How would a civilization deal with Jupiter level gravity for colonization

Question: Consider the planets of the solar system. Each one is unique with its own unique problems when it comes to colonization. This question is specifically about one aspect of living on Jupiter. Based on other questions asked on this site by others I have discovered that up to 1.5 Gs could be handled for living on a planet if with increased mortality and a number of side effects. Jupiter is the only planet in the solar system with gravity above that range, approaching 2.5 Gs.The only body with higher gravity is the Sun. This is too high to permit unaided colonization as has been established. However what about aided colonization. Are there any hypothetical technologies that would permit people to survive Jupiter level gravity for living on the planet. If not what about for seasonal research trips as is done with Antarctica. I would prefer solutions that are modifications to the city not the people as the civilization I was asking for doesn't have genetic engineering and this vastly complicates mobility between planets. While it might be interesting to have a world where each planet is inhabited by a different subspecies that is not what I'm trying here. Alternate plans are being formulated for keeping the city in the planet's atmosphere not falling down. Unless a specific means is required for a plan don't worry about it. I have heard some people mention fluid support vaguely and want to know if there are any other options.Details about fluid support are somewhat annoying to find so far. For any options you post can you explain why it works as this civilization uses magitek primarily and I will probably have to convert it so a explanation as to how it works would be nice
Comment: What is the reason of this colonization, and tech level available?
Comment: Honestly, if surface gravity is such an issue I would probably recommend building a colony station in orbit instead. By adjusting it's spin you can set it to whatever comfortable gravity level you need. Plus by using drones and exo-suites you can still run your colony using local resources from the planet below.
Answer: This was discussed in Mission of Gravity by Hal Clement where the planet has 3G of gravity at the equator. The way that the characters deal with gravity is to live in baths of breathable liquid which supported their body though hydraulic pressure countering the gravity. Characters communicated through the fluid with radios and such as it was written in the 50's. To walk around on the planet a powered exoskeleton was used to assist movement.
A spell could be used to make water breathable which people would use for rest and most likely everyone would wear a powered exoskeleton or something similar to amplify their strength and allow movement on the planet. Most of the issues for powered exoskeletons are actually solved with magitech so translation to higher gravity would not be as large of a issue as first conceived everything just needs to be more powerful per unit weight which will be more expensive.


What is the simplest safe way to convey a password to another person?

Question: What is the easiest way for two people – neither of whom are computer specialists and cannot meet in person – to send a password for an encrypted file that is attached to an email?
The two simplest methods are these: telephone the other person and read the password over the phone; or write in the email questions that the NSA and other hackers couldn't possible answer. The answers or parts thereof when compiled can then be the password or hashed to provide a password.
Asking non-technically minded people to install full PGP to send a password is not realistic. Is there a simple piece of JavaScript out there that can do a Diffie-Hellman, so the resulting shared key can become the password?
Comment: Tell them via Phone - if the NSA is listening on your phone, they are most likely already monitoring your PC and have the files you want to pack in the encrypted archive. Otherwise it is perfectly safe ;-)
Comment: This question was marked as duplicate, and I can see the logic behind that. However, this OP explicitly wants to avoid PGP, which seems to be the favored suggestion in the "duplicate" question. Moreover, the OP asks about tools for a Diffie-Hellman exchange, which is not mentioned at all among the answers to the "duplicate" question. I think the title of this question should be revised, rather than the question being marked duplicate.
Answer: I too have tried to come up with a good solution for this. But I found https://onetimesecret.com/ which works great.
Basically you create a link containing a password and you send this link to the intended recipient. As soon as the receiver clicks on the link, the link expires and the password is deleted. So the receiver only has one time to copy the password. A one-time secret.
Comment: "One time secret" does a good job, but it does depend on you trusting the site. Deciding whether to use it depends on the information that you sending.
Comment: @Grimmjow We assume that the code that onetimesecret has used on their website is the same as the code that they've published via github.  ;)  At some point, we do have to trust.
Comment: Then you might as well send the first password by SMS too. You will never know if your SMS has been intercepted (except for NSA) and the password will not expire unless the recipient deletes it. One-time secrete is not bulletproof but well enough for non-technically minded people.
Comment: Yes of course, that's a great point. At lest it's opensource https://github.com/onetimesecret/onetimesecret
Comment: Nice. If expired, the user will know that someone has already clicked.
Comment: But can't you do that without a third party site too? Tell the other person the "secret" password on the phone, and the server will accept that password exactly once (forcing the user to enter another one). You could even do that as a three-pass protocol, too (tell the other person a second password if and only if the server accepted the first).
Comment: Exactly. You can also password protect links, but then you need to send the password for the link to the recipient as well.
Comment: You could send the password for the link by SMS
Comment: @Peter you have to trust the site, but since the site has no way to know how do you plan to use that password, nor has access to your file, it's unlikely someone manages to both intercept your file, your url, and corrupt them into giving him the password.
Comment: Re SMS, you could use a tool like TextSecure to be able to securely send SMS messages, and it's pretty easy to set up.
Comment: @Grimmjow - To get the original password, someone needs to know the link and the link password. If you send the link password by SMS, and the SMS is intercepted, that doesn't get them the original password. Typical of SecSE that your comment was upvoted despite this flaw!
Comment: Of course, knowing that someone else has already clicked the link does nothing to help you stop them from opening the file; it just stops you from also opening the file. So what this does is ensure that only one person can get that password... even if that person is the attacker who somehow got to that webpage before you.
Comment: @anaximander Though you could send the link first, & only when the intended receipient confirms to you that they have the password do you encrypt & send the file.
Comment: @anorton Well yes, you could say that about any opensource project. But as someone pointed out earlier, onetimesecret doesn't know the purpose of the password. Even if they did intercept all passwords, they wouldn't know how to use or where.

They could use the passwords to create a big wordlist, but you could say that about every website.
Comment: For most practical purposes onetimesecret is fine. The dangers would be if onetimesecret were able to keep a copy of your password for the NSA, who would know who created it and who received it. In any event, the NSA (either via ontimesecret or through monitoring computer traffic at either end) would add the password to their data bank of known used passwords to brute force the encrypted file.
Comment: I can vouch for onetimesecret, though I wouldn't share all your secrets on it alone :)
Comment: I also can vouch for one time secret. I checked out their code on github and it looked good but I was concerned that their was no encryption taking place. I don't mean to self promote but I created free.ghostcipher.com as a way to easily share secrets that encrypts data in the browser before sending it to the server. The server never gets the keys. All this can be confirmed by looking at the network requests in the developer tools.
Comment: Also, there are alternatives like pwpush.com that have APIs https://www.saashub.com/compare-passwordpusher-vs-one-time-secret
Answer: There is no foolproof way to ensure secrecy, but you can make it quite difficult.
One may assume that all electronic communication is constantly monitored so is insecure. However physical mail is certainly not going to be intercepted unless the sender or recipient is under suspicion or is being observed. I suggest you write the password down and mail it in a tamper proof envelope. Once the recipient confirms receipt of the password you can then mail them the file.
Note that this still doesn't guarantee security. A determined and capable attacker (such as the NSA) has other means to get the contents of the file.
Comment: Assumptions on the security of snail mail may be grossly off-mark in some jurisdictions.
Comment: @DeerHunter - its not a matter of jurisdiction, it is a question on the logistics of checking large volumes of physical items. And email can be scanned in a microsecond by a computer. It takes a person minutes to carefully steam open a letter.
Answer: For sending not very sensitive stuff, eg. holiday family pictures I place an encrypted ZIP file on my dropbox and send an email with the link.
In the email I describe the password verbally, using information that is hard to know to the public, but easy to know for the recipient. Much like you do.
However, in my experience, unzipping an encrypted ZIP file is already a non-trivial task to most non-technical friends.
Answer: If your not opposed to snail mail...
I know that the military uses DHL mailing service with tracking in order to ship sensitive material.  You could write down the code seal it in an envelope which you then hand sign across the seal.  Place that envelope inside of another manila envelope which is not see through and seal all edges of this envelope with packaging tape.  Do not have any distinguishing markings on this envelope.  Place this package into DHL envelope. As for where this should be sent I would setup a trusted third party to act as a mail drop box between myself and the receiver. This might be a person or possibly another business which offers this type of service.
Face to face physical transfer of sensitive material is almost always the best way to exchange this sort of information if you want to ensure control over this information. (Although being present during the transfer presents other issues depending on whether your trying to hide your movements or if you are already under some kinds of surveillance.)
Setting up a direct communication line (cat 5, coax etc.) between yourself and the other party could allow you to send electronic information without being monitored.
As far as using a Diffie-Hellman, I think that is a great idea.  Why not read the algorithm and write your own?  this way you are sure that no one else is aware of the specific algo. you are using. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffie%E2%80%93Hellman_key_exchange
Source: 9 years of military service and some naval security manuals which I forget the names of.
Comment: I'm too dumb to write my own code, but someone seems to have done it here in javascript http://prgomez.com/ursa/
Comment: Is there any scenario where setting up a direct communication line like a Cat-5 between yourself and the other party is actually a viable solution?
Comment: You should never "roll your own" cryptography implementation. https://security.stackexchange.com/a/18198/91506
Answer: If it's one off, call them. It would take vast resources to filter through calls and conversations to track down a password - outside NSA off course, which may already have access without password anyway.
To do this in bulk, you need to set up a PKI infrastructure.
Answer: I have found a downloadable html file on-line, which enables you to do a simple Diffie-Hillman exchange.
http://prgomez.com/ursa/
You input a secret key of your choice and make a public key; your partner does the same. Next, you exchange public keys with your partner. Then both of you merge your own secret key with your partner's public key. The result of the merger is that you both come up with same secret key, which can be used as a password. The beauty of this is that you don't need software on your computer and it is relatively easy to use.
Comment: @OskarLindberg OK, these are the developers instructions, not mine:1. It is assumed this process is being followed by 2 different persons. They have both generated a secret key and its matching public key
Both copy their public key and send it to other person. After retrieving the other person's public key, they both paste it in box 2 of their respective browsers.Both type or paste their own secret key in box 1.

