What would happen if I connect two different DC voltage sources in parallel?

Question: I have a computer power supply that I'm hacking together as a bench supply. For this particular model to power on, I need a minimum load across both +5V and +12V.
"Easy," I thought, "I'll just connect both +5 and +12 to my power resistor!" And it worked, but then I started thinking, what does it mean to have these two different voltages connected in parallel? If the voltages were the same, then I would be increasing current. But what about different voltages?
Also, what if I connected +5 and +12 in series, and then put a load on that? The equivalent voltage would be +17V; what would be the difference between that and parallel?
Or am I going about this the wrong way; should I put a separate resistor on each rail? It seems like I can do better than that.
Comment: My electronics lecturer told us that when connecting two different voltage sources in parallel will cause the magic smoke that all electronics run on to come out of of the one voltage source.
Comment: Very interesting and a bit dangerous question. Good thing computer PSU-ts are overcurrent and overtemperature protected, so they tolerate quite a lot of mistakes.
Answer: First some theory:
In general, a PC power supply isn't expected to operate in a redundant mode (i.e. with outputs tied together).
In industry parlance, this function is called OR-ing (not O-ring). If a power supply is designed with OR-ing in mind, there will be several additions to the circuitry:

Some means of isolation (diodes or MOSFETs)
Some means of maintaining regulation at absolute zero load (anti-rollback)
Some means of load balancing (forced or droop)

These factors allow you to connect identical voltage rails together to provide load current beyond what a single supply can do, and allow for the rail to stay up (if the load can be delivered by N-1 units) if a single unit goes down. It also gives you some measure of protection if you accidentally connect a higher voltage to a lower voltage.
Also, most PC power supply returns are all tied to each other. There typically isn't an isolated output (independent return) available.
Now, the practical ramifications of your experiments:

Connecting the +12V and +5V rails together is only "safe" if there is some means of OR-ing on the +5V that can withstand the +12 applied to it. The +5V will not be delivering any current to the load, as it will be blocked by the OR-ing device.

Most likely you've back-biased the +5V and put 12V on some electrolytic capacitors that are probably only rated at 10V.

Connecting the +12V and +5V in series is only "safe" if one of those rails has a return independent of the other. If the returns are common, all you're doing is short-circuiting the rail that's on the "bottom" (the rail that has a return connected to the high side).

Batteries != power supplies. Energy going into a battery charges it. Energy going into the output of a power supply usually smokes it.
Comment: It's not good to connect random batteries in parallel either (as shown in the original question's link), because if they're not already at the same voltage and state of charge (fullness), one may charge the other with an unlimited current.  The batteries & light bulbs example seems intended to teach about voltage, current, and resistance, but batteries are not ideal voltage or current sources.  Rechargeable batteries connected in parallel without due care may be destroyed.  The experiment is better done with cheap disposable batteries (to lower the cost) if it must be done at all.
Answer: To add to what Majenko said, in the series configuration it doesn't work the way you expected either.  That is because both supplies have a common ground.  Series would only work to make 17V is both were independently floating, which they are not.  It is not possible to connect two supplies with a common ground in series.
Whether series or parallel, either way is a REALLY BAD IDEA.
Connecting two power supplies of different voltages together:

Any questions?
Comment: great illustration, lol
Comment: It's that crazy clown again..
Comment: Gotta love [Twisted Metal](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twisted_Metal).
Comment: However, two wall adapters in series would work - as they are isolated through a transformer. Right?
Answer: In parallel, your overall voltage would be +12V.
BUT
Your +5V feed will be being over-powered by +7V.
This is bad
You will probably be doing damage to the internals of your power supply.
Especially if the +5V section is using capacitors that are rated at less than 12V...  pop
Comment: Would the overall voltage actually be 12v? I figured the two would both attempt to pull to their respective voltage resulting in some voltage in the middle until one or the other or both have a fatal issue.
Comment: It would probably be 12V since a flyback converter doesn't have a way of dissipating excessive voltage. (It's why there's a load resistor to begin with)
Comment: @Kellenjb - It would be somewhere in between as noted in my answer. The only way it could be 12V for both in parallel is if the 5V source had infinite internal resistance.
Comment: @W5VO Thanks for that... I am no expert on big PSUs like this and wasn't sure if they have feedback circuity that attempted to lower the output voltage or not.
Comment: @Oli you might want to see what W5VO has to say as it might mean your answer is actually wrong.
Comment: @Kellenjb - noted and agreed with, most likely it will hover around 12V. I just double checked a couple of typical ATX schematics and both had a load resistor on the +/- 5V lines (100 Ohms) and one had one between the +/-12V (270 Ohms) lines also.
Comment: The resultant voltage is irrelevant.  What is important is that it is a Really Bad Idea™ and should never be done.
Answer: If you put the 5V and 12V in parallel, the voltage would be somewhere in between depending on the internal resistance of each source.
If both sources have equal internal resistance then the resultant voltage would be 8.5V.
This would apply for e.g. batteries or similar simple voltage source.
With two switching supplies though, as W5V0 has noted, the resultant voltage will likely be the higher of the two, as the lower rail cannot sink current (due to the diode) and will effectively look high impedance to the 12V rail. So all that should happen (see below) is the lower rail will rise to the potential of the higher rail.
It is not a good idea to connect two different supply rails directly due to the problems that can be caused by low impedance sources opposing each other and circuitry of the lower rail may not rated to handle the voltage from the higher rail.
However in the switchers case it's probable no magic smoke will appear due to the inability to sink current mentioned above. However it's possible that the lower rails diode won't like being reverse biased so much and any capacitors may not be rated for the higher voltage (definitely a possibility given the extremely competitive price these things aim for - every cent makes a  difference)
If a mid point voltage source is needed then a regulator of some sort can be used to provide a low impedance source.
The link you provide is for connecting batteries of the same voltage, which can be regarded as completely separate sources. The rails in your PSU will share a common ground (like two batteries with their negative terminals connected together) If you try and connect them in series it will effectively short one of the rails to ground which is not good.
It's not too clear what you are trying to do with the outputs without a schematic or some more info as to what voltages and control system (e.g. protection, voltage/current adjust, etc) you want to end up with.
For the minimum load on each rail you just need to use two separate resistors to ground.
Comment: "It's not too clear what you are trying to do with out a schematic"... He is trying to add a load to the PSU so the PSU can turn on, how can he be any more clear then that?
Comment: I know you qualified your statement, but it's worth mentioning that switch mode converters usually don't have a way of sinking current. The only way the 5V circuit is contributing anything is if there's an explosion :)
Comment: I was referring to what he is wanting/planning to do with the outputs exactly. For example whether he wants +5V and +12V separate, or +17V, or something else. The minimum load part is clear, I'll edit to clarify. I'm a big fan of a small diagram/schematic for even the simplest stuff, as pictures generally reinforce/convey information well in these situations, particularly if the native languages of people involved in asking/answering are different.
Comment: Yes, I agree with you about the switchers, I wasn't thinking of switching converters when I wrote that (silly, I know, as it's a PC supply so what else would it be..) I'll edit my answer to mention this.
Answer: A separate load resistor on each supply voltage is the only correct way to get both the +5 and the +12 loaded. However, depending on the supply, it might suffice to load just the +5, since the +12 is usually reserved for disk drive motors.
Answer: I don't know what your electrical bench looks like, but in my situation I could find an old 4GB hard drive pretty easily and put it on as a dummy load.  It might not be as portable as you're wanting, but it has served me in the past for a dummy load.
Answer:
This is a circuit diagram of a computer power supply I added it to give you some help about your experiment:
1- If you connect a 12v with 5v in parallel you got the difference which is 7v
2- You cannot make the 12v and 5v in series because they have not the same ground
Answer: Putting two power supplies of equal voltage together is not likely to result in a good distribution of current.  Putting two power supplies of different voltage together is an even more terrible idea.  Either the lower voltage supply shuts off (and is useless) or it sinks current.  If it is designed to sink current, it will reduce the available current from the higher voltage supply.  If it is not designed to sink current (and most will not), any number of bad things may happen.
Answer: It appears that you are willing to take the high risk of "blowing" your power supply, just to save a "pre-loading" resistor!  Yes, you should use a preloading resistor, as required, for each rail.  Yes, you can not do better than that.
Answer: The straightforward way is that (from basic electrical engineering circuit analysis by David Irwin) "a series connection of current sources or a parallel connection of voltage sources is forbidden unless the sources are pointing in the same direction and have exactly the same values."
Answer: This is undefined. We can't connect two voltage sources in parallel until these volts are same. Similarly we can't connect current sources in series until these are same value.
Comment: OP's question is not about theoretical ideal voltage sources, it's about "a computer power supply that I'm hacking together as a bench supply".


Which Pokémon have a further evolution that isn't yet available?

