Relating Poyntings theorem to Lenz and Faraday's law?

Question: In system's similar to a motor, where the armature begins to accelerate simultaneously there is induced $-\epsilon$ to reduce the applied current(hence the applied power $P(t)$ is also reduced), or others similar to that principle such as a rail gun, Lenz's law would state the conservation of energy in Faraday's law of induction, however, how does Poyntings theorm relate to such systems? To add to the conservation of energy?
Answer: Definitions
First, let's start by defining some parameters:

$\mu_{o}$ is the permeability of free space
$\varepsilon_{o}$ is the permittivity of free space
$\mathbf{E}$ is the 3-vector electric field
$\mathbf{B}$ is the 3-vector magnetic field
$\mathbf{S}$ is the 3-vector Poynting flux (also called the Poynting vector)
$\mathbf{j}$ is the 3-vector electric current density
$\partial_{\alpha}$ is the partial derivative with respect to parameter $\alpha$
$q_{s}$ charge of particle species $s$
$n_{s}$ number density of particle species $s$ (i.e., number per unit volume)
$\mathbf{v}_{s}$ bulk flow velocity of particle species $s$

Background
Poynting's theorem is defined mathematically (in differential form) as:
$$
\partial_{t} \left( w_{B} + w_{E} \right) + \nabla \cdot \mathbf{S} = - \mathbf{j} \cdot \mathbf{E} \tag{1}
$$
where $\partial_{t}$ is the partial time derivative, $w_{B} = B^{2}/\left( 2 \mu_{o} \right)$, $w_{E} = \varepsilon_{o} E^{2}/2$, $\mathbf{S} = \left( \mathbf{E} \times \mathbf{B} \right)/\mu_{o}$, and $\mathbf{j} = \sum_{s} \ q_{s} \ n_{s} \mathbf{v}_{s}$. $^{\mathbf{A}}$  We can often write Poynting's theorem in differential form because the volume over which one integrates (i.e., the surface through which $\mathbf{S}$ is leaving/entering) is generally arbitrary [e.g., see pages 258-264 in Jackson [1999]].
We can define Poynting's theorem in terms of physically significant phrases, like the following:

the time rate of change of the energy density of the electromagnetic fields; plus
the rate of electromagnetic energy flux flowing out of an arbitrary surface; equals
the energy lost due to momentum transfer between particles and fields.

We could just as easily describe 1. as the rate of energy transfer per unit volume, 2. as the power flowing out of a volume through a defined surface, and 3. as the rate of work done per unit volume on the charges in the volume element.
One thing to note is that when in differential form as in Equation 1, Poynting's theorem is one example of a continuity equation.  All continuity equations are expressed as:

the time rate of change of a density; plus
the rate of flux flowing out of an arbitrary surface; equals
sources and losses.

In terms of units, a flux is just a density multiplied by a velocity.  In simple (loose/careless) terms, the velocity gives the direction and rate while the density supplies the volume and number.

how does Poyntings theorm relate to such systems?

Poynting's theorem is, in short, a statement of the conservation of electromagnetic energy.
The $\left( \mathbf{j} \cdot \mathbf{E} \right)$ term in Equation 1 shows how energy is transformed from electromagnetic(particle mechanical) to particle mechanical(electromagnetic) energy.$^{\mathbf{B}}$  You can see this by recalling that one form for expressing power (i.e., energy per unit time) is given by:
$$
P = \mathbf{F} \cdot \mathbf{v}
$$
where $\mathbf{F}$ is some force acting on some object and $\mathbf{v}$ is the velocity of said object.  When you look at the $\left( \mathbf{j} \cdot \mathbf{E} \right)$ term, you can see that it can be represented by:
$$
\left( \mathbf{j} \cdot \mathbf{E} \right) = \mathbf{E} \cdot \left( \sum_{s} \ q_{s} \ n_{s} \mathbf{v}_{s} \right) \\
\sim \sum_{s} \ \frac{ \mathbf{F} }{ q_{s} } \cdot \left( q_{s} \ n_{s} \mathbf{v}_{s} \right)
$$
where I have just rewritten $\mathbf{E}$ as $\mathbf{F}/q$ (from the Lorentz force).  Then you can see that there is a term similar to $\mathbf{F} \cdot \mathbf{v}$ within $\left( \mathbf{j} \cdot \mathbf{E} \right)$.  Thus, the $\left( \mathbf{j} \cdot \mathbf{E} \right)$ term is clearly a rate of change of energy per unit volume.

To add to the conservation of energy?

Poynting's theorem is part of the total conservation of energy of a given system.  There are numerous ways to treat this and many can be too involved to go into here, but the simple answer is that it defines the conversion of particle energy to/from electromagnetic energy.  For instance, one can use Poynting's theorem with the generalized Ohm's law [e.g., see page 572 in Jackson [1999]] when describing the transport properties (e.g., conductivity) of a given system.
So in a sense, yes, Poynting's theorem adds to the conservation of energy in that it is one part of that law.
Side Notes
A.  I already converted the expression for current density to a macroscopic form.  To see more details on the difference between micro- and macroscopic Maxwell's equations, see pages 248-258 in Jackson [1999].
B.  Note that I have included heat (i.e., random kinetic energy) and bulk flow kinetic energy in my use of the term mechanical energy here.
References

J.D. Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics, Third Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY, 1999.
Comment: As excellent as this response is, I returned to this after a while and studied it deeply, however, I ask you this: If Poynting's theorem is derived from Faraday's law correct and the expression were zero within an electrodynamic-system, would that negate Poynting's derivation? Meaning, Poynting's theorem relies heavily on both Faraday & Lenz law?
Comment: @ZLEDs - I think you should look at Jackson's derivation of Poynting's theorem starting on page 258 of the reference shown above.  Poynting's theorem is not derived from Faraday's law, but even if it were, I am not sure why you say there would be issues if the system were electrostatic.  That would not negate Poynting's theorem.
Answer: I have had an idea but I do not know whether or not my analysis is flawed?
Rather than starting by looking at a motor I want to start with a consideration of a generator.

A conducting coil $WXYZ$ with a small gap in it is in the plane of the screen rotating as shown in the diagram with side $XY$ coming out of the screen and side $WZ$ going into the screen.
The unit vector $\hat n$ coming out of the screen and defines the positive direction.
Using Faraday's law $\int_S \vec E \cdot d\vec s = - \frac {d}{dt} \iint_A \vec B \cdot d\vec a$ the induced E-field is predicted to be in a clockwise direction.
This is because $\vec B \cdot d \vec a$ is positive and the E-field line integral must be done in an anticlockwise direction when using the right hand convention.
The induced E-field moves charges in the wire which then produces an equal magnitude but opposite in direction electrostatic E-field in the coil.
Once the electrostatic E-field has been set up no current flows in the circuit and as there is no B-field resulting in the Poynting vector $\vec S$ being zero.
The integral $\int_S \vec E \cdot d\vec s$ is called the induced emf.
The electrostatic E-field has been introduced because it is a conservative field and so it can be used when applying Kirchhoff's voltage law $\int_S \vec E \cdot d\vec s =0$.
Introducing a resistor across the gap means that a current $I$ will flow in the coil and a B-field is produced.
Note that in the diagram above this would mean that the induced current in the circuit will be in a clockwise direction.
That induced current will be producing a magnetic field inside the coil into the screen thus trying to reduce the increasing magnetic flux which is producing it – Lenz's law.
Consider the resistor as a cylinder.

Using Ampere's law $\int_S \vec B \cdot d\vec s = \mu_o\iint_A \vec J \cdot d\vec a$ gives $B = \dfrac{\mu_oI}{2 \pi r}$.
The direction of the Poynting vector is the direction of $\vec E \times \vec B$ and for the resistor it points inwards towards the resistor.
The magnitude of the E-field is $\frac{V_R}{L}$ giving the magnitude of the Poynting vector as $\frac{V_RI}{2 \pi r L}$.
Since $2 \pi r L$ is the surface area of the resistor through which the energy is entering, the energy per second is $V_RI$ - as expected.

It is the next bit that I am not sure about and would value some comments about it.
For the electrostatic E-field and the associated B-field in the coil the Poynting vector points outwards.
Is this this the energy flowing out of the coil which then enters the resistor.
For the induced E-field and the associated magnetic field the Poynting vector points inwards and it always has the same magnitude as the Poynting vector associated with the electrostatic E-field.
Does the inward pointing Poynting vector associated with the induced E-field represent the flow of energy into the coil coming from the work done by the external forces making the coil rotate?

If what I have written above is correct then introducing a voltage source, with its positive terminal on the right hand side in the diagram above, in series with the resistor and the coil can result in one of three things happening.
The first is that current in the circuit carries on flowing in the same direction.
The analysis of the voltage source will be exactly the same as that for the resistor with the Poynting vector pointing inwards showing a power of $V_s I$ into the voltage source.
Applying KVL gives $V_B - V_S - V_R= 0 \Rightarrow V_B I =  V_S I + V_R I$
Which can be interpreted as the power input to the generator $V_B I$ equals the power dissipated in the resistor and the voltage source.
The second possibility is that $V_S$ is such a value that no current flows in the circuit.
The last situation is when the voltage source $V_S$ is large enough to produce an E-field in the circuit external to it which is large to drive the current in the opposite direction.
One has gone from a generator to a motor and $V_B$ is sometimes called the back emf.
With this change of current direction the resistor has a Poynting vector inwards as does the coil but for the  voltage source the Poynting vector is outwards.
Applying KVL gives $V_S - V_B – V_R = 0 \Rightarrow V_S I= V_BI +V_R i$
The power output from the voltage source equals the mechanical work done per second by the motor plus the power dissipated in the resistor.


