Can BIOS be eventually upgraded to EFI?

Question: I have an Intel PM55 chipset in my notebook. Reportedly Windows 8 (aka Windows Next) will not support BIOS-based systems. Is my motherboard forward-compatible to house an EFI firmware?
Answer: The Intel PM55 is available with the recent Core I5 & I7 chip families and is 64-bit.
As such, while your current system probably still only supports booting the BIOS-based OS via the Compatibility Support Module (CSM), and thus does not appear to be UEFI-based, actually it's almost certain to be UEFI-ready for Windows 8 which will be only UEFI-based and 64-bits.
However, you will need an EFI update package for your motherboard, which given the great popularity of the Intel PM55 chipset, has a good chance of eventually becoming available.
But nothing is ever guaranteed, as there is not enough documentation available at the moment.
Answer: Windows 8 will run on a legacy BIOS system.
It may not support all of the new Windows 8 features that require UEFI support, but it will still be as capable - if not more - than Windows 7 on a legacy BIOS.
Answer: Until MS decides to discontinue the 32-bit version of Windows, it'll continue to support BIOS. Even then BIOS support is highly unlikely to be removed, because most UEFI implementations have CSM module for legacy support and many people still rely on that.
UEFI is newer than BIOS and has a lot more features. It contains a lot of modules, including CSM module for emulating the old BIOS. As a result it's much larger and can't be stored in a BIOS chip. Therefore BIOS systems generally cannot be upgraded to UEFI

However if really needed then a software UEFI solution like DUET can be used

If your computer is based on a true BIOS, though, how can you make it act like a UEFI-based system? The answer is to use a disk-loaded UEFI implementation known as the Developer's UEFI Environment (DUET; or sometimes UEFI DUET). This software is a real, although limited, UEFI implementation that can be booted like an OS from a computer's hard disk. Once it's in control, DUET provides typical UEFI services to UEFI-based boot loaders and OSes.
http://www.rodsbooks.com/bios2uefi/index.html

More information: What can TianoCore's DUET be used for in a PC?

Update:
Even nowadays many PCs are shipped without CSM module. Intel has announced the plan to remove BIOS support completely in the future

Speaking at UEFI Plugfest, a hardware interoperability testing event held by the Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) Forum earlier this month, Intel announced that by 2020 it was going to phase out the last remaining relics of the PC BIOS by 2020, marking the full transition to UEFI firmware.

The PC BIOS will be killed off by 2020 as Intel plans move to pure UEFI

Can BIOS be eventually upgraded to EFI?


What is inside the male's body in the space where females have the ovaries and the uterus?

Question: The male penis and scrotum are external, whereas the female sex organs are placed "inside" the body. As females have the bladder, rectum etc.  just like males, does this mean overall females have a larger volume of organs? Is this why females have wider hips — because the male penis and scrotum are external appendages just like female breasts?
Comment: The ovaries and uterus are pretty small except for the uterus during pregnancy. Just for comparison, think of how your intestines take up a significant fraction of the abdominal cavity, but the actual space they take up completely depends on how much food etc is in there - that variation from hour to hour is going to be a lot more than the volume of the female reproductive organs when not pregnant.
Comment: @BryanKrause I guess you could extend your comment (and use keywords like phenotypic plasticity) into an answer if you want to.
Comment: @Remi.b Not really my area besides a familiarity with abdominal anatomy necessary to pluck arteries out of an animal model, so I'll let someone else take a stab at it, just hoping to redirect the question asker a bit: probably the more interesting question to think about are the female specializations for pregnancy and delivery (humans and animals), rather than space for the organs generally.
Comment: You are asking multiple questions here. I would suggest that you restrict your question to the pelvic region, as your question title says. Each organ would have sex-based differences. We cannot cover all that in a single post.
Comment: Oh cool @WYSIWYG I'll make the second paragraph into a separate question.
Answer: Wider hips in females is not contributed because of large volume of organs.
Broadening of the hip bones happens as a feature of the female pubertal process, and estrogens (the overwhelming sex hormones in females) cause an enlarging of the pelvis as a piece of sexual separation. Consequently females for the most part have more extensive hips, allowing labor.
However, I found this article from International Business Times that states >>

Women have not evolved wider pelvises despite it being difficult and
  dangerous to give birth – yet they may have developed some physical
  features that help during labour.
Barbara Fischer, from the University of Oslo, has found a link between
  pelvis shape and statue and head circumference of both baby and
  mother.

There was, however, no sufficient evidence to back this article, but it is quite an interesting approach otherwise.
Males are not needed to have any extra organs, but females have just more space in the pelvis region. That space can be linked to idea of uterus expanding to hold the fetus during gestation as mentioned by @BryanKrause.
Comment: the article is a poor understanding of a study on the size of the birth canal portion of the pelvis, the pelvis as a whole is still wider. a big red flag is it is the an article in business times about evolutionary biology.
Answer: mostly nothing, males have narrower pelvises. The prostate, seminal vesicle, and basal anchorage of the penis do take up some space.

What is inside the male’s body in the space where females have the ovaries and the uterus?


Where did the term horsepower originate?

Question: After searching through the archive under the tag horsepower, horsepower history, history horsepower and horsepower history I didn't see this question asked but where and why do we use "horse" in the term horsepower when an engine's power is mechanical?  Was the term horsepower created to come engine performance versus the power of a horse?
Comment: Although this is an intriguing question, I'm voting to close it as off-topic because it is not related to the maintenance and repair of motor vehicles and their accessories.
Comment: Not sure how much stock you put in Wikipedia but - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower#History_of_the_unit
Comment: I think it goes back to the dawn of steam engines as they started to be used to replace horses : ploughing, water pumping etc. However, I do think I have to agree with @CharlieRB on all counts.
Comment: I'm voting to close this question as off-topic because it is not related to repair of motor vehicles and their accessories.
Comment: Back when the automobile was called the horseless carriage there needed to be a way to compare the power of an actual carriage to a horseless one. Hence the horsepower comparison was born.
Answer: The origin of the word horsepower comes literally from the horse and buggy days. 1 horse pulling a load of 330 lbs of coal or whatever 100 feet above ground in 1 minute generated 1 horsepower.
1 Hp= 330lbs X 100 Ft / 1 minute
33,000 foot-pounds per minute.
With the advent of electrical power the equivalent power was stated in watts or kilowatts.
1 Hp= 745.7 watts or .7457 Kw.


Offline Message Rating

Question: Whenever I sign out of Bloodborne or play offline, I notice my messages ratings never seem to change. Does this mean other players can only see my messages if I am actively playing online?
Answer: Yes, your messages only appear to other players, who are within your level range, while you are playing online. This is probably for a couple reasons:

The notes you've made are tied to your character and they can vary
from character to character. For instance, I have five character
profiles and have written different notes with each and only the
notes for that character are visible to other players when I'm
playing as that character.
There is a limit to the number of notes you can have active at one
time. Your newer notes will overwrite your older notes (unless
you've "protected" the note from being deleted in this manner, then
only unprotected ones will be overwritten with your newer notes). If
all your notes were always loaded then you'd excede this limit.

Offline Message Rating


AM Radio Envelope Dectector

Question: How do you choose the values of the capacitor and the resistor in an envelope detector circuit? In my case, the frequency range is from
20 Hz to 20,000 Hz. Also, am I correct in understanding that usually Schottky diodes are used in the circuit instead of other types of diodes because they have a lower turn-on voltage?
Answer: The capacitor and resistor make a low-pass RC filter, with a frequency cutoff around $\frac{1}{2\pi RC}$ (in hertz). Do keep in mind $R$ is not just the value of the resistor, but rather the entire load on the circuit which includes the input impedance of the next stage.
The idea is to strip out the RF component, while passing the baseband component.
If the cutoff is too high, the rectified RF gets through, so you're not making an envelope detector anymore.
If the cutoff is too low, it means the envelope detector is slow to respond to changes in envelope amplitude. In an AM receiver this means high frequencies in the demodulated audio will be attenuated.
Since the baseband signal is usually something audible to humans, it's not above 20 kHz. And the RF signal is usually at least an order of magnitude higher than that. So there is a very wide range of values that will work.
You are correct, Schottky diodes are often selected for their lower turn-on voltage and fast switching speed.
Comment: And, it's pretty unlikely that the broadcast will comprise frequencies that reach up to 20kHz, but it's easy to experiment with the response. Is *Q* a factor in selection R and C? (No pun intended!)
Comment: @BrianK1LI I'm not sure -- how would you define Q factor for an RC circuit? I usually think of Q factor for resonant circuits like band-pass/reject filters, or oscillators.
Comment: The corner frequency will depend on how heavily the filter is loaded by the following circuitry, which I interpret as an implication of loaded *Q*.
Comment: @BrianK1LI good point, i added a bit about that.

AM Radio Envelope Dectector


logistic differential equation problem setup

Question:
The Pacific halibut fishery has been modeled by the differential equation $$\frac{dy}{dt} = ky(1-\frac{y}{m}) $$ where $y(t)$ is the biomass in kg at time $t$ years. The carrying capacity is estimated to be $M = 8x10^7$kg and $k = 0.71/yr$. If $y(0) = 2x10^7$kg, find the biomass a year later.

I am having a difficult time calculating this problem so I would just like some input on whether I setup the problem correctly.
$$y(t) = \frac{8x10^7}{1 + 3x10^7e^{-0.71}}, ~~A = \frac{8x10^7 - 2x10^7}{2x10^7} = 3x10^7$$
I think it is just a simple plugging into the equation given in the reading which is $$P(t) = \frac{M}{1+Ae^{-kt}}, ~~ A = \frac{M-P_0}{P_0} $$
Let me k now if this is correct or not, thanks
Answer: It is $$y(t)=\frac{m e^{c_1 m+k t}}{e^{c_1 m+k t}-1}$$


What is meant by "uneven spacing" on number line when dealing with floating point numbers in computers?