Question: My motivation behind this question is to know which candy I should be collecting to be able to evolve Pokémon once their evolutions become available.
Comment: I don't think this is off-topic. It's reasonable to assume that the trend of adding new Pokemon to the game will continue and it is not that the Pokemon themselves are a secret as their existence is not based on this game. Any serious player has probably wondered of this and this question and answer would be of great assistance. According to my understanding this closing reason is meant for questions asking for example about unknown future features that only someone with inside information could know.
Comment: Since a large number of these Pokémon new/different evolution methods, you'll probably need more than just candies to evolve them, so while saving up the candies is a good idea, it won't mean you'll be able to evolve all of these as soon as they're released, necessarily.
Comment: I feel this is far too broad; there are, what? 700+ Pokémon now? And we're supposed to compile a list that shows which will be able to evolve in the future? That's what a reference site is for, not Arqade.
Answer: As of right now, there are quite a few Pokémon that will have evolutions available once the fourth generation is released. These are:

Roselia -> Roserade
Aipom -> Ambipom
Misdreavus -> Mismagius
Murkrow -> Honchkrow
Sneasel -> Weavile
Magneton -> Magnezone
Lickitung -> Lickilicky
Rhydon -> Rhyperior
Tangela -> Tangrowth
Electabuzz -> Electivire
Magmar -> Magmortar
Togetic -> Togekiss
Yanma -> Yanmega
Eevee -> Leafeon AND Glaceon
Gligar -> Gliscor
Piloswine -> Mamoswine
Porygon2 -> Porygon-Z
Kirlia -> Gallade
Nosepass -> Probopass
Dusclops -> Dusknoir
Snorunt -> Froslass

After that, there is one additional evolution added to an existing Pokémon in Gen VI:

Eevee -> Sylveon

Note that I've only listed Pokémon that will have their evolution chains extended or branched with later generations. I have not included Pokémon that have pre-evolutions added or Pokémon that may get alternate/Alolan forms.
Comment: Bulbapedia maintains a list of [**Pokemon with cross-generational evolutions**](https://bulbapedia.bulbagarden.net/wiki/List_of_Pok%C3%A9mon_with_cross-generational_evolutions). Assuming Pokemon Go continues to play 'catch up' with later Pokemon generations, this would be a good list to keep an eye on :)


SUM weekly values according to date in one column A and values in column B

Question: As shown in the screenshot, I have values I am looking to add for weekly totals to track, however, this is very tedious having to create a new code for every week, especially as the weeks change per month and so on. What I am looking to do is use the date feature as I have lined up in column A to match with column b and so on to make weekly values so I only have to type in the sum of a week number rather than a sum of ex b2:b8
I was thinking because if I were to type =ISOWEEKNUM("July 1") it gives me 27, so I am looking to use some code to say =SUM(week27in column a, B:B) type of thing but I don't know Google Sheets code well enough to think of it on my own.
If anyone has ideas please let me know.
Comment: share a copy of your sheet
Answer: Delete range A2:A and paste this into A2 cell and for next month just type August in A1 cell:
=ARRAYFORMULA(TEXT({ROW(INDIRECT("A"&
 DATEVALUE(DATE(2019, MONTH(A1&1), 1))&":"&
 DATEVALUE(DATE(2019, MONTH(A1&1), 7))));   "Week 1"; ROW(INDIRECT("A"&
 DATEVALUE(DATE(2019, MONTH(A1&1), 8))&":"&
 DATEVALUE(DATE(2019, MONTH(A1&1), 14))));  "Week 2"; ROW(INDIRECT("A"&
 DATEVALUE(DATE(2019, MONTH(A1&1), 15))&":"&
 DATEVALUE(DATE(2019, MONTH(A1&1), 21))));  "Week 3"; ROW(INDIRECT("A"&
 DATEVALUE(DATE(2019, MONTH(A1&1), 22))&":"&
 DATEVALUE(DATE(2019, MONTH(A1&1), 28))));  "Week 4"; ROW(INDIRECT("A"&
 DATEVALUE(DATE(2019, MONTH(A1&1), 29))&":"&
 DATEVALUE(DATE(2019, MONTH(A1&1), DAY(
 EOMONTH(DATE(2019, MONTH(A1&1),1),0)))))); "Week 5"}, "mmmm d"))


Are regions and features automatically created when creating a sub subtheme?

Question: I want to inherit everything from a main theme except the layout.
When I create the .info file and specify which regions and features I want are these generated automatically by drupal or do I have to specify each one in a separate .tpl file like the diagram below?
Answer: Yes, you will enherit everything unless you modify the page.tpl.php file located in /sites/all/themes/yourtheme/template folder.
The page.tpl.php file contains all block regions. Thus, you should modify this file if you want to add, remove, or move regions.
If you want to resize or theme a region, it's all css. As you will see in page.tpl.php, the regions will have a div class or id.


Accessing a frame name results on an "Access is denied" exception

Question: I'm making a toolbar on C# for IE and I need to access a certain frame within the website. On my initial tests, I'm just trying to cycle through the frames and have a MessageBox popup with the name of the frame. But I'm encountering an exception whenever I try to do it, saying "Access is denied". The full text of the exception is:
Access is denied. (Exception from HRESULT: 0x80070005 (E_ACCESSDENIED))
Here's the code:
IHTMLSelectionObject currentSelection = myHTMLDocument.selection;

IHTMLFramesCollection2 frames = (IHTMLFramesCollection2)myHTMLDocument.frames;

for (int i = 0; i < frames.length; i++)
{
    object refIndex = i;

    IHTMLWindow2 currentFrame = (IHTMLWindow2)frames.item(ref refIndex);

    if (currentFrame != null)
    {
        MessageBox.Show(currentFrame.name);
    }
    else
        MessageBox.Show("Null");

}

From my searchs on the web, I found out that this is, in fact, not a bug. It's expected to behave that way. My question is: what is the correct way to do what I'm trying to do?
Thanks in advance!
Comment: I've seen this: http://support.microsoft.com/kb/196340 , but I don't know if there is a more complete example in C#.
Answer: Probably you are getting this message because you are trying to access a frame from another domain. The same origin policy prevent you doing this. To make it work use IServiceProvider.
IServiceProvider isp = (IServiceProvider) currentFrame;

then query using QueryService to get IWebBrowser2 object.
Make sure you use System.Runtime.InteropServices


Can someone please share examples of machine learning in quantitative finance?

Question: There has been a lot said about the application of AI, ML and Neural Networks in trading for predictive modelling. I was unable to find any relevant examples that prove a credible output based on these applications.
Answer: AI, ML and NNs are generic algorithms or methods which leverage data agnostically. In other words, they can be deployed with data of any type be it  digital, economic, financial, whatever. That said, most of the good examples are proprietary, hence your difficulty in identifying specific models.
1) Estimating risk is an essential element in finance. This paper Deep Learning for Mortgage Risk is a good example of that: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1607.02470.pdf
2) Kaggle has had some financial challenges: https://www.kaggle.com/tags/finance
3) Didier Sornette's Financial Crisis Observatory has links to his market bubble predictor model which is, to a large extent, automated. http://www.er.ethz.ch/financial-crisis-observatory.html
4) Google has many tools for ML including Sibyl: Google's system for Large Scale Machine Learning (https://www.kdnuggets.com/2014/08/sibyl-google-system-large-scale-machine-learning.html) and Tensorflow (https://www.tensorflow.org/).
5) Ufora.com was a good example, but it appears to be out of business. It's business model could be a template for future efforts of a similar nature. http://time.com/money/3890808/hedge-funds-data-analysis-ufora/
Answer: did you try to search SSRN or anything else like this? https://arxiv.org/abs/1807.02787


How to make Maps in iOS6 same as iOS5

Question: I have an app where where i am using MkMapView and its showing differently for iOS6 and iOS5.
I have attached the screenShots below
iOS 6

iOS 5

Can Anyone tell me how can i solve this issue ?
Answer: This is because IOS 5 uses google maps and IOS 6 is using apple maps,
The only thing you could do is use the google maps API on IOS 5 and on IOS6
This way they will look and work the same
Google maps for IOS
Answer: If you want to use Apple's Mapkit framework and show google maps for IOS 6.0 onwards then u can use overlays.
Here is sample project that may help you.
https://github.com/mladjan/GoogleMapsOverlayiOS/tree/master/GoogleMapsiOS6Demo
Answer: The map display is default as per IOS installed on device or iPhone/iPad.
                If you still want to use Google map then load map in web-view with your location.

How to make Maps in iOS6 same as iOS5


Use of maltodextrin to increase head retention & body, how much & when added for 5 gallon batch?

Question: My HBS recommends maltodextrin to increase body & head retention, when and how much should be added to 5 gallon batch?
Comment: Maltodextrin will not on its own increase head retention.
Comment: I've added some wheat malt or flaked barley for a nice head.
Answer: I only use maltodextrin with extract beers, added with the rest of the malt. You can add it at any time during the boil though. A pound in 5 or 6 gallon for IPA's type brews, 1/2lb  in lighter beers. I don't think all grain brew needs it, but it greatly improves my P.D.Q. APA's.
Kiwi Bruce
Answer: Maltodextrin will increase body using between 1/4 and 1lb in a 5 gallon batch. Although equally, using LME/DME instead of sugar with a kit will do a similar job and give you a much maltier beer.  Maltodextrin has relatively little taste, so don't expect the beer to be much sweeter.
To increase head formation and retention, and sweeten the beer, you can add 1/4 of wheat malt (if doing a mini-mash) or a light caramel malt, such as carapils.
Answer: I mash from the grains and use maltodextrin to improve head retention, as well as a beer heading liquid containing propylene glycol alginate(PGA), which helps to stabilise the head and prevent collapse of the bubbles. The look and condition of my beers has drastically improved since using these additives but I'm not sure which is most reponsible. To get a good head, the label on the maltodextrin packet recommends adding about 10g (= a third of an ounce)to a 22.5 Ltr(= 5 imperial gallon) brew, AFTER fermentation and just before bottling(same time as I add 10ml of the PGA).  This is a lot less maltodextrin than the heroic amounts needed to increase body and sweetness, such as 500g or a pound in weight to a similar brew. I would rather avoid a turgid beer laden with maltodextrins to make it heavier and sweeter tasting.  Although the maltodextrin is not readily fermented by yeasts, it is rapidly broken down and utilised as sugar in humans. I prefer not to add more than necessary to my sugar intake while drinking beer! I prefer it dry, hoppy and clean tasting.
Comment: Hello. Please use paragraphs for better readability.
Answer: 5 Gallon Kit and Kilo
I'm about to start a new batch. I'm fairly new so just using cheap extract kits from Superstore. They lack flavour and head retention so I thought I would spruce it up a bit with some additional ingredients.
The 5 gallon kit calls for 1 Kg of Dextrose to be added for fermentation. I've made that before and it's okay. Here's what I'll be doing for the next batch:

Dextrose for Fermentation (2/3 Kg)
Wheat DME (500g)
Maltodextrin (1/3 lb)
Williamette Dry Hops (1oz)

I'll be adding everything except for the hops at the start of fermentation. I'll add the hops after a few days when primary fermentation is done.
So, to answer your questions:

I'm going to add 1/3 lb of maltodextrin.
I'm adding it at the start of fermentation.