Negative synonym for ambitious

Question: The word ambitious can be used to describe both positive and the negative traits of someone's personality, depending on context. Is there some synonym that conveys purely the negative meaning of ambitious, ie. greed and eagerness to get success, even through unfair means?
Comment: "Negative" is one dimensional. _Ambition_ is multi-dimensional, and they can be negated together or separately. There just ***aren't*** "negative synonyms" for most words. If you mean someone is an asshole, say so; but _ambition_ already invites the inference of a fair amount of eagerness and lack of principles.
Comment: Does it have to be one word?
Comment: over-ambitious.
Answer:
Careerist
  (kəˈrɪərɪst)
  n

a person who values success in his career above all else and seeks to advance it by any possible means

It's not exactly what you're looking for, but things rarely are.
I think its use is more often negative, more so than "ambitious". It could fit better into a negative context.
Answer: Machiavellian springs to mind. Machiavelli's The Prince "is an extended analysis of how to acquire and maintain political power." The "ideal" prince, according to Machiavelli (Niccolò, 1469-1527) is essentially an amoral and ambitious leader of men whose primary and motivating ambition is to acquire, maintain, and extend his power through an end-justifies-means modus operandi.
Offhand, I cannot think of a better "negative" synonym for ambitious.
Comment: Although it has a very political connotation +1

Negative synonym for ambitious


Change my album from unlisted to public in Google+

Question: I mistakenly created my album and set it to unlisted and now I'm unable to locate my album.
Answer: Google+ Photos is now just Google Photos.
Your photos can be found at https://photos.google.com. All of your albums are on the "Albums" page, accessible from the menu on the left. That includes your unlisted albums.
Under the auto-created albums ("Shared", "People", "Places", etc.) they're listed in generally date descending order (based on the photos in each album) so the album you created should be right at the top. You can also search for the name of the album; when you start typing into the search box you'll be offered auto-complete entries that match your album names.
To share your album, simply open it and click the "Share" icon in the top right. The rest is fairly self-explanatory.


Characterization of the Laplace Transform

Question: One of the main properties of the Laplace transform is given by the convolution theorem.
$$\mathcal{L}(f*g)=\mathcal{L}(f)\cdot\mathcal{L}(g)$$
Question: Is there a full characterization of the Laplace transform based on this property? I have in mind a theorem that reads: "Let $\mathcal{N}$ be an operator with the convolution property (given above). If $\mathcal{N}$ also satisfies properties A,B,C then $\mathcal{N}=\mathcal{L}$."
Answer: This operational approach to a definition of Fourier/Laplace transforms has been developed by R.A. Kunze, An operator theoretic approach to generalized Fourier transforms.

This is an attempt to give an intrinsic definition generalizing the
  conditions under which a pair of functions on the line may be said to
  be Fourier transforms of each other, in a way which is independent of
  any special methods of summation and more inclusive than the usual
  $L_p$ theory. Our approach builds on earlier work by I.E. Segal, who
  suggested the definition "a measurable function $f$ has a generalized
  Fourier transform if the operation of convolution by $f$ in $L_2$ has
  a normal extension."

Kunze's definition of the generalized Fourier transform is contained in the following:

For an extension of this approach from the real line to compact Abelian groups, see K.I. Gross, Generalized Fourier Transforms of Distributions.
Comment: Thanks for the reference. I can see that it is related, but I don't immediately see if it answers the question. He seems to define the Fourier transform in terms of preserving convolution. Does that mean that this is the only relevant property for the Fourier transform, besides linearity? Is it immediate that this also applies to the Laplace Transform?
Comment: Corollary 3.3.4 of Kunze actually _derives_ the linearity of the Fourier transform from its definition as a mapping that transforms convolution into multiplication, so I would think that there is no need to invoke the linearity as an additional requirement.
Comment: I see. Maybe I can phrase my confusion as follows: It seems possible that the convolution property above is, after all, all you need to characterize the Fourier transform. I cannot see that the paper answers the following two questions:
1-Does this property uniquely define the Fourier transform?
2-What happens when we restrict the set over which we define the operator, for example, if we only consider real-valued functions.


Felt dizziness half an hour after running for 7 minutes

Question: I exercise occasionally once in 4-5 days for half an hour. Today I ran for 5 minutes on the treadmill inside a room not too well ventilated. Afterwards I walked at brisk pace for about 500 meters. 10 minutes that  I was having breafast, while in course of breakfast I felt dizzines so much so that I stopped taking breakfast came out of the restaurant and sat in the open under a tree shade. After breathing for a while it felt Okay and I walked back home. Is this a symptom for something grave? What I should I do to ovrcome this at least its recurrence?
Comment: Where were you having breakfast? If you exercise regularly, the place you were dining could have had a gas leak. It's impossible to answer this question with the limited about of data we have to go on.
Comment: Its was a busy restaurants, and I there were lot of persons along with me having breakfast. The chances of gas leak over there seems pretty remote, anyway I should have mentioned that the place where the food was served was at least 20-25 meters away from where it was being cooked. I exercise frequently but not very regularly. But I have not felt anything like this after exercising.
Answer: As with all health questions, the answer is to see a doctor. Dizziness could indicate that an insufficient amount of oxygen is reaching your brain. Causes of that can be as benign as being very winded or as serious as a heart problem. A physical examination by a doctor is the only way to know the cause is benign.
Comment: Your explaination seems plausible that insufficient amount of oxygen is reaching the brain.Thanks for your suggestion I am going to do that, as early as possible.
Answer: Maybe your blood sugar was a bit off before you started. Try having a small snack an hour before you run and make sure you are sufficiently hydrated beforehand. I doubt it is anything serious, but if it persists, talk to your doctor.
Comment: Something with sugar.
Comment: You should try to incorporate some complex sugars into your diet and also try to eat 30 min to 2 hours before exercise. At least, that's what works best for me.
Comment: Maybe this, maybe that. Guesses don't make good answers. And while possibly reassuring, doubts don't make good diagnoses.
Comment: @JohnDoe - No, I'm saying it should not have been an answer at all. SE sites are not "ask questions and come up with a dx", nor are they "take your best guess and hope". Yes, it "could be" low blood sugar. It "could be" dehydration. It "could be" hundreds of things from minor to potentially life threatening.
Comment: What kind of snack, I mean snacks could be many things.Usually i tend to put icecream, coffee and other such stuff in that. Please throw more light on that.
Comment: @JohnP So you are suggesting that he should have asked all the relevant data and then only suggested his diagnosis. But I feel his suggestion is good and worth trying, having some sugar before doing exercise can be tried, and seems worthwhile trying.


Do comets contain any significant amounts of iridium?

Question: I have Googled "iridium content of comets" and can't find anything that suggests comets contain iridium in any detectable quantities. Yet, whenever I read an article about the Chicxulub impactor, the article invariably says something to the effect that it may have been created by an asteroid or a comet. But Alvarez and company first offered the impact hypothesis for the K-T extinction by observing an iridium layer in global sedimentary deposits, which could only have come from an asteroid impact, since iridium is extremely rare in the Earth's crust. Later the Chicxulub structure was identified as the probable site of the asteroid impact. While a comet could have caused the Chicxulub crater, it could not have been responsible for the global iridium layer. So why do science writers offer the comet alternative? If Chicxulub was created by a comet, then another site must have been the source of the iridium layer.
Answer: I also googled "iridium content of comets", and the first result was https://news.dartmouth.edu/news/2013/04/dartmouth-researchers-say-comet-killed-dinosaurs
Now there is currently no consensus on the nature of the Chicxulub impactor. The observations of iridium and osmium suggest an asteroid. A minority opinion is that a comet may be responsible. The authors of the article in the linked news report suggest that measurements of iridium concentrations from ocean cores may be erroneously high, due to sorting in marine sediments. If these cores are excluded, the amount of iridium measured is lower, and consistent with some models of the composition of comets.
So, comets do contain some iridium. The amount of iridium is not certain. Some models of comet nuclei contain more dust and less ice, and so have more iridium. The exact amount of iridium in the KT boundary layer is also uncertain. The low end of estimates would be consistent with a cometary impact. The nature of the impactor is not yet settled science, but the balance of opinion currently favours a stony asteroid.
Comment: I too saw that link but never followed it, as my mind was fixed on articles that explicitly were about the chemical makeup of comets (though frankly, I meant to read it but forgot by the time I had read some other articles). I'm not sure I agree with the researchers' practice of discarding oceanic iridium deposits, as much of that could (probably?) have been iridium laid down from the impact and washed into the oceans from the continents.
Comment: Marking as answered. Thanks for taking the time. While I do not agree with the researchers' excluding oceanic sediments in their analysis, it still indicates that comets can contain appreciable amount of iridium, and that was the original question.
Answer: It occurs to me that part of your confusion may be in defining the difference between a comet and an asteroid in the first place.  Here are a couple claims.
From UniverseToday,

Asteroids and comets have a few things in common. They are both
  celestial bodies orbiting our Sun, and they both can have unusual
  orbits, sometimes straying close to Earth or the other planets. They
  are both "leftovers" — made from materials from the formation of our
  Solar System 4.5 billion years ago. But there are a few notable
  differences between these two objects, as well. The biggest difference
  between comets and asteroids, however, is what they are made of.
While asteroids consist of metals and rocky material, comets are made
  up of ice, dust, rocky materials and organic compounds. When comets
  get closer to the Sun, they lose material with each orbit because some
  of their ice melts and vaporizes. Asteroids typically remain solid,
  even when near the Sun.

From CalTech,

The main difference between asteroids and comets is their composition,
  as in, what they are made of. Asteroids are made up of metals and
  rocky material, while comets are made up of ice, dust and rocky
  material. Both asteroids and comets were formed early in the history
  of the solar system about 4.5 billion years ago. Asteroids formed much
  closer to the Sun, where it was too warm for ices to remain solid.
  Comets formed farther from the Sun where ices would not melt. Comets
  which approach the Sun lose material with each orbit because some of
  their ice melts and vaporizes to form a tail.