5. They both hit the "Merge Keys" button below box 2. The same shared secret string will appear in box 3, on both browsers. See http://prgomez.com/ursa/instructions.html
Comment: That link doesn't work what gives?!!!!!!
Comment: I'm confused as how to use the page you linked in practice for the Diffie-Hillman exchange. Following your instructions as best I can interpret them, I do not end up with the same key as a result. Can you elaborate, please?
Comment: Thank you. I'm slightly embarrassed that I did not see that - I did look through the instruction document, but with the intent of finding something about "Diffie-Hillman" explicitly.


How to delete many-to-many relationship in Entity Framework without loading all of the data

Question: Does anyone know how to delete many-to-many relationship in ADO.NET Entity Framework without having to load all of the data? In my case I have an entity Topic that has a property Subscriptions and I need to remove a single subscription. The code myTopic.Subscriptions.Remove(...) works but I need to load all subscriptions first (e.g. myTopic.Subscriptions.Load()) and I don't want to do that because there are lots (and I mean lots) of subscriptions.
Answer: You can Attach() a subscription then Remove() it - note, we're not using Add() here, just Attach, so effectively we're telling EF that we know the object is attached in the store, and asking it to behave as if that were true.
var db = new TopicDBEntities();
var topic = db.Topics.FirstOrDefault(x => x.TopicId == 1);

// Get the subscription you want to delete
var subscription = db.Subscriptions.FirstOrDefault(x => x.SubscriptionId == 2);
topic.Subscriptions.Attach(subscription); // Attach it (the ObjectContext now 'thinks' it belongs to the topic)
topic.Subscriptions.Remove(subscription); // Remove it
db.SaveChanges(); // Flush changes

This whole exchange, including getting the original topic from the database sends these 3 queries to the database:
SELECT TOP (1)
[Extent1].[TopicId] AS [TopicId],
[Extent1].[Description] AS [Description]
FROM [dbo].[Topic] AS [Extent1]
WHERE 1 = [Extent1].[TopicId]

SELECT TOP (1)
[Extent1].[SubscriptionId] AS [SubscriptionId],
[Extent1].[Description] AS [Description]
FROM [dbo].[Subscription] AS [Extent1]
WHERE 2 = [Extent1].[SubscriptionId]

exec sp_executesql N'delete [dbo].[TopicSubscriptions]
where (([TopicId] = @0) and ([SubscriptionId] = @1))',N'@0 int,@1 int',@0=1,@1=2

so it's not pulling all the subscriptions at any point.
Comment: Is there any way to remove the subscriptions without having to load them first?  Thanks!
Answer: This is how to delete without first loading any data. This works in EF5. Not sure about earlier versions.
var db = new TopicDBEntities();

var topic = new Topic { TopicId = 1 };
var subscription = new Subscription { SubscriptionId = 2};
topic.Subscriptions.Add(subscription);

// Attach the topic and subscription as unchanged
// so that they will not be added to the db
// but start tracking changes to the entities
db.Topics.Attach(topic);

// Remove the subscription
// EF will know that the subscription should be removed from the topic
topic.subscriptions.Remove(subscription);

// commit the changes
db.SaveChanges();

Answer: One way would be to have a stored proc that will delete your child records directly on the DB and include it in your EF model; then just call it from your DataContext.
Answer: Here is my example ...where i know the foreign keys and i don't want to do a db round trip.
I hope this helps someone...
Given:
[client]<--- many-to-many --->[Medication]
Client objClient = new Client() { pkClientID = pkClientID };
EntityKey entityKey = _commonContext.CreateEntityKey("Client", objClient);
objClient.EntityKey = entityKey;
_commonContext.Attach(objClient); //just load entity key ...no db round trip

Medication objMed = new Medication() { pkMedicationID = pkMedicationID };
EntityKey entityKeyMed = _commonContext.CreateEntityKey("Medication", objMed);
objMed.EntityKey = entityKeyMed;
_commonContext.Attach(objMed);

objClient.Medication.Attach(objMed);
objClient.Medication.Remove(objMed); //this deletes
_commonContext.SaveChanges();

Answer: If the foreign keys are set, referential integrity should do automatically via the DBMS itself when deleting the parent entities.
If you use code first, as far as I learned in a MVA tutorial, ON DELETE CASCADE is the default behavior set by EF6. If running DB first, you should alter your childtable(s)...
Here is the link: https://mva.microsoft.com/en-US/training-courses/implementing-entity-framework-with-mvc-8931?l=pjxcgEC3_7104984382
In the Video it's mentioned at 20:00 upwards and in the slide presentation it is said on page 14.
Cheers


Connecting to MS SQL Server using FreeTDS: Error 20002: "Adaptive Server connection failed"

Question: I am trying to use FreeTDS to connect from a Linux server (RHEL v7) to a separate server running MS SQL Server 2014. However, when attempting to connect with tsql I get the following errors (error message differs depending on whether I include username and password):
$ tsql -S MYSERVER
locale is "en_US.UTF-8"
locale charset is "UTF-8"
using default charset "UTF-8"
Error 20002 (severity 9):
        Adaptive Server connection failed
There was a problem connecting to the server
$ tsql -S MYSERVER -U myusername -P mypassword
locale is "en_US.UTF-8"
locale charset is "UTF-8"
using default charset "UTF-8"
Error 20017 (severity 9):
        Unexpected EOF from the server
Error 20002 (severity 9):
        Adaptive Server connection failed
There was a problem connecting to the server

Additionally, running tsql -LH gives no output:
$ tsql -LH MYSERVER
$

I don't believe the issue is with a firewall or anything else on the SQL Server side, because:

I am able to telnet to the server:
$ telnet my.server.address 1433
Trying 220.127.116.114...
Connected to my.server.address.

And, I can successfully connect to the SQL Server via ODBC from a (Windows) laptop, via the ODBC Data Source Administrator utility.

Contents of my /etc/freetds.conf:
[global]
  tds version = 7.0
; tds version = 4.2
...
[MYSERVER]
  host = my.server.address
  port = 1433
  tds version = 7.0

Contents of TDSDUMP log file after running tsql -S MYSERVER:
log.c:167:Starting log file for FreeTDS 0.95.19
  on 2015-11-18 10:02:20 with debug flags 0x4fff.
iconv.c:328:tds_iconv_open(0x1c53d90, UTF-8)
iconv.c:187:local name for ISO-8859-1 is ISO-8859-1
iconv.c:187:local name for UTF-8 is UTF-8
iconv.c:187:local name for UCS-2LE is UCS-2LE
iconv.c:187:local name for UCS-2BE is UCS-2BE
iconv.c:346:setting up conversions for client charset "UTF-8"
iconv.c:348:preparing iconv for "UTF-8" <-> "UCS-2LE" conversion
iconv.c:395:preparing iconv for "ISO-8859-1" <-> "UCS-2LE" conversion
iconv.c:400:tds_iconv_open: done
net.c:202:Connecting to 184.108.40.2064 port 1433 (TDS version 7.0)
net.c:274:tds_open_socket: connect(2) returned "Operation now in progress"
net.c:313:tds_open_socket() succeeded
util.c:165:Changed query state from DEAD to IDLE
login.c:797:using GSS authentication
gssapi.c:218:using kerberos name MSSQLSvc/my.server.address:1433
gssapi.c:230:gss_import_name: GSS_S_COMPLETE: gss_import_name completed successfully.
gssapi.c:318:gss_init_sec_context: actual mechanism at 0x(nil)
gssapi.c:334:gss_init_sec_context: min_stat 2529639136 "Unknown error -1765328160"
gssapi.c:374:gss_init_sec_context: GSS_S_FAILURE: The routine failed for reasons that are not defined at the GSS level.
login.c:472:login packet rejected
query.c:3769:tds_disconnect()
util.c:165:Changed query state from IDLE to DEAD
util.c:322:tdserror(0x1c53ca0, 0x1c53d90, 20002, 0)
util.c:352:tdserror: client library returned TDS_INT_CANCEL(2)
util.c:375:tdserror: returning TDS_INT_CANCEL(2)
mem.c:648:tds_free_all_results()

Comment: I would like to know that!
Answer: just remove special character from password and try again , i got the same problem and solve this way
Answer: You can edit freetds.conf file. It's in /usr/local/etc/ or /etc/freedts/.
add:
encryption = off

If your SQL Server is the old version.


