Opening a PDF with search parameters just opens the PDF

Question: I was requested to add some searching functionality to an existing system for the collection of PDFs that we have. I know about searching PDFs and opening them with search parameters and in a test application I wrote, it works like a dream. When trying to convert it over to our existing application the PDF opens but without the search terms or the advanced find of Acrobat Reader popping up. Any help would be greatly appreciated!
Here is a snippet of the cs code :
case "PDF":
      string searchTerms = SearchWordsTB.Text;
      searchTerms = searchTerms.Replace(',', ' ');
      launchStr = "OpenPDF('" + e.Row.Cells[9].Text.Replace("\\", "/") + "','" + HttpUtility.UrlEncode(e.Row.Cells[2].Text) + "','" + e.Row.Cells[0].Text + "','" + searchTerms + "')";
      break;

We are creating the list of documents on the fly and PDF is one of the options. Assuming I am understanding this correctly, A DataGrid is created with all these clickable rows that will execute a Javascript function when clicked. The Javascript function OpenPDF is shown below:
function OpenPDF(url, filename, ID, searchTerms) {
    if (searchTerms.length > 0) {
        window.open('FileViewer.aspx?name=' + filename + '&ID=' + ID + '&url=' + url + '#search="' + searchTerms + '"', 'mywindow' + windowCnt, 'width=800,height=600,location=no,resizable=yes');
    }
    else {
        window.open('FileViewer.aspx?name=' + filename + '&ID=' + ID + '&url=' + url, 'mywindow' + windowCnt, 'width=800,height=600,location=no,resizable=yes');
    }
    windowCnt++;
}

From following the debugging in the CS code, I know that I am properly stripping out the commas in the search terms so that shouldn't be the problem. What currently happens is the PDF file will open up just fine, but the search terms are not being used. I have tried following the debugger through the Javascript (which for me has always been spotty at best) but the breakpoint is never hit. It should also probably be noted that the Javascript function is kept in a separate Javascript File and is not inline in the aspx page. And yes, we are correctly referencing the Javascript file. I will be more than happy to update this post with any extra info that is requested. Thanks in advance for any help!
Answer: I was able to achieve the desired results by using the http encode on the launch string as shown below.
launchStr = "OpenFile('" + HttpUtility.UrlEncode(e.Row.Cells[9].Text.Replace("\\", "/") + "#search=\"" + searchTerms + "\"") + "','" + HttpUtility.UrlEncode(e.Row.Cells[2].Text) + "','" + e.Row.Cells[0].Text + "','" + e.Row.Cells[1].Text + "')";

I then used the function to just open the window with the PDF in it. The problem I had was that without the HTTP Encode, the URL was just cutting off the search parameters. I believe this is because the #search="blah" isn't normally recognized as part of a URL and was therefore truncated. If anyone has a better reason, I would love to hear it.


Am I able to connect an anti static wrist strap to the ground pin on the Arduino uno?

Question: So you have the pin on the arduino uno which is ground, are you able to use a jumper wire to send the ground source out the other end of the wire to the alligator clip for the antistatic wrist strap?
Comment: Maybe see [Connect anti-static wrist strap to earth wire?](http://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/238065/connect-anti-static-wrist-strap-to-earth-wire)
Comment: Like @NickGammon I exercise sensible precautions when handling electronic components. However I have NEVER used a wrist strap, and in over 40 years of designing and building microelectronics have NEVER damaged a chip with static (lots damaged with wrong voltages, wrong connections). If you are going to use one the `0V` pins (incorrectly labelled `Gnd`), or any equivalent,  is the best option. Modern chips are a lot more robust than the 1970s vintage MOS chips.
Answer: I was about to write that I wouldn't do that, but in view of the post I linked to - I am changing my mind.
The point to the wrist strap it to have you, and the thing you are touching, at the same potential (whatever that is relative to the known Universe). Now if you connected the strap to the earth on your power point, that would not achieve anything unless your Arduino was also grounded (eg. via a USB cable).
So using the ground wire on the Arduino sounds sensible enough. Personally I don't usually do that, however if I have moved around (and might have shuffled over some carpet, etc.) I always touch some metal part to ground myself (for example, a metal switch on a lab power supply) and discharge any static that might have built up by moving around on the floor.


How to backup with Windows 7 without compression?

Question: I have noticed that when you use Backup and Restore in Windows 7 you get a backup of compressed and sliced up .zip files. So how do I backup without compression? I just want to browse my backup as normal folders.
Answer: Windows backup keeps archives as VHD(Virtual Hard Drive) files. You can mount these files via Disk Manager from control panel to extract some files. Take a look on this step-by-step guide how to do it with pictures. I will cite procedures here just in case link above might be unavailable over time:
From control panel choose "Administrative Tools" and make a right click on "Computer management" and run it "as administrator". In new pop up windows "Computer management" click on Storage/Disk Management and from the upper menu click on "Action" and choose "Attach VHD". Browse to backup location and select VHD file you want to open that would be a file with extension vhd. (Usual location is in : [Drive Letter]:\WindowsImageBackup[Computer Name]\Backup [year-month-day] [hours-minutes-seconds]). Attach backup virtual drive in read only mode to avoid future complication. When attached vhd file mounted, make sure OS assigned a drive letter to it (If not, then make a right click on mounted disk and assign non occupied letter for attached drive). After that you can open attached virtual drive from file explorer. When you finished with attached vhd drive don't forget to unmount it from "Disk management"(right click on mounted vhd and select "Detach VHD").
But you can do the same in convenient "official way" via "Backup and Restore" if you choose to restore particular files. It has more advantage since you can choose particular date you want to restore in an "easy way". Here is how to do it with screenshots and below I will cite important steps how to do it:

Open the Start menu and type backup in the Search text box and
choose "Backup and Restore" from the resulting list.
Click the "Restore My Files" button
In the "Restore Files" dialog box, locate the files or folders you
intend to restore then click "Next".
There are three ways to find your files: Search, Browse for Files,
Browse for Folders. Choose appropriate action depend on your needs.
You may choose a different date link (snapshot) if you can't find
your files in particularity chosen snapshot.
Choose the location to which you want the files restored. You may
want to overwrite files in original location(you will be asked what
to do with current files in case files with same name already exist)
or save restored files somewhere else.
Click the link to View Restored Files then select "Finish" to close
restore application.
Comment: Please quote the essential parts of the answer from the reference link(s), as the answer can become invalid if the linked page(s) change.
Comment: Agree, even popular sites sometimes disappeared. I edited my post to address it.
Comment: + 1 Much better. Thx.


Can we self-host pd.js?

Question: We are adding the Pardot tracking script to some of our pages. Looking at the JS, all it does is set a couple of variables and load a further JS file (https://pi.pardot.com/pd.js). Is there any reason why we couldn't host the pd.js file ourselves?
Answer: There is no reason why you couldn't include the script in your VF Page, it may not work as well with Lightning components so I would check for conflicts. Also various security protocols may cause issues including remote scripts in Lightning components.
You could include the JS file as a static resource which would make it static to your resource file, but you would have to make sure to update it with Pardot's API

Can we self-host pd.js?


"Already Executing"?

Question: In my Ubuntu launcher I have two icons with question marks on them. When I hover my mouse over them they read "Already Executing". What is this and can I remove them? I am an extremely zero-experienced Linux user and would appreciate an answer even I could understand.
-Thank you :)
Comment: **Note:** before trying to do what the answers say, you could right-click on the icons and click "Quit". :)
Comment: **Welcome to AskUbuntu!** You can read [my answer](http://askubuntu.com/a/263452/4629) first and tell me if you don't understand something.
Answer: Every program, when runs, is a process. Processes are an important
part of any OS. Each process has its own, unique ID, which is a number.
You can send signals to a process to kill it. This is explained below.
Managing processes, beginner's manual
First open a Terminal (press Ctrl+Alt+T).
A terminal allows you to run commands on your computer,
and see what they output.
Once the terminal is open, type:
pidof firefox

Press ENTER to issue the command, and if you had Firefox open,
it will output something like that:
14497

Which means "a process named 'firefox' is running and his ID is 14497".
Now, to kill that process:
kill <PID>

Replace PID with the process ID (in this case 14497) of the process
you want to kill. Press ENTER and Firefox will close.
Now, if you run pidof firefox again, it shouldn't output anything,
because there's no longer a Firefox process running.

All at once
Since running pidof and then killing is tedious, you can simply run:
killall firefox pidgin

And it'll kill all the processes that are named firefox or pidgin.
If no processes are found, it'll tell you:
firefox: no process found
pidgin: no process found

Comment: Thanks for the reply and I think I understand what you're getting at. My problem though is that I don't know what these processes are called or what they do :S They simply appear in my launcher with no description other than "Already Executing". Any tips as to how I can identify what they are so I can find their PID?
Comment: Have you tried my second comment (right-clicking on the icons)?
Answer: ps -e on your terminal
and identifiy those processes.
type
kill <number>

number is the number infront of the process that you want to kill.
But if you don't know what are those processes. It's better to not to kill them.
Answer: you can use top and htop.
top is installed with Ubuntu.
you can find the process you want and you can kill it if you want but you must be root user.
sudo kill <PID>

htop can give more better look with top but you need to installed it with
sudo apt-get install htop

Comment: Wrong. You *mustn't* be `root` to kill something: you can kill your own processes without having to become `root`. What you should say is that, being the `root` user, you can kill any process.

"Already Executing"?


Can Linux Distro be determined by remote scan?

Question: I received the following message from a network administrator

A scan from the campus nessus scanner detected the above named device as running Ubuntu 11.10

Is it actually possible to detect the distro through a remote scan?
Comment: Run nmap against it, see what it tells you...
Answer: Short answer: yes.
Several services like ftp or ident or webservers show operating system + version. For example 404 sites sometimes include the name of the webserver, domain name, port, and operating system.
To interprete your case any further we would need additional information regarding the running services and the ports that you have open. It is also interesting to hear about what you mean with 'above named device'.
Answer: Yes. OS's have network fingerprints.
Answer: I am not 100% sure how nessus got the distribution of linux you are running, but the answer in general is YES, it can find a lot about your system if the system is not secured but being let run as it was installed from the original installation media.
Nessus, by its nature, attacks the ports that are known to be left open by the default system installation. Let this be Linux or any other Unix or the Redmond's finest OS, nessus tries to exploit the open ports.
This document at nessus blog can explain the OS determination operation a lot better that I can.
Answer: Many services reveal information about themselves via the communication protocol. It's a vital part of establishing communication in some cases. Seeing as how most distros are binary based, with the implication that the user will most likely never tamper with the binaries to conceal (heck, even if the distro is source based the user won't bother) information about the services.
It is dead easy to compile a list of "known service names" and use nmap to identify the OS.
I bet it is even possible, given sufficient knowledge about the IP/TCP implementation on the various OSes, to determine the kernel version of the OS using solely the TCP responses from a "secured" service. Come to think of it, even ping responses can have a signature.
For someone devoted to this kind of activity (gaining access to remote hosts), the act of identifying viable targets is the first and most trivial task to accomplish. I've never even thought about this stuff and with a carefully worded search, it's easy to find a wealth of examples such as:
<code>$ nmap -sV -vv -PN  eee.lan
Starting Nmap 6.01 ( http://nmap.org ) at 2013-04-05 23:57 ope
Initiating ARP Ping Scan at 23:57
Scanning eee.lan (10.3.0.7) [1 port]
Initiating SYN Stealth Scan at 23:57
Scanning eee.lan (10.3.0.7) [1000 ports]
Discovered open port 80/tcp on 10.3.0.7
Discovered open port 445/tcp on 10.3.0.7
Discovered open port 139/tcp on 10.3.0.7
Discovered open port 22/tcp on 10.3.0.7
Discovered open port 111/tcp on 10.3.0.7
Initiating Service scan at 23:57
Scanning 5 services on eee.lan (10.3.0.7)
Initiating RPCGrind Scan against eee.lan (10.3.0.7) at 23:57
NSE: Script scanning 10.3.0.7.
Nmap scan report for eee.lan (10.3.0.7)
rDNS record for 10.3.0.7: eee.lan
Scanned at 2013-04-05 23:57:46 ope for 11s
PORT    STATE SERVICE                VERSION
22/tcp  open  ssh                    OpenSSH 5.8p1-hpn13v10lpk (protocol 2.0)
80/tcp  open  http                   bozohttpd 20100621
111/tcp open  rpcbind (rpcbind V2-4) 2-4 (rpc #100000)
139/tcp open  netbios-ssn            Samba smbd 3.X (workgroup: MYGROUP)
445/tcp open  netbios-ssn            Samba smbd 3.X (workgroup: MYGROUP)
MAC Address: 00:26:18:97:B7:0B (Asustek Computer)

Read data files from: C:\Program Files (x86)\Nmap
Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 12.42 seconds
           Raw packets sent: 1001 (44.028KB) | Rcvd: 1001 (40.048KB)
</code>
The interesting info here would be: OpenSSH 5.8p1-hpn13v10lpk That alone could enable someone to guess what OS I'm running. Just search for "hpn13v10lpk"...


Unidirectional LLDP

Question: What is the first step to t-shoot unidirectional LLDP? I have a scenario (on a backbone circuit) where the A-router (Junos PTX1000) is seeing it's expected LLDP neighbor but the Z-router (Cisco ASR9k) is not. LLDP is configured globally on both A & Z routers and NOT on the individual interfaces. Also, both physical interfaces on the A & Z routers are configured inside LACP bundles. Continuity, fault propagation, light levels on the circuit looks good and LLDP is enabled on the intermediate DWDM nodes. Thanks in advance.
Comment: You need to give us more information. Please edit your question to give a good description of the network (a diagram would be great), the network device models, and the network device configurations.
Comment: Did any answer help you? If so, you should accept the answer so that the question doesn't keep popping up forever, looking for an answer. Alternatively, you could provide and accept your own answer.
Answer: LLDP is only transmitted on a connected link. Any further bridging or tunneling does not/should not (usually) forward LLDP packets. When normal communication is working but there's no LLDP reception there's something in between filtering it (or LLDP isn't sent out at all, check tx statistics).

Unidirectional LLDP


ASP.NET Click Event Handle - How to pass an argument in VB.NET?

Question: I'm using the accordion Ajax control. For each Accordion pane I have text and a Button dynamically created. When the user fires the click event I want to know what button in which pane was fired. So I want to handle the button's click event in a way that I can send the ID (probably by event args) to the event handler in order for the handler to know what to do according to the button that was pressed.
I know I have to do something like this:
AddHandler bGetSessionMembers.Click, AddressOf bGetSessionMembers_click

but I whanted to do something like this:
AddHandler bGetSessionMembers.Click, AddressOf bGetSessionMembers_click(Me, "My ID")

I think you can do that in C#
bGetSessionMembers.Click += bGetSessionMembers_click(Me, "My ID")

or even in C# but with anonimous delegates.
Does anyone have a clue?
Answer: Here is a better way to do this.  First, wire up your buttons like normal:
AddHandler Button1.Click, AddressOf Click
AddHandler Button2.Click, AddressOf Click

Then create a Click method like this:
Sub click(ByVal o As Object, ByVal e As EventArgs)
    Dim button As Button = TryCast(o, Button)
    If button IsNot Nothing Then

    End If
End Sub

Inside that if statement you now have a Button - you can grab its ID or anything else about it that you'd like.
Edit in response to comment:
I think you may be misunderstanding how events are wired up in .NET.  When you do this:
AddHandler Button2.Click, AddressOf Click

You are not calling the method Click, you are passing a delegate to a compiler-generated method for the Button.Click event that adds your delegate to a delegate invocation list.  When the Button raises its Click event your delegate is invoked by the Button.
Since you will not be the one to invoke the method via the delegate you cannot change what gets passed in.  Your best option is to use the Object that is passed to you and cast it to a Button like I did above.
Answer: Andrew's answer is superb, and exactly what I'd do. I'd just like to add to the code snippet he wrote, because that blank line looks like it is crying out for a snippet showing how to use the CommandArgument and CommandName properties of System.Web.UI.Button:
Sub click(ByVal o As Object, ByVal e As EventArgs)
    Dim button As Button = TryCast(o, Button)
    If button IsNot Nothing Then
        Select Case button.CommandName
          Case "Command1"
            'Your cool feature here :)
          Case "Command2"
            'You could check button.CommandArgument to get additional data
          Case Else
            'Runs if button.CommandName isn't handled by your code
        End Select
    End If
End Sub

Andy - hope you don't mind me throwing some more stuff in here :)
HTH,
Richard.


Status bar is not displaying in mfmailcomposeviewcontroller

Question: I have problem with status bar. Its is displaying as usual in other views but when i try to send mail using mfmailcomposeviewcontroller it get disappear.
I have tried all ways but did not put any effect.
I have tried

<code>[self presentViewController:MailController animated:YES completion:^{
    [[UIApplication sharedApplication]setStatusBarStyle:UIStatusBarStyleLightContent];
}];
</code>
set status bar appearance in viewdidload and in button tap event of opening mail composer.

But nothing is working.
Answer: <code>        [[UINavigationBar appearance]setTintColor:[UIColor whiteColor]];
</code>
Comment: have you add the UIViewControllerBasedStatusBarAppearance in plist?
Comment: but it is not working with mfmailcomposeviewcontroller


What does the red color that my characters get painted occasionally mean?

Question: While playing hardcore team death match, I occasionally get "painted" a red color. What does that indicate? It's like a red light is on me.
Answer: The red color you are seeing on your character indicates that you are being Vision Pulsed by an enemy Recon character. The Recon characters special ability (called Vision Pulse), is essentially a wall hack for the entire other team to use against you. It allows the entire enemy team to see you and your teammates for a limited amount of time through walls.
Note that this is not unique to the hardcore game modes.  It can happen in regular game modes as well. To give you an idea, this is what it looks like from the Recon's perspective who used the Vision Pulse:


How to use a relative path for LDFLAGS in golang

Question: I am trying to build a golang program which uses a static lib (.a file)
the directory struct for my project as below
└─testserver
    ├─bin
    ├─pkg
    └─src
        ├─logging
        └─testserver
            ├─libtest.a
            └─test.go

the flags for cgo in test.go as below
// #cgo LDFLAGS: -L /home/test/testserver/src/testserver -ltest
// #include "test.h"
import "C"

when I am using absolute path for LDFLAGS -L, it works fines, but when I change the path to a relative path, eg
// #cgo LDFLAGS: -L ./testserver -ltest

and then run the command
go install testserver

it returns an error to me, and says "cannot find -ltest"
my question is how can I use a relative path in LDFLAGS ? , so that I can build the project in any path.
Answer: You currently can't. The directory changes between the time the command is built, and linking. For now you either need to link to an absolute path, or use the CGO_LDFLAGS environment variable.
There was a commit just after go1.4 which added a ${SRCDIR} variable which is replaced by the absolute path to the directory containing the source file at build  time. https://github.com/golang/go/issues/7891. This will be in go1.5, and you can easily use it now by building Go from source.
Comment: As of go1.5.4, `#cgo LDFLAGS: -L${SRCDIR}/testserver -ltest` works all right.
Answer: It's really very great to use ${SRCDIR} to solve the problem of relative path.
In addition, the ${SRCDIR} indicates the absolute path of current go file.
Use command go build -x . to check the output.
$ go build -x .
...
cd /root/sourcecode/src/tcp/aes
CGO_LDFLAGS="-g" "-O2" "-L/root/sourcecode/src/tcp/aes/aes" "-laes" /usr/local/go/pkg/tool/linux_amd64/cgo -objdir $WORK/tcp/aes/_obj/ -importpath tcp/aes -- -I $WORK/tcp/aes/_obj/ aes.go
cd $WORK
...
$ tcp/aes
/usr/bin/ld: cannot find -laes
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status

It's incrrect, because the lib libaes.a locates the same as the go file.
Then I changed it, and passed.


Creating a plugin for Visual Studio

Question: I'm a fan of style cop but hate the way it dosn't have a more producticve way of resolving errors.
So I'm thinking, to give me a wee project to keep me happy in my spare time, of creating a Visual studio plugin to automate some error fixing.
Has anyone authored a plug in before and got any useful links, hints, experience to share?
Answer: You can write an addin to Visual-Studio on it's addins model directly: http://www.c-sharpcorner.com/UploadFile/mgold/AddIns11292005015631AM/AddIns.aspx
It requires some hard work since the extension model is not very intuitive.

You can also do it using DXCore:
http://blogs.microsoft.co.il/blogs/dhelper/archive/2009/06/17/how-to-write-a-simple-dxcore-plug-in.aspx
It's a little bit more simple, and the plugins engine is free.

Last option is to write plugins using Resharper, I never did it but it has reach plugins among Style-cop plugin.
I had experience with both of the first options. First one, VS extensions model, is very hard to work with. It's an old API coming from previous versions of VS, based on classic COM and miss a lot of documentation. Second option, DXCore plugins, is much more intuitive,
has reacher API but it also lack some documentation. Another issue is that it requires installation of ~30MB.
Good luck :)
Answer: The new Visual Studio 2010 Beta 2 and the SDK have projects designed for this kind of thing. The extensibility options with the new WPF interface will be a great way to get this done:
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/vstudio/dd441784.aspx#Extensibility
There is going to be a lot of cool things coming out with 2010
The videos are also really good on : http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-gb/vstudio/bb507746.aspx but these are for older Visual Studio versions

Creating a plugin for Visual Studio


How to password protect my ps3 console

Question: Can anyone let me know how to prevent others from using my ps3 console by using a password,just like a PC does.
Answer: You can't lock out a user from your local account, but here's a few tricks I used to keep people from using my PS3
Protecting your Online Account
First, and easiest, uncheck the option to 'Remember Password' for your PSN (online) account. this will stop people from being able to play as you and ruin your reputation/stats online.
Password Prompt when Starting Games*
Next, you want to go into Settings->Security Settings->Parental Control It will ask you for a passcode, enter one (make sure you remember it).
Set the parental control level to 1 (the strictest) and when prompted, check the box that says "Restrict Starting a game with no Parental Control Settings" and click OK.
Password Prompt when Starting Internet Browser
If you want to restrict access to the Internet browser as well, go back to Parental Control and choose Internet Browser Start Control.
Enter your password, and change the setting to On
Password Prompt when attempting to playback DVDs/BluRay disks
You can even restrict access to DVD & Blu Ray disks as well, these options are under Security Settings again, this time choose DVD - Parental Control and BD Parental Control respectively.
Enter your password, and again change the setting to On
* : This will restrict games on discs as well as games downloaded from the Playstation Store.
Comment: @ashwinsakthi - You have to enter the password to access the PSN Store in order to purchase and download a game.
Comment: awesome Robotnik...let me check out and let you know...but does the "Password Prompt when Starting Games" work for all games read from blueray,downloaded from PSN etc..
Comment: @Ramhound yea but what if the game is already downloaded?
Comment: @Ender - I assume it works on the rating system of the game itself - and because you set it to the strictest level, it should always prompt. I haven't got any downloaded games (my net is pretty terrible so I never bothered using the PS Store) but what would be the point of restricting an R-rated disk and not an R-rated downloadable game?
Comment: This solution has mixed results. On a PS3 with multiple accounts, adding Parental Control to my account added it to all accounts... all with the same Parent PIN. Meaning it didn't divert a child away from my account, it made a child furious that nothing on the machine works without the PIN, which is easily visible while you type it in, by the way. It also blurs every game icon and name so you have to kind of navigate the home screen blind. I think we need a better solution... .

How to password protect my ps3 console


How can I keep B&O Z2 consistently connected to Airplay?

Question: I use this excellent airplay speaker and iOS device for streaming music from Spotify. Unfortunately, the connection to Airplay reverts (timeout?) to the iPhone 6 Plus speaker after a short time. I would like it to connect by default to the Z2 and stay connected. Any ideas?
Answer: I haven't been able to accomplish this without additional equipment. It seems that the networking in the Z2 is faulty. I instead connect an AirPort Express aux port to the Z2 aux port and airplay to the AirPort (after enabling airplay in the airport settings). The AirPort streams perfectly without dropping the connection and the Z2 still sounds great over aux. It'll stay connected as long as you're on the same wifi network.


When do we use stitch and sew? Can we use them interchangeably?

Question: Would you use sew when it talks about wound?
I hear some people using stitching while they talked about trousers and clothes.
Answer: OK.  A "stitch" is a single loop of thread, used to bind pieces of fabric (or other material) together, as when one uses a needle to draw a thread through the fabric layers.  "Stitch" is countable (though different people may have different ways to count what is a stitch, especially for more complex ones, like an overlock stitch).
"Stitching", then is making repeated stitches, whether to bind up a wound or to put together a garment.  (Or make a quilt, etc.)
"Sewing" is the activity involved in making items out of fabric or similar materials, using techniques resembling stitching.  (What a "technique resembling stitching" means is subject to individual interpretation, but might include gluing, fastening together with rivets, fusing with heat, etc.)  "Sew" is a verb (where "stitch" is both a noun and a verb), though "sewing" can be used as an uncountable noun.
Sewn items might be articles of clothing, curtains, coverings for pieces of furniture, bedding, the "convertible" roof of a car, or a dozen other things.
Either term may be used in a metaphorical sense -- "stitch together an alliance", "sew up a business deal".
Comment: As you somewhat implied when you mentioned overlock stitches, one the word stitch is sometimes used as "5: a ... series of stitches formed in a particular way " http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/stitch, so it is not strictly a single loop of thread.
Comment: @HunterHogan - Yeah, sewers (they don't call themselves "seamstresses") do not generally adhere to rigid definitions.
Comment: But they're happy to call themselves "sewers"?
Comment: @lessthanideal - It's a badge of honor.
Answer: In modern English, "to sew" and "to stitch" are roughly interchangeable. There is a slight difference in meaning, but the most important factor that will dictate your usage is the context: what word does your audience expect to hear?
First, note the somewhat circular definitions of the two words.

Sew (transitive verb) 1: to unite or fasten by stitches
Stitch (intransitive verb): sew

I guess because the verb forms are slightly different, which word you use will also depend on your sentence structure (whether or not you have a direct object).
Second, the words have different origins but have converged in meaning over time.

sew (v.)
Old English siwian "to stitch, sew, mend, patch, knit together," earlier siowian, from Proto-Germanic *siwjanan (cognates: Old Norse syja, Swedish sy, Danish sye, Old Frisian sia, Old High German siuwan, Gothic siujan "to sew"), from PIE [Proto-Indo-European] root *syu- "to bind, sew" (cognates: . . .

And it lists approximately 92,000 cognates: "sew" is an old word that was quite popular in many languages. "Stitch" is likely as old, but it seems to have lacked panache: it was not as popular and starting in the 13th century in English, the original sense of the word, "to stab", dwindled and stitch became part of the lexicon of sewing and binding.

stitch (n.)
Old English stice "a prick, puncture, sting, stab," from
Proto-Germanic *stikiz (cognates: Old Frisian steke, Old High German
stih, German Stich "a pricking, prick, sting, stab"), from PIE
*stig-i-, from root *steig- "to stick; pointed" (see stick (v.)). The sense of "sudden, stabbing pain in the side" was in late Old English.
Senses in sewing and shoemaking first recorded late 13c. . . Surgical
sense first recorded 1520s.
stitch (v.)  c.1200, "to stab, pierce," also "to fasten or adorn with
stitches;"

Conclusion
Technically, as verbs, you probably cannot interchange sew and stitch without modifying your sentence, but the meaning of the action will almost certainly be clear to your audience whichever word you use. Your word choice will largely be based on convention or what your audience expects to hear.
Comment: Good answer. The etymology reveals the connotations clearly: *sewing* is a **series** of *stitches*.
Answer: According to this thread, sewing implies something being created while stitching implies repair.
Another connotation that I think exists is that a stitch refers to attaching a string onto fabric, while sewing (I think) implies making that fabric beforehand? If you go on google images and type in stitching you will see various patterns of attaching string onto an already existing fabric.
For medical purposes, you always stitch up a wound, or suture it. When a doctor stitches your wound you have stitches. Another meaning of stitch is the lovable Disney character, who was named (from we know) arbitrarily by Lilo.


Are there any Heron-like formulas for convex polygons?

Question: Are there any Heron-like formulas for convex polygons ? By Heron-like I mean formulas without angles as arguments and which takes as arguments only lenghts of sides of polygon - that is - we know no lengths of diagonals ? Does such formulas exist ?
  I don't think so, because we could go with area of regular quadrangle to zero, but how to prove it for convex k-polygon, or mayby in other cases it isn't true ?
Answer: There are such formulas for cyclic polygons (i.e., those inscribed in a circle).  I draw your attention to the work of Robbins in this respect.
Answer: No. Consider a quadrilateral with all sides equal. You can vary the angles and change the area without changing the side lengths. Consider a rhombus and a square with equal side lengths, for example.
Similar examples work in the case of a general regular $n$-gon.
Comment: @Qbik What exactly do you want then? No such formula exists.
Comment: I've wrote that.
Answer: Your intuition that such a formula cannot exist is correct. For general quadrilaterals or other polygons you may not be able to get the area to zero, but all you need is that it can vary depending on one angle.


Is it okay to drive with this tyre

Question: Hit a kurb this morning & my current work situation means money is tight for the next couple weeks so can't really afford a new tyre. Just wondering if I'd be alright to drive on it if I avoid high speeds for the next couple of weeks?
Comment: When you say "avoid high speeds" are you also going to avoid having to take any kind of evasive action or heavy braking, either of which would put more strain on the damaged tyre than high speeds?  As a rule of thumb, if you don't think a vehicle is safe to drive at speed, it is probably not safe to be on the road.
Answer: The damage to the wheel itself appears largely cosmetic - although it's difficult to be sure from the photos.
The tire is another story - there's no sign of it bulging (which would suggest the structural bands are intact - for now) but that's a pretty deep gouge. Personally I would say that's unsafe to drive on.
If your car has a spare I'd fit that and then replace the tire when funds allow - if you don't have a spare then it might be worth looking into a part-worn tire to make replacing it cheaper but I certainly wouldn't be driving around on that for a few weeks!
A tire letting go at even relatively modest speeds can easily cause a substantial loss of control, and that's putting yourself, your passengers and other road users in danger.
Comment: @Cath looking at the new pictures - the good news is that the rim itself looks okay, there's no obvious deformation. The bad news is that the tire sidewall still looks compromised to me and even "just" pottering around the average UK town (the Clubcard was a dead giveaway) you are going to be giving an already-weakened tire a hammering - the tire has to go IMO.
Comment: I have added more pictures
Comment: Tires are something to err on the side of caution with. So my general rule of thumb is pretty much anything beyond a scuff is risky. Definitely agree with replacing.
Answer: I'd say that's borderline dangerous. If you are willing to take the risk, take a photograph of the area in good light (possibly using a flash) after each time you drive the car. See if the damage seems to progress in some way. You have the current photographs, which are the first ones in a series. Compare the daily photographs with the first photographs, to see if there are any changes. Any form of bulging on the tire means it's time to stop driving the car immediately. Also, if you can see the cords of the tire, it's also time to stop driving the car (I don't see the cords yet in the damaged area, but the direction of the cords seems to be visible from the marks in the rubber if I'm not mistaken). Furthermore, if the damaged area seems to change in some other unspecified major way, I would also stop driving the car.
I don't see any immediately-fatal damage there yet, but it may be hidden. I could be mildly comfortable driving the car for couple of weeks (not more!), but only if I monitor daily whether the damage progresses. Without monitoring, that's a no-go.
Avoid any long trips. Just drive trips of the usual length. The tire has survived for some unspecified number of kilometers. Chances are it will survive at least the same number of kilometers. Whether it survives for the entire next couple of weeks is another question, but that's why you want to monitor the area carefully.
I wouldn't drive on these tires except if monitoring the damaged area carefully. Because I'm lazy, it means I would replace the tires at the first opportunity to do so.
If you have a donut spare, please note you probably can't drive more than 50 km/h on it (the actual number may vary but there's a speed limit). You also probably can't drive more than 50 km on it (the actual number may vary but there's a distance limit). There is a low speed limit and a low distance limit on the donut spare. So, I wouldn't put the donut spare on if planning to drive on it for two weeks. I would use the damaged tire, and monitor the progression of the damage. The donut is not intended for using for couple of weeks. It is intended to go to the nearest shop that can replace the tires.
Me? I have the funds for replacing a tire, so I would put the donut spare on and drive about 20 km to the nearest tire shop. The only reason I would use the donut spare is that the tire shop is 20 km away, which is within the range of the donut spare.
Note you have to be prepared to stop driving the car anyway if choosing the "monitor it" approach. You have to have a backup plan. So, the safest option would be to simply use that backup plan.
Answer: Wow, no one has differentiated if it's a front or a rear tire.  That makes a huge difference.
But first, let's differentiate between a leak and a blow-out.  You'll feel a (big enough) leak getting worse as you drive so you'll have plenty of time to react.  A blow-out is in an instant.  Blowouts happen much less frequently these days thanks to improved tire technology that aims for fast deflation instead which gives you time to react.
A sidewall blowout from damage usually happens while turning, when the tire is being laterally loaded.  If a front blows out while turning, the vehicle will understeer, (you'll skid straight even though the wheel is turned.) and will have reduced braking.  If the rear blows and you're traveling fast enough, you may get oversteer where the rear whips out and you spin.  That's bad, maybe worse, but much less likely to happen.
If traveling in a straight line and a front tire blows, the vehicle will yank the steering wheel sideways.  You'll have reduced steering and braking again.  If there are guardrails or vehicles next to you, you have a split second to react.  If it's a rear, it'll pull the vehicle to the side a little, but be much more controllable.  A blown rear while going straight is the best option, but also the least likely.
(Personally, I'd happily drive with it on the rear, but not on the front.)
Comment: +1 because of the differentiation between front and rear. Note you can swap front tire to rear, the positions aren't fixed, although you may need to use the donut spare as a temporary while doing the swap, unless the whole car is jacked up.
Answer: Can't see how deep that goes, but you should change that, so put the spare on.
Answer: The pictures aren't great, but I'd say it's not safe to drive on, less because of the tire damage than the damage to the rim. A tire stays on the wheel because it has a lock on the rim, having a chunk missing from the rim's edge could cause the tire to separate from the wheel, not good at any speed.
Unfortunately you will likely have to replace the wheel and the tire. If you have a full service spare you could run on that for awhile. As cost is a factor a used wheel would the way to go.
Comment: Is there a chunk missing removing support for the tire? Or is it just the damaged rubber hanging down?
Comment: It looks to me like it's a chunk missing @SolarMike, a better picture might tell a different story.
Comment: Color is the same on the tire as your "missing" chunk...

Is it okay to drive with this tyre


Is there a word for "underneath a tree"?

Question: Is there an adjective to describe an object (edit: e.g. a dog house or a headstone; the object is not necessarily a living thing) on the ground and underneath a tree? I thought of "treeside", but its meaning is obviously a bit different.
Comment: I don't think so.  You could use "shaded", but that doesn't specifically imply a tree.  "Arboreal" means "relating to trees" but doesn't imply underneath.
Comment: I don't suppose "hypodendric" is a word?
Comment: @MattGutting What does the word mean? It's a bit too "scientific" (much more so than the "subarboreal" in the answers below) anyway.
Comment: that was a bit of a joke :-) _hypo-_ is a Classical Greek prefix meaning "under"; _-dendric_ is a hypothetical adjectival form from the Classical Greek _dendron_, meaning "tree": thus "under a tree." But it's not an actual English word.
Comment: There is "underwood" also for growing things under trees.
Comment: If there were, *Desire Under the Elms* might have had a different name. If you want a rhyming phrase instead, perhaps *in the lee of a tree*?
Comment: User1551: is there such a word in your language?
Answer: Subarboreal is pretty close in strict definition, and could be extended to being used simply as an adjective to describe something as being beneath a tree. It is normally used to describe a species of animal or plant.

def: living or thriving under trees

See also: arboreal (leaving in/among or relating to trees)
From Latin arbor (tree) -> arboreus (of trees) and sub (beneath)
Comment: I'll upvote the word for being on the right track, but I don't think it really satisfies his request. Living or thriving under trees is not the some as being under a tree.
Answer: Try subarboreal. I don't see an entry for it at merriam-webster.com, but I see it used in at least one scientific paper with the meaning you have in mind.
There is also a link mentioning the word on the World English-Language Scrabble Players Association, whence I deduce (without checking) that it is in at least one officially-recognized Scrabble dictionary.
Answer: Bosky   (literary) 1. Covered by bushes, shrubs or trees. 2. Shaded by trees or bushes.
Embower To cover with a bower; to shelter with trees. [Written also {imbower}.]


What is pressure at microscopic level in a liquid? how can I imagine it?

Question: what i mean to say is that, in a liquid (ideal) pressure gets transmitted undiminished, what it means is that a molecule applies equal amount of force to all the molecules in its vicinity how? how do non ideal liquids not satisfy this condition.
Comment: The question is not very clear but I can tell you right away that pressure is a macroscopic emergent property that has little meaning in the microscopic realm, just like entropy and other quantities we are used to.
Comment: @Swike Are you sure entropy "has little meaning in the microscopic realm"? The Boltzmann definition states entropy is a measure of the number of microscopic states in thermodynamic equilibrium, consistent with its macroscopic thermodynamic properties (or macrostate).
Comment: @BobD I think this is correct. In fact it is Boltmann's definition that brought this idea into place. If you look to very very simple systems (by simple we understand a system that is made of few operating elements), which tends to be the norm for microscopic physical systems, you either have very little information to construct a macroscopic variable at all, or you have a situation where the number of microstates for each macroscopic quantity is extremely low and the distribution is so flattened that you can expect fluctuations getting so large that the second law is no longer meaningfull.
Answer: Pressure is a macroscopic concept which embodies the information about the contact force between two pieces of the same or different material. From a fundamental point it can be obtained as time average of a microscopic observable. In order to develop a correct intuition about pressure at microscopic level, the key point is the time average. It is not the direct instantaneous force between molecules which justifies one of the main properties of pressure in a static fluid: its isotropy.
A possible microscopic observable is the so called microscopic stress tensor. For a system of particles in a volume $V$ interacting through pair-wise forces ${\bf f}_{ij}$ it is
$$
{\bf \sigma} = \frac{1}{V}\sum_i \left[ -m_i {\bf \dot u}_i\otimes{\bf \dot u}_i   + \frac{1}{2}\sum_{j\neq i} {\bf r}_{ij}\otimes{\bf f}_{ij}\right]
$$
where ${\bf u}_i$ is the velocity of the $i$-th particle referred to the average velocity and ${\bf r}_{ij}= {\bf r}_{i}-{\bf r}_{j}$.
At equilibrium, the average of each diagonal component  ${\bf \sigma}_{\alpha \alpha}$ is equal to the others and it is also equal to thermodynamic pressure.


Putting output from Postgres \i input to a file?

Question: Quick question (I hope!): if I use \i to feed an input file into psql, can I get the output from the queries to be saved into a file? If so, how? Thanks!!
Answer: Using \o, as recommended by others, is a good solution.  Just for fun, though, another way to do this would be to pipe the input file to psql from the command line,  rather than using the \i command.  Then you could re-direct the output to another file.  For example:
psql < input.sql > output.txt

This has some interesting side effects.  For example, if you have timing turned on (\timing on), then using \o would not cause the timing results to be piped to the output file, but re-direction would.  Same thing with \echo statements.
Answer: Based on the documentation, the \o is for directing output to a file.
Comment: The [solution I proposed](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3939329/putting-output-from-postgres-i-input-to-a-file/3939359#3939359) will include `\echo` output :-).
Comment: This doesn't show the \echo that are in my input file but it does grab everything else. Maybe someone else knows why, but this is good enough for now. I should've figured \o would be the way to do it! Thanks again.
Answer: Sure can:
dbname=> \o /home/outputfile.csv
dbname=> select * from table;
dbname=> \q

Output will be streamed to the file.  Or
dbname=> \o

To stop streaming to file.