As JamesK noted, it is possible for "rocky material" in either a comet or an asteroid to contain iridium -- or not contain iridium.  I think the reason iridium is tied to the KT event is that there appears to be a world-wide (ish) layer with iridium, and that layer consistently dates to approximately the same epoch.
P.S. note also Physics.SE
Comment: Sorry, but I do know the difference.
Answer: See D.Alt, J.M. Sears, D.W. Hyndman, Terrestrial Maria: the Origins of Large Basalt Plateaus, Hotspot Tracks, and Spreading Ridges, 1988, Jour. of Geology, V.76, no. 6, pp 647-662, Univ. of Chicago (copyright).  Interesting ideas on impact craters, hotspots, and plate tectonics, and therefore distribution of iridium.
Comment: Could you perhaps summarize in a few words what the interesting ideas are, in relation to the question?
Comment: I would but I am being blocked by the moderator when I add the other ideas, which are in part personal after 40 years of researc.
Comment: Hi, user31236, welcome to Astronomy Stack Exchange. What sort of error message are you getting when you try to add more information to the answer? Perhaps I can help.
Comment: Greetings HDE 226868, the message says the answer was deleted by the moderator and could not be undeleted.
Answer: The Chixculub site may not have be the only astrobleme of the collision defining the KT boundary.  Actually, the site of impact is not one but many contemporaneous (or closely) impacts including the Lesser Antilles Islands (now the hotspot under the Galapagos Islands), the eastern end of the Scotia Plate and tracking to under East Antarctica,  on the eastern side of the Klamath Mtns and tracking to under Yellowstone (the Yellowstone hotspot), the Deccan Traps, and others.  This was a very active time and the distribution of the iridium can be accounted for by the wide distribution of impacts from north to south and global circulation.  Additionally, the age of the associated hotspots (at least the Galapagos, Scotia, Yellowstone, and Deccan) can be determined by geomagnetic dating and stratigraphic sequence, as well as, determining their rate of lateral migration.  Another interesting factor is the longevity of the hotspots.  The geomagnetic data suggests they persist for tens and hundreds of millions of years, possibly suggesting a nuclear component to these bodies.   In addition, their density and their energy of impact and intrinsic heat appear to be extreme to the extent of even being capable of moving continents and tectonic plates and fracturing the crust creating spreading centers.  The easterly digression exhibited in the Emperor\Hawaiian chain can be associated with the Caribbean and Yellowstone collisions.  see D.Alt, J.M. Sears, D.W. Hyndman, Terrestrial Maria: the Origins of Large Basalt Plateaus, Hotspot Tracks, and Spreading Ridges, 1988, Jour. of Geology, V.76, no. 6, pp 647-662, Univ. of Chicago (copyright).


Upper memory limit apache

Question: I have a big php script that needs a gigabyte or more to run. I set the memory_limit in php.ini to 2048M. If I echo the limit with ini_get, I get the 2048M as expected. But when I run the script it fails and says that it could only allocate 512mb. I have 16GB of ram on the server, so its not that. There must be another limit set somewhere..?
Comment: what is output of ulimit -v
Answer: PHP, Webserver processes are also limited by the per process max memory limit. You'll have to ask an administrator to change the limit in this case. On linux/unix, you can check the limit with the following command in the shell:
ulimit -a

or use PHP to check:
<?php print system('ulimit -a'); ?>

Comment: This is what i get:
core file size          (blocks, -c) 0
data seg size           (kbytes, -d) 6144
file size               (blocks, -f) unlimited
max locked memory       (kbytes, -l) unlimited
max memory size         (kbytes, -m) unlimited
open files                      (-n) 256
pipe size            (512 bytes, -p) 1
stack size              (kbytes, -s) 8192
cpu time               (seconds, -t) unlimited
max user processes              (-u) 266
virtual memory          (kbytes, -v) unlimited
virtual memory          (kbytes, -v) unlimited
Comment: Hi, try RLimitMEM in your httpd.conf to set memory limit of Apache children processes. This guy seems to have the same problem of yours http://www.codingforums.com/archive/index.php/t-206304.html
Answer: Don't know about any apache limits but I do know Linux supports setting resource limits for processes. Can't remember the exact details but one command involved is ulimit.

Upper memory limit apache


Does anchor check for program owned account?

Question: For security reasons, I know that we should check for the account owner of certain accounts. Although, if I recall correctly, Anchor already does this by default?
Answer: It depends how you load the account in the account context.
Account (docs.rs)
Wrapper around AccountInfo that verifies program ownership and deserializes underlying data into a Rust type.
pub escrow: Account<'info, TokenAccount>,

AccountLoader (docs.rs)
Type facilitating on demand zero copy deserialization. Will check the owner and discriminator.
pub state: AccountLoader<'info, VrfClient>,

AccountInfo (docs.rs)
No checks, loaded straight from the slot leader processing your transaction.
#[account(signer)]
pub authority: AccountInfo<'info>,

Comment: After all this time, I think I finally get it.
The AccountLoader will only check for ownership after a load or load_mut is called (thus being on-demand) - will fail during execution. Unlike the Account which will check before Tx execution - will fail before execution?


using TOKENIZE in PIG

Question: I am trying to use the TOKENIZE function in PIG with a document that is comma separated. I would like to split on the commas, but NOT on white space. For example I would like for a list of
(car, toy car, bunny) to be ((car), (toy car), (bunny) not ((car), (toy), (car), (bunny)).
Is there a way to this?
Answer: Have you had a look to STRSPLIT for splitting just on the comma?
(it works for CHARARRAY like TOKENIZE)
Answer: Alternative way,
You can try with Flatten operator as well
Example:
Input -> (a,(b,c))
B = foreach A generate $0 , flatten ($1)
Output -> (a,b,c)
Use of Flatten and tokenize together
You can read the word count problem Here

using TOKENIZE in PIG


Lost access to ubuntu when changing home partition

Question: I was running out of space on my linux partition so I decided to move the /home to another drive. I had around 16.6 GB free space and would have loved to add it to the existing drive, GParted was not allowing to add it to linux partition as the free space existed before (left side) of the linux partition. So I thought why not make the free space as a separate drive and move /home to it. I was following the tutorial given at https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Partitioning/Home/Moving
Following the tutorial, I was able to move the home to the new drive. However, I realized that there was only 2 GB free space left. (I should have looked at this before) So I thought to chop off some more space from my Windows drive and add it to the /home partition. So to do this, I needed to make the /home partition as unallocated space so that I could increase the size.
Thus, I wanted to move the /home back from the partition to the linux drive, the way it was before. For this I changed the /etc/fstab entry for the partition I had added back /media/home.
I then ran the command sudo mount -a.
I tried to copy the the old_home back to /home but I think the /home was still pointing to the other partition. So I restarted the system.(This was stupid).
Now, I am unable to login to my account.
How do I get out of this mess?
Comment: Welcome to Ask Ubuntu!  **;-)** What's the output to `lsb_release --codename&&uname --kernel-release`?
Answer: You can start the computer using a live system (cd, dvd, usb-stick), mount your partitions and order the mess, i.e. copying your files to your intended destination and/or change fstab.


My image texture displays correctly in material preview but not in 3D viewport

Question: I have applied such image textures before without any problem but with the eyes of this character I simply cannot get the image texture to appear in the 3D viewport in either Eevee or Cycles. I feel sure I have done something daft or not done something simple but I have gone over everything several times and searched online yet cannot find what I am doing wrong.
I have attached an image showing my setup.
All help appreciated.
Comment: [How to take a ScreenShot](https://www.take-a-screenshot.org/windows.html)
Comment: My guess is that you are using the wrong UV map in the material. You seem to have plenty of different UV maps going on in the last screen shot and right now "WhiteFur" is selected. Maybe it would help to put a specific UV node in the material and chose "Eyeball" as UV map or just make sure "Eyeball" is active when you assign the material?
Comment: Thank you for your response. Where are you seeing 'WhiteFur' selected? The material selection in the top screen shot is 'EyeBall', the material selection in the middle screen shot is 'EyeBall' and the UV Map selected in the bottom screen shot is 'Eyeball'.
Comment: You can always try changing the parameters of the Mapping node in the second case, using the Generated socket. That could also give you some insight into the underlying problem. (But I see now this is a very old request, and I hope you have since moved on :).
Answer: I am closing this request for any further comments since no more suggestions have been forthcoming and nothing I tried made any difference to the lack of display in the viewport. I reluctantly deleted the eyes and made new ones applying the same image texture, in the same way and they work perfectly well.
I guess I will never know what the problem was.
Thanks for looking.


Does the testicle's temperature increases with the body temperature during a high fever?

Question: The testes is the male sexual organ. It is positioned outside the abdomen along with the scrotum. I would like to know if its temperature is independent from the body temperature due to its location.
Comment: Welcome to health SE:-) Sorry but I'm not actually getting your question correctly. Pls can you make it a bit clearer.
Answer: The question is quite vague. Please specify for clear answer.
However, although testicles are out of the body, but a part for sure. Due to pyrogen attack when the body temperature increases, literally the temperature of the testicles should be increased but clear research has not been found yet.
Please specify your question.


Enterprice / Gift card accounts Active and Redeemable

Question: In Gift Card Account edit screen, why do we have both Redeemable and Active? What is the difference?
Answer: An active Gift Card is what you would expect - whether it can be used and applied to orders.
In Magento terms, 'Redeeming' a Gift Card gets applied to Store Credit. So disabling the ability to 'Redeem' a Gift Card forces a customer to directly use the code at checkout, instead of simply consuming it into Store Credit.
Interestingly (and annoyingly), the Gift Card module's ability to be redeemed (via System -> Configuration) does not drive the 'Redeem Gift Card' link in the Customer Dashboard, but rather whether Store Credit itself is enabled.
If you don't wish for customers to redeem cards to Store Credit at all, you'll need to either remove it from the template, or override Enterprise_GiftCardAccount_Block_Account_Redeem to add an additional check to canRedeem()


Using NCover free version

Question: I've downloaded NCover 1.5.8, run the .msi that's in the .zip file -- now what do I do? I can't find any documentation, I can't find any program to run.
Answer: NCover 1.5.8 is quite old and only supports .NET2 and below - AFAIK.
When you install it you will find a FAQ which tells yu how to use it and a console application under program files.
You may also find PartCover and OpenCover of use. Both support .NET2 and .NET4 but OpenCover also supports 32 and 64 bit as well as sequence and branch coverage.
Answer: Follow the documentation in the "Getting Started" article on the NCover web site.

Using NCover free version


How can I send 3 emails? before due date, on due date and after due date if status is not completed

Question: How can I create a workflow using SharePoint designer 2010 to send 3 emails? before due date, on due date and after due date if status not completed.
Comment: Someone pls help
Answer: Hello you can edit behaviour of Workflow Task when you click on it. Manual and examples here. Some info here too.
If you need more examples just google: SharePoint Workflow 2010 task behaviour
Hope it helps!
Answer: You can follow the workflow steps below to send emails at the relevant time. Modify the before due date and after due date, and change if condition with your own task.


Macbook pro mid-2010 randomly cuts off. Panic report

Question: I am not sure why this keeps happening. Either plugged in or off it cuts off. If I leave a video playing on youtube it seems to be able to handle that, if that is left by itself. But if I say type into faceboook, youtube, stackexchange into the search bar fast it cuts off. It's as if I am over-exciting it or something and then it turns off. Here is the panic report that keeps appearing? any ideas?
THANKS!
Comment: Please publish a text version (not jpg) of the complete report. So far we only know your Graphics (GPU) has had a problem.
Answer: Yes the GPU panics are almost certainly due to a defective discrete GPU card. I have the same 2010 MBP and have noticed 10.9.3 has increased the frequency of these fatal crashes significantly.
I'm using the https://gfx.io utility to turn off this discrete card whenever possible but many apps force it on.
P.S. Here is the link from the replacement program, but it had ended: https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT203554


Non-EU citizen in Europe

Question: I am a Filipino, living in Bulgaria. I want to know if I can go visit Greece with my Bulgarian residence permit, and is it visa free? Thank you and I hope I could receive answers for that question.
Answer: As stated in Timtic, the database used by Airlines:

Visa required, except for Passengers with a family member
  residence card issued by Bulgaria. The card must be issued to family members of a
    national of Switzerland or an EEA Member State .
    They are visa exempt for a maximum stay of 90 days and must
    travel with or travel to join the national of Switzerland or
    EEA Member State. This does not apply to passengers with a
    different type of residence permit.

So with a normal residence permit, you need a visa
Answer: Because Bulgaria is not yet a full member of the Schengen area, Bulgarian visas do not authorize trips to the Schengen area.  I believe the same is true for Bulgarian residence permits, but I cannot find anything conclusive on the internet.
Your best bet is to ask at the Greek consular office in Sofia.  Contact details are available from the Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs web site; its address is

103, Evlogi Georgiev str., 1504 Sofia.

If you do not need a visa, they will tell you.  If you do, they will tell you how to apply.  The website is only available in Bulgarian and Greek, at http://www.mfa.gr/bulgaria; there is also a page specifically about visas.
Comment: Thank you very much for answering my question, for the suggestions and its really help :)

Non-EU citizen in Europe


In Illustrator, how to replicate exactly the displayed CMYK mode colors in RGB mode?

Question: I have a two stop gradient in CMYK color mode (FOGRA). After converting the document to RGB mode (sRGB), there's a slight color shift between the two gradients. The RGB gradient is a bit redder/darker. Since the CMYK mode gradient was displayed on the screen, shouldn't I be able to exactly replicate its colors in RGB mode? How do I exactly replicate the CMYK gradient in sRGB mode?
CMYK gradient

RGB gradient
Comment: There's not much you can really do here. The CMYK colours you see on-screen are basically a simulation in RGB of what you will get when something is printed. A computer can't display real CMYK colour. RGB and CMYK images are fundamentally different colour systems. The two can never be exactly the same
Comment: I suppose you could add more stops to the gradient by using the eyedropper in the gradient panel to sample the colours [see example](https://imgur.com/RdXTG02)
Comment: Thanks. I'm happy with how the CMYK gradient is printing. Maybe I should've phrased my question more as, how do I exactly replicate the RGB-simulated CMYK gradient sidplayed on the screen after I go to settings and convert the document from CMYK to sRGB mode? After I convert, they are not exactly the same on screen.
Comment: Thanks, I'll try it.
Answer: No, see there is a critical thing that you are overlooking. The things a vector drawing engine can do is limitted by the standard formats the application targets.
So essentially by converting to RGB leads to the gradient being interpolated in RGB. Which is different from the CMYK interpolation.
If it was just pixels then yes no problem.
Answer: A CMYK gradient on the screen does not exist. It is a simulation generated by the internal algorithms of the software used.
One way to exactly match is to actually use the CMYK simulation as the RGB values. You can use a screen color picker to see what are the displayed RGB values.
Comment: Thanks, I'll try that.


How to share internet connection

Question: I have a LG P500 with Android 4.1 and I want to share internet connection(LAN) to it. I have USB cable(for phone), bluetooth dongle, wifi dongle(TL-WN821N) to use.
Comment: The easiest thing to do would be to buy a WiFi router. Connect the router to your Internet. Setup a home WiFi access point at the router. Connect the phone to the WiFi.
Answer: You can do a reverse tethering. Take a look here [ http://forum.xda-developers.com/showthread.php?t=2169920 ]

How to share internet connection


What is the proper word to put characters together to make a string?

Question: Is there a word that if I read letters a, b, c from the crossword puzzle and make a word abc the what have I done to those letters? I was thinking that I catenate or concatenate letters but I was said that is wrong in a comment to this post on Puzzling SE: Proving the existence of a given matrix. Is the proper word to join letters to make a word?
Comment: You are describing concatenation.  Also, it isn't clear how your link relates to your question, and I didn't spot anything there saying concatenation was not the appropriate term.
Answer: Concatenate is correct.

concatenate
  verb (used with object), concatenated, concatenating.
  1. to link together; unite in a series or chain.
  (Dictionary.com)

You could also say put together.

put together
  phrasal verb [transitive]
   to make something by joining all its parts
  (Macmillan Dictionary)

Examples.

I concatenate a, b, c to make abc.
I put together a, b, c to make abc.

Concatenate sounds formal, and it especially sounds like programming jargon to me. Put together sounds simple. You could also try link, join, and  connect.

By the way, the user was not complaining that concatenate was incorrect.
Excerpt from revision history number 1 of the linked OP:

Prove that there is a 9x13 matrix containing the digits such that one can read the squares of 1,...,100. Here read means that you fix the starting position and direction (8 possibilities) and then go to that direction by catenating the numbers.

User comment:

[...] (4) even if you mean "concatenate", the sentence "go to that direction by concatenating the numbers." doesn't make sense.[...] – Peregrine Rook

He/she was complaining that the sentence didn't make sense.  It makes sense to concatenate 1, 2, 3 (= 123), but it does not make sense to concatenate and "go to that direction". Also, idiomatically, it should be (and was corrected to) "go in that direction", but it still doesn't make sense. I think you meant something like ... and then concatenate the digits (found) along that path/direction.


Are there any other login products similar to LoginRadius?

Question: I'm thinking of using LoginRadius social site login/registration solution to integrate with traditional login/registration system. Has anyone ever used it and have any opinion about its performance and know of any other similar products/services?
Answer: I do not have an opinion to pass along to you. Neither do I have any comment on performance. Obviously the products/service your looking at is in beta. Also note that some CMS have this built in or have extensions you can add for social login or sso. Here is some more info and providers:

http://gigya.com/social-login/
http://janrain.com/products/engage/social-login/
http://www.oneall.com/services/single-sign-on/
http://www.lanoba.com/social-login
http://loginradius.com
for Wordpress: http://wordpress.org/extend/plugins/oa-social-login/
for Drupal: http://drupal.org/project/sociallogin
for Joomla: http://extensions.joomla.org/extensions/access-a-security/site-access/authentication-cloud-based/19293
for Django: http://hackerluddite.wordpress.com/2011/05/17/review-of-4-django-social-auth-apps/

just info

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_login
http://wp.smashingmagazine.com/2012/01/19/facebook-twitter-google-wordpress/
Comment: Re login/registration together and with social login but can create different username on our site, I just came across a popular site today that does just what I had in mind. Login in with Google the first time and you get a registration page where you can create a username for that site:

http://screencast.com/t/hqu58utqZ


AKSZ sigma models for higher spin

Question: The AKSZ framework constructs 2D sigma models in the BV formalism. Is there a generalization of the AKSZ approach to higher spin?
Answer: I am not sure exactly what you are after, but the combination of keywords brings this article here to mind:

K.B. Alkalaev, Maxim Grigoriev, E.D. Skvortsov, Uniformizing higher-spin equations arXiv:1409.6507

Abstract: Vasiliev's higher-spin theories in various dimensions are uniformly represented as a simple system of equations. [...] The proposed system of equations admits
  a concise AKSZ formulation. [...]

See section 5.

AKSZ sigma models for higher spin


Hands-on or Hands-On in a title

Question: Is both parts of the hypenative word Hands-on capitalized in an ad with bullets.
Comment: [Penn State College of Health and Human Development](http://hhd.psu.edu/hdfs/careers/hands-opportunities-research-careers) says no.
Comment: Yikes! That's an embarrassing mistake within its title.
Answer: The Chicago Manual of Style, Sixteenth Edition, says:

8.159 Hyphenated compounds in headline-style titles [...]
  1. Always capitalize the first element.
  2. Capitalize any subsequent elements unless they are articles, prepositions, coordinating conjunctions (and, but, for, or, nor), or such modifiers as flat or sharp following musical key symbols.
  3. [...]

One of the examples given to illustrate these rules is

A History of the Chicago Lying-In Hospital (2; "In" functions as an adverb, not a preposition)

Likewise, "On" is an adverb in "Hands-On", so it should be capitalized according to the Chicago Manual of Style.
The MLA Handbook, Eighth Edition, states:

When you copy an English title or subtitle, capitalize the first word, the last word, and all principal words, including those that follow hyphens in compound terms.

As just stated, "On" is an adverb in "Hands-On", i.e. a principal word, so it should be capitalized if you're following the MLA Handbook.
But there are many other styleguides out there, which might have different rules regarding compound terms, so it really depends on the styleguide you have to (or choose to) follow.

Hands-on or Hands-On in a title


How restrictive is the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in Europe?

