Align divs in a basic WordPress site

Question: Trying to clean up a site where someone used a "page builder" plugin in addition to the existing theme. On the page below, I removed all plugin code, but... The text below "Next Steps" does not top align with the "Free" button to the right. I tried using the float method and even making the divs display as table cells. It would work in a temporary test environment but not once I pasted it into this site.
Example page
Comment: You could give the *free consultation* `button display: inline-block;`. Please note that CSS questions are out of scope here on WPSE, so this question will probably be closed.
Comment: @DaveRomsey  I put this under WordPress because I presently suspect the WP method of using CSS may be part of my problem. But may be closed anyway: sigh. Thx.
Answer: This is more a pure CSS question than a WordPress question, but...
You'll need to use display:block rather than inline, so you can add a margin; and you're having issues with the float because the "alignleft" div has a 60% width plus a 1.5em right margin, so adding 60% + 40% + 1.5em = more than 100%.
The Free Consultation div needs (on desktop view)
display:block;
float:left;
margin-top:1em; // tweak this to control the vertical position
width:30%; // also tweak

It would be better to tweak the margin on the "alignleft" div to use a %, so you could calculate an exact % to use as the width for the "free consultation" div.
Also bear in mind you need to solve for smaller screens. Even the current 60%/40% breaks the "free consultation" button on mobile.
If it were me, I'd create a brand-new-from-scratch site, apply their theme with whatever customizations they've chosen, then input the content manually (i.e. don't export/import, actually copy and paste paragraph by paragraph) so you have a clean site.
Comment: I made those changes and pushed all CSS into the style sheet. The DIVs are no longer side-by-side?
Comment: My DIV CSS for this: `alignleft-luke5 {
 float:left;
 width:60%;
}
alignright-luke5 {
 display:block;
 float:left;
 margin-top:1em; /*tweak for vert*/
 width:30%; /*tweak*/
}
`
Answer: Put the  inside the div with the text

Next Steps...

Please feel free to contact us for a free consultation today. We will analyze
your current online presence and let you know how we can help you with your
business goals. Contact us today to set up your free consultation!

Free
    Consultation

Comment: I havn't tried that because my manager's expectation is button will align with para. Thx anyway.
Answer: Slowed down the pace of edits and thought it through ... working now! The padding-top compensates for a tendency of the button to sit too high.
.alignleft-luke5 {
    width:70%;
    height:200px;
    float: left;
}
.alignright-luke5 {
    width:30%;
    height:200px;
    float: left;
    padding-top:0.8em;
}

Align divs in a basic WordPress site


Converting Jamis Coda Comp from 8 speed to 10 speed?

Question: I have a 2013 Jamis Coda Comp hybrid with 8-speed Acera/Altus groupset parts.  I'd like to replace the whole drivetrain with 10-speed Tiagra. Is this doable? Anything I should be aware of?
Comment: I noticed it's a Reynolds 520 frame, so yes possibly worth upgrading.
Comment: Technically feasible without problems I think, but change in gearing may be an issue. Do you know the chainring and cassette tooth sizes?
Comment: well, I was going to redo everything, shifters, cranks, derailleurs
Comment: This may well be more expensive than buying a new bike.
Comment: I can get all the parts for $300 Canadian..new.  The bike was almost 800.  It's a great frame, hence the investment
Comment: What I meant was you might have to go from a lower MTB type gearing to a higher road type gearing. I looked it up: 48/36/26 crankset, 11-32T cassette.
Comment: Possible duplicate of [I'm changing from 8-speed to 10-speed will I need to replace my rear Hub?](https://bicycles.stackexchange.com/questions/707/im-changing-from-8-speed-to-10-speed-will-i-need-to-replace-my-rear-hub)
Answer: Speaking just in terms of the mechanical aspects, it's usually fully doable. (The cost-effectiveness of such projects is often questionable at best, but it does depend.)
Potentially relevant ways that a hybrid frame can be different from a road frame of the sort those components would usually go on:

