Adding a word accidentally to another, changing its meaning

Question: A colleague accidentally keeps adding the word case after referring to a project called basket, thus referring to it as "basket case". Embarassing. But what is this linguistic phenomenon called, i.e. accidentally adding a word which changes the meaning so that the connotation becomes negative?
Comment: How can you tell the addition is accidental?
Comment: @jwpat7 agreed. You can never discount bullheaded sarcasm :-)
Comment: I left an approximate answer, but I'm not sure there is a term as specific as you're asking for.
Answer: Malapropism
Though usually used to describe saying an incorrect word that sounds like the word you want, it applies to any sort of 'accidental misues of a word'.
Comment: Malapropism is to "include any actual word that is wrongly or accidentally used in place of a similar sounding, 'correct' word"  IOW, the 'malapropos' is the use of a replacement, and not an addition; there is nothing replaced with a compound word
Answer: I'd think your colleague is either committing a "Freudian slip" by sub-consciously equating the "basket" project with "basket case", which means someone who's mentally ill, or it's a simple "slip of the tongue".

Freudian slip: A Freudian slip is a verbal or memory mistake that
  is believed to be linked to the unconscious mind. Common examples
  include an individual calling his or her spouse by an ex's name,
  saying the wrong word or even misinterpreting a written or spoken
  word. (from Psychology.About.com)
Slip of the tongue: n 1. an unintentional utterance; a mistake in
  speaking (from FreeDictionary.com)
Comment: @EdwinAshworth, wouldn't have known what? ;-)
Comment: Sorry, editing. I'll post the whole: The rest of us wouldn't have known if you'd just ignored him/her. However, prompted to really examine your answer, I see it hardly focuses on OP's 'accidentally adding a word **which changes the meaning so that the connotation becomes negative**' , being far too general. I doubt there is an answer here. Your terms are not incorrect, merely too broad. PS Am I allowed to give a reason without a downvote?
Answer: You can find a taxonomy of speech errors (or "slips of the tongue") in Gary Dell's seminal paper, A Spreading-Activation Theory of Retrieval in Sentence Production on page 285 (page 3 of the linked PDF).  The terms used are unsurprising and in many cases can be understood without explanation.
In this case, the speech error in question is a word addition.  Word additions, like most speech errors, do not occur completely at random.  Rather, a number of biases can be seen and patterns in errors can be identified.  Since you've provided no context, the only relevant bias that I can identify is collocational: since basket case is a collocation, if an addition is going to occur after basket, then case has a decent chance of popping up.
Your question asks in particular how to describe a word addition that "accidentally ... changes the meaning so that the connotation becomes negative".  That I don't have a word for, but if pressed, I might call it unfortunate.
Comment: Great reference, although the link is now dead.  I came here while pondering whether to ask another question along these lines - I frequently see internet forum posts where negations have been inserted or removed, utterly changing the meaning of a post and making it an interesting proposition to follow the discussion (frequently denials come out as assertions, and vice versa, but the meaning may still be successfully inferred by context and auxiliary statements of fact).  The idea has echoes of Trump saying "I don't see why they would" and then claiming he meant "wouldn't".
Answer: Concatenation
Typically in computer programming this means adding a string of characters to another string. I.E. Adding a word to an already existing word. For example: "basket " + "case" = "basket case". Though concatenation does not explicitly mean to "change meaning", that is most often what it implies.
Comment: This question is specifically asking for **linguistic** terminology, not computer terminology. Concatenation is actually sometimes used in linguistics, but not for this situation.
Answer: Confusables: words that mean one thing when written as a single word and something a bit different when written as two words.


Animation in UWP

Question: I am trying to make a TextBlock Fade In and Fade Out in a UWP automatically. I tried searching for the same but didn't found any samples or a proper documentation for the same. Is is possible to add animation, if yes please help me with a sample.
Answer: For a ready-made solution, I think you can use the Fade animation extension
of Microsoft.Toolkit.Uwp.UI.Animations
If yor wish a preview , install the Windows Community Toolkit Sample App . This app will also show you how to use a lot of cool extensions out of the box so that you don't have to create yourself.

Animation in UWP


Pokemon Go google Id account

Question: I recently just tried getting back into Pokemon go, but my account was having trouble loading back in. Soon as I re downloaded the app to try to make it work, the login with google button was gone. I'm 17 but it doesn't show up anymore. I have an iphone but why does it not show up?? Answers please
Answer: You probably set an incorrect birthday when starting the app for the first time. If the app thinks you're too young to have a google account the option will disappear.
On iOS there's no function to easily clear the cache like on Android, though. You'll either need a cleaner app or reinstall Pokèmon Go.

Pokemon Go google Id account


To test or not to test something before release to a production?

Question: Is it ever OK not to test something before release to a production? What a scenario can be, when testing could not be necessarily before releasing the code?
Answer: Yes, there are situations where you can release to production without testing.
Lows Risks:

Production systems with users that can miss the systems for a couple of days, might want to recieve features without testing.
Small code changes estimated to be very low risk

Money risks:

Contract deadlines which could kill your company

Environment:

Having no manual testing environment, leading to we test in production situations. Personnaly I do not like testing environments, I would rather test safely in production with feature toggles, but you need 100% test automation, which does not cover the broad term testing.

A/B testing:

Some companies have a continuous deployment pipeline which deploys new features first to a small set of users and then montiors behaviour and does automated rollbacks if needed.

Feature Toggles:

Feature toggles hide un-tested functional features from most users, so key stakeholders can play with the features, eg test it :)

Define testing:

Skipping functional testing: Deploy new features which have good unit-test coverage, which had a code-review to production, it works, but could have functional issues. So you could skip functional testing.
Skip load testing: We will tackle load issues as they arrise mindsets.
Skip automated testing: ...
Answer:
Is it ever OK not to test something before release to a production?

It's totally OK to not test something. As most of the times it's not possible to test everything or to execute all the tests in a given time.
So, One of the major tasks of a Test Manager is to prioritize which tests need to be run before release.

What a scenario can be, when testing could not be necessarily before releasing the code?

You can use Risk analysis to find such scenarios. This requires judgemental skills, product knowledge and experience. You can list out scenarios on the basis below:

Which are the most important functionality in your product?
Which parts of the code are most complex, and thus most subject to errors?
Which parts of the application were developed in rush or panic mode?
Which functionality is most visible to the user?
What were the problems caused in earlier such releases?
What do the developers think are the highest-risk aspects of the application?
What kinds of tests could easily cover multiple functionalities?
Which tests will have the best high-risk-coverage to time-required ratio?
Answer: James Bach says

"Testing is the process of evaluating a product by learning about it
  through exploration and experimentation, which includes to some
  degree: questioning, study, modeling, observation, inference, etc."

Some sort of exploration and experimentation can only be done (properly) in production.
I see basically two reasons that would demand test in production:
1 - You need real user activities: A/B testing, monitoring and logging, etc.
2 - You need production environment, which is very rarely can be reproduced: Chaos Engineering, performance testing, configuration testing etc.

Of course, you usually can perform partial experiments to have a first impression in a more controlled environment - particular for the cases pointed at (2), but while you haven't investigated the behavior in production, you can only suppose how the final user will experience the product.
You can read more details about Testing in Production here.
Another aspect that can guide towards testing in production is the evaluation that the impact of any possible error is bearable by your business. Very rare, but it can happen and it would not make sense to waste money on pre-production testing.
Comment: @VishalAggarwal Carefully read the answer, I think "Some sort of exploration and experimentation can only be done (properly) in production." covers the OPs question. There rest is context and examples of post production testing options.
Answer: In my experience whether or not to test something before release to production is determined by your employer. At my current employer, if something goes into production and isn't right then QA is asked first, did they test it? If they answer yes they're asked, how did it get approved? If they answer no they're asked why not? Also, my employers have let only the most insignificant things go into production without passing through QA. Even spelling corrections get QA's approval before being promoted to production.
Comment: What if it could kill people? Don't you think developers and testers have responsibilities?


Setting up an API "listening" page

Question: I need to create a PHP script that will receive data from another application via an HTTP post, process that data, and update the WordPress database. This script will run silently (i.e., no HTTP output). What is the best way to set up such a page? I thought about creating a custom template file with the PHP script and assigning that template to a blank WordPress page, but is there a better method I should use?
Answer: I would use the Rewrite API and the template_redirect action to respond to API requests.
As an example, if I wanted to respond to requests directed to the url: example.com/example-path/ with logic in my theme or plugin's endpoint.php file I would create a rewrite rule and template redirect hook like so:
add_action( 'init', 'example_rewrite_rules' );
add_action( 'template_redirect', 'example_template_route' );

/**
 * Add rewrite rules for Example endpoint.
 */
function example_rewrite_rules()
{
    add_rewrite_rule(
        'example-path/?$',
        'index.php',
        'top'
   );
}

function example_template_route( $default_template ) {
    global $wp, $wp_rewrite;

    if ( $wp->matched_rule == 'example-path/?$' ) {
        // call function or include template view here.
        include dirname( __FILE__ ) . '/endpoint.php';
        exit();
    }
}

Depending on the data being posted from your API you may also want to add a rewrite_tag to be able to access query strings passed to your example-path route.
Comment: I don't think there's any reason to not hook earlier, like `parse_request` since you're just exiting after including a file. Any later and the main query will run, which is probably a pointless use of resources in this case.
Answer: Seems like you're asking for a couple of things. I'll try my best to help.

I need to create a PHP script that will receive data from another application via an HTTP post, process that data, and update the WordPress database

You'll need a .htaccess rule to direct all requests for a particular url pattern to a certain script. What would make sense to me is matching api/version_number/api_resource to a particular php script.
Example: Use .htaccess to map api/v1/user requests to wp-content\themes\your_theme\api\v1\user.php. Now your user can do www.philosophyguy.com/api/v1/user?id=1337&action=upvote and your script will upvote user #1337. You can set it up to collect POST requests instead of GET. Or both, if you like. It all depends on your user.php file.
Here's a snippet from a recent project that pretty much does the same thing.