Being sustainable in a rental in the tropics

Question: In a couple of weeks I'll moving to Far North Queensland in Australia, 16.9 degrees south, hot and humid. I'll be renting, and am wondering how to reduce my footprint when air con will be a necessity.
Answer: The first piece of advice is to try to acclimatize to the hot weather as soon as possible - try to adapt to the environment. As time go on try to use the air conditioner less and less and the ceiling fans more and more and then try to use the fans less and less.
If possible try to live in a house that is elevated above the ground, one that is on stilts. Preferably one that offers good cross flow ventilation internally. Some older houses in the tropics can have partially louvered internal walls. This will help with cross flow ventilation.
One of the issues with modern houses in the tropics, built at ground level is they are closed up all day when people are at work. This causes heat to accumulate inside and when the occupants return home they return to a very hot house. One where both the air and contents (furniture etc.) are all hot. This includes the mattress on the bed and cooling that can take a long time. Sleeping on a hot mattress can be very uncomfortable.
Elevated houses, if done properly and securely, can be left open all day. Have a window open at each end of the house and leave all the internal doors open. This allows air to move throughout the house during the day and it won't be as hot as a closed house.
In terms of the mattress you sleep on. Consider a water bed with the water heater turned off. You may need to have a blanket, or similar, between the mattress and the sheet you lie on. Without one it may be too cold to sleep on such a large body of water, even in the tropics. If possible place the bed under a ceiling fan.
For uniform light conditions at night, a room with a ceiling fan needs to have sconce lights on the wall, no lights on the ceiling or the bottom of a rotating fan. Every fan wobbles.
In terms of heat from solar absorption a house painted in a lighter color than a darker color is better. Similarly, a house made of wood is better than one made of bricks, concrete or metal, because of the heat retention and radiation of different building materials.
A house that is shaded as much as possible: veranda, window shutters, shade cloths is better than one with no shading.
An abode with a well established jungle like garden with lots of shade will produce a cooler environment around the home than an empty garden or one with low height plants or one with no plants. Avoid concreted or paved pavements on the property, particularly large expanses such as wide driveways.
If you throw away food stuffs/scraps into the bin, freeze it and then when the bin is placed out for emptying put the frozen food waste in the bin. This will prevent the food from rotting in the bin and it will not attract insects and other animals. It will also prevent the bin from smelling of rotting food.
Comment: Some good hints in this answer. Freezing food scraps for example, when one doesn't have access to composting. Fans with lights are a bugbear in my present accommodation, I use side lamps.
Answer: In the tropics, solar panels are very useful to reduce your carbon footprint. Since your energy consumption is dominated by air conditioning, and air conditioning need is largest during daytime, solar panel output correlates extremely well with your energy need.
Since you will live in a rental building, you probably can't install solar panels on your own roof. But maybe you could still own solar generation (indirectly). There are many companies that are in the business of generating electricity, and I'm sure in the tropics some of those companies are investing massively to solar production, because in the tropics it's the cheapest way currently to generate electricity. So if you buy enough many stocks of such an electricity company, you can claim that part of their production is your own, and that your electricity usage therefore is clean. That's what I do. I live so far in north, that solar panels don't make much sense, but wind power makes a lot of sense, as do nuclear and hydropower. So I invest in companies generating electricity with wind, nuclear and hydro.
The second important thing is to ensure that your air conditioning is as efficient as it can be. By far, the best air conditioner is a mini split unit. It's installed in such a manner that hole is drilled to the wall, and there are  separate small outdoor and indoor units. Try to find a rental place that already has a mini split.
Of the permanent air conditioners, the second best is a window unit that doesn't have separate outdoor and indoor units so it's less efficient, but it's still better than the worst portable units.
If you have to use a portable air conditioner you yourself purchase because the rental place doesn't already have AC, the best is a portable mini split. It has separate outdoor and indoor units, and refrigerant lines between them. However, in very hot places you have to open a door slightly and carry the outdoor unit outdoors, so heat can leak. Also, you can use such a unit only at first floor or if you have a balcony.
The second best portable unit is a two duct portable unit. The entire unit is indoors, but it takes air outdoors from an inlet duct and expels it via another duct. Try to add an adapter to an open window that prevents air mixing and has holes for these two ducts.
By far, the worst portable unit is a single duct unit, since it's taking already cooled indoor air, heating it and blowing it outdoors, so it's expelling already cooled air (very inefficient), and replacement hot air has to come from somewhere. The worst way to use such a portable unit is to have an open window with duct hanging out there.
I use such portable units in the worst possible way in Finland. It's never so hot here that it would be a genuine problem. If you want to cool indoor air more than 5 Celsius degrees cooler than outdoor air, then a portable unit with duct hanging from an open window will probably not work. But it's never so hot there that I would have to suffer. The worst days have maybe 30 - 32 degrees Celsius outdoors.
You can make a single-duct portable unit slightly better by making an adapter to a window that has a hole for the duct. The replacement air has to come from somewhere, but you won't have much air mixing.
If you want an air conditioner that doesn't create noise pollution indoors, then a mini split is in practice a necessity.
Comment: Every air conditioner will remove humidity, too.
Comment: Thank you, @juhist Lots of good info on air conditioners, it'll be interesting to see what sort the landlord will provide. I hope it'll be possible to remove humitdity from the indoor air. I've started to look into purchasing ownership in a sustainable energy provider.


Is there anyway to tell if a Stalker is after you?

Question: On Warframe, you can obtain a DeathMark by killing a boss in the game. When you have the DeathMark, the Stalker Mini-Boss has a chance to spawn and attack you. The Harvester ( a Stalker-like enemy) sends you a message when you get his mark (well, Alad V does). Does the Stalker send a message like the Harvester? If not, is there a way to know if you earned a DeathMark, or if you have one?
Answer: Yes. The Harvester and Stalker both have relatively similar spawns. Each one will give you a Death Mark and send a message accordingly, as well as flickering the lights and playing their respective soundtrack.
Just so you know, this is all covered on the Warframe Wikia pages as well. http://warframe.wikia.com/wiki/Harvester
http://warframe.wikia.com/wiki/Stalker
Comment: By "message" do you mean a letter (like when the Harvester is out for you) or the in-game NPC talk message.
Comment: @ShadowZorgon Not entirely sure what you mean by "letter" but I think that's it. It's the exact same for both of them.
Comment: When the harvester goes after you, Alad V will send you a piece of mail that says you are part of his project now.
Comment: The same will happen with the Stalker, with the message "Your actions have consequences..."
Answer: As of Update 15: Archwing, your profile screen will now tell you if you have a mark active:


Can I use words like "Laboratory" or "Pharmacy" in my website or company name?

Question: Is it illegal to use "pharmacy" or "laboratory" words in the name of an LLC or website that is not related to a real pharmacy or laboratory? i.e. using "healthlaboratory.com" and "health laboratory" brand name for a supplement company.
Answer: Usually the corporation registration law will not prohibit the use of either of these words (there are some words related to banking and the appearance that the entity is a government that often are regulated).
The word laboratory is rarely regulated and can encompass a multitude of senses of that word.
The word pharmacy would often be restricted, not in the corporate registration law but in the pharmacy regulation law, unless it is used in manner that clearly indicates that it isn't a true pharmacy, e.g. "Fashion Pharmacy" or "Marriage Pharmacy."
Needless to say, you still can't use a trademarked name that another company already has like "Walgreens Pharmacy" or "Underwriter's Laboratory" in a place to which the trademark extends.
If you create a possibility of genuine consumer confusion, you could face liability if you mislead someone into thinking it is a particular kind of laboratory or pharmacy under deceptive trade practices laws.
Of course, different jurisdictions have different rules and your mileage may vary.
Answer: Yes, but ...
australia
There are lists of words and expressions that require permission to be incorporated into a business or company name. Neither "laboratory" nor "pharmacy" are on those lists.
However, it is unlawful under the Australian Consumer Law to engage in deceptive or misleading conduct in trade or business. Using "pharmacy" or "laboratory" in your name might do this - it will depend on the context.
For example, calling your cocktail bar "The Mix Lab" is probably fine; calling yourself "Sydney Pharmacy" when you aren't a pharmacist probably isn't.


Wheels head lights brake lights stuck from ghsn28 car custom command when transferring from 1.12 to 1.13

Question: I had an old 1.12 car custom command, and I moved to 1.13 and tried to break the car. Now the tires and headlights are stuck, what can I do to fix this?
Comment: Commands don't update properly from 1.12 to 1.13, you have to adapt them to the new syntax yourself. I recommend not upgrading worlds that rely heavily on command blocks or functions.
Answer: The wheel is probably an armor stand. To get rid of it you can use this command:
/kill @e[type=armor_stand,distance=..5]

The /kill command kills specified entities
@e means to target all entities
type=armor_stand means to only target armor stands
distance=..5 means to only target entities within a block radius of 5 or under.

If it isn't an armor stand, you can find out what entity it is by going into spectator mode.


Is there a popular expression in english to say "pasadomañana" as in spanish?

Question: There is in spanish a word "pasadomañana" to refer to the day after tomorrow, I wonder if maybe there is an popular/informal way to mean the same without say the day after tomorrow
Comment: I'm not aware of any - just say "the day after tomorrow".
Comment: There is the word _overmorrow_, but that word is, as covered in [How obsolete is the word _overmorrow_](https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/45412/how-obsolete-is-the-word-overmorrow), quite archaic and not used in normal conversation. I am not aware of any commonly used word either; we just say 'the day after tomorrow'.
Comment: Both Jeff and Janus are correct. One implication of Janus' point I'll call our explicitly: if you say *overmorrow*, no one will know what you mean. Though of course context solves all problems.....
Comment: From what I've seen pasado mañana is two words.
Comment: You have the Italian *dopodomani* if you like .
Answer: Yes absolutely! One of the most popular expressions to refer to the day after tomorrow is "in two days", an expression slightly shorter than "pasadomañana". Or something similar, depending on the context.
(In fact, it's so common that any answer that dares suggest it might seem condescending, but I'll try my best.)
This expression can be used in pretty much any type of writing: formal, informal, headlines, txtspk, spoken, written, period-specific, etc.
(This is not something true for "overmorrow", a now-obsolete word which appears neither in COCA nor Google N-Grams. It was never popular, since the OED marks it as "obsolete rare", so if you use this word you risk clarity.)
When used in informal writing, the number isn't always written out: "in 2 days". More rarely, in extremely informal writing, sometimes the space after 2 is removed. In places where hashtags are common, you can sometimes see things written as a hashtag, although this is also pretty rare: "in #2days".
Although there are many false positives, you can find more examples on Twitter (in two days, in 2 days, in 2days, in #2days).
There is also an adjective form, seen for example on Amazon:

FREE Two-Day Shipping through Amazon Prime
Comment: Hm...for whatever reason I never realized that 'in two days' meant 'the day after tomorrow'. Two days seems so far off to me, but tomorrow plus one so much closer.
Comment: It also brings into question which day was the first day. Does the counting start now, or tomorrow? While I'd agree with the standard timing mentioned above, I only had to go as far as my brother to find someone who counts it differently. Perhaps this is why we don't say it that way, or alternatively there is different understanding because we don't have any practice with it since we just say the other thing.
Answer: In recent years, casual conversation has begun using "sleeps" to describe future days.