Large chainring clearance, ie on some hybridy frames you'd find a larger chainring would run into the right chainstay. In this case it starts out with a 48, so not likely to be an issue.  If any dealbreaker comes up with this kind of conversion, this is usually it.
135 rear spacing, not 130, putting the chainline out 2.5mm from what road cranks necessarily "expect." Usually this won't make a relevant difference, especially since chainstay length will be longer on a hybrid frame, which always mitigates some of the issues of suboptimal chainline. There are a lot of road disc bikes running around now with the same deal and it almost never makes any real difference, but there are some manufacturers (SRAM) that make a bunch of alternate spindle length road cranks for this reason.
FD cable routing. Some hybrid frames have their housing stops set up for top pull, which no road FDs natively accomodate. A clamp on seat tube pulley is usually the fix if its needed. I don't believe any generations of Codas are like this though.
FD barrel adjuster, or lack thereof. Road groups expect there to be one on the frame, which is usually not true of hybrid frames. The solution is to use an inline adjuster, which a lot of stock road bikes do now anyway.
Comment: I was keeping the same wheels, just to change the freehub. And the FD is bottom pull
Comment: You won't need or want to change the freehub, just the cassette.
Comment: If larger chainrings and/or chainline is an issue, why not upgrade to Deore and/or Alivio instead?
Answer: As mentioned by @Nathan Knutson I would have thought that chain line would be a major consideration.
I assume as you have chosen Tiagra vs. a higher level mountain groupset such as Deore because you want slightly higher, more road oriented gearing. I believe what you have on the Coda Comp is a 48-36-26 crankset with 11-32 cassette. With Tiagra you can opt for 50-34 compact or 50-39-30 triple cranks; 11-25 cassette with the short cage derailleur or 11-32 or 34 with the long cage.
There are flat bar shifter/brake levers that work with Tiagra: SL-4700 or SL-4703 depending on 2x10 or 3x10. Those will work with your linear pull brakes.
From pictures of the 2013 Jamis Coda Comp I'm guessing it has a square taper bottom bracket, which the Tiagra cranks do not support. You'll need to swap the BB out for an external bearing Hollowtech one. I guess the Shimano BB-RS500 should just work with the crank.
I see the Coda Comp has bottom pull front derailleur cable routing so that will work with the Tiagra front derailleur.
Don't forget to replace all the shift housing, and budget for the special tools you'll need (crank puller, cartridge BB tool, external BB tool etc.)
Comment: I was going for the 2x10 set up and yes, I have the new BB on my list. I am aware I can just swap the cassette, not worrying about the free hub. The reason I started this post was to be sure, regarding chainline, etc., if it was feasible. And I'm looking for a more "road" gearing, seeing as our streetys here are flat, with no hills to speak of. Thanks for your advice!


MySQL Cluster on SSD

Question: We are planning to implement a four node MySQL Cluster and are considering using SSDs as the storage.  We would like to get a high level of performance and very low latency on disk IO from the small cluster, so we are looking at SSDs.  Does anyone have any experiences with either MySQL or MySQL Cluster on SSD, or building SSD raid groups that could share their experiences or thoughts?
Comment: Sure, but don't over-estimate the need for TRIM on a dedicated database drive - the performance loss from small file churn that TRIM cleans up is not nearly the same issue on a database drive as it is on an OS drive.
Comment: Take a gander at http://blog.serverfault.com/2011/02/09/our-storage-decision/ - not MySQL, but relevant.
Comment: @Shane Thanks for the link.  In the comments the first post regarding TRIM really puts me off to SSDs.  I've been researching SSDs for a few weeks now and it seems SSD raid support is in its infancy and is not recommended for long term use as TRIM is not supported.
Comment: @Shane What about SSDs behind a raid controller?  I have read a few blogs that state raid can actually pattern the data in ways that make the drives fail prematurely.  Do you have any opinions of using LVM or ZFS to combine multiple SSDs into larger disks?
Comment: Found [this very interesting presentation on MySQL and SSDs](http://www.slideshare.net/matsunobu/ssd-deployment-strategies-for-mysql).  It covers pci-e vs sata/sas, raid, network, memory, and cpu as it relates specifically to performance of database operations.
Comment: Keep in mind that even four SSD's can keep a Gigabit Ethernet pipe fully saturated. Those Fusion-IO cards can keep 10GbE saturated. They're also OMG Spendy.
Comment: Does your cluster require shared storage?
Answer: SSD are demon performers and are great for high throughput conditions, as you know. For database servers they do very well housing the transaction logs and also any constantly hit indexes, in addition to being very fast to serve up queries.
TRIM, not the end of the world
TRIM is not that important for databases for a few reasons:

Databases tend to be of the 'few, large files' kind of data. Depending on how you view SHRINK, those files may or may not ever get smaller.
Transaction-logs are constantly being written to, cleared, and rewritten to.
Linux has no on-the-fly TRIM support, as it's all on-demand.
FSTrim quiesces I/O while it locates deleted blocks, which can cause temporary latency spikes while it is doing its thing.

The third point bears paying attention to. Since TRIM is on-demand, you'd get your best performance calling fstrim immediately after you clear your transaction logs. However, it'll introduce a momentary period where I/O to your translog volume can't commit. If you're sensitive enough that you're using SSDs for this, such an event may be a deal breaker for you.
Because TRIM is a minor feature, you can ignore the fact that most RAID controllers don't support it yet, and the fact that all but the latest of Linux kernels (newer than 2.6.39 IIRC) can support it in software.
Quality Counts
One of the biggest things to be aware of is that you use enterprise grade SSD drives. These are MLC Flash based disks with high endurance flash cells (~30-40K erase/program cycles), and a generous measure of spare blocks to handle block wear. If you're using SSDs for a reason, you're going to be doing high throughput computing to these, so you want devices that won't crap out after less than a year. These will get you there.
SLC Flash is actually better (100K+ erase/program cycles), but the price differential is what drives people to MLC. Yes, they do make enterprise-grade MLC these days! But if your drives are going to be running flat out for 3 years, SLC will make your devices last longer.
Alignment and RAID
Block alignment is a big deal since it will impact your wearing. This is where RAID cards can get it wrong, and why some RAID card spec-sheets state that they don't work with SSDs even though they'll happily do so if you connect a pair to them. If each block-write incurs a double-write to the flash, then you'll wear faster. Ideally you want the RAID stripe boundaries to fall on the Erase-block size boundaries.
However, SSDs are getting more intelligent about handling wear as each new generation comes out. Pounding the same set of logical clusters with writes gets less and less damaging as the SSDs themselves get smarter.
For software RAID, Linux and supporting utilities have had some SSD support for a few years now. The very latest of kernels has much better support than what's shipping in Enterprise Linux land right now, so be aware. LVM has had support for TRIM (and thus SSD-awareness) for a couple years now. MD-RAID only recently got TRIM. XFS and Btrfs got TRIM support in 2.6.39, the EXTs got stable support by 2.6.36 and experimental support by the late 20's.
Replace in pairs
Because of how wear works, a pair of SSDs in a mirror pair will fail about the same time. So when one goes, replace both as soon as possible.
Comment: Great response, thanks for the detail!  To expound on your point about what SSDs are good at doing in databases (e.g. transaction logs & indexes), do you have any thoughts on what SSDs might be inefficient at doing while hosting a database?  I found [this presentation](http://www.slideshare.net/matsunobu/ssd-deployment-strategies-for-mysql) which goes into some detail comparing SSD to HDD (as well as fusion-io) in many respects, and finds that SSDs can lack in sequential I/O operations.

MySQL Cluster on SSD


How to Force Javascript to Execute within HTML Response to Ajax Request

Question: We're using Prototype for all of our Ajax request handling and to keep things simple we simple render HTML content which is then assigned to the appropriate div using the following function:
function ajaxModify(controller, parameters, div_id)
{
    var div = $(div_id);

    var request = new Ajax.Request
    (
        controller,
        {
            method: "post",
            parameters: parameters,
            onSuccess: function(data) {
                div.innerHTML = data.responseText;
            },
            onFailure: function() {
                div.innerHTML = "Information Temporarily Unavailable";
            }
        }
    );
}

However, I occasionally need to execute Javascript within the HTML response and this method appears incapable of doing that.
I'm trying to keep the list of functions for Ajax calls to a minimum for a number of reasons so if there is a way to modify the existing function without breaking everywhere that it is currently being used or a way to modify the HTML response that will cause any embedded javascript to execