How does a free-up RAM utility free up RAM?

Question: Does it discard the RAM away that was used by programs or transfer it to a page file on the hard disk? Or does it just clean up the unaddressed RAM?
Answer: RAM free'ers are forcing other programs to swap most of their pages out to disk (often by allocating lots of memory). If those programs don't need those pages for a while (for instance, if they are a minimized window and also not doing anything), then this will leave more ram free. Note that you don't generally get to control what's being pushed out to disk - just that something is.
The problem is that leaving RAM free isn't, in itself, useful at all. If another running program needed that RAM, then the paging would have happened at that moment, instead of when you ran the ram free'er. And the moment you want that program that's been pushed out to disk to do something (for instance, if it wakes up every 5 minutes to check your status on facebook), it's just going to swap back in to do it.
If you really have a ram problem, you have a couple of options:
1) Get more RAM. Simple, direct, possibly expensive or (depending on OS & hardware config) impossible.
2) Run fewer programs. The less things that are running, the more RAM is available for the things that are running. This also involves choosing less resource-intensive utilities. For instance, if you leave an IM utility open all the time, pick one that has a small memory footprint instead of one that has all the flashy features.
3) Get faster disks. This doesn't actually give you more ram (obviously), but if you use faster disks for your paging files, then the times involved in swapping pages in and out of memory will be lower and therefore less noticeable.
There are no other real options.
Comment: "leaving RAM free isn't, in itself, useful at all."  But it prevents people whining about how Windows Vista/7 leaves minimal free RAM because it's pre-fetched information the user commonly accesses.
Comment: @Nick People whining about Win7 or Vista having no free RAM on a machine with plenty of installed RAM due, as you say, to Windows prefetching is a user education problem. It's one that should be countered with the argument that allocating and then freeing the memory the prefetcher was using makes the system slower as all the prefetched data will be flushed out *for no good reason* and will therefore not be cached when you run a new application and will also mean that the prefetcher wastes time and resources refilling the newly emptied RAM.  The RAM is freed if a program needs it anyway...
Comment: Windows also uses RAM as a file cache, because this speeds up the EFFECTIVE disk access speed. You'll see all sorts of ill-informed whining about this also. On many windows systems the reason so little RAM seems to be available is usually that vast amounts are being used as a "ram-disk" cache. The amount used for this is dynamic, as programs need more memory the amount used for file cache is reduced. The folks who wrote the OS were not quite as ignorant as some would like us to think.
Answer: Basically what RAM free'ers do is that they reserve large amounts of RAM forcing Windows to swap other programs to disk and then freeing the RAM they reserved. There might be different strategies to do this, but I'm not awere of the internals.
I'd suggest to get more physical RAM if that's possible, as there will come the time when the outswapped program needs to get its share of memory back...
Comment: Windows sends a 'Low_MEMORY' message around that asks all application to free their unused caches. SQL server and file caches get cleared so you'll end up with extra free space.
Answer: By trying to fool the operating system, it gives the impression that maybe something is being done. Such an approach is pretty much a case of robbing Peter to pay Paul.
Or... if you try and get something for nothing in the long run you get... nothing.
In other words, I regard this kind of thing as a con. If you are short of RAM, the best long term technical solution is to buy more.
Answer: Along with the other answers, older tools like RAMDoubler used to compress RAM in memory, with the obvious CPU cost on access.  I think no one does this anymore, because of that access cost.
EDIT: no one.. well outside of Apple  Everything old is new again.  More specifically, the spread between CPU speed and speed of memory technologies (especially disk) is sooooo big that this is now a better option, especially with the electricity (read: battery) cost for hitting disk.
Comment: Memory compression never really outgrew the bad reputation it received from the SoftRAM fraud. RAMDoubler and MagnaRam were both legitimate products. The technology still exists. IBM developed both hardware [MTX](http://mxt.sourceforge.net/) and software [AME](http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/wikis/display/WikiPtype/IBM+Active+Memory+Expansion) based memory compression and [VMWare](http://blogs.vmware.com/performance/2010/07/understanding-memory-resource-management-in-vmware-esx-server-41-.html) uses memory compression in most of their product line.
Comment: This is a sensible design, and might be going into the kernel at some point: http://lwn.net/Articles/397574/
Answer: Windows sends a 'LOW_MEMORY' message around that asks all application to free their unused data.
SQL server and file caches get cleared so you'll end up with lots of extra free space. This also clears the windows file cache wich can take easily take 1 gig of space on startup.
Allocating a big chunk of memory is an easy way to trigger a LOW MEMORY message but there might be smarter systems in place.
Answer: They typically just force the system to use more paging files and less RAM. Since RAM is faster than hard disk, at worst case, you will see a reduction in speed. At best, you will see more RAM available, but no extra speed.


need help with erro code in smart contract

Question: ParserError: Expected a state variable declaration. If you intended this as a fallback function or a function to handle plain ether transactions, use the "fallback" keyword or the "receive" keyword instead. --> contracts/Mhetoken.sol:88:17: | 88 | function () { | ^

Comment: Hi! Could you please include the code in the contract that is causing the error? The message you posted says it's on line 88
Answer: Although the contract code is not provided. But looking at the error message seems like OP is trying to declare a fallback function. The correct syntax is:
fallback() external {

}

receive is a new keyword in Solidity 0.6.x that is used as a fallback function that is only able to receive ether.

receive() external payable — for empty calldata (and any value)
fallback() external payable — when no other function matches (not even the receive function). Optionally payable.
Comment: CAN YOU SOMEHOW CALL ON CONTACT ME. I EMALILED YOU


Is a blue sun/star visually possible with a orange sky?

Question: I know an orange sky is achievable in at least two ways; large particles in the air (for example: smoke); or a thicker and:or denser atmosphere, so that light is getting bounced around and only longer wavelengths make it to the surface (this is basically what happens at sunrise and sunset). Could this be paired with a blue star, that is visibly blue on the surface, or would the light be made orange like the sky?
Comment: Hi Nogus, please wait at least a few days before accepting an answer. That gives other people more time to answer, which resultantly gives you a greater variety of high-quality answers to choose from.
Answer: Dense smoke will result in a blue glow around an orange sun with an orange sky. Because the eye cannot perceive color differences at extremely high brightness, the sun will appear as a blindingly white disk surrounded by a blue glow. The mind will associate the blue with the color of the sun. However, an appropriately calibrated sensor will record orange light, and reflected sunlight from the environment will be tinted orange.
Answer: Yes... except for the part when you are probably dead.
While blue stars have more light in the blue end of the spectrum, they still emit plenty of red and green light as well.  So, as long as your atmosphere is thick enough to scatter enough light, there will be plenty of long wave length light left to reach the surface... but there is a catch.  The surface of any such planet will not be inhabitable.  Blue stars only live for up to 20 million years, and it takes about 50 million years for a plant to form a solid crust; so, if you are on any planet looking up at a blue star, it probably means you are standing in a volcanic hell scape of molten lava surrounded by a constant barrage of meteors and comets.
So, if you were on such a planet, it would be in some manner of artificial habitat designed to withstand an environment that makes Venus feel like a calm autumn day.  So, any visualization you may have of the sky is probably going to be through heavily filtered cameras, and not an accurate peek into the world around you anyway.


Assign keyboard shortcut to program

Question: On my Windows machine I press Winkey + C and a calculator pops up. I find this very useful - is there any way to achieve this in Ubuntu?
Answer: Assuming you're using 11.10:

Click the gear/power icon (top right)
System Settings
Keyboard (not Keyboard Layout)
Shortcuts Tab
Launchers

You can set a key for the calculator there by clicking the shortcut key in the row listing the shortcuts, and then pressing the desired shortcut keys on your keyboard. You can also set keys for any non-standard apps you like in the 'Custom Shortcuts' category. The only problem is finding a key that hasn't been used for something else.
Comment: Thanks ams. I select the row with calculator in but it will not allow me to assign a shortcut key! No matter what I press it completely refuses to assign any shortcut key. I've tried Winkey+c, Ctrl+Alt+c and all sorts of others but it's almost as if it is completely ignoring my keyboard.
Comment: Yeah, the instructions are broken - you have to click the row several times, it seems. The key name will change to "New shortcut" when it's listening.
Comment: Thanks ams! You're right: the instructions are broken. You don't just have to click the row - you have to *click at the intersection of the row and the shortcut column*
Comment: Another thing: I had to log out and back in again for the changes to take effect. I don't know if that will be the case for everyone.

Assign keyboard shortcut to program


What spells affect Planeswalkers in MTG?

Question: Does anyone know which spells can affect or Target Planeswalkers in MTG?
Comment: What exactly do you mean by "affect"? After all, that could include anything from [Merciless Eviction](http://gatherer.wizards.com/Pages/Card/Details.aspx?multiverseid=420828), [Despise](http://gatherer.wizards.com/Pages/Card/Details.aspx?multiverseid=386517) or even [Call the Gatewatch](http://gatherer.wizards.com/Pages/Card/Details.aspx?multiverseid=407526). Maybe provide more info as to what kind of information you're actually looking for? As in, are you looking to handle your opponents' planeswalkers once they're on the battlefield, or are you wondering for different reasons altogether?
Answer: There are a ton of such spells, in several categories. A spell might affect (or target):

any permanent (e.g. search for "target permament")
nonland permanents, noncreature permanents, etc (e.g. search for "target nonland permanent")
just planeswalkers, but this is rare (and there are things that say "target creature or planeswalker", so it's a little trickier to search for - this works, but has false positives)

Along with those searches, you can also search for things like "all nonland permanents" to find plenty of things that don't target.
And if a source you control deals non-combat damage to an opponent, you can redirect that damage to a planeswalker they control.
Comment: You can redirect any non-combat damage that would be dealt to an opponent to a planeswalker they control. The source doesn't have to be a spell.
Comment: Yeah, sorry - I was stuck saying "spell" since the OP asked about spells, didn't mean to exclude other things.
Answer: There's a lot of them. Here's a list of things to search for

Things that deal damage to players; at resolution the controller of the spell/ability about to damage a player can redirect the damage to a planeswalker that player controls instead. There are way too many spells/abilities in magic that do this to list them all. If you do go looking, don't forget that the spell/ability doesn't need to target.
Creatures can attack planeswalkers instead of players. Again, far too many to list.
Anything that targets planeswalkers. Scratch that, actually; anything that has the word "planeswalker" in its rules text "affects" planeswalkers in some way.
Anything that targets permanents, or otherwise affects them.