<?php
if( !$_POST || !$_POST['t'] ){ die("FORGOT TO SEND A TRANSACTION, DID YOU?"); }

require_once('utils.php');

// required variables
    $connection = db_server_connect();
    $transaction_id = get_hashsum($_POST['t']);
    $transaction = json_decode($_POST['t']);

// get DB
    mysql_select_db(DB_NAME, $connection);

// filter
    if(get_transaction($transaction_id)){ die("TRANSACTION ALREADY PROCESSED"); }

This script will run silently (i.e., no HTTP output)

What you want is to return HTTP Status Code 204. It lets the browser know everything went well, but don't expect any content back with this reply. Here's an example of how I did mine:

<?php
// No Content Header
    header('HTTP/1.0 204 No Response', true, 204);

// Don't Cache Server-Check
    header( 'Cache-Control: no-store, no-cache, must-revalidate' );
    header( 'Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *' );
    header( 'Pragma: no-cache' );

?>

Now there's no need to create a custom Wordpress template to handle this operation. It's all being managed separately outside of the Wordpress environment. To do the necessary save and update Wordpress stuff, there's a few guides on how to load up the Wordpress environment externally. I think this one will help tons.
Comment: Thanks for the details about sending the headers. I would have overlooked that otherwise.

Setting up an API "listening" page


How can I track assets in Bitcoin?

Question: I heard that in the future Bitcoin has the ability to track physical assets.
Can someone explain how this would be done? (generally speaking)
Answer: Any assets can be represented on the blockchain using marked or colored coins. Therefore it's also possible to transfer the ownership of any asset using colored coins. Since the blockchain is public, assets being represented on the blockchain can also be tracked.
Colored or marked coins are basically bitcoins representing -other than their face value- ownership or access right to some other asset assigned to them by the original owner.
Very simple example: I'm a gold merchant and I'm announcing that I just transferred 0.0001 btc from my address A to address B and that transfer also represents 1kg of gold at my merchant store. Whoever B sends that 0.0001 btc to can transfer it back to me and claim ownership of 1kg of gold.
Now everyone can trade that 1kg of gold using the blockchain. I can track which address owns it. The owner can trade it with other assets as well.
It actually does not need to be the same amount. It works using inputs and outpus of bitcoin transactions.
It's pretty cool stuff but the Bitcoin protocol might not be able to carry the extra load this type of transactions can bring.
Here is a paper discussing the idea: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1AnkP_cVZTCMLIzw4DvsW6M8Q2JC0lIzrTLuoWu2z1BE/edit#

How can I track assets in Bitcoin?


UML dependency in a UML deployment diagram with two arrow heads

Question: Can I draw mutual dependencies between two artifacts in a deployment diagram as a dashed line with two arrow heads? Or is this a no-go in UML?
Answer: The answer to your question depends on what you use the UML diagram for. A dashed line with two arrow heads is not formally specified by the UML specification.
There are two main uses for UML:

As a communication tool between people. People are generally good at inferring the meaning of a variation of a known pattern, which means that you don't have to follow the UML specification strictly as long as the drawing clearly communicates what you intend.
As a visual specification to generate code from. In this case, part of the audience to the UML diagrams is a computer program. Computer programs are not good at inferring meaning. If you use UML in this way, you must follow the specification very strictly if you want your diagrams to be correctly understood by the computer tooling. You may even have to restrict yourself to a subset of UML.
Answer: (It is rather a no-go in architecture than in UML.) Formally it should be two cyclic lines with arrow, which more clearly exposes the cyclic dependencies.
But for documenting things the act of abbreviating, blending out details, to provide a digestible overview is important. Nicest maybe would be <===> to show that there are two directions. Otherwise one has to pay careful attention - for an unexpected arrow usage.
In conclusion: better refrain from <--->.
Answer: A generalized dependency in UML is drawn with a dashed line; the direction of the dependency is indicated with an arrow. The current UML specification doesn't define a bidirectional dependency, but even so, (1) people do need to, and do depict this sometimes, and (2) there's no UML police out there that will hunt you down for using UML in the wrong way. If you need to make an adjustment to communicate an idea more clearly, and it's not so wildly contrary to the established standards as to introduce confusion, just go for it.
P.S. Most dependencies between software components (and people surrounding them) are in some way bidirectional, but in UML and other design diagrams we simplify this to simple directed relationships by focusing on a subset of the dependencies that can be expressed in code, or is otherwise conceptually useful. So these diagrams are an idealization, which works well most of the time. But sometimes there's a need to go beyond that model and take other things that influence code into account (e.g. two microservices can be codependent due to interaction between the teams that own them, and this can reflect in code, and affect design decisions - even though conceptually only one depends on the other).


What are the limits on myopia for a pre-eye refraction surgery for a class 1 medical certificate?

Question: Are there any limitations for myopia (-number) for a pre-eye refraction surgery for a class 1 medical certificate? I live in India & I have -6.5 & -7.5 in the left & right eye respectively.
Answer: It looks like there are no limits for your pre-surgery eyesight:

Flight crew having undergone refractive surgery will be considered for
  medical fitness for flying on a case-to-case basis. Such cases will be
  examined only after a minimum period of six months after the
  procedure. Medical fitness for initial issue of licence may also be
  considered for such cases, if the visual requirements for the license
  category are met with normal corneal topography, no post surgical
  complications like corneal opacity interfering with vision and
  unstable refraction.

That makes sense: LASIK physically changes your eyes, so whatever your values were before the surgery are completely irrelevant after it. The general class I eyesight requirements in India are taken from ICAO Annex 1, which isn't freely available online. However, ICAO's Manual of Civil Aviation Medicine says:

Distant visual acuity with or without correction shall be 6/9 or
  better in each eye separately, and binocular visual acuity shall be
  6/6 or better. No limits apply to uncorrected visual acuity.


Why are outside parries not used in rapier fencing?

Question: In sport fencing, two of the most common parries are parry four, a middle line parry to the inside, and parry six, a middle line parry to the outside. Last night, I went to a rapier class and the only parry that was taught before we also learned to use the dagger was a parry four analog. During drills, I also reflexively used parry six, and was told not to do that. What is the reasoning behind not using an outside parry?
Comment: Is this SCA-style light fencing? Another HEMA style?
Answer: I'm afraid that you'd have to ask the people at the rapier class you attended, because not all HEMA practioners outlaw a Sixte. It is possible that they don't actually have anything against a Sixte, but you were practicing a Quarte, so they were simply chiding you to follow the drill.
Comment: When I'm in a teaching or senior role I often say "that is an effective/useful/whatever technique or move, but NOT what we are studying now". Or "yeah, that works but it's not what we are practicing".


Is there a Mcu/ DSP IC which can help me convert wav to MP3 (44.1 Khz sampling) in real time and store it into an embedded SD card?

Question: I have built a Bluetooth speaker using an ESP32. It can stream BLE audio and play MP3/WAV from an embedded SD card. I want to record 44.1Khz res audio from it but unfortunately the ESP32 is not powerful enough to convert WAV to MP3 in real time. I am looking for an additional component (MCu/DSP IC) which can convert wav from ESP32 to MP3 in real time.It should be able to record 5 mins max and store them as MP3 on an embedded SD card. I am not very experienced with DSP so kindly help me out.
Answer: yeah, any 32 bit microcontroller that you can buy these days should be able to do that, given enough RAM.
The more capable ESP32 should be more than capable enough: They're dual-core machines that benchmark in the millions of integer operations per second, and that's way more than you need.
So, this mainly boils down to the question on what you did to determine that your MCU wasn't powerful enough – maybe you just need to use a better encoder. But maybe the problem is really that the processing gets interrupted to handle bluetooth every couple of microseconds. I don't know which is the case – but unless you have actually profiled that, I wouldn't believe your chip is too slow, especially since there are actually (at least) two cores, one being a specific Bluetooth protocol handler, inside that family of chips.
Anyways, if it is too slow, then you'd want to connect an external second microcontroller and send the uncompressed data to, using a wide-as-possible data bus and DMA. Sadly, I think the only external communication interface with DMA that comes into question and that any ESP32 supports ("ESP32" is a whole group of pretty different processors!) is SPI, so this might be very hard.
Also, a friendly reminder: MP3 is technologically 33 years old. There's better codecs, and they aren't necessarily much harder to compute. And whatever you read that card with will support other things than MP3 (like AAC-LC in mp4, whose patents also already lapsed), as well. For example, if you choose to use an STM32 with a cortex-M4F (or bigger) as secondary processor for encoding purposes, st has a proven OPUS encoder, and OPUS is an IETF (i.e., the internet engineers) standard. The reference OPUS encoder can be compiled on basically anything, including the Xtensa or RISC-V architecture that your ESP32 is using; I don't think it relies on any libc functionality, and it has an "integer math only" mode, if you choose a microcontroller without a capable FPU (why would you?).
Comment: Thank you for the answer. I looked at the Lyra T mini audio development board by espressif. They use a ESP32 wrover which comes with 8 MB PSRAM. Also I would be using a 24 bit codec for microphone and wav to mp3 conversion.


Can somebody walk me through how to research these Identify these story-ID questions?

Question: Is there any way to research and identify story-identification questions?
We have 2303 unanswered ID questions and while I wouldn't mind putting in the research effort, I have no idea where to start short of reading every single short-story anthology ever published. So, does anybody have any ideas on a research methodology that they can share with the rest of us?
I'm sure I'm not the only one that would like to cut down the number of unanswered questions we have on the site.
Answer: I don't use any particular method.  Story ID questions are basically an exercise in unconscious pattern matching and getting the question in front of enough eyeballs that someone recognizes the story.  If online searches alone could find the story, the person would probably have already found their answer, so I don't try to do their Googling for them.  If I can't identify the story within one minute of racking my brain, I'm never going to identify it.
Answer: A number of methods:

Google Books- you can specify genre, tag-words.
Google operands.
  +wantthisterm -donotwantthis
  +"this wording with spaces"
  site:lookhere.com -site:dontlookhere.com

There are a tonne, do some research.
key-terms- 'episode-list', 'anthology'
Don't just accept what's asked- use the comment-system to get more details.
Don't assume language or country of origin.