Question: I read some examples online on this subject, but none of them really gave an explanation. When I visualize the number line all I can see is evenly spaced numbers, I'm not grasping the notation of "uneven spacing" when It comes to plotting the floating point values from a machine's perspective. Perhaps I am thinking about this too literally.
Answer: Let's look at a single-precision floating point number (as specified by IEEE 754). It is made up of 32 bits. Therefore, there are exactly $2^{32}$ floating point numbers that dots the number line.
What does it mean when we say that the floating point numbers are "unevenly" distributed on the number line? It means that they are not uniformly distributed. But why?
Well, let's consider the case where these numbers are distributed uniformly on the number line. Then there's some constant finite gap between successive numbers, $\Delta$. Since there are $2^{32}$ points on this line, then these uniformly distributed numbers span an interval of $\Delta \times 2^{32}$ width.
How big is $2^{32}$? Well, it's about 4 billion. Do you see the problem with uniformly distributed representations of numbers? If you want to even be able to represent the number $\pm 2$ billion in your uniform system, then you need to make sure that both $-2 \times 10^9$ and $2 \times 10^9$ are within your representable interval. Therefore, we need $\Delta \times 2^{32} \ge 4 \times 10^9$, so that we must space our numbers around $\Delta \approx 1$ apart. But if $\Delta \approx 1$, how are you going to represent both $1$ and $0.5$ precisely? Their difference is smaller than the gap!
Herein lies the rationale for having non-uniformly distributed representations such as floating point numbers. Uniformly distributed representations (or fixed-point numbers) cannot represent both big numbers and small numbers in a "good-enough" manner.
Answer: let consider a simple decimal system in which precession = 3, lower exponent = -3 & upper exponent = 3.
so in order to call it uniform, number line should have a equal gaps between consecutive numbers.
case 1: $x_1 = 1.31*10^2, x_2= 1.32*10^2 $ $\therefore \Delta x =0.01*10^2 $
case 2: $x_1 = 1.31*10^{-2}, x_2 = 1.32*10^{-2} $ $\therefore \Delta x = 0.01*10^{-2}$
since $\Delta x$ in case 1 is not equal to case 2, we can say that floating point numbers are not uniformly distributed.
Answer: Positive floating point numbers are encoded as something like
$Mantissa * 2^{Exponent-Constant}.$
Where $Mantissa$ and $Exponent$ are naturals, for example respectively 24bits and 7bits scalars (32bits single precision).
The 'spacing' between consecutive values depend on the exponent, it is not constant.
(Actual floating point numbers are a bit more complex with encoding for infinites, tricks around zero...)
Answer: Take a C++ compiler. Start with double x = 1.0 and double y = 1e100.
Now try out various values z, and find for which z you find that x+z != x or y+z != y. What is the smallest z where 1.0 + z != 1.0 and the smallest z where 1e100 + z != 1e100?


Adjective referring to a Representative

Question: We have gubernatorial for governors, senatorial for senators, mayoral for mayors; what is the adjective for "of or pertaining to a representative"? The word representational means something totally different. I don't find representatal as a word. Nor represental. Congressional refers to both senators and representatives. Have we nothing specific? That seems like a pretty big lacuna.
Comment: There's no adjective for it. We often use the noun "House" attributively to refer to the House of Representatives, as in "House Committee on X". And the word "Congressman" refers to the members, even though logically it should include Senators.
Comment: Can you give a context where you need to use this adjective, where "House" won't work?
Comment: What's wrong with representational? Congressional is also understood.
Comment: Lower Congressional
Answer: The United States Code,2 USC 5341, states:

Representational allowance for Members of House of Representatives
(a) In general
There is established for the House of Representatives a single allowance, to be known as the "Members' Representational Allowance", which shall be available to support the conduct of the official and representational duties of a Member or Member-elect of the House of Representatives with respect to the district from which the Member or Member-elect is elected.

So "representational duties" is a term in use.
Comment: Yes; 'representative' has too weighty a default usage to be good here.
Answer: The word Representative can be used both as a noun and as an adjective.  You can see this in the definitions of the word in the online version of the Merriam Webster dictionary:  [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/representative]
In its constitutional usage, the word is used because the members of the House of Representatives are supposed to be elected to 'represent' the voters of a particular constituency.  So these representatives speak for the people of that constituency just as a 'representative' of a local or national company, visiting someone's home, is 'representing' that company:  what they tell you about it is in that sense adjectivally representative of the company (or political party) in question.
When, after being elected by their constituency, they speak and vote in the House, they sometimes act as representatives of their constituents on some particular individual issue or of the constituency as a whole on a broader legislative matter.
That does not make them necessarily 'representative' in the sense of typical of of their constituents.  They might, for example, have been elected on a majority of 1%, where only 60% of the voters turned out to vote.  They might not take any notice of problems raised with them by voters they suspect voted for the other side.  But in that case, we could, I think, say that the Representative was failing in her/his representative duties, just as a mayor might in some respect fail in his/her 'mayoral' duties, or a governor fail in her/his 'gubernatorial' duties.  More likely, though, is that they would be said to fail in their 'duties as a mayor', or 'duties as a governor' or 'duties as a representative'.

Adjective referring to a Representative


How to remove leaking patch

Question: I attempted to patch a leak on my air mattress using pieces of an old mattress and super glue. It didn't hold still leaking air but in my effort to fix leak I probably got 3 separate patches and an entire tube of super glue on there. How do I get the non working patch off so it can be fixed I can't just keep trying to add another patch or can i
Comment: I'm voting to close this question as off-topic because patching  an air mattress has nothing to do with bicycles. Try asking on outdoors.se.
Comment: Feel free to read other patch related questions. The general consensus is that super glue doesn't work, but since air mattresses don't have rubber surface I wouldn't expect bike tube patches to work either.
Comment: First you need to identify what your mattress is made from.  It is unlikely to be made of butyl rubber like a bicycle tyre, so I'm going to migrate this to the Outdoors SE site.
Comment: Sorry but using superglue is totally wrong. Superglue cures "hard" and is inflexible.  You need a glue that is flexible.
Comment: I have actually successfully repaired a "rubber" (but not inner tube rubber) bellows using a piece of inner tube and superglue (a pre-glued patch had some success, but patch cement was useless). This only worked because it only had to hold very little pressure, and didn't stretch appreciably during use
Comment: ...@MaxW you're right in the general case though. There are some more flexible superglues, which tend to come as a gel and be rubber-filled. I've used them but not on fabric. Solvent-based fabric glue is probably the way to go here
Answer: Superglue is depolymerised by acetone. That means (most) nail polish remover will take it off. Whether you air mattress can handle acetone is another matter. Some plastics can, others can't. I suggest you find an area where damage won't be too much of a problem and experiment (perhaps there's a flap over the valve, or an edge of a seam). The cotton flocked materials will need longer testing as it's the underlying airtight fabric that you need to test. A few minutes soaking should do the trick, but for a big patch you may need to gently peel the patch every few minutes to let the acetone get underneath. As the acetone evaporates it will give you something close to superglue again, so dispose promptly and carefully, and avoiding breathing the fumes.
Alternatively, superglue doesn't stand up well to very hot water. If you can arrange things so that you can get it immersed in gently simmering water, the patch should come off in a few minutes. Again, this may not be suitable for the fabric, and testing may be harder.
Note that testing on a spare patch isn't completely without risk: they're not necessarily the same material.

How to remove leaking patch


Rubbing alcohol or hydrogen peroxide for small wounds?

Question: Ignoring physical pain, is it better to use rubbing alcohol or hydrogen peroxide to clean small wounds?
Comment: Neither. Use plain soap and water.
Answer: I think alcohol is better than peroxide for the reasons stated above.
Nevertheless, from an evidence stand-point, there is no really strong evidence for basically any solution over the other or even for whether to clean or not clean wounds.
Personally (and what is preferred by most in daily practice and generally recommended in guidelines as well) is cleaning with a running solution (either isotonic saline or water) as it's believed that the largest part of the cleaning is actually done by mechanically pushing the germs off the wounded region.
The effects of water compared with other solutions for wound cleansing


Sample code to load & validate an XML file & schema in Saxon under Java

Question: This is for a tool in our system that will verify that it can load an XML file with Saxon, and list any problems. So I want to have Saxon load the file and throw an exception if it can't fully parse it. This test has an option to be given a schema file so it validates against the schema if it exists.
This is for our Java version so need to use the Java API. I tried to port over the C# Validate example (there is no Java validate that I could find) but the API is quite a bit different.
And if possible, get a list of errors it found parsing.
Answer: In the download file you should find samples/java/ee/SchemaValidatorExample.java which uses the JAXP interface, and also java/he/S9APIExamples.java which uses the s9api API and includes use cases SchemaA and SchemaB.
These could do with updating, none of them takes advantage of the new interface SchemaValidator.setInvalidityHandler() which allows you either to supply an instance of InvalidityReportGeneratorEE which gives you a Saxon-generated report of all invalidities found, or your own InvalidityReportGenerator or InvalidityHandler to produce your own customized reporting. I suggest you take a tour of the Javadoc for documentation of what these do.
These are very much geared to custom reporting of the invalidities found. Throwing an exception if the file isn't valid is much simpler.


Want to create golden snitch wings sound effects

Question: I want to know how to create the golden snitch wings sound effect (from Harry Potter's films). I've tried looking for fireworks spinners but I couldn't get the same effect of the films.
Any ideas?
Comment: I'm also interested in hearing some possible methods for creating this type of sound.
Answer: Put some glass cleaner on a mirror and rub with a towel


Why is it so hard to give a good definition of philosophy?

Question: I have never seen an adequate definition of philosophy. It seems like a "family-resemblance" concept to me, to borrow Wittgenstein's famous phrase. It is easy to give definitions of, say, physics, or chemistry, or biology, or even mathematics. But philosophy seems like a more vague, imprecise concept. Why is that? And is there even a good definition of philosophy?
Comment: One might take the original word strictly enough, and compare/contrast with a concept of erosophy and agapesophy, so to say. Friends of *sophia* did not take advantage of her beauty, whereas the Sophists with their convenient rhetoric did (or so the old story goes; if I remember correctly, Pirsig tries to disabuse his audience of this narrative in his *Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance*). But then we also have maniasophy (perhaps the murderous logicism that Arendt attributes to totalitarianism), among other things.
Comment: It is *not* easy (indeed, substantively impossible)  to give a good definition of science generally or, say, biology in particular either, see [demarcation problem](https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pseudo-science/). It only *seems* easy if one uses equally vague and undefinable terms, like "study of nature" or "scientific study of living organisms". But then one can "easily" define philosophy too, as "reflection on being and reason" or as "love of wisdom". Those are all family resemblance concepts.
Comment: It's so hard for philosophy compared to many other fields is it cannot merely admit and play with any artificially stipulated precise object languages and push all other unexplained or deeper deepity to some meta, there's simply no meta in philosophy ultimately and thus philosophy must break the infinite regress while avoid amorphous contingent psychologism as reminded by Frege and Husserl in recent times. Wherefore the answer to your question is not unlike today's another [post](https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/102936/what-does-it-mean-for-something-to-break-infinite-regress)...
Comment: It's hard to give a good definition of almost anything, because almost everything is a fuzzy set. Even worse, it's a n-times iterated fuzzy set for all n = 1, 2, 3, ....
Comment: " It is easy to give definitions of, say, physics, or chemistry, or biology, or even mathematics." Please, provide them :-)
Answer: Simply put, there is no good definition of philosophy because in this sense you mean stipulative definition; for definition by stipulation you need agreement, and there is a considerable disagreement about what philosophy is and what it should be used for. Since philosophy began under the Pre-Socratics, philosophers have been commenting on this topic, however, recently the sub-field of metaphilosophy has begun to catalogue and marshal the debate. From the IEP article on metaphilosophy:

What is philosophy? What is philosophy for? How should philosophy be done? These are metaphilosophical questions, metaphilosophy being the study of the nature of philosophy. Contemporary metaphilosophies within the Western philosophical tradition can be divided, rather roughly, according to whether they are associated with (1) Analytic philosophy, (2) Pragmatist philosophy, or (3) Continental philosophy.

Thus, you will see that philosophers who make arguments about what philosophy is and what its methods should be fall into a number of schools, of which one can supplement the list above:

Ancient philosophy
Analytic philosophy
Continential philosophy
Process philosophy
Pragmatic philosophy

The one introductory text I own on the topic is:

An Introduction to Metaphilosophy by Overgaard et al. (GB)

Note that the lack of consensus is not a bad thing necessarily; in fact, one can make the argument that the diversity inherent in metaphilosophical pluralism adds some value above and beyond the individual opinions by showing that philosophy itself seems subject to diversity as a function of the psychology of the philosophers themselves.
Comment: Enumerating the schools of philosophy amounts to saying that "philosophy is what philosophers do".
Comment: And this is exactly what the IEP's entry on "meta-" is doing: enumerating main (current) philosophical schools. When I was young, this was "history of philosophy".
Comment: @MauroALLEGRANZA The approach the book by Overgaard et al. is to examine the distinguishing features of the metaphysical, ontological, and epistemological theories relatively free of historical context and to build a somewhat classificatory and diachronic approach. Philosophy seems to recycle some of the basic dichotomies of positivity and normativity, empirical and rational, subjectivity and objectivity, and examine it in the light of the progression of whatever the impact of contemporary science is.
Answer: Demarcation, investigating definitions and boundaries between disciplines, are core concerns of philosophy. So when you turn it on itself in this way, of course you are going to have to do philosophy, which is hard to do well.
You assume those other subjects are easy to define. If you approach them not with their definitions from inside their practice, but philosophically, then I don't think they are. Scientific Method cannot be defined exhaustively and rigorously, it varies profoundly between disciplines in ways that don't always overlap, and so I'd defend that science fundamentally is a culture, it is what scientists do: Can one speak unambiguously of "the" scientific method? Similar to doing philosophy, in deciding what it is. And the status of mathematics is I'd say very high in the pecking order of most contentious subjects in philosophy, as discussed in this answer: The Unreasonable Ineffectiveness of Mathematics in most sciences
I would argue that in defining philisophy, we need to look at how it came to distinguish itself from previous similar practices, which we now group under 'wisdom traditions'. The word philosophy was used before Socrates (it's disputed but some argue it was coined by Pythagoras), but I'd argue that Socrates with the 'mutual enquiry into truth' of Socratic Dialogue, really codified the distinguishing quality of philosophy, and was himself paradigmatic in living the role by his example abd especially acceptance of 'martyrdom' for his views. Discussed here: Weren't there any philosophers from Africa, America or the Middle East before Socrates? Plato fused Socratic methods with the math-mysticism of Pythagoras to create the Academy and academia of professional scholars rather than sophists and rhetoriticians for politics and law that had been the previous educational elite. Aristotle developed the aspiration of universal enquiry and education, that became the ambition of universities. And the success and wealth of his most famous student, Alexander the Great, made sure the reputations were amplified and records survived (though it's thought none of Aristotle's own writing survives, only lecture notes of his students).
To understand Socrates, who the Oracle at Delphi called the wisest man in Athens, we need to enquire into wisdom, and what it does for people. My picture is here: Wisdom and John Vervaeke's awakening from the meaning crises? The TLDR is: It's the skill of dilemma solving, cultivated by finding the integrated centre of our concerns ('Know Thyself', the highest admonition of the Oracle). And what it does is maximise our relative freedom, from coercion, impulses, and self-deception, when they don't serve the self that the wise person has come to know. Crucially though, Socrates chose the mutual pursuit of truth over the wisdom of not dying (he could have gone into exile, as Aristotle was forced to), he talked about always listening to his daimon, his conscience, wjen it forbade him to do something. And this is why his philosophia distinguished itself from love-of-wisdom (an equally valid translation), for love-of-truth. His Euthyphro Dilemma had far reaching consequences, in placing even the gods under constraints of reason, a still controversial and uncompromising stance.
If you look at Kahneman's Thinking Fast and Slow, I'd call philosophy the slowest carefullest thinking. It is meta-thinking, which you might even go as far as to call 'system 3' thinking. We develop a personal practice, a toolbox, for stepping back from or outside of the rails our thinking has run on, and consider the general grounds of our thought, typically when progress has got stuck in some way, or we seems to face contradictions unsolvable in the current framing or paradigm. Discussed here: (Why) is this negative outlook on the concept of philosophy misguided?
What I take from this is, trying to fully define philosophy, is misguided. Define it by doing it, by taking up the endeavour, the culture, and practicing it ccording to your own understanding, by trying to do it well according to that. That will be the wise way, to pursue the truth of the matter.
Any student of philosophy should develop their own working picture of the subject. And it will develop, as their practice does. I would advocate to any aspiring student, enquire for yourself into what this subject is, and make sure to go about doing it in the terms you understand it should be done. A great philosopher doesn't do someone else's philosophy, they do their own. Let us all aspire to that.
Answer: Philosophy, traditionally, has been defined as the study of

Metaphysics
Logic
Ethics
Epistemology
Aesthetics

In how many different ways can we do philosophy?
5 (1, alone) + 10 (any 2) + 10 (any 3) + 5 (any 4) + 1 (all 5) = 31 different ways of doing philosophy (I used combinatorics).
Comment: Y tho? I think you need a story, to make sense of the list.
Comment: That seems to be on target.
Answer: I defer to the classical definition of Aristotle - it is the search for truth. Lloyd Strickland in Philosophia 41, 1079-1094, in 2013, examines how modern philosophy conforms or does not conform to this ideal. Science developed from classical philosophy.


(Done) Re-Open: Being told you're not liked and should quit

Question: This question
Was closed using the "company specific/legal advice" reason, personally I think this was incorrect. From the meta post addressing that close reason:

Questions should be able to be answered by an HR professional in another company

Any UK HR professional who doesn't know whether the described situation qualifies as harassment under the Equality Act (and in fact it's general applicability) has done a serious amount of lying to get into (and keep) their job so this doesn't count as seeking legal advice just because he mentioned the name of a piece of legislation.
Nor does this only really address a specific company since the situation could easily occur in any company in any field.
Answer: I edited the title for extra clarity and reopened.  (There were three other votes already.)


Difference between two cleavers - straight back vs curved

Question: Hopefully this is a quick, simple question. What is the effective difference between a traditional cleaver (something like this) and a straight back cleaver (like this)? I can't tell if the curved blade near the front would be helpful or hurt the my normal usage of a cleaver (hacking up carcasses).
Comment: I'm not an expert, so I'm not going to answer. I glanced at your pictures and immediately had mental images with each. The straight one makes me think of a full arm swing, clean removal of heads and such. The curved one makes me think a rotating, crunching motion, as in through joints or small bones. Either way...EEEW!
Answer: So, as I couldn't find anything online regarding this. I asked the butcher I work with.
He also can't give a definite answer, he does however have a collection, including a cleaver similar to the Curved Front. He recons as the front rarely takes a pounding like the main flat section, it's almost always sharper. As a result if for example he is cleaning the meat off Beef Ribs for mincing. He'd use the front part for slicing down the bone then the main section to chop any bone for other uses (Gravy etc). He does point out it's rare he would do this as he almost always has a boning knife to hand so just uses that, but if in a rush to do something for a customer it's just handy.
Again this is what he uses the front for, not necessarily the intended purpose. A reviewer for that particular knife seems to use the front for cutting pizza... hmm. (here)
Comment: That's right.  The curved cleaver is really a bastardized hybrid between a proper cleaver (used for cleaving) and a butcher's knife (used for slicing).  I really would recommend against it as it's unlikely to do either task well: the curved edge is too short to allow for proper slicing, and the straight edge is too short to provide proper edge pressure across larger bones/product.
Comment: Thanks so much, and sorry for taking so long to accept! That makes a lot of sense... basically a tiny bit of extra utility that's only useful in a pinch. Like your buddy, I usually would have a boning knife on hand too whenever I'd be using a cleaver (except, maybe, if I'm using it for chopping BBQ but I have other tools for that).
Answer: Sorry before I go on, the cleavers you chose are specifically for butchering and the cutting of bones right?  Ok, if this is the case there is a hybrid cleaver which is a very traditional Chinese butchers cleaver.  It is made by Chan Chee Ki, or the initial CCK.  There are two of them, one called "Big Rhino" and appropriately the other is called "Little Rhino".  They are big and scary but are very useful.  I want the little one, but as I have way too many knives right now, I don't think I will be getting it anytime soon.  Just another option for you.  Have fun!


In Iron Man 2, why doesn't Whiplash's whip cut into the racetrack asphalt as well?