Needless to say, your question is incredibly broad.


Comparison of ICMP and SNMP ping in terms of traffic?

Question: I have 100 devices that I want to know the status of every 10 seconds. Can you tell me whether it would be better to use ICMP or SNMP in terms of traffic load, or are they all the same in clogging up the network?
Answer: A ping is invariably smaller and more reliable in terms of checking whether an interface is up or down.  But SNMP is more reliable in terms of deciding whether application-layer frameworks are up and down and extracting important information from them.
IE, your question is not 100% simple because you haven't stated what exactly you want to know.  If you only want to know if the remote interface is capable of receiving traffic, then use ICMP.  If you want to know that the device is at least functioning at an ability able to return information back from the kernel and ideally the software layer, then use SNMP.
Answer: Your question title specifically says you want to ping, but the question body says vaguely that you want to know some status. What status information are you interested in?
A straightforward ICMP Echo message and the corresponding Echo Reply message are 8 bytes in size (in addition to the lower-level IP packet size.) You can pass additional data in the message, but that's optional. A core principle of ICMP is that it should not consume too much if IP's resources, bandwidth in particular. If you just want a simple ping arrangement, your protocol might specify a single Echo message and a response, sent every ten seconds. This would consume so little bandwidth that you might consider it cost-free.
SNMP is generally a bit more complicated. Messages are a good deal larger than 8 bytes, and there's the processing cost of assembling the messages and the data they contain. But if you want more sophisticated status information than a simple ping connectivity test, then this may be the protocol for you.
You could try both and measure their costs.


XNA vector math movement

Question: I am making a top down 2D rpg game in c# xna for my game design class in college. I am attempting to create a simple AI that moves the enemy towards the player. currently my code is the following
    ///
    /// method to move the enemy
    ///
    /// <param name="target">the position of the target</param>
    /// <returns>the new position to be moved to</returns>
    public virtual Vector2 move(Vector2 target)
    {
        Vector2 temp = (target - Position); // gets the difference between the target and position
        temp.Normalize();                   // sets the vector to unit vector
        temp *= moveSpeed;                  // sets the vector to be the length of moveSpeed
        float x = temp.X;
        float y = temp.Y;
        float xP, yP;
        double angle = Math.Acos(((x * direction.X) + (y * direction.Y)) / (temp.Length() * direction.Length())); //dot product finds the angle between temp and direction
        angle *= agility;                                                                                //gets the angle to move based on agility
        xP = (float)(Math.Cos(angle) * (x - direction.X) - Math.Sin(angle) * (y - direction.Y) + x);
        yP = (float)(Math.Sin(angle) * (x - direction.X) - Math.Cos(angle) * (y - direction.Y) + y);            // these lines rotate the point x,y around the direction vector by angle "angle"
        return new Vector2(xP, yP);
    }

the target is passed in correctly in the update method:
    ///
    /// updates the enemy
    ///
    public void update()
    {
        this.Position = move(Game1.player.Position);
    }

but the enemy doesn't move at all. I added code to the constructor making sure that agility and move speed were not 0. changing those values does nothing.
Thanks for any help.
Comment: Why not use the `Dot` method?
Comment: You can also use 'Math.Atan2((PlayerPosition.Y - EnemyPosition.Y), (PlayerPosition.X - EnemyPosition.Y));' to calculate the angle. I find it easier to read and understand.
Answer: In your code you return this (code for angle of direction):
xP = (float)(Math.Cos(angle) * (x - direction.X) - Math.Sin(angle) * (y - direction.Y) + x);
yP = (float)(Math.Sin(angle) * (x - direction.X) - Math.Cos(angle) * (y - direction.Y) + y);            // these lines rotate the point x,y around the direction vector by angle "angle"

return new Vector2(xP, yP);

But you need to return this for move:
temp *= moveSpeed;                  // sets the vector to be the length of moveSpeed
float x = temp.X;
float y = temp.Y;
...

return new Vector2(x, y);

XNA vector math movement


Minecraft dupilicate/glitch?

Question: When I make a new world in minecraft pc I break a block it reappears and doesn't drop anything till I wait a few minutes.  Is there a solution to this?
Comment: sounds like you are dealing with some lag
Comment: To help us troubleshoot the source of your lag, could you provide a screenshot of your F3 screen, your launcher logs (a setting before you start the game), and the overall specs of your computer?
Answer: Sounds like the ghost blocks, a common Minecraft glitch.

What They Are

Ghost blocks are blocks that are not supposed to be in a certain position, but they are. They occur when the client sees a block in a certain position, but the game does not. The ghost block that results can have interesting properties.

How To Get Rid of Them

There are a few ways to get rid of ghost blocks. The first involves right-clicking on the ghost block. If the player is holding a block, then the ghost block will be replaced by the block the player is holding.

The second solution, which is much simpler, is to reload the chunks. This can be done with F3+A, moving, or logging out and logging back in.
Answer: Yes there is a solution to that problem.
(Theoratically, not really sure about your specs) It's main cause is that you don't have enough RAM to run the game, how much RAM do you have? try reducing your render distance, since render distance is way too resource heavy for old computers/laptops, How much fps do you have? (smooth? or rough?), try downloading Optifine, do you have Vsync ON to low-hertz monitor? try disabling it, since Vsync limits the fps of the game and synchronizes it to your monitor for more smooth feel, unfortunately, this is the farthest i can help, i don't know your specs yet, please be more specific

Minecraft dupilicate/glitch?


JavaScript- drawing line chart with gRaphael

Question: I'd like to draw a line chart with gRaphael, like the one in the lower right corner: http://g.raphaeljs.com/linechart.html
Now I'd like to change the color of the axis, but I could not find any example how to do that. Here are some examples of how to manipulate the chart, but not how to change the axis color.
Does anyone of you know how to do that?
Thanks in advance,
enne
Answer: In part from here, the following Javascript will change the fill color for your axes:
<code> $.each(chart.axis[0].text.items, function(i, label) {
   label.attr({'fill': '#D6D6D6'});
 });

 $.each(chart.axis[1].text.items, function(i, label) {
   label.attr({'fill': '#D6D6D6'});
 });
</code>
Enjoy!
Answer: After a long time of research I couldn't find a possibility to change the axis-colour. I decided to generate my own diagram with rapahel, which is easier than I thought.
Fortunately, the documentation of raphael is good enough to create a diagram in an adequate period of time.


speed of problem solving in grad school in mathematics

Question: I wonder if anyone in graduate school in mathematics had managed to improve considerably his/her speed of problem solving.
I had failed to get my PhD pass and obtained only Master Pass on my qualifiers.  I have been trying to increase speed of solving problems but alas, achieved only slight improvement.  I know that most problems on these exams are manageable and may be few are hard. Problems of similar level of difficulty would take me days or even weeks of solving. Any suggestions and especially real life examples of improving problem solving speed would be highly appreciated.
Answer: Success in well-designed qualifying exams in mathematics will depend very little on "problem-solving" speed or talent, but, rather, will depend on whether you've already done problems nearly identical to the problems which appear.
That is, as you observe, it would be prohibitively slow to "solve" many of those problems "in real time". Thus, that is not the expectation. Rather, the "test" is whether examinees have studied sufficiently broadly so as to have seen examples resembling the instances occurring in the given exam.
And, no, it's not about "memorization", either, which tends to be insufficiently flexible to allow easy adaptation to slightly changed situations.
So, really, it's not about "speeding up in problem-solving", but to be able to merely "remember" instead of "solving".
Comment: @TooOldToLearn, ah, then the point is that it is also infeasible to look at such a body of material in an unstructured way, the point being that one is compelled to take a "higher" viewpoint, rather than looking at seemingly disjoint individual problems. And, yes, it takes time to see the commonalities that are not obvious. Thus, yes, what is being tested is somewhat subtler and different from what might be perceived.
Comment: @TooOldToLearn, indeed, "doing more problems" is itself not productive beyond a certain point, but people like that prescription because it is a simple answer (even if partly incorrect), and seemingly translates "failure" into the moral failing of mere "laziness".
Comment: Then I imply that about 3 to 5 thousand problems solved from major graduate textbooks on few main subject areas would do the trick of speeding up on exams:) wouldn't you agree? :)
Comment: Yes I agree, the joy of reaching "higher" viewpoint is the real motivation behind solving math problems, it is just the relative scarcity of that joy that concerns me.  But then again, there is a plain universal answer "do more problems" that in some case does not seem to work.
Answer: I don't think speed of problem solving is a criteria for graduate school in mathematics. You're doing research and inventing new mathematics, and that usually requires slowing down, not speeding up. If you're in a graduate program where not solving problems quickly leads to failure, I'd say you're not in the right program.
This is not to say that slower is better. If you're unable to solve problems relating to your subject area, that might point to deeper problems. But speed of problem solving should never be a goal (unless you're competing in a math competition like the Putnam)
Comment: Before creating new mathematics, graduate schools expect their students to show abilities to do so.  This is what I refer to.
Comment: indeed. But I'm still not sure where speed comes into the picture.


Upgrading to ubuntu 14.04 from ubuntu 13.10

Question: how to upgrade ubuntu 13.10 to ubuntu 14.04 ?  It gives an error that "third party sources are disabled couldn't get software list"
Answer: Go to Software & Updates --> Other Software tab and check the third-party repositories listed there.  See image below

Comment: It is still not working. What if i upgrade through usb then will all of the installed programs remain or they will be erased ?


How to License a SharePoint 2013 Farm?

Question: I am planning 1 web front end server and 1 application server in a Test and Production farms. So, I will have a total of 4 servers.  Do I need 4 instances of SharePoint 2013 license Enterprise edition or is 1 license enough?
Answer: Yes, you need a license for each SharePoint server in a farm. There are licensing options for the Test environments, e.g. MSDN, but the restriction there is only users with MSDN licensing may access the Test environment.
Don't forget there are also SharePoint Standard and Enterprise User CALs. Each user using Standard features needs a SharePoint Standard User CAL. Each user using Enterprise features needs a Standard and Enterprise User CAL.
Comment: @Sam, you may also want to look at this link that shows various topologies and costs for SharePoint Enterprise and SQL Server - https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn305848.aspx

How to License a SharePoint 2013 Farm?