Question: Lets say that I want to take a picture or record a video of a city I am visiting in Europe and like its inevitable people will appear in the picture or video. I cannot do this before asking permission to everyone that appears on the picture? If I witnessed or I am the victim of any type of agression or abuse on the street or at work, I cannot record it because I will face legal consecuences?
Comment: You should really ask that on Travel.SE and with a specific country. You will have zero problems if you take shots of tourist attractions, whether it is legal or not, because people there know and don't care. However, you may get in trouble if you record your restaurant visit, because people at the next table expect privacy. What I'm trying to say: you will not have problems with any law, you will have problems with people and their expectations.
Comment: Why my question is downvoted? is completely logical and of interest for many people. But what is more absurd even is that the answer is upvoted many times (as it should) but not the question
Answer: Technically, yes, GDPR might apply. Filming other people does involve the processing of personal data, and GDPR will apply unless this is for "purely personal or household purposes".
But exactly that will be the case for most holiday snapshots or short clips for your personal social media. As far as I understand, you do not have to worry about purely personal activities.
Even if GDPR would apply, this doesn't mean it would be illegal. It means you'd need a "legal basis", such as a "legitimate interest". If there are just a couple of people in the background of a video, it's possible that their rights might weigh less important than your interest in shooting the video – but that would need a case by case analysis. Your legitimate interest would almost certainly prevail if you need to record a crime to which you are victim.
Regardless of GDPR concerns, note that this is just a small aspect of legal concerns. Instead, also consider

personality rights
copyright (if art or architectural works are visible) / freedom of panorama
customs and reasonable expectations of other people

These issues will depend largely on the specific country or area you are travelling to. Europe is not homogenous in its perception of privacy issues. For example, consider the issue of dashcams in a car. These are considered to be quite normal in some European countries, but effectively illegal in others.
Answer: No, I think the GDPR only applies to what are known as "data controllers." If you are not a large organisation or a business, then you are not required to comply, if I'm not mistaken. In other words if the data is being generated/stored/processed only for "household use" then you are not subject to the requirements.
Comment: -1 This is incorrect. Under the GDPR the "Data Controller" (DC) is the person or entity that determines what data will be processed in what way, and determines the purposes of processing. A single individual **can** be a Data  Controller. There is an exemption for "personal or household use" but there are many uses which go beyond that exemption where the DC isd an individual natural person. It is true that enforcement effort of the GDPR is ;largely directed at large organizations, particularly businesses.


How to resolve component links and Multimedia links while pushing content to elastic search

Question: We are using Tridion 9.5 and we have configured new content delivery feature using Elasticsearch technology. When content is published it is also pushed to elasticsearch. We have noticed in elasticsearch query result that component links and multimedia links are not resolving and showing with tcm ids in the search results is there any way to fix this?
Comment: Isn't this the same with regular content, except that you use the Linking API to resolve links? I would suspect you need a similar approach - when you get the results from ES you need to resolve the links before pushing it back to the browser/web server.
Comment: @NunoLinhares thanks for the reply but it is extra processing to resolve links is there any way we can resolve links while pushing data into elastic
Comment: If would say that resolving links "offline" (during publishing/deploying) is potentially tricky. By the time you look at the search results (containing the resolved link), the link may resolve differently.  For example, the linked Component may have been unpublished, so the link doesn't resolve at all anymore.  If you simply pick up a resolved link value from the past, you can serve a broken link.
Comment: I would also like to challenge the perception of "extra processing". Yes, there are additional steps, but link resolving with proper caching is _very_ fast.
Comment: With Content Delivery search, you can still get back the content from the broker in addition to what's indexed. Wouldn't that get you any links resolved by CD logic? And maybe search results could/should be plain text without markup? I'll add an answer. :-)
Answer: When searching over GraphQL, you can get the indexed search results down to specific fields as well as the published content from the broker (using brokerResult). See an example from Ben Middleton on the Sites 9.5 Search Functionality.
This would get you the resolved links (from the regular Component Presentations) but with a potential impact to performance.
However, you might opt to display plain text from the search results for either a paginated list or in some type-ahead search feature. So rather than showing links in the results, perhaps the UI would show the snippet of content and then let the visitor click on that to get to the full content in context.
Answer: Could you update your search result page to resolve the ID to a link - in the same way your DXA/other app would?
Or, if, when publishing, you have the ID - could you add/populate another metadata field with the 'static link' and use this in your ES display results?


Why doesn't the focal length of Viewport change upon zooming?

Question: As far as I know, to "zoom" means to change the focal length of a camera. But no matter how much I zoom the Viewport (not a camera in the scene) with Ctrl+MMB, the Focal Length property shown in sidebar remains "50 mm". Does Ctrl+MMB actually dolly rather than zoom? Or am I missing something?
Answer: Yes with Ctrl+MMB you don't zoom, but you dolly (by default):
Comment: @LaiYu-Hsuan when your default zoom method is set to Dolly they are the same, but when you set it to something different, ctrl-mmb will do that and shif-ctrl-mmb will dolly
Comment: Ok but when I press Shift+Ctrl, the status bar says MMB is "Dolly View" instead of "Zoom View" like when only Ctrl is pressed. Is there any difference?
Comment: Now it all makes sense. Thank you.


Ceramic capacitors microphonic bandwidth

Question: I need to use some relatively high value (10uF) capacitors in a discrete switched capacitor circuit and I need them to precisely store their voltage for a small amount of time (about 5us). The alternatives are ceramic or film capacitors. The temperature is not a big problem as in that time there should not be a discernible variation, so I was thinking about using X5R or X7R ceramic capacitors. The main problem I found about ceramic caps is the microphonic effect. Is it negligible at such a frequency of operation or it is wiser to use film capacitors? They have to store down to few uV of voltage.
Comment: Have you considered the voltage dependence of capacity in ceramic caps?
Comment: Yes, piezoelectric effect is a problem with ceramic multilayer caps. You may need to conduct a deeper research, look at [this write-up](http://www.kemet.com/Lists/TechnicalArticles/Attachments/62/2007%20CARTS%20-%20Reduced%20Microphonics%20and%20Sound%20Emissions.pdf) of Kemet engineers.
Comment: @Arsenal yes, the voltage is fixed to a constant value (one different value for each capacitor)
Comment: If you choose high voltage caps, ok but X7R are general purpose not for precise storage, since they also have a memory effect for fast S&H resulting sampling errors. plastic are closer to ideal but loose tolerance and low dielectric constant so huge and expensive
Answer: The microphonic bandwidth is not decoupled from the electrical bandwidth of the capacitor.  The piezoelectric effect will cause strain in response to an electric field, or generate an electric field in response to strain.  If you can use the capacitor at that frequency, then it is vibrating at that frequency, and will happily generate voltage noise if vibrated at those frequencies.  In fact, it will generate noise for itself due to local mechanical ringing.
In other words, there is no free lunch.  The microphonic bandwidth can be assumed to be close to the AC bandwidth of the capacitor.  If you're sampling at 200kHz, and expect a few ppm (a few µV) or less of noise, then, to put it bluntly, you cannot use an X5R or X7R ceramic capacitor.
Note, many film capacitors will also exhibit a degree of microphonics due to having a soft, flexible dielectric and vibration causing compression waves through the plates.  But they generally will be much lower - but still possibly in the microvolt range.
I am curious why you have seemingly already ruled out the best candidate, a nice little 10µF tantalum capacitor.  Sure, there are doubtless people groaning about their high leakage current right now, but that is silly.  Who cares?  You're storing charge for 5µs.
The first hit for low leakage tantalums yields this datasheet for a nice line of capacitors by Kemet.  A quick scan shows me they have a 10µF Tantalum capacitor with 800mΩ ESR and DC leakage of 1.5µA.  That translates into a voltage change of 160nV over 5µs.  In other words, who the hell cares?  If you can tolerate higher ESR, there is one that will change only 80nV.  And there are plenty of other tantalums that have much lower ESR but also have leakage that would place you below a 1µV of change for 5µs.
The thing is, tantalums are naturally very low noise, and based on the information you've given, I would think they would be the ideal choice for a sample and hold application considering how very brief the 'hold' time is in your circuit.
If you still can't use tantalums for whatever reason, then I strongly recommend Polyphenylene sulfide film capacitors, as these have voltage noise almost as low as C0G.  Unfortunately, a 10µF PPS capacitor will be very chub indeed, the ones on mouser look to be $15.  But no one said precision was cheap!


What's the parent of a clone called?

Question: Let's say X is cloned to make Y and Y is cloned to make Z. Is there a word that uniquely identifies X in relation to Y? How about identifying X in relation to Z?
Comment: You'd probably get a more precise answer over at http://biology.stackexchange.com/
Comment: You could go with the names used for node relationships in a directed tree. X is a parent of Y, a grandparent of Z. X and Y are both ancestors of Z. Z is a child of Y, a grandchild of X. Y and Z are both descendants of X.
Comment: How about mom or dad?
Answer: Clone Source
Example 1

Human Cloning: Science, Ethics, and Public Policy
(...) Consent of the clone source: a key regulatory issue is whether the
  clone source - the source of the DNA - must consent to the cloning. (...)

Example 2

Liberty, Identity, and Human Cloning
Eugenic: the meaning of the chosen genome.-A second situation
  involving rearing a child cloned with the consent of a third party
  clone source arises when a couple who is coitally fertile (or who
  could reproduce noncoitally with their own gametes) prefers instead to
  bear and rear a child who is the clone of another person.  The clone
  source could be a parent or family member, a friend, or another whose
  genes they find desirable.  Their claim is that they will have and
  rear a child only if it is cloned from the DNA of the source they have
  in mind.  Does their procreative liberty include the right to clone
  and rear?

Now, if the source itself is a clone, I'd say we could refer to it as the clone source's source.
Note: If you're writing scifi, I'd suggest source and grandsource, but the latter I just made up.
Comment: I love "grandsource" now I'm looking for an opportunity to use that in conversation.
Comment: Would accepting this mean, with respect to clone relationships, dropping the terms "ancestor", "descendant", and "sibling"? Would you just have "clone source" and "clone"?
Answer: I guess I don't see what is wrong with parent.  If I were cloning a plant, the parent plant would be the parent to all the clones.
When they tissue culture hostas and make clones I have seen the source plant called the mother plant.
I guess you could use donor if you wanted to get all clinical.  Or perhaps The Clone Daddy if you wanted to be hip.
Comment: The problem with "parent" is that it doesn't differentiate a biological descendant from a clone. In the case of a sheep, for example, those are different things.
Comment: +1 for *parent*. *Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary*'s entry for *clone*: "one or a group of genetically identical cells, organisms, or plants derived by vegetative reproduction from a single **parent.**"   (Vegetative reproduction is asexual reproduction, as opposed to sexual reproduction.)
Comment: @JLG I like the idea that clones of animals (including humans) are produced _vegetatively _. I can see no reason why that would not be the case.
Answer: I think originator is a reasonable word for a progenitor of a clone, but it's not clear to me whether it should be the first in the line of descendants or the most direct ancestor.
Comment: I think Gabe says it best above (probably why no one else has responded?), "progenitor of a clone" I think says it best.

