkshire's investments considering the consistent stream of commentary from him claiming that he nearly does nothing except read annual reports all day to the extent that he may have neglected his family to some degree and that listening to others will more likely hurt performance than help with the most striking example being his father's recommendation that he not open a hedge fund after retiring from Graham-Newman because he believed the market was topping, and he absolutely idolized his father.
Comment: IQ - You mean above 125? (Last paragraph)
Comment: Is there anything to show how much of Berkshire's purchases are coming from people other than Buffett?
Comment: Ordinary intelligence would be IQ 100. The scores are normalized so that 100 is the median IQ, I believe.
Answer: There is actually a recent paper that attempted to decompose Buffett's outperformance. I've quoted the abstract below:
"Berkshire Hathaway has realized a Sharpe ratio of 0.76, higher than any other stock or mutual fund with a history of more than 30 years, and Berkshire has a significant alpha to traditional risk factors. However, we find that the alpha becomes insignificant when controlling for exposures to Betting-Against-Beta and Quality-Minus-Junk factors. Further, we estimate that Buffett's leverage is about 1.6-to-1 on average. Buffett's returns appear to be neither luck nor magic, but, rather, reward for the use of leverage combined with a focus on cheap, safe, quality stocks. Decomposing Berkshires' portfolio into ownership in publicly traded stocks versus wholly-owned private companies, we find that the former performs the best, suggesting that Buffett's returns are more due to stock selection than to his effect on management. These results have broad implications for market efficiency and the implementability of academic factors."
Comment: Interesting, you should cite the source.

How Warren Buffett made his money


Show that $X$ can be imbedded in $\mathbb{R}^N$ for some positive integer $N$.

Question: Let $X$ be a compact Hausdorff space. Suppose that for each $x \in X$, there is a neighborhood $U$ of $x$ and a positive integer $k$ such that $U$ can be imbedded in $\mathbb{R}^k$. Show that $X$ can be imbedded in $\mathbb{R}^N$ for some positive integer $N$.
Comment: It would be useful if you could tell us what you have tried. This helps us to understand what you already know so we can better focus our help. Also, people around here get touchy when people just post a question without motivation etc. as they are unwilling to simply do others homework for them, moreover they dislike it when a third party steps in and does the homework for them anyway so questions like this which merely states a question tend to get closed (pending adding more info). Adding in what you have tried and where you came across it will stop your question getting closed in this way.
Comment: Grumpy Parsnip has indicated on Meta that zie wants this reopened. It appears the OP has abandoned it and is unlikely to return, so I'll concur.
Answer: I think this is the easiest way:
Fix a point $x$, and let $f \colon U_x \to (0,1)^k$ be an embedding of a neighborhood of $x$.  Since $X$ is compact and Hausdorff, it is regular, so $x$ has an open neighborhood $W_x$ such that $\overline{W}_x \subseteq U_x$.
By compactness, $X$ can be covered by finitely many of the $W_x$'s - call them $W_1, \ldots, W_n$, and let $U_1, \ldots, U_n$ denote the corresponding $U_x$'s.  Every compact Hausdorff space is normal, so by Urysohn's lemma there exist continuous functions $g_i \colon U_i \to \mathbb{R}$ such that $g_i = 1$ on $\overline W_i$ and $g_i = 0$ on the complement of $U_i$. Define
$$F(x) = (g_1(x)f_1(x), g_1(x), \ldots, g_n(x)f_n(x), g_n(x))$$
where $f_i \colon U_i \to \mathbb{R}^{k_i}$ is the embedding above.  Thus $F$ defines a continuous map $F \colon X \to \mathbb{R}^{N}$ where
$$N = \sum_{i = 1}^n k_i + n$$
Moreover, $F$ is injective: if $x$ and $y$ are distinct points in $X$ then either $x$ and $y$ are both in the same $W_i$ or $x$ is in $W_i$ but $y$ is not in $W_i$.  In the first case $g_i(x)f_i(x) \neq g_i(y)f_i(y)$ because $g_i(x) = g_i(y) = 1$ and $f_i$ is injective; in the second case $g_i(x) = 1$ while $g_i(y) < 1$.
I'd wager that the optimal number $N$ is smaller than the one that appears in this argument, but it does work.
Comment: How does invariance of domain apply? We don't know that it is an *open* embedding.
Comment: @dfeuer: That's a good point.  However, I think the argument can be salvaged by defining the $V$'s and $W$'s to be the intersection of the $f(U)$'s with sufficiently small balls.  I'll reflect on this before editing.
Comment: I have attempted to repair the problem I found. I don't know if I succeeded, or whether there are other problems remaining. Feel free to revert if I did something really stupid.
Comment: I believe the local embeddings need to be assumed bounded to ensure continuity of the products. I revised accordingly.


What "near" means for you?

Question: guys!
We have web-portal and there is a filter "near subway station ...".
So I am curious about what "near subway station" means specifically for you?
50m, 100m, 1km, 2km, 10km and so on?
Thanks for your feedback!
Comment: You're effectively conducting an user test asking for opinions here. Try using something like https://usabilityhub.com/ for tests like this.
Comment: For me near means short walking distance, so within 500 meters. I live in a public transport dense area though so I can imagine this being different for you.
Answer: I think this will depend on the general availability of subway stations for your users. In general how many subway stations exist within a 50km radius? If several, then 50km could serve as "near" for the users.
"Near" should serve the purpose of showing the "n" closest stations. You certainly don't want 0 to be the result, and ideally would not want more than 5-10. A study of the distance between subway stations would yield this answer.

What "near" means for you?


Cart Throb Sales price have an expiry date

Question: Has anyone ever been able to have a product on sale in CartThrob for a set period of time?  What I want is to have certain products on sale for a set period of time and then it automatically goes back to regular price after a set date.
Answer: It should be possible to use Discounts (as opposed to Coupon Codes) to do this. Discounts are just regular entries so you can set an expiry date on them.
Discounts are applied at checkout without the need for the customer to enter any code. You can set up various types of discount based on products, prices, quantities etc. using the built in methods. It's also possible to create custom discount plugins if you have any specific requirements.
Comment: Thanks that may be an option.  Although when I display the product I want show the sale price (after discount) Unless I manually go in and remove the sale price from the product entry the sale price cannot expire.
Comment: I haven't tried it but I *think* it's possible to use the discount entries in that way to modify a price shown. An alternate solution would be to use a Matrix/Grid to set a price and date. Then use template logic to show the appropriate price (and feed into the add_to_cart form).
Comment: Actually, you don't need a matrix/grid. Just 2 extra fields for "sale price" and "sale end date".
Comment: do I need a new sales price field or can I use the existing one?  I just need a new date field to use as a condition to control the sales price?
Comment: Yes, that's pretty much it. Have a sale price field and an extra date field to say when the sale ends (you could expand it with a sale starts field too). Taking it further, you could set the sale dates as global variables and use them to turn on/off the sale for many items at once. I haven't tried this method but it sounds feasible.


Difference between the use of "supplier", "vendor", "provider"

Question: Which is the difference between the use of supplier, vendor, provider? The way I see it, they are complete synonyms. Am I right?
Answer: A supplier might not be paid for what he has supplied.  A vendor, one who sales, must certainly expect to be paid.  And a provider, much like a supplier, might not be paid perhaps, like many health care providers, receive payment from a source other than the person whom he provides a service.  All that said, in the appropriate context all three of the words could be synonyms.
I am not sure there are many "complete synonyms."  If words are completely synonymous wouldn't all but one devolve out of the language?  But maybe that's just an understanding I got from Mr. Darwin.
Answer: It is often a matter of context, for example,
providing for your family,
wholesale supplying goods for the store
software vendor selling services to
supplying food for your family sounds ankward.


Application option vanished from menu

Question: I just installed kali linux tools and menu with katoolin , the i went to check that tools got install or not in applications , but there was no applications option that just vanished ! All the existing applications moved into "Usual Applications ". The I tried to get applications option back by going into preferences then to edit main menu . But it shows that there is Application option in "edit main menu" with all kali linux tools in it.. , help me get this fixed .
Comment: [Kali](https://unix.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/5360/why-is-kali-linux-so-hard-to-set-up-why-wont-people-help-me)
Comment: Bad idea so far!
Answer: If you are using katoolin then you must maintain the installed applications carefully. If any packages conflict from different repo your system might never work. And in this case you have replaced a portion of your system files with kali tools!!
You have two options. Remove all applications from kali tools
Or reinstall the system.
(Suggestion: If you want to use kali them simply install kali from re4son)

Application option vanished from menu


Orthogonal ("Hodge") Decomposition of $L^2(\Omega)$ with $\Omega$ being unbounded

Question: In Mathematical Analysis and Numerical Methods for Science and Technology: Volume 3 Spectral Theory and Applications it is stated on page 313 that for a regular and bounded set $\Omega\subset\mathbb{R}^n$ several decomposition for $L^2(\Omega)^n$ apply, such as
$$L^2(\Omega)^n=\rm{grad}\,H_0^1(\Omega)\oplus H(\rm{div}\,0,\Omega).$$
A footnote present on the same page states that in the case where $\Omega$ is the complement of a bounded set, there exist analogous equalities which result by replacing the Sobolev spaces with certain Beppo Levi spaces. Is someone aware of a resource which states this result in a more explicit way?
Answer: These spaces are also called Deny-Lions Spaces in that case, but that book was co-authored by Lions so he did not name it that way.
An example of such use is here.
I think the main reference is  Amrouche Girault and Giroire,  and if you look at the google scholar citation of that paper you will find a number of articles where this approach is developed.
The general idea is to map back from outside to inside, and then apply the results of Girault and Raviart for example (or others).