PHP SimpleXML echo problem

Question: I have a radio station site on localhost, and the pages are a series of include and requires - they work well.
However, on one page, a schedule one, I'm displaying within a DIV some data extracted from a SimpleXML document.
This is the PHP document's coding:

Programme Guide

Sunday

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday

Saturday

<?php
require("monsch.php");
?>

Here is the content of monsch.php:
        <?php

// set name of XML file
// normally this would come through GET
// it's hard-wired here for simplicity
$file = "monsched.xml";

// load file
$xml = simplexml_load_file($file) or die ("Unable to load XML file!");
?>

<a href="<?php echo $xml->link; ?>" title="<?php echo $xml->show; ?>"><?php echo $xml->showtime; ?> - <?php echo $xml->show; ?>

<a href="<?php echo $xml->link; ?>" title="<?php echo $xml->show; ?>"><img src="<?php echo $xml->image; ?>" width="100" height="75" alt="<?php echo $xml->show; ?>" title="<?php echo $xml->show; ?>" />

<?php echo $xml->showinfo; ?>

                  <a href="<?php echo $xml->link; ?>" title="<?php echo $xml->moreinfo; ?>"><?php echo $xml->moreinfo; ?>

It works well correctly using the echo() function of PHP, but how would I get the XML file to display more than one record from it.
Here's the XML content of monsched.xml:
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<prog>
    <link>presenter.php</link>
    <show>Johnny Doe</show>
    <image>johnny.jpg</image>
    <showtime>00:00</showtime>
    <showinfo>
        John Doe through the night
    </showinfo>
    <moreinfo>More about the show</moreinfo>
</prog>

I followed the tutorial at http://devzone.zend.com/article/651 (the Baz Luhrmann example at the end was what I was trying to emulate). and everything worked OK, except one problem.... how do I get the PHP file to, using SimpleXML, read from multiple records within the XML file.
If I have a lot of shows in it, how would I get it to extract all of them from the XML file like the format above.
These are the shows with descriptions and images:
01:00 Johnny Doe jdoe1.jpg
John Doe at night
06:00 Joe Smith smith1.jpg
John Smith in the morning
10:00 Mark Jones mj1.jpg
Mark plays hits
14:00 Matthew B
Matthew B
18:00 Non Stop Hits
Non-stop
20:00 Richard Roe
Richard Roe at night

All help is appreciated with this, I'm fairly new to SimpleXML, but trying to get the Baz Luhrmann example to work for multiple entries is tricky - anyone able to figure it out?
The tutorial was otherwise helpful, though, but didn't answer all my questions.
Answer: You need to put your xml into a foreach:
<?php
foreach($xml as $attr) {
  $attr->link;
}
?>

Without knowing more of your xml schema thats about all I can provide, but this should get you thinking down the right path.

PHP SimpleXML echo problem


how to hide/show Ribbon on the fly in SharePoint 2013?

Question: Kindly suggest, how to hide/show Ribbon on the fly in SharePoint 2013?
Comment: What is on the fly?  What are you looking for - the navigation bar that runs along the top of the screen or are you viewing a list or something else?
Comment: Thanks for reply,
# On the fly, means user could be do hide/show as they want from browser
 at a time.
# I need to hide/show blue ribbon and it's immediate next grey ribbon.

Cheers for more reply.
Answer: Select "Gear" icon from top right then click "Show Ribbon" option if it not showing there and do the following to enable/disable it.

Go to "Site settings->Navigation->Under Show and Hide Ribbon heading->choose Yes/No" click save.

This will allow user to view/hide ribbon on the fly.

if you want to hide the bluebar(i.e. SuiteBar) you have couple of options:

Add security trimmed control to check user permission and hide it.
Inside a common CSS file or add the below css in content editor webpart

#suiteBar, #s4-ribbonrow{display:none}
Comment: Thanks for reply,

# Actually "Show/Hide Ribbon" is showing there but once click on it nothing happened. Once click on "Hide Ribbon" blue ribbon still appeared.
# In "Site Settings --> Navigation" section already set as Yes.

Cheers for more reply.
Comment: Can you clarify what you want to show/hide.. SuitBar(blue bar) or Ribbon??
above config will only work to show/hide ribbon. if you want to show/hide 'suitebar' you need to do via css or `masterpage security trimmed control`
Comment: # I need to hide/show Blue bar and immediate next Grey bar Ribbon. as like image attached in my question.
# I applied "Show/Hide Ribbon" from Site Action but still Ribbon (grey bar) there, not disappeared.

Cheers
Comment: ok, do you want to hide bluebar based on user permission or for everyone?
Comment: # Hide/show on the fly for everyone
Comment: Updated my answer..
Answer: We can add the CSS style below into  tag in the master page using SharePoint designer to achieve it.

Comment: The question was about hiding it and showing it "on fly", which roughly would mean that the ribbon is hidden unless interacted to become visible. Your solution simply hides it for good.


Can I safely reinstall the OS on an infected virtual machine and still keep my data?

Question: My Windows 10 guest OS running in VirtualBox on Mac OS X seems to have caught an infection. Is there a way to reinstall the OS and wipe any hidden malware, but keep my data files (program customizations, documents not yet backed up to the host, etc.)?
Comment: In the case of choosing to keep everything, when you perform a Reset on Windows 10, you can choose it keep your personal files but will still require you to install any desktop applications after the operation is complete.  *Of course only choosing the option not to keep everything will completely rebuild the registry and not import anything from the existing hive.*
Comment: Why type of documents do you have?  Warning MS Office files can also be infected with macros.
Answer: Malware has become sneakier and nastier. The consensus recommendation from Security Professionals is to wipe and reload from scratch.
If reasonable just recreate the documents.  If not then scan them with several different security programs and after if they are Microsoft Office documents open them but do not enable macros.
If you don't want to reload you have often a significantly more work & time to do (18 Pages of Instructions on removal) and the risk remains that you did not remove it all. I've attempted and this can run many hours alone just waiting on scans.

... Put these two factors together, and it's no longer worthwhile to even attempt to remove malware from an installed operating system. I used to be very good at removing this stuff, to the point where I made a significant part of my living that way, and I no longer even make the attempt [to remove malware]. Removing malware Superuser question

Use this as a warning to get serious about Backups and Security on all Computers and VMs. If you did any banking or shopping from that VM, take precautions against Identity Theft.
Answer: This is relative by any infection, is very hard to determinate the level of propagation of your infection, even if the antivirus disinfected your machine there is a posibility to have remains of that infection waiting the precice time to raise again(sounds like a story book).
My Suggestion: Wipe the data(i know is sad) but there you have something good. Since you are working with a Virtual Machine, you could take this as an advice for the next time:
Consider to do Snapshot
Snapshot get freeze the current state of a VM to return to it at any time and from then create another timeline VM.

There are three operations related to snapshots:
You can take a snapshot. This makes a copy of the machine's current
  state, to which you can go back at any given time later.

If your VM is currently running, select "Take snapshot" from the
  "Machine" pull-down menu of the VM window.
If your VM is currently in either the "saved" or the "powered off"
  state (as displayed next to the VM in the VirtualBox main window),
  click on the "Snapshots" tab on the top right of the main window, and
  then

either on the small camera icon (for "Take snapshot") or
right-click on the "Current State" item in the list and select "Take
  snapshot" from the menu.

In any case, a window will pop up and ask you for a snapshot name.
  This name is purely for reference purposes to help you remember the
  state of the snapshot. For example, a useful name would be "Fresh
  installation from scratch, no Guest Additions", or "Service Pack 3
  just installed". You can also add a longer text in the "Description"
  field if you want.
Your new snapshot will then appear in the snapshots list. Underneath
  your new snapshot, you will see an item called "Current state",
  signifying that the current state of your VM is a variation based on
  the snapshot you took earlier. If you later take another snapshot, you
  will see that they will be displayed in sequence, and each subsequent
  snapshot is derived from an earlier one:

Source.


Google Smart Lock suggestions problem

Question: How I can delete old profiles from that list? In my saved passwords I don't have this, only 1 saved for VK. Same problem in tinder app too, always suggested use my old number and couple other apps. It so annoying. How fix it?
Answer:
Open any web browser and navigate it to https://passwords.google.com/.
Enter your Google sign-in information to sign-in to your Google account as usual.
You will see settings for turning off or on the SmartLock Passwords,
and the Auto Sign-in option for SmartLock.
These options would
be a list of all the saved passwords, whether saved through the
Chrome browser or through the SmartLock feature in Android.
Android Smart Lock Passwords Passwords are masked by default for privacy
reasons. You can reveal the masked passwords by clicking/touching
the small eye graphic.
In order to delete one of these passwords,
you can just click on the small cross shown next to that password.
The passwords are deleted without any confirmation, so be careful
    not to delete some password that you have forgotten about.

Google Smart Lock suggestions problem


How can I translate fencing into a fast paced, high mobility and directional martial art, normally attributed to more aggressive and rogue chars?

Question: So my main character in my story, is of a more aristocratic type house. Not necessarily in attitude, but in theme. So victorian style long coats and vests etc, while also being rogue/thief information gathering types, think assassin's creed 2.My question is mainly that I would like him to use an Estoc style weapon, thin, long thrusting sword. Normal fencing is very much at odds with the fighting style I would like him to have, fast, acrobatic, mobile, low, high, basically attacking from all angles with reflexes and precision to match. The issue is coming up of thinking up say low floor level attacks and the blade being too long to position well without hitting the floor, or if there needs to be dodge rolls or flips or any other movements in which a long blade is already an annoyance, is there a fighting style in existence that looks more like this, a type of ninja like or more animalistic on the fly fencing/thrusting, or what are some suggestions on how to make this work?
Comment: I feel like the issue is that you have a very narrow idea of what fencing is, based presumably on modern sport fencing, combined with a strange notion of being unable to do any acrobatics whilst holding an object? I'm also not entirely certain than an estoc is quite the sort of blade you want for the style you're describing... rapiers are more the swashbuckling style, no?
Comment: You're describing the difference between Kendo and Kenjitsu. Kendo is basically Kenjitsu, but without the parts that old people with bad knees can't perform.
Comment: @Joachim it's becoming more apparent that I may not get everything I want in the style itself even if I modify it, so I'm currently adjusting it around, i think i can make up for it with general ingenuity, ruggedness and versatility on the main character's other skills that he will come off still as more than just a fencer, but retain the elegance and efficiency of one when needed. Letting fencing become one of many tools, just his most default one.
Comment: Your description of his fighting style is pretty spot on for swashbuckling in movies which is based on European fencing. What makes you think that it would be incompatible?
Comment: Yes, swashbuckling is kind of the idea. I just like the aestetic of a thrusting weapon. Also the world has alot of highly armored and thick skinned monsters/enemies so I wanted to maximize ability to cause damage (piercing), while also not leaving the weapon as entirely flimsy like a rapier. Estocs are usually more rigid and durable since they can be a solid spike basically, so that was kind of my idea for it. Also he's technically a vampire, so I liked the parallel to Alucards signature weapon as well. I'm undecided on magic ultra tough metals as well.
Comment: So you want two apparently incompatible fighting methods/characteristics to be merged into something elegant? Have you thought about dropping one or the other?
Answer: Modern Fencing is Not Historic Fighting
I am a Historic European Martial Artist, and modern sport fencing is not the same as what was actually performed. They stay on line, you cannot grab blades, the area is perfectly flat, there are illegal actions, and there are rules to make it a sport of blade feeling, reaction time, and speed. That's all well and good, but it is not the only thing to fighting.
How do I know what was actually performed? I am so glad you asked! In addition to historical accounts, we have treatises in various languages from WWII knife fighting manuals all the way back to the early medieval period sword-and-buckler! Check out the free resource of wiktenauer.
Fighting Was Already Dynamic
The truth is that historic fighting is intense, totally capable of engaging every capacity and sense a human has. It already has so much of what you are looking for. I know this because I have practiced it.
Fighting was also very dynamic. It is general advice and practice to hit people from multiple angles (see the Meyer Square Drill) while moving around them. Yes, the Meyer Square drill usually does cuts, but you can also mix thrusts in! Other systems offer similar advice. You see this in most HEMA tournaments, which you can readily see on YouTube. (Try "Swordfish tournament" for a well known one.)
Better yet, you can go to the HEMA alliance page and find a local club. Local clubs may have introduction classes which will give you more than you need to write a good European swordfighter from any time period. The longsword (or "hand-and-a-half-sword") is a gateway weapon: if you understand it, you can reasonably use a lot of other weapons.
What You Do Not See
You will not see rolling, diving, or spinning on anything like a regular basis. These are bad, bad, bad options in combat! They take too long, remove your ability to defend, and prevent you from seeing what your opponent does!
Put simply: rolls, dives, and spins are mostly suicidal. While your butt is in the air because you elected to perform a dive-roll, your opponent will slice you open and thank their lucky stars for such a foolish opponent. In rare circumstances, it may work, but it's a once-in-a-lifetime thing. (Especially when it fails.)
Comment: Yeah, the dodge-rolling thing is basically a big indication that what the OP wants isn't _really_ real, but larger-than-life badassery. I feel like there should be a page _somewhere_ about common misconceptions about swordfighting that keep appearing in fiction (I get grumpy about shields you can't bash with, and offhand weapons that somehow make you forget how your main weapon works) but I've never found a particularly good resource for that.
Comment: Just to add a different perspective on this - as an Avid viewer of MMA and with some familiarity with HEMA - Dives, Rolls and Spins *can* work - however the general rule of 'They are suicidal' is 95% correct. I've seen a beautiful divng/rolling foot trap into a Leg lock and submission, Spins, if setup correctly (e.g. with distraction and working with momentum) can work. The only caveat is that if such a move works, it generally will work just once. There are a few MMA Fighters who can consistently use spinning backfists/heel kicks - but they are the exception.
Comment: Yes, this is one of my main problems is that from pictures and forms, i can tell that historical fencing was more about the killing blow, vs the touch point system of modern fencing. As per the dodging, im thinking more like dynamic dodge and counter style fighting, ducking under a low swing while jutting the blade out and then quickly jumping back for an example, the character will have some less than realistic abilities and flexibility to achieve this, I just don't see fencing, let alone actual combat fencing portrayed very often, and especially not portrayed well to get a proper idea
Comment: @Mythror An hour of a basics HEMA course is worth ***many*** hours of research, and I feel I cannot emphasize it enough. A good HEMA course will cover things like footwork, timing, feeling, distance... All of which is best explained in person. It's worth the time to know what reality was like before springing into fantasy, like Shad Brooks in Shadow of the Conquerer. He did it so well that Brandon Sanderson consulted him for (at least) one of the scenes in *Rhythm of War* and it's *so good*.
Comment: @pipperchip Shad is actually a huge reason I even care to learn the reality and want to take my ideas beyond simply fun head imaginations. I'll take your advice, and I already have. Thanks to your answer I've discovered Spanish fencing as well, which has some nice subtle differences to Italian. I have in past taken I believe it was a french épée class, but i never realized there was so much variation until your advice, thank you
Comment: @PipperChip as a quick side mention, i recently found the chinese sword breaker, its a basically solid shaft that comes to a point, thicker and heavier than more fencing style weapons, and a bit shorter, do you have any knowledge of it? ive found it to be pretty obscure, but it has potential for what i want as well.
Comment: @Mythror I have not had the chance to use it, but I am aware of sword breakers of a few stripes. Generally, I would expect it to be heavier (and therefore slower) and have it specialize in bending swords via sheer impact.


How to create an address of solana by using python?

Question: I want to generate the address of solana by using python how could I do that?like in web3.py we create an ethereum account/address.
Answer: We can use Solana.py module , which provides the function to create a solana address using the keypair fucntion.  Here is the reference https://michaelhly.github.io/solana-py/core/keypair/ link
Comment: I'm using this code and generates a pair and get the public key too but unable to decode the pvt key of the pair

I'm not getting the pvt key of pair
Comment: code is that

import solana
from solana.publickey import PublicKey
from solana.keypair import Keypair

def create_account():
    acount = Keypair.generate()

    print("Public Key:",acount.public_key)
    print("Private Key:",acount.secret_key)

create_account()
Comment: To decode it use https://pypi.org/project/base58/ library .
Comment: I'm getting this in pvt key

Private Key: b'\xd4r2\xacS<\x99:\xa3\xee\xc2\x94\x91\x95\xa8r\xd5r0\xaf\xa5\xb5#\xa6 N\xf0U\xbb\xa3\x8a!\xe0\x19\xcb\xdd\xd0ug\xf0CS\xbc[\xf1\xd0\x8c\xa2;\xc0\xc4\xf9o\xa8\x8a\x8f\x02\x7f\x15\x8d\x87\x14\xed\xd3'

and I tried the base58 decoder but it was unable to decode it
Comment: keypair = Keypair.generate() which will generate the keypair , now do this bytes(keypair.public_key).hex() that should return the public key . Same goes for secret key as well.
Comment: Does this still work? I have been trying it but keep getting 'No module name solana.keypair'


Some Particle Systems glitching for unknown reason only in render

Question: I recently created an animation with 4 particle systems and some force fields. It starts out correctly, but at ~frame 60 one of the particle systems starts glitching like this:
Frame 65

Frame 66

Frame 67

Later this happened to the blue and white particle systems as well. I have attached the full 630 frame animation and the blend file. Sorry that it is in the video sequencer screen.
Video
Blend File
All 630 Frames
Answer: I can't reproduce your issue ... so I would say for two reasons

Enable Output Properties > Output > Image Sequence > Overwrite
or try under Particles Properties > Cache > Delete All Bakes and Bake All Dynamics again
Comment: It's not the image sequence that is giving the error, as it is showing up during the render process as well... As for baking, Is there a way to bake all 4 particle systems at once? but thanks anyways.
Comment: Since Ovewrite was disabled there could be chance there left some old images, but OK. For Bake - that is what I wrote "Bake All Dynamic" button bakes all at once. I suggested delete all bakes since there could left also some mismatch.
Comment: I have deleted all previous images from the render folder. As for the "Bake all Dynamics,", thanks, I didn't know this existed. Do you know any ways to approximate the size of the bake if I bake it onto my drive? I don't want it to take up system memory.
Comment: I'm not sure if I understood ... if you want to save cache on disk enable "Disk Cache" it will create folder in a file directory ... if you are asking how to make saved files smaller use Compression (Light/Heavy) bellow ... or what are you asking for?
Comment: I was just worried that Bake All Dynamics could only save to memory... That wouldn't go well for me...


Perl: Simple INI file info retrieval

Question: I have a perl script that's reading an INI file like this:
[placeholder_title]
Hostname = 127.0.0.1
Port = 161

The library that I'm using for this is Config::Tiny.
Normally when reading the ini file, I would have something like this:
$Config = Config::Tiny->read( 'configfile.ini' );

my $Hostname_property = $Config->{placeholder_title}->{Hostname};

Now I have a case where the section title in the config file is decided by the user, so I don't exactly know what it is.
Before I actually had multiple sections in the config file, so I would iterate through them like this:
 foreach my $Section (keys %{$Config}) {

            my $Hostname_property = $Config->{$Section}->{Hostname};
            my $Port_property = $Config->{$Section}->{Port};

But what if I were to have only 1 section in total?
Is there a particular keyword I can use to substitute for the section name?
I've tried the similar looping logic from the prior example something like this:
$Config = Config::Tiny->read( 'configfile.ini' );

my $Section = keys %{$Config};

my $Hostname_property = $Config->{$Section}->{Hostname};

print $Hostname_property, "\n";

But then I get an error that $Hostname_property is not initialized, so my $Section variable clearly isn't doing what I hoped it to do.
If anybody can help me out or at least point me in the right direction, it would be greatly appreciated.
Thank you.
Answer: The reason my $Section = keys %{$Config}; doesn't work is that you're calling keys in scalar context, so it's returning the number of keys.  Try calling it in list context instead:
my ($Section) = keys %{$Config};

This will set $Section to the first key. ("first" in whatever order keys is returning the keys in.  If there's only one key, that doesn't matter.)
Answer: It's okay for a hash to have only one key.  Consequently, it's okay if there's only one section in your ini file.
For example, if we have a file called blah.ini with contents of
[title]
foo=bar
blah=baz

and if we run the following code:
use strict;
use warnings;
use Config::Tiny;
my $cfg=Config::Tiny->read("blah.ini");
use Data::Dumper;
print Dumper($cfg) . "\n";

Then we get the output
$VAR1 = bless( {
                 'title' => {
                              'blah' => 'baz',
                              'foo' => 'bar'
                            }
               }, 'Config::Tiny' );

Consequently, we can do something like the following:
use strict;
use warnings;
use Config::Tiny;

my $cfg=Config::Tiny->read("blah.ini");
foreach my $title(sort keys %$cfg)
{
  foreach my $setting (sort keys %{$cfg->{$title}})
  {
    print "title: $title,setting $setting, value $cfg->{$title}->{$setting}\n";
  }
}

And the output is
title: title,setting blah, value baz
title: title,setting foo, value bar

Perl: Simple INI file info retrieval


Area attack collision resolving

Question: I'm planning to write little 2D go-right-and-swing-your-sword game. When i started to write my ideas on paper i've come across a little problem.
Let's say i'm using magic spell, ex. fireball which technically is a signle projectile flying slowly in a specified direction. As it's defined to be a piercing projectile, I want it to hit every enemy only once, no matter how big their sprites are. And how I do it?
I know i can use the array of already hit enemies and check every frame if projectile collides something new, but is it a correct way? Are there any tried and true ways of resolving problems like this?
Comment: If the hit is only considered when the projectile is entering the enemy's BBox / collision geometry, wouldn't it be ok ?
Answer: I see two ways to do this:

An array on the enemy that keeps track of what fire ball has hit it and check against it every time there is a collision.
As you have already suggested: an array of identifiers of enemies that have been hit by the fireball.