Question: In Iron Man 2, when Whiplash strikes the cars on the racetrack with his plasma weapon, why doesn't it cut into the racetrack asphalt, given it cuts through the cars so easily?
Comment: Who says it didn't? And even if it did, perhaps it wasn't sufficiently enough to show up on camera or not enough for the special effects team to make the considerable effort for the lash marks to show up. We are expected to believe Whiplash's whips were sufficiently capable of damaging the concrete. OR. We could say they were specifically designed to damage only metal objects (which would make perfectly good sense considering the weapon was designed for Iron Man) and was shown to slice through an automobile quite easily.
Comment: That's pretty laughable, because you can clearly see they don't if you watch the movie. And they're not "specifically designed to damage only metal objects". It apparently cuts also carbon fiber and plastic, as well as various metal alloys in the F1 car. It would undoubtedly cut into asphalt, as well as the ground.
Comment: It's reasonable to assume he can adjust the whips' power levels. They idle in look-badass mode, but when he wants to slice a car, he pushes the "purée" button.
Answer: They do cut through the asphalt.
Throughout the scene, if you pay close attention, you can see that the whips have an effect on the asphalt.
Here, when Whiplash first reveals his whips, they burn the ground.

The arrows point to the darkened streaks where the whips burned the ground.
In this next still, we can see that there is some destruction to the asphalt between Tony's legs.

Notice the rocky appearance outside the whip mark? That's the crumbling asphalt.
Here's another shot of Whiplash doing nothing but damaging the track as he approaches Tony in a flurry of whipping.

You can see the scorch and cut marks easily, but I highlighted them with more arrows.
So why aren't there marks after he attacks the cars?
I think there are three very plausible reasons we don't see the whips make marks beneath the cars:

Force needs to be applied to the asphalt in order to do more than scorch it. The crumbling effect seen between Tony's legs only happens when Whiplash forcefully strikes towards the ground. When using a whip, the force is applied only until the whip hits its "target". If that target is above something, such as the ground, then the whip will merely "fall" the rest of the way to the ground. Whiplash is aiming only low enough to ensure he cuts through the cars, but still high enough to not forcefully strike the ground.
Although the whips cut through the cars like a hot knife through butter, it may be possible for Whiplash to feel some resistance as the whips slice through. Looking at the scene, it also appears that Whiplash pulls/curls the whips away immediately after they've cut through the cars (both the first car and Tony's). Whiplash is highly skilled at using his whips, and when he detects that they stop meeting resistance he retracts them (before they cut into the ground).
The scene cuts very quickly from shot to shot, and the shots usually don't give visual coverage of the same angle or area twice. Since we know that the cuts do happen sometimes, we can assume that they happen every time. The cuts and camera angles change too quickly and inconsistently for us to get a good visual confirmation.
Comment: An excellent answer with some very well chosen screen shots. You have my +1


Can revealing Intranet address become a security threat?

Question: If I publicly list my company's intranet and extranet website addresses, is it a risk?
Comment: "Dear colleagues. Due to a technical problem, all pages on http://intranet.ourcompany.local that require you to enter a username and password may currently cause stability problems. We installed a workaround on http://evilguy.com and advise you to temporarily log in there until we manage to sort things out ..."
Answer: This is a bad idea for several reasons.
There is no need to do so.
This should be the most obvious one. If an outside source can't connect to internalapp.ourcompany.local, then I see no reason to share this link at all.
The data might be classified.
Information inside a company is almost always classified in some way. Some data is classified as public, such as marketing material, and free to be published. Other data is classified as internal or similar, meaning that it has to stay within the company.
The exact kinds of classifications in your company, there should be a policy. If not, urge management to create one!
Sharing "internal" data publicly without explicit permission could be a reason for termination.
The data might allow an attacker to get insights into your company.
You might think "What can an attacker gain by knowing ourapp.ourcompany.local?". Well, what if it's an URL like oracledb-dev.ourcompany.local? What about git.ourcompany.local?
Just the URL can give an attacker an idea of what technologies your company is using. Depending on how valuable of a target your company is, spear phishing or social engineering might become easier.
You have to realize that the way humans trust each other is different from computers. Computers use cryptography to "proof" that they are who they claim to be, or that they have certain rights. Humans on the other hand "judge" others based on how they act and, among others, about what they know. If an attacker has lots of internal knowledge, then he immediately seems more trustworthy.
In Summary, don't do it.
You have no reason to share internal data, it might be against company policy to share internal data, and you could help an attacker by sharing internal data.
Answer: It's certainly not a good idea. It will make it much easier for any attacker who finds a way to pivot inside your network (via SSRF, compromised bastion host, malware on an employee box, etc.) to get access to sensitive data. While they'd almost certainly be able to get there eventually, it's more likely that they'd be detected before getting whatever they're looking for (either because they'd need to run more scans or simply because it would take longer) if they are going in blind than if they are armed with knowledge of internal hostnames and/or IPs.
Answer: If you are talking about the Internet address such as example.com, then you are safe. That is what others will use to find your company website.
If you are talking about the intranet address such as example.net, not really unless it also reveals the network topology, then it is possible to have an issue as knowing the network topology can make a dhcp and dns poisoning attack possible.
Answer: If you have a CDN, then it's better not to show your real extranet IP, and make sure only the CDN nodes can connect to your real extranet IP's specific ports for web services, eg. if you are using Cloudflare as CDN provider, you should add the following IPs to your firewall as white list, IPv4,IPv6.  If you don't have a CDN configured, there is no difference, the extranet IPs is just out there, you don't have to explicitly publish them.
There is no need to show your intranet IPs on extranet Website, you might be exposed to SSRF attack.


How can I keep a free spinning range finder pointing down?

Question: I have a rod mounted inside of a 2x4 that is allowed to freely spin inside of its hole. Attached to that rod's head is a range finder. I want the rod to reliably point down at the ground at all times to accurately read the 2x4's distance from the ground. The rod cannot be fixed in place. The 2x4 will be hoisted into the air and lowered by hand to about 8 ft max. My first idea was to weight the range finder so that it spins around and points down, however playing around with it, it's not as consistent as I would like. The 2x4 allows for free spin but isn't frictionless and I have to tap it a bit by hand to get it to fully position itself downward. I thought about adding a vibrator or something to the rod. Are there any other suggestions I may not be thinking of?
Answer: You mean it is NOT frictionless? You should try to get it frictionless and then use a weight. Probably one on each side of the wood to reduce friction from tilting inside the hole.
One way would be to add some ball bearing between the wood and the rod, you could ask at the local bike store or get some hightech thingy. Also depends how long you are going to use it, you will need to oil them or get a version that works without oil.
If you want to go with just the wood and rod, maybe you can polish both and use some lubricant, but that would need constant maintenance.
Do you need the wood at all? you could just use a thread and a wellbalanced weight at the end. Or attach a thread to the end of the rod?
Feel free to edit confusing wording, english is not my native language.
Comment: Look at model-making websites and use some proper bearings. A couple of small (e.g. 10mm outer diameter) ball bearings intended for servo motor shafts etc will only cost about $10 and do the job properly. A second-best solution would be nylon bushes which would have less friction and better control of the clearance fit with the rod, a hole in a piece of wood.
Comment: haha, I thought this is the diy page, still the ideas apply for real engineering. if you have to waste a lot of budget, try something with gravity sensors and actuators and some AI to optimize the pointing downwards factor. :p
Comment: wouldn't it be easier to put the range finder on the ground and measure the beam from there?
Comment: i saw a kinect camera used for a similar task. it gives you a 3d height measurement and you can find the beam by object recognition.
Comment: maybe the bearing at the end of the rod and a rope around it would be best/easiest?
Answer: A great solution is to increase the moment of inertia of the rod by attaching another rod pointing downward and perpendicular to the original. At the end of that rod attach a mass with considerable weight so it will require a lot of torque to spin the original rod off your desired position, and every time it spins by maybe human contact or strong wind, it quickly find it way back by oscillating around the position.
Comment: Adding more weight won't make any difference. The *friction angle* (the tangent of the coefficient of friction) between the rod and the wood won't change just because you make all the forces bigger. If it takes "a lot of torque" to spin the rod one way, it will take the same amount to spin it back again.
Comment: The OP is trying to keep it stable pointing downward. And the mass is added some distance away from the rod to increase the moment of inertia of the system not the friction.


How to group opened windows on the taskbar?

Question: Right now on my PI, anytime I open a window it has its own button on the taskbar. If I open 10 more windows, there will be 10 more buttons on the taskbar. I simply want to group them into single button. So, when I click on this button, it will popup list of all the opened windows. Where is the option to have PI do this?
Comment: The default [desktop environment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_environment#Desktop_environments_for_the_X_Window_System) (DE) used on Raspbian is
[PIXEL](https://www.raspberrypi.org/blog/introducing-pixel/), which was recently forked from [LXDE](http://lxde.org/), which has been around for about 10 years; you'll notice they have their own forum and documentation linked there.  I mention this because it may be easier to research that way; PIXEL itself doesn't have much documentation but should be very similar in most respects.  Things like taskbars are part of the DE.
Answer: To do this, first right click on the taskbar, go to "Taskbar (Window List) Settings", and check off "Combine multiple applications into a single button".


How much of the electric force between an electron and proton is in fact gravitational force?

Question: Both electrons and protons have mass, so it is easy to conclude that they exert a gravitational pull on each other. But also, they are charged, so an electrical force is applied. Would we expect a "double dipping" reaction? Or does the K coulomb constant takes that in consideration?
Comment: I'm not trying to drive you away. If you did the calculation you'd find the gravitational force is so ridiculously small as to be entirely negligible. So the Coulomb force law doesn't take the gravitational force into account because it doesn't need to.
Comment: This site isn't just for physicists, but we expect the same sort of effort from all posts that we would from a physicist. And the very first thing a physicist would do is calculate the force just out of curiosity to see what it was. I tried to encourage you to do that because if you had you'd have realised how unimportant the gravitational force is for an electron and proton. Learning to do this sort of thing is what makes physics so fascinating for us physicists.
Comment: You can easily calculate the gravitational attraction. All the masses and constants you need are just a Google away. Your question would be better if you did that.
Comment: @ErnestoMelo It's survival of the fittest here, but you show a promise :)
Comment: @John Rennie With all due respect, no, it does not. I really want to understand whether Coulomb took that in consideration and how? Beside that, it does not seems very savvy to drive people away from this website to another. We come here to find answers, not as a last resort, but as easy to find and collaborate, or this site only is suited to Physicists. If so, I will be glad to never return.
Answer: As far as I know, the smallest mass that was shown to have a gravitational attraction on another mass was 706 mg - and that was with a ridiculously careful experiment.
Coulomb attraction of a proton and electron is so many orders of magnitude greater (especially since the mass of the electron is so small) that there's no way it affects the measured force. Only with electrically neutral objects can you begin to measure the force of gravity.
The ratio of the two forces is of course simply given by
$$R = \frac{4\pi\epsilon_0 Gm_pm_e}{Q_p Q_e}$$
Wolfram alpha tells us the ratio is $-4\cdot 10^{-40}$.
That's a lot of orders of magnitude. Well outside the scope of any experiment I can think of.
Answer: This question stems from a misunderstanding, that the coulomb force was determined by measuring the force attracting a positive and a negative charge in a vacuum or something, and attributing all of it to the electric force.
In reality, that's not how Coulomb's constant $k = \frac{1}{4\pi \epsilon_0}$ was determined. More importantly, coulomb's constant is so much stronger than the gravitational constant that it wouldn't have mattered if it was done that way.
It would be like trying to adjust the 'top speed' rating of a car for the gravitational force between the car and all the surrounding buildings when its top speed was tested.
Comment: I just wanted to see the numbers on this,  The gravitational force between an electron and a proton is around $1\times 10^{-47} {Kg} m/s^2$ , whereas the electric force is about $2\times 10^{-8} {Kg} m/s^2$.

Different by 39 orders of magnitude.


Are there other types of NT Password (NTLM Hash) besides raw MD4?

Question: According to the freeradius document https://freeradius.org/radiusd/man/rlm_pap.txt I can use NT-Password as the type of storing user's password. However, I have only found the type of generating raw MD4 as NTLM Hash. As I need to use MSCHAPv2, I cannot switch to the more secure SSHA2-Password. Are there any other types of NTLM Hash more secure than raw MD4?
Answer: No, the protocol is specifically defined to use MD4. (It's called "NT hash" because it is in fact the exact same hash format that was used by Windows NT to store user passwords – and MS-CHAP was designed to be able to re-use the system's account database.)
CHAP uses the hash as an input to some other function – in MS-CHAP it acts as a key for DES encryption – so both sides must agree on the algorithm and salt being used in order to produce the same challenge response. Since MS-CHAP does not have any negotiation built in (neither for selecting the algorithm, nor informing the client of the salt), the only option is MD4 as written in the spec.
If that's not acceptable, consider:
a) making FreeRADIUS use a separate randomly-generated "Wi-Fi password" that has no relationship with the user's main password,
b) using PAP over EAP-TTLS (and/or EAP-GTC over PEAP, which is mostly the same thing), which sends the raw password to the RADIUS server and therefore any hash can be used.


Is there any penalty for using explosives against EXALT units?

Question: From my first two EXALT missions, it seems that EXALT agents cannot be stunned, and that EXALT weapons do not give weapon fragments and are not especially useful. So, is there any reason for me not to carpet bomb their squads with grenades and rockets? ;-)
Comment: They occasionally carry alien grenades that do yield fragments.
Answer: Yes there is.
Each EXALT operative that is killed by explosives will not give its weapons, just like the aliens. The "basic" EXALT weapons don't worth much, only 1 credit each, but since there are a lot of exalt, and heavy exalt will give two weapons (LMG and a Rocket launcher) you can rack up 1-2 dozens credits for each starting mission.
Later on, EXALT start to bring laser weapons, Assault rifles, LMG and sniper rifles. If you don't have laser weapons yet, those are as good as your weapons, also they sell for more credits (2-3) each, so the payout is bigger. But most importantly, at this stage they start to bring alien grenades (the EXALT Elite Operative and EXALT Elite Heavy) which transform to weapon fragments on death (if not used) so one exalt mission with many EXALT operatives can bring as much wf as an alien mission. I remember getting around 25 wf from 1 mission.
Conclusion: Just like the aliens, if EXALT are killed with explosives you lose resources, wf and credits.
Comment: OTOH better to carpet-bomb them and lose a little profit than get overwhelmed, lose operatives, get them wounded etc. So, explosives to dominate the field, and then harvest whatever remains by hand.
Comment: @SF., I find the exalt to be easy target practice, and I'm lacking on wf, so for me it's better to hammer them with my MECs. This is a choice that each can make, but you should be aware of the consequences.
Comment: Another thing, since EXALT weapons are as good as Laser weapons, and they don't cost any money, you can hold a stockpile of them to arm all the troops that don't go on missions so that when your base is attacked you'll have more troops with laser weapons and not "normal bullet" guns.
Answer: Not really.
Given the numbers that EXALT fields, explosives tend towards mandatory for your covert operations.
Give 'm hell, Commander.
Answer: Be smart about it.  You know how much life a given soldier has, and you know how much damage the explosive does.  In any given round, use your explosives first, then finish them off with firepower.  The penalty for explosives only comes into play if they die from it.
Three Exalt in a blast area behind cover with full health becomes three exalt that can be killed in one shot with no cover that you can recover items from.
Also, you will sometimes get a council mission asking for multiples of an exalt weapon at a reward much higher than 1 credit per item, so don't sell them immediately unless you absolutely need the money.  (Besides, Exalt can sabotage your credits, but not items stored, giving a reason to keep salable items as items until you need the money to build something.


Multiple neural networks or multiple outputs?

Question: Suppose you have data of the form input a matrix A, and output a matrix B, where each row of each is one datapoint. Should you create multiple neural networks, one for each column of B, or one NN with multiple output neurons, one for each column of B?
Comment: It's up to you, but it is probably a good idea to share weights, that is, to have one neural network with multiple outputs.
Answer: You can do either.
If the learning tasks are related at all (i.e., the meaning of the columns of B are related), it's probably better to have one neural network with multiple outputs.  This is often more effective, because the first few stages of that neural network might do some processing that is relevant to all of the outputs -- e.g., it might look for some local patterns or properties of the input that can then be useful for predicting all of the outputs.  The network might take a bit longer to train if you use one big network rather than many smaller networks, but usually this is worth it if it leads to better accuracy.
But if you're not sure, you can always try both approaches and see which works better.


What's the exact purpose of Yii Appliance?

Question: It's introduction is here:
http://www.yiiframework.com/demos/
But what's that virtual server image for ?
Answer: A simple way to have a preconfigured server environment with the software in question already installed, configured, and ready to run.
Comment: Oh,the usage is very limited then,means nothing for most users.
Answer: I agree with Dav, also, it is not updated very often (If I'm not bad, the included Yii version is 1.0.2 and current is 1.1.2, about 1 year old). Y recommend you to download the last stable version and try with it with your own web server it can be a local server). If you have Windows OS I recommend WAMP (one of the easiest to install) or ZWAMP (I think this is the most updated one, http://zwamp.sourceforge.net/), if you are using Linux or *BSD you have more and easy-to-install alternatives.


Alternate money management strategies to Kelly?

Question: Other than Kelly (or fractional derivatives), are there other money management strategies in wide use among quant funds? Certainly Kelly is mathematically optimal, but perhaps there are other approaches that take into account factors beyond optimized return (lower risk, less exposure to X, etc.)?
Comment: Kelly is mathematically _growth_ optimal but most investors' objective is not unconstrained growth maximization, so it's not usually optimal in a practical sense.
Comment: I have been exploring a few alternative trade sizing strategies and ended with more questions than answers  - maybe my thoughts will be useful https://quant.stackexchange.com/questions/50630/forget-kelly-forget-fractional-sizing-where-is-the-general-theory
Answer: Van Tharp, in his book Definitive Guide to Position Sizing, identifies 31 separate models for money management. In said book he specifically warns against using both the Kelly Criterion and Optimal f.
In addition to the models identified by Van Tharp there is Ralph Vince's Leverage Space Portfolio Model.
Answer: In statistical arbitrage, quant traders attempt to build a neutral portfolio by balancing various assets against each other. Each asset's size within the portfolio isn't determine necessarily by how much money it's expected to generate, but by how correlated it is against other assets.
A simple approach is sector neutrality, in which sector/industry affiliation is the sole criteria for "correlation". A better approach is risk neutrality, in which a risk model that describes each asset's exposure to common factors is fed into a portfolio optimizer. In either case, the goal is to build a portfolio where the assets balance each other.
Neutrality is just a goal, though. There are other issues that may prevent a trader from obtaining the ideal positions, such as position limits, volume limits, inability to get the locates on a short sell, transaction costs, etc. The trading engine must consider these issues as well.
Answer: Also Ryan Jones' Fixed Ratio strategy, from his book The Trading Game.
Comment: A brief description of this strategy would be helpful...
Comment: I'm pretty sure this is covered in Ralph Vince's book.


What is @interface UITableView (MyTableViewDelegate)

Question: Im looking at some source code written by someone else and its intrigues me to see this line:
@interface UITableView (MyTableViewGestureDelegate)

Now I have previously seen only this:
@interface MyTableView : UITableView <MyTableViewGestureDelegate>

so I am a lil confused.
Any ideas as what to what im looking at?
Ben
Answer: It is class category declaration - using categories you can split your class implementation into several files or add methods to existing classes.
Answer: It is a category declaration.

A category allows you to add methods to an existing class—even to one
  for which you do not have the source. Categories are a powerful
  feature that allows you to extend the functionality of existing
  classes without subclassing. Using categories, you can also distribute
  the implementation of your own classes among several files. Class
  extensions are similar, but allow additional required APIs to be
  declared for a class in locations other than within the primary class
  @interface block.

The declaration of a category interface looks very much like a class interface declaration—except the category name is listed within parentheses after the class name and the superclass isn't mentioned. Unless its methods don't access any instance variables of the class, the category must import the interface file for the class it extends:
General Syntax:
#import "ClassName.h"

@interface ClassName ( CategoryName )

// method declarations

@end

Note that a category can't declare additional instance variables for the class; it includes only methods. However, all instance variables within the scope of the class are also within the scope of the category. That includes all instance variables declared by the class, even ones declared @private.
There's no limit to the number of categories that you can add to a class, but each category name must be different, and each should declare and define a different set of methods.
Please check the link and Example
Answer: MyTableView : UITableView < MyTableViewGestureDelegate >  says your class MyTableView -  subclass of UITableView - implements the protocol named MyTableViewGestureDelegate
UITableView (MyTableViewGestureDelegate)  says you are creating a Category for the Class UITableView named MyTableViewGestureDelegate


Understanding why a finite dimensional vector space is a topological manifold

Question: I wish to understand the details of why a finite dimensional vector space is a topological manifold, particularly following Jonh Lee's Introduction to smooth manifolds. I know that this questions has been asked at least Here and here, and while I convinced myself that it is the case, I would not be able to fill in the details if challenged, hence I decided to open a new post with the relevant questions and approach.