Ultimately, short-stories from anthologies are hard to dig-out
   unless the asker knows very, very specific details.  There's no
   comprehensive (free) search-tool for this.
Comment: Another handy google operator: [AROUND()](http://googlesystem.blogspot.com/2010/12/googles-around-operator.html).
Answer: It's difficult. Unless you happen to recall the same details about the story, most identification questions require a lot of experience.
First, you can try googling. Do a web search, or (for written works) a search on rec.arts.sf.written (if you know of a good search engine for that, tell me — Google Groups search has been painfully unhelpful for several years). Sometimes the asker didn't google enough. Not all askers have searched as much as they should have. Also, knowing to weed other candidates can help. Even remembering some other story can help!
If the author remembers at least part of the name, search on ISFDB.
The type of plot or some other characteristic might remind you of a particular author even if you haven't read that particular story. It's a lot easier to search or research an identification question if you know the author. Even a wrong guess can help the search if someone else has made that wrong guess before.
If you can't solve it yourself, advertise. Ask your friends. Retweet it. Ask on rasfw.
Answer: In addition to what's been said above, lead by example. If you find something by searching the internet, please include the successful query, as well as a quick commentary if the thought process behind it isn't obvious to grasp.
This serves two purposes:

first, and speaking of experience, it may greatly help people wanting to hone their skills in story-id searching, by providing instances of what works and how one can think of better synonyms/wildcard use/learn about dedicated sites, etc;
second, if the winning word set worked for you, it might also help future people Googling a similar set in their search, as these very words will be included in your answer and therefore indexed by search engines.

I think it's best to include them in the answer and not in the comments, both because answers are searchable with SE search, while comments aren't; and comments might be buried below other comments.

Nothing too fancy, one to three lines will do:

I found it by Googling book clan animals wolf, Chronicles of Ancient Darkness was the second result

book blind girl glasses internet mind -doerr did the trick, I used -doerr to exclude All the light we cannot see, which came up often but isn't sci-fi

or you found a story-id thread on another site (link to it!) and it was in the suggestions, etc, etc.
Comment: See also [this question](https://scifi.meta.stackexchange.com/q/11353/98028) and its answers on the benefits of listing your search terms.


What is the difference between Leloir and Non-Leloir glucosyl transferases?

Question: The following questions were on the slides for my biotech course and I haven't been able to find any information on what the answer is.
What is the difference between Leloir and Non-Leloir glucosyl transferases?
Answer: LeLoir glucosyltransferases use uridine-diphosphate (UDP) 'activated' sugars as substrate, for example UDP-glucose, where 'LeLoir' refers to the LeLoir pathway, the metabolic pathway that inter-converts glucose and galactose (or, more strictly, the inter-conversion of UDP-glucose and UDP-galactose)
Non-LeLoir glucosyltranserases use sucrose as substrate and do not require the sugar to be be conjugated to UDP (or to be 'activated' in any way), and as such are very useful in the biotechnology industry.
See
A new pathway for the synthesis of oligosaccharides by the use of non-Leloir glycosyltransferases)

LeLoir was an eminent Argentinian biochemist.
For the enzymes of the LeLoir pathway,
The Leloir pathway: a mechanistic imperative for three enzymes to change the stereochemical configuration of a single carbon in galactose
by Perry A Frey is IMO definitive (and the pdf is freely available).
(Glucose and galactose are epimers: they differ only by the configuratation at C4. A key enzyme of the LeLoir pathway is UDP-glucose 4-epimerase, which contains a tightly bound NAD(+) and epimerization proceeds by oxidation/reduction (strictly, hydride abstraction/addition) at C-4, where the tightly bound NAD(+) is transiently reduced during catalysis: ie, NAD acts a (transient) hydride 'repository'! To the best of my knowledge, no enzyme has ever been found that directly catalyses the epimerization of glucose to galactose (although there appears to be no thermodynamic reason why this is not possible): the sugar must be conjugated to UDP in order to be a substrate for UDP-glucose 4-epimerase)


Google search still shows obsolete webpage

Question: There's a webpage that was just updated a week ago. But now I can still google what was present in that webpage before it was updated, and Google says that result/webpage was from 2 months ago. I wonder why?
Answer: Google (and, honestly, all search engines) does not instantly index every single web page in its database. Using whatever their proprietary analysis determines, they'll eventually get around to re-indexing the page. For pages that Google knows are updated frequently, it will check more frequently. For others, not so much.
There used to be a tool you could use to alert Google to an URL that had changed, but they've admitted that they don't pay much attention to it, if it's even still up. (There is, however, such a tool available in their Webmaster Tools that they do pay attention to.)
Since the page is in Google's index, they will eventually get around to re-indexing it.
Comment: Thanks so much. How do I use Webmaster Tools to alert them?
Comment: Sign up for an account. One of the options in there is something like "re-index URL" or somesuch. (I haven't used them for a while, and I know they've gone through a couple of redesigns since then.)


Salesforce Marketing Cloud JB Split based on date - specific time

Question: I have a salesforce campaign entry event. I want to build a journey builder split based on a date/time field. However, it seems that the Journey Builder split activity based on date only recognizes the date, and not necessarily the time, even if the time is populated. Is there a workaround for this that I'm unaware of? Right now my best workaround is to create multiple journeys with filtered data extensions based off the sync'd Salesforce object.
Answer: the below example from salesforcefan.com to send out email hourly by leveraging on wait by attribute activity could be the alternative solution to your question.
[https://www.salesforcefan.com/post/dynamic-salesforce-marketing-cloud-email-send-based-upon-country][1]


Copy C files to include

Question: I have a set of C files that I would like to use. Can I just copy them to my include directory, or do I have to compile them. I would think they would be compiled in the final binary.
Answer: You need to compile those C files if you want to use them.
To make use of what's in those C files, you'll nead a header file that declares what's inside them.
Those header files is what you'd put in your include folder, and you'll compile the C files together with your other C files. (Or you could make a library out of those C files)
Answer: Yes, they need to be compiled so that they are available at the linking step.  C is not an interpreted language, so having the sources present in an include directory would do nothing for execution.
Answer: You can keep the source files at the same location. The include files will be in the include directory. You can use the compilation option <code>-I./<include-file-directory></code> to specify from where to fetch the include files.
The final binary will be compiled version of all your source files which you give to the compiler. You have to explicitly specify every file to be compiled along the with final executable name.
In case you dont do so a default executable is created with the name a.out(i am assuming the platform to be linux and compiler to be gcc) in the directory where you compile.
Check the link for more details on compilation using Makefile.

Copy C files to include


Shouldn't Unity's dash's "find files" find files that I haven't used yet?

Question: Searching for files in Dash brings up all the files I have used but none of those I haven't used yet. Shouldn't it show all files with the title I search for instead of just the ones I have already used?
Answer: The Files dash of Unity shows up the most recently used files as well as the favourite folders on the home page. This behavior is by design.
If you right-click the Files dash icon in the launcher, then you can select a particular type of file (such as Documents, Images, Presentations, etc) and the Dash will show up all of the recently used files of that type in your home folder.
There is a found lens that do deeper searches.

Here is the bug report.
Comment: Looks like the relevant bug is: "[not all files show up in files-place](https://bugs.launchpad.net/unity/+bug/646724)"
Comment: So there is no way to include actual searches using, for example, tracker?
Comment: Nope, that isn't supported (yet). AFAIK no one raised it in the Ayatana lists yet; you could file a bug in Unity if you would like such functionality to be available.
Comment: Can't install the lens on 11.10.


central limit theorem

Question: can I do my statistics work based on the central limit theorem? I need to perform a t-test, ANOVA and multiple regression. my outcome variable is highly not normally distributed (Highly positively skewed) and my sample size N=115. I'd like to keep the non-parametric tests as a last option for me.
Comment: Indeed nonparametric and semiparametric statistics are of interest to most statistician. Though theoretical statements, like normality and equal variance, for t-test and ANOVA promise an upper hand over nonparametric test. In practice parametric statistic faces a lot of problems.
Comment: Why don't you perform the regression and *see* just how much the residuals depart from normality? Then you can provide us much more specific and focused information to help you choose appropriate procedures.
Comment: Please search for the *extensive* discussions about this on the site.  Why do you want nonparametric to not be the *first* option?  Why are results from $n \rightarrow \infty$ of interest to you?
Comment: I see, I already used a lot of non-parametric tests in my work. but I need to perform multiple regression and that is why the assumption of normality made a problem for me. so can I consider the central limit theorem to assume normality?
Comment: PLEASE INDICATE WHETHER YOU HAVE WORKED OUT THE FREQUENCY POLYGON OR YOU HAVE CONTINUOUS DATA? Moreover specify that you have outcome values in terms negative or positive or both.
Comment: @subhashc.davar Whether data are positive or negative is  irrelevant to the applicability of the CLT or the choice between nonparametric and other procedures.
Answer: (1) The CLT is a result in the limit as $n\to\infty$. There's no particular n that's certain to be large enough. e.g. see here which gives a method which works for constructing cases which require larger sample sizes than any $n$ you can nominate.
(2) the central limit theorem on its own is not enough. The statistics you mention rely on a ratio for which the CLT would only help with the numerator, and so you need something to hold for the denominator. The distributions also rely on independence of the numerator and denominator.
If the assumptions are reasonable, you might want to consider GLMs, perhaps (since with suitable software, regression via GLMs is almost as convenient as ordinary regression), though there are other alternatives.
There are various other nonparametric, parametric and robust alternatives.
Comment: Dear Nick, It was intended to be comment. thanks for converting it and placing it in the right place.
Comment: Thanks for your thanks, but it was @mbq who did that.

central limit theorem


Speed up EIP reassignment

Question: I have a real-time application running on an Amazon EC2 instance. I'd like to implement master/slave redundancy with a VPC, a second instance and keepalived.
So far it's working reliably, but in the event of a failover, the EIP reassignment is taking about 30 seconds, which doesn't work for my scenario as current connections timeout and get dropped. I'm using a floating internal IP in the VPC and am moving that between the systems, because reassigning the public EIP takes even more time. In a local scenario with VMs, the internal IP address was reassigned and a script running arping was launched to update the router, so the failover took about 1-2s at most. Is there any way to achieve similar speeds with AWS VPC? Thank you!
Comment: Are you sure that is related to timeout? TCP connect can't just "failover" without application support.
Comment: It's a UDP stream. The application is replicated on the 2 instances and uses a shared DB. Whenever I invoke the IP reassignment script ping to the EIP stops for up to 30 seconds and when it comes back up it's pointing to the new server. The failover works fine but I get 30s data loss.
Answer: I believe you can't directly speed up the EIP reassignment because there is no such configuration to take control of the process. (Maybe you can get in touch with the AWS Support Team, to get more info).
However, you can build a more reliable environment using the following options:

Use a AWS ELB, with a low Health Check value. This scenario will route your traffic using two (or more) applications instances (preferably on separated Availability Zones) and will automatically stop send traffic bases on your configuration;
If you are using the AWS OpsWorks for provisioning, create a HAproxy layer configured to use one application instance as a failover, for more information check this link;
Manual setup a load balancer in front of your application to implement the automatic failover.

For all previous scenarios, your main DNS will always point to the load balancer public EIP and you will have full control to configure the environment for a fast failover.
Comment: you could also explore the route53 failover solution, depending on your use cases.

Speed up EIP reassignment


Playing in a soccer club

Question: Can I play for a soccer club that is very near my home, as I can't go any further? But this club is called Saint Paul, and the soccer club is kind of religious to Christianity?
Comment: `the soccer club is kind of religious to Christianity` can you elaborate more on that? I know many Christian organization (like the YMCA for example) that doesn't really have anything to do with forcing people to study certain things.
Answer: As long as you don't stray off the path, there should be no problem with it. It's a soccer club, so I doubt that they will force you to go to church on Sundays. If you are worried about it, find another club.
Answer: Generally, working is not considered as a negative practice, unless in some items such as:

The act would create the field of sins or immorality …
This act makes the Moslems weaker
Its benefits go for Kafir-al-Harbi

Of course it could be advised not to live in non-Islamic countries if there is no necessity …
Accordingly, there is no matter if you work there if the above-mentioned items are not related to that.

References:
www.islamquest.net
http://ahkam.tebyan.net

Playing in a soccer club


Turntable Output Grounds

Question: I am looking to design an amplifier for the phono output on my turntable. The output is presented as two RCA jacks on the back of the unit. Is it safe to assume that the ground of both the left and right signal are the same, or should they each be treated as separate differential signals (with the positive signal being the center of the jack and the negative being the casing)?
Comment: Put an ohm-meter between the grounds, if they measure 0ohm then you can treat them as one.
Answer: It is safe to assume that for the audio signal, those two RCA shells are common.
Where life can get interesting, especially with a mains-powered turntable and mains powered amplifier, is control of leakage currents at AC line frequencies, due to unintentional coupling of mains to ground through proximity capacitance, and intentional coupling of mains to ground through input filter devices.
To this end, most turntables and amplifiers are provided with a chassis earth screw connection on the back. This can be used to divert most of the leakage current to where you want it to flow, which is not in the shield of your audio coax cables. As turntables and amplifiers are not built to any given standard, you may need to experiment with connecting these chassis terminals, or not, to reduce any mains-related hum.
Answer: RCA leads treat them as separate and so do higher quality amplifiers - but RCA leads that convert to 3.5mm jacks combine them.
So it seems to be a choice especially as some amps have two completely separate mono amps in a housing and the controls are common.
Other systems use multiple mono amps for each speaker - one system a friend has contains 6 amplifiers driving each speaker unit - sounds divine...

Turntable Output Grounds


Magento 2 Shortcut/GUI tool to perform commandline tasks for windows

Question: I know, that the command line tool for magento 2 is very useful, but when in development,we need to perform some common tasks like clear the cache, deploy static content, upgrade db, enable extension to name a few, but for that we need to run command manually, is there any possibility to create  a GUI tool for the same?
Comment: FYI: **Magento 2 has a *developer* mode so you don't have to deploy static content all the time**.  I've wasted hours and hours in the past month redeploying static content.  So don't be like me, and switch to developer mode.
Answer: Yes, you can do it using Batch program to delete it. Its to much faster than manually deletion of files.
Create a batch file in your magento root dir [you can place it another location too].
You can create batch file using .bat extension.
Right click on batch file and select edit [Open it into notepad] and
Type following commands into that.
del /s /q "E:\wamp\www\magento2\var\cache\*.*"
del /s /q "E:\wamp\www\magento2\var\page_cache\*.*"

Set file path as per your folder location and save the file.
Create its shortcuts on desktop for fast access.
And assign shortcut key to these file shortcut. Refer following screenshot.

Now whenever you will press Ctrl+Shift+C command from keyboard. This batch file execution will execute.
Answer: If you want to use magento 2 cli in windows you can execute:
php bin\magento

So, you need:
php bin\magento cache:flush

Answer: bin/magento cache:flush looks like what you need. See more in official documentation


Acts_as_taggable_on implementation tutorial

Question: I've been trying to allow for tags to be placed on posts so that I could partition them into different sections of my app. I've looked through various gems and have found that acts_as_taggable_on seems to be the most popular one. After various attempts of implementation from the examples in the github of the gem I have not been able to successfully use it. I've searched extensively for a tutorial on implementation but have found none and was hoping someone would have one for such a thing. I'm sorry for the simple question as I am still relatively new to programming.
Comment: You just follow [this link (rubydoc.info)](http://rubydoc.info/gems/acts-as-taggable-on/2.2.2/frames) for complete tutorial,
Answer: Railscasts now has an excellent tutorial on acts_as_taggable.
This is also a nice and simple text intro on how to get it working.
Answer: There are a number of tutorials that are just fine.  The one mentioned in the previous answer is a good one.
One point that is not obvious to someone new to the RoR world is that there is no actual column in the database for the tags on the target table.  I have seen many folks add a "tags" column to their database.  No need for that at all and it just confuses things.
When you add the "acts_as_taggable_on :tags" to the model it becomes a virtual column (I know its not a RoR way to express this but if you have a database background its easier to think this way).
If you are going to require that tags have owners follow the example on how to get an objects tags carefully.  You can only get that objects tags via "tags_from".  You will get a null if you try a simple tags_list.
Hope this helps


Uncaught TypeError: Cannot read property 'fromWei' of undefined, working good in one tab and failing in another tab

Question: I'm getting this error when I'm trying to convert Wei to Ether using the code window.web3.utils.fromWei("200000",'ether'). This error shows only on the single page and when I console.log in the same window it shows the same error. But when I'm console.log in other windows it is working fine. Please find below screenshots for both.
Comment: How do you load web3.js in your page?
Comment: if (window.ethereum){
window.web3 = new Web3(window.ethereum);
window.ethereum.enable();
} else if (window.web3) {
 window.web3 = new Web3(window.web3.currentProvider);
} else {
window.alert('Non-Ethereum browser detected. You should consider trying MetaMask!');
}

I have used the above code to load Web3
Answer: I don't know what code you have for your "other windows", but the error:
Cannot read property 'x' of undefined

Tells you that in the expression obj1.obj2.x, the value of obj1.obj2 is undefined.
This is general to Javascript, and it has nothing to do specifically with Ethereum.
In your case, it means that window.web3.utils === undefined.
So your first debug-step should be console.log(JSON.stringify(window.web3, null, 4))...
Comment: Thanks, @goodvibration. it helped to solve the error. Actually, In my code, I have loaded elements before loading Web3. I have loaded web3 before loading the page and it resolves my error.


Does "lebensspendend" (with double s) officially exist?

Question: My dictionary says "lebenspendend" and "Leben spendend" but I cannot find lebensspendend double s compound. I suppose it's not a variant.
Comment: And not to confuse it with *lebendspendend* (donating while alive)
Comment: @HagenvonEitzen  Likewise we should not confuse *lebendgebährend* with *lebensgebährend* although the one and the other usually occur in combination.
Answer: As @infinitezero already said DWDS lists lebensspendend as a variant of lebenspendend, so you may say it has the same meaning.
But it gets interesting, when you take a look at Google's ngram Viewer, which displays a graph showing how those words have occurred in a corpus of books.

source
As you can see since the 1980's the variant seems to be more common than the original.
Answer: Duden does not list the word, however DWDS does list it as a Nebenform (variant).
Answer: The question asked was actually:
Can lebenspendend also be spelled lebensspendend, i.e. with an additional s?
To answer this: there is no final rule-based answer. The writer is at liberty to write it either way. For my taste, lebenspendend would be slightly more poetic, lebensspendend sligtly more prosaic.
As for the productivity of suffigations with -spendend: you can glue it to other substantives with suitable meaming as it pleases you:

wasserspendend
freudespendend
raumspendend
genussspendend
labungspendend
heiterkeitspendend
duftspendend
samenspendend

and so on. (I am sure most of them will not be registered in dictionariesm but this does not make them invalid or inexisting.)
Most of them would be spelled without an additional "s". An "s" could be added, though, to labungsspendend and heiterkeitsspendend. Which leads to the question: when can "s" be added, and when not? I suppose there is some complicated rule, but at the moment I am not able to present it.
Comment: see https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugenlaut#Weitere_Aspekte_der_Verwendung_von_Fugenelementen
Answer: You just used the word lebensspendend, so: here it is! You used it, so it exists.
The goal of each language is to transport ideas. If a speaker/writer uses a certain word, and if the listener/reader has a high change to guess which idea was in the speakers/writers mind when he/she used this word, then the word not just only exists, but it even does its job: It transports an idea.
There is nothing like an official bureau that can say that one word exists, and another doesn't. There are just editorial departments who collect and list words that are more or less often used. But sometimes they list old and outdated words, that no longer are in use (but still exist), while they fail to list brandnew (but also existing) words.
Comment: I think this is better suited as a comment. OP's question is not about the physical existence but about the validity. So while it may be poorly worded, I think this answer is a little too nitpicky
Comment: Did you ever play Scrabble..?
Comment: Welsche Schuhle vertit den dihse Annsicht?
Comment: Please roll back, if you consider my edit enchroaing.
Comment: @userunknown [Descriptivism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_description), as opposed to [Prescriptivism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_prescription). While the first is very useful in research, the latter is useful in school. Hubert Schölnast often has a descrptive PoV and not always sees that the latter PoV has its merits as well.
Answer: Since the question of officially existence is not answerable without a definition of official regarding the use of a language,
I consider your question being meant in the way of:

Would the word lebensspendend be considered valid German?