Now you have to ask "Who's responsible for calculating the damage of the fireball on the enemies?", if you answer "The fireball", then the approach you suggested, 2., is the way to go: unless the enemy knows anything about a fireball, there is no need for it to keep track of those; the fireball however should probably know about the enemies.
Another option is that if your fireball and your enemies are completely decoupled and the damage is managed by a 3rd party (e.g. 'DamageManager'), well in this case, the DamageManager will have to keep track of the enemies and fireballs combinations that have occurred and not re-apply the damage.
To be honest, however, ultimately, as long as it fits your game architecture, and it's efficient enough (you check that by using a profiler), any method to make it work is ok :)
Answer: A completely different aproach may be:
consider your "fireball" (or area weapon) damage as HP per second. And every step you calculate the damage in this way
<code> enemy.HP = enemy.HP - firebal.damagePerSec * dt
</code>
where dt is your frame delta time.
I know this is a bit out of target , as your question is very specific.

Area attack collision resolving


Clipping polylines with polygon boundary in MapInfo

Question: I want to clip the lines with polygon and also I want to export it as separate shapefile. Can we able to do this task in MapInfo Pro 15.2 without using MapInfo Discover?
Answer: Yes, you can do that with MapInfo Pro.

Make the line layer editable
Select the lines to cut
Set these as Target using SPATIAL, Edit, Set Target (or Ctrl + T)
Select the cutting polygon
Use SPATIAL, Edit, Split, Split Target to split the lines with the polygon
Save the changes to your table

To save the result into Shape, use Universal Translator. If it has been loaded you will find it here TABLE, Content, Universal Translator.
If you can't see, go to HOME, Tools and run the tool from the Registered tab.


What extra organs/organ modification a human would need to be able to sustain itself without food or sleep?

Question: Recently I've been trying to create a sub-race of human species that's more efficient in... Well, war. Mostly stronger & more efficient, and because of that I want to ask a question. What "modifications" a human body would need to be able to sustain itself and be able to work normally without food or sleep (or even water) for lengthy (longer than average human's) periods of time?
Comment: Define "lengthy periods of time". People have gone without food or sleep for surprisingly long periods, but that's not a trick that anyone's managed with water.
Comment: Without sleep is very problematic. All animals sleep, including ones like sharks and swifts for whom it's extremely inconvenient, and so it's clearly essential and evolution can't remove the need. The best you can do is probably for different parts of their brains to sleep at different times, like swifts.
Comment: @MikeScott I think it's debated whether sleep is fundamentally essential or whether it's a flaw that evolution can find it's way out of. Presumably two brains serving alternate duty could do the trick, but that has other costs such as energy and a split individuality being among them.
Comment: As MikeScott alluded to, the querent could look into the peculiar sleep patterns used by some birds.  They are able to sleep with half their brain at a time while keeping watch for predators or even while in-flight during migrations.  See, for example: https://www.birds.cornell.edu/k12/do-birds-sleep/
Comment: Does this answer your question? [Are these bio-tech implants possible?](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/192855/are-these-bio-tech-implants-possible)
Answer: Ability to control homeostasis helps so that in warm temperatures the body doesn't need to waste calories keeping itself warm. Cold-blooded animals need to eat much less frequently than warm blooded animals, but their activity level is also controlled by the  ambient temperature.
Desert animal physiology, and even birds, are also much more frugal about water consumption. No urination as we humans recognize it. Human physiology is wasteful with water in order to achieve superior cooling but you could mix this with the above.
I think it would be easier to make them able to eat and drink almost anything, but you could just give them greater fat deposits but there are probably limitations to that unless you give them a fatty tail like some lizards have. But that would encumber combat since you always have to carry your reserve calories with you.
Sleep is tough. Some people are genetically pre-disposed as much more efficient sleepers and are bright and bushy with only 3 or 4 hours of sleep per night. You could use that. Alternatively, you could assume that it's possible to just engineer sleep out since we don't fully understand the mechanisms or need for sleep.
But if you do assume it is fundamentally required then you would need some rather impractical solutions like double-brains alternating but that obviously has huge problems such as energy costs and a split individuality and skills. You almost might as well just have two people alternating sleep duty.
Answer: Try something with photosynthesis. The species would probably look like a sort of plant/human hybrid but imagine how cool would it be to have a solar powered creature. You can make them live in a polar zone where they hibernate during the dark winter to balance it out a bit, since nothing can survive without a recharge. They wake up in the summer charged with constant daylight and go off to ravage southern lands. That's just an idea. See what fits your setting.
Comment: There have been quite a few questions here about photosynthetic animals... the problem they run in to is that you need quite a large surface area to absorb enough sunlight to get enough energy to do anything interesting. It turns out to be easier to outsource photosynthesising to a large field of plants, and eat them when they're done.
Comment: The main problem with this is that a photosynthesizing animal would require large amounts of surface area to sustain itself, which in the context of creating supersoldiers means very large and cumbersome body parts that serve as easy targets and that need to be exposed in order to do their job.
Comment: The problem is that the OP has specified "working normally" for the purposes of being a soldier.
Answer: Let's tackle the two parts -

Without Food

It's not too hard to live without food for an extended period. There are many mammals on earth that already do that - for ex. lions eat just two to three times a week. Our bodies might already capable of sustaining on such a diet - there are still some isolated tribes who might not eat for a few days if they fail to catch a prey.

Without Sleep

This is a bit tricky because we still do not understand the complete science of sleep. Apart from the psychological aspect of sleep, there are also skeleto-muscular effects. During sleep our muscles are completely relieved and it promotes muscle building and recovery.
Thus, for sleep, although there might be a way to prevent it, the easiest way could be just reducing it maybe even to a few minutes. To make sure all the advantages associated with sleep happen in this short burst, we will just need to ensure that the same hormones are released - just in greater quantities and ideally with a catalyst which can speed up the process.
The more we can accelerate the work that the body does during sleep, the shorter the process of sleeping can be.


Wordpress Permissions Related Problems

Question: I've recently set up wordpress, and I've been running through a couple problems that I think are related somehow. First: I couldn't change my permalinks, the classic 404 error that I've been reading tons of articles about without any giving a solution to my case. Second: I can't upload any media data as it says it can't be moved to wp-content/uploads, another classic.
I'm going to post here my apache2.config and my 000-default.config so maybe someone can give me a hand to solve this. You'll notice that I've already set AllowOverwrite to All.
https://pastebin.com/9J2g8L8y - Apache2.conf
https://pastebin.com/Bp5pPZqp - 000-default.conf
Comment: You need to edit the permissions of the folder in order to be able to write to them
Comment: Hi mate, thanks for this. Could you be a bit more specific?
Comment: You need to give the `www-data` user write access to the folder.
Comment: I'll check this out
Answer: Under the assumption that your WordPress installation is in /var/www/html.  Change this and other mentions of it to fit your setup.
Permalinks 404
You've set the AllowOverride All for /var/www, but your DocumentRoot is /var/www/html
Edit your /etc/apache2/apache2.conf, and add the following block into the file at about line 175
<Directory /var/www/html/>
    Options Indexes FollowSymLinks
    AllowOverride All
    Require all granted
</Directory>

Unable to Upload
From your command line, type sudo chown -R www-data:www-data /var/www/html
From your command line, type sudo chmod -R 777 /var/www/html/wp-content/uploads
Comment: Ok I applied your secondly given command to usr/share/wordpress after creating a local group with two accounts, www-data and myself, and giving this group control over the folder. That settled everything.
Comment: This solved the problem, but denied me permissions to write on the wordpress folder, do you know how I can make both the www-data and myself the owners of the folder?

Wordpress Permissions Related Problems


Use of commas and "whether" correct?

Question: ....with his easy cooking techniques and added element of fun he is able to entertain every viewer, whether they are beginners or experienced cooks, young or old, Indian or not.
Answer: The comma indicates that what follows is information that is not necessary to understand the meaning of the sentence, and in this case, that seems apt. Every viewer by definition includes both beginners and experienced cooks, young and old, Indian and otherwise. The subordinate clause--the part that begins with whether--is specifying who the viewers are, but it does not add anything to or otherwise modify every viewer. The terms Every viewer and beginners or experienced cooks, young or old, Indian or not are, rhetorically speaking, equivalent, identical, one in the same. The comma, in this instance, is correct.
Some would say you should have a comma following the word fun--this too would mark the onset on a new clause.
Answer: The commas are fine (though the one after "viewer" is optional), and so is your use of the interrogative subordinator "whether".
The subordinate interrogative whether clause is an 'exhaustive conditional adjunct'. It follows that he is able to entertain the viewers if they are young, old, Indian and non-Indian beginners and he is able entertain the viewers if they are young, old, Indian and non-Indian experienced cooks. Those conditions exhaust the options, so we know he is able entertain every viewer.
It's called the 'exhaustive conditional construction' because it uses an interrogative clause to express a set of conditions that exhaustively cover the possibilities. An interrogative clause is used here because it expresses a question whose answers define an exhaustive set of conditions. The question is "Is he able to entertain young, old … beginners and is he able to entertain young, old … experienced cooks"?

Use of commas and "whether" correct?


How to prevent Photoshop from selecting the space after a word when double clicking it?