Prove that the set of integer coefficients polynomials is countable

Question: How to prove that the set of integer coefficient polynomials is countable?
Comment: See this question: http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/118518/is-the-set-of-polynomial-with-coefficients-on-mathbbq-enumerable
Comment: When you receive helpful answers, we encourage you to (a) upvote them, and (b) accept one answer (you can accept one answer per question). To accept an answer, just click on the $\checkmark$ to the left of the answer you'd like to accept. Bonus: you get two reputation points each time you accept an answer to a question!
Comment: To anyone confused why the Cantor's diagonalization argument doesn't prove the opposite - it's because "by definition a polynomial has finitely many terms, despite the fact that polynomials of every finite degree exist" (https://math.stackexchange.com/a/945666/163615).
Answer: Hints:
1) Prove that for each $n\ge$ 1 the set $\mathbb Z^n$ is countable. This can be done by induction.
2) Prove (or be aware of the fact) that a countable union of countable sets is countable.
Now, write the set of all polynomials with integer coefficients as a countable union $\bigcup_n P_n$, where $P_n$ is the set of all polynomials with integer coefficients and of degree smaller than $n$.
Prove that each $P_n$ is countable by establishing a bijection between $P_n$ and $\mathbb Z^n$.
Comment: Doesn't that require AoC?
Answer: Hint: You can show there is a bijection to $\mathbb{Z}\times\cdots\times\mathbb{Z}$.
Comment: A bijection between what and what precisely?
Answer: $1$. Prove that the set $S_n$ consisting of polynomials of degree $n$ with integer coefficients is countable. Show this by constructing a bijection between $S_n$ and $\underbrace{\mathbb{Z} \times \mathbb{Z} \times \cdots \times \mathbb{Z}}_{n \text{ times}}$.
$2$. Now the set you are interested in is $S = \bigcup_{n \in \mathbb{N}} S_n$. Show that $S$ is countable by proving that a countable union of countable sets is again countable.


Verbal Postdoc Offer can be trusted?

Question: How much a postdoctoral offer by email can be trusted? Did you face any issues for example bluffing or changing the mind of PI at the last moment ? Is it likely to happen ? Please share your experience.
Comment: If it is a random email from somewhere you've never interviewed at, it isn't real. If you've applied, been interviewed, visited, the usual job selection stuff, well, it is highly likely. As one weird HR thing, I'm supposed to make a verbal offer to candidates before HR will release the 'real' offer through their portal. I often do it by email because scheduling a call may be difficult and I want them to have the 'real' offer as soon as possible. And then their is my postdoc offer that was given verbally at a conference and some months later I flew across an ocean to start, no paperwork at all.
Comment: I don't  think e-mail offer is only verbal. However, I am not a lawyer. Also, This question sounds like a polling question. Vote to close as off-topic.
Comment: If this is about India, what does the law there say about such things? Are they binding as they are some places? Do you have some level of distrust in the one making the offer? Or just general paranoia.
Comment: @Buffy It's just being anxious, skeptical about the delay, which is making me little bit frustrated at this moment.
Comment: https://academia.stackexchange.com/questions/191500/how-do-i-navigate-verbal-offers-for-postdoctoral-positions
Answer: A friend once told me that "the best contract is dealing with honest people." With this he meant that if you are dealing with an honest person who cares about their reputation, their word is the best contract you can have. With the opposite type of person, no amount of written documents will stop them from wiggling out of a commitment.
So,

How much a postdoctoral offer by email can be trusted?

It ranges from not at all to fully.
I did two postdocs, and both offers were verbal (not email, but verbal in the literal sense), and both came through.
Answer: Verbal or emailed job offers from a PI are not reliable contracts.  Normal university policy would forbid a PI from making job offers.  Job offers are usually signed by a dean or provost.
Bluffing and change of mind are not things you need to worry about.  Job offers run into trouble when the PI thinks there is money to pay you but actually there is not.
Examples:
The funding agency did not deliver the funding it awarded to the university.  Maybe the legislature did not pass the budget.  Maybe parliament was dissolved and the caretaker government will not deliver funding until there is a new government.  Maybe the university leadership suddenly announces a hiring freeze.  Maybe the university had a natural disaster and needs to reallocate money to emergency repairs.
Comment: I think that this is confusing two issues: one thing is the PI telling you "you've got the job", which means that you can stop looking for jobs and start looking for an apartment near the university. Another thing is the formal job offer from the university, which can only come from HR. Of course the verbal offer can fall through because of funding, etc., but the OP is asking about the PI changing its mind.
Comment: @Cheery That's addressed in the fourth sentence.  I do not agree that these are separate issues.
Comment: There is no funding issue, rest are all assured. I am only worried about the PI, nothing else.
Answer: I've had "unofficial" offers before. But that was a few days after the interview. The professor told me that the HRs take forever to process and wanted to know if I was interested. I told the professor that I wanted to read a formal contract before accepting. This was a university in the UK. The professor turned out to be nice and a trustworthy person - no problems there at all. That said, a communication from the HR on a letterhead is always a reliable offer.
It's unheard of, that a professor would bluff about a postdoctoral position. Finding a postdoc position itself is a difficult task, given the number of PhDs graduating every year, bluffing an offer would come across as sadistic at the best. Would the PI change their mind ? You said there are no funding issues. I don't know if you got the verbal offer after an interview. However, if you haven't applied yet then the professor should advert the job and conduct an "open" search. Some countries expect the University to advertise for atleast 30 days min (I think UK does that), in order to sponsor immigration - I don't know the country specific rules. If a person with a better set of skills do apply, then the professor has to make an offer to them. Universities do not like to give postdoc jobs without an ad, nepotism being one of the issues.
It's not uncommon for a professor to contact a potential candidate and ask them to apply or make a "verbal" offer. One of the reason could be that they read your paper somewhere and contacted you or your PhD advisor or sat through a conference talk you gave somewhere. All of these can happen. Professors look for talented people. That said, nothing is stopping you from applying elsewhere, incase things go south. Even if you accept a verbal offer, I don't think you are legally bound unless they type the contract and ask you to accept it (I'm not a lawyer).

Verbal Postdoc Offer can be trusted?


Why does the voltage drop at each resistor remain the same in a parallel circuit?

Question: Voltage is defined as Joules/Coulomb. Thus the energy that each electrons carries is higher the higher the voltage translating in higher kinetic energy or higher current. If an electron moves through a resistor with high resistance it should lose more kinetic energy by bumping into other atoms giving up thermal energy. However in a parallel circuit the voltage drop remains always the same at every resistor no matter what the resistance is. I just cannot figure out why.
Answer: A voltage drop is measured between two points. Devices in parallel are connected between the same two points.
Answer: The voltage tells us the change in energy per charge. The branches which have higher resistance have fewer charges per time (lower current) flowing through them, so the electron flow is slower in larger resistance of a parallel  circuit. But that doesn't really answer the question; just gives some sensibility.
The reason the voltage must be the same across parallel resistances (or any parallel circuit devices) is that the connected ends of the devices are at common electrical potentials, and voltage is simply the difference in these potentials.
If you have two resistors, $A$ and $B$, and they are arranged horizontally. In parallel, the left ends are connected to each other and connected to the positive terminal of a 9 V battery. The right ends are connected to each other and connected to the negative terminal of the same 9 V battery and also connected to an earth ground at an absolute potential of $2000$ V (just an example). The left ends of the resistors are both at a potential of $2009$ V and the right ends are both at a potential of 2000 V. The voltage across A must be $2009-2000= 9$ V, and the voltage across B must be $2009-2000=9$ V. Change the numbers however you wish, but the voltage across A will be equal to the voltage across B.
Voltage is not the same as energy. It is energy change per charge.
Answer: The fact that voltage is energy per charge does not necessarily mean that this is kinetic energy, but rather it is potential energy. If electrons would experience no friction (as opposed to your statement that they "lose more kinetic energy by bumping into other atoms"), the distinction between potential and kinetic energy becomes irrelevant because one is just being converted into the other - electrons just get faster in the electric field. This is approximately the case, for example, for an electron beam in a cathode ray tube. Consequently the kinetic energy of electrons at the end of a cathode ray tube is usually expressed in "electron volts".
However, if the electrons experience friction (aka. resistance, "lose more kinetic energy by bumping into other atoms"), their coordinated movement is continuously converted into uncoordinated movement, i.e. statistical thermal movement. This means that instead of continuously converting potential energy into macroscopic kinetic energy (which is equivalent to saying that the electrons get accelerated more and more), they end up travelling at constant speed (whereby any gained energy from the potential is almost immediately converted into heat instead of kinetic energy). Constant velocity can also be combined with electron density to express a current density. This "drag" of the electrons cannot be deduced from the voltage (aka. potential energy) and Newton's laws of mechanics alone, but it is a consequence of Ohm's law (which describes the relationship between voltage and the equilibrium velocity/current of the electrons, or in other words, energy dissipation/friction/thermal disorder while "the electrons bump into atoms"). Ohm's law is somehow comparable to viscosity in fluid mechanics, which also violates (mechanical) energy conservation.
To make a long story short: instead of losing "more kinetic energy" in a high-valued resistor, the electrons dissipate the same (potential) energy, but in the high-valued resistor (where there are more collisions with atoms) their equilibrium velocity/current is correspondingly smaller, so that they lose a smaller amount of kinetic energy on every impact (see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_free_path for more explanation).
As a rough analogy think about you in a city traffic jam. The voltage corresponds to your time pressure (to get to an appointment for example). If you choose a path across the city center, your ability to takeover and accelerate is limited more by the increased traffic density there. Hence, your average velocity near the city center will be slower, because you will have to stop more often behind another car. The amount of kinetic energy you lose, will be less during each individual stop. If you take a path through the outskirts, there might be more possibilities to get to your target faster, so your average velocity is higher. But if you happen to be stopped by a car before you, you will lose more kinetic energy. In any case, the pressure (which is your desire to get to the target in time) stays the same. It's not a perfect analogy, but I hope it explains the crucial points.