Even though DWDS lists lebensspendend as by-form of lebenspendend, I think there is a comprehensible reason why Duden doesn't.
DUDEN recomments the spelling Leben spendend and actually that's the meaning of lebenspendend - live-giving.
If something spendet Leben, it is lebenspendend. If people are donating blood, they are blutspendend, ...
I have no idea, why there should be an additional s at the end of Leben. I think, nobody would ever say blutsspendend. It just doesn't make sense whatsoever.
So I think, that's a (according to @mtwde's post common) mistake arising from the structural resemblance to the word lebenserhaltend.
But lebenserhaltend is a different story.

Lebenserhaltende Maßnahmen (life support measures) are Maßnahmen zur Erhaltung des Lebens.
Lebenserhaltende Funktionen (life support functions) are für die Erhaltung des Lebens notwendige Funktionen.

So there is a genitive in there justifying the additional s.
That doesn't apply for lebenspendend and therefore imho lebensspendend is simply wrong.
Comment: The *‑s‑* is a [Fugenmorphem](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugenlaut) and not a genitive, as can be seen from compounds such as *arbeitserleichternd, ‑ersparend, ‑erschwerend*, where the first part is feminine.
Comment: *Arbeit* is feminine. Its genitive is *Arbeit*.
Comment: A genitive would occur consistently. *Fugenlaute* are pretty unpredictable: Duden has [lebensprühend](https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/lebenspruehend) but not [lebenssprühend](https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/lebensspruehend); has both [lebenverneinend](https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/lebenverneinend) and [lebensverneinend](https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/lebensverneinend); and only [lebensbedrohend](https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/lebensbedrohend) but not [lebenbedrohend](https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/lebenbedrohend).
Comment: your own example contradicts you. whats the difference between lebensspendend and lebenserhaltend? das eine spendet Leben, das andere erhaltet Leben.
Comment: @DavidVogt from your given source: *Das Vorderwort erscheint in der Genitivform*
Comment: @DavidVogt O really? Yes it's called Fugenlaut or Fugenmorphem. So what? In *lebenserhaltend* it's not there for easier pronunciation or whatever but imo because of the genitive. Proof me wrong!
Comment: @DavidVogt You bring on examples that have nothing to do with mine and then discuss that what I say is wrong for your examples? Fugenlaute are pretty unpredictable but if it's for genitive it would occur consistently? Not very convincing. Enjoy your downvote.
Comment: @ths In *lebenspendendes X* ist X Ursache von *Leben*. In *lebenserhaltendes X* ist X das Mittel zum Zweck der *Erhaltung des Lebens* - zwei völlig verschiedene Zusammenhänge.


Why are chlorides, sulfates, and bicarbonates of Ca and Mg solely responsible for the hardness of water?

Question: When soap is dissolved in water - irrespective of the anion - $\ce{Ca^2+}$ and $\ce{Mg^2+}$ form precipitates. Why are just chlorides, sulfates, and bicarbonates the only specie considered as "hardness" in water?
Answer: If I remember correctly, hardness is defined by the Mg and Ca content of water. Temporary hardness is the mineral content which can be removed by boiling and permanent is the total Mg and Ca content - this is what counts when the precipitate with the fatty acid is being formed.
Now typical potable water will only contain sulphide, bicarbonate, halide and perhaps nitrate anions. Other anions either don't occur naturally or they are harmful so they are not considered in the context of drinking water.


Delete and repost or complete rewrite?

Question: I've been reviewing some of my answers in an effort to improve them. During this process I ran across an answer that required a complete replacement. It was of poor quality and didn't belong here (yes, I'm embarrassed as well I should be) I deleted my original (0 vote) answer and replaced it with a new one. While it's clear that I can as described in How does deleting work? What can cause a post to be deleted, and what does that actually mean? What are the criteria for deletion? doing some further research on http://meta.stackexchange.com it appears that this practice may be frowned upon and may result in a ban So if I edit a post by removing all the text and starting over (in effect a complete rewrite) is that viewed differently than deleting and posting a new better answer and if so why?
Comment: Edit as much as you need if that improves the answer, even if it's a complete re-write. It's better than deleting and writing a new in my opinion.
Answer: Edit as much as you need to make the answer good enough. The only exception for me would be in cases where the OP has accepted your answer. That happened to me once where the OP had accepted the first version of my answer which was, in many respects, completely wrong. So I edited, fixed it and then left a comment to the OP letting them know that I did so and asking them to review and, if they so desire, remove the accept.
So, even in such a case, editing is the best thing to do, but just remember to let the OP know if you completely change an accepted answer. Apart from that, deleting and reposting isn't very useful since deleted posts are simply hidden, not actually removed, so you're just adding more data to the SE database for no good reason.
Comment: Thank you! I have yet to come across the need to completely change an accepted answer (usually a minor edit due to version changes has been sufficient) but I'll keep that in mind in case it occurs. I'll avoid adding useless data to the SE database in future.
Answer: If you're re-writing an answer, you should do so literally. Deleting old answer and writing a new is not re-write.
Also

It's completely unnecessary to do so.
It creates noise for 20k users.
It could summon a ban upon you
It creates confusion to see the history of the evolution of the answer

The only situation you should create another answer is when you have completely different answer to a question.
Comment: Thank you. In this case the new answer was completely different, but your  points are well taken. My apologies for the unnecessary noise and confusion. I'll avoid that in future.
Comment: I think I understand what you are saying.
Comment: @ElderGeek I mean completely different than existing your other answer.

Delete and repost or complete rewrite?


Do higher end road bike require less maintenance?

Question: I bought a entry level road bike CAAD optimo for around $1000 and I've noticed that the bike required a fair bit of maintenance for example creaking noises, chain rubbing, chain skipping etc.  I am wondering if higher end bikes like giant tcr has less of these problems?  Or is it more of the same issues that you need to deal with.
Comment: Most of the issues describe sound like adjustment and wear issues. High performance components aren't necessarily more durable, i.e. a Dura-Ace chain doesn't last longer than a 105 or Ultegra one. On the other hand, better quality bearings in hubs and bottom brackets may, so there is no clear true/false answer here
Comment: At least speaking Shimano road tiers (which cover quite a bit of the market) it is usually not worth using a higher groupset's chain for cost effictiveness, referring to this old test (11-speed): https://web.archive.org/web/20200425164408/https://www.cyclingtips.com/2019/12/the-best-bicycle-chain-durability-and-efficiency-tested/ - i think that's the same in the ZFC test but I know that there are outliers like the cheap 8-speed HG-40 whch gives me headaches on my commuter....
Comment: Related question: [Are all top of the line components always compromising on durability in order to save weight?](https://bicycles.stackexchange.com/questions/91536/are-all-top-of-the-line-components-always-compromising-on-durability-in-order-to)
Comment: The chain comment is not always true. Often the more expensive chain is more cost effective: cf. zero friction cycling. @DoNuT
Answer: This is potentially a complicated question. The short version is that higher-end bikes may require less maintenance in some respects, but if they need maintenance it will be more technically complex, and some components may compromise on durability for weight.
As you get more experienced and more into the sport, you might be inclined to buy something more expensive. By that time, a lot of riders pick up basic maintenance skills, so they can diagnose some creaks and do minor derailleur adjustments. From this perspective, the more expensive bike may not need less maintenance, it's just that you were able to address the minor problems. In the meantime, you should get the store that you bought the bike from to address them.
It's also possible that higher-end bikes are assembled with more attention to detail on average. A lot of the creaks and derailleur rubbing could be basic assembly issues that could have been caught in principle. But it's not a guarantee, necessarily.
Many higher-end groupsets are electronic. These don't suffer from cable contamination or wear, so in one sense they take less maintenance than cable operated groups. Of course, if you get a good set of cables, those can last and perform well for a long time. Hydraulic disc brakes may have longer service intervals than cable disc brakes - but when you need to service them, they are probably harder for a less experienced consumer to service.
Last, this isn't under maintenance specifically. However, sometimes, top-end components may be less durable if they are built to minimize weight. That often means thinner or otherwise lighter carbon, which will have lower maximum torque and probably less of a safety margin with regard to torque. As far as we know (from testing by Adam Kerin of Zero Friction Cycling), Shimano's 11s Dura Ace and Campagnolo's 12s Super Record chains are low-friction but less durable than other chains. Some top-end cassettes use aluminum or titanium cogs, which wear much faster than steel - past Campagnolo Record cassettes, Shimano Dura Ace and XTR up to present, at least some SRAM Eagle cassettes are examples.
Comment: @juhist you seem to be defining the amount of maintenance as the discrete number of times someone does anything to the bike. That's fine. But another valid definition would be the amount of time someone spends doing certain things to the bike. For instance, I don't include putting air in my tires in my mental list of maintenance tasks that require time. Charging batteries could reasonably be classified similarly, especially if you can go several weeks to a few months between charges. No need to be so black and white about it.
Comment: @juhist -- I'm also surprised it took you 1000 km to get your cable-actuated derailleur properly adjusted. From what I understand, with electronic groupsets, you set the lower and upper limits upon installation and it works from there. You can redefine those limits in the case of a moderately bent derailleur hanger and the like. So that'd be a notch in the "less maintenance" category for the fancy stuff.
Comment: If you need to charge a battery in a human powered bike due to electronic groupsets, they require more maintenance, not less. Battery charging is maintenance. My Bowden cable derailleurs require maintenance practically never, 9000 km and counting, on the first chain and cassette, never any derailleur adjustment once I got it perfect in the first 1000 km or so. And this is entry-level (Tiagra).
Answer: I would say generally yes, but it needs to be looked into at component level rather than the range of the bike in general. Frame material (that can often justify a premium) doesn't matter in terms of maintenance. You can also mix and match components, and replace worn components by better ones without having to change the whole bike.
So a few thoughts:

chain related maintenance remains the same regardless of the range. High quality chains usually last longer, but you still need to clean and lube them regularly if you want them to last.
bottom brackets: I don't know what crank you have, but if it's an Hollowtech II (available from Claris for cranksets), you can fit any Hollowtech II bottom bracket (even Ultegra or Dura-Ace), that are should last longer (better sealing, higher quality bearings).
cable contamination: higher-end cables are often coated, and there might be some protections to limit dirt ingress, so service interval is typically longer. You can also install such cables on an entry level bike when you replace them.
wheels: entry level bikes often suffer from uneven spoke tensioning and bad hubs (sealed bearing also require less maintenance - entry level cup and cones may not be sealed properly and need then regular cleaning and greasing). Uneven tensions can also be a reason for creaking noises, but in that case, the problem is not so much "entry-level" vs "upper-level", but rather the care during lacing, that can be less accurate for entry level products.
there are also technological options that are available on higher-end bikes, that have different maintenance requirements. Electronic shifting is an example, that require generally less adjustment, but are more complicated to service in case of failure. Tubeless tires are another example, they require more "workshop time" (topping up sealant, cleaning up residues), but are avoiding a good proportion of punctures when riding so may be a net gain. I'd also put hydraulic disc brakes in this category: they are easier to live with (automatic pad wear adjustment, that require manual adjustment on cable-actuated brakes), but if you have a problem, service is more complicated.
some high-end components are not designed to be durable, but light and performant. They will require more maintenance if they are less durable (because of the more frequent replacement). They can also be more sensitive to bad adjustments.
Entry level parts may also be from materials that wear faster (but not always), but the most durable options are not the most expensive ones. Tiagra and 105 are probably in the sweet spot in terms of maintenance/durability.
related to some rattling noise, if the bike has internal routing, it's also possible that an entry level bike will be more basic in terms of "rattling mitigation". For example no foam around hoses that are running inside the frame, which gives a bad impression in terms of rattling, but is not the sign of something going wrong. That kind of problem can also be easily solved.

But as others have pointed out, some of the problems can also be linked to maintenance practices that need to be learnt.
Comment: Sorra or 105 bottom brackets? I only know Tiagra (RS500) and then Ultegra and Dura-Ace. Each with a different external diameter.
Comment: @VladimirFГероямслава by external diameter, you mean the diameter of the cup? That does not mean that the interface with the frame (standard BSA or pressfit) and the interface with the crank spindle are different, just that you need an adapter to assemble them (I'm on my side using XT bottom brackets on an Acera crankset for example) - and when I wrote "available from Sora", I meant the cranksets, not the bottom brackets.
Comment: Of course the interface is the same, the BBs are interchangeable but each requires a different tool.  However, if you mean for cranksets, then they have been available for Claris for many years (at the same time for R2000 and R3000, they are almost identical).
Answer:
the bike required a fair bit of maintenance for example creaking noises, chain rubbing, chain skipping etc.

Assuming the bike in question had these issues before actual wear and tear has started this sounds like issues that are related to things missed during assembly of the bicycle.
A CAAD Optimo should not have creaking noises, chain skipping and chain rub any more than a Giant TCR.
From a new bike perspective the two main factors in low maintenance are design and assembly. By low maintenance I mean how much adjustment is required once a customer takes possession of a bike. This is maintenance before wear and tear kicks in.
Design includes things that are taken into account when the bike is on the drawing board. Someone, somewhere decides the specs list for a given bike at a given price point. Some parts work together better than others. It also includes things like chain alignment considerations, frame alignment tolerances, ride characteristics, etc. If design is done correctly there will be a well thought out foundation for the bike mechanic to work with.
Assembly includes the work that is done for final assembly. This can take a big box bike and make it less annoying if well done. It can take a bike shop bike and turn it into a nightmare if poorly done.
The bike mechanic should assume that everything done at the factory is wrong. Everything must be checked. Good assembly includes pre-stressing cables (if applicable), pre-stressing spokes, checking every fastener, making sure all adjustable bearings are correct, etc. and a thorough test ride.
Proper assembly will prevent the kinds of problems described in the early days of riding.


Fallout Shelter Exploring the Wastland

Question: My Shelter has been going pretty well so I decided to send one of my deweller to the Wasteland. I prepered him by giving lots of Stimpacks, Guns and ect... But he dosen't seem to be using any of the things to pretect himslef... How do I help him?
Answer: Your dweller will automatically use the Stimpacks when he becomes injured enough. Ditto for Radaway with radiation. You can see his health and how irradiated he is by clicking on the Wasteland. It will bring up a list of all your dwellers who are out there that you can scroll through. You can also see the gun that he's wielding. A bigger gun will minimise the damage he gets in each encounter, but even if he wins, he's still likely to get damage, and can even die after a successful encounter if his health is low enough and he's out of Stimpacks.
The only thing you can do to help your dweller is to recall him. It will take half as long for him to get back to the Vault and he will suffer no further damage or increased radiation on his way back. If he was wandering for 26 hours it will take him 13 hours to get back. If he dies in the Wasteland he can be revived for a certain number of caps, just like the dwellers in the Vault after an attack.
Comment: @MissyEloise If you're playing on survival mode, or ever do, note that dwellers that die while exploring cannot be revived, and all their stuff is lost, unless they have a pet with them, which will bring back the stuff.

Fallout Shelter Exploring the Wastland


A possible bug in LTspice

Question: I have tested a simple RLC series circuit for plotting current vs time using two versions of LTspice and I am getting different results!The input is 1 volt dc.R = 2 ohms. C = 1 F and L = 1 H. Initial conditions for C and L are zero.Thus this is a critically damped circuit and the analytic solution is i = t e ^ (-t).Thus the peak value of the current occurs at t =1 second and is near 360 mA. The following graph  will show you that I get correct response in the LTspice version 4.23e and get half the value of correct current in the version 4.23I. Is there a bug in the later versions?
Ashok Ranade
Circuit:
Comment: You linked to your email account. Unless you expect us to have your username/password, they will not work. Reading your question, I'd suggest leaving blank the initial conditions for L and C and, instead, use "skip initial transient" in the simulation options, or "start from zero".
Comment: Is the ground properly connected? The symbol is there, but a junction dot is not visible. I'd move the ground down and ensure it is properly connected.
Comment: @rdtsc Yeah, the ground is there. LTspice doesn't mind if you slap the symbol right on top of a wire. It works.
Answer: One of your .ic spice commands probably isn't any good. That's one thing I noticed. Let me show you how to make it work. In the following image I tried to copy your schematic, add in my version of LTspice so that this detail is perfectly clear, and then show you the display I get for the current in \$L_1\$:

But the main thing I wanted to point out is that I don't think this syntax:

.ic V(vC1)=0

works in LTspice. It doesn't complain, either. So if I made that:

.ic V(QQQ)=0

LTspice also wouldn't even give me so much as a small note about it. It would just carry on and ignore it.
You don't actually have a node with that name. So LTspice just ignores it. What I did in the above schematic is to name a node so that it would work okay, giving that node the name you were trying to make work.
And it worked.
That said, I also commented out those .ic spice commands. You can see that they are blue in the schematic, now, which shows that they are comments and no longer spice commands. So LTspice is ignoring them, regardless. What I did, instead, is to add the UIC code to the end of the .tran command. You can see that in the image. This does the same thing, in effect. When you check off the "skip initial conditions" box, LTspice uses defaults for the initial conditions. Which just happen to be those values you were trying to use. So that's yet another way to do it, in this case of yours.

Bottom line is that you didn't have a node name set up correctly. So one of your initial conditions wasn't processed. That might have behaved differently in different versions of LTspice. I can't actually say, because I don't have the two version you mentioned and cannot try it out to prove my thoughts here. But you can try it out on your end and see. Label your node, as shown, and then see if both versions give you the same results. Hopefully, they do.
Comment: Nice info about initializing a circuit. My preferred solution is to apply a step voltage source (say: 0 V for the first microsecond, then step to whatever DC level is desired with a ramp of maybe another microsecond). That way, the circuit will have a source that really looks like a (somewhat sharp) turn-on event.
Comment: Yes both the solutions worked
Comment: @AshokRanade Good to hear.

A possible bug in LTspice


How do I install Touchegg in elementary OS?