Example 1.24 (Finite-Dimensional Vector Spaces). Let $V$ be a finite-dimensional real vector space. Any norm on $V$ determines a topology, which is independent of the choice of norm (Exercise B.49). With this topology, $V$ is a topological $n$-manifold, and has a natural smooth structure defined as follows. Each (ordered) basis $(E_1,...,E_n)$ for $V$ defines a basis isomorphism $E:R^n \to V$ by
  $$
E(x) = \sum_{i=1}^nx^iE_i.
$$
  This map is a homeomorphism [...].

I was filling the details and wanted to discuss my proofwriting when I was told that it was obvious because any real finite dimensional vector space is isomorphic to $\mathbb{R}^n$. However at my stage I don't understand how that translates into showing each of the technical details in the definition of a topological manifold. Here are my questions:
How do I precisely show that $V$ is a topological manifold?
My reasoning is this: As stated, all norms are equivalent in a finite-dimensional vector space and generate the same topology, but which one is it? well, since a norm induces a metric, I thought it will be the metric topology (denote it by $\tau_{||\cdot||}$), i.e., the one generated by the basis $\mathcal{B} = \lbrace B_r(v) : u\in V \; \text{and}\;  r>0 \rbrace$ where $B_r(u) = \lbrace v\in V : d_{||\cdot||}(u,v) = ||u-v|| <r\rbrace$, which would then be unique. Then $(V,\tau_{||\cdot||})$ would be my topological space. I can show that it is Hausdorff but I am not sure how to show it is second countable. any suggestion?
Then I need to show it is locally Eucliean of dimension $n$. For this, I need to show that for every point in $V$ there is a neighborood which is mapped to an open subset of $\mathbb{R}^n$ (or $\mathbb{R^n}$ itself). The given suggestion is the isomorphism $E$ (in linear algebra, a linear transformation which is also a bijection) which the author claims is a homeomorphism. I am guessing it means precisely a homeomorphism from $E: (V,\tau_{||\cdot||}) \to (\mathbb{R}^n,\tau_U)$ where $\tau_U$ is the usual topology. So we would be showing that $V$ is homeomorphic to $R^n$, which implies $V$ is locally Euclidean, is this correct? Now I already now that $E$ is a biyection and since $\mathcal{B}$ is a basis for $\tau_{||\cdot||}$, I could show that $E(\mathcal{B})$ is a basis for $\tau_U$, which should be duable since $n$-balls form a basis for $\tau_U$ as well, and I think I would be done. Is that right? Is this a good way of proceeding? I will probably also have questions regarding on how to write these ideas, but one step at the time. Unfortuately I am learning all of this at the same time as opposed to a typical math degree curriculum, so I appretiate your patience.
Answer: If you show that $V$ with the metric topology induced by any norm is homeomorphic to $\Bbb R^n$ using the suggested vector space isomorphism, then since $\Bbb R^n$ is Hausdorff, second countable, and locally Euclidean, the same things apply to $V$, so you will have automatically verified all three properties of what it means to show that $V$ is a topological manifold.


Sentence with "I'd like.."

Question: On one website I saw a sentence "My friend calls me every day. I'd like it if she stopped." Is it correct to say "I'd like her to stop it" instead of "I'd like it if she stopped"? Which is more natural and correct?
Comment: explain it more. which site did you find it?
Answer: Although synonymous in meaning, they're two different phrases created in slightly different ways.
"I'd like her to stop it". This is saying that you would like an event to occur. Other examples include, "I'd like a sunny day tomorrow" or "I'd like a super double pepperoni pizza please".
"I'd like it if she stopped". This says something else: you would like 'something' if an event occurred. The object is this abstract 'it' and the event is her stopping. Other examples: "I'd like Mel Gibson if he hadn't made so many bad films" or "We wouldn't like a pepperoni pizza if none of us would have it".
To answer the question as to which is better, I'll need to explain what I mean by "abstract 'it'". The 'it' is talking about the person's current situation. Example: "I'd like my current situation if she stopped", or "I'd like the state of affairs if she stopped".
As for which to use... this is more a matter of preference. You may notice that the two different constructs show emphasis on different things:
"I'd like her to stop it" puts more emphasis on the need that she stops what she's doing.
"I'd like it if she stops" puts more emphasis on the fact that like it if she stopped it.
That may have made it much more complicated than it really was, but, as is normally the case when one endeavours to work out how they've constructed their words, it was a journey of realisation for the author as well.
Comment: You've put your finger on it: it's the difference between *I wish (now) that she would stop* and *I would be happy (in the future) if she did stop*. Tidy up the rambling (so you can remove the final apology) and I'll be happy to upvote this.

Sentence with "I'd like.."


Why randomness space must be significantly larger than the commitment space |R|>>|C| in order to generate a commitment string?

Question:
Why randomness space must be significantly larger than the commitment space |R|>|C|? the picture is from https://youtu.be/IkNZWJFcfcU?t=236
Answer: For the hiding property we require that the commitment value provides no information about the message. In particular we hope that for any given message $m$ it is possible for $H(m,r)$ to take all possible values in $C$ (otherwise one could exclude some messages as corresponding to some commitments). If $H$ behaves like a random function, then it unlikely to have this surjective property unless $|R|>|C|\log|C|$.
More powerfully we probably want the values of $H(m,r)$ for any fixed $m$ to be distributed uniformly across the values of $C$.
Note that these are information theoretic "zero knowledge" requirements rather than complexity/computation bounded requirements.
Comment: For any secret value the random blinding of a Pedersen commitment covers the whole image space uniformly. It can do this because the random blinding is a random permutation rather than a random function.
Comment: "In particular we hope that for any given message $m$ it is possible for $H(m,r)$ to take all possible values in $C$"; while this would be sufficient, this is not actually necessary.  What is necessary is that any plausible adversary be unable to obtain any information about $m$ from the commitment; however, because computationally unbounded adversaries are not plausible, we can consider lesser goals (such as deducing information about $m$ computationally infeasible..)
Comment: @poncho: There are three levels of hiding in commitment schemes [perfect, statistical, and computational](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commitment_scheme#Perfect,_statistical,_and_computational_hiding). The lecturer is tacitly requiring statistical hiding (hence my reference to information theory) and the requirement $|R|\gg |C|$ is necessary to meet this.


Why are there so many small farm operations in the US?

Question: Due to the economies of scale that I would expect a large farm operation could provide, I would think the US would be dominated by only a few farming companies. But in reality it's populated by a crazy huge number of small "family" farms, and after looking into it a bit more, the EU is mostly small farms as well. Why is this? Is it due to legislation or subsidies that prevent mega-farms from taking over? Or do small farms have some kind of economic advantage over large farms? Maybe there are diminishing returns on economies of scale as you scale the farm up (e.g. tractors can only get so large)?
Comment: Though there are a lot of small farms, some industries are indeed dominated by a few large agricorps. Did you try to look at some concentration indexes, e.g., what percentage of revenue goes to the top 4 companies in an industry?
Answer: Subsidies play some role but most important factor according to Eastwood et al$^1$ are principal-agent problems.

Despite increased scale, in many advanced countries the family remains the main source of farm labor. Hired labor supervision costs tend to favor family farming as the equilibrium institution. Theory suggests that the family farm will typically become larger with economic development, but its efficiency advantage over the agroindustrial enterprise will decline.

Eastwood, R., Lipton, M., & Newell, A. (2010). Farm size. Handbook of agricultural economics, 4, 3323-3397.


Database structure for Craft 3 to import from external source?

Question: Is there any best practice how to import info Craft 3 data from external source, or should I backtrack it from the database?
Answer: I think you have to know what you need and what you want to achieve.
You need to decide if you want to add elements or records because there is a huge difference between those two types of objects and how you need to import and implement them
Elements
Pros:

it does not take a lot of time to make them manageable for clients
they can use all Craft features (relation fields, lists, edit forms....)
they are really flexible

Cons:

you'll need a little bit of time to dig into the concept if you are totally new to Craft
they'll have a record in your elements table so for larger projects you'll have to pay attention at your performance

Records
Pros

easy to handle
it does not require much time to create/import records since they are standalone and have no requirements
Yii's activerecord object is really powerful and intuitive in searching records
they don't create a massive overhead in your db

Cons

If you are going to make your records editable to users/customers in the cp you'll need to create everything on your own (templates/forms....) because they have no field layout and it's a mess to redefine them as elements to use Craft features... I did it once, it was not funny
You are not able to use Craft relations by default and have to create custom relation tables if you are going to do fancy stuff

After you decided what to use, you have to decide how you would like to proceed. You can create a custom element type or use an existing one (entries, categories) and how complex it needs to be. But without more information from your site it's hard to give any further advice.
I suggest everyone to create a custom plugin for imports to handle them. Due to Crafts/Yii2's plugin management and services it's totally trivial to create a data import because everything is really easy to understand and to manage. You can create a custom controller to fetch the data you need, set the values of your elements/records and use their save functions. The rest happens nearly automatically
Comment: Do you know the performance bottleneck for elements? We will use external services for search for example but still we are planing to put over 100k record with 10-20 fields. Guess it will not to slow specially if the search will be external - fron algolia
Comment: 100k should not be that bad. I've never tested the exact number so I can't say for sure. Does your client need to see/manipulate the imported data in the cp? If not records are totally enough
Comment: Manipukation is needed. Need the flexibility of craft for content management. After import they will have a workflow task to make the content sexy before publising. Anyhow we will test it anyway:) but thx for the hints and links!


What is the term used to describe the "drawings" that make up the blueprints for an IC?

Question: I would like to know the term that is used to describe the blueprints that are made by electrical engineers that describe in details how an IC is to be manufactured at a fabrication facility.
Comment: https://mrcet.com/downloads/digital_notes/ECE/IV%20Year/VLSI%20DESIGN.pdf
Answer: You're asking about the layout of the integrated circuit. Here's an example screenshot, zoomed in, of a layout I did for my thesis:

This image was taken from a screenshot from one of my layout timelapse videos which shows how someone might go about creating such a layout at the CAD level. This is a zoomed-in detail view; a full layout for a chip will include the outer edge sealing ring, bond pads, and power supply interconnect, all of it made using similar geometry. Note that my chip is for analog use on a mixed-signal process. While it uses the same layers as e.g. a CPU would, the design methodology is different and the general geometric appearance of the circuits is likewise different.
You can take note of the different colors and patterns: Each represents a different layer of the design. For example, the light gray-blue represents polysilicon (gate or interconnect), red represents diffusion where the silicon is strongly doped, the light blue-green is the lowest metal layer, green are contacts from metal 1 to either poly or diffusion, and the yellow is the second metal layer. There are also layers that are harder to see here, which specify the type of doping, the thickness of the gate oxides, and so on.
The specific set of layers is a consequence of the specific silicon process you're working with; a 14 nm TSMC chip will have different layers than a 180 nm TSMC chip, which will itself have different layers than a 180 nm GlobalFoundries chip.
This geometric data can be stored in a design database in various formats such as GDSII. When I ordered my thesis chip from TSMC, I submitted a GDSII file to our intermediary who checked it and sent it to TSMC.
The layers are converted to physical Photomasks; a full set of masks for a chip is called mask work and is considered proprietary intellectual property.
The physical masks are actually used on the manufacturing floor. The wafers are coated with light-sensitive chemicals and loaded along with masks into a very precise and expensive optical projector known as a stepper; the masks are used to activate these light-sensitive chemicals in the desired pattern.
The masks roughly correspond to the layers that I showed above. For advanced processes with tight tolerances, the silicon foundry may perform tweaks (e.g. OPC). The final masks also include extra patterns, known as "dummies" which have negligible electrical effect on the circuit, but improve the yield of the manufacturing process.
Additionally, some masks correspond to the logical product of multiple layers. For example, the physical mask for P+ diffusions may be a logical 'AND' of the "diffusion" layer and the "P+ doping" layer, and the mask that's used to lightly dope MOSFET drains might be a logical function "diffusion AND not gate AND NOT mos_source".
As a bonus, here's a second view showing a full chip:

You can see bond pads, power rails, and the seal ring. The layers I mentioned before are mostly for features which are too small to see here; the visible layers are green (metal 9), white (metal 8), and red/white grids (MIM capacitor).
Comment: @Ilya I used TSMC 65nm 9-metal RF/Mixed-signal. My school paid, and it cost around $5000-6000 USD per square millimeter. The screenshot is actually from an earlier 180nm layout; the 65nm process is under a stricter NDA that makes me hesitant to take many screenshots (but it's similarly a planar process, rather than FinFET or DMOS)
Comment: @Ilya Here is a service that provides low-cost IC fabrication in the US, and the last time I used their services TSMC was one of the fabrication options: https://www.themosisservice.com/
Comment: Pardon my asking, you mentioned you did it for thesis and it was sent to TSMC. What kind of process was used and how much does it cost approximately, if you can reply? And who pays for manufacturing it?
Answer: We call them "layout plots", "mask plots", or just "plots". There is a separate plot generated for each layer mask that will be used in the production of the IC. On screen we look at the plots of one or more layers in a different color stacked on top of each other like you might in a PC board layout program. We don't print them out much any more, but on paper we print one or more layers each of a different color onto the paper. This allows us to envision the differently layers of the IC and their interconnects.
Comment: @DavidJ I just came across your comment much later, so apologies for the late response - schematics are a more abstract of the circuit that uses component symbols, lines, and labels. It's meant to be easily read and interpreted by humans rather than being an accurate scale drawing of where we need to place metal/dope silicon/grow oxides. I'll edit an example into my post later today when I'm at a desktop computer.
Comment: Sorry for the late comment. I did have a question to ask about the layout or plots as they are called. What are schematics then ?


Why are the words 「とうもろこし」 and 「とうきび」 used more commonly in Hokkaido than 「コーン」?

Question: Why are the words 「とうもろこし」 and 「とうきび」 so commonly used in Hokkaido, whereas 「コーン」 seems to be more commonly used on the other islands of Japan?
Comment: I don't know the real answer, but surely this follows the general pattern that people making the stuff use a familiar word, and people eating it use a foreign, fancy-sounding word. For example, English "cow" and "beef".
Answer: As a main islander, I can assure you that almost no one down here would call a whole ear of corn コーン.  We actually use とうもろこし for that 99% of the time .
What we call コーン in Honshu are:
Corn "kernels" sold canned or frozen, corn as a side dish, corn as a topping on pizza or ramen, etc.
I have been to Hokkaido 12-13 times, but my impression is that this is not any different up there except for the fact that quite a few Dosanko call an ear of corn とうきび instead of とうもろこし.
「[道産子]{どさんこ}」 means "Hokkaido person(s)".
Comment: Here in Hokkaido I do see 「とうもろこし」 on restaurant menus for corn as a topping, such as for ramen, soup curry, etc. and for foods that include corn as an ingredient such as おみやげ snacks/sweets, not only for corn-on-the-cob.


Creating a drop down list with all US universities

Question: Is this possible? I'd like to pull from a master list of universities and colleges either maintained locally in sharepoint or somewhere online (I found this). The idea is to keep users from typing in all sorts of variations of schools (i.e. UMASS vs University of Massachusetts).
Answer: I'd actually suggest using Managed Metadata Services for this.
The reason being, you want to include synonyms on your list (UMASS vs University of Massachusetts). Well, MMS fully supports this. You just create a term set with a list of all the universities, set up the synonyms for all the ones you want, and add Managed Metadata fields in the web sites where ever you need it. All you need to do is to set the MM Field to be restricted just to the universities term set.
This works across site collections (whereas lookups are tightly restricted to a single Web, can't go to subwebs or parent webs), and you can delegate management of the term set to users through the security settings available.
The downside, is that this is only available in SharePoint 2010 Server and up.
Comment: Great! This is part of a bigger metadata schema we're trying to set up. Can you think of a way to plug in all this data without doing it by hand?
Comment: Yup, read this blog post from Wictor on importing term sets: http://www.wictorwilen.se/Post/Create-SharePoint-2010-Managed-Metadata-with-Excel-2010.aspx
Comment: Excellent. Thanks so much. I appreciate your help.
Comment: Here's another concern: is it realistic to load a massive list like that into metadata? In our situation, a CV will be uploaded and tagged with the CV content type. One of the metadata items should be where this applicant received her/his education. I'm getting the feeling that this might not be the best way to execute this.
Answer: What you are looking for is called a lookup column:

Create a SharePoint custom list
Paste your list of universities and colleges (one item per name)
Create a lookup column that points to this list


How can I make a 1K X 16 ROM chip with eight 256 X 8 ROM chips with an enable input and a decoder?

Question: I came across this, which I'm guessing is correct, but I do not understand the shortcuts made here.  What are the 8's with slashes through them?  Do those represent 8 inputs and 8 outputs?  And can someone explain the bottom part - the D(7:0) and D(15:8)?  Assuming this is correct, that is.
Comment: Yes, the number 8 next to a slash crossing a bus line indicates that it is an 8-bit bus, carrying either addresses or data.
Answer:
"What are the 8's with slashes through them?"

It shows that the interconnect is a 8-bit wide bus.

"And can someone explain the bottom part - the D(7:0) and D(15:8)?"

What the figure shows is 1K \$\times\$ 16 ROM. The data width is 16 bits. D(7:0) is the lower 8-bits of the 16-bit data line and D(15:8) is the higher 8-bit. So if you read the value at a particular address, the lower byte will be available at D(7:0) and higher byte at D(15:8).

"Assuming this is correct .."

Yes the answer given in the figure looks perfect to me.
Comment: Okay.  There are 8 outputs for each ROM though, and it seems that four ROMs with 8 outputs each go to the lower 8-bits of the 16-bit data line.  How does that work?  It seems to me 32 outputs are converted to 8 outputs.  Forgive my ignorance.  I am learning.  And thank you.
Comment: "It seems to me 32 outputs are converted to 8 outputs." Exactly. At any given address, only one ROM is selected, so only that ROM's outputs are driving the bus. The other 3 ROMs are not selected, so their outputs don't affect the outputs.
Comment: Gotcha. Crystal clear.  Those shortcuts in drawing the circuit threw me off.  Thank you for taking the time to clarify things.


How to change charm service IP from default 10.0.0.X if running juju on local?

Question: I set up a private cloud on local following by https://juju.ubuntu.com/get-started/local/ and configured network followed by How do I run Juju on a local server? (The difference is the IP address in my setup is 10.200.xx.xx rather than 192.168.x.x)
However, after juju deploy and expose a charm,the charm state is always pending and public url is null....i don't know the root cause,can anyone tell me some prerequisites of setting up the juju on local, say, do i need to set up a DNS server on the host,etc? Thanks!
Answer: There are no other dependencies in order to use the local provider with juju.  However there are some caveats and limitations.
By default, the local provider will use the lxcbr0 bridge that was created when you install lxc.  This defaults to using the 10.0.3.0/24 address space.  This means that each machine you create will have an ip address of 10.0.3.x.  These lxc machines can only talk to each other, and out to the big wide world using the bridge.
However, no other machines can get in without you messing around with some routing configuration manually.  If you don't know what you are doing there, I highly advise not to try.
The question that you refer to above is for the old version of Juju (< 1.0), and hopefully the docs now refer to the new juju (> 1.16).  I'm talking about the new juju.
Exposing a service with the local provider does exactly nothing.  You can see any service locally as there is no firewall service doing anything on the local provider, as its intended usage is to test and try juju and to help with writing charms.


Maven custom archetype

Question: I'm trying to create a custom maven archetype for my development team. While I'm successful for the most part, the question I'm unable to find an answer is, can we control the name of the project that's created through command line Maven? I believe Maven uses ${archetypeId} variable to create the project name. However, I get two user inputs ${project_name} and ${dept_name} and want my project name to be formed ${dept_name}-${project_name}. So I display a text for artifactId when creating a new project, like GENERATED BASED ON USER INPUT FOR PROJECT NAME AND DEPT NAME to stop users from entering a value for ${artifactId} requiredProperty.
I do not want the developers to enter artifactId but also create the project as a concatenated value of dept_name and project_name and use this as the value for artifactId instead of the hardcoded value of "artifactid" which is a literal string? I put a literal string just to avoid the developers from entering anything for artifactId. Can someone pls help with my situation here?
Thanks!
Answer: You can try to add something like this in the pom:
<code> <build>
    <directory>target</directory>
    <outputDirectory>target/classes</outputDirectory>
    <finalName>${artifactId}-${version}</finalName>
 </build>
</code>
Kiril

Maven custom archetype


Returning to your own Timeline

Question: Throughout a number of Star Trek Series you see people going back in time to repair timelines. My question here is when they return to their own timeline would it still be left unchanged? As all they did by going back in time is create a new divergent timeline?
Comment: [Every instance of time travel in *Star Trek* works differently.](https://scifi.stackexchange.com/q/87618/2865)  Can you narrow your question down to specific instances?
Answer: As has been noted, we don't know how time travel works in the Star Trek universe - and there seems to be some inconsistency depending on what the situation is.
In direct answer to your question, there is at least one instance of a repaired timeline holding at least some carry over - the DS9 episode Past Tense has Sisko and a couple of others cast back to a pivotal incident in Earth history. Unfortunately, their arrival causes the inadvertent death of the key person (Bell) in the event, which unravels the timeline. Sisko successfully intervenes in the role, and is able to restore the timeline - luckily, he paid attention in history class unlike Bashir, apparently.
However, when the crew are reviewing the historical archives of the event, they stumble upon Sisko's image - indicating some pollution of the timeline.

Returning to your own Timeline


How to make my 800*600 game fit all screen resolutions?

Question: I have created a game that is 800*600. How can i make it so that it will fit all computer screens? How would this normally be done? Other sites have said too set everything to a certain ratio depending what the screen resolution is. But if each image in the game changes size in comparison to the screen resolution it would mean that the images would  not be in the right places and cause other problems. Is it possible to just "Stretch out" my 800*600 game so it fits any size? Thanks
Comment: They have advised you correctly, you should use a ratio and your images should resize/reposition accordingly. If not you have to rethink your system.
Comment: Take a look at full screen exclusive mode: http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/extra/fullscreen/exclusivemode.html
Answer: You need to make the game resolution-independent.  That means you create your own concept of 'game units' (which might be exactly the same as pixels relative to an 800x600 screen if you want), and then operate exclusively on those game units.
Whenever you draw something to screen you convert co-ordinates and sizes from game units into pixels.  You will need to have functions that can convert both ways, because you may also want to translate click-events from screen space to game space.
When you start your game, you need to decide on the screen resolution and aspect ratio.  If the aspect ratio is not the same (eg widescreen), you might choose to either stretch the game area or letterbox it.  By moving all the translation code to a lower level and operating only within your game units, you save yourself a lot of pain in the long run.
Answer: Yes, you can stretch it out. Make the Games' main components on a JPanel that is 800 by 600, and add that JPanel to your JFrame. Then the player can resize your JFrame and the components won't go offscreen, they will change shape and size based on the new size of the JFrame. Remember that the mouse's position in relation to the JFrame will change a bit, but divide the mouses position by the JFrames height/width and multiply it by the JPanel height/width to get the position in relation to the JPanel. With this method you can let the user maximize your game and still have components look normal.


Win7 x64 going to sleep randomly, most often during gaming?

Question: I have a Win7 x64 on a HP 625 laptop. I've reinstalled Windows twice or thrice because of other problems, but this issue keeps popping up:
Mostly when gaming, but completely randomly, Windows goes to sleep. It's not a temperature issue because it won't ever pass 75 degrees Celsius.
I noticed that it won't happen that often with a fresh install of Windows, but after a while things tend to go downhill.
Is this a update aka software or a hardware issue?
I've found this in my eventmanager: The system is entering sleep. Sleep Reason: Button or Lid.
I assure you that I didn't do any of those things.
Comment: It could be that the sensor on the hinge is faulty, or your keyboard is faulty. I have seen situations where pressing a key on a laptop can cause the system to think that another key was also pressed. Where is the sleep button on your laptop - is it on the main keyboard or is it separate? First I would recommend you change the power settings so that closing the lid does not put the computer to sleep. If that makes no difference, change the settings so that pressing the sleep button does nothing. If you still have the issues we will need more information about drivers etc.
Comment: Are you using the drivers originally supplied with the laptop and do you have any unusual software installed?
Comment: I am using the latest drivers for all the hardware. What do you mean by "unusual software"? I've now changed my settings so the computer shuts down instead of sleeping when dropping the lid or pushing the button. The problem is that this thing is completely unpredictable, so I don't know when it will happen again. Also, I have no sleep button that I know of, just the button I press for the laptop to start and a combination of Fn+f5.
Answer: Something must be broken about your laptop lid. ACPI sensors on the lid can go out of whack. Also, another culprit is low battery life. Try checking your power settings in Windows 7's control panel. By the way, I know that Windows' condition becomes worse every day (my WINDOWS folder is more than 23 gigs!), so see if you can optimize your 7 or try another OS.
Comment: I find it odd to be the sensors, since I've been very careful with the laptop the whole time and I'm moving the lid at all during use. I just stretch the hinges as far as they go, but not hard, and leave them like that. Also, this happens on AC power mostly.


Working on an angular without the node_modules folder and I can't run npm install

Question:
npm resolution error report
While resolving: firstname.lastname@example.com
Found: @firstname.lastname@example.com
node_modules/@angular/common
@angular/common@"^14.2.12" from the root project
Could not resolve dependency:
peer @angular/common@">=13.0.0 <14.0.0" from @email@example.com
node_modules/@ng-select/ng-select
@ng-select/ng-select@"^8.1.1" from the root project
Fix the upstream dependency conflict, or retry
this command with --force or --legacy-peer-deps
to accept an incorrect (and potentially broken) dependency resolution.

And here's our package.json:
{
  "name": "front-movit",
  "version": "0.0.0",
  "scripts": {
    "ng": "ng",
    "start": "ng serve",
    "build": "ng build",
    "watch": "ng build --watch --configuration development",
    "test": "ng test",
    "lint": "ng lint",
    "e2e": "ng e2e"
  },
  "private": true,
  "dependencies": {
    "@angular/animations": "^14.2.12",
    "@angular/common": "^14.2.12",
    "@angular/compiler": "^14.2.12",
    "@angular/core": "^14.2.12",
    "@angular/forms": "^14.2.12",
    "@angular/platform-browser": "^14.2.12",
    "@angular/platform-browser-dynamic": "^14.2.12",
    "@angular/router": "^14.2.12",
    "@ckeditor/ckeditor5-angular": "^2.0.2",
    "@ckeditor/ckeditor5-build-classic": "^31.0.0",
    "@ds/core": "^0.0.10",
    "@ds/form": "^0.0.4",
    "@ds/grid": "^0.0.6",
    "@ds/plugins": "^0.0.2",
    "@ds/utils": "^0.1.1",
    "@microsoft/signalr": "^6.0.3",
    "@mingleats/ng-extract-i18n-merge": "^1.0.2-SNAPSHOT",
    "@ng-select/ng-select": "^8.1.1",
    "@ngx-translate/core": "^13.0.0",
    "@ngx-translate/http-loader": "^6.0.0",
    "@swimlane/ngx-datatable": "^20.0.0",
    "@types/jquery": "^3.5.16",
    "@types/leaflet": "^1.9.4",
    "axios": "^0.21.4",
    "bootstrap": "^5.3.2",
    "codelyzer": "^6.0.0",
    "fast-json-patch": "^3.0.0-1",
    "follow-redirects": "^1.15.2",
    "glob-parent": "^5.1.2",
    "jquery": "^3.7.1",
    "leaflet": "^1.9.4",
    "ngx-bootstrap": "^8.0.0",
    "ngx-cookie-service": "^13.1.2",
    "ngx-currency": "^2.5.1",
    "ngx-file-drop": "^11.3.0",
    "ngx-mask": "^11.1.4",
    "ngx-spinner": "^14.0.0",
    "ngx-stars": "^1.5.1",
    "ngx-toastr": "^13.0.0",
    "ngx-translate": "^0.0.1-security",
    "rxjs": "^6.6.3",
    "sweetalert2": "^11.6.8",
    "trim": "^1.0.1",
    "trim-newlines": "^3.0.1",
    "webpack": "^5.75.0",
    "zone.js": "~0.11.4"
  },
  "devDependencies": {
    "@angular-devkit/build-angular": "^14.2.10",
    "@angular/cli": "^14.2.10",
    "@angular/compiler-cli": "^14.2.12",
    "@angular/language-service": "^14.2.12",
    "@angular/localize": "^14.2.12",
    "@babel/core": "^7.11.6",
    "@compodoc/compodoc": "^1.1.11",
    "@storybook/addon-actions": "^6.0.21",
    "@storybook/addon-essentials": "^6.0.21",
    "@storybook/addon-links": "^6.0.21",
    "@storybook/angular": "^6.0.21",
    "@types/node": "^12.11.1",
    "atgcli": "^1.2.6",
    "babel-loader": "^8.1.0",
    "ng-extract-i18n-merge": "^2.4.0",
    "react-is": "^16.13.1",
    "sonar-scanner": "^3.1.0",
    "ts-node": "~7.0.0",
    "tslib": "^2.4.1",
    "tslint": "~6.1.0",
    "typescript": "~4.6.4"
  }
}

tried with --legacy-pers-deps and it still doesn't work:

npm ERR! code E404
npm ERR! 404 Not Found - GET https://registry.npmjs.org/@ds%2fcore -
Not found
'@ds/core@^0.0.10' is not in this registry.
Comment: `@ds/core` indeed isn't in the public registry, maybe you need some org-specific configuration.
Answer: Your two problems do not seem to be related.
On one end you are trying to install a package that is not available publicly (@ds/core), and on the other end, you are trying to use a version of @ng-select/ng-select which is not compatible with your Angular version.
For the first issue, you should make sure you are trying to install the right package, and if it is a package internal to your organization, see internally how you are supposed to install it.
For the second issue, you should upgrade to a new version of @ng-select/ng-select.
From https://www.npmjs.com/package/@ng-select/ng-select you can see that for Angular 14, you should use the version 9.x.x of @ng-select.
Run npm i @email@example.com (you should fix the first issue first, or remove your dependency on @ds/core).