Core Telephony framework ios 4.0

Question: Hello can we add or show the view in core telephony framework. if possible then how? Actually i have two diffrent application, one for inbound, second for outbound, i need to do show one view after 5sec-10sec of call whether its incoming or outgoing.Please help me out and revert me back as soon as possible .  and its also a request please also send the reply to my gmail address firstname.lastname@example.com.
Really i need the code.
Answer: Sahil, have a look at Siphon's source code @ http://code.google.com/p/siphon. In this code have a careful look at "RecentsViewController.mm". Hope this helps you.

Core Telephony framework ios 4.0


How to make a line an exact size without changing the size of the whole object

Question: I want to make the selected line an exact number long, however, I don't see any way to do this. I have tried using the measure tool however its imprecise, and hard to work with. I have also tried looking in the transform menu however it only shows the measurements of the whole object
Answer: In your pictured example I would select the end vertex, grab it and use vertex snapping to put it on top of the next vertex to the right.
Without changing my selection I would now grab it again, lock movement to the Y axis and type in how long I want it to be (you may need to use a negative value if you are moving towards -Y).
Comment: Can I accept your answer so that you can get reputationpoints?


HSA payback possible?

Question: Is it possible to payback my HSA?  I used my HSA to pay a medical bill in 2019.  I now have the money to pay that bill, and would like to keep my HSA buffed up
Comment: Related: https://money.stackexchange.com/q/47303/17718
Answer: No, you can not "payback" your HSA unless you are correcting a mistaken distribution.
You can however contribute for prior years until the tax deadline, which would essentially be the same as what you want to do. So if you want to add money for 2019, you have until April 15, 2020. You will have to specifically designate that the contribution is for 2019.
Keep in mind that you must still be below the contribution limits for 2019 - $3,500 for individuals and $7,000 for families. If you have already contributed the max for 2019, then there's nothing you can do.
Answer: Your HSA has an annual contribution cap. You cannot retroactively make contributions for the previous year after April 15th of the current year.
This amount changes from year to year. More information can be found in the IRS publication 969.

HSA payback possible?


A question related to Metamask and ERC20 token

Question: Currently I am trying to send out my ERC20 token TRX to binance exchange, however any time I did that the metamask is pointing insufficient balance for transaction.
I did research and I am wondering now if I need to have eth in my ethereum balanace or I can pay the fee with trx. The eth account does not have any eth but a lot of trx and other erc20 tokens. Thanks in advance for the help!
Answer: You will need eth for this transaction, with every token transfer a little fee deducts as per gas value from sender account in ethers.
Answer: GasFees only charge in Ether.
On the Ethereum blockchain, gas refers to the cost necessary to perform a transaction on the network. Miners set the price of gas based on supply and demand for the computational power of the network needed to process smart contracts and other transactions.


Low-resolution (ldpi) Android icons

Question: On the topic of included standard icons the Android documentation mentions that:

Shown below are standard menu icons
  that are used in the Android system.
  Because these resources can change
  between platform versions, you should
  not reference the system's copy of the
  resources. If you want use any icons
  or other internal drawable resources,
  you should store a local copy of those
  icons or drawables in your application
  resources, then reference the local
  copy from your application code. In
  that way, you can maintain control
  over the appearance of your icons,
  even if the system's copy changes.
  Note that the list below is not
  intended to be complete.

In my application I'm using such standard icons such as "ic_menu_sort_alphabetically" and thus I've tried to find these icons, so that I can include them in my application.
However, in "android-sdk/platforms/android-8/android.jar" I only find the icons in drawable-mdpi and in drawable-hdpi - there is neither a default drawable folder with icons, nor a drawable-ldpi folder with low-resolution versions of these icons. However, such a low-resolution version would be required to provide native versions on ldpi devices such as the HTC Wildfire.
Are there any "official" versions of the Android icons scaled at ldpi? While it's likely that the ldpi versions are stored somewhere on my HTC Wildfire device, I assume that they are copyrighted by HTC and not under the same open-source license as the icons in the Android distribution.
Answer: If you can't find the pre-scaled images, you can just open the mdpi in Photoshop or GIMP and resize them by 75% to make the ldpi icons.  To make hdpi resize the mdpi image by 150%.

Low-resolution (ldpi) Android icons


TDI engine to SDI car

Question: I have a question. Can I put a vw  1.9 TDI motor (golf mk4) into polo 1.9 SDi? I have to change the actual engine and I am confused . thank to everyone for your time ...
Comment: What are you confused about? What research have you done on changing out the engines? *Anything* can be done. Just depends on how much money/time/effort you are willing to put into the deal.
Comment: #paulster for example if I decide to change the engine what should I change? Some mechanics says that I have to change only the motor another mechanics says that I have to change complete installation. Could some one clarify it to me . thanks again
Comment: Why do you have to change the engine?
Answer: I have no idea why you want to do such thing, apart from small hp boost you can get. But yes you can swap them pretty easy all you need is new engine and maybe the new ecu. However such engine swap will cost a lot of money especially if you don't have the tdi engine.
Comment: Those old SDI engines _never_ die, so i suppose it's because of the HP and torque gain. But looking at expected time and costs i'd suggest to just buy a Polo TDI instead of putting in all the work for a swap.
Answer: Yes, it's completely possible.  The 1.9 SDI and the 1.9 TDI family of engines all use the same engine block, therefore it's possible to bolt the TDI engine in on the SDI engine mounts.  It isn't all plain sailing though and indeed it's worth pointing out that the 1.9 TDI is not a single engine.  There are numerous variants of both PD and non-PD types.  Things like the routing of the turbo pipework and mounting the intercooler may pose some slight issues but you ought to be able to source compatible parts from another Polo, an Seat Ibiza or a Skoda Fabia.
Obviously you'll want enough of the TDI exhaust to bring the pipework to and from the turbocharger.  You may find that the Golf downpipe hits the bulkhead on the Polo so you may have to go Polo GTI, Seat Ibiza Cupra or Skoda Fabia VRS.  If there is nothing in the VW Group parts bin you may need to have an exhaust fabricated on the car.
Depending on if your car is a 5-speed or 6-speed, you may need to retain the flywheel / clutch assembly from your 1.9 SDI in order to use the new engine with your gearbox.  You also may wish to upgrade your brakes and tyres to cope with the additional power.
Engine management wise, you can use your existing fuse box with the engine loom from the TDI.  You'll want to get the TDI clocks (instrument cluster), ECU and ignition key as these parts are all electronically paired.  Consider how much space you'll have in your dashboard to fit the new clocks.  I believe it is possible to have the immobiliser removed from the ECU if you'd rather go a different route.
The PD variants use a fuel cooler in the fuel return line which is bolted to the underside of the floor pan.  You'll want to add this because otherwise the heat in the returning fuel can get high enough to hole your plastic fuel tank.
Finally, speak to your insurers.  Paperwork wise all you'll have to do is change the engine number of the registration certificate for the vehicle but your insurers may ask for an engineers report.
Comment: I've dealt with one of those "insurance engineers" - had no clue about how to calculate the thickness of material to use for an engine mounting or several other technical issues... Finally he had to admit that he did not know and passed my engine change which was a Nissan engine into a Volvo....
Answer: This is doable - although the first question should be what the goal is.
If it's "just" wanting a TDI-engined Polo then buying one with the engine from the factory is going to be a far more economical option (fitting a replacement engine is not a trivial job - there's quite a bit of ancillary work involved around the exhaust, the ecu, wiring loom etc).
If your goal is to get a one using a more powerful variant of the TDI engine than was offered in the Polo then it would have to be one of the Pumpe-Duse (PD) models used in the higher-end diesel Golfs, Leons etc and that's going to be slightly more complicated unless the Polo is a Mk4 itself (I don't think they go straight on to the Mk3 engine mounts) and while yes you'll get more power than an off-the-shelf TDI Polo but it would be massively expensive for what you get. Replacing the car with a Mk4 Polo GT (which has the 129bhp PD engine) would get you pretty much the same performance at a fraction of the price.
If on the other hand the challenge of doing it is the point of the exercise then that's a different matter, with a complete donor car from the same platform you can essentially swap the lot, lock stock and barrel. If the donor car is based off the Golf platform (rather than a Polo-based car) then there's going to be a great deal of work involved in fabricating a suitable exhaust, loom, and intercooler plumbing (the Golf platform had it's intercooler in a different place IIRC), the donor ECU should work out of the box but it will depend upon the relative ages of the donor and recipient.
If all you've got from the donor is the engine & turbo you'll have to source a suitable loom, ECU and exhaust.
My wallet is having palpitations just thinking about it.
Also if the Polo in question is a Mk3 (only these and the Mk4 run the SDI engines) then that means another factor to bear in mind is that unless the car is a facelifted 2000-onwards model (aka Typ 6N2) then the TDI engine won't fit - the earlier Mk3 cars had a smaller engine bay which won't accommodate it and the engine mounts are different besides.
Comment: I have to change the motor because the actual engine is very bad is spends a lot oil, also a lot of blow by and loss of power. I asked a lot of car mechanics, they say that better is to change the engine instead of repairing. I search the engine sore, the best option is if a put a TDI motor. I don't want to change the engine for power , i am just changing for the reason that i mention on the top of this comment.
Comment: @user5827232  if it's just to replace a broken engine then a like-for-like swap is far cheaper and easier. Still, given the age and ubiquity of  these cars buying a replacement car is likely to be vastly more economical
Comment: @user5827232 A 2nd hand SDI engine is ~ £150, labour to swap it is probably 5-10 hours depending on the condition of bolts etc so you could be talking another £3-600 for the swap. Which is basically what the car is worth when running so it's hard to see it being justifiable from an economic perspective.
Answer: Yes I have Done It many times, Lost Count, All diesel engines from German made cars at the same age, are all the same, its very strange, they dont tell you about this. For Example, Seat, Skoda, And Golf Are all the same engines,I have put seat engines into golfs, and golf engines into skodas,and seat alhambra engines into Ford Galaxys, I have put Golf Engine into Polos, and golf engines into VW Tourans, All You need to do is take of the old ecu of the engine and put it onto the new engine. very Simple. It Doesnt matter if its a turbo or non turbo, You Can Make a golf sdi into a Tdi, simple, no changes apart from the ecu. But its hard and time consuming, changing a petrol engine to a diesel engine and vice versa.

TDI engine to SDI car


Can't install uwsgi

Question: root@ip-10-194-97-94:~# apt-get install uwsgi

Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
Some packages could not be installed. This may mean that you have
requested an impossible situation or if you are using the unstable
distribution that some required packages have not yet been created
or been moved out of Incoming.
The following information may help to resolve the situation:
The following packages have unmet dependencies:
  uwsgi: Depends: uwsgi-python2.6 (>= 0.9.6.5-0ubuntu1~lucid1) or
                  uwsgi-python3.1 (>= 0.9.6.5-0ubuntu1~lucid1)
E: Broken packages

Comment: what repository does uwsgi belong to?
Answer: uwsgi is not in the default repositories. You need to add a PPA (Personal Package Archive) and update your sources:
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:uwsgi/release
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install uwsgi

Answer: uWSGI is not well packaged. You must either install uwsgi-python or uwsgi-python3. All of the other packages are marked as Conflicts, which is completely confusing and assuredly wrong.
Answer: Original text: A melhor forma seria
Translated using Google Translate: The best way would be
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:uwsgi/release
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install uwsgi-python

Can't install uwsgi


How do I get the active ChildWindow of an application?

Question: I have this problem: I have an handler to the mainWindow of a certain application, and I want to simulate a keypress on that application...
I'm using sendMessage/postMessage api calls to do this. The reason why I don't use the .Net SendKeys function or the keybd_event of the win32 api, is that they simulate the keypress at a global level. In my case, the target application is not the top-active one (other application may be running in a higher z-level, hence covering the target app).
The problem with sendMessage and postMessage is that you must pass the handler of the exact childwindow where you want the key to be pressed. For example, in notepad, if I send the key to the handler of the mainWindow, nothing happens, I have to send the key to the handler of the child window that basically consists of the white canvas where you can write.
Obtaining the handler to the active child window is the problem. In the beginning, I was using the GetTopWindow or GetWindow(GW_CHILD) api calls, as it returns the most active child window. What I was doing was to keep calling the GetWindow(GW_CHILD) until I got  a childwindow that had no more childWindows. This works ok for some applications like notepad or paint. However, in some cases (like firefox for example), it doesn't work. The reason for that is that the parent window has the whole firefox area, and its childwindow has the opened WebPage (like google). So, when I ask for the most active child window of the mainWindow, it returns the only child window it has, which is the one corresponding to the Webpage area. It only works if the active window is that one (like if the user is writing something on a textbox of a certain page). But if what is active is, let's say, the address bar, it doesn't work because the active window is not the child window but actually the parent... and I can't get this information programatically.
I actually found a way of doing this, using the GetGUIThreadInfo api call, using the following code:
<code>    // get thread of the main window handle of the process
    var threadId = GetWindowThreadProcessId(firefox.MainWindowHandle, IntPtr.Zero);

    // get gui info
    var info = new GUITHREADINFO();
    info.cbSize = (uint)Marshal.SizeOf(info);
    if (!GetGUIThreadInfo(threadId, out info))
        throw new Win32Exception();

    // send the letter W to the active window
    PostMessage(info.hwndActive, WM_KEYDOWN, (IntPtr)Keys.W, IntPtr.Zero);
</code>
And it works very well: If the address bar is active, it sends a "W"  letter to the address bar. If the search textBox of google is active, it sends the "W" letter to it... Perfect! However, this method can't be used by me for a simple reason:
If the target application is not the active window of the operating system, the ThreadInfo structure comes empty. For example, if I'm targetting firefox, it works if firefox is active (the top-most application, the focused/active one), but if, let's say, notepad is on top of firefox, it doesn't work, it is unable to get the active window handler.
I know I can solve this by using the setForegroundWindow api call to activate the target application and then capture the handler of the active child-window but I didn't want to have to bring the target app to the foreground.
I've also tried other techniques like AttachThreadInput() and GetFocus() api calls, which also works, but has the same problem: If the target application is not the active windows application, it doesn't work.
So basically I need to find some way of getting the handler to the active childwindow of an application even if that application is not the top-active one.
Any ideas?
Thanks
Answer: You might want to check out the EnumChildWindows function.
Answer: If everything else fails, here is another idea: You might want to consider using a WH_CBT or a WH_CALLWNDPROC hooks to monitor which child window of the target thread has been focused last.
Install a CBT hook (WH_CBT) and listen for the HCBT_SETFOCUS notification.
Or use a WH_CALLWNDPROC hook and listen for the WM_SETFOCUS message.
Don't do much in the hook proc or you'll hog down the system resources. Just save the needed information and post yourself a custom message to process it later.


PowerBook G4 boots into blue screen with cursor

Question: I have an 1.5GHz PowerBook G4 running OS X 10.5.8. I can only boot to the safe mode. I cannot get a normal boot. It stops at a blue screen with a cursor. How can I fix this?
Comment: Try booting your computer into verbose mode. Hold Command (⌘) and V together at boot. What does it get stuck at?
Answer: First, boot the machine in Safe Mode and check to see what your available space is on your hard drive.  If it is low, I suggest freeing up at least 1GB of space.  That will sometimes work.  Other times, I've had to repair the volume using disk utility from an installation disk.  As a last effort (if you have the space, and a backup) do an archive install once you've verified that the hard drive does not have any bad sectors or issues with the volume in disk utility.  Good luck!


How far should be a supernova to not be seen from Earth?

Question: Hubble sphere is the limit of seeing objects from Earth. But if it wasn't like that would it be possible to see a supernova just because of luminosity over that distance. In simple words would a distance so large make the supernova light too weak to be seen from Earth?
Comment: No, we can see a *lot* further than the Hubble sphere. Using radiotelescopes, we can "see" the cosmic microwave background, and the surface of last scattering which emitted those photons is now roughly 45.6 billion lightyears away (but it was a lot closer to us when those photons started on their journey over 13 billion years ago). See this great answer (by an astrophysicist) on this topic: https://physics.stackexchange.com/a/293212/123208
Comment: I assume you're asking about seeing a supernova by telescope, it's not likely that we could see a supernova with the naked eye in another galaxy unless it's very close, eg in the Magellanic Clouds, which are satellite galaxies of the Milky Way.  BTW, the Hubble radius is about 14.4 billion lightyears, but the radius of the observable universe is almost 46.6 billion lightyears. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observable_universe and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubble_volume
Comment: Ofcourse by telescope.... As I understand the past picture of the edge of the observable universe is hubble sphere... which is the luminosity we can detect.
Comment: Actully, if you completely disregard the cosmological expansion and just consider static universe this may be a fun question if you think about it. If you know at which wavelength supernova have a peak luminosity you may get the best angular resolution you can have e.g. within a solar system. At some distance the mean luminosity of all other objects within this angle will become comparable to the luminosity of a typical supernova. This gives you a maximum distance you ever can detect it using anything within a solar system
Comment: To be fair, the notion of distance on the cosmological scale can get confusing, due to the expansion of space. There's an introduction to the topic of cosmological distance scales on Wikipedia that might be helpful: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance_measures_(cosmology) And I guess it can't hurt to plug  (yet again) the excellent article about the expansion of space by Davis & Lineweaver: https://people.smp.uq.edu.au/TamaraDavis/papers/SciAm_BigBang.pdf
Answer: The limit is set not by our ability to detect supernova, but by when the first stars appeared.
The most distant supernova observed, SN 1000+0216 (Cooke et al. 2012), had a redshift of $z \simeq 3.9$, corresponding to a distance modulus of $\mu = 47.8$ (note that it also corresponds to a distance of 23.7 Glyr, well outside the Hubble radius of 14.4 Glyr).
It was a superluminous supernova reaching a peak absolute magnitude of $M = -21.5$, so the apparent magnitude was
$$
m = \mu + M = 26.3.
$$
The first stars in the Universe emerged around redshift $z\sim20$, roughly 180 million years after the Big Bang (Bowman et al. 2018). If a similar supernova goes off at this redshift, its apparent magnitude would be $m = 30.3$, which would be observable with Hubble (albeit on the border). Future JWST will reach even higher limiting magnitudes. Moreover, gravitational lensing can magnify events in some cases by a factor of 1000 or more, so in principle we should be able to see the first stars explode.
Comment: Are there supernovas that due to redshift emit highest intensity below visible light?
Comment: @KrešimirBradvica Yes, definitely. If a supernova peaking in the optical (λ ~ 5-6000 Å) is observed at z ~ 4, its light will have been redshifted to ~3 μm, which is in the optical.