Question: I'm trying to get touchegg working in elementary OS Loki but I'm not able to install all the dependencies for touchpad( synaptics ). I'm using Zenbook UX305. Can some please guide me though the necessary steps to install it properly. Thanks in advance.
Answer: Also you can use https://github.com/bulletmark/libinput-gestures
Works fine on loki install


Uncountable noun becoming countable

Question: Can a word like violence, which is an uncountable noun, be made countable? For example, there are different types of violence such as physical violence, emotional violence, etc. In this instance, would violence be countable?
Comment: Just tacking on an adjective does not make an uncountable noun countable. I can get where you're coming from: you want to say that "multiple violences occurred in my home", as in, physical violence, emotional violence etc. were all occurring in your home. In this case, you would say "multiple types of violence".
Comment: Countification is a very productive feature of English, but not totally productive. Deciding to be the first to press a word into a count usage would be seen as at best waggish, at worst ignorant, flaky or arrogant. Worth risking? 'Disregards'? // Checking for examples on the internet and Google ngrams is a good place to go if dictionaries show no examples. And checking on senses in play: does 'violences' as used mean types or acts of violence ... or both? ////  But in this case, [Wiktionary](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/violence) gives the count form, plural violences.
Comment: The earlier uses of _violence_ in the plural referred to individual events of violence, which is no longer acceptable in modern English. It might appear in legal text, but no one would say it unless they were reading aloud.
Answer: The brief answer is "yes", but this has to be qualified by a historical viewpoint.
There are many references to "these violences" in the period before the 20th Century. The use of the phrase declined thereafter and occurs little now.
Here is ngram's graph:

One of many secular examples:

Description of America
The French persisting in their claims to the country on the Ohio, as part of
Canada, strengthened themselves by erecting new forts in its vicinity, and at length began to seize and plunder every British  trader found on any part of that river. Repeated complaints of these violences being made to the Governor of Virginia, it was at length determined to send a suitable person to the French commandant near the Ohio …

One of many religious examples:

Scarce and Valuable Tracts (1751)
These Violences were done all Scotland over , in such Places where the Presbyterians were absolute Masters , but with best Success upon the South Side of the River of Forth.

and a contemporary example:

Social Work in a Globalised World
These violences care not for national boundaries and also tend to most affect those who are already the most deprived.

This all suggests that, although a little archaic, you might be justified in listing the sorts of violence (physical, emotional, financial, institutional, wartime and so forth) and then writing similar prose on the lines of "These violences constitute an affront to humanity".
Comment: @ThisFieldIsRequired It depends what you mean by "grammatically correct". From Old English onwards, all grammar that is properly formed in accordance with the standards of the time is "correct". However, in many cases, it may not be considered "correct" (i.e. idiomatic/acceptable) in current Modern English.
Comment: Thumbs up for the research and historical support, but I can't help but wonder if the use of "these violences" is grammatically correct here.
Comment: Syntactically it seems justified; why deny violence the plurality of many other nouns when the occasion demands, so I have added an example of how it might be used.
Answer:
Can a word like violence, which is an uncountable noun, be made countable?

There are very few words that are only uncountable and probably none that are only countable. Uncountability / countability is usually, (but not always) an attribute of nouns within context. And that attribute may be present or not.

Uncountable noun becoming countable


Playing clarinet from saxophone music

Question: I am starting to study the clarinet and have been given some sax music.  As both instruments are in B-flat, if I use the clarinet to play the sax music: what must I be aware of? are there octaves differences etc.?
Comment: No, tenor sax (in B-flat) is every bit as common as E-Flat alto.
Comment: Are you 100% sure you've been given tenor sax or soprano sax music? The most common sax is alto sax, and it's typically in E flat, not B flat. Baritone sax is also in E flat.
Comment: Given that clarinet has a range of more than 3 octaves, to a tenor's round 2 1/2, and both play off the treble clef, so you should find, most songs having around two octaves maximumrange, that you can play - albeit 1 or 2 octaves higher, depending on the key - and your capability.
Comment: @Duston  - This is not my experience in concert band or when listening to jazz music - the alto sax always had the most players among sax types in all 3 school concert bands I was in, and whenever I see a sax player in a jazz quartet, it's almost always an alto sax player.
Answer: If the sax music you have is written for an instrument in B-flat (tenor or soprano) then you can play it on a B-flat clarinet with no problems. Note, if the music is intended for tenor sax then it's going to sound an octave higher on clarinet. You might want to play some of it an octave lower where it's possible and you think it's musically appropriate.
If you had music written for a sax in E-flat (alto or baritone) then you would need to transpose it down a perfect fifth.
Comment: Hey, you left out bass sax!  :-)
Answer: It is true that the standard clarinet in B flat can cover a lot of tenor pieces. They are both written in B-flat, which means you won't have to transpose your sheet music. However, there are a few things to keep in mind.

The sounding range differs by an octave. When you read the same note on a B-flat clarinet written for tenor sax, you'll play a note that is an octave higher. Up to you if you want to play the notes as they are written (but an octave higher) or as they sound (so you play every note an octave lower than it is written).

The ranges differ. A tenor sax plays from a sounding Ab2 to roughly E5 (you can go higher with overtones) whereas a B-flat clarinet without extra low keys can only reach a concert pitch D3, a tritone higher. It is able to play higher though. So if your tenor piece features notes lower than a written E above central C, you won't be able to play it on the clarinet at the same pitch as the tenor sax, but you can still play the whole piece an octave higher.

The register keys differ. A tenor sax has a register key that transposes by an octave. This puts the 'break' between written C#5 and D5, whereas in the clarinet, the register transposes by a twelve, and has the break at a written Bb4 to B4. Pieces written for clarinet normally take crossing the break in mind, but there's no guarantee in a tenor sax piece. This means that you must check if your tenor piece doesn't cross the break in quick scales (unless you're very proficient of course).

If you check the score using these tips you can check if it's possible for you to play the piece. Good luck!
Answer: You'll have no trouble.  The range (of written notes) on the clarinet goes lower and higher than that of the sax.  Both Tenor and clarinet (and soprano sax) are in B-Flat, so that won't be an issue either.
Comment: The clarinet goes a fair bit higher than tenor, but certainly not lower. Tenor wins by around a fifth.
Comment: Thank you for your reply. It says bflat at the top of all the music that I have been given so I assume that it is a tenor sax.
Comment: Tenor goes lower in pitch, but written on the page the clarinet is lower.  That's my point.  I consider "sounds the same" and "be able to play it as written" as two separate issues.
Comment: Hello to everyone who answered me. I now understand.
Comment: @williamstuart You should accept (the tick icon) whichever answer helped you the most.

Playing clarinet from saxophone music


Description of function i.e sl_Start(0, 0, 0) used for cc3200 launchpad

Question: I want a detailed description of function i.e  sl_Start(0, 0, 0) in terms of the actual parameter being passed to them, I am basically using it on cc3200 launchpad using code composer studio.
Answer: This is in their device.h file:
<code>\brief Start the SimpleLink device

This function initialize the communication interface, set the enable pin
of the device, and call to the init complete callback.

\param[in]      pIfHdl              Opened Interface Object. In case the interface
                                    must be opened outside the SimpleLink Driver, the
                                    user might give the handler to be used in \n
                                    any access of the communication interface with the
                                    device (UART/SPI). \n
                                    The SimpleLink driver will open an interface port
                                    only if this parameter is null! \n
\param[in]      pDevName            The name of the device to open. Could be used when
                                    the pIfHdl is null, to transfer information to the
                                    open interface function \n
                                    This pointer could be used to pass additional information to
                                    sl_IfOpen in case it is required (e.g. UART com port name)
\param[in]      pInitCallBack       Pointer to function that would be called
                                    on completion of the initialization process.\n
                                    If this parameter is NULL the function is
                                    blocked until the device initialization
                                    is completed, otherwise the function returns
                                    immediately.

\return         Returns the current active role (STA/AP/P2P) or an error code:
                - ROLE_STA, ROLE_AP, ROLE_P2P in case of success,
                  otherwise in failure one of the following is return:
                - ROLE_STA_ERR  (Failure to load MAC/PHY in STA role)
                - ROLE_AP_ERR  (Failure to load MAC/PHY in AP role)
                - ROLE_P2P_ERR  (Failure to load MAC/PHY in P2P role)

 \sa             sl_Stop

\note           belongs to \ref basic_api

\warning        This function must be called before any other SimpleLink API is used, or after sl_Stop is called for reinit the device
\par            Example:
\code
               An example for open interface without callback routine. The interface name and handler are
               handled by the sl_IfOpen routine:

                if( sl_Start(NULL, NULL, NULL) < 0 )
               {
                   LOG("Error opening interface to device\n");
               }
\endcode

#if _SL_INCLUDE_FUNC(sl_Start)
_i16 sl_Start(const void* pIfHdl, _i8*  pDevName, const P_INIT_CALLBACK pInitCallBack);
#endif
</code>


Java Servlet: Send form data by email. (Netbeans)

Question: I'm using Netbeans to write a simple program, but I'm a little confused and would like some help. Already made a lot of research but servlets are new to me.
I have an Java web app created, simple website coded in html that must gather information from a form and send it to an specific email. The email is always the same, and will be stored in the submit button in the form.
Everything is fine with the html code, the problem is that once I create the servlet I don't know how to link it to the html code or form in it.
Any help will be good.
Answer:
I don't know how to link it to the html code or form in it.

Map the servlet on an URL pattern in web.xml or by @WebServlet annotation. Let the action attribute of the <form> point to exactly that URL. Assuming that form's method is POST, collect the request parameters in doPost() method of the servlet. Finally do your job with them the usual Java way.
So:
<form action="servletURL" method="post">
    <input type="text" name="foo" />
    ...
</form>

with in doPost() method
String foo = request.getParameter("foo");
// ...