Just two sleeps until I get my new Elmo slippers!

See this Twitter search about "two sleeps".
Alternatively, as shown by Tony's character in Seinfeld, you could just use the Spanish (pasadomañana, in this case) to add flavour to what you're saying.
Comment: As an American, I have never heard that particular use of "sleeps". In my area at least, most people would probably understand what you mean, but you'd get some pretty weird looks and maybe some questions about the weird usage of sleeps. This might be regional though, so it probably depends on where you're from as to whether this is common or not.
Comment: Also an American, and I have heard 'sleeps' but only by parents of small children, and it doesn't translate directly to days, because you have to account for naps.
Answer: Not really an expression, but how about this one: overmorrow?
Comment: https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/45412/how-obsolete-is-the-word-overmorrow
Comment: The question is asking for a popular or informal expression – this is very much neither. It's so archaic and obsolete, in fact, that many dictionaries no longer even have it.


Focus on publication during PhD

Question: I'm in th midst of pursuing a PhD and have a few potential papers in the works, but have lots of other analytical work to be done as well. It seems from my discussions with supervisors that there are plenty of opportunities to squeeze papers out of the work I'm doing, but I'm wondering I should balance these ambitions with working on the core part of my project. I'm curious to know how different people here who have done or are doing a PhD balance writing up papers with other work in their project. Thanks!
Comment: You seem to contrast writing papers to the "core part" of your project. I wonder what that is... and why writing papers is not "core".
Answer: This entirely depends on context (country, university, subject field, your year & PhD length, any other expectations, etc). Nobody will be able to give much specific advice in general, but I assume you're just trying to get a sense for what it's like for others?
Personally (UK, Math/Phys PhD), I've published papers when the opportunity has arisen. At those times, writing them up has been the focus. But in my case, that work could feed into (or at least be relevant enough to mention in) my main project.
My advice would be to trust your supervisor, or speak with others in your peer/research group, as they'll have a much better idea of what is manageable and what is expected for you.
Answer: What discipline is it? Are you writing an article-based dissertation, or able to convert your current dissertation to that? If you have to write a monograph, can you publish a paper that can also be used as a chapter in your dissertation without too much revision?
I did my PhD in the humanities in Norway a good while ago, before article-based dissertations were possible in the humanities. My approach was to publish papers and rework them into my dissertation. I think this was the right approach - you need experience publishing and that's how people actually learn about and engage with your research and how you'll get a job.
I think this may be different in the USA as I have seen people get tenure-track jobs at elite universities with NO PUBLICATIONS which baffles me and would be entirely impossible in Norway. Perhaps they had extremely good dissertations and a book contract when they were hired? Or perhaps American academia is corrupt? I don't know.
Answer: I'm in Statistics. From my point of view "balancing things" is a good attitude. Having the odd paper (say two of them) when you finish and apply for the next stage is certainly good, however, depending on the field and the place you are in or applying to, digging deeper can be appreciated at some point. This means that taking the time to let certain things mature, to question and revisit them before you publish, and in this way making them ready for a higher level journal publication, can pay off. Publishing early is good but takes some extra effort, and if it distracts you from developing things in more depth, it can become a problem. In some places they count publications but in some (often better) places they have a closer look at what you have done, and may find more potential in people who don't feel they need to get out every small thing as a paper for career reasons.

Focus on publication during PhD


Current through virtual ground in op-amps

Question: I am currently trying to understand op-amps. I found a video on youtube about I to V convertor and I am wondering since we have a virtual ground, due to $$V_1 = V_2$$ and then there is ground right below the current source (so we have ground on both sides of the source) why is the current through the resistor $$R_F=I_{in}$$ since I would expect the current from the current source to go from the ground below the current source, through the current source and then to the (virtual) ground since the virtual ground, in my mind, short circuits the input terminals of the op-amp.
Comment: Current from the current source does NOT go to Ground. (IB1 = 0). It goes to VO via Rf.
Comment: Don't forget that op-amp has also ... pins for the power supply.
Answer: "bringing" both inputs to the same voltage does not connect them, so no, they are not shorted. The fact that V1 and V2 are the same is an effect of current flowing out or into the Opamps' output, not the effect of connecting them. The feedback structure just makes the opamp produce exactly the amount of current necessary to make the whole circuit act in a way that brings V1 to the same level as V2.

in my mind, short circuits the input terminals of the op-amp.

So, that's the misconception here!
Answer: In addition to Marcus Müller`s explanation - here is another one:
As one of the most important properties of negative feedback, any amplifier is forced to assume an operating (quiescent) point within its linear operating range.
That means: The active part of the whole circuit (here: The "naked" opamp unit) acts with its very large open-loop gain Aol (which, unfortunately, is frequency-dependent).
Example: Aol=100dB (1E5). When, for example, the output shows a value of 1 volt, the voltage difference between both opamp input terminals will be 1V/(1E5)=10µV. As you can see, the voltage difference will never be zero - however, it is so small that this tiny difference voltage can be assumed to be zero (with an error that in most cases can be tolerated).


Which starts first ? BootExecute or PendingFileRenameOperations?

Question: There are some keys in HKLM\System\CurrentControlSet\Control\Session Manager, including
BootExecute and PendingFileRenameOperations.
Which starts first ? BootExecute or PendingFileRenameOperations ???
Answer: According to a Sysinternals Process Monitor bootlog (and unsurprisingly...) BootExecute start first then PendingFileRenameOperations...
In my log
BootExecute                 start at 18:43:45, 4660048
PendingFileRenameOperations start at 18:43:45, 4861988
Answer: BootExecute will start first (most likely because it can be used to do jobs to bring the file system in order, e.g. do a checkdisk, complete partition management, etc.), without which there would be no renaming because no file system.


Difference between constitutional and executive presidents( U.S and EU)?

Question: In what way is the position "president" different in presidential and parliamentary democracies? Presidential would be like in the USA and parliamentary would be like the UK's system.
Comment: VtC as unclear. Please edit your question so it's less confusing. Might you be wondering what the difference is between the powers of the US president and the EU president? Or do you have something else in mind?
Comment: There is no president in the UK (there is only a prime minister and a monarch). But there are parliamentary republics which do have a president as (mostly) ceremonial head of state in addition to the executive head of government, like Germany, India or Italy, for example.
Comment: Are you asking this about the US specifically (given the US tag)? If so, please clarify that.
Comment: Yes sorry, justy did
Answer: The US has a constitution. Most EU states also have constitutions. I believe what you mean with your question is the difference between heads of government in parliamentary democracies vs. presidential democracies.
The key difference, in a typical parliamentary democracy the parliament can replace the head of government at any time, for political reasons.

This could be a vote of no confidence, as in "This House has no confidence in the Prime Minister." If the motion passes with a majority, the head of government must go and a new head of government must find a majority. Who gets to try differs from country to country, usually someone makes a judgement call as to who might be able to find a majority in parliament. If there is no majority, the rules might call for new parliamentary elections.
This could be a constructive vote of no confidence, as in "This House wants John Doe as new Chancellor." Here a majority against the old head of government isn't enough, it must be a majority for a new one before the old one has to go.

Of course knowing that this is possible will alter the shape of politics. When a head of government must have the support of parliament, he or she must respect the wishes of a majority of the legislators much more than a head of government who "merely" needs to pass a budget every now and then.


DTaskManager Runtime '5' error?

Question: I really enjoy using DTaskManager as an alternative to Windows TaskManager, but recently I've been getting Runtime Error '5' messages. It looks like DTaskManager was programmed in Visual Basic 6, but it is quite powerful. I'm running Windows 7 Enterprise x64 so I suspect that the error might be coming from a Visual Basic runtime problem. I'm not sure which registry keys to edit to fix the Runtime Error '5' message.
Answer: I know this post is old but it's one of the first results that pop up when you search this error and I would like to help out others who have this problem.
The problem may be caused by an application that manipulates how windows are displayed (like AWM (Actual Window Manager)). I also use DTaskManager and it was working right up until I installed AWM. From then on, it gave me the rune-time error '5' messages whenever I ran it.
Uninstalling AWM fixed the problem.
The version of AWM I had was 6.5.1
OS: Windows 7 64bit Ult
Comment: I don't believe that I installed this software, but it's good to know about this solution for those who are using AWM.

DTaskManager Runtime '5' error?


What is the difference between "ser casado" and "estar casado"?

Question: I have read that both ser and estar can be used with casado to give different connotations to the phrase "to be married." What exactly are the differences, and when would you use each verb?
Comment: This question is also somewhat covered by http://spanish.stackexchange.com/questions/987/why-is-estoy-used-when-saying-im-related-to
Answer: "Ser casado" can have two differnt "connotations"

The passive form. You are married BY someone. Check this Groucho Marx quote in Spanish and in English.

I was married by a judge. I should have asked for a jury.

It can also mean "to be married" in sentences like "soy un hombre casado" (I'm a married man) although in specific that case, I would say it's a pre-made sentence. No one would say (at least in Spain, which is where I am from) "soy casado".
We always use "estoy casado" ("married" being a condition that can change throughout the time). I believe that "soy un hombre casado" should be seen like "I am a man" (which I can't change easily change) + an adjective.
Some other examples of this type of usage may include: "Soy un hombre íntegro" or "soy un hombre soltero". Forcing it a bit, you can say "soy un soltero" (although it may start sounding weird) but never "soy soltero". "Soy un soltero" is the same as "soy un hombre soltero" omitting the "hombre" part.

"Estar casado" means clearly "to be married".
This is purely my opinion (no "official" confirmation here).
Comment: _"Soy casado"_ is often said in Spain in some contexts. It would be a short form of _"soy [un hombre] casado"_ or it might be a shorter, equivalent way of saying _"mi estado civil es 'casado'"_, for instance when asked about your civil status in order to fill a form.
Answer: Both "ser casado" and "estar casado" can be used without explicitly  naming the partner.
But only "estar casado" can be used when naming the partner.

Yo soy casado (solteras, no me miren!). Él sí está casado.
Yo estoy casado con María. Yo estuve casado con ella.
Answer: Once in a while, the term "estar soltero" is used to describe a married man, usually with whimsical or humorous intent.  It can range from something like the English slang phrase, "he's batching it this evening" to something carrying some innuendo.
This doesn't directly answer your question,  but the use of "estar casado" when "ser casado" might have been expected can be sometimes heard as carrying a bit of humor with it.
Comment: I disagree. 'Estar soltero' and 'estar casado' are the more usual expressions, at least in Spain. There's nothing humorous about them. As someone said on a comment above, the versions with 'ser' are acceptable, but they sound like a shortened form of 'soy [un hombre] casado/soltero' and are much less common. On top of that, they cannot be used when 'casado' is followed by the preposition 'con', as mentioned in another answer. Learners should be advised to always use 'estar' with these adjectives to play safe.
Comment: Correction accepted.  I wasn't thinking of the "estoy casado con" construct.


Installing ExifRead module into QGIS 2.14

Question: I'm attempting to install ExifRead into QGIS. Assuming zero knowledge of python coding. Is there a command code I can send which will install the .whl? I'm having zero luck following python's own guide.
Answer: A less technical approach to install ExifRead (also works for standalone QGIS) is as follows:

Download the python library from https://github.com/ianare/exif-py/releases. Select the Zip file format.
Extract the folder "ExifRead-2.1.2" (the version number may vary) to any location on your hard drive. Although "C:\Program Files\QGIS Wien\apps\Python27\Lib\site-packages" should be preferred.
In the folder "C:\Program Files\QGIS Wien\apps\Python27\Lib\site-packages" (or any other folder that is configured within the QGIS python-path environement) add a new file "exiftools.pth" with just one line of text containing the path to the folder where you extracted the files at step 1 into. In my case that file would contain the following line:
       C:\Program Files\QGIS Wien\apps\Python27\Lib\site-packages\ExifRead-2.1.2
Restart QGIS for an update of the pythonpath environment.
Answer: I just went through this again after updating QGIS to 2.14.2 on my windows 7 machine which stopped PhototoShape working.
Install PIP to extract the .whl
I installed PIP from the OSGEO4W command prompt
for instructions see https://trac.osgeo.org/osgeo4w/wiki/ExternalPythonPackages

curl https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py -o get-pip.py
python get-pip.py

Then download the Exifread whl and paste it into
Program Files\QGIS Essen\apps\Python27\Lib\site-packages
change the command prompt to the site packages directory and then type pip install ExifRead-2.1.2-py2-none-any.whl (or whatever version you have).
And hopefully your sorted, this is my limit of knowledge on this so maybe somebody can explain it better...
Answer: I just opened, OSGEO4W as administrator and filed in:python –m pip install exifread. That's it!
Answer: I was able to install the Exifread library using  Osgeo4W


is co.cc free for ever?

Question: hello
any one can tell me that is co.cc domain free for life?
when i go to register a co.cc domain name it shows only 2 years for free, so is it free for ever or i have to pay after passing 2 year
Comment: Wrong site to ask the question.
Answer: For a personal site, Co.cc is free forever, you just have to renew the domain every so often (I think those two years).
If it's a business website, you do have to pay, but I think it's only $5 a year, but if you're willing to pay money, bump it up to $10 and get a real domain.
Comment: +1 for a real domain. A nice .com domain isn't that expensive and you don't have to worry.

is co.cc free for ever?


Call a static method in managed package dynamically

Question: I am preparing an un managed package. I need to call a static method in a managed package from the unmanaged package. I went through salesforce documentation on Type class. But I didnt find any way to call a static method.
Answer: The only way to call dynamic methods is to use instance logic. So you'll need an interface layer here:
public interface StaticMethod { void execute(); }

Then your implementations would look something like:
public class MyManagedMethod implements StaticMethod
{
    public void execute()
    {
        MyManagedClass.doStuff();
    }
}

Then you can dynamically call methods something like:
public void executeStaticMethod(Type methodDefinition)
{
    StaticMethod method = (StaticMethod)methodDefinition.newInstance();
    method.execute();
}

Answer: If you want to call a static method, then you have to call it explicitly and it can't be done via the Type class. If you don't want to introduce a hard dependency to the managed package, then Adrian's answer is definitely the one. It allows you to use alternative implementations for the static method.
If you can live with depending on the managed package, then it's just a matter of correctly using the namespace. If the managed packaged namespace is abc, the class is Utils, and the method is utilMethod(), then you call from your unmanaged package as:
abc.Utils.utilMethod()

This does then mean that your unmanaged package requires that particular managed package to do its job.
If you want to allow for alternative implementations, then you should go with the interfaces method of Adrian (plus a custom setting or custom metadata to say which class to load).
Comment: How can I use Adrian's approach with customsetting to load the class and call a static method? Could you please explain with an example?


Programming language independent semantic validation of message protocol

Question: I have a proprietary protocol that describes the exchange of messages of two participants (applications) via a messaging broker (mqtt). A participant is of type A or B. Each type is allowed to send and receive a specific set of messages. The protocol defines a strict sequence in which the messages are allowed to be exchanged.
For example:

A has to start the conversation with sending message M with field Z having value 1.

B then receives the message and has to answer with Message N with field Z having value (newValue = oldValue + 1) = 2.

I would like to offer all implementors of the protocol a programming language independent artifact that gives them the ability to verify that the received message is valid and allowed according to the order without writing business logic in their implementation.
I thought about modeling the protocol as a FSM (Finite State Machine) and generating a Regex from it.
Is this a good idea? Is there a standard solution for this problem?
Comment: Many serialization protocols have some type of schema that could be used for validation. You could *maybe* use an FSM for protocol validation, but there is a risk you will need higher expressive power, like a pushdown automata or turing machine, for some types of rules. Any rule description would be defined in *some* language. I do not think regex is a great language for such a task, since there are differences between implementations, and it is nearly unreadable by humans. In practice, 'English' is often a good language to use.
Comment: It sounds like you are looking for a modelling language. Have you considered TLA+? https://lamport.azurewebsites.net/tla/tla.html#:~:text=TLA%2B%20is%20a%20high%2Dlevel,precisely%20is%20with%20simple%20mathematics.
Answer: A Finite State Machine is essentially a graph where each state is a node.
Since the total number of states is finite the current state can be represented as a single integer.
The edges of the graph are labelled with a trigger condition - in this case the transfer of a message. Assuming there are only two parties involved in the protocol (lets call them client and server) and that the client is the party that initiates the flow (sends the first message) every message that the client sends will be received by the server and vise versa - hence if both parties know their role (client or server) they can use the same FSM.
If ALL you need is an FSM, you simply need to pick a format that allows you to serialize the graph. Then you need a minimal implementation in whatever programming language you are using, to track the state of the conversation, specifically the state will be represented as a boolean and an integer:

The role of the current party (client or server)
The integer state of the conversation.

I am envisioning a wrapper that integrates with the connection code so that it sees all inbound and outbound messages - updating it's state as each message passes - which would then throw an exception, if it ever gets into an invalid state. Perhaps this logic already exists in workflow engines, but that is probably overkill for what you need, you may be better off implemented it yourself.

However there is an elephant in the room:

If ALL you need is an FSM

As stated above, the FSM is not capable of capturing your requirement of newValue = oldValue + 1 it is simply tracking state transitions, based on the types of messages being sent.
Could we extend the graph representation to capture these kind of constraints ?
Maybe ... we are now saying that any implementation of this validator has to maintain visibility on two messages (the previous one and the one about to be sent/received) and that transitions between states can have conditions that can check values in either message and/or compare values in both messages. This is getting cumbersome, but it is still technically possible to implement it.
However, at some point you may get to point where you need to store additional arbitrary state, at that point you have moved from an FSM to a full Turing machine / Turing complete language. In such a case I don't see the value of inventing yet another language for this.
Comment: Yes! UML offers even a kind of state machines called "protocol state machines".  And it allows for more than just transitions, with the specification of guards, effects, and constraints, the latter can even specify contrats (pre/post conditions, invariants), although it's recommended not to pit everything in the diagram.  It is sufficiently robust that entire (mission critical) industries use it to specify protocols :-)
Answer: You describe some fairly general error checking, along the lines of
pre- and post-conditions.
No, a regex does not seem like a good fit for this.
There's enough checks that if in 2023 we have some number of checks,
in 2024 it seems likely we will add one (or a bunch of) checks.
Placing a burden upon several implementors in various languages.
So avoiding "translate from this representation
to that target language" seems advantageous.
Recommend you offer a validation tool, written in python or some other
language you find convenient, which accepts log records.
Require implementations to have a logging verbosity flag
so when needed they produce log records in a standard format,
perhaps JSON.
Validate such logs, flagging any protocol violations.