How can I repair a nicked wire without adding a junction box?

Question: I had to open up a wall for a plumbing repair and accidentally nicked the jacket of a NM electrical wire with my drywall saw. From what I can see, only the outer jacket was affected, but I admittedly can't see much. It's 12/2 wire, and it runs to an outlet 6 feet away or so. There is no other junction box near that I can tell, and I would prefer not to put in a new box. How can I repair this while covering it back up? Or do I even need to worry?
Comment: Is there any slack that would let you get more of the lower section accessible? If not, can you access the section below the stud?
Comment: @bib no extra slack. Picture is rotated, but that stud is vertical. I could pull off more drywall to open up the next stud bay, though I'd prefer not to unless needed
Answer: I hate to leave questionable connections behind walls. I dream of fire and destruction.
I would repair the tear unless you were certain that the wire insulation was not compromised.
The easiest way to do that is with an inline cable splice.

These are mean to be concealed in walls where repairs to existing wiring is needed, and are UL approved. I use them sparingly (they are a hidden connection) but sometimes they are necessary.
Yon need some slack, so you may have to open a bay next to the current one to get more cable. You can then run a new cable to the next box. In a pinch, you could use two splices and a short run of cable between them, but I would try to avoid that.
Comment: @Tester101 Agreed. He is going to have to go to the other side of that stud.
Comment: Yeah, I figure the stud will prevent this device from being used, regardless of whether this would count as being "fished" or not. There's an outlet ~6 feet away on one side and one ~10 feet away on the other, so I'm going to try and pull new cable.
Comment: There are limitation to where these can be used. Specifically, they can only be used when "fished", if the are concealed. See [this comment](http://diy.stackexchange.com/questions/4493/is-there-a-way-to-simply-splice-in-an-additional-length-of-12-2-nm-b-cable/4535#comment34200_4535)
Comment: @Tester101 So, in the present case, do you think it would be allowed or not?
Comment: I would say that it's not appropriate in this situation, but I'm sure it has been (and will be) used in situations like this. Based on the location of the damage, I'm guessing it's going to be difficult to use this device anyway.  Unless you can pull some slack, it's going to be a struggle to install it that close to the stud.
Comment: Gasp!! Look at the tiny microscopic screws.  What a mean thing to do... the engineer must hate electricians.
Comment: @Kris They actually are Phillips #1, not too bad.
Answer: You could cut the wire at the damage and run it to a new single socket (or similar) and then run a new cable from the new socket to the one 6 foot away? (unless you're in a bathroom etc.)
Comment: Excellent suggestion.  Typically it's done this way where the damaged wire is cut away and the remaining slack is rerouted to two nearby lights (or outlets) and a new wire is joined between them.
Comment: While this is a good suggestion, it does not answer the question. I specifically asked how to make the repair _without_ adding a new box.
Comment: It's a matter of terminology so I apologise for that. A box to me is a junction box. In the UK a power outlet or socket would not be called a box, unless you were talking about the 'back box' used for mounting said socket... Language huh.


What are the concerns with residents building lean-to's up against city fortifications?

Question: In historical illustrations of cities with defensive walls, I have noticed that it is very rare for a non-defensive structure to be built directly adjacent to the inside face of the wall. A building constructed adjacent to the wall would have one of its external faces already built, a potentially huge saving, so I imagine there must be some very good reasons to keep the inside of a defensive wall clear.
Comment: This reads like a real world historical question better asked on the historical stack exchange If this isn't already answered there.
Comment: lots of structures would be build on the inside wall of defensive structures try asking this in the history stack.
Comment: Another example is [Golden Lane](https://www.amazingczechia.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/prague-golden-lane-02xm.jpg.webp) in Prague Castle - notice the grey wall behind the miniature houses.
Comment: Per @GaultDrakkor. A possible rewording would be asking the conditions under which a structure may be built adjacent to a wall or what hazards may arise from doing so, given specific parameters.
Comment: For an example still in existance, in Southampton houses had an external wall turned into the city wall: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_John%27s_Palace,_Southampton
Comment: I think people are reading *aren't* as *weren't*. Why *wouldn't* you is a WB Q.
Answer: It was done. For instance, the French settlement of Louisburg in Nova Scotia had building in some places along the walls, as seen in this photo of a diorama of the fortress:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Louisbourg.jpg
As for the reason why it wasn't common, open space inside the walls offers an advantage: if the enemy breach the wall, they have to cross an open killing ground where they are exposed from fire from both inside and forces still in the walls. It allows troops on the inside to quickly move around en masse without having to move through narrow streets or buildings.
From a non-military standpoint, it provides open space that can be used for festivals, for pasture, for parade grounds, and even simply for parkland.
Answer: Ideally you want a dead zone on both sides (inside and outside) of your walls, both for purposes of spotting enemies in that area and for logistical purposes (quickly getting troops and supplies to the wall, and as a patrol zone).
Structures built up to the wall block that, which is why they were typically discouraged unless maybe very easy to take down (like a market stall would probably be ok in peace time, but removed during a siege, a blacksmith shop wouldn't be).
Of course many cities expanded over time, with new walls being built outside the old ones, and the old walls then no longer needing to have those dead zones so things would be built right next to them, even using the old city wall as part of their structures. Or the city fathers may decide those old dead zones make a nice city park and circle road, which both preserves them for posterity and gives them a new purposes and has the added effect that the wall now can again be put into service as a secondary defensive structure were the city to fall under siege again and the (new) outer wall be breached.
Answer: Why you wouldn't want buildings next to walls
Traffic flow
If you put houses next to the wall, how are your soldiers supposed to run around the perimetre? You're gonna say "on top of the wall", but on top of the wall can be very risky during a siege. It's certainly more practical and safer to move your troops behind the wall than on top of it.
In peace time, having a street that runs around your city, like the modern périphérique of Paris (which replaced ineffective defensive walls), is kind of nice to have. It makes transporting people and goods a bit easier, although how much of a benefit that is would depend on the size of your walled city.
Buffer zone
Buffer zones are nice. If the wall is breached, it might be helpful to have a bit of space to defend inside your walls, compared to fighting in somebody's garden or living room.
Don't be a target
Related to the above. Suppose the military let you, would you build your house next to the fuel depot of an air base? In case of an attack, your house would be blown first. When the wall is breached, you don't want enemy soldiers to come through your living room. It's not a lot more comfortable to have them come through your backyard, but it's a mild improvement.
Space isn't an issue
Usually the limit to how many people can be sustained inside a fortified city during a siege isn't the amount of real estate, it's how much water and food you can store/get. So realistically, you don't need to fill all the space. If you did, that would be woefully unsustainable during a siege.

Why it's fine to have building next to walls
There's always a bigger wall
The Cité of Carcassonne has buildings rather near the walls. That is, near the inner walls. Carcassonne has two lines of walls, with no buildings inbetween. That provides the buffer zone in case the first wall is breached, and if you're anticipating enough sieges that you're wondering where you should build your buildings, start by building a second outer wall first.
Let the Wookiee win
The truth is sieges favour the attacker. Unless you have an army outside coming to help you, breaking a siege is really hard, and then it becomes a game of waiting for the defenders to starve out, helped by a few choice artillery hits.
It was well understood that the longer a siege lasted, the more pillaging, raping and murdering the winning attacker would deal. A prompt surrender usually avoided such a fate, and it was better for the attacker to capture an intact city than a pile of rubble.
Of course, it was also understood that if the attacker had a reputation for being a bunch of savages, you'd never surrender. But when attacked by a reasonable enemy, surrendering quickly isn't a bad choice. And at that point, it doesn't really matter where your buildings are.

Additional considerations
Fortified cities aren't built in a day
What might have once been a carefully planned city ebbs and flows through the centuries. They're conquered, retaken, lost, abandoned, restored, each new occupant adding or removing buildings, time bringing in different styles and techniques. The Cité of Carcassonne, to keep the same example, in some form or another is over two thousand years old. It has been a prosperous city, and it has been a ruin of squalor. Today it's a tourist attraction.
Military consideration aren't always the order of the day.
Different people built different castles
There are different philosophies regarding forts, not just through time but also through space. While they have a number of commonalities, German and French medieval castles for instance have their differences. Because of different architectural styles, because of different cultures, and also because warfare evolved through times and at different paces, and because each particular location has its own history.
Each fort has a way of being unique.
Answer: In medieval warfare, an important aspect of siege tactics included escalade, or the scaling of city walls. Having structures immediately adjacent to defensive walls would enable the sort of "hiding spots" or "blind spots" that would be prone to attacks or laying-in-wait, or holding positions during an invasion, which would serve little defensive purpose but would pose significant hazards for the defending party.
Also consider that most tall structures simply did not have any need to be on the edges of a walled city. Most would be located in the center area, and any purpose that needed to be fulfilled by a tall structure could simply be merged into a tower in the wall itself. There's really no need to have skyscrapers sitting around in the edges of one's city, after all.
Comment: @John please reread my response. Nowhere did I mention constructing anything outside of the wall. A tall structure within the city walls would be the perfect spot for forward reconnaissance or other similar groups to hide. Overall, unnecessary risks.
Comment: the OP is asking about the INSIDE side of the wall, lots of things were built there.
Answer: The ancient world did things differently, it seems.
The Old Testament has multiple references of people whose houses were on the city walls. The most famous by far is Rahab, who let two Israelite spies out her window to escape. I don't know when the changeover happened.
Joshua 2:1,15-16 CSB
Joshua son of Nun secretly sent two men as spies from the Acacia Grove, saying, "Go and scout the land, especially Jericho." So they left, and they came to the house of a prostitute named Rahab, and stayed there....
[15] Then she let them down by a rope through the window, since she lived in a house that was built into the wall of the city. "Go to the hill country so that the men pursuing you won't find you," she said to them. "Hide there for three days until they return; afterward, go on your way."
Comment: This may as well be because the defensive meaning of city walls could wane in the calmer periods of history, and they could turn into urban infrastructure (and back)
Comment: This both challenges the premise of my question and answers it! Very cool to have an example of structures built on the city wall, and also an interesting reason for why doing so can compromise security!
Comment: I think you've used the wrong word here- structures of this time period were built *into* the city wall, not on top of it. This was common pre-siege technology, because such walls didn't need to withstand large projectiles.
Answer: For every stone that needs inspecting and repairs, there needs to a be a space
Three feet in each direction and six feet tall.
Any higher than that and it needs Putlog holes, which do what it says on the tin, so you can put scaffold.

(1) Depth of Working Space
The depth of the working space in the direction of live parts shall not be less than that specified in Table 110.26(A)(1) unless the requirements of 110.26(A)(1)(a), (A)(1)(b), or (A)(1)(c) are met. Distances shall be measured from the exposed live parts or from the enclosure or opening if the live parts are enclosed.
(2) Width of Working Space
The width of the working space in front of the electrical equipment shall be the width of the equipment or 762 mm (30 in.), whichever is greater. In all cases, the work space shall permit at least a 90 degree opening of equipment doors or hinged panels.
(3) Height of Working Space
The work space shall be clear and extend from the grade, floor, or platform to a height of 2.0 m (6 1/2 ft) or the height of the equipment, whichever is greater. Within the height requirements of this section, other equipment or support structures, such as concrete pads, associated with the electrical installation and located above or below the electrical equipment shall be permitted to extend not more than 150 mm (6 in.) beyond the front of the electrical equipment.
https://up.codes/viewer/texas/nfpa-70-2020/chapter/1/general#110.26_%28A%29
Comment: But let's assume, as usual, some idiot violated the sanctity of my working space, now we need to flash the roof of the lean-to, poorly, as always, and then only discover that the mortar is effloresce behind it when we tear it down 20y later.


Scaling/size issues in delta printers

Question: So here How to achieve dimensional accuracy of printed parts the Cartesian printer approach to accurate sizing is covered. And deltas get a footnote of being a whole other ball of wax - so let's look at that wax ball.
I'm currently resurrecting, or erecting, depending how one looks at it, a poorly documented Chinese printer (purchased in China by a Chinese student and abandoned in the US after graduation) that appears to be based off a Rostock mini. Z 204mm, X Y 100mm radius or 200 mm diameter, Bowden tube.

It appears to be equipped with an absurdly small nozzle (lacking a good way to check that precisely yet, feeding suggests possibly 0.1mm, and no, the vertical resolution is not nearly enough to make that in any way reasonable), which is obviously fixable if the rest of it can be made to work.
Yesterday we got it to the point of (very tediously with tiny nozzle) spitting out a test cube, which was 17 by 17 by 20 mm - undersized in XY, accurate in Z. The last bit makes me pretty sure the steps/mm are right on the steppers, but obviously something is off in the geometry (measured, no documentation for this exact printer can be found, at least by non-Chinese-speaking/reading me - it being utterly un-branded does not help.)
A second test cube was produced with scaling set to 20/17 (1.176) in the XY directions, and that seems to be accurate at least to non-precision measurements. I'm now contemplating "what likely needs tweaked, and in what direction" for the delta geometry - I'd say the rod eye-to-eye measurement (85mm, IIRC) is fairly decent, the offset from rod mount at carriage to rod center is not too terrible, and I have low confidence in the rod mount at printhead to nozzle - so that's the one I suspect most.
tl, dr:But I lack an intuitive understanding of how each of those parameters (offset at carriage, offset at printhead, and arm length) would affect the printed size. I'll come back and edit in what we currently think each is. Rather than depending on scaling in the slicer I'd like to seek the "right numbers" but when at the limits of available measurement precision, having an idea how and in what direction incorrect offsets or arm length affect the print size would be good, rather than just blindly changing numbers and hoping.
I also have some other "print quality" issues and a bed leveling issue which will be other questions when I can sort that out.
Comment: This is a very detailed post, and interesting to read, but what is the actual question? Could you provide a **TL;DR** summary?
Comment: As requested - I'd like to know how and in what direction incorrect delta parameters will affect the as-printed size/geometry, so I can try to tweak mine to be correct, without a full fledged metrology lab to get more dependable measurements of things that are difficult to get accurately by eyeball and calipers.
Answer: Issues in X-Y size on a Delta are usually the result of an incorrect diagonal rod value in the firmware.  This should be easy to fix assuming the rods were built together.
The formula for this is (20 in this case is your test print X-Y):
New DELTA_DIAGONAL_ROD = 20 / measured_length * Original DELTA_DIAGONAL_ROD
I found this information (here), this site also has more information on setting the radius and other delta specific issues.
If you encounter issues with the size of the rods you should build new ones using a jig.  There are several (here's one) I found on Thingiverse but they require printed parts and they do all the rods horizontally which I think would be tough to keep equal. I would use something similar to this picture but with a longer rod/bolt so you can fit all rods on the same time.  When I did my Kossel Mini I used a piece of the extrusion with bolts coming off of it to keep the rods consistent.

For the other issues you mention you should open another question specific to each issue.
Comment: Thanks; I have been around stack exchange long enough to not only know that those issues  are separate questions, but to mention that they *will be* separate questions when I get to them; and not to ask them until I have done enough background to make them worth asking.

Scaling/size issues in delta printers


File signed with maliciously installed certificate on machine

Question: Let's assume we have a system delivering files (such as updating a program) that are digitally signed with a trusted CA. If an attacker somehow manages to install custom certificate as a trusted source on victim's machine, and then man-in-the-middle changes incoming files to other signed with this custom certificate, is there a way to prevent this? For example: can you check against only a pool of trusted-by-developer certificates?
Answer: Yes, this is called certificate pinning.  You would simply verify the signature against a particular public key rather than any trusted public key when doing the verification of the signature.
That said, if the attacker has already compromised the local machine and installed a root certificate, they are unlikely to need to mess with your update mechanism to compromise your software anyway since they are already performing trusted actions on the client.
Comment: +1 interesting thought. Installing a cert != arbitrary code execution (I don't think). Thought experiment with Frlirefox as an example: can installing a malicious cert into your OS trust store somehow allow me to update the FF binary to add a cert to it's list?
Comment: Thank you. This is exactly what I needed, and for the love of me could not find any information looking up only "Verify signed file based on single certificate" and similar.
Comment: And for the comment about compromised machine, what I had in mind was more of a situation where a user with elevated privileges was convinced by attacker to install certificate, or similar.
Comment: @GrzegorzPuławski - true, it isn't completely useless, but at the same time if someone convinced a user to install an untrusted root certificate, they can probably socially engineer them in to installing a RAT too.  I wasn't so much saying you shouldn't pin.  If you can pin (it never hurts) then you should. I was more highlighting that you shouldn't trust it as a catch all and slack on other protection for your application.


Shimano 105 5600 derailleur compatability with 105 5700 11-28 casette

Question: My current cassette is a 105 5600 12-27 the front is a 105 5600 53/39. I want to go compact so will the Shimano 105 5600 rear derailleur support the 105 5700 11-28 cassette?
Answer: As long as the 5600 and 5700 cassettes contained the same number of gears, the two cassettes will be interchangeable. They're both 10-speed, so you'll be fine. You'd have had problems going from a 9- to 10-speed, or going from a 10- to 11-speed. The reason in each case would be because of chain width.
update - as @jimirings points out, the RD-5600 is spec'd to only support cogs with up to 27 teeth, so it is possible there may be problems, although I'd have thought it unlikely. (In fact I too am riding a "28" cassette with a "27" derailleur and have not seen any ill effects.) If you're really concerned about this, possible workarounds would be using a different variant of the CS-5700, or upgrading to an RD-5700. If you're willing to spend to upgrade your crankset, the additional cost of a rear derailleur is quite small.
Incidentally, if you're wanting to go compact, why are you changing to rear mech? I mean, its no problem if you want to do this, just as long as you realise you don't need to do this.
To go compact, you can just replace your current crankset with a FC-5750, or even with an FC-5650 if you can find one. Try looking on eBay, you may find a bargain.
Comment: Thats for the extremely detailed response! My current setup is full 105 5600 53/39 front 12-27 rear. All I have bought is the FC-5750 front 50/34 and the 11-28 5700 rear cassette to give me more flexibility and better gearing for climbing.

I've not bought a new rear mech just the cogs so I wanted to check if everything was compatible, seems it is I guess, even if Shimano don't 100% say so
Comment: @Andy If you've already bought them there's definitely an argument for "suck it and see"
Answer: According to the instructions for that derailleur, the maximum sprocket size is 27 teeth.
My guess is that one tooth won't make it completely inoperable, but it could. The derailleur might simply not have the range of motion to shift onto a sprocket that large. However, I'd bet that it's more likely that shifting just wouldn't be ideal.
On a side note, the change from an 12-27 cassette to an 11-28 isn't going to be huge. I personally wouldn't think it was worth the money unless the existing cassette was in need of replacement. And as PeteH mentions, the crankset is all you need to change in order to go compact.
Comment: As an addendum to my previous comment, I just checked and on my main bike I am running a 6700 11-28 Ultegra cassette with a 6600 rear derailleur which is only specc'd to 27 teeth. I've been riding this for a year (blissfully ignorant until now), but have had no ill effects whatsoever.
Comment: Jimi you're dead right, I wrote my answer just based on the current range (which is all I see on the Shimano web site). The 5700 cassette is available in 4 variants: 11-25, 11-28, 12-25 and 12-27 so possibly Op should avoid the second of these to guarantee compatibility. I will amend my answer accordingly.
Comment: Maybe Shimano didn't offer the 11-28 cassettes on the 6600 and 5600 range. Nice to know they work fine together though
Comment: @Andy I suspect that is the case.
Comment: On *almost* all bikes the 105 5600 der. will clear 28 teeth. Around here the most common cassette is the 11-28 (lots of hills in the PNW)...you may need to drive the tension screw in further.