What’s the parent of a clone called?


failed to open stream: Permission denied - Codeigniter

Question: I'm trying to upload a file (image) via REST API using file_put_contents. However, it gives the error :- failed to open stream: Permission denied.
I have gone through most of the questions here and tried doing almost everything

Changing owner to root or apache
Changing group to root or apache
Changing permissions to 755 or 777
Other options too

I'm still not sure what's wrong and some help would be needed.
Here's my code to upload the file.
public function tryImage_post(){
        $image = base64_decode($this->input->post("img_front"));
        $image_name = md5(uniqid(rand(), true));
        $filename = $image_name . '.' . 'png';
        //rename file name with random number
        $path = FCPATH."img/".$filename;
        //image uploading folder path
        file_put_contents($path . $filename, $image);
        // image is bind and upload to respective folde
    }

Error message :-

Message:  file_put_contents(/var/www/html/development/img/8f2e7959de8beb89ba5e304a6e69d894.png8f2e7959de8beb89ba5e304a6e69d894.png): failed to open stream: Permission denied

Comment: The filename appears two times, is that intended? Does `/var/www/html/development/img/` exist with the correct permissions?
Answer: Try this, change the directory permissions,
chmod -R 777 var/www/html/development/img
After that, change your code like the following.
public function tryImage_post(){
    $image = base64_decode($this->input->post("img_front"));
    $image_name = md5(uniqid(rand(), true));
    $filename = $image_name . '.' . 'png';
    //rename file name with random number
    $path = FCPATH."img/".$filename;
    //image uploading folder path
    file_put_contents($path, $image);
    // image is bind and upload to respective folde
}

Answer:  public function tryImage_post(){
    $image = base64_decode($this->input->post("img_front"));
    $image_name = md5(uniqid(rand(), true));
    $filename = $image_name . '.' . 'png';
    //rename file name with random number
    file_put_contents("img/".$filename, $image);
     //image uploading folder path

}

Comment: Please read https://meta.stackoverflow.com/questions/256359/flag-try-this-code-answers-as-very-low-quality to see a community discussion about "Try this" answers.


Memuchan, Hasach, Daniel

Question: Daniel seems to play a significant role in the Megila. The Medrash says that Memuchan was Daniel. It is also mentioned that Hasach was Daniel. Interesting to note is that the Gematria of Daniel and the Gematria of Haman are both 95. Why is Daniel's name never mentioned outright? Why was he incognito?
Comment: @R'yaavetz: _Tosafos_, _M'gila_ 12b s.v. _M'muchan_.
Comment: Just checked out my Megillas Esther. Turns out it's right in Targum Sheni.
Comment: I have never seen any medrash that identifies Memuchan as Daniel. Can you provide a source?
Comment: He was also know as ששבזר because he lived through six challenges 'שש צרות'. Refer to Pesikta Rabbasi 6 - https://www.sefaria.org/Pesikta_Rabbati.6.1?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en
Answer: In regard to Hasach, Rav in the gemara holds that Daniel is called Hasach because he was "disconnected" from his previous greatness in the royalty. The Maharal writes that the megilla does not call him Daniel outright to emphasize the evil of Achashverosh, in that a person like Haman was brought to greatness while Daniel was removed from his position of influence.
Answer: Me'am Loez (citing Menos Halevi) says that the fact that they both equal 95 is exactly the reason why the name was changed, so as not to associate the tzaddik Daniel with the rasha Haman.
(I had incorrectly remembered it as Daniel himself deciding to do so. However, I see that Menos Halevi says שינו את שמו בהזכירו אותו במקום הרשע, which sounds like Mordechai and Esther made this change when they wrote the Megillah.)
Answer: As far as a Hasach there are a few reasons why:
Megilla 15a brings two reasons:

He was lit. 'cut down' from his high position as a senior minister in Achashveirosh's reign. (as mentioned above by @jake)

Daniel was called Hasach because all the affairs of the kingdom were decided [nechtachin] by his word.

Also...

In the Midrash Megillah in Otzar Midrashim here it notes that he was called חתך because he castrated (חתך) himself in the days of the evil Nevuchadnezzar along with Chananiah, Mishael and Azariah. Basically, the enemies of the Jewish people at the time falsely accused all four of them of consorting with the king's maidservants. Nevuchadnezzar was resultantly furious and summoned them for execution. They showed him the severed organs (sorry to be graphic!) and Nevuchadnezzar was very happy (he had a 'simcha gedola').

Memuchan, Hasach, Daniel


How do I change my registered xbox one location

Question: I registered my xbox one to a country that i did not mean to. Now the xbox live gold subscription doesn't work. I need to change it to Russia, but I don't know how, as when I try to remove the xbox, it says that It's removed, but still pops up at my device section and doesn't go away. Any help? The xbox is kind of pointless at the moment.
Answer:
Important: If you're trying to use these steps to resolve any backward
  compatibility account region errors, changing your account region will
  not resolve these issues. These steps are only for when you're moving
  and need to change your country/region.

How to change your country/region on Xbox One:
Follow these steps to update your settings to your new country/region, and then restart your Xbox One console. When you make your first purchase in the new locale, you'll be prompted to update your billing information.

Sign in to your Xbox One console.
Scroll left from Home to open the guide.
Select Settings.
Select All Settings.
Select System.
Select Language & location.
Select your new location from the list, and then select Restart now.

Source:
https://support.xbox.com/en-US/my-account/microsoft-account/update-microsoft-account-country-region


How late can I board a plane waiting at the gate?

Question: I have an extreme dislike for standing in queues and waiting. The worst is standing in the airbridge, while people settle in. So whenever I fly with an assigned seat on the plane, I try to board as late as possible. I rather wander a bit on the airport then queue for some time. I don't mind the lack of storage space for cabin luggage, since I usually travel light.
That is why I try to postpone boarding as long as possible, but still I manage to end up standing in the airbridge most of the time, even when I thought I was pushing the limit.
Is there a rule of the thumb to estimate the latest time to board?
== Edit ==
No I don't want to be the person everybody is looking at because he delayed departure.
Comment: It is time to board when you hear you name from all the speakers of the airport for the third time.
Comment: it depends how many risks you are willing to take haha
I always give myself 2 hours, but I have been getting on the plane as it was meant to be leaving, where they shut the gate. I had to persuade the person to call the pilot and wait, was insanely close, but I would never want to go through that stress again!!
Answer: In my experience it is very rare for there to be a period at the end of boarding where the gate is still open, but no or few passengers are in the process of 'settling in'. This usually only happens if the flight is delayed at the last minute or if they keep it open for a passenger who is late to the gate (don't be that passenger!) who has checked in luggage that would need to be removed.
Usually, as soon as the 'rush' settles down, that is that. Typically, this is around the time when the flight is scheduled to depart. You could try to time your arrival at the gate to be around 5 minutes before departure, this will typically not be a problem.
However, doing so is disrespectful. If you are delayed on the way to the gate you could wind up delaying several hundred other people, just because you didn't want to stand in line for 5-10 extra minutes. Those people certainly do not enjoy sitting in those seats for an extra 5-10 minutes, waiting for you.
If not standing in line is this important to you, buy a first/business class ticket and avoid the queue. Otherwise, show consideration for your fellow travelers and arrive at the gate in a timely manner and try to board the plane as efficiently as possible.
You can, of course, seat yourself outside the gate and read/watch movies/listen to music/whatever until you are just about the last one there. Just be at the gate in a timely manner.
Sorry if this sounds a little harsh. I've just been in this situation too many times, where a plane full of people have to wait as much as 15 minutes because someone couldn't be bothered to get to the gate on time. In busy airports this delay can be compounded due to the flight missing its takeoff slot and having to wait for another one to become available. Ditto on the other end of the journey. Holding up the flight for 10 minutes can sometimes delay it up to an hour.
Comment: Be careful. Some airlines will officially "close" the gate 10 or so minutes before departure (check the exact policy for your airline). If they're still boarding at this time, it is no problem to join the end of the line, but if boarding completed early, and it's often their goal to get it done early when possible so the gate agent can't be blamed for any delay, they may refuse to let you on if you show up, say, 5 minutes before the scheduled departure time.
Answer: I like to reach the gate before boarding starts, but if I can't board early, I don't get up and join the lines. I just sit at the gate, as close as I can to the desk, with a book or something electronic. I'm right where I need to be, I'm not delaying anyone, but I'm not standing in line. I usually end up waiting for a minute or two in the jetway, and that doesn't bother me, but if it bothers you, wait until you hear the gate staff working out who they are missing, then down the jetway you go.
Just don't do your waiting in a lounge or restaurant. You run the risk of missing the plane or of delaying everyone else. That's selfish. Wait at the gate, and get there early enough that you get a seat, or else stand around waiting like everyone else. This will also ensure that you are aware of gate changes, delays, the chance to leave 5 minutes early since everyone's here, you being called for an op-up, and so on.
Answer: I feel you, I hate waiting in queue during boarding too. Your strategy should depend on what boarding pattern the airline you're flying with uses. SeatGuru has a  handy guide on typical airline boarding patterns that you should read up on.

If the airline you're flying with has a set boarding pattern, well then you'll just have to suck it up and join the queue. On the upside, a fixed boarding pattern means that the boarding process (theoretically?) could be faster although in reality this rarely ever works out. (And it's a fascinating simulation problem. Read this paper on airline boarding patterns if you're interested. Southwest Airlines did studies on this and stuck to having no pattern. But I digress.)

There's also a cultural element to this, depending on what country's airline you're flying with or what airport it is. As person used to queueing, you may be exasperated to find situations where technically boarding is in fixed patterns but nobody really listens to it. Any number of Indian or Asian airlines come to mind (except for Singapore Airlines). In that case, go with the crowd and board whenever you feel like it.