Log records will likely include timestamps,
and perhaps the ID(s) of recently received message(s)
so we can infer the causality of happens-before relationships.
Your "oldValue + 1" example suggests that we might need to
be routinely logging a fair bit of state, local variables
that in some circumstances the validator may need to inspect.
Log messages should definitely mention they describe v1
of the protocol, or v2 or however you rev the spec.
Because it will change.
And you will care about back-compat interoperation
between peers running code of different vintage.
If timeouts figure into your protocol,
then you'll want some approach to exercise corner cases,
minimally by introducing random delays or dropped messages.
A logging setup supports both an online proxy validator,
which can tear down a session immediately upon noticing
a violation, and also an offline historic checker
that can report on yesterday's run.
Offline checking works nicely both for automated
integration tests and for scrutiny of a full day's
worth of production interactions.
Answer: "I have a problem.  I know, I'll use regexes.  Now I have two problems."
What you have is a sequence of message summaries between two parties, and you want to verify that the sequence is correct.  This is almost precisely the problem that Don Good's group at The University of Texas at Austin worked, as a formal verification problem, in the early 1980s.
I would be VERY surprised to learn that J. Strother Moore's group at UT Austin did not know of similar work, using ACL2.  ACL2 contains a formally verifiable subset of Common LISP and includes a theorem prover.  I'd start there.
Answer: You wrote

to verify that the received message is valid and allowed according to the order

which sounds to me like two separate problems:

verify that a received message M (by B) or N (by A) is syntactically valid, and follow  certain semantical contraints which can be validated by looking at the individual message alone

verify that the order constraints are fulfilled, which can only be analysed by looking at M and N together (by A).

Note the 2nd problem should not be intermixed with monitoring any state of some counters. When the correctness of a message N depends on some former message M, N needs to include either a reference to the unique ID of M, or the full copy of the content of M, so party A (having kept a copy of M) can pass M and N together into a stateless validator. The information that M is the first message of a sequence can be indicated by not having a "former message" ID. So there should be no need for using any kind of state machine inside the validation - the only place where some state needs to be managed is the place where you keep a history of former messages, and that can be kept completely separate from the validation.
You also wrote it is a proprietary protocol - but how proprietary? When the protocol is based on some standard like JSON or XML, for part 1, one could utilize XmlSchema or JSON schema. For part 2, one could utilize XSLT or some XSLT equivalent for JSON, writing some predicates which test the conditions. XmlSchema validators and XSLT processors are available for any modern language environment, and I guess same is true for JSON validators and a few of the JSON-XSLT equivalents.
For a fully proprietary protocol, however, the situation can become arbitrary complex, or you need an equally proprietary schema language  and query language - don't expect a standard for validations if not even the messages themselve follow a syntacatical standard. A handful of condition types might be checked by regexes, but beyond a certain complexity this will become impractical.
As a pragmatic solution, you could provide a reference implementation for the validation in some popular, high-level language like Python or JavaScript. This allows implementors to either use that reference implementation as a blueprint for creating their own, or run an embedded Python or Javascript engine inside their environment for it.


Digitally signed scripts as a way to thwart XSS

Question: As a blanket approach to dealing with XSS attacks, rather than having to remember to escape user-generated code, is there a way to instruct the browser not to execute any script or script-function which isn't signed with a particular public key (embedded in the top of every page, but not necessarily authenticated.  This is only meant for dealing with XSS, not man-in-the-middle)?  Then you could just sign all the "real" scripts
Answer: This would be a real hit to performance. Imagine you have a ton of embedded functions within your HTML page. Each would need to be signed seperately. Furthermore your server side code needs to be able to access your keystore to sign the code as often pages are generated dynamically. This would mean a substantial overhead to be dealt with.
Also note that JavaScript executing user input, which contains JavaScript will be hard to handle.
For instance let's say you have XSS on a user parameter which is embedded back into the page by a JavaScript function, your server will actually sign it before sending as it will not know that that part of the code isn't legitimate... and then we are back at the old problem of input/output validation.
Anyway most of this can be fixed with CSP anyway.
Comment: Yes, I see it's a performance hit for browsers, but not for the server. You sign the code ahead of time (as a "compilation" step), not dynamically.  If you sign dynamically generated code, then that defeats the whole purpose (since dynamically generated code can contain user input).
Comment: How many sites do you know that are worth performing XSS attacks on that aren't dynamically generated?
Comment: Well, the page could still have dynamically generated components, but those components would be unsigned.  The unsigned parts are allowed to contain data, but not instructions/code/scripts of any kind.  The point is, if the programmer forgets to do something or does it wrong, it will cause the script to simply fail to run (rather than run untrusted code).
Comment: Once you've got the data separated it's pretty easy to go the whole hog and use CSP to enforce no in-page script at all. It's the separation step (avoiding inline event handlers, eval et al) that is the difficult bit.
Comment: Also if a signature is valid across the whole site, which presumably it would have to be if it's not dynamic, then an attacker could take a signed script block and inject it into a different victim page where it might have a negative effect. It just means the attacker has to inject larger building blocks than single lines of code. You could make the building blocks large and with well-defined interfaces, enough to be safe in any page, but then again, you've just done the separation job there and you could put them in external script files with CSP.


Resolvent of the Laplacian as a pseudodifferential operator and its single layer potential

Question: In M.Taylor's book "Partial differential equations II" it is shown that the fundamental solution $E(x,y)$ of the Laplacian equation gives rise to an elliptic pseudodifferential operator $S$ on the boundary $\partial \Omega$ of a domain $\Omega$ (for simplicity, let $\Omega \subset \mathbb R^3$ and $\partial \Omega$ be smooth) by the formula:
$$
   Sf (x) = \int_{\partial \Omega} E(x,y)f(y) \, dS(y), \\
   E(x,y) = \frac{1}{4\pi|x-y|},
$$
where $dS(y)$ is the surface measure. The fact $S \in OPS^{-1}(\partial \Omega)$ follows from $E \in OPS^{-2}(\mathbb R^3)$ and from the representation formula
$$
  Sf(x) = \lim_{y \in \Omega, y\to x} \int_{\mathbb R^3} E(x,y)(f\delta_{\partial \Omega}) dy, \quad x \in \partial \Omega,
$$
where $\delta_{\partial \Omega}$ is the delta-function concentrated on $\partial \Omega$. Ellipticity follows from the explicit expression for the symbol of $S$ (the symbol of $E$ restricted to $\partial \Omega$ and integrated along conormal direction).
Here is my question. Consider, instead of $E$, the limit value of resolvent $R_+(\lambda)=R(\lambda+i0)$, $\lambda > 0$, for the operator $-\Delta$. Its integral kernel is
$$
  R_+(x,y,\lambda)  = \frac{e^{i\sqrt \lambda |x-y|}}{4\pi |x-y|}.
$$
In analogy with $S$ we can define
$$
  S_+(\lambda)f(x) = \int_{\partial \Omega} R_+(x,y,\lambda)f(y) \,dS(y).
$$
Is it true that $R_+(\lambda) \in OPS^{-2}(\mathbb R^3)$? If yes, what is its symbol? Is it true that $S_+(\lambda) \in OPS^{-1}(\partial \Omega)$ and is elliptic?
Comment: What is $OPS$ here?
Answer: You can find a lot on this operator in the book
 Agranovich, Mikhail S. Sobolev spaces, their generalizations and elliptic problems in smooth and Lipschitz domains. Revised translation of the 2013 Russian original. Springer Monographs in Mathematics. Springer, Cham, 2015.


Election comments don't get linked right in "recent activity"

Question: For example, if you were me, you could go to https://tex.stackexchange.com/users/recent/1189?StartDate=2011-02-18&EndDate=2011-02-18 and see a recent comment by Martin Tapankov on his self-nomination which was addressed to me. But, instead of a link to that post, you would see ... well, nothing. (It just says "commented on ".)
Comment: As the election is now over, I've voted-to-close this as "too localised" in order to stop it resurfacing via the community user system.
Comment: The first link you included is specific for you. It has your UserID in it. All other users get an 404 *Page not found* error, which is actually a *Permission Denied* in disguise.
Comment: @Martin: I did say "if you were me"; I gave the URL on the theory that Jeff (or another dev) might be permitted to impersonate me in order to reproduce the bug.
Comment: @Andrew: you don't think it should instead be migrated to the ur-meta (meta.SO)?
Comment: @SamB: If you can still see the error, then yes, it could be migrated to ur-meta.  The SE team claim that they keep an eye on the per-site metas as well so someone _ought_ to have seen this.  I'm equally happy either way; it's just that the site occasionally brings old discussions to the top again and it's a bit annoying so I like to ensure that questions where that shouldn't happen don't meet the criteria.  One way is by closing them, another is by accepting an answer, or ensuring that an answer has enough votes (don't remember how many).
Comment: @Andrew: Wouldn't migration, which (if I understand things correctly) is treated as a form of closing on the source site, also prevent "community" bumping it here?
Comment: @SamB: Yes it would, and that would be a perfectly acceptable solution.  I do think that you should check that (since the election is over) the bug is still visible before this is migrated (since it's been a while since the bug was first reported).  In fact, I'd recommend making a fresh bug report on the meta site.  You shouldn't think of my vote-to-close as being anything other than a flag saying "this 'question' should be resolved or put to sleep".
Answer: It seems that candidates itself do not get notifications for comments below their nomination posts. I at least didn't got one.

I got now one for the second comment, but like the OP said, their is no hyper-link or any other reference that this comment is about the nomination page. It just says "commented on" and then nothing.
Comment: I would assume that you received a notification for the second comment because it began with "@Martin", just as I got yours because it began with "@SamB". Perhaps you should report that problem separately?