Is the secret seed number also the private number?

Question: I purchased a bitcoin in 2014 from Coinbase. I received a long alphanumeric number. No private code or seed phrase. I received a 16-digit secret seed at a later date. Is the secret seed I received a replacement for the seed phrase or private number that I can use to access my bitcoins on Coinbase?
Comment: The best resource to find this out would probably be Coinbase's user manual, but perhaps someone here is familiar enough with the service's offering to be able to tell you.
Answer: I would start with looking at the alfanumeric number.
Is it in hexadecimal? If yes , is it 32 bytes long --> random number
Is it a code that begins with a 5 or L or K --> Private key
Never share any of these.
But you can calculate the Public key and the Bitcoin address from those.


DAC DDR Interface with Vivado and Zynq7000

Question: i need to connect a dual-channel DAC (AD9117) to a Zynq 7000 FPGA. The DAC has a DDR Interface, on which the Data for Channel 1 is clocked on the rising edge and the data for channel 2 on the falling edge. The FPGA also has to provide the clock for this interface and it should be centeraligned to the DDR Data. That means the forwarded clock needs to have a 90 degree phase shift, with respect to the clock driving the oddrs. Now ive tried using the SelectIO Wizard to create such an interface but i cant change any clock/phase settings. Is there another wizard that allows me to do that or will i have to implement all of this manually?
Thank you!
Answer: In general, the clock you're sending to the DAC is handled as a logic signal inside the FPGA, not as a clock. You should use the same kind of ODDR module to drive it that you are using for the data lines.
The general idea is to use a single PLL or clock manager to generate two clocks inside the FPGA at the nominal clock rate, one delayed relative to the other by 90°. The first of these clocks will drive all of the ODDRs for the data, and the delayed clock will drive the ODDR for the external DAC clock signal. The data inputs to this last ODDR are simply tied low and high so that you get a square wave at this pin that has all of the same timing characteristics as the data pins, other than being delayed by the required amount.


Can't start remote GUI programs using terminal on Rhel.7

Question: Can't start remote GUI programs like gedit, Firefox, and more GUI on RHEL.7 using terminal directly.
how to open that direct,
not as ssh.
XTerm required for that?
or what application is required for getting GUI?
Kindly suggest me what to do?
thanks
Answer: So this one's a bit unclear, but options are:

VNC witch is essentially remote desktop
Yes, Xterm can open GUIs but I am not sure if you want the GUI to be opened on the server or the client because by just opening it like you normally would on you PC but with ssh you just send a instruction to open a GUI, so it will open on the server. But if you're a good enough programmer you probably can write a script to open a GUI on the server, get it and put it on the client's screen.
IPMI, but you need a server motherboard with IPMI ethernet port.
Comment: when echo $xterm, is given, the output is xterm -256color......it means xterm is already installed in the server but why can't start GUI programs?
Comment: Are you trying to open the GUI via ssh or directly from the computer? I think that, with ssh, it opens the GUI on the server you control via ssh.
Comment: how to open the GUI directly from the computer.  pl see this output Caused by: java.awt.AWTException: Exception: class java.lang.IllegalArgumentException Width (0) and height (0) must be non-zero occurred while creating cursor CopyDrop.32x32
    at java.awt.Cursor.getSystemCustomCursor(Cursor.java:362)
    at sun.awt.X11.XToolkit.lazilyLoadDesktopProperty(XToolkit.java:1435)
    ... 10 more
Comment: Have you specified the cursor position/size?
Comment: no, how to specify
Comment: What exact command did you use?
Comment: ssh -X root@ip address


If determinism is true, what was the first event? Is time infinite?

Question: How can all events be causally related if there is no initial event?
Answer: Determinism handles the first event very carefully.  From SEP's article on causal determinism:

Determinism: The world is governed by (or is under the sway of) determinism if and only if, given a specified way things are at a time t, the way things go thereafter is fixed as a matter of natural law.

That definition is written in a form which focuses on the future state of the world given a present state, sidestepping the touchy issue of first events or uncaused events.
Obviously not everyone agrees to the same definition, but this is one reliable approach with substantial acceptance.


How to import playlists from Rhythmbox into Banshee?

Question: Since Banshee became the default player in Natty, I want to import my playlists from Rhythmbox. Banshee offers an 'import playlists' feature but it does not recognize Rhythmbox's playlists (in folder home/user/.local/share/rhythmbox).
Answer: The ~/.local/share/rhythmbox playlists are on a playlists.xml file. I think Banshee can't import .xml files, but .pls files, wich are the default Rhythbox playlists format when you SAVE them.
So I believe you have to install Rhythmbox, save every playlist and then, import them from Banshee. I might be wrong, but I think it's the only option.
Answer: You need to export your playlist from Rhythmbox to a file (in .m3u or .pls format) before you can import this file in Banshee.


From which table I will get subcategory name?

Question: Can anyone tell me the table from where I will get subcategory name. I want to fire query using table.
Answer: Magento category is an EAV entity. So you cannot retrieve the information you wanted from a single table.
Explaining EAV concept is out of scope with regards to this question. However you can use Wiki document for a good start. So in short, An EAV entity is stored using multiple tables and to retrieve a "valid data" you need to join multiple tables.
Answer: Magento use Eav structure for Category, product, customer data management.
name field  is a varchar type attribute.
As per as, magento Eav attribute structure that name field values are save at catalog_category_entity_varchar table.
Answer: Since magento database uses EAV ( Entity, Attribute, Value ) structure to manage everything including sub-categories that you are looking for. The list of Categories & Subcategories can be found on catalog_category_entity_varchar table.

Note : Simple sql query is not a best magento way of obtaining category
  and subcategories.

For geting categories name you can also use catalog/category collection.
//Load catalog category model collection
<?php $categories = Mage::getModel('catalog/category')->getCollection();?>

<?php foreach ($categories as $category): ?>
<?php echo '
';?>
<?php print_r ($category->getData('name')); ?>
<?php endforeach; ?>

The above code will print all categories name.
For detail refer this blog : http://blog.chapagain.com.np/magento-get-list-of-all-categories/
Thanks :)


2.5 year old only tells me she has to pee but only when out running errands or visiting family

Question: My 2.5 year old only tells me that she has to use the restroom when we go out and do errands or stay at another family members house to visit. When we are at home she will just pee wherever and whenever without telling me. She only tells me after she has already used the restroom. She enjoys the cleaning up process and still tries to play with the pee puddle occasionally. I do not know what to do in this situation.
Answer: Your 2.5 year old feels safe at home, and so is happy to test her boundaries and learn about things at home.  On the road, at Grandma's, etc., these are less familiar environments, and she'll naturally act more restrained, take her cues from you as to how to act.
How you deal with it at home?  Well, congratulations, your daughter knows how to tell when she needs to go!  That's the hardest part of potty training. Everything from here is just teaching her to choose to do it the polite way - i.e., in a toilet.  The standard way to deal with this is either treats/potty training chart, I'd say; you don't really need the "naked weekend" since that's more for learning how to tell when you need to go rather than behavior modification.
She's getting a lot out of the attention when she fails to go properly, so just turn that around - give her lots of positive attention, and something she likes, when she goes properly.  Stickers, a single small candy (like an M&M worked well for us), or a chart where she marks off (with a sticker or an X) when she successfully does it, and gets a small prize when she finishes a certain number - we had small prizes for every 10 (like a car) and larger prize for a week without accidents.
Answer: If she won't regulate herself, for whatever reason, you have to do it for her.  Don't wait for her to say anything, don't ask her if she has to go; tell her to go.  "Lunch time, but first we tinkle".  "Let's tinkle before we get dressed".  Say it like it's a thing that is going to happen, not a suggestion up for negotiation, or a question to which 'no' is a viable answer.  She's only 2 and a half, it's okay that she she needs some guidance.
Get her body in the habit of only tinkling in the toilet, and she'll stop wanting to go anywhere else.


How do I locate and remove Broken Packages that I have installed?

Question: I was browsing some questions here to find a solution to locating and removing broken packages.  Being a relative novice I installed some PPAs designed for 11.10 on my 12.04 LTS machine.  In terminal it suggested I try apt-get -f install which brought me to this question:

What exactly does sudo apt-get -f install do?

A big lesson learned for me, if anyone can help
Answer:
Install the Synaptic Package Manager, either through the Software Center or by running this command in the Terminal:
 sudo apt-get install synaptic

Open it by typing synaptic in the Unity dash and then hitting Enter.
Then follow this procedure:

Select the "Status" category. This shows packages organized by status.
Select "Broken dependencies" category from upper left pane.
Select the broken packages. If the packages are more than one, select them all by pressing Ctrl+A.
Then right-click on a selected package, and select the option "Mark for Complete Removal" in the menu.