If your airline has assigned seating, but no set boarding pattern, then just wait until it eases up at the gate! This is what I typically do. I head to my boarding gate usually 30 minutes before departure (n.b. check the rules for your airport) or earlier if I have nothing else to do, and then sit down somewhere to check emails or read something while the queue eases up. You don't have to wait for more than 10-15 minutes usually, and you don't go through the hassle of standing in queue with your bags and ambling forward every now and then.

These tips will work for everyone. There are a couple of more tips that apply in special situations. For instance, some airlines offer priority boarding for a small extra fee (even with assigned seating), or offer priority boarding to "premium economy" passengers or those higher up in frequent flyer tiers.
So you can avoid the hassle of boarding queues either by flying a lot, buying your way through when you can, and if nothing else, then just NOT joining the queue while everyone else does.
Comment: The boarding pattern is focused entirely on waiting to board. So if you're in Row 50 and they call "rows 30 and up" you don't have to go. You can wait for "rows 10 and up" or "all passengers" without breaking any rules. Of course you are likely to have a less-pleasant time trying to get back to row 50 past the VITs who are struggling with getting carryons into overfilled overheads in rows 11, 17, 22, and so on, but at least you didn't line up on the jetway.
Answer: The last you can board is when your name is called on the PA system - but if you reach this point - you are that guy that delayed the entire plane.
Some tips:

Business/First or the premium frequent fliers almost always get priority boarding. This usually delays any length of wait in the queue as you are among the first to board. At some airports, you may be able to pay for this service as well.

Simply wait at the gate. You don't have to stand in a queue. You can simply wait in the lounge, or if that's full sit on your carryon. The point is having to avoid standing and waiting.

Kill your boredom with your mobile.

I understand that you do not like waiting in queues, it can be a bit frustrating. Ankur makes a great point (it was what I was going to write as well), however I don't know if all these techniques/tips will help you; as there are too many variables to consider:

You may not be able to see the jetbridge (to find out if there is a queue there, and not the gate). This happens often in large airports where the gate is not adjacent to the jetbridge.
This can also happen if you are traveling in business/first and your boarding route doesn't let you check if there is a large queue at the gate. At Dubai if you are flying the A380 business class - you have the luxury of a private elevator to take you to the plane. The problem is you don't know if there is a line of people waiting on the jetbridge (since you cannot see it).

The gate may not be where you board the plane. You may be lead onto a bus, then have to wait in a queue to board the stairs while people in front of you forget how to collapse the handle on their four wheeled color coordinated luggage.

You may even get lucky and you find yourself in a situation that there is no one at the gate, and a quick peek shows you no one in the jetbridge - you happily walk onto the plane ... only to find out there is a queue as people are getting settled in. Yet more waiting.


Variable Name from Memory address in Visual Studio 2008

Question: My c++ application developed in Visual Studio 2008 crashes at some memory location. It is showing memory access violation erroe  like,
Unhandled exception at 0x650514aa in XXX.exe: 0xC0000005: Access violation reading location 0x00000004.
how I can get the variable name assigned to 0x650514aa this memory location. Or how to debug this issue.
Thanks,
Nilesh
Answer: 0x650514aa is the address of code (instruction pointer), not of a variable. If you're lucky, it's your code. Then a map file would help. If you're unlucky, it's some third-party code (blowing because you called it passing in nonsense). But it ain't pretty to dig through map files and it won't tell you your variables' values anyway.
However, if you run it from the debugger, the debugger should intercept and let you examine the stack. And even if you run it without debugger, just-in-time debugging should pop up a dialog asking whether you want to attach a debugger.
Answer: The other answers here have useful information. But if for some reason you cannot get the debugger to assist you, here's some more detail you can get out of that error message that may help you locate the problem.

Access violation reading location 0x00000004.

That memory location is what the program is incorrectly trying to read. Typically, reading or writing to a very low memory location like that is caused by code trying to use a NULL pointer as if it pointed to a valid object.
If you happen to know roughly what part of your program is executing when this error occurs, then examine it for any possibilities for NULL pointers to slip through unexpectedly.
Furthermore, 0x00000004 would be the location of a member variable 4 bytes from the start of the object. If the object has virtual functions, then it would probably be the first member variable in the object (because those first 4 bytes are the hidden pointer to the virtual function table). Otherwise, without virtual functions involved, there must be 4 bytes worth of other member variables and/or padding bytes before it. So if you can't immediately tell which pointer is going NULL and causing the problem, then consider which pointers are being used to read such a member variable.
(Note: Technically, the exact memory layout of non-POD objects, particularly when virtual functions are involved, is not guaranteed by any standard. Byte alignment settings in your project can also affect memory layouts. However, in this case it's fairly safe to assume that what I've described is what your compiler is actually doing.)
Comment: Are you sure reading 0x00000004 is reading from the start of an object, and not from the start of the process's virtual memory?
Answer: Usually, if you debug your application inside Visual Studio 2008, at the time of the crash it will stop right at the offending line. Be sure to compile in the Debug configuration, then click Debug | Start.
For further checking, you can go to Debug | Exceptions and check the boxes "Break when an exception is thrown".
Answer: If you're running in debug, you should be able to have the system break at that point and be able to see the source code.
If you're running in release mode however, you may need to use the .map file that can be generated. (Link switch /MAP, and you'll need to specify the export files too)
There's a description of how to for v6 here: http://www.codeproject.com/KB/debug/mapfile.aspx
2008 is pretty similar, I believe, although I tend to prefer to run in debug mode if possible.
The map file will allow you to translate your crash address into an exact location in the source code (line number), which may well be helpful. However it will only tell you where the error manifested - not what actually caused it (e.g. a stack corruption wouldn't tell you when you corrupted the stack, only when the corrupted stack was discovered.)
Still, it should help point you in the right direction.


Screen Savers: Windows .scr In Ubuntu?

Question: Does anyone know if this is possible?  I'm a Star Trek fan, and there's this screensaver that's for Windows that mimics a Star Trek systems panel, and I'd love to have that on Ubuntu (so would some of my friends).
Answer: Many Windows screensavers can be run in Wine.
Assuming your screensaver is stored in your Downloads folder, just run wine ~\Downloads\startrekscreensaver.scr /s in your Terminal.
Windows screensavers have not been integrated into Linux so you won't be able to easily set them as your screensaver.
You could also try installing xscreensaver-gl-extra for more screensaver choices. Many of these screensavers come with configuration options that can be modified with the default gnome-screensaver; you will need you to install xscreensaver to change those options.
Answer: Possibly via Wine; Windows screensavers aren't nicely compartmentalized like NDIS drivers, they're ordinary Windows programs with a different extension so Windows will know to install them as screensavers.

Screen Savers: Windows .scr In Ubuntu?


Social Security contribution of a J1 visa holder leaving U.S. permanently?

Question: I was a J1 visa holder (post-doc) in the US for 18 months and contributed to Social Security. Since I am not going back to the U.S. again, am I eligible to get the money back?
Thanks and regards
JMV
Answer: From your description, the taxes may have been withheld incorrectly.
You were most likely a nonresident alien during your entire stay. "Teachers and trainees", which include anyone on J status who is not a student, are "exempt individuals" (exempt from the Substantial Presence Test) unless they have already been an exempt individual during any part of 2 of the prior 6 calendar years.
So if you haven't been in the U.S. as an F-1, J-1, etc. for at least 6-7 years before you came on J-1 this time, the first two calendar years of your time on J-1 this time does not count towards the Substantial Presence Test. You said you were there for 18 months. That stretches over either 2 or 3 calendar years. The first two calendar years of it would be exempt from the SPT; even if it stretched into a third calendar year, an 18-month period could not stretch for more than 6 months into a 3rd calendar year; so even in that case you would still not meet the Substantial Presence Test for the 3rd year. Since you do not meet the Subtantial Presence Test during any of those years, you were a nonresident alien for all of those years (unless you decided to file jointly with a resident spouse or something).
Nonresident aliens on J-1 are exempt from FICA taxes (Social Security tax and Medicare tax) for employment as a researcher that you were authorized to do on your J-1. They should not have withheld FICA taxes from you. You should have informed them at the beginning when you initially noticed that they did, because it is a huge pain to get it back afterwards. For FICA taxes withheld in error, you can first ask the employer to refund them; and, if that fails, get a written statement of their refusal and then file Form 843 and Form 8316 with the IRS. However, given that IRS is very underfunded these days, expect it to take a long time to hear back if you ever hear back.
Comment: Is "post-doc" a trainee or a student? To the best of my knowledge, no.
Comment: @littleadv: The definition of "teacher or trainee" for the purposes of exempt individuals is anyone in J or Q status who is not a student.


Complexity of simplex method

Question: What is the complexity of the simplex method in terms of Big O in the general case? I saw two variants: O(2^n) and O(2^(n+m)), where n is the number of variables and m is the number of constraints
Answer: It could be that the variants refer to two different forms of Linear Programs. Simplex only works with problems in Standard Equality Form (SEF) which is of the form $$\min c^T x\,\,\,\,\text{s.t.}\,\,\,\, Ax=b,\, x \geq 0$$ Linear algebra tells us that this only has a solution if the rank of the matrix $A$ is at least the dimension of $b$, which for us is $m$. But $\texttt{rank}(A) \leq \min\{n,m\}$ so in order to have a solution at all, we need $n \geq m$.
The number of pivots that occur during the Simplex algorithm (assuming you implement a pivoting rule that prohibits cycling) is at most the number of different bases you can make with the columns of $A$, which is $\binom{n}{m} < 2^n$ (since $m \leq n$).  Thus the number of pivots is $O(2^n)$.
However, if you want to solve a Linear Program that is not in SEF then you need to first put it into SEF. When you do this any "free" variable (one not constrained to be nonnegative or nonpositive) is split into two and we introduce "slack variables for each inequality constraint. If we let $n'$ be the number of variables in this new version of the problem, then we have $n' \leq 2n + m$ and thus the number of pivots is $O(2^{2n+m})$. [If the original problem had nonnegative variables, but all inequality constraints, then $n' = n + m$ which is probably the case in the second variant you found.]
However, both of these don't factor in the running time of each pivot. I have never seen a careful analysis of the running time of each pivot, and it will depend on implementation, but I think a straightforward implementation and analysis would achieve a runtime of $O(n+m^\omega)$, where $\omega$ is the number such that you can invert an $m \times m$ matrix in $O(m^\omega)$ running time. Thus I would say that the running time for solving an arbitrary linear program with the simplex method is $O\left((n+m^\omega)2^{2n+m}\right)$ but I am not confident about the $(n+m^\omega)$ factor.

Complexity of simplex method


Can end-users change workflow using windows workflow foundation?

Question: I'm trying to develop a system that runs various external tools, in a specific order.
this system needs to be very dynamic, so that end-users could change this workflow in an easy manner.
I recently read few articles about Windows Workflow Foundation, and I've seen that designing the workflow is very easy for the developer, but that takes place inside VS environment.
Is there any way to let end-users change this workflow dynamically from "the outside", using WWF?
Are there any graphical components for editing workflows comfortably?
Thank you.
Answer: Yes. Workflow designer can be hosted in user application.
Rehosting the Workflow Designer


Load video on hover in craft cms

Question: I have a slider in my craft website where images are showing as item. When I hover on image it will display none and video will play. There are lots of video files. So when i refresh the page then it is taking time for loading because of video files. Any idea how can i fetch video from server when hover on image ?
Answer: <code>document.querySelectorAll('.my-video').forEach(video => {
  video.addEventListener("mouseenter", function () {
    video.play();
  })
  video.addEventListener("mouseleave", function () {
    video.pause();
  })
})
</code>
You also need to add lazy loading, you can go 2 ways, but firstly change video attribute "preload" to "none"(<video preload="none"...) and then

Load video on hover
video.removeAttribute("preload")

Or make via Intersection Observer (as soon as you scroll to the container with the video, it loads)
Comment: The first approach is satisfying my requirement. Thanks

Load video on hover in craft cms


Normalization methods to combine scRNA-seq experiments with different sequencing depths

Question: I am training a classifier to identify a cell type in a particular state of activity using scRNA-seq.  There is a large variation in the sequencing depth (reads average per cell) of the testing data (data I will be classifying not training or validating the classifier with) and my supervisor suggested binarizing the genes.  I was wondering if there are other options I should consider.  I was wondering if there are particular normalization methods for ML classifiers which would be best for this task.
Answer: Coincidentally, a recent preprint out of Lior Pacther's lab covers some of these details around scRNA-seq depth normalization.
They find that a "PFlog1pPF" normalization method is able to stabilize variance across genes while still reducing the impact of total cell depth on that variance. If I've read this preprint correctly, "PFlog1pPF" is essentially a transformation of the form $\frac{1}{N_c} \log \left(1 + \frac{k_g}{N_c} \right)$ where $N_c$ is the number of reads for cell $c$ and $k_g$ is the number of reads for feature $g$.
This preprint is mostly dedicated towards differential expression and identifying marker genes in certain cell populations, but that may still help you in your application.
Using a transformation like this (or others that are discussed in this preprint and its references) gives you more granularity and sensitivity for highly expressed genes than what binarizing the data will give you.
And it has additional benefits like stabilized variance, which can cause problems in some downstream applications if you don't keep it under control.
But starting with a binarized input like your supervisor suggested might be a simple first attempt to see if your idea has some potential in the first place.
Answer: I don't think you need to complicate the idea of normalisation by introducing machine learning classifiers as a necessary component. Normalisation is common when comparing different datasets for all differential analysis.
Given that you have single cell data, have a look at integration techniques in the Seurat workflows. These include normalisation as a component of integration:
https://satijalab.org/seurat/articles/integration_rpca.html
Comment: Its not necessarily about ML, but I am specifically using a classifier, in this case a random forest.  So that may affect one's choice of normalization.  For instance binarization may do just fine for a random forest but you would obviously never use that if you were trying to find DEGs.


78 Corvette Transmission Leaking

Question: When I check my transmission with the motor running the dip stick indicates there is no transmission fluid but when I check the dip stick with the engine off the dip stick shows it to be full. I don get it!
Comment: How are you meant to check the fluid level? some manufacturers require the engine running and cycled through the gears or after the engine has been switched off and waited for a few minutes etc etc Until you know the exact procedure for your car and transmission don't add any more.
Answer: In an automatic GM transmission of that era, you need to check the transmission fluid with the engine/tranny completely warmed up, on level ground, in neutral (parking brake applied), and the engine running. If it shows low, you need to add fluid. You DO NOT want to overfill the transmission, though. Add a little bit (1/2 a quart at most), then cycle the transmission through the gears slowly, ending back up in neutral. Pull the dipstick, wipe it off, restick, pull again and then check the level. If still low, add a little more and follow the same process. Overfilling an automatic transmission can be just as bad as it being under. It may cause seals to blow due to higher fluid pressures.
You need to check on/around your transmission for leaks and see if it is moist somewhere. If so, you don't want to keep running the transmission low on fluid. These transmissions are basically closed, meaning it doesn't use any fluid in the process of doing its business. If you find it low again after topping it off, you have an issue you need to have checked.
Comment: When the engine is running the torque converter is filled with oil , that is the time to check fill level. When off , the oil runs out of the converter back into the sump and raises the level.
Comment: @blacksmith37 - Some will drain out, but there's a bunch left in there. It could possibly at the *most* drain down to the inside bottom of the drive hub, but this doesn't mean it will. That leaves approx. 1/2 of the fluid left in the TC. Measuring the fluid while running is how GM engineers designed it to be done, partially for what you're talking about, but also because it drains back out of all the nooks/crannies within the transmission when the engine (and thus the pump) aren't running. Good insight, though!

78 Corvette Transmission Leaking


Outdoor sump pump discharge distance

Question: I have an area in my backyard that after a hard rain will have 3-5 inches of standing water. Unfortunately it is in a drainage easement that is blocked further upstream so it backs up on my property. My plan was to install 4 flo well drywell kits in a large gravel pit so that the water can collect there and leach off over time. One of the fears I have is that it won't be enough during sustained heavy rain periods of the year so I was thinking of installing an outdoor sump pump in an overflow pit. The one concern I have is the only area that I can send the water to is about 265' away with about a 4-5' upward slope. Is there any sump pump that can discharge that far?
Comment: I have already checked on the drainage easement enforcement. Ultimately no one is going to enforce it short of taking the offending properties to court or asking nicely. It is simply put on the plans as a means to give the property owner civil options.

As for where the water would be pumped. It is planned to go to the easement drainage ditch that borders the front of my property. Checked with the appropriate authorities and they assured me that is the intention of the ditch. It is there to allow both property runoff and street runoff to be collected.
Comment: Drainage easement sounds like an area that has rules/regulations against blockage.  Maybe contact someone in charge to have the blockage removed?
Comment: Who's property would you be pumping the water on to?  There are certain regulations on doing that. check with the locals.
Comment: If you're real lucky the drain above you won't flow into the drain you want to pump water out of.
Answer: In your scenario I'd probably dig a giant pit, install a deep concrete sump on the hill side of the pit.  I'd landscape fabric the pit and then install rock into the pit.  The rock pit will fill with the water and dissipate over time.  The fabric will prevent the pit clogging with fines.
In the case that the pit can't handle the volume, you set a hi/low electronic float switch and have a sump pump pump, when the hi sensor is hit, uphill to a secondary sump pit.  I typically use 1/6HP sump pumps, they are cheap and if you aren't cycling them all the time they last a long time (it is typically the on/off that kills the pump, not the pump time).  I'd repeat the secondary sump pit up the hill based on the specs for the sump pumps.  I'd rather install 6x$60 sump pumps than have to install some super expensive pump that can do the whole job.
5-6' of vertical isn't bad but the frictional losses over the 250' of pipe are going to be significant.  The larger the pipe the less frictional losses.  I'd probably go for 2" pvc.
You can certainly get pumps that can do any distance.  Gold Rush the series typically dewater their mining cuts which are near rivers and use 8" pumps that are taking water long distances and going up steep inclines.  These pumps can cost hundreds of thousands.  Water slide parks have huge pumps that are pushing large volumes of water upwards of 40 vertical feet in 12" schedule 40 pvc pipe.  The pumps on commercial infrastructure like this are likely outside your price range.
The passive approach of a larger rock pit is going to be the better long term approach.
Comment: Thank you. I was thinking something similar to this. We are doing the large rock pit with the flo wells to provide larger voids to allow a little more capacity. I'm actually wondering if that will end up being enough.
Comment: a flo well kit looks like 50 gallons and they look shallow.  you have lots of land so maybe a shallow rock pit is easiest.  i am always constrained on tiny lots so have to go vertical.  also depends on your soil type.  you could also do a pond with a liner uphill and get a secondary benefit, throw some fish in, a small island dock / row boat.
Comment: Yeah. There will be 4 of the flo wells in a large gravel pit. I'm curious if I could output to a 4 inch corrugated and still make it to the road.
Answer: The static head of 5 feet or so (perhaps 10-15 with the pump underground) is trivial for most sump pumps. The distance is mostly a matter of choosing large enough diameter discharge pipe so the dynamic head (friction when actually pumping) is not excessive.
What happens in winter may be an issue - that's a long line that you're probably not going to want to have drain back every time the pump operates, unless you have a HUGE sump so it makes very little difference to the sump level, but with check valves on it it's going to be a long pipe full of water that probably can't be buried very deeply, certainly not at the discharge-into-ditch end.
Comment: Wonder if I could output to a 4 inch corrugated and still make it to the road.

Outdoor sump pump discharge distance


How to use 3-drive IDE cable?

Question: I saw a 3-drive IDE cable at Monoprice but I've never seen this  before. How would you set the jumpers on the drives and their positions to use this cable?
Answer: PATA IDE supports 2 drives per channel max. So even if you have the extra drop you can't use it.  This cable would probably work with only two drives attached though, unless there's something (else) weird about this cable. :)
The cable you linked to just happens to be a 40-pin ribbon cable with 4 drops, and these people have mistakenly labeled it as an "IDE" cable.  There's more uses for ribbon cables than just IDE in a standard PC, and you can get them in many different wire/drop count combinations from electronic supply companies.
Answer: The cable in the link is over a yard long.  Some old full tower/server chassis had really long distances between the motherboard's IDE connector and the drive bays.  This cable would span those distances.

How to use 3-drive IDE cable?