Juniper EX how to clear route forwarding table?

Question: After layer 3 routing a large IPv6 assignment on an EX Juniper switch, the route forwarding table filled up and some entries corrupted or became otherwise invalid. We want to clear the whole table. How?
Comment: Did any answer help you? If so, you should accept the answer so that the question doesn't keep popping up forever, looking for an answer. Alternatively, you can post and accept your own answer.
Answer: You can do this manually with this simple command:
<code>clear route forwarding-table
</code>
https://www.juniper.net/documentation/software/cable/junosg30/swcmdref30/html/protocols-monitor-generic2.html
As example(Juniper EX4200):
<code>> clear route forwarding-table ?
</code>
Possible completions:
          Destination prefix
{master:0}
Answer: It seems like it cleared up itself after deleting the prefixes from the configuration.
Comment: You should accept your answer so that the question doesn't keep popping up forever, looking for an answer.
Answer: Although your issue is cleared, here is your answer:
clear ethernet-switching table
Comment: This clear the MAC address table, not the forwarding (I.E. routing) table.
Comment: If you read the question it says "**the route** forwarding table" (and begin with " After **layer 3 routing***". The question is obviously about the routing table and not about the MAC address table. My reference is the 802.1D document that define switch operation, in which the MAC address table is calle the **filtering** database. The fact that Juniper choose to call it a forwarding database is what cause confusion. In practice a fowarding database usually refer to the router FIB - Forwarding Information Database, built upon the various RIB - Routing Information Base.
Comment: Now I agree that the question is about a Juniper device and that in the linked document Juniper call the Mac Address Table the "forwarding database table", but since the question explicitly refers to the route forwarding table, it's not about this one.
Comment: 1.If you read the link it says: "Clear learned entries, which are media access control (MAC) addresses, in the Ethernet switching table (also **called the forwarding database table**)" , so I'm not making this up.
2. Routing table is **not** the Forwarding table.
3. Share your references and expand on explanation, else you should delete your comment to not confuse people.
Comment: @JFL In that case the title should be changed. I might have not come across yet, but so far Networking literature is often more consistent with either: routing table or forwarding table not route forwarding table, this is redundant and leads to misunderstanding. Even if you find commands that might tie that type of wording (i.e junipers: show route forwarding-table) the doc's will clearly state which table.


Smooth zoom in safari

Question: You know the way you smoothly zoom-in in mobile safari? How do I do that on my Mac + magic trackpad in regular safari?
Answer: Its a pinch motion just like mobile safari.  To activate it, make sure Pinch Open and Close is ticked in System Preferences
Comment: Thanks, but I did have pinch enabled and the "zoom thing" worked but it was not smooth. It works in very rough steps - 100%, 120% 140% or so.... instead I would like it to zoom smoothly from 100% trough 101%, 102%  all the way down
Comment: Actually, what I want is my desktop safari to zoom like preview....
Comment: Unfortunately, the zoom in and zoom out functions are hard coded to jump in largeish increments. The pinch options just trigger an increment after they detect your much finer pinches over a period of time.
Answer: Wait for 10.7 "Lion" there'll you get the same zooming as on the iPad and you can even double-click on columns to zoom the to full window width.
Comment: How do you know that?

Smooth zoom in safari


Is it possible to fire an event when a user leaves a Lightning component?

Question: I've looked through the docs, so forgive me if this is written down somewhere. Is it possible to do something like window.onunload for a Lightning component? window.onunload (or .onbeforeunload) both work for the user refreshing the page or going to a different site, but I can't get an event to fire if they navigate to a different component within a Lightning app (I want to track time spent using certain components).
Comment: FYI, I stumbled across this post when trying to capture when a user attempts to leave a lightning component by clicking a different tab in Lightning Experience - the senior program architect from salesforce here confirmed with sfdc product management that this is currently not possible, but may be in the near future
Answer: Why don't you call a function in the button you're using to close the component?
If you're using a close button or a navigation button that ends the component you can call a function on that button.
Comment: I considered that, but I'd also like to capture when a user leaves the page or closes the browser window (to be able to track time spent on component as well as prompt a user if they have unsaved edits).
Comment: Well, to track de time you can just create a time script.
Comment: the time* And for the unsaved edits you could call the function on the button


Lotus Notes: NotesSQL Restrictions

Question: Does anybody know the restrictions of the NotesSQL API (Domino ODBC API)?
E.g. can I read mail attachments with this API?
Or should the domino.dll the prefered way to access NSF files (in the .NET World)?
Answer: The NotesSQL API uses views to create its pseudo-tables. As an attachment is stored as an RTF field and RTF-fields can't be displayed in views, I think this is not possible.
I'm not completely up-to-date, my last experience with NotesSQL was with 6.5. But back then it was not very stable when querying large datasets so we dropped it quite fast for production use.

Lotus Notes: NotesSQL Restrictions


Giving a character trauma but not "diagnosing" her?