That's it. The broken packages are gone.
Comment: I don't have `Broken dependencies` in my status page.
Answer: Synaptic Package Manager (available in the Software Center) is a graphical tool for managing packages, and among many features it allows you to filter packages by their state. In few clicks, by selecting the desired category on the left panel, you will be presented with the list of packages that require fixing.
Answer: No downloads, no GUI needed:
You can list broken packages :
dpkg -l | grep ^..r

r state (on the third field) means: reinst-required (package broken, reinstallation required)
dpkg fields explanation
To list and remove these packages:
dpkg -l | grep ^..r | while read -r | tr -s ' ' | cut -d' ' -f2 | while read -r name; do sudo apt-get remove "$name"; done

(Answer copied from this thread.)
Answer: To clean up the packages you've installed from ppa, you should use ppa-purge, assumed the ppa is ppa:xorg-edger/ppa

sudo apt-get install ppa-purge
sudo apt-get update
sudo ppa-purge ppa:xorg-edger/ppa
it will prompt you a list of packages to remove and/or downgrade, if nothing look suspicious, answer Y and wait
if you are lucky, it should finish with out error, else you'll need to do a sudo apt-get install -f

If after step 5 you still have errors, come back and update your question.
Good luck.
Comment: E: Unable to locate package ppa-purge
Comment: I will second that.. ppa-purge does not exist.
Answer: I have made a script for fixing broken packages. This searches for the broken packages in the /var/log/dist-upgrade/apt.log and then finds the package names then applies the specified command on them.
Take care about using this script, because sometimes some broken packages are system related and might make a new problem. so use install or upgrade command instead of remove command.
Get it from here
Download the script using the below command:
wget https://gist.githubusercontent.com/EmpireWorld/8eb920165777399cfd684d8d4227a6e2/raw/17e6d4a151a6163aa45dd8302b965ed433b27741/fix-broken.sh

Then run it:
./fix-broken.sh

Also you can set the action you want to apply to broken packages like this:
./fix-broken (install|upgrade|remove)

The default action is remove.


Purpose of linker files in placing code in internal flash

Question: How linker file has to be programmed to place a code in internal flash?how linker filer files are different for different compilers?
Comment: Please ask a more specific question
Answer: This boils down to what the binary representation of a program ought to be. You might for instance think that your program is a series of bytes, and that all you have to do is to transfer those bytes into the internal flash. However, there's a problem with that, namely addressing of data.
If, in your program, you rely on a piece of data, e.g.:
static int my_variable = 1;

Then any code that wants to use this variable must know the actual address of the variable. If you put the executable binary in location 0x1000_0000, and the offset within the binary is 0xFF0, then the system needs to know that it will end up at 0x1000_0FF0.
The program that has the task of grouping all code and data snippets into one binary file is called the linker. The purpose of the linker script is to aid the linker to figure out where these addresses are going to end up at execution time. But of course, there are additional things that the linker-script does for us:

It can divide the binary into different sections, and handle those independently. This is useful, when you want certain code or data to reside somewhere special.
It understands sections such as the "bss". This is a special memory region where the linker will assume is all zeros at initialization. The code below [1], will most likely end up being in the .bss section.
It can also understand copied (duplicated) sections, where it will assume that it will be copied somewhere else. For instance, non-zero data is usually copied from flash memory to RAM at initialization time. Code [2] below shows some data that might be copied to RAM, hence needing a different memory address at compile time.
The linker script can also define variables at specific locations. This is helpful in order to figure out the sizes of the different sections.

[1] .bss data:
static int my_table[4] = { 0, 0, 0, 0 };

[2] .data:
static float pi = 3.14159287;

Answer: The linker file is responsible for specifying the layout of the processor's memory to the compiler, so it can allocate both data and the program code in the right places.  I'm going to use a fairly complicated example, since it shows the full capabilities of this scheme.
The 8-bit MC9S08AZ1128 microcontroller from Freescale uses a Von Neumann architecture, that is both the variables and program code are allocated within the same address space.  The processor has a 16-bit address space addressing 64K bytes (0x0000-0xFFFF).
This processor has two special addressing features -- 8-bit Freescale processors (dating way back to the original 6800 from 40 years ago) have a section for "zero or direct page" variables and I/O registers, that can be accessed with just an 8-bit address using a special addressing mode for this purpose. This allows for a full range of two-byte instructions in addition to the three-byte ones which would have a 16-bit address.
Secondly, even with the 16-bit address space, the processor actually can have programs that are up to 128K bytes long.  It handles this using a paging register, which maps 8 16K pages onto one 16K address block in memory.
Here is the memory map for this microcontroller:

So the compiler needs to know where to allocate the variables and code to the various sections of memory.  It does so with the linker file, which breaks up the chunks of memory into named segments:
SEGMENTS
    Z_RAM                    =  READ_WRITE   0x0080 TO 0x00FF;
    RAM                      =  READ_WRITE   0x0100 TO 0x17FF;
    RAM1                     =  READ_WRITE   0x1900 TO 0x217F;
    /* unbanked FLASH ROM */
    ROM                      =  READ_ONLY    0x4000 TO 0x7FFF;
    ROM1                     =  READ_ONLY    0x2180 TO 0x3BFF;
    ROM2                     =  READ_ONLY    0xC000 TO 0xFF7F;
    EEPROM                   =  READ_ONLY    0x3C00 TO 0x3FFF;
    INTVECTS                 =  READ_ONLY    0xFF80 TO 0xFFFF;
    /* banked FLASH ROM */
    PPAGE_0                  =  READ_ONLY    0x008000 TO 0x00A17F; /* PAGE partially contained in ROM segment */
    PPAGE_0_1                =  READ_ONLY    0x00BC00 TO 0x00BFFF;
    PPAGE_2                  =  READ_ONLY    0x028000 TO 0x02BFFF;
    PPAGE_3                  =  READ_ONLY    0x038000 TO 0x03BFFF;
    PPAGE_4                  =  READ_ONLY    0x048000 TO 0x04BFFF;
    PPAGE_5                  =  READ_ONLY    0x058000 TO 0x05BFFF;
    PPAGE_6                  =  READ_ONLY    0x068000 TO 0x06BFFF;
    PPAGE_7                  =  READ_ONLY    0x078000 TO 0x07BFFF;

 /* PPAGE_1                  =  READ_ONLY    0x018000 TO 0x01BFFF; PAGE already contained in segment at 0x4000-0x7FFF */
 /* PPAGE_3                  =  READ_ONLY    0x038000 TO 0x03BFFF; PAGE already contained in segment at 0xC000-0xFFFF */
END

The programmer still has to tell the compiler what variables are to be allocated to the zero page, and which routines are to banked.  Interrupt routines, for example, can't be banked since they can occur at any time.  Same for main().  Non-banked memory is also useful for functions that may be called from more than one segment.
There is a special instruction (CALL) that is used instead the normal JSR instruction to call from page 0 to a bank or from one bank to the next.
The programmer uses "pragmas" to specify whether a routine is to be places in non-banked or banked memory:
#pragma CODE_SEG NON_BANKED
void __interrupt VectorNumber_nnnn isr_name(void)
{
    /* code for interrupt routine which must be in non-bank memory
}
#pragma CODE_SEG DEFAULT

/* resume default code which may be banked or not */

It can also specify whether variables go into the zero page, or into the default segment:
#pragma DATA_SEG __SHORT_SEG unsigned int myDirectPageVar1, myVar2;
#pragma DATA_SEG DEFAULT
/* resume placing data in segments requiring a 16-bit address */

There also ways of specifying whether data is to be initialized or not (the latter being the .BSS section, historically named Block Started by Symbol in an assembler program back in the 1950').  If initialized, then whether it is contained as part of the program code const vaariable) or copied to RAM (static variable) depends on the compiler.  For example, the GCC compiler puts all const variables in the code segment.
Code Segment (or Text segment) - stores only code and maybe const variables
   (see below), read-only
Data segment - stores uninitialized global and static variables, both read-write
   (BSS (or Block Started by Symbols), and static read-only (see below).
   Uninitialized static variables are actually initialized to 0.

Read-only static and const variables can be allocated in either the data segment or code segment, depending on the compiler (the C standard leaves this up to the implementer).  If allocated to the RAM segment, their initialization values are stored in the code or text segment and copied down on startup.
The GCC compiler, for example, puts all const variables in the code segment.  Other compilers only put const variables in the code segment if preceded by the non-standard "code" keyword.  The reason for this, is that it takes more instructions to read data from the code segment compared to the data segment for many microcontrollers.  But putting an read-only array, for example, in the data segment wastes valuable RAM space, which maybe very limited in a microcontroller.  For example, the memory map shown above shows only a little over 8K of regular RAM plus 128 bytes of zero or direct page RAM.
Answer: Understand when you compile say a hello world program on your laptop with one gcc call, there are multiple steps, compile to assembly language, then assembler then makes an object out of that then the linker is called.
The compile step does not know anything about the memory/address layout of the target, it most likely knows the target architecture (x86, ARM, MIPS, pdp-11, etc) but does not at this point know what address the code it is building will live.   The linker is responsible for sewing the objects together and building the final binary.  It resolves external branches and other external to an object connections (global variables, etc).
For one toolchain (MSVC, Borland, GNU, Keil, etc) where there have been one to many versions over time.  The way you communicate with that one linker changes slowly over time but to some extent is the same.  Between toolchains though there is no reason to expect any portability, how you tell one compiler where your flashes are and where your sram spaces are is different from one toolchain to the next.
You have to tell the toolchain/linker where your flash is if you expect to be able to build a binary that actually works.  Likewise if you have any variables that change and cannot fit in registers alone, then you need some ram and you have to tell the linker where that ram is.  Your code itself most likely has directly or indirectly specified the exact addresses for peripherals so you dont normally use the linker script for that.
It is often possible to compile position independent code such that the program itself can actually move and still execute as compiled (relative addressing vs direct addressing) but you still have to place the bootstrap code in the right place to boot the processor and you still have to tell it where to put the binary initially and where ram is for any variables. You may later copy/move that program to a different address to run it but the variables maybe not.  You still need a linker even with position independent code for microcontrollers and other embedded bare metal work.
The linker script is often its own programming language if you will with its own syntax.  You can spend as much or as little time as you want making as complicated as you want linker script.  But remember the linker scripts are not often portable from one toolchain to the next so if you end up changing toolchains for the same project your source code might port as is, but the linker script might be a complete rewrite.


winding resistance measurement - thing from literature that i dont understand

Question: There is a thing that i dont understand...
If i measure winding resistance of the transformer primary winding - will result depend if secondary is shorted or open?
If yes - why?
I also attach the sheet from a book.
Answer: If you measure the primary winding resistance using DC then no, the state of the secondary does not have an effect. If, on the other hand you measure using AC then certainly, the secondary plays a role and the impedance seen at the primary contains primary impedance and referred secondary impedance.
Comment: And the core losses (if those exist).
Comment: It is stated in the text excerpt in the question that all the losses are attributed to the ohmic resistance of the windings and that this is an approximation. I would hope that the text goes on to explain how the approximation can be improved.
Comment: @ercegovac no not really because the secondary is shorted in this sort of test conventionally hence the applied primary voltage is a small fraction of normal running voltages hence, core losses tend to be significantly small compared to copper losses and leakage inductance.
Answer: Your book figure shows AC applied with secondary shorted will be the total winding resistance. With secondary it will open will be primary only.
To measure resistance on AC only the  real component of current must be extracted, which is a small percentage of the reactive impedance. It is measured at some ~10%V such that current <=10% of rated current to prevent over heating often calibrated at 75'C or 85'C. Some rack mounted industrial instruments use a 10A constant current source for large XFMR's.
A DMM might use a 0.1mA or 1mA pulse integration method or a CC DC method which has error with Ic=LdI/dt until the core is saturated.  An RLC meter may use 60Hz , 1kHz, 100kHz , and maybe 1MHz constant current source (CC)to measure impedance and separate R,L(f),Q results.
If saturating a transformer say with a LiPo cell dI/dt=V/L and then it rises rapidly to saturation and when constant will give the DCR or DC winding resistance. However the core will have energy stored and ought to be demagnetized with half the saturation time in the opposite polarity assuming it was neutral to begin with. Otherwise a variac is used to swing slowly up to  max. and down to zero.
example of part 1 of DC method for primary or secondary only show I in Amps vs time in seconds for a large core with saturation beginning at 25s and ending at 50s.


Using Tortoise SVN to merge a contribution to an open source project on to the main branch

Question: What is the correct way to combine the files from two different SVN repositories?
I'm a SVN newbie.  I taught myself how to use Tortoise SVN so I could checkout open source projects.  I managed to checkout the main trunk of WEKA and it works fine.
There is a contribution of another set of algorithms.  This contribution has a different URL for the repository and the instructions state one should install it "over the top" of the main WEKA installation.  I can checkout the contribution by itself but if I try to checkout the contribution and put in the same directory (on my computer) as the main project, I get an error message from Tortoise SVN stating "this directory is in use for another URL".
All the instructions I read in the red-bean SVN manual about merging are talking about merging a branch of the trunk.  But even though the contribution has a similar file structure and the files from the contribution are meant to be placed in the same subfolders on my computer, it isn't really a branch from the trunk.
What is the correct way to combine the files?
I suppose I could zip the contribution files and then unzip then into the folder on my computer containing the trunk files but this doesn't seem like the right way to go about it.
Answer: One option is to svn export http:/path/to/repo/ to a local directory and copy the files and folders manually. A more elegant solution might apply a diff tool like kdiff3 for copying.
Answer: The svn2svn tool seems to do what you're looking for.


How to make two wheels turn only for a particular amount of time?

Question: I am trying to make a robot turn (dc motors are being used) back 180 degrees. So I used an l289n for it and made one wheel turn clockwise and vice-versa.
But as I wan't it to make only a 180 degrees turn, I wanted to set an amount of time for it to turn.  Is there any other way to do the same thing, if yes, please tell, if no, help me...
Comment: [delay()](https://www.arduino.cc/en/Reference/Delay)
Comment: @CharlieHanson how do you plan on using the delay function. It occurred to me once but it will just be like the wheels will turn for an undefined period of time and then there will be a delay.
Comment: *Really*? `turn motor 1 CW; turn motor 2 CCW; delay for some time; turn motor 1 off; turn motor 2 off.`
Comment: yea maybe thats a good idea....Thnx..
Answer: Use the delay() function.
Pseudo code as follows:
<code>1) Turn clockwise motor on;
2) Turn counterclockwise motor on;
3) delay(<time>);
4) Turn CW motor off;
5) Turn CCW motor off.
</code>
Comment: Thank you very much....I still can't believe that this simple logic didn't occur to me :P


Pillars of Eternity: Better to buy from Mac App Store or from Steam?

Question: I haven't played a video game on my computer in over a decade and I'm unfamiliar with modern technologies. If I want to buy Pillars of Eternity, am I better off getting it through the mac app store or through Steam?
Answer: Steam. With steam, you'll be able to play it on Windows too, should you ever have the need. The same can't be said for the MAS, which only offers the Mac version. It's a nice bit of future-proofing, incase you ever get a Windows PC in the future. To put it simply, you get more for your money.
Answer: Go with Steam.

Play on Windows if you want to.
Faster update.


Can I consider check from LLC company as a personal check?

Question: I have a friend wanting to send me $10K like as a gift. But he owns an LLC business so he said his LLC bank account and personal bank account is one. It's the same. My question is can I get it like a gift without any risk? Because of my visa, I can't get any money from another company.
Comment: Is this 'friend' somebody you have actually met, or someone who has contacted you on the web or by email? Be especially careful if your 'friend' asks you to send money to other people, especially by non-reversible means (gift cards, etc) as the cheque may be fake and the money you send will be yours which you will lose. Also you may find yourself in trouble for money laundering.
Comment: I find it very hard to believe that your friend only has a bank account in the name of his company, and not in his own name.
Comment: I want to buy a house so I need money, which is trusted by the bank, there are money i borrow from him, he can also send cash, i want money from bank. I am just confused about my visa situation and question from the IRS.
Answer: A business bank account and a personal bank account are very different.  The way you state it, I would not risk a visa violation.  He may use his business account as a personal but the IRS or ICE may look upon it very differently.
People do not normally give out 10K gifts which makes this even more suspicious.
Answer: I wouldn't do it. Even if it were 'ok', you're asking for a lot of trouble. If it's a true gift, then the friend can find a way to give it to you in a form that won't set you up for trouble.
Comment: I want to buy a house so I need money, which is trusted by the bank. I am just confused about my visa situation and question from the IRS.


How does Super Resolution work?

Question: Picking from this question I read the Wikipedia article but I can't understand why stacking copies of the same image over each other should enhance the image resolution?
Answer: The process is complicated but this should give an intuition into what's going on. Imagine you have a regular camera, but with motors to move the sensor half a pixel in any direction.
Instead of taking one image this camera takes four: one centred, one shifted half a pixel right, one shifted half a pixel down, and one shifted half a pixel right and half a pixel down.
We can then take the centred image, make it double the size, spacing out the pixels like so:
xxxx               x x x x
xxxx      ____\
xxxx          /    x x x x
xxxx
                   x x x x

                   x x x x

Then we can fill in the gaps, using the other shifted images, 1, 2, and 3:
x1x1x1x1
23232323
x1x1x1x1
23232323
x1x1x1x1
23232323
x1x1x1x1
23232323

Leaving us with a image of twice the resolution. Interestingly enough there are cameras than employ this technique - such as the Hasselblad H4D-200MS (sorry if you have to ask how much you can't afford one).
Superresolution with a standard camera is a bit more complex as when you have uncontrolled camera or subject motion you don't get anywhere near an exact half pixel shift, but unless you are extremely unlucky your shifted image will be some amount offset from the original. By combining enough images you will get a very irregularly sampled image (with pixel samples that don't fall onto a grid) but one which can be interpolated (by tracing lines between samples to guess a result that does fall on an exact gridline) into a regular image.
Comment: It's important to remember that the movement doesn't have to happen inside the camera, it can be done by moving the camera itself. That's why super resolution works very well with video, since the camera almost always will have tiny movements between frames.
Comment: @AkramMellice - stacking of the same doesn't do this. Software can be used to examine and potentially "fill in" the info based on other information in the image, but it would be less than perfect... At any rate, it would be incredibly awesome if Pentax added this feature, something entirely possible given their anti-shake is on sensor and it's a variation on how they do the astrotrace with the GPS unit.
Comment: This drizzle or dithering is used extensively with digital astrophotography.  Many individual images are stacked to help reduce the noise inherent in the image while at the same time there is the opportunity to recover significant detail and resolution.
Comment: and how stacking multiple copies of the same photo can achieve that? I'm confused because after stacking you'll have to align and this will cancel the shift between pixels which looks like the core idea behind super resolution
Answer: Consider that the sensor is not a perfect capture device. Each pixel will be recorded with some amount of error. For example, if the most accurate value of a pixel is N, the sensor will record a value that is in a range N-E to N+E for a given E. For a good sensor E is small, a bad sensor will have a larger E.
Also note that on each exposure a given pixel will have a different error, the cells in the sensor have no memory, so a pixel that came out low one time may come out high in the next one.
When you take several exposures of the same subject and average them together you are effectively reducing E. For our example pixel above, you will be averaging a bunch of different values that are all around an unknown N, so the average will bring you closer to that ideal N.
Comment: It's not just reducing error - in fact in this case it's not MAINLY reducing error - it's getting MORE information by capturing the nominally the same data repeatedly and looking for extra information that is present with a resolution finer than the sensor pitch. Addidng some mechanicl dither to the sensor between shots and then realihning them would aid this. // The A77 Sony DSLR and some other Sony's has a multi shot low noise aggregating mode that is NOT just an averaging program. You can move the camera substantially as it takes 6 frames and still get an improved image.
Comment: This explains how image stacking for noise reduction works. Whilst excessive noise can prevent you from resolving details, superresolution is different as it requires at least some camera movement to increase resolution.
Comment: As it has already been pointed out, what you're describing is not super resolution, but image stacking. This does not increase the resolution, but reduces the noise.
Comment: While the title of the question mentions super-resolution, the question in the body asks about 'stacking copies of the same image'. What I explained is, in fact, one of many ways to increase the resolution of your pictures, and it can be done with any camera.
Answer: The following is as I understand things. People should  feel free to point out any misconceptions so that we are all edified, but hopefully will actually point out any they spot and not just mumble in their beer. (or beards or ...).
Put simply and simplistsically, there is slightly different information in the different photos and various methods are used to detect and extract this extra information and combine it in a consistent additive manner.
It's worth noting that the system is not guaranteed to work in all cases.
 The [Wikipedia Super-Resolution page] notes:

In the most common SR algorithms, the information that was gained in the SR image was embedded in the LR images in the form of aliasing.
This requires that the capturing sensor in the system is weak enough that aliasing is actually happening. A diffraction-limited system contains no aliasing, nor does a system where the total system Modulation Transfer Function is filtering out high-frequency content.

Aliasing is the ability of the system to properly present data of the frequencies concerned. See "explanation" as end.
If I understand them correctly (and I may or may not) their phrase"is weak enough" means that their is extra information that the sensor cannot itself resolve that is usually considered bad so it is normally suppressed where possible VBUT that this "aliased" extra information is needed by the SR system. The Nikon D800r has no antialisasing optical filter on the sensor whereas the std D800 and almost all other DSLRs do have such a filter.
MTF is effectively the ability of the lens to produce contrast OR to produce "sharpness" (the two being tightly interrelated. MTF is usally best near the lens middle and, with a rectangular image, falls off towards edges and usually more so in image corners. They are saying that the ability of the system to produce a super resolution image depends on its ability to render contrast and sharpness - ie on its quality. ie the lens needs to be at least about as good as the lens which would oroduce the super rsolutionj iomage directyly if sensor and process capabilities were improved.

Aliasing is what happens when an information stream is sampled so slowly that some of the high frequency information changes more rapidl;y than the sampling rate and "wraps around" and appears as if it is really a lower frequency component. In a limiting system the sampling rate needs to be at least double the highest information rate present but in practice somewhat higher rates than this are required.
Simple example:

Consider the sequence 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 ...
Clearly there is a pattern which repeats every 12 units.
It's a triangle ave which increases for 6 cycles and decreases for another 6 cycles and then repeats, with period = 12 units.
Now sample the sequence every 11th time only. We get
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 5 4 3 2 1
This is exactly the same pattern BUT it changes 11 times more slowly - a triangle wave with period 11 x 12 = 132 units.
Sample the same sequence every 8th time and you get 0 4 4 0 4 4 0 4 4
ie it looks like a 1:2 square wave with period = 24 units.
Any sampling period greater than 6 units of time = half a cycle will result in such aliasing errors.

How does Super Resolution work?


Mojave 10.14.4 broke something in file system

Question: After updating Mojave to 10.14.4 two days ago I've got some weird bugs with working with files. Finder doesn't see pictures created by Photoshop. Webpack-dev-server doesn't see changes in files. What happened? How to roll back to version 10.14.3?
Comment: Upgrades often show that a database or data set were corrupt since it tries to upgrade them or just that it writes a bunch of new files. Rolling back might even make things worse. Want to attack how to troubleshoot this in general and not mix up a roll back? (Since there isn't a roll back - you would wipe and reinstall)
Answer: The first thing I try when this kind of thing happens is to re-boot into Safe mode, then re-boot normally.
I find these aberrations don't last, especially after performing the above.  Sometimes you can re-install the update to cure it.


Can I search for more than just the top 1000 results using Google's Patent Search Engine?

Question: on Google's support page for patent searches (see here: https://support.google.com/faqs/answer/7049588?hl=en) it says that: "You can download up to the top 1000 results by clicking "Download (CSV)". This may take a few seconds to generate. Fewer than 1000 results may be returned." I want to see more than 1,000 of the results. Is there anyway to do that -- perhaps using a different search engine?
Answer: I would recommend The Lens. It allows download of either 1000 or 10,000 patents via their "Collections" feature. A found a blog post that goes through it step-by-step. They have two alternate formats to .csv.
Comment: The Lens also finds more relevant patents than Google Patents based on my experience. You inadvertently spelled "csv" as "cvs".
Comment: thanks for spotting yet another of my typos.


Why can't I change the permissions of files I have access to?

Question: I'm logged into a server as user "ubuntu" and I've got files that look like this:
-rw-rw-r-- 1 www-data www-data 33150 2012-06-04 22:17 file-a.png
-rw-rw-r-- 1 www-data www-data 36371 2012-06-04 22:15 file-b.png
-rw-rw-r-- 1 www-data www-data 41439 2012-06-04 22:16 file-c.png

The ubuntu user is a member of the group www-data:
groups ubuntu

produces
ubuntu : ubuntu www-data

So shouldn't I be able to change other permissions since I have access to the file? I'm not an expert on the user/group stuff. So this is just perplexing me.
I'm trying to run:
chmod o-r *
I realize I can do it with sudo, easily, but I'm trying to understand why I can't modify the files without sudo.
Comment: I haven't tried this but I'm pretty sure only the owner or root can change the permissions, even though the group can write to them. (Posted as a comment because I'm not 100% certain)
Answer: Only the owner of a file may change its permissions.
As jackweirdy commented, only the owner of a file (or root) can change the file's permissions. Being a member of a group that has some kind of access to the file does not impart the ability to change the file's permissions.
The idea is that a file is owned by a user (whether that user represents a real person, or not), and that user is the one who decides who gets access to the file. Permissions for access by users (who are not the owner) in the group-owner of the file are controlled by the user who owns the file. If anyone in the file's group-owner could change the file's permissions, this security model would be broken.
For example, consider these permissions, as in your specific situation:
-rw-rw-r--

The owner can read and write the file but cannot execute it. The users in the group-owner besides the owner of the file can also read and write the file but not execute it. Others may only read the file.
Suppose www-data (or someone with the ability to run commands as www-data or as root) set those permissions with the intention of keeping other users in the group-owner from executing the file. If other users in the group-owner could change the permissions, they could run:
chmod g+x file-a.png

And then they would gain the ability to execute the file. Such an ability would render group permissions worthless.
In contrast, the reason for user permissions, even though the user owns the file, isn't to restrict the owner from doing anything with the file, but is rather to protect the user from doing things with the file they don't want to do. For example, files that aren't programs, or that might be programs but have just been obtained from an untrusted source like the Internet, tend to have the execute bit set to 0 even for the owner, for their own benefit. In this case, it's helpful and necessary for the owner to be able to change this.
A separate problem with allowing members of the group-owner (who aren't the owner) from changing permissions is that this is a separate ability not accounted for by r, w, or x. Even if the group had read, write, and execute permissions wouldn't necessarily mean that they should be able to change the permissions. (For example, suppose you have a file where the owner is not a member of the group-owner. If members of the group-owner could change the permissions, they could deprive the owner of permissions. The owner could change this back...but this would still break any automated tasks the user had scheduled that use the file.)
Allowing People to Become The Owner
When a file is owned by a user like www-data who doesn't represent any actual person, you might want to allow some people to perform actions as that user. sudo doesn't just facilitate allowing select users to run commands as root. It also facilitates allowing select users to run command as other specified users. You could set things up so that everyone in the www-data group has the ability to run commands as the www-data user, including changing permissions on files owned by www-data. (Make sure you understand the implications of this, though. Depending on how your system is configured, users in www-data may be able to schedule tasks to run as www-data, and will be able to do anything at all to any file owned by www-data and to any process run as www-data.)
See man sudoers for information about how to set this up. If you decide you want to do this and you have trouble, you could post a separate question about it.
Allowing Non-Owners to Change the File's Permissions?
I think it may be possible to allow some users who don't own a file to change some or all of the file's permissions, using Access Control Lists. I've hardly used ACLs on Ubuntu though. If you're interested in accomplishing this, you might want to post another question asking if it's possible and, if so, how to do it.
Comment: should those commands be put like `` rather than what you have put. see [this](http://meta.askubuntu.com/questions/3328/why-are-people-using-quotes-instead-of-code)
Comment: @Ashu I have used the correct formatting. Putting text between tickmarks or after four spaces or using `<code>` tags (without or without ``) all puts them in code highlighting, which is what that post says we should do. Quotes, on the other hand (for example, by putting a `>` character at the beginning of the line), should not generally be used for code. I have not used quotes. What made you think I did?
Comment: i thought all commands just have to be put within ticks **only**. thanks for the info
Answer: Basically, your permissions are allowing the www-data user, or any user within the www-data group Read and Write access only. Only the owner may change the group permissions of a file or directory, and to one of which the user is apart of.
In your situation, Ubuntu cannot change the permissions because Ubuntu doesn't own those files, and has no right to do so, only www-data or root may otherwise change this.