Question: So when double clicking a word to select it, Photoshop likes to select the space after that word. Is there any way to prevent this? Sounds so simple, but it means having to select and drag to highlight to make an accurate selection, when it should make sense to select the word I'm double clicking.
Comment: This is especially fun when it grabs a Carriage Return character. MINDBENDINGLY frustrating.
Answer: No, I don't think so.
I've tried a few workarounds, but none are faster than double clicking and removing the space.
Some alternatives I tried are:

Place your cursor to the END of the word you want. Press Ctrl + SHIFT + ← to select just that word.
Click and drag to select the word (which you indicated).
Click to place your cursor at the beginning of the word, hold SHIFT, then click the end of the word.

With some practice #3 may be the best option for you. It's a lot faster than click and dragging, and more accurate than double clicking.


Oracle 12c and C# connection ORA-12154 TNS: could not resolve the connect identifier specified

Question: I'm trying to do a connection on C# with Oracle on Visual Studio 2015, and at first I had this error "could not load file or Assembly Oracle.DataAccess" then I did a lot of stuff to solve it until I found the
"32-bit Oracle Data Access Components (ODAC) with Oracle Developer Tools for Visual Studio" and the problem did not appeared anymore but when I tried to Open the connection it started to appear this problem "ORA-12154 TNS: could not resolve the connect identifier specified"
And I tried adding the ORACLE_HOME to the system environment variables as one forum suggested it, but it didn't worked and now I'm stuck and don't know what to do, I can connect to the database through sqldeveloper, so I think that the listener is fine.
Answer: Have you tried adding the Devart Package?
You can add a new reference to your Project by right clicking it in the Solution Explorer.
My second guess would be that maybe the .Net Version of your Project differs from your references.
Although this seems not the case, but maybe it will still help: looking up the ORA Error


What is "snd_ducking_off" command?

Question: snd_ducking_off audio command can be found some high-profile autoexec files. How does setting snd_ducking_off to 1 change audio?
Comment: Are you asking what `snd_ducking_off` is or what setting it to 1 does?
Comment: @TimmyJim Honestly, I think both those answers are pretty much wrapped in the answer to what "snd\_ducking\_off" is (assuming it does actually change audio).
Comment: @TimmyJim: Both.
Comment: I'm no longer sure what is the default value, `1` or `0`.
Comment: If I had to hazard a guess I would say that it is probably 0 by default.  Primarily because having you turn on an option to turn off a feature makes it sound like the option to bypass the feature was put in after the feature was already a thing.  Ducking is also generally a usability feature to make things better sounding in general, but competitive players may not want the brief loss of audio information that lowered sound causes much like many competitive players lower graphical settings in various games to make things easier to spot with less visual noise.
Answer: Ducking audio is when the volume of other tracks/present audio is lowered on the introduction of a new audio track to make it stand out.  This can be done for a variety of reasons in games, such as to have voice chat/communications be able to be heard regardless of other things going on or to make things like gunfire/explosions stand out more without having to go crazy with volume (and allowing your "normal" hearing to blend back in).
It is likely that if snd_ducking_off is set to 1 that this effect will not be applied and the background audio in situations where the audio would normally be ducked will remain at full volume.

What is "snd_ducking_off" command?


Can I add a neutral bus bar to my panel to allow more connections?

Question: I have a 200amp, 40 position but only can land 20 neutrals and 20 grounds because there aren't enough screws on the bar. I can't have 2 neutrals under the same screw. I do not have any empty spaces on neutral bus but have several double up neutrals. Can I add another neutral bus?
Comment: Is your panel a newer plug-on-neutral model by any chance?
Comment: What make and model is your panel?  Can you post photos of the labeling on the inside of the panel's door please, for that matter?
Answer: You CANNOT add a neutral bus. You can add a ground bus.
Neutral is not ground.
The essential difference here is that neutrals handle normal service current 24x7... whereas grounds only handle current during a ground-fault event.  So the neutral bars have thermal considerations ground bars do not, as well as, you don't want current to normally be present on the panel chassis, which is grounded.
So you cannot add additional neutral bars, but they provided enough neutral slots for your needs, so you are all set.
You can either add additional ground bars, or use the existing spaces as effectively as you are allowed to.  See below.
UL would never have approved what you claim.
Are you sure you have a 40-position panel?  If you have a 20-space panel, that does not mean you have 40 positions; some spaces are surely forbidden for tandem/double-stuff breakers if they only gave you 40 neutrals. You must heed those restrictions and not cheat around them.
In order to be approved by UL, a panel designed for n circuits MUST provide n neutral bar screw lugs, and also n / 3 (rounding up) ground screw lugs.  That is because NEC and UL both require each neutral be entirely solo on its screw... but up to 3 grounds can share 1 screw provided the panel labeling allows this, which it usually does.
Typically, on cheapie panels, they provide only neutral bars, and simply provide extra screws (1/3) on the neutral bars for the grounds, on the assumption this is a main panel.  If it's a subpanel, you are expected to purchase accessory ground bars ($4-7).
I do not believe for a New York minute that a 40-circuit panel shipped with 40 neutral screws only and no grounds.
That leaves only 2 possibilities:  The original installer squandered the screws by wiring many grounds solo... and you'll need to triple up the grounds (or otherwise follow label instructions) so that have enough screws to solo the neutrals.
Or, the panel has been illegally double-stuffed (e.g. using non-CTL breakers in a CTL panel) and it has more circuits in it than it can support.  That will need to be corrected, may be time to think about a subpanel.
Read the instructions carefully on accessory ground bars
Some of them do not allow 3 grounds per screw terminal, some only allow 2 or even 1.
However you must "stay within brand" of the ground bars; the panel labeling will specify specific models of ground bar, and they will bolt right up to the sites already drilled and notched for those bars.  Easy peasy.  You could use a 3rd party bar with AHJ approval, but it'd be an awful lot of work to drill and tap custom mounting holes for it. Not worth it for the $1-2 you'd save at most.
Comment: The one way I could see UL allowing this is if it's a plug-on-neutral panel, and the labeling requires a certain number of breakers to be of that type -- that way, the neutral lugs come with the breakers.  Otherwise, most PoN panels would have a massive neutral bar with typically only a handful of wires on it, since no one pays extra for PoN only to use mostly standard breakers.
Comment: @NateS.  That wouldn't work since only GFCI and AFCI actually use plug-on neutral (ignoring Leviton for this discussion).  It would be the equivalent of telling the owner "you must fit a minimum number of xFCI breakers in this panel".  That is also why most makes have the PON bar also have screws on it, so it can be used both ways.
Comment: True, but for residential meter-main type panels anywhere that's using the 2020 code, it would work fine.  Nearly every 120V circuit requires one or both of GFCI or AFCI, and many of the 240V circuits won't use neutral at all.  For new construction, the range and dryer neutrals can actually be the only things that end up using the neutral bar screws.  Moreover, there's nothing stopping any of the manufacturers from making a PoN regular breaker.  I think only Leviton does so far, but if PoN gets very popular, others might follow suit.
Comment: I've seen at least one querent show up with a PoN QO LC that couldn't accommodate all the neutrals for its stated circuit count (on QO, thankfully, that's not the end of the world, as QONKx add-on neutral kits *are* a thing for QO LCs)
Answer: Yes, Best practice is to land all the neutrals on the same bus bar that's connected to your service neutral. If you need an additional bus bar, that's an easy connection, just use a large gauge wire (such as 4ga) between the added bus bar and the current one. You don't mention ground wires, but if you added a bus bar, it might be possible to move the current grounds to the new bus bar, bonded to the panel and the existing neutral bus bar.  Pictures of the innards of your panel would help us give you better advice.


What is the max limit of community members in SharePoint 2013?

Question: What is the max limit of community members in share-point 2013 OOTB?  and are there settings to increase that default limit OOTB?
Answer: i think you are talking about the SharePoint Community site.
their is no specific limit on the community rather site collection limit apply to it.
MSFT support upto 2 million individual user for a site collection.You can add millions of people to your web site by using Microsoft Windows security groups to manage security instead of using individual users.
This limit is based on manageability and ease of navigation in the user interface.
When you have many entries (security groups of users) in the site collection (more than one thousand), you should use Windows PowerShell to manage users instead of the UI. This will provide a better management experience.
here are the other limits.

Number of SharePoint groups a user can belong to 5,000 Supported
Active Directory Principles/Users in a SharePoint group 5,000 per
SharePoint group Supported
SharePoint groups 10,000 per site collection Supported
Security principal: size of the Security Scope 5,000 per Access
Control List (ACL) Supported

Source: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc262787(v=office.15).aspx#Page
Answer: The community site is just a site template and is still governed by SharePoint limits.
http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc262787(v=office.15).aspx
There are some limits to work around like security principles (limited to 50,000) - but it's possible to have millions of users active in your site.


How to choose a frame to be sure it fits to the owned components?

Question: I have parts from another bicycle which got it's frame broken. What criteria should I check before ordering a new frame to avoid compatibility issues with old parts?
Comment: How old are the parts and what is their wear condition like ?
Answer: This is pretty broad, and it depends on how much stuff you want to move over. I'll assume the fork, frame  and headset itself are not being moved, so you're getting new ones of those.

Brakes: Mounting, reach for rim brakes (can the brake, when mounted, reach the rim properly?)
Wheels: Frame spacing and brakes (if you have to switch brake types you may need to switch wheels). Also, axle type (can't put a thru axle wheel in a regular frame, for example, though some hubs are convertible).
Stem: Threadless/threaded depending on the new frame. If you switch stem types or stems, make sure the new stem can clamp on the new bar.
Handlebar: See stem. Also, anything that mounts to the handlebar will need compatibility checks if you change diameters.
Front derailleur: Same type of mount (E-type, etc.). These are cheap though, so replacing them is no big deal.
Bottom bracket: Depends on the frame. You'll probably end up installing a new one though.
Crankset: Depends on the bottom bracket.
Seatpost: Depends on diameter.
Saddle: Probably will.
Rear derailleur: Probably will.

Note that you'll likely be using a shop to move some (all?) of the parts, and at least for prepping the new frame (e.g. chasing and facing the BB and what not).
So, you might as well go through them to get the parts and double check compatibility.
Answer: I would say buy a used bike of similar age, and a similar style.
That means if its a road bike, don't expect to fit the parts to a MTB.   Bicycle makers have regularly changed things over time, so what fits a 1990 bike probably won't fit a 2000 bike and has no chance of fitting a 2010 bike.
I wouldn't waste money on a new frame unless the parts you have are less than 5 years old and show minimal wear.
Your other option is to part out what you have on ebay or similar, and buy a complete bike (new or used)


How do i visualize Cosets of a group

Question: The Lemma asserted in Herstein as given by $[a] = Ha$ seems very non intuitive to me. How do I think in order that this thing makes sense to me?