See also:

Our Servlets wiki page - Contains some Hello World examples and several good tutorial links

Sending a mail in a servlet is not different from in a plain vanilla Java class with a main() method. So you don't necessarily need to focus on "sending a mail with servlet" for which you won't find much examples, but just on "sending a mail with java" for which you will certainly find much examples.
See also:

how to send an email from jsp/servlet?
Answer: you can find example here for servlet and jsp.
Answer: Please refer to this link : http://www.servletworld.com/servlet-tutorials/simple-servlet-example.html
In the doPost() method, they are generating an html response. In addition the the HTML response, you can write the code to send email. For that, please refer this link:
http://www.javapractices.com/topic/TopicAction.do?Id=144


Lightmapping & runtime combine children

Question: Is it possible to have lightmapping on runtime generated combine children in Unity? It is possible to bake combined meshes when they are done in the editor, but the .apk/.ipa size increases too much.
Answer: You could use LightProbes.
Create a Light Probes Group from the editor. When you bake the lightmap it will be populated with info on the various light sources.
If your combined model MeshRenderer are receving probes (check Use Light Probes in the inspector), then the shader can calculate approximated lighting coefficients sampling them from the probes structure at run time.

Lightmapping & runtime combine children


analytically calculate value of convolution at certain point

Question: i'm a computer science student and i'm trying to analytically find the value of the convolution between an ideal step-edge and either a gaussian function or a first order derivative of a gaussian function.
In other words, given an ideal step edge with amplitude $A$ and offset $B$:
$$
i(t)=\left\{
  \begin{array}{l l}
    A+B & \quad \text{if $t \ge t_{0}$}\\
    B & \quad \text{if $t \lt t_{0}$}\\
  \end{array} \right.
$$
and the gaussian function and it's first order derivative
$$
g(t) = \frac{1}{\sigma \sqrt{2\pi}}e^{- \frac{(t - \mu)^2}{2 \sigma^2}}\\
g'(t) = -\frac{t-\mu}{\sigma^3 \sqrt{2\pi}}e^{- \frac{(t - \mu)^2}{2 \sigma^2}}
$$
i'd like to calculate the value of both
$$
o(t) = i(t) \star g(t)\\
o'(t) = i(t) \star g'(t)
$$
at time $t_{0}$ ( i.e. $o(t_{0})$ and $o'(t_{0}) )$.
I tried to solve the convolution integral but unfortunately i'm not so matematically skilled to do it. Can you help me?
Thank you in advance very much.
Answer: We can write $i(t):=B+A\chi_{[t_0,+\infty)}$. Using the properties of convolution, we can see that
\begin{align}
o(t_0)&=B+A\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}g(t)\chi_{[t_0,+\infty)}(t_0-t)dt\\
&=B+A\int_{-\infty}^0\frac 1{\sigma\sqrt{2\pi}}\exp\left(-\frac{(x-\mu)^2}{2\sigma^2}\right)dx.
\end{align}
The integral can be expressed with erf-function.
For the second one, things are easier since we can compute the integrals:
\begin{align}
o'(t_0)&=A\int_{-\infty}^0g'(t)dt=Ag(0).
\end{align}
Comment: thank you very much!
however I was looking for something like a more explicit "closed form" formula, i.e.  i'd like to calculate what's the value for example in $t_{0}$, then in $t_{0} - \sigma$ or some other points near the edge itself.
Comment: The erf-function in effect is the gaussian CDF, but it's is still in an integral form, then i'm still unable to find the value at a certain $t=t_{0}$.
Moreover, with referring to the second function, i't strange to notice that $Ag(0)$ seems wrong: the correct value should be $B+A/2$ for every zero-mean gaussian function, or am I wrong? However, the problem to solve the convolution integral has not been worked out.
Any other idea?
Thank you all in advance for your attention.
Comment: You mean for the second? The integral of the derivative on the real line is $0$. You can get an explicit formula for $o(t)$, but it will involve erf function. Indeed, this functions has been created because we can't express with other functions a primitive of a density of a normal law (for example like we created logarithm because we can't express a primitive of $\frac 1t$ with known functions.
Comment: I'm sorry: I confused first with second. But i'm still confusing: given for example the first result (i.e. $o(t) = i(t) \star g(t)$, how to get the $B+A/2$ value in $t_{0}$, supposing a zero mean gaussian function? i should solve the erf function integral, but as it involves an $e^{-t^2}$ term, i'm not able to solve it.
Comment: If it's a zero mean gaussian function, we use the fact that the function is even to get the factor $1/2$. It's more complicated in general.


Moving Vim Plugins to a separated file

Question: I want to separate my Vim Plugins to a separated file since I using more plugins in my .vimrc file. it this possible?
Comment: You might want to have a look at the plugins Pathogen and Vundle. Both allow you to easily manage plugins. Pathogen gives you a bit more control over what is going on while Vundle makes things a bit easier.
Answer: source command can do it.
You can separate files, and source them in the main file ( vimrc )
Answer: I'm not sure to correctly understand your question.
Usually when the .vimrc contains more and more functions, mappings, commands, abbreviations and so on, we split it into several files.
When the definitions should apply to any type of buffer (/file), they go in a vim script stored under ~/.vim/plugin/ (I simplify, read :h 'rtp' for more information).
When the definitions are specifics to a type of buffer (/file), they go in filetype plugins, stored under ~/.vim/ftplugin/{filetype}/.
Functions are best stored in autoload plugins. Syntax definitions in ~/.vim/syntax/` and so on.
I'm quite sure I've already explained that somewhere. May be it was on SO, I don't remember.

Moving Vim Plugins to a separated file


Is it possible to get a teaching job in US/Canadian universities with an NZ/Aus PhD?

Question: I am dithering between an NZ/Australia PhD, and the US/Canada one. Is it ever possible to teach in the US/Canadian universities with an NZ/Aus PhD?
Comment: We treat Ph.D. holders from the southern hemisphere the same as everyone else, once we've turned you right side up.
Comment: The short answer to your question is "yes." Do you have reason to believe otherwise?
Comment: @MohammadHaque Your arguments are the same for UK PhD as for ones from down under. They are NOT less rigorous than a US PhD (averaging on both sides). They are shorter because our schooling is (a bit) better and less broad, so students start with rather more specialist knowledge.
Comment: @AndreasBlass lol - that is good to know
Comment: I found that that (at least in my field, which is TESOL/Applied Linguistics) the US/Canadian Universities always prefer (actually it happens 99% of the time) people with an US/Canadian PhD or at least a UK PhD to fill in their tenure track faculty positions.
Comment: In most (actually all) of the faculty profiles of US/Canadian universities, I found that they have an MS/MA from the US/Canada followed by a PhD from a North American university. But of course exceptions are there for high profile professors/researchers who have extensive research publications,who have jobs all around the globe.
Comment: But I am not sure if a regular (not high profile) PhD holder from an NZ/Australian university, and that of an US/Canada of a similar caliber (teaching experience, research experience, publications and so on) are treated equally in terms of recruitment.
Comment: My own assumption is that the US/Canadian universities think that their PhDs are much more rigorous (with course work, and a comprehensive exam before a PhD candidate even starts his/her thesis, and it takes 5-6 years) than a NZ/Australan PhD (usually with no course work, and no comprehensive exam, and it takes 3 years), and that is why they prefer their PhDs to NZ/Australian ones. I may be wrong. Any thoughts on this?
Answer: Australian Ph.D. programs tend to be shorter than American Ph.D. programs because their system is similar to that of the United Kingdom; I believe that New Zealand is much the same.  This isn't "worse", just different.  This sort of difference is familiar to many scholars, and there are no special barriers to Australia/New Zealand scientists getting faculty positions in the US or Canada.  These days, of course, they will likely need to do a postdoc first, just like any other scientist.
A nice example of an Australian scientist who has done well in America is Rod Brooks, famous roboticist at MIT for many years before he headed out for greener pastures.
So why do you see so few Australians and New Zealanders in the US and Canada?  Let's start with the simple fact that there aren't all that many around, period.  Right now, there's about 24 million Australians and 4.5 million New Zealanders.  By contrast, there are about 320 million Americans and 35 million Canadians.  Thus, even if there were perfect mixing between the two countries there would be a pretty small percentage of Australians and New Zealanders in American and Canadian faculties.  And of course, it's not perfect mixing: scientists are much more mobile than many other professions, but even scientists are most likely to stay in their home country, where their professional networks are strongest and where they are likely to have good personal reasons to stay as well.  Put those together, and I would be surprised to see more than about 1% Australians in US faculties, no matter how good their education.
Comment: Rod Brooks got his PhD in the USA so I'm not sure if he's a good example.
Answer: It definitely is possible, but it is somewhat unusual for someone from Australia or New Zealand to get an academic career in the US after doing the PhD. From a New Zealand perspective, most of our famous scientists did their PhDs overseas. For example, the most famous New Zealand mathematician, Vaughan Jones, did his PhD overseas and never came back. So did the most famous New Zealand physicist, Earnest Rutherford. (It might be different in your field; I have no idea.)
A couple of reasons why a New Zealand PhD might make it difficult to get a job in the US later:

New Zealand academics tend to be working in niche areas because the opportunities for overseas collaboration are necessarily more limited. In a PhD here, unless you are really well-funded, you might get one trip to the US or Europe during your PhD, and several to Australia.

(As for people coming in the other direction, sometimes one of our universities will puff itself up because a famous person is coming to NZ to do a lecture tour, but really they are often just taking a paid vacation.)

As jakebeal says, our PhD is shorter.
It is very expensive for a US institution to bring you over for an interview. Even if universities claim that they don't take this into consideration, I am sure that they do.

So, if you have the chance to do a PhD in Aus/NZ, I would think carefully about it unless you have the chance to work with a real international celebrity, or unless you are happy spending the rest of your life down here if you are determined to remain in academia. Because it can be hard to escape.
My current boss did a PhD in New Zealand and he said that he wouldn't have done it if he had been planning to stay in academia, even though he was at one of the best departments in his field. Furthermore, if you look at the profiles of academics in Aus and NZ, you will find that many of them have PhDs from Europe and the US too. So even here, a PhD from NZ is considered somewhat inferior. I remember when I was asking for PhD advice as an undergrad, everyone strongly encouraged me to go overseas. (It's not like you can't return later!)