TextView - how to make second line indented

Question: I want to have the second line (and third, fourth, etc.) of my TextView indented, is that possible? I don't know the exact TextView's text in advance. The text will be without newline ("\n") characters - it will be wrapped to lines automatically by the TextView.
Comment: I edited my question, see the last sentence...
Comment: I'm not an Android expert, but have you tried inserting `\t` for a tab after every newline (`'\n'`) character?
Answer: Another possibility would be to switch from a TextView to a WebView then using CSS set the padding-left of your text to 20px and text-indent to -20px. That should move all text in 20px except the first line which will be pulled back 20px.
Comment: public static void IndentEffect(WebView webViewv, String string) {
        webViewv.loadData("" + string.toUpperCase() + "", "text/html", "utf-8");
        WebSettings webSettings = webViewv.getSettings();
        webSettings.setTextZoom(webSettings.getTextZoom() + 20);
    }
Answer: public static void IndentEffect(WebView webViewv, String string) {
    webViewv.loadData("
" + string.toUpperCase() + "
", "text/html", "utf-8");
    WebSettings webSettings = webViewv.getSettings();
    webSettings.setTextZoom(webSettings.getTextZoom() + 20);
}

For the above wrapper method, if you just pass the webview reference and the place holder text, then the required indentation will be automatically applied for the second line.
ALL THE BEST !! Might be helpful for someone in need.
Answer: I feel like you would need to use multiple TextViews.  One with a full width and then another one right below it with some padding or margin on the left to give the appearance of an indentation.
In your code you'd have to parse the text so that only a certain number of characters go into the top TextView, and the rest go below.
Not the greatest solution, but it might be worth playing with.  If you're going to do it this way you would definitely want to use a mono spaced font.  That way you would always have the same number of characters that could fit on a single line in the first TextView.
Comment: On second thought this probably wouldn't work very well across devices with different screen widths. :\


Why don't car manufacturer's use a combination of disc brakes and electeomagnetic brakes to reduce braking distances?

Question: It many be due to costs or that the brake discs would have to be made out of aluminium/copper for the electromagnetic braking to be effective or there may not be a significant reduction in braking distance. I'm just not sure if these are valid reasons or not.
Answer: The existing brake systems consisting of hydraulic pumps and calipers and disks have proved to be, reliable, efficient, low maintenance, and fail-safe.
They are powerful enough that from the moment of deployment they impart maximum practical deceleration right up to the level of the limit stopping force short of skidding. There is even a need for a governor control system ( ABS) to rain in on their performance not to allow the potential lock-up of the wheels.
The possible bottleneck is in the tire's friction and heat resistance capabilities.
Adding any other system will multiply the complexity, increase the chance of failure, and add to the cost of the car and its maintenance.


Windows Boot Manager interfering with Kubuntu 18.04.1 installation on old netbook

Question: I am completely new to Linux. Now I want to install Kubuntu on my old Acer Aspire-Netbook to practice a little bit for my internship.
I created a bootable USB-Memory-Stick, changed its priority to the highest in the boot-section of the bios (no uefi - old blue white interface).
Windows 7 Starter is installed on that netbook, when I try to boot from USB Windows Boot Manager jumps in and says: Windows failed to start.
I read about a secure boot but I do not have this option in BIOS (its only available on uefi-bios?)
Is there a way for me to install Kubuntu anyways on this netbook?
Answer: Problem solved: The  "Linux Live USB Creator" was not copying all needed Files to the USB-stick, so I created a new bootable device with "Rufus" and now the installation is nearly complete.


Ending a word in a stressed "h"

Question: I am a native English speaker, and as far as I know, my language has no words that end in a stressed h sound. So, I'm creating a conlang, and I thought about putting one at the end of a word, but I have no clue how to pronounce it without a vowel following it (in other words, not "ha", just "h"). Any advice?
PS: In case it helps, this h would follow the IPA sound ӡ.
Comment: You need to learn phonetics before you can make a good conlang. Catford's _Practical Introduction to Phonetics_ repays detailed study.
Answer: "Stress" is a property of syllables, not consonants, so you could drop the restriction "stressed". In fact, no words in English end in [h], leaving out spelling where it is an orthographic device to indicate something else. There are some languages with final h (Sundanese, Arabic, Somali and North Saami in one interpretation), but it isn't common across languages. Having words like [mæʒh] would be particularly challenging to pronounce, and if final [h] appeared only after [ʒ] then that smacks of misanalysis (like, why not just say it's a pronunciation feature of final /ʒ/?).
Arabic being a relatively widely-taught language, it might be best to "get the hang" of final h by practicing it in Arabic, and then transfer the skills to the conlang. The downside is that online teaching materials usually require you to read the script. Perhaps fdb knows of a pedagogical list of online final-h words with recordings.
Answer: A typical approach to pronouncing final consonants is adding a short Schwa [ə] after it and then practicing with gradual shortening the vowel to the minimal possible length.
I have no academic books on this topic, but I have personal experience teaching my Thai friends how to pronounce English final consonants. In Thai language, a considerable amount of consonant sounds can't be final in the syllable, so average people have difficulty even with seemingly easy final [l], [s], or even voiced plosives [b/d/g] — while, obviously, having no problem with these consonants as initial ones in the syllable.
This technique has helped me a lot.

Ending a word in a stressed "h"


Create 3 Views blocks that display 1st, 2nd, and 3rd most recently created nodes

Question: How can you create three View blocks such that (based on a particular field value or taxonomy category or just content type) the first block displays the most recently CREATED (not updated) node, the second displays the second most recently created node, and the third displays the third most recently created node?
Answer: Create the 3 views blocks with your filters and order by created. Then change the Pager to Display a specified number of items.
For 1st block update the settings (it should say displaying X items) then update the Items to display to 1 and the offset to 0.
For the 2nd block do the same but change the offset to 1 and then for the third block set the offset to 2.
Untested but on a quick check of the options, this should give you what you are after.
Paul
Comment: thanks, this seems workable. I'll work with it and let you know how it goes.


Selenium + Chrome browser : How to Validate Downloaded file after clicking on downloaded button/ link using Selenium

Question: How to Validate Downloaded file after clicking on downloaded button/ link in chrome browser
Comment: You should Add - Which language you are using ? What you have tried or what challenges you are facing? What exact point you need help..etc. So stack users will help you maxx !
Comment: This question is too broad - we don't know how to answer it. What kind of file is it that you are downloading? And what defines it as valid or invalid? What have you tried so far, and what has worked and what isn't yet working?
Answer: It is unclear what do you mean by "Validate". If you are downloading a document and your target is to check its content the question is not related to Selenium as Selenium is browser automation framework.
If you use Java client language you can consider i.e. Apache Tika which supports a lot of file extensions and formats to extract data from the downloaded document.
See Examples section to get started with Tika.
If you're using a different client language search for similar libraries to parse downloaded file and extract its content.
Comment: why overcomplicate things ? download a known file and compare/hash it to the known source
Answer:
Create a digital signature of a valid file
After download get the signature of downloaded file
Compare the signatures. If they are the same the download is valid.

You can use the MD5 command line tool to create and compare the signatures.
The big con is that you need to update the signature if the file changes, possible you need a way to get a dynamic signature after processing.
Also read this blog, which has a MD5 example: http://ardesco.lazerycode.com/testing/webdriver/2012/07/25/how-to-download-files-with-selenium-and-why-you-shouldnt.html
Answer: Your question is not really clear, so I have to make a few assumptions here:

You are using selenium to automate your tests
You know how to access directories on your own PC

My suggestion is:

Use selenium to click this download button
Get the file name that you want to download, say it is "chrome.exe"
Access the folder where you save your downloaded files
Make sure there is no "chrome.exe" previously saved, if there is one or more, you will need to delete them before you test starts OR use regular expression to locate the latest one

Without much details, this is about as much as I can help you with.


My Macbook 7.1 (Macbook white mid-2010) 10gb ram, 250gb SSD Samsung 850 EVO overheats with few apps open

Question: My Macbook 7.1 (Macbook white mid-2010) with 10gb ram and 250gb SSD Samsung 850 EVO overheats with very few apps open. It overheats for no particular reason. It cools down for no particular reason too. It goes from 89 to 65 in seconds regardless of applications usage that I do. Why is this happening?
Answer: Without seeing your Activity Monitor, it's tough to say what your CPU is doing.  However, a 24 degree temp swing in a couple of seconds is a lot.
Have you tried AHT (Apple Hardware Test)?
https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT201257
My thinking is that you may have a bad temperature sensor (or it's getting bad info).
If that's the case, there are folks who repair things like this, or it just may be a good reason to upgrade your Mac.  There is a guy in NY that does really good work (I am not affiliated) repairing these boards:  https://mailin.repair/
Comment: Thanks! I will try that and tell you if it shows something important at all. What do you think the overheating is? I don't have it usually much over 90 Celsius, so it might not be a problem at all.
Comment: A resistor or capacitor may have died and it's either a bad sensor or it's sending bad data to the sensor.  Until you get it diagnostic codes off of it, there's really no way to tell.
Comment: try adding your comment as answer though see how that goes. I don't think that sending my Macbook to America is a good idea though. Thanks for the advice......
Comment: @VladimirDespotovic no apple genius near you?
Comment: No, not in Serbia, no. We don't even have an Apple Store. Not one.
Comment: I went on opened the macbook, detached the ventilator fan, cleaned it,  - there was a thick dust ball underneath it somewhere, returned everything back and voila! Rarely goes over 80C now.
Answer: I went on and opened the Macbook, detached the ventilator fan, cleaned it - there was a thick dust ball underneath it somewhere, returned everything back and voila! Rarely goes over 80C now.