Question: In my post-apocalyptic novel, my MC Eris is severely traumatized by the death of her family at her own hands.  Because of this, she has extreme aversion to social interaction and even physical contact.
In the real world, if something like this happened, Eris might be suffering from PTSD, depression, paranoia, etc., but this is not the real world, and no one is concerned with self-diagnosing themselves with an illness.
However, I have witnessed various authors come under fire for rarely/never addressing the fact that many of their characters are traumatized (JK Rowling and never mentioning Harry's trauma or possible PTSD, Suzanne Collins and only mentioning Katniss' PTSD with the fact that she has "nightmares"), and I wouldn't want that to happen to me or my work.
So, in some way that fits into the story, should I "diagnose" Eris?  Should I address her obvious trauma, or just let the reader bear witness to it but never outright call it "trauma"?  What are the pitfalls of both choices?
Comment: I think those concerns are overblown. You can "diagnose" the condition only within your own universe. If there's no licensed psychiatrist there that can spell out "PTSD", you should be off the hook. On the other hand, you can provide an accurate description of the symptoms for the reader.
Comment: @Alexander, if all you do is list symptoms, then you aren't pulling the reader into the story of the MC. The reader must feel and experience the same thing the MC does, or it's just another tacked on plot device. "Eris has a flashback" isn't at all interesting, but bringing the reader into the flashback to explain why they have PTSD makes a story.
Comment: @computercarguy I think this is entirely up to author how to incorporate symptoms into the story. Listing them one by one would be indeed not very exciting.
Comment: @Alexander, in the book that I've read, the most interesting ones are where the reader experiences what the MC does, not just watching it from the outside. Even when there's a narrator,it's more interesting and more of an emotional attachment to the MC to "go along for the ride". If you want the MC to become the readers' BFF, show the trauma, otherwise it's just another acquaintance and even if the MC dies, there won't be much reaction to it, except, "that was stupid to kill off the MC".
Answer: In my opinion: you should let the condition speak for itself. I agree with Alexander when he says that people who hold authors' feet to the fire are overblowing things, as a lot of these people would probably feel safer about themselves if whatever condition they have could easily be tied to a character who was diagnosed with the same thing.
If you want one example of a character who has a real condition that's never overtly stated in the narrative, look at Minnow from Nick Anderson's Planet Ripple: she's a character who is mostly socially inept and whose brain functions much different from other people -- and is berated at the beginning of the story partly as a result of this. What isn't directly mentioned is that Minnow has ASD; this is something the author himself has talked about when the topic of his book comes up, but at no point does any character say "yeah, she has autism." And honestly -- even if the author hadn't said in interviews that the character had autism, most readers likely would have been able to piece that for themselves, anyway.
I honestly think it's more dangerous to directly say that Eris has PTSD than not -- because if you don't do all the research, go against what's expected of PTSD, or just forget something about the condition AFTER your narrative makes her condition clear to the audience, you are more likely to draw controversy from people in the mindset of "hey, not all PTSD people are like that! Are you trying to paint a stereotype of us?"
Like I said: let the condition speak for itself. Diagnoses are a modern thing, but literature has lived before and will continue to live after modernism.
Answer: You don't have to diagnose it as "PTSD" or whatever name WE use for it, but you can have a character call it out as a real thing: They are an expert, they have seen many soldiers with a similar collection of symptoms, perhaps as a comfort to the person suffering this (i.e. you are not alone, you are not imagining it, you are not weak or defective for experiencing it).
If it is post-apocalyptic Earth, then you can even use PTSD, somebody may still exist that has heard of it, or read of it. Post-apocalyptic doesn't have to mean everyone is stupid and illiterate, the infrastructure may have been destroyed, but parents can still teach their children to read and write. They did, in fact, for settlers in the American West, even though they were farmers with very little infrastructure, no electricity, using animals for travel and labor, etc. Post-apocalyptic doesn't have to mean knowledge of psychology and medicine are all erased, it might mean no more new knowledge is being generated, but the textbooks and papers should still exist, somewhere. I have three old psychology books on my bookshelves, from my college days. (I did not sell my books back for any class).
If you are concerned about getting dinged, just mention either a diagnosis, or alternatively, have somebody recognize it as a common condition, perhaps suggest treatment. The MC doesn't have to agree or participate, but it should satisfy you that you didn't ignore it, and if there are sticklers you can point at the paragraph saying you addressed their concern.
Personally, in the movie I immediately recognized Katniss was suffering from PTSD, I had no problem with it not being named or treated, I wouldn't expect it to be in her primitive setting. It seemed like a fair enough literary treatment of the condition to me. A story does not have to be a public service announcement.
Answer: Let the Reader Diagnose
(But that means you need to give them symptoms)
You don't need to tell the reader "Eris has PTSD." You do need to give them enough info to get there themselves.
Harry doesn't need a diagnosis for you to intuitively understand why his heart is pounding out of his chest every time he sees someone wearing a cloak that looks like "You-Know-Who's". There's no need to explain why, after killing other children with her bow, Katniss' hands get sweaty every time she draws an arrow.
Arguably, these stories would be better if the authors gave us some insight into how these characters experience, and respond to, the side effects of their trauma. The things that trigger them. Their irrational fears, and their responses to them.
I this topic is important to you, research how PTSD manifests, and bring those sympoms to life in your character. Your readers will put the pieces together, and find your character more believable.
Comment: Yes, the character needs bring the reader in on the feelings and share experiences of those trauma points. If the MC has a flashback, take the reader with them, don't just say "Eris just started trembling for no reason". Maybe the flashback happens without warning or it happens with "The stranger reminded Eris of Him... {flashback sequence}". Sort of like how a person shifts into it without sometimes realizing it's not reality anymore. In this case, the more jarring the entry and exit from the flashback might make it more sympathetic for the reader to the MC.
Answer: The issue is how "trauma aware"  you are to trauma as a writer rather than calling it out as PTSD or labelling it as "trauma" explicitly.
The frustration resulting in the "call-out" is the anger at the lack of trauma awareness in writing. This unfortunately triggers the reader, especially if there is the denigration of the trauma experience and its impact on the character. As a writer if you can communicate how aware you are of trauma and its impact, that is probably the major issue to tackle rather than the labelling and how much the character follows the traditional trauma experience.
Whether you diagnose the trauma is probably not as significant as to whether you are sensitive to the trauma experience. Usually writers that are not aware of trauma have no idea how trauma impacts people and write totally unrealistic and probably insulting plotlines. Realize though, PTSD and trauma is highly constructed in our world and is very "medicalized" in the therapeutic community and society in general.
How much your world and novel engages with this structure and the therapeutic process is another important issue to tackle. It could be that your world is anti-therapy or that your world has a hostile attitude towards people with trauma and PTSD. However, somehow you should attempt to communicate your "trauma awareness" as a writer despite your world's stance towards trauma. If your readers (who have been traumatized) do not feel heard or respected, and you as a writer suppress their experience, then you may be open to the same criticism as JK Rowling etc. The lack of trauma awareness in writing is often felt as a silencing, and echoes the continual suppression in society of trauma. Trauma is often dismissed as being "oversensitive", insignificant and unimportant ("get over it", etc).
Comment: Its hard to find good resources that explain or describe trauma informed care - https://www.blueknot.org.au/Workers-Practitioners/For-Health-Professionals/Resources-for-Health-Professionals/Trauma-Informed-Care-and-practice, https://www.teachertoolkit.co.uk/2017/12/05/trauma-informed/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK207203/
Answer: Other answers get into this, but I'm going expand a little on my comments.
Don't just describe symptoms, explain the reasons for the symptoms. Understanding that there's a problem is way different than understanding why the problem exists.
You have the right idea of not trying to diagnose the MC for your readers. This goes into the writers maxim of "Show, don't tell."
Tell
"Eris has PTSD" is overly clinical and explains nearly nothing. Is is because their dog died, her boyfriend abused them, were they in a car accident, did a bear attack them, what?
Explain
"Eris mentally curled up into a ball when the stranger entered, who reminded her of her step-father." Better, but what did the step-father do? Was it verbal or physical abuse? Did he hit her or was it sexual abuse? Still, we don't know why.
Show
"When the stranger entered, it reminded Eris of her step-father, who was torn to shreds in front of her as he tried to save her from a wall of shrapnel in The War 10 years ago. He was the best dad she could have wanted and still weeps when she thinks of him." Now we know exactly what's going on: she has PTSD, why it happened (at least partly), what her reaction is, and now we're probably a little scarred now, too. When another stranger walks by 400 pages later and she wipes her eye, we're probably going to remember what's going on.
Memorability
Most readers don't read a book or even short story in one sitting. I know I don't. I'll forget half the stuff told me in the first half of the story by the time I get near the end. If you leave a lasting impression on me of why things are, I'll remember it much better.
Chris Bunch was really great at this. His book series "The Sten Chronicles" was a great read because of it. I haven't read it in nearly a decade and I've only read it once, but I was just reminded of how the first book started, as I write this. It describes exactly how the MC lived before a Turning Point, what that Turning Point was, how the MC reacted to it, and how the MC changed their life after coming to a Realization. I'm not a writer, so I'd mangle a spoiler if I write one, so I won't. Consider reading at least the first book to understand what I'm talking about.
Again, "show, don't tell" your readers what they need to know.
Answer: Laymen often confuse "trauma", being "traumatized", and "post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)".
According to a WHO survey, about 70% of the world population experience traumatic events at least once in their lives. On average, a person experiences about 3 traumatic events in their lives. At the same time, only around 10 to 15% of these traumatized person develop PTSD. That means that
85 to 90% of traumatized persons never develop PTSD !
The numbers differ a bit between different trauma types. The highest prevalence of PTSD occurs among persons who have been abused by a care taker (e.g. sexual child abuse or neglect by a parent), the lowest prevalence among victims of events that weren't directed at them specifically (e.g. traffic accidents, natural catastrophes).
Whether people develop PTSD depends on what psychologists call their resources (e.g. mental stability, good childhood, supportive social network) or vulnerability (e.g. dysfunctional coping styles).
PTSD also isn't the same as grief or shock, both of which are normal reactions.
That said, Harry Potter and Katniss Everdeen apparently are among the large number of trauma victims that never develop PTSD.
How you handle your character – whether you want them to be unaffected, a little affected, or overwhelmed by their deed – is completely up to you. Everything is possible.
Answer: If you go into detail about how the characters' trauma effected their lives by comparison to how it wouldn't have effected them, that would be much better than giving the trauma a title. This is a story, not a synopsis.
If you go into that kind of detail for the sake of the story as a whole, defining the condition would be putting into a social structure where there is little to no social structure in a post-apocolyptic world. In other words, a title for it would feel out of place in my opinion.


How to disable context menu on long pen press?

Question: I have wacom bamboo pen. When I am pressing it for a log time, circle animation appears and then context menu called. This makes impossible to draw something slowly. How to disable context menu call on long press? The pen has special button for context menu, so long press processing is absolutely not needed.
Answer: Caveat: I don't have a Bamboo, I've got a Tablet PC but what you're describing sounds like the right click press-and-hold action which you can disable/tweak as follows:
(if you're in category mode)
Go to the Control Panel, 'Hardware and Sound' and then 'Change tablet pen settings'

(if you're in icon mode)
or 'Pen and Touch'

Once inside, you'll see this dialog, and you want to change the settings on the press and hold action.

If you need to use the registry to alter this setting (Editing the Default Profile for example), it can be found in a DWORD key named TouchMode_hold, located in

HKCU\Software\Microsoft\Wisp\Tablet

Setting this value to 0 disables the behaviour.
Comment: Also don't forget to restart graphic editor after changing this setting. I had issue with gimp which after changing of settings was still causing a problem *without* showing up right click menu but still showing circle as it usually do on right click.


I am shooting video at 200 ISO but the video is still really noisy. Any ideas on how to fix this?

Question: I'm using a Sony Alpha A58 and I am shooting at 25 fps. My settings are ISO 200, F5.6, 1/50. The video is noisy in general but more in the darker areas such as black wall e.t.c. Any ideas? Thanks!
Comment: To the downvoter, your downvote was recorded as the following: "This question is about video in a context that is not likely to be relevant to still photography." Why the output of a camera can be noisy at ISO 200 is just as relevant to shooting still images as it is to shooting video, perhaps even more so since the frame rate of video tends to average out shot noise. Still images do not enjoy that advantage.
Comment: Does ISO 200, F5.6, 1/50 give a correct exposure when shooting a still image of the same scene?
Comment: @RalfKleberhoff Perhaps the real question is something like, "With the highlights properly exposed at ISO 200, f/5.6, and 1/50 how many stops darker are the shadows in the scene?"
Answer: Noise is not caused by a certain ISO setting. High ISO isn't really what causes increased noise. The lower amount of light we usually allow into the camera when using higher ISO is what causes noise. If you limit the light to the same level at ISO 100 that you would use to properly expose for, say ISO 3200, and then try to boost those almost black shadows by five stops in post, you'll see the same thing as using ISO 3200 with the same exposure time (Tv) and aperture (Av) when shooting. If you're using an older camera, underexposing five stops at ISO 100 and then boosting by five stops digitally in post will result in more noise than shooting at ISO 3200 would. You'll also have more quantization errors.
For more, please see:
Why would using higher ISO and faster shutter speed yield more noise than using lower ISO and slower shutter speed?
Should higher ISOs really be preferred (all other things being equal)?
Regardless of whether you are shooting still images or video, if you want to decrease the amount of noise in a shot you need to increase the amount of light you're letting into the camera. The options you have for doing this are:

Use a wider aperture
Use a longer exposure time
Add light to the scene
Answer: Understand that the noise is primarily a function of a lack of light recorded... i.e. 1/50 @ f/5.6 and the available light level. And darker portions of a scene will always be noisier because they contain/emitted less light; the ISO setting only makes it more/less visible.
Definitely do not underexpose (record less light) and recover in post; that will only make it worse. If possible overexpose (larger aperture) and recover in post as that will help (more light). But it's often easier to just expose "correctly" while also collecting more light (wider aperture or adding light).
Comment: Overexposing might be a good idea if the camera can record in S-Log3. But I couldn't find out if this one can. Probably not, which means it's best to expose correctly. It seems to use only 8bit for luma (and chroma), so there's not much to work with in post.