This was based on my research but there's nothing like trial and error so I'll come back here and post an update with how it turned out and even include a picture of the head retention to showcase it.
Cheers!
Comment: It turned out okay. Definitely better head retention. Flavour was still meh, but that may be due to the pre-hopped malt extract from Superstore. Only so much you can do when you're starting from that.


How to make copies of default lists and libraries

Question: We are trying to copy the default Pages and Documents to another SharePoint subsite. In SharePoint online there is no option to make a template of these. In SharePoint Designer, we were able to make a template of the default Pages list, but it did not show up when creating a new App.
Comment: What is your use-case? I do not see the point in copying the 'default' as you can deploy a new library which contains the defaults.
Comment: We are trying to copy the contents of a Pages list to a new site while still keeping the metadata attached to the files.
Answer: You can save the library/list as a template then create instances from sub-site:

How to create and save a SharePoint document library template

Turn to classical UI then add an app, you will be able to find the corresponding templates.
Comment: As I stated in my question, SharePoint does not allow for the creation of Templates from these default libraries.
Answer: You can use Export-PnPListToProvisioningTemplate and then apply the contents using Apply-PnPProvisioningTemplate.
You can do this in an automated fashion by creating an Azure Automation runbook and calling that from a Power Automate Flow using an HTTP action.


What defines a data generating process

Question: Let's say we have a certain DGP $y=c+ax+bz+ error$. I take this to mean that conditional on the values of $x$ and $z$ in a certain instance (and no additional information )the expected value of $y$ can be inferred by plugging the values into the above equation. Now let's say $x$ and $z$ are correlated. A different DGP may now be $y=d+mx+error$ where m may be higher(or lower) than $a$ due to the correlation of $x$ and $z$. Now wouldn't $y=d+mx+error$ also be a valid DGP given that the expected value of $y$ conditional on $x$ (and no other information) is given correctly?
Comment: It does not make sense to compare two different DGP's since they are referring to two completely different realities. On the other hand for a given DGP you can consider many different models and discuss whether they are valid or not so if y=c+ax+bz+e is the DGP then a model could be y=d+mx+error. Note then with your model you will not be able to recover the "true" DGP parameters of c and a unless b=0 or using other methods (i.e. instrumental variables etc).
Comment: the DGP refers to the true process which generates the data. It is different from a model of the data. So it doesn't really make sense to talk about validity in terms of the DGP since the DGP is the truth. Once you have the DGP then you can think about models that try to describe that DGP and whether they are useful or not.
Comment: @AndrewM Why do you use scare quotes around 'true'? Do you think that the data generating process is a correct description of the process that generates the data or do you not? Scare quotes can only fudge the issue.
Comment: @afreelunch I used the quotes because it was meant that the truth depends on how we define it. What we say is the true process in one setting may not be the true process in another. I was trying to highlight that fact. Was not trying to fudge anything.
Answer: There seem to be (at least) two ways of interpreting the concept of a 'data generating process':

The data generating process is a correct description of the causal process
that generates the values of the dependent variable $Y$.
The data generating process specifies the expected value of the dependent variable $Y$ given the values taken the independent variables.

Now the answer to your question seems to depend on which interpretation we take:

If we follow interpretation 1, then these cannot be both data generating processes: either variable $Z$ causally determines $Y$ or it does not.
If we follow interpretation 2, then these can both be valid data generating processes. As you point out, there is no reason to suppose that $\mathbb{E}[Y|X = x]$ is the same as $\mathbb{E}[Y|X = x, Z = z]$.
Comment: @user17900: Nice differentiation but 1) is how I've always thought of the DGP. I think 2) is the model.

What defines a data generating process


Any options to connect from Azure SQL Server database to an Azure Data Warehouse instance

Question: We want to be able to query the Data Warehouse database from the SQL Server database both with the same server name in Azure.  Select statements including the database name (e.g. select * from server.dbo.product) returns with error that a reference to the database and/or server name isn't supported in this version of SQL Server.  There are articles on creating an external data source in the SQL Server database but we get error that the credentials don't have permission to perform this action.
Answer: Azure SQL (as of Azure SQL V12 in late-2016) does not support cross-database queries the same way that they do with a normal on-premises SQL Server (e.g. using the DatabaseName.schemaName.TableName syntax).
Given that Azure SQL and Azure Data Warehouse databases each reside in different physical servers it wouldn't work anyway, as the above syntax is intended for databases that all reside in the same server.
Azure SQL does support cross-database calls via the EXTERNAL DATA SOURCE feature, which we have in normal on-premises SQL Server already. This is documented here: https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/blog/querying-remote-databases-in-azure-sql-db/
Note that performance won't be that great and you might be better-off doing the querying in your application code. For example complex JOINs which reduce data will run suboptimally.


Extruder motor not turning while printing, but works while testing on Ender 3

Question: I have an Ender 3 with the silent board, BLTouch, and Marlin 2.0.6 installed. Recently I've the problem of the extruder not moving while printing, but works fine during testing. I tried changing the motherboard (that's when I installed the silent board) and changing the motor, but nothing worked. I usually use the CURA 5.3.0 slicer, but I also tried the Creality slicer and it still did not work. During print the extruder does not move, but it rocks back and forth during the initial purge before the print.
How can I fix this issue?
Answer: I found the problem, it was a bad cable. I just changed the cable.


How to vote in moderator elections?

Question: This page explains every detail of how elections work, except the most important one: how to cast a vote. The nominations period has started and it ends tomorrow, I would like to know how to vote for nominations, and where to find more info about it, underlying that this page isn't clear about it, so that you could change it by adding this info in future.
Comment: Once the nomination period ends, voting controls will appear (assuming you have enough rep, see [here](http://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/77126/how-can-i-vote-in-the-stack-overflow-moderator-election)).
Comment: See http://meta.stackexchange.com/a/135361/187954
Comment: @TimMedora, thanks, was looking exactly for what you said (understood why no controls yet)
Answer: Since there are 27 candidates, voting will occur in two phases: Primary and Election.
Primary Voting
In the primary phase, top 30 nominees ordered by reputation advance to preliminary community voting. As we only have 27 nominees as of now, they will all advance to this phase.Any community member with 150 reputation may vote in the primary. This phase begins tomorrow.
There is no commenting in this phase, only one up or down vote per candidate. The candidate vote counts are all public. Initial voting should provide a rough sense of which candidates are most electable.
All candidates are displayed in random order, unlike during the nomination phase, where they were displayed in a latest nomination on top manner.
After 4 days, the top 10 candidates based on primary vote score proceed onward to the election phase.
Election Voting
In the election phase, the top 10 candidates from the Primary phase advance to final community voting. Any community member with 150 reputation may vote in the election. This phase begins five days from now
Each community member has 3 votes. You must cast your votes in order of preference, giving the 1st Choice to the member you want to see elected most, and 3rd Choice to the nominee you want to see elected third most. Last year having 3 moderator openings and three votes was purely coincidental. Even though there are four openings this year, you still get only three votes.
All candidates are displayed in random order.
The vote tallies are private until the election is complete.
After 4 days, the final voting results will be freely downloadable from this page forever, and we will calculate the winners using OpenSTV with the Meek STV method.
Comment: What happens if you vote for 2nd and 3rd choice, but you don't select a candidate as the 1st choice?

How to vote in moderator elections?