LEMMA 2.4.4 For all $a$ in $G$ ,
  $$Ha = \{ x \in G : a \equiv x \mod H\}$$

Thanks
Comment: For any equivalence relation, represent elements of your original set as mushrooms (or favorite topping). Place them on pizza and slice it up. All mushrooms on a slice are in one partition/coset.
Comment: The way I do it is purely algebraically. Just try it as the set with the properties provided and try to manipulate them. Work out some examples for yourself (like the Klein 4 group, or $\mathbb{Z}$ and $n\mathbb{Z}$ for some $n$'s, or $S_3$) and just write out the sets themselves (and the set of sets).
Comment: Imagine lining up the elements of $H$ in a vertical column. At the top is the identity $e$. Multiplying by $a$ shifts everything to the right, so $Ha$ is a column of elements with the topmost element $a$. This illustrates that all of the cosets have the same cardinality and partition the group.
Comment: @K.Dutta Please give the statement of the Lemma *in the question*. Otherwise I guarantee you this question is on a short trip to "on hold: missing context".
Answer: It's easiest to see this if we start with the group of integers under addition (in this operation $Ha$ is wriiten $H + a$). Imagine the subgroup of multiples of $3$:
$3\Bbb Z = \{\dots,-9,-6,-3,0,3,6,9,12,\dots\}$
Then $3\Bbb Z + 1$ is $3\Bbb Z$ "shifted by $1$" (just add one to every element of $3\Bbb Z$):
$3\Bbb Z + 1 = \{\dots,-8,-5,-2,1,4,7,10,13,\dots\}$, and $3\Bbb Z + 2$ works the same way:
$3\Bbb Z + 2 = \{\dots,-7,-4,-1,2,5,8,11,14,\dots\}$.
Note that $3\Bbb Z + 3$ is just $3\Bbb Z$ again, since $3\Bbb Z$ has "gaps" of $3$, and extends infinitely negatively and positively. So we only get those $3$ cosets, which chops the integers into $3$ pieces, integers of the form $3k,3k+1$, or $3k+2$, and each "piece" of the integers is exactly the same "size".
So, now let's look at some finite group. Suppose we have a subgroup $H = \{e,h_1,\dots,h_n\}$. To get $Ha$ we "multiply everything by $a$ (on the right)":
$Ha = \{a,h_1a,\dots,h_na\}$.
We can do this for ANY $a \in G$, so it is natural to ask: can we have $Ha = Hb$?
If so, then for any $h_ka \in Ha$, it must be equal to some $h_mb \in Hb$. This means:
$h_ka = h_mb \implies h_k = h_mba^{-1} \implies h_m^{-1}h_k = ba^{-1}$.
So if $Ha = Hb$, then $ba^{-1} \in H$. So that is what we call a "necessary" condition for $Ha$ to equal $Hb$. When encountering  a necessary condition, mathematicians like to inquire if it is "sufficient" as well. So we start with the OTHER assumption:
$ba^{-1} \in H$. What will this tell us about $Ha$ and $Hb$? Well, if $ba^{-1} = h \in H$, then $ha = b$.
Note we can re-write $h_k \in H$ as: $h_kh^{-1}h$. So:
$Ha = \{a,h_1a,\dots,h_na\} = \{h^{-1}ha, h_1h^{-1}ha,\dots,h_nh^{-1}ha\}$
$= \{h^{-1}b, h_1h^{-1}b,\dots,h_nh^{-1}b\}$
What we'd like to show now, is that the mapping $h_k \mapsto h_kh^{-1}$ ($H \to H$) is bijective.
So suppose $h_kh^{-1} = h_mh^{-1}$. Multiplying both sides on the right by $h$, gives $h_k = h_m$, so our mapping is injective. On the othr hand, given any $h_j \in H$, we see that: $h_jh \in H$, and our mapping takes:
$h_jh \mapsto (h_jh)h^{-1} = h_j(hh^{-1}) = h_j$, so the map $h_k \mapsto h_kh^{-1}$ is bijective.
THIS tells us the set $\{h^{-1}b, h_1h^{-1}b,\dots,h_nh^{-1}b\} = Hb$ since $h_kh^{-1}$ runs through ALL elements of $H$, just like $h_k$ does.
In other words $Ha = Hb$ if, and only if, $ba^{-1} \in H$ (since $H$ is a subgroup, this also means $(ba^{-1})^{-1} = ab^{-1} \in H$, as well).
So we now define a relation: $a \sim_H b$ means: $Ha = Hb$. As we saw above this means that $ba^{-1}$ (and $ab^{-1}$) are in $H$. It is not immediately apparent this is an equivalence relation. We have to PROVE it.
$\sim_H$ is reflexive: this states that $Ha = Ha$, or equivalently, that $aa^{-1} = e \in H$. This is obvious, since $H$ is a subgroup, and subgroups contain the identity.
$\sim_H$ is symmetric: this says if $Ha = Hb$, then $Hb = Ha$. Well that seems clear. Alternatively, if $ba^{-1} \in H$, then since $H$ is a subgroup, $(ba^{-1})^{-1} = ab^{-1} \in H$, that is: $a\sim_H b \iff b \sim_H a$.
$\sim_H$ is transitive: this says if $Ha = Hb$, and $hb = Hc$, then $Ha = Hc$. Again, this seems straight-forward. Using our "other definition" we need to show that if:
$ba^{-1}$ and $cb^{-1}$ are in $H$, so is $ca^{-1}$, But $H$ is a subgroup, and so is closed under multiplication, so:
$(cb^{-1})(ba^{-1}) = c(b^{-1}b)a^{-1} = ca^{-1} \in H$.
This tells us $\sim_H$ is a bona-fide equivalence relation. It should be clear now that if $b \in [a]_{\sim_H}$, that $Hb = Ha$, which means in particular, $b = eb \in Ha$. On the other hand, if $b \in Ha$, so that $b = ha$ for some $h \in H$, then $ba^{-1} = h \in H$, so that $b \in [a]_{\sim_H}$.
In summary, the equivalence class of $a$ (under the equivalence relation $\sim_H$), $[a]$ is PRECISELY the (right) coset, $Ha$.
Comment: Can you explain why if Ha=Hb implies $ba^{-1}$ in H . How does $(h_{m})^{-1}h_{k} = ba^{-1}$ proves it ?
Comment: @K.Dutta Because $H$ is a subgroup, it is closed under inverse and group operation, so $h_m\in H\implies (h_m)^{-1}\in H\implies (h_m)^{-1}h_k\in H$.
Answer: The coset of a group I like to think of it as the set H multiplied by element a if your group is normal that is Ha = aH then multiplication by a will make both sets equal.
I will try to explain to you the whole story we have in normal $Z_n$ we have the following
a $\equiv$ b (mod n) iff a - b = n q1*
we could look at this from another perspective that is we could instead of looking as numbers we could look at this in terms of sets that is we would have
a $\equiv$ b (mod Z_n) iff $a*b^{-1} \in Z_n$
we can show that this relation gives an equivalence relation and hence congruence class partitions your group G and the classes are given as follows
{b $\in$ G | b $\equiv$ a (mod K)} = {b $\in$ G | $b*a^-1$ = k, such that k $\in K$}
= {ka | k $\in K$}. So the congruence class of a modulo K is our right coset.
Answer: It seems that the first $[a]$ is the equivalence class formed by all elements equivalent to $a$ under the relation $a\sim b$ when there is an $h \in H$ so that $a=hb$. While $Ha$ is the set formed by all products of $h \in H$ with a. These are the same because if $a = hb$ then $b = h^{-1}a$ and $h^{-1}\in H$ iff $h \in H$, so that the collection of all such elements $b$ is the same as that of all products in $Ha$. Intuitively one can think of a coset as some kind of orbit formed by the action of $H$ on an element $a \in G$, for example if $a$ is an element of $H$ then the orbit is $H$ itself, for $H$ is closed under multiplication (being a subgroup).
Comment: What do you mean by orbit ?

How do i visualize Cosets of a group


What is a the maximum breaker size inside a subpanel?

Question: I have an electric car that I'd like to charge faster. I have a charger (EVSE) that will pull 24A. I have a detached garage with 30A service running to it (10-3 wiring, 30A breaker at the main panel). My question is: Am I allowed to have a 30A breaker in my garage subpanel with 30A service?
Comment: "I'd like to charge faster" **than what?** What are you doing now?  What equipment are you using?  Do you want 2x your current speed or 3x?
Comment: Does the car not charge fully overnight?
Answer: A 30-amp breaker in the main panel, feeding 10-gauge cable, can have a subpanel at the end with a 30-amp breaker in the subpanel.
However, if you live in the USA, NEC requires high-current devices that draw electricity for a long time to not draw more than 80% of the capacity of the circuit's design. This is called a de-rate.
Your EV charger is one of those always-ish-on devices drawing large currents. Your circuit cable is 10/3, which is 30 amps maximum. 80% of 30 Amps is 24 Amps, which is the maximum current that your existing circuit can allow for the EV charger. However, you cannot change the garage service or EV charger circuit breakers to anything larger than 30 Amps with your existing service. And you cannot increase the EV charging circuit beyond the existing 24 Amps.
To draw more, you must upgrade the service to the garage. And you have to do a load calculation on your whole house service to determine if there is room for more charging power. If you have room in the load calculation, pick the amount of current you want to use to charge the EV. Find out what maximum current that EV charge current is 80% of (multiply your desired charging current by 1.25) then bump up the replacement garage supply cable and circuit breaker in the main panel to the next available circuit breaker size  typically available for your panel above the calculated current, and appropriately-matched cable gauge. An new question on calculating this value would be a good idea if you want to go this route.
Comment: Thanks for the clarification and concerns. I am aware that I would need to limit usage on the main 30A breaker to 80% (24A) for continuous use. This is within the scope of my use case as there will be nothing else turned on in this detached garage except for an LED light bulb less than a minute a day. I can limit the EVSE to 20A, but this will be unnecessary as I do not need the headroom on a regular basis. Thanks!
Comment: Can the EVSE be configured to draw 20A actual?  Then you can cable it the way you describe (30A feeder and 30 amp branch), get a 25% increase in charge rate, and have SOME power left for your garage while the car draws 67% of circuit capacity.  It's not the 50% increase in charge rate you hope for, but it's an increase .... if the charger is capable.
Answer: In addition to the 80% derate, whole house load calculation, etc. all discussed in Triplefaul's answer, you also need to do a load calculation for the garage, or at least put in some consideration to the existing loads.
As I understand it (the question is not 100% clear), you are currently charging using a Level 1 charger (i.e., 15A (12A actual) or 20A (16A actual) at 120V) and want to install a 24A actual (30A breaker required) Level 2 charger. Since that will take the entire garage load allocation, you are immediately heading into dangerous territory.
I'm not too concerned about lights (assuming they are LED or fluorescent) as that load is probably 1A or less. But any significant additional load run simultaneously with the 24A EV charging can cause problems. The 80% derate is because of the way things are designed to handle heat in wires. If you add 6A of other loads running at the same time as your EV is charging, you are now at 30A for the subpanel. 30A for the subpanel will not trip the breaker. But if the 6A load is going for a long time ("continuous") then the effect will be to eliminate the safety margin provided by the derate because your subpanel feed is also 30A rated, just like the EVSE circuit.
This is not much of an issue with a larger feed (e.g., 60A) because unless you are minin' or growin', you aren't likely to have that many other continuous loads. But even something as simple as a 12A plug-in heater to work on your car on a cold day would cause problems here - either tripping the 30A breaker (inconvenient) or burn up your wires (because at a 20% overload a breaker may take a while to trip).
Comment: @SnappyCrunch Unfortunately, NEC does not recognize the validity of "pinky promises" to not use circuits simultaneously.  You need to follow the provisioning rules in NEC Article 220. Or alternately, use a Load Management system to assure the EV never overdraws the feeder.
Comment: Thanks for the clarification and concerns. I am aware that I would need to limit usage on the main 30A breaker to 80% (24A) for continuous use, but that is an important point that it pays to be sure people know about. This is within the scope of my use case as there will be nothing else turned on in this detached garage except for an LED light bulb less than a minute a day. I could limit the EVSE to 20A, but I think that will be unnecessary as I do not need the headroom on a regular basis. Thanks!
Comment: Good point about load-calculating the garage panel!
Comment: I thought the purpose of the derate was to allow for the possibility that the tolerance band for a 30A breaker to trip on a sustained load extends below the rated current, and the NEC doesn't want to in any manner encourage sizing of circuits that would cause frequent trips, which would in turn drive people to use unsafe workarounds.  Properly designed and sized breakers should trip under any pattern of usage which would overheat appropriate wiring, so derating shouldn't be necessary to prevent overheating, but merely to ensure reliability.
Answer: The secret
Nobody runs a 30A subpanel to a garage for a light bulb. You are ignoring other loads. There's no excuse for doing a proper NEC Article 220 Load Calculation on the loads in the garage -- oh wait, THERE IS!
By using a Load Management System, you can run up to the full speed of the feeder.  The system installs "CT clamp" meters on your feeder wires. They measure the draw actually being taken by all the loads in the garage, and adjust EV charge rate so that the feeder is never overloaded.
E.G. This means operating a garage door opener is going to momentarily see the EV charge rate drop from 24A to 12A.  But that's fine, it recovers immediately after, but importantly, does not trip the breaker at the house.  This means you do not need to "tip-toe" around the EVSE when it's running, nor worry about other family members doing something.
This requires a "wall unit" charger, but you're going to need that anyway to unlock intermediate speeds like 16-24A at 240V. Almost no UL-listed "travel unit" chargers (EVSEs) support* intermediate speeds like that.  They are generally all-or-nothing 12A or 32A, both of which are inappropriate for home charging.  Those units are for travel, i.e. hotels and RV parks.  Do not use the cheap Cheese units off Amazon, they are not safe and can burn your house down.
A wall unit can easily be configured to any amp rate. These delete the need for either a socket or a GFCI breaker (NEC is clear that any socket installed for EV purposes must also have a GFCI breaker. Even though the EVSE has a better GFCI inside.) The Wallbox Pulsar Plus supports Load Management with a cable. The Emporia also does, but uses WiFi to "the cloud" for the connection.
Do you really need 5 times level 1 speed?
People tend to look at amps. Level 1 charging is 12 amps, true, but at half the voltage of 240V.
So 240V @ 16A might seem like "barely more than level 1", but it's actually three times level 1 (when you take overhead loads into account).  4kW charging is not nothing, it will 50% charge even an F150 Lightning in 12 hours.  For a more modest EV with a 66kWH pack, you'll regain 80% in that same time.
24A is almost five times level 1 which is overkill for most people, especially those who were marginally able to make it work on level 1.
Simply turning down the power to something compatible with your Load Calculation would save the cost of the Load Management kit.
I shouldn't tell you this, but most level 1 "charger cables" (EVSE) can be tricked into charging at double speed by making a 6" long dongle cord with a NEMA 5-15R (standard socket) on one end and NEMA 6-15P (240V/15A plug) on the other end.  Check with fans of your model to confirm this works.  However the gotcha with that method is that a 240V socket in a garage needs a costly ($120+) GFCI breaker feeding it, and that sucks.  This is money better put toward a wall unit like the Wallbox.

* The Tesla Mobile Connector has 16-24A dongles.  And the Cadillac unit has a 24A dongle, if you enjoy paying Cadillac prices.  (supposedly the Caddy dongle will fit the Chevy travel unit). Other than the dangerous garbage from Amazon Marketplace, those are the only units I'm aware of.
Comment: I appreciate the response. Currently the Load Balancing EVSEs are too pricey for me. I have a "travel" EVSE from Amazon, but it appears to be better built than some. It says it is UL listed, and it has selectable amperages at 12, 16, 20, and 24A. The detached garage is 100 years old, but had electricity run to it in 2021. There is nothing else in the garage except a 60W light bulb, and outlets with nothing on them. The garage is only used for storage, and I'm in there less than once a week. So it feels like overkill to downrate myself to 20A or less when there is little reason to. (Cont)
Comment: (Cont) I am also not parking and changing there every night, and I drive 50-150 mi/day. So being able to substantially charge from 4 hours or less would be useful. Still, I worry about someone else coming in and plugging something like a heater to a 120V receptacle, tripping the feeder breaker because they weren't aware that they needed to stop the car charging first. So I want a switch that will make it so that either the 120V outlets or the 240V outlet will be energized, but not both. It seems like a contactor would be the best solution for this. What do you think?
Comment: @SnappyCrunch Contactor you mean like a DCC?  That'll cost more than a proper EMS.  Wallbox $450 at CostCo, current monitor $300 and Bob's your uncle. Are you sure you aren't naysaying here?
Comment: I don't think I'm trying to naysay, I really am trying to work out a simple and safe solution that doesn't cost a lot of money. It feels like a good solution for my situation is for either the 240V or 120V receptacle(s) to be energized, but never both at the same time. That would make it very hard to unintentionally overload the feeder breaker. An industrial cam switch would allow me to switch between the two circuits, but I worry about arcing if someone switches the 240V circuit off while it's pulling 24A. (Cont)
Comment: (Cont) A contactor, like the kind used for HVAC or large lighting systems, feels like the right way to switch the circuits. So the 240V receptacle would run through an appropriately sized Normally Closed contactor, and that would be actuated by the 120V from the 120V switched receptacles. So if the 120V receptacles are switched on, that also actuates the contactor, which turns the 240V receptacle off. I hope that makes sense. To me, it seems like the way to go, but I don't know what I don't know.
Comment: @SnappyCrunch So all your receptacles are behind a switch? Use the breaker for the switch, and install an ECSBPK02 or CHML or QO2DTI interlock between the 120V receptacle breaker and the 240V receptacle breaker. $30 solution.  Homebrew contactor 'solution' still makes no sense.  I realize you really want to homebrew, but there are major permitting and insurance problems with that sort of thing.  Not least running 24A continuous through a contactor will heavily stress it, adding yet more places for bad stuff to happen.


How can I create a Windows Desktop Shortcut for Ubuntu?

Question: I am using dual boot, and I want to be able to access windows desktop files with one click. How can I do this? How can I create a Windows Desktop Shortcut for Ubuntu? Thanks.
Answer: I've not long ceased dual-booting, however I was in the same boat, wanted files accessible from both Ubuntu and Windows. Here's what I did:

Under Windows, use Disk Managment to create an NTFS "data" partition for those files to reside, including folder heirarchy "Documents, Downloads, Pictures, Desktop, Videos", etc. (In my situation, I didn't create a partition, I used a secondary drive, this way, in the event Windows borks itself, I don't lose anything)
Under Windows Explorer, right-click each of the above folders, choose "properties", goto the "location" tab and change their "location" to the new data partition (eg D:\users\username\documents). Windows will ask you to confirm you want to move the data files to the new location. Click yes/apply/OK to confirm.
Reboot to your Linux Distro and have the new data partition mounted under "media", for this, I used the Disks utility and modified the data partitions automatic mounting options to mount the partition (/dev/sdxx) by its UUID to /media/data (you could also do this by editing /etc/fstab).

Finally, I used Nautilus to "Make Link" for each of the data folders (Desktop, Downloads, Documents, etc) on the data partition and then moved those links to my /home/username folder as replacements for the standard folders.

The end result is the same files accessible by both operating systems, under the same folder heirarchy. I could create/edit files in one OS and the changes will be instantly recognised by the second OS. The only folder you may wish to omit would be the "Desktop" folder, as you'll end up with desktop links/shortcuts which are unique to each OS.
In step one, you're creating an NTFS partition as this will be readable by both Windows and Linux OS's. Step four works as both OS's will be "symlinked" to the same data folders.


How to choose waiting process in a preemptive priority-based scheduler

Question: If my CPU schedule is preemptive priority,
and I have no new processes coming, how I should choose from the waiting processes?
Answer: "Preemptive priority" is a property of a scheduler, it is not a complete specification. Under preemptive priority scheduling, you choose the waiting process that has the highest priority. If there are multiple process with that priority, knowing that the scheduler is preemptive priority-based isn't enough to know what it will do. If you want to completely describe a scheduler, you need to specify that case as well.
Two common choices that are used together with preemptive priority-based scheduling are preemptive round-robin (interrupt processes after a certain time if another process with the same priority is ready) and non-preemptive round-robin (a ready process is only ever interrupted by a higher-priority process). But there can be more complex algorithms as well.