Can I get by without a coolant drain bolt washer in my 1997 accord

Question: I just did a huge timing belt and seals job that included replacing the coolant in my 1997 accord with the f22b2 engine.  The drain bot washer fell out, and I didn't notice it, so I put back the drain bolt without its washer.  I used plenty of hondabond on the threads of the drain bolt per the factory manual, and I'm wondering if I can get by without the washer.  Obviously I would like to avoid the hassle as well as avoid wasting coolant.  Will the hondabond and a properly torqued bolt be sufficient?
Answer: Maybe. For a while. Perhaps. If the plug loosens or falls out, the engine may be damaged, you won't have a drain plug or coolant, and the car will be immobile.
Solution: get a big plastic tub. Drain coolant into the tub. Remove drain plug, add washer, reinstall plug. Refill cooling system using the coolant you just drained. Bleed the cooling system.
Comment: Whether it's likely or unlikely to fail, failure could result in damage and other unpleasant consequences. I'd choose to avoid those possibilities, and I would replace the washer. YMMV.
Comment: Is it likely for the plug to come loose with the hondabond on the threads? It has a temperature rating of 600 degrees f.


Hegel's Actual and Real

Question: Hegel uses the terms Actuality (Wirklichkeit) and Reality (Realität) often in his works. Can anyone help make determinations about the relation of these two terms? How are they distinguished from each other? Is the any scholarship on this issue?
Comment: Already in Kant : actuality is a category of modality and reality is a category of quality. The opposite of reality is negation; reality is positivity. Actuality is opposed to inactuality and to mere possibility.
Comment: The sources of german idealism's ontology are to be looked for in Wolff's Ontologia. Abridged version in Baumeister( Philosophia definitiva). Also Baumgarten , Metaphysica ( there exists an English translation). As to Kant proper, the table of caegories is in the Analytics of pure reason ( Crit. Pure Reason). Kant's Lessons on metaphysics ( based on Baumgarten's book) are also useful .
Comment: @VinceVickler Thank you - that's helpful. Do you have a reference for that?
Answer: While in many contexts of ordinary speech of German, the words 'Wirklichkeit' and 'Realität' make a distinction without a difference, Hegel contrasts them in an important aspect that can be associated with Aristotle's concepts of energeia and entelecheia (it is helpful to keep in mind when reading Hegel that he constantly converses with Aristotle as well as Kant in developing his fundamental notions and terms). Thus, he makes them into technical terms of his philosophy (like his differentiation of 'Negation' from 'Verneinung'), his usage is not regular without exception, though and may accord with their usual senses in the philosophical literature. As his specific terms, it has emerged as a convention to translate 'Wirklichkeit' as 'actuality' and 'Realität' as 'reality'.
It might be illuminating to take a glance at the etymologies. 'Realität' (reality; from the Scholastic term 'realitas') revolves around some sort of res, designates its sheer existence, and 'real' is related to that "res", connoting a contrast with 'ideal'. 'Wirklichkeit' (actuality) belongs to the cluster of words 'Wirken' (to have an effect, or be effective on something), Wirkung (impact, effective force), is wirklich (real, genuine). Notice that 'Verwirklichung' (realisation/actualisation) connects the real and the actual.
A key point is to appreciate the decisive role of immanent truth in Hegel's kernel vision of the world. It would not be much of an overstatement to say that Hegel's thought is the one indexed to truth at each step of it. This "truth" is not set beforehand like Plato's transcendent forms, but in a similar vein as Aristotle, something attains its truth when it actualises itself fully, that is, fulfils the sufficient and necessary conditions of its definition or its adequate characterisation. For Hegel, the world works out its path in stages (phases, moments) to truth on all parts and aspects of it. Before the moment of truth, no doubt, something has been real, but not yet actual. At the end of the path to get concretised in what is actual, which is constituted of stages, the preceding moments are preserved; they remain to be real, reality does not fade away into emptiness. Therefore, the locus of truth is the totality that comes into existence as an outcome of this path of actualisation. Only then, it can be said to be capable of properly playing its role (functions, effects) in the world: In Hegel's words, "Was wirklich ist, kann wirken" (what is actual can act -is efficacious).
Making comparisons with various contemporary views is a useful way to see and clarify characteristic divergences of Hegel's thought. We may consider the statement

'Snow is white' iff snow is white

which, for Hegel, is not simply a record of some correspondence to a fact. Hegel would see the right-hand side is a dialectical process involving snow and whiteness,  snow actualising its potential (realising its nature), and completed just when the left-hand side is fully realised. Hence actual snow is genuinely white; if not white, then it would not be snow at all. At the end, snow acts, or becomes so effective, as what has to be expected from it - say, covering the soil like a blanket, reflecting all the sun rays, etc. The process is not transcendent: It is realised in the world and real in all the stages; albeit "formal", or, so to be speak, in the name almost, lacking proper content. Hence, when actualised, snow is identified with its role in the world.
Another aspect important to Hegel's thought is that actuality is a rational transformation of reality. The actual is concretisation of rationality. The elements of the actual are already existent in particular contexts, but the actual gathers and develops them in a higher rational order. Hegel states this aspect in a formulaic fashion as "Was vernünftig ist, das ist Wirklich; und was wirklich ist, das ist vernünftig (what is rational is actual; and what is actual is rational).
We have to see this aspect against the backdrop of what Hegel calls "Wissenschaft der Logik" (notice that 'Wissenschaft' has rich connotations that the word 'science' falls short of) which manifests an ontological theory from one viewpoint, a narrative of being. This narrative, while taking place immanently in the world, unfolds also a deductive structure (see also my post) that can be separated methodically in thought. As W. T. Stace expresses with felicity, "the world flows from the universal, not as an effect flows from its cause in time, but as a conclusion flows from its premisses" (The Philosophy of Hegel: A Systematic Exposition, New York: Dover Publications, 1955 (originally 1922), p. 22).
It should be clear by now that the reality-actuality distinction is a fundamental categorisation in Hegel's thought. I'd refer you to general commentaries, for I believe its genuine significance can be grasped when they are seen put to work.

Hegel's Actual and Real


Do you move compresser plug when you lower the stem position

Question: When steerer tube hadn't been cut and put spacers above the stem but compresser plug would stay the same position.
Comment: Terminology question: I think we normally say expansion plug. It's there in part to resist compression from the stem, you are correct, but this can lead to the humorous situation where @Jeff can be referring to an expansion *and* a compression plug and it's the same item.
Comment: Edited my answer. I knew as I wrote the answer that the term, "compression plug," wasn't the commonly used term and made a mental note to check that since I couldn't for the life of me come up with "expansion," as I plodded forth with an answer.
Answer: Whether the Threadless stem system utilizes an expansion plug (the more commonly used term for what you refer to as "compression" plug), or a star nut as means of tightening a top cap down to load the systems bearings, you want to achieve a gap between the top of the forks steer tube and top of the stem or upper most spacer above the stem of 3 to 5 mm.  Typically an expansion plug is used when the fork features a carbon fiber steer tube.  The expansion plug is used in these situations for a couple reasons. First, is because the design of a star nut is such that to be functional, the outside of the nut flanges have to dig in to achieve the grip necessary for the top cap bolt to pull against.  This design is fine for alloy or steel steer tubes, but carbon fiber needs to stay intact to maintain its strength and integrity and something that gouges the carbon fiber--especially something that may be subjected to repeated installations and adjustments--would not be advisable. Thus, an expansion plug is utilized to provide resistance for the stem cap bolt while leaving the carbon fiber of the steer tube intact and undamaged.  Secondly, and as important when using a carbon fiber steer tube, is that the expansion plug will act as a support for the carbon fiber when the stem clamping bolts are torqued up.  This is what holds the whole system together--the squeeze of the clamping action of the stem upon the steer tube secures the front end of the bike in a Threadless headset system.  Carbon fiber is very strong against bending forces, but not so much against compression forces. Where a metal frame may get a ding or dent from a sharp lateral contact, a carbon fiber frame may crack.  Even if the damage involves just the resin and a bit of the carbon fiber (not a true "crack" in the common sense of that word), this damage can weaken the integrity of the carbon fiber. This then can grow as the surrounding area delaminates and further weakens in a larger and larger area.  At any rate, the compression plug also acts as support against the squeeze of the stem, and thus should be just a few millimeters from the top of the steer tube, but also in the area where the clamp force of the stem is countered. This aspect puts a limit on how many spacers can be placed above the stem.  For what it's worth an just my opinion, more than 10-15mm of spacers above the stem starts to look ridiculous and will then be out of reach of most stock stem cap bolts if the compression plug is placed correctly within the stem clamping area.
Comment: @AndrewHenle good question. I do remember learning that compression plugs were required to support the fork steerer internally. Perhaps seatposts just have to be laid up differently than steerers; remember that CF structure can be made to be anisotropic. Also, we definitely don't clamp frame tubes, so there is that.
Comment: *Secondly, and as important when using a carbon fiber steer tube, is that the compression plug will act as a support for the carbon fiber when the stem clamping bolts are torqued up.*  Oh?  So what protects a carbon fiber seat post from the compression of the clamp that holds the seat post in place?
Comment: That is a good point @Andrew Henle. If one were to believe the advice on [Park Tool's article about torque](https://www.parktool.com/blog/repair-help/torque-specifications-and-concepts), they claim, "Seat posts require only minimal tightening to not slip downward. Avoid over tightening."  Typical torque values for the seat post binder are around 5 Nm whereas the stem binders call for double that, 8 to 10Nm.


How to restrict the view selection on the default list page SharePoint Online?

Question: I have a SharePoint Online intranet portal where everyone is having Read access. However I have few lists where certain records should be viewed by admins only.
Is there a way to restrict a view to certain Group on SP Online. or any other approach? Ido not want to create folders inside list and break role inheritance.
Answer: For SPO modern sites, item unique permission will be the best and only approach. You can set a special view to hide columns but not items. Manage the access of these important records to only allow certain admins.
Answer: You can consider making a custom permission level that restricts view creation and then pre-create views for the readers and have your admins create personal views.
Note that this is not a watertight solution as your readers can technically see the items and retrieve them for example using the Rest API