Simulate pin behaviour based on PulseView recording

Question: I have a bunch of PulseView recordings from an existing device. Currently to verify if my Arduino handles the input properly I always use the real device. However it would be great if I could somehow test my code with existing recordings. I am using platform.io. Perhaps there is some test framework that can mock a pin based on a recording? For example when I start the test, pin 8 should be high for 10μs then low for 7 and so on. Is there some framework to mock such things?
Comment: that is not an arduino specific question ... it applies to any microcontroller ... if you are talking about a hardware solution, then ask at https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions
Answer: I've never heard of such a test framework and I doubt there is one, at least for hobbyists. Such a framework would need to include a lot of hardware to accommodate all the possible electrical test cases and also a rather complex software to control the hardware according to user input. So it is not really practical to have a general testing framework.
But you can build your own for your specific case. Using another Arduino and outputting the requested pulses should not be too difficult. In the simplest version just some digitalWrite()s and some delayMicroseconds() calls.


is it possible to renew a solaris license for an Sun ultra workstation

Question: I have an old Sun Ultra workstation from early 2000s, running Solaris with an IDE called sparcworks. I'm trying to revive it (I have some numerical analysis libraries I want to retrieve and re-use), but the software license has expired. Has anyone been in a similar situation, or have any suggestions as to whom I could contact to renew the license (since Sun microsystems no longer exists). Thanks v much
Comment: Its been a *very* long time, but I don't recall solaris having a time limited licence - or any OSes of that era for that matter. The *support* contract might have expired but that's not really useful if, well, your system is roughly old enough to drink. I also suspect our retrocomputing sister site might be a better resource for help on getting your hardware and software running..
Comment: Sun microsystems is now Oracle.  I know this might be illegal but have you tried backdating the system?
Answer: This sounds more like they're interested in a license for "sparcworks" rather than Solaris itself. According to Wikipedia, this product is now known as Oracle Developer Studio after going through 7 name changes. So, you may want to contact Oracle about an updated license for that, with the hopes that it is still able to actually read the project information from your old projects.
SPARCWorks dates back to 1991-1992, so the modern version may not support the oldest projects any more.


Conditions for a graph to be the 1- skeleton of a Surface

Question: Given a connected finite graph G with degree at least 2 at each vertex, what are the conditions G  needs to assume in order to attach 2-cells  so that the CW- complex is a closed compact surface(2 - manifold).
Comment: I guess it should be 3-connected, and this is the only condition. (But I might be off by a lot :–))
Comment: There are no conditions at all on a finite graph. Every finite graph is the 1-skeleton of a surface.
Comment: Does "a surface" have an accepted unambiguous definition in this context?
Comment: @Ryan -- But the graph might not be the 1-skeleton of the surface -- the regular neighborhood of a cycle is a torus, but the 1-skeleton of a torus can't be a cycle.

I wonder whether there's a condition for a graph embedding to be the 1-skeleton of an embedded surface.  Not every graph embedding is the 1-skeleton of an embedded surface; for example, we can't attach any 2-cells to a trefoil knot without self-intersection.
Comment: Every graph embeds in $\mathbb R^3$ so it embeds naturally on the boundary of a regular neighbourhood of any embedding of the graph in $\mathbb R^3$...
Answer: It suffices to consider a connected graph. Start from a point, which is the 1-skeleton of a sphere. By induction, consider a connected graph $G$ and an edge $E$, and let $S$ be the surface in which the complementary graph $G \setminus E$ is embedded as the 1-skeleton of a CW structure.
If $E$ disconnects $G$ into two connected subgraphs, $S$ has two components and you can embed $G$ in their connected sum. If $E$ is a loop edge with base vertex $v$, you can extend the embedding $G \setminus E \to S$ to an embedding $G \to S$ by including $E$ into a corner of some 2-cell near $v$. If $E$ is a nonloop edge with end vertices $v,w$, but $E$ does not disconnect, there are two cases. If there is just one 2-cell touching $v,w$ then you can embed $E$ into that two cell, connecting one corner to another and cutting that 2-cell into two 2-cells. If there are two or more 2-cells touching $v,w$, then there exist 2-cells $C \ne D$ touching $v,w$ respectively, and you can take the "self-connected sum" of $S$ by taking the connected sum of $C$ and $D$ to form an annulus, and then extend the embedding of $G$ by embedding $E$ in that annulus, cutting from one boundary of the annulus to the opposite and subdividing that annulus into a 2-cell.
Answer: Choose cyclic orientations of all edges around each vertex and attach discs to the edges
following the cyclic orientation around each vertex. The result is an oriented compact surface with a connected component for each connected component of the graph. (Using the convention that an isolated point is glued around the boundary of
a disc.)
Comment: There are no edge crossings, the graph is abstract. This construction is the construction of a "fat graph" (or "dessin d'enfant")
Comment: Are you sure that such orientations are well defined when an edge corssing occurs?
Comment: it looks like, you can only attach 2 -cells when these cyclic orientaions are well defined
Answer: As Lee Mosher says, any graph is the 1-skeleton of an (oriented) surface with boundary.  Here's a different proof.  Take a generic (in the differential topology sense) map of the graph to the plane.  This will be an embedding except for under/over-crossings in the interior of the edges of the graph.  Now consider a thickening (2-dimensional neighborhood) of the image of the graph.  (Near the crossings, the thickening has two "sheets".)  This thickening is a surface with boundary which deformation-retracts onto the graph.  If you glue a disk onto each boundary component, the result is a closed surface.
Comment: Perhaps you also want to cap off the boundaries to define the 2-cells.
Comment: I understood the question as asking for a surface that was cap-off-able, but not capped off.  But maybe I misunderstood.  I'll edit the answer.
Comment: If I gave you a non planar graph (fairly simple) do you think you can use this construction to tell me what surface(s) it is the 1 skeleton for?


Does the action of the fundamental group of a space $X$ on the universal cover $\tilde{X}$ depend on the basepoints?

Question: Let $X$ be a topological space that has a universal cover $p:\tilde{X}\to X$. Fix a basepoint $\tilde{x}_0\in \tilde{X}$ and let $x_0=p(\tilde{x}_0)$. Then the group $G$ of deck transformations of $\tilde{X}$ is isomorphic to $\pi_1(X,x_0)$: for a loop $\gamma$, let $\tilde{\gamma}$ be the lift of $\gamma$ such that $\tilde{\gamma}(0)=\tilde{x}_0$. Then there is a unique deck transformation $\tau_{\gamma}$ such that $\tau_{\gamma}(\tilde{x}_0)=\tilde{\gamma}(1)$. The map $[\gamma]\to \tau_{\gamma}$ gives an isomorphism $\pi_1(X,x_0)\to G$. Via this isomorphism, we see that the group $\pi_1(X,x_0)$ acts on $\tilde{X}$. Does this action depend on the choice of $\tilde{x}_0 \in p^{-1}(x_0)$? For example, in the case of $\Bbb R\to S^1$, the action does not depend on the choice of a basepoint of $\Bbb R$. So I'm curious about the general case.
Comment: You have to make precise what you want to know. If $\tilde x_1 \in \tilde X$ and $x_1 = p(\tilde x_1) \ne x_0$, then $\pi_1(X,x_0) \ne \pi_1(X,x_1)$ and your question does not make much sense because two distinct groups cannot have an identical action (or you must explain what this means). So do you consider points in the same fiber?
Comment: @PaulFrost Yes, I do. I have made an edit
Answer: Note that there is no canonical isomorphism between $\pi_1(X,x_0)$ and $\pi_1(X, x_1)$ for $x_0,x_1\in X$, as it depends on the homotopy class of the paths from $x_0$ to $x_1$. So we know the answer must be false, but it's worse than that.
To define the action of $\pi_1(X, x_0)$ on $\tilde{X}$, one needs to pick a lifting $\tilde{x_0}$ of $x_0$, therefore the action of $\pi_1(X, x_0)$ is not canonically defined. So the problem is ill-posed.
The reason that it all works out for $\mathbb R/S^1$ is $\pi_1(S^1)$ is abelian, so the group action doesn't really depend on the choice of the base point lifting.
To give a slightly different perspective, the Deck transformation group $G$ by defintion acts on $\tilde{X}$ canonically. For any point $\tilde{x}\in \tilde{X}$, we can define an isomorphism $\rho_{\tilde{x}}: G\rightarrow \pi_1(X,x)$ by $\rho(g) = [\text{projection of any path from } \tilde{x} \text{ to } g(\tilde{x})]$, but this depends on the choice of $\tilde{x}$, not just its projection $x$. In Hatcher's book, he carefully denoted $G(\tilde{X})\approx \pi_1(X)$ instead of " $\cong$".
However, the action is canonical and therefore natural for $\tilde{x}\in\tilde{X}$. More precisely, we can define the functor from the fundamental groupoid to the category of group actions on $\tilde{X}/X$ by sending $\tilde{x}\in \tilde{X}$ to the group action of $\pi_1(X, x)$ on $\tilde{X}/X$ through the lifting $x\rightarrow\tilde{x}$.
Comment: For a fixed $x_0\in X$, and two liftings $\tilde{x}_0, \tilde{x}_0'$, is there an example of $X$ that the two actions of $\pi_1(X,x_0)$ on $\tilde{X}$ are different?
Comment: We can give an abstract argument, following a nontrivial conjugation $g\rightarrow h^{-1}gh$ of $\pi_1$. To give a concrete one: Let $X$ be the wedge sum of two circles, and pick the intersection of the two circles as the base point, call it $O$. $\tilde{X}$ is well-known as the Cayley graph of $F_2$, so each arch is labeled by one of $a, b, a^{-1}, b^{-1}$. Now we lift $O$ to $A$, then the path $ab$ in $\pi_1(X, O)$ will carry $A$ to $B$ following the arc labelled by $a$, then to $C$ by $b$. However, if we lift $O$ to $B$, then $ab$ will carry $B$ following $b$ first, instead of $a$.


Learning words that don't have translations

Question: How do you learn words that don't have translations into your language? Obviously start by reading the definition in PIV and other dictionaries to understand what it means. If I read the definition and can't put an English word to it, it doesn't really enter my vocabulary. I have passive knowledge of it. I'll get it if someone else uses it or I read it but I just don't end up using it. Recently on my flash cards I started putting what the word means and not just the translation and I think that helps, what else can you do?
Comment: Do you have an example?
Comment: Eventuala has always escaped me for some reason. I read the definition but every time I read it I just feel unsure about it. My guess about it is basically "able to happen in some situations, but exactly in which situations is unknown." What kinda confused me is in one dictionary I saw the translation was "contingent." I didn't think they matched at all. Isn't contingent like, "if this thing happens than this other thing will happen? Like my going to the party is contingent on the weather.
Answer: In my AnkiDroid I usually try to put pictures if possible because I find them easier to remember. You can just search for a suitable image on Google and copy it in. If the word is abstract, sometimes it can be useful to draw a diagram.
Another good tactic is to put the word in a few example sentences. It's usually easier to remember a phrase than just a dry definition. If you are using AnkiDroid you can make a "Cloze" card where you blank out part of the example phrase and then on the "back" of the card it will be revealed.
Personally I tend to avoid using translations in flash cards even if the word does have a clear translation to English, because I think it helps to immerse yourself a little more and to get out of the mindset of constantly translating when you speak.
Comment: I've never tried pictures before. Pictures with an accompanying sentence would probably work. Thank you.
Answer: I question some of the premises in the question. Words don't "have translations" in other languages. Words express meaning, and people render these meanings into different languages. If we grant (as I do) that all languages are fully expressive, then it should be possible to express ideas equally into all languages. Therefore, in trivial sense, all words do "have translations" in other language.
There are lots of words that I know in Esperanto that actually do "have"
straightforward translations (at least according to bilingual dictionaries), and yet I sometimes have trouble translating them simple because I did not learn this word by reading a translation. (In some cases, it's possible I did, but that it's been years since I've thought about this.)
A recent example of this is from my video "Kampara Mensogo" in which I used the word konsterniĝi. I used it correctly. I knew what it meant. It made sense in the context. But when making the English subtitles, I found myself stuck on what word to use.
There will (or there should) come a time in your Esperanto learning where you learn new words the same way you learn new words in your native language - by seeing them in different contexts, asking people to explain them to you, and by looking in a monolingual dictionary -- but mostly by seeing them in different contexts. Advancing in a language is not a process of becoming a better translator, but of being exposed to as much good Esperanto as possible and immersing yourself that way.
The more good Esperanto you put in, the more good Esperanto will come out.
Comment: Since you mentioned *eventuala* - the gloss I found for this back in the day was "which might occur" and *eventuale* is "if need be." I don't remember where I learned this, but I'm sure it was a basic two-way dictionary and/or gloss in an intermediate reader. They're almost literal translations of the definitions in PIV and ReVo. There are hundreds of examples of usage in the Tekstaro.
Comment: I think that one's a case of dictionary writers not wanting to use a word in its own definition. **ĉagreni** - to cause someone displeasure by getting in the way of what they want). **Vex** makes sense because it's kind not just feeling annoyed, but also frustrated -- which in turn means to get in the way of something someone is trying to do.
Comment: The more I think about it the more I think the problem is that there's only a couple really good dictionaries that I've found that have the definitions and aren't EN-EO. If I wanted to know how to use an English word I could just google "____in a sentence and I'd probably get more than I need for any given word. In Esperanto... seeing the word only a couple times isn't enough for me and besides asking people all the time, sometimes there isn't anything I can do then.
Comment: I understand that it's not that important to be able to translate unless that's what you're doing. Something else to point out is that often I feel like the translations given for a word in an EO-EN dictionary doesn't really match the description in PIV. Maybe I'm just being too literal. Yesterday I was looking at ĉagreni, from the dictionary it seemed like "to get in the way of what someone wants and causing displeasure. The translation given by lernu is "annoy, grieve, vex." None of those really seem like the definition. I even read them in an English dictionary.
Comment: In my English dictionary on my phone there's a tab for learners and there's super easy explainations like, to envy-If you envy someone, you wish that you had the same things or qualities that they have. Rather than what the regular part of the dictionary says: to regard someone with envy. And then under envy-a feeling of discontent or covetousness with regard to another's advantages, success, possessions etc. The first way was so much easier and clearer. That's what I need. Do you know if there's anything like that for Esperanto?
Comment: Sort of. I was planning on giving that some thought today. I know there are some good progressive readers with definitions in easy Esperanto.
Answer: Learning isolated words is almost never the best way to learn them. Memorise phrases, or even whole sentences, and, eventuale, write them on your flashcards, with or without pictures. Even in the simplest cases, when a perfect translation exists, it is easier and functionally more useful to remember la libro estas sur la tablo than the pairs libro ⟷ book, tablo ⟷ table and the very dubious pair sur ⟷ on.
There is an ongoing debate in the relevant forums about how effective "cloze" cards really are, but nobody doubts the effectiveness of learning words in their proper context.


Has anyone had problems fitting the stalactites and stalagmites in the 76252 Lego Batcave?

Question: I have got to stage 403 and, whilst I have had problems fitting the pieces together previously, at this stage I simply cannot get the stalactites or stalagmites to fit into the studs - they seem to have a bulbous end and they simply will not fit. Is glue the answer? Has anyone else had the problem?
Comment: I guess you have a question regarding 76252 set? Glue is NEVER an answer for official LEGO set. It would also help if you added a picture of your assembly at a location you are having issue with.
Answer: Step 403 of the instructions for set 76252 - Batcave - Shadow Box constructs two stalactites like follows, so I'll assume that's the set you're talking about :

Given your description of what doesn't work for you, the only thing I can think of is that you're trying to insert the 1x1 round stud with hole (the middle part in the assembly) upside down. Look closely at the image, and make sure it's the right side up, and it should fit just fine.
Comment: @MikeP : then it should fit as shown. Can you clarify what you mean by "a bulbous end" ? Maybe add a photo to your question ?
Comment: No I am definitely trying to insert it at the right end !


Do converts represent a "farblondzshet" neshama?

Question: Before our wedding, a mikvah lady learned that my wife was marrying me -- a convert to Judaism.  Her response was that I must represent a "farblondzshet neshama" (a confused or a lost Jewish soul).  She said that someone in my family tree must have been a Jew who converted out and now his soul wants to return.  In fact, I descend from a Jewish man who immigrated to the American colonies in the 18th century.  What is the Jewish source, if any, for the thought that a Jewish neshama can return in a descendant's body and convince the descendant to convert to Judaism?
Comment: A source if not an answer - Shabbos 146, which essentially says: The snake injected Chava (and mankind) with a "zuhama," which was removed from the Jewish souls at Har Sinai. What about converts? "Although they weren't (at Har Sinai), their 'mazals' were there, as it says 'Those that are here to today and those that aren't here etc.'"
Comment: Are you specifically looking for a source that mentions that a convert is a *descendent* of a Jew, or that his/her soul contains a 'Jewish spark', as per @Yishai's answer?
Answer: In a Teshuva of the Maharam MiRottenberg (#19) he writes that the angel in charge of conception chooses souls from a chamber (that needs to be emptied before Moshiach can come) to place in the womb. Sometimes the angel makes a mistake and puts a Jewish soul in a non-Jewish mother, and sometimes the inverse. The Jewish soul goes on to become a convert to Judaism, and the non-Jewish soul goes on to convert out of the Jewish religion.
The Chida in מדבר קדמות speaks about the terminology of גר שנתגייר - a convert who converts (not a non-Jew who converts) and says that this soul was at Mt. Sinai at the giving of the Torah, and it just took a while for it to find its way to the Jewish people.
So the idea isn't precisely that there was necessarily a Jewish ancestor (although that might have been the cause for the situation). I don't remember where, but I saw this connected to the idea that Hashem offered the Torah to all the nations who refused. Each nation as a whole refused, but certain individuals agreed, and their souls were the ones at Mt. Sinai.
Here footnote 72 quotes the two sources for the idea.
Comment: Thanks.  Up vote.  I'm still hoping for something a bit more definitive, though, before giving a check.
Answer: I'm told the Kabbalistic explanation is that a convert is a Jewish soul born into a non-Jewish body looking for its way home.
Nu. If it works for you, fine. If it doesn't, that's fine too.
Comment: I figured out that much. Do you know a source?  I'll edit my question to make it clear I'm looking for sources.
Comment: I've heard the "Jewish soul in a non-Jewish body" explanation too, but never understood it to indicate an anecstral relationship -- more that God chooses sometimes to implant Jewish souls in non-Jewish bodies so those souls will have the merit of choosing torah.


Does increasing "Screen refresh rate" damage monitors?

Question: I work on different types of monitors (CRT, LCD) and all PCs have the same screen refresh rate as 60 Hertz. Recently I've read an article which claims that low refresh rates cause headaches. The writer states that 60 Hertz is a low refresh rate and should be increased to the maximum value that the monitor supports. If I increase this value to the maximum as the monitor can display (for example 75 Hertz), does it damage the monitor in the long term? Answers about the pros and cons of low & high refresh rates would be highly appreciated.
Comment: this may be of interest to you http://superuser.com/questions/30201/is-there-a-way-to-determine-if-my-pc-is-killing-my-monitors-that-doesnt-involve
Answer: Low refresh rates are only problematic on CRTs (where they cause flickering), not on LCDs.
Because of this, most LCDs only support a single fixed refresh rates, usually 60 or 75Hz. I don't think you could break one by trying to set it higher; it would simply refuse to work or ignore the setting.
With CRTs, there is a potential for damage if you exceed the maximal refresh rate the hardware supports, but modern CRTs support very high rates (usually at least 100Hz) and probably also have safeguards to protect against misconfiguration.
Comment: In the distant past it was possible to damage a CRT by incorrectly setting the refresh rate out of bounds for the monitor.  Modern monitors (made within the last ~10 years) will refuse to operate at a rate that could hurt them.  I recommend setting the rate of CRTs as high as you can to avoid eye strain.  As noted below if you have two or more monitors next to each other set them at the highest common rate.  LCDs don't have the same flicker issue so a slow refresh rate is not a problem for eyestrain (but may affect graphics performance.)
Answer: The concept of refresh rate, is applicable only to CRT, as the refresh rate is an indication of how many times per second the electron beam scans and draws the data. The higher the refresh rate, more number of times the beam is drawn. I can clearly make out the "flicker" at a refresh rate of 60Hz, and it indeed causes severe headache and eyestrain. It's recommended that you set it to as high as your monitor allows, if not atleast 72/75Hz.
As for damaging the monitor, most newer monitors simply will refuse to operate if set at a refresh rate beyond the capability, you will get an error message like Sync out of range.
Comment: LCDs _do_ have a refresh rate, it just doesn't cause headaches. CRTs will flash at the refresh rate, and if it's too low that will cause visible and eye-straining flickering. LCDs don't flicker but the still refresh at a certain rate, just that the image is always there statically between refreshes rather than emitting light as flashes. Refresh rates on LCDs are only important when displaying fast moving graphics, where low refresh rates will cause ghosting. (sources: I was studying this in my CompTIA A+ class today)
Comment: "The concept of refresh rate, is applicable only to CRT."

This should have been accepted as the solution because Sathya was the only poster who didn't make the amateurish mistake of saying LCDs have a refresh rate.
Answer: No risk.
If the monitor supports higher refresh rates then by all means try them. Not everyone thinks higher is better, I'm quite comfortable at 60Hz even though my monitors supports 75Hz.
One thing though. If you have a more than one monitor on your desk make sure they have the same refresh rate. If they don't I can almost guarantee that you'll get a headache.
Answer: Read the specification of your monitor, don't go past that (It may not even work if you go past it!) and you shouldn't break your monitor... I wouldn't exceed or go past whatever the specification says.


How to convert a random color ramp material to a simple material for lots of object instances

Question: I have used  Object Info,random output and colorRamp to randomly asign colours to a few hundred different object instances (for example roof tiles, wooden elements, rocks and grass), which works great for renderings.
I want to upload my model to sketchfab which doesn't support this type of material.
My solution right now is to make the object instances unique and select all the objects with the same colour and apply a simple material with the same colour, but this is tedious work.
Is it possible to "bake" or apply the random colours to the objects? Some objects have multiple materials applied this way.
Thanks for any help!
Answer: Assuming you have made UVs for all your objects and they all fit in the UV space at the same time:
Add a new texture node, plugged to nothing. Click the New button to create a new texture, name it like color.png and set a nice resolution.
If your objects use multiple materials, make sure to copy paste this node everywhere.
While this texture node is selected, go to the properties editor, rendering tab, make sure the render engine is set to Cycles.
In the Baking panel, set Bake type to Diffuse, check only Color in the Influense subpanel. Pay attention the margin setting in the Output subpannel, this determines how many pixels are calculated out of each UV island to prevent bleeding, too much of it will make the baking bleed onto other islands. This depends on the texture resolution and how you did your UVs so there is no perfect answer, you have to test. I like to start from 8px and see how it goes from there.
Then you can bake, and you will obtain a texture that you can use anywhere. Don't forget to save it by pressing ⎇ AltS from the Image Editor. Or menu Image → Save As....
Comment: That's why you should have all the objects' UVs withing the same space (see my baked image, you can see each cube is a different patch). So that you have all the objects baked in one go. That's the coolest part of it.
Comment: Thank you for not only a great solution but also excellent instructions with a useful screenshot and coresponding steps marked. The only thing is it's baking every object one at a time, so I have to uncheck clear image in the settings, otherwise the previous bake gets overwritten. I will play with the settings some more, maybe I'll find a solution to that. In any case, a great answer.


Please tell me can I be forgiven

Question: 1- I had watched porn 2- I SEXTED and got received a nude when I was 12 3- when I was 13 I used to always thing sexualy to every girl 4- I stole card(toy) when I was 8. 5- I fear I did sheirk as a kid
Comment: Please stop repeating the same questions over and over. Consider googling your questions first.
Answer: This looks like a repeated post.
Anyway, haven't you heard the story of the one who was forgiven even after killing a hundred people!
Allah (swt) forgives all sins as long as one repents.

Please tell me can I be forgiven


How widespread was pacifism in the WW2 USA?

Question: Approximately what percentage of people supported pacifism during WW2 in the USA? I'm not interested just in the opposition to war, since some people could protest against US involvment from ideological affilation towards Nazism, but how big a role did actual pacifism play?
Answer: There were multiple causes for people to oppose US involvement in WWII. They included:

The political position that the US should stay out of European wars. This was perfectly respectable, and did keep the US out of the war until the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour, and Germany's declaration of war on the US. The US had had some involvement before then, in selling arms on terms that made it possible for the UK and France to buy them, but much harder for Germany and Italy, and in defending merchant ships in the western Atlantic against submarine attacks, which were all German. This position is linked to, but not the same as, the Munroe Doctrine.
Actual support of Nazism. This died out once the US was participating in the war.
Actual pacifism, objection to all wars. There were fake pacifist organisations under communist control as well as real ones.

One useful number in trying to determine how many people were motivated by pacifism is the number of Conscientious objectors who were drafted for non-combatant service, or refused to be drafted. About 72,000 men tried to register as objectors, and 52,000 had this status recognised. Of those, 12,000 went to civilian work camps, over 25,000 served in the military as non-combatants, and nearly 6,000 went to prison, presumably for refusing those options.
Extrapolating from men of draftable age and fitness to the whole population of the USA is going to be tricky, so you aren't going to get exact numbers. About 16.4 million people served in the US armed forces during WWII, so the rate of conscientious objection was quite low.
Answer: That is a difficult question to answer because one's stance on violence falls within a spectrum, and the cut-offs between regions in the spectrum are not clear cut or well-defined.  You could consider Hitler to be a 0/10 on the Pacifist scale and easily get away with it- his aversion to chemical weapons was mostly due to personal experience with them in WWI.  Hitler believed in preemptive violence, and his general view of "might makes right, so lets make sure we are mighty" is shared by every patriot of every nation on the planet then and now- far more now than then due to the winner-takes-all nature of ideological and religious bandwagons.
At the opposite extreme one might be tempted to use Ghandi as the exemplar of pacifism, but it would be more realistic to assign him a value of 8 or 9 due to his "goading" of violence from his opponents with the knowledge that the backlash against their violence would be fierce. .  A middle-ground score of about 5 could be assigned to Mohammed, as he only believed violence was acceptable for the purpose of defending yourself / your people.  The most extreme form of pacifist stance was introduced to the Western world by Jesus Christ himself.  In this radical ideology, you are supposed to allow violence of all kinds to be perpetrated against you and can not retaliate.  Thats what "turn the other cheek" and "resist not evil" mean. This was provided as a correction for the "eye for an eye" notion of justice that the ancient Jews found wise.  Jesus seemed to think that though that was a step in the right direction, people would become over-zealous in pursuing equitable justice in that fashion and it would lead to escalation.  His stance was instead the most likely to de-escalate any conflict.
The fact that a mere 4 centuries after he died the Church of England made burning people alive a punishment for not believing in the Holyness of Jesus is fairly ironic.  Especially when you consider the most common victims were His blood relatives.
In any case; there is a huge spectrum of possible beliefs on the use of violence; and they range from practical to philosophical or religious in motivation.
I would argue that the 4 million KKK members in America during WWII suggests that actual support of Nazism only died out vocally during he war, but remains a part of our national identity even now. "Anti-racial mixing" laws were a staple of Nazi thought. In the USA, such laws finally left the constitutions of 12 states in the late 90s to 2001, even though they were deemed unconstitutional in 1965.  Its not like Hitler invented ethnic cleansing or his anti-pacifist stance, both of which were patently Christian since militant Romans adopted (and took over) the Christian faith.  Hitler just made a more extreme example, and modernized the practice of genocide.  The Jews were an easy target because they were small in number, and  being largely pacifists during WWI made them the "dagger in the back"  that Germans could blame for their prior failure to achieve military supremacy.
Remember that 97.5% of Germans were Christian in the 1939 as revealed by their census data (source: wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottgläubig).  You would think that this would have meant somebody could have mentioned that loving your enemy includes not putting them in gas chambers, and that "resist not evil" and "turn the other cheek" are contrary to the "Gott Mit Uns" ("God's with US") slogan that was imprinted on the standard Nazi belt buckle.  But then, somebody could be reminding their fellow Americans of the same thing right now even as our nation decides which Muslim nation would be best to war upon. [source: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2014/09/29/the-american-people-are-war-weary-they-are-far-from-pacifists/]
I find it interesting how little people care about the stances of their figureheads and saviors.  For instance Pope Francis is the first Pope ever to endorse pacifism publicly, just as Jesus did. However,

Seven months after the pope's speech to Congress, Michael Sean Winters of the National Catholic Reporter commended the witness of Catholic pacifists but concluded that "just war theory still reflects the demands of justice in an often brutal world." Earlier, in 2009, the Catholic writer Austen Ivereigh bluntly stated that followers of Christ "must be willing to wage war in defence of the oppressed," among other reasons. (source: https://www.americamagazine.org/politics-society/2019/09/25/nine-decades-ago-pacifism-was-called-un-american-are-attitudes)
Comment: This answer would be better if you didn't wander off topic quite so much. There's very little here that directly addresses the question.
Comment: Re "...Mohammed, as he only believed violence was acceptable for the purpose of defending yourself / your people".  What utter nonsense - unless by "defending", you mean killing everyone who doesn't submit to you.  Have you actually read the Quran or any of the Hadith?


Get Inbound Change Set Details

Question: I would like to get details about an inbound change set. I already know that I can get its name and Request ID through Event Monitor and only its name through Setup Audit Trail, but I would like to get (I need to use it at Wave Analytics) information about what the Change Set contains.
Answer: You can download outbound changeset using workbench.
1) Go to Salesforce Workbench , Then Migration -> Retreive
2) Put the exact name of changeset in Package names and tick Single Package then Next , Retreive.
It will download the outbound changeset as a zip file with all the changes you want.
Src: My Blog
Comment: And is it possible to get information about an Inbound Change Set? Is through metadata the only way? because I want to show it on analytics
Comment: I can't find a way to do that for inbound changeset. If you want for analytics it makes sense to use a custom tool like gearset.com

Get Inbound Change Set Details


How to find a replacement MOSFET

Question: I have a small, dead power supply for a camera battery charger (cheap replacement, no brand name). I opened it up and discovered that one of the MOSFETs is burned out. The datasheet (in chinese) is at http://pdf.peidan.cn/BCB/cs1n60f.pdf . I'd like to try and replace it, perhaps with something with a better heatsink. What are the key specs that I need to look out for, and which specs is it ok to improve?
Answer: Look for improvements of the following parameters:

Id = 1 A (more is better)
Rds(on) = 10.5 Ohm (less is better)
Idm = 4 Amps - (More is better)

The following parameters should remain similar:

Vgs(th) = 2-4 Volts - Less than 2 Volt minimum is good, but not necessary
Vdss = 600 Volts - More is not needed, could perhaps go down to 400 Volts
td(on), trise, tfall, td(off) should remain similar or slightly lower than in the existing part's datasheet.

Of these parameters, lowering the Rds will benefit you the most, resulting in less heat generated.
Based on the above suggestions, locating a suitable power MOSFET on a vendor's parametric search (such as on Digikey) should be easy.

Update: Reasoning behind key recommendations above:

Id, more is better: The existing MOSFET may have blown due to excessive current, beyond the specifications. Having more margin for error will reduce the likelihood.
Rds(on), less is better: The higher the on resistance, the more power (as heat) the MOSFET would need to while passing current - Power P = I^2 * R. Really hot = grilled MOSFET, medium-rare to well done.
Idm, more is better: Similar to Id above, other than in some circuit designs, the constraining factor is not sustained current, but current spikes going beyond the Id value but staying within the maximum intermittent current permissible. If this maximum was exceeded at some point during operation, such as due to a main power line voltage surge, that may have been responsible for the component failure.
Comment: @naught101 The reduction if Rds(on) is extremely unlikely to adversely impact operation: Power MOSFETs used for switching typically run in the plateau part of the graph, so there's no careful voltage / current tuning needed. The only other factor to watch out for is switching speed - I'll edit that into the answer.
Comment: Thanks, that's the kind of thing I'm looking for. Are changes to some of those values (thinking voltage or resistance) likely to change the output of the charger, and could I replace the appropriate resistors with higher/lower valued ones to fix that?
Comment: It'd be great, if you (or someone) has time, to add reasons *why* those higher/lower values are better.

How to find a replacement MOSFET


Reason For White Wire to Neutral

Question:

What could be the reason for the 2 white wires on the right center side of the box?  One connects directly to the Neutral bar.
Does there appear to be room to add a 240 breaker to this box?  I want to provide for an electric vehicle charging station.
Comment: Could you get a better photo of the breaker with the white wires attached (possibly one showing the labels, and one showing where the wires actually connect)?  It's possible that it's a GFCI breaker, but I can't tell for sure.
Comment: Someone needs to explain if it is a GFCI why it doesn't have  a switch.  First time I have seen this.
Comment: Looks like an arc-fault breaker to me. They have a neutral bus pigtail, and the neutral is connected to the breaker as well.
Comment: It's too old to be arc-fault, I suspect @Tester101 guess of GFCI breaker is correct.  I actually imported the photo and enhanced the label but I still couldn't read it.
Comment: What type of breakers are these? Look like maybe older Murray (MP-T)? They look they're all tandem/triplex breakers, except for the bottom right one which I can't figure out - is that a single breaker by itself or is it attached to the one above? I believe the top left is a triplex (singe unit with 15amp/120v + 50amp/240v + 15amp/120v) also? I am thinking if you can replace that bottom right breaker, move one of the 120V tandems to the left, then shift things around a bit you could fit in another triplex to get your new 240V plus a spare 120V -- but then your panel would be completely full.
Comment: @DMoore, it does have a handle. The other breakers are all twins, making them look like 1/2" breakers. The GFCI breaker is a full-size 1" breaker.
Comment: I don't think those are twins or tri/quads, they look like individual thin 'wafer" breakers (except the 2-pole ones). I don't think those are supposed to be used unsupported; that is, in a position with an open slot next to them. I hope the OP still has the slot KOs in place, or has some blanks for the cover.
Answer:
As other comments have stated, it is likely an AFCI or (more likely) a GFCI breaker. Can you determine where that circuit goes? Knowing its termination would help, since some areas, like bathrooms and laundry rooms, are more likely to validate that. Also, it's hard to tell from the picture, but the two white wires shouldn't be connected to each other at the screw terminal. If they are connected, I'm at a loss for what it could be, but if they aren't, then it's some sort of fault protection breaker. I'm a bit surprised by the lack of a test button, though.
It doesn't appear that you have room for a 2-pole breaker to provide 240V for an EV charger. You would need to see the blades on both busbars to indicate room for a 2-pole breaker. In the below image, the red circle shows a blade for the left leg busbar. This is visible in your panel. You would also need the blue circle (right leg busbar) to be exposed.

I know you didn't ask about this, but it seems like it might be a good time for a panel upgrade. You've got five 15A breakers, two 50A breakers, and five 20A breakers for branch circuits all on (what appear to be) tandem circuit breakers, but only a 100A main breaker, which is even taking up space because it's on the busbars directly instead of connected to a lug.
You might want to consider checking if you can upgrade to a larger panel, physically and electrically. Especially for EV charging, which can be a 30A or greater continuous load, you'll probably want to see about 160A service or higher. Depending on the size of the aluminum service entry wires (I can't see what size they are from the picture), you might not even need to replace those.
Something like a 16-slot, 160A (minimum on both) main breaker panel would help you future-proof your panel a bit, especially for adding EV charging capacity. Also, I was able to find a 20-slot, 200A panel with included circuit and main breakers for $150, so it won't likely cost you too much either.
Comment: Think big.  Go 42-space or 60-space, and it doesn't really matter what the main breaker rating is *if you make it a sub-panel*.  Having a small main panel and big sub-panel makes a lot of sense.  You can fully de-energize the subpanel just by turning it off in the main panel, which makes it very safe to DIY.  Migrate all your routine loads to the big sub-panel, now there's only 1 or 2 circuits still in the main panel. That makes upgrades easy/simple/cheap to hire.
Comment: @Harper is right, my suggestion was simply a minimum recommendation, but converting it to a main breaker panel feeding a subpanel can also make a lot of sense, if you have the space to do it. It does, however, require more work in rewiring than simply replacing the current main panel.

Reason For White Wire to Neutral


How to block outgoing connections from process/user on FreeBSD?

Question: My server executes third party software which processes user submitted files. I want to block outgoing connections from my process. How can I do it in FreeBSD?
Comment: I tried using Java's -DsocksProxyHost and -DsocksProxyPort system properties to redirect traffic to unexisting proxy server. It worked on Linux but not on FreeBSD. Any ideas?
Answer: I think you're looking for a jail. This is a restrictive environment in which processes have limited access to files, networks and system settings. The handbook explains how to set up a jail. You'll want to block the jail from networking altogether with the ipv4=disable ipv6=disable parameters to jail, or at least restrict connectivity to a few addresses with something like ipv4.addr=127.0.0.1,192.168.42.17.
Answer: You could run this process under separate account and block traffic by UID, see
ipfw man page for uid option.


Rashi font with Nekudot for download?

Question: Where can I find a "Rashi script" Hebrew font with Nekudot available for download? Interested in either free or paid purchases.
Comment: I'm not by a computer to check, however check out opensiddur fonts and SIL fonts. They should have one available.
Comment: @ezra's answer is what I'd suggest, although Koren also makes a Rashi script, which may be gotten from MasterFont, if you'd prefer
Comment: @NoachMiFrankfurt That's an odd-looking version of Rashi script.
Comment: @ezra, I mean, Koren's legibility concerns led him to change the forms of some of the letters to look more like Ashurit
Answer: The Open Siddur Project has a nice font pack with many great fonts available to be downloaded for free on their site. One of the included fonts is called Mekorot Rashi, and it supports nikkud. I have downloaded these fonts and I must say they are incredibly useful.  Check them out here.
Comment: The download link is towards the bottom - search for ZIP. (Direct link: https://github.com/aharonium/fonts/archive/master.zip)

Rashi font with Nekudot for download?


web.config, app.config or both?

Question: I have an ASP.NET Core project targeting .NET 4.5.2. I have some old components in the project that need web.config for configuration and I can't migrate them to the new appsettings.json. Right now I'm in development and running the application in console mode but it will be hosted in IIS in production. My question is, do I have to maintain both app.config and web.config simultaneously? When I build the application I only see MyProject.exe.config in the output folder which has app.config contents, but when I publish it I see both MyProject.exe.config and web.config in the output folder.
Answer: While it's true that you will need a web.config when running Kestrel behind IIS, that web.config will only be used for configuring IIS.  If you are running Asp.Net Core there is no easy way for you existing dlls to get access to the settings in the web.config.  You can learn more here: Access Web.config settings in Asp.Net Core App?
Answer: web.config will be read by IIS and is mandatory to configure how IIS will behave as a reverse proxy in front of Kestrel (I imagine that how you host it). For instance, if you want IIS to forward the Kerberos identity, that will remain the only place to configure it because it's really an IIS configuration: <aspNetCore ... forwardWindowsAuthToken="true"/> So I would say, yes, you'll have to maintain a web.config if you want to host behind IIS. Then, for everything else that does not concern IIS, I'm using an appsettings.json that is used all the time, in dev when reaching directly Kestrel, but also in stagting when behind an IIS. Supporting both, in your config (IIS as a reverse proxy in front of Kestrel) makes sense and is normal, you just need to separate properly what is driving IIS (->web.config) and what is driving the logic of your website (->appsettings.json).

web.config, app.config or both?


Why does Python have an __ne__ operator method instead of just __eq__?

Question: The answer here gives a handwaving reference to cases where you'd want __ne__ to return something other than just the logical inverse of __eq__, but I can't imagine any such case. Any examples?
Comment: At least for `>` and `<=` there are such cases. Namely `NaN < anything => false` and `NaN >= anything => false`. (Assuming python follows IEEE floating point logic)
Comment: But even for `NaN` it holds at least in python: `NaN != NaN => True`, `NaN == NaN => False`.
Comment: Yep basically anything that doesn't have a [total order](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_ordering) can fall into that category. Now those things are kinda rare for obvious reasons, but they do exist. NaNs are a nice example.
Comment: The fact that `equals` (`__eq__`) _may not_ return a `Boolean` type and that `not equals` (`__ne__`) _may not_ be the opposite of equals... defies all intuition. -- I accept it as the Python way. I guess it has its benefits as explained by the answers. Yet, for newcomers to the language, this is eerie.
Answer: SQLAlchemy is a great example. For the uninitiated, SQLAlchemy is a ORM and uses Python expression to generate SQL statements. In a expression such as
meta.Session.query(model.Theme).filter(model.Theme.id == model.Vote.post_id)

the model.Theme.id == model.VoteWarn.post_id does not return a boolean, but a object that eventually produces a SQL query like WHERE theme.id = vote.post_id. The inverse would produce something like WHERE theme.id <> vote.post_id so both methods need to be defined.
Answer: Some libraries do fancy things and don't return a bool from these operations. For example, with numpy:
>>> import numpy as np
>>> np.array([1,2,5,4,3,4,5,4,4])==4
array([False, False, False,  True, False,  True, False,  True,  True], dtype=bool)
>>> np.array([1,2,5,4,3,4,5,4,4])!=4
array([ True,  True,  True, False,  True, False,  True, False, False], dtype=bool)

When you compare an array to a single value or another array you get back an array of bools of the results of comparing the corresponding elements. You couldn't do this if x!=y was simply equivalent to not (x==y).
Comment: While a good argument could be made for a `__not__` special method to override the `not` operator, this does not currently exist in Python.
Comment: I can't follow that. Considering that `not` is defined on an array of bools in the obvious way, we still don't need `neq` instead of `not equals`. But clearly there's a performance and possible memory advantage there.
Comment: Oh that's surprising.. yeah in that case it's not only a matter of performance. Thanks!
Comment: @Weeble Unary invert ([`__invert__`](https://docs.python.org/3/reference/datamodel.html#object.__invert__)) works: `~np.array([True, False])` -> `array([False,  True])`. Though I'm not sure if it was the same back in 2012.
Answer: More generally, in many valued logic systems, equals and not equals are not necessarily exact inverses of each other.
The obvious example is SQL where True == True, False == False and Null != Null. Although I don't know if there are any specific Python examples I can imagine it being implemented in places.
Comment: And in MYSQL, you can even have values that are `NULL` and `NOT NULL` at the same time!!!1! (I consider that a design bug of MySQL though)


Deprecated Commands in Core 10.1.0?

Question: After upgrading to stellar core 10.1.0, it says that some of the commands have been deprecated. Which are those commands, Could someone please help?
Comment: Make sure to upgrade stellar dependent components,SDk etc.  Some new fields are introduced with horizon as well.
Comment: Having a already synced node(10.0), i tried upgrading to the latest version but faced a issue. I'm not unable to continue from existing downloaded buckets.With a fresh newdb everything works fine, node gets synced. But i need to upgrade with the existing buckets
Answer: The new command-line syntax supports the commands listed below. If a command is not in this list, consider it deprecated.
<code>alec@alec-MS-7623 ~/product/stellar-core (master) $ src/stellar-core help
usage:
  stellar-core COMMAND

where COMMAND is one of following:
  catchup                           execute catchup from history archives
                                    without connecting to network
  check-quorum                      check quorum intersection from history
  convert-id                        displays ID in all known forms
  dump-xdr                          dump an XDR file, for debugging
  force-scp                         next time stellar-core is run, SCP will
                                    start with the local ledger rather than
                                    waiting to hear from the network
  fuzz                              run a single fuzz input and exit
  gen-fuzz                          generate a random fuzzer input file
  gen-seed                          generate and print a random node seed
  help                              display list of available commands
  http-command                      send a command to local stellar-core
  infer-quorum                      print a quorum set inferred from history
  load-xdr                          load an XDR bucket file, for testing
  new-db                            creates or restores the DB to the genesis
                                    ledger
  new-hist                          initialize history archives
  offline-info                      return information for an offline
                                    instance
  print-xdr                         pretty-print one XDR envelope, then quit
  publish                           execute publish of all items remaining in
                                    publish queue without connecting to
                                    network, may not publish last checkpoint
                                    if last closed ledger is on checkpoint
                                    boundary
  report-last-history-checkpoint    report information about last checkpoint
                                    available in history archives
  run                               run stellar-core node
  sec-to-pub                        print the public key corresponding to a
                                    secret key
  sign-transaction                  add signature to transaction envelope,
                                    then quit
  test                              execute test suite
  version                           print version information
  write-quorum                      print a quorum set graph from history
</code>

Deprecated Commands in Core 10.1.0?


Sample size for proportions and fisher exact test

Question: I need some clarification. I am doing a chart review. Plan to test significance with fisher exact as its two interventions, one yes/no outcome. Presumed prevalence in the population is 15%, but includes both interventions, restrictive and liberal. Would like to see that restrictive has about 10% and liberal stay around 15% for clinical significance which is a 30% reduction.  Closest approximation to the restrictive in literature is 9%.
I did one test for proportions to calculate sample using a known proportion p0 (9%) and 15% p1 for the other. Which gave me a reasonable number of 207. I plugged that in to a confidence interval calculater too and much the same answer. However i then tried using two proportions of 15 vs 9 in a calculator assuming it is not a known proportion and it gave me a sample of 460 for each group. Where am I going wrong?
Answer: If you fix one of the proportions, you remove the effect of its contribution to the variance of the difference. If you're going to ignore part of the variance, it should be little surprise you'd need a smaller sample size to pick up a particular population difference.
Dealing with the proportion in the retrictive group as a random variable - an estimate of the population proportion rather than as an exact population value will naturally require a larger sample size.
Since you don't actually know that it's 0.09 or 0.10 (or whatever else it might be), you should not be treating it as perfectly known. Maybe it's really 0.08 or 0.11.
(I have not checked any of your calculations)
Comment: Which takes me back to a sample size of 460 per group. What about the calculation using confidence interval and the proportion in my current population of 15%? This also gave me a low sample of 217
Comment: Again, you're leaving out the variance of one of the proportions (i.e. the exact same error you made before) -- you need to calculate a CI for the *difference* in proportions;


How to display shorter version of wp_editor?

Question: You can use wp_editor to display the wordpress rich editor. How can I display the shorter version (Please see the screenshot, I need that) of wp_editor?
Answer: You will want to pass some parameters into your $settings array for wp_editor() that only tells it to display the quicktags for strong,em,ul,ol, and link per your screenshot.
I didn't have time to test it, but this code should give you want you want:
$settings = array(
   // Any previous settings you are currently using
   'quicktags' => array( 'buttons' => 'strong,em,ul,ol,link' ),
);

wp_editor( '', 'my-short-editor', $settings );

You can replace 'my-short-editor' with anything but keep in mind this will be the id attribute for the resulting editor when rendered.
Answer: this is following code for your editor shorter version.
 $settings = array(
 'quicktags' => array('buttons' => 'em,strong,link',),
 'quicktags' => true,
 'tinymce' => true,
'textarea_rows' => 20,
 'classes' => 'yourclass',
);

or when you're calling the wp_editor:
<?php wp_editor( $content, $editor_id, $settings = array('editor_class'=>'yourclass') ); ?>

Then just set width in css:
 .yourclass {
   width: 400px !important; //add !important if your style is being overriden
}

hope this will help you. For more URL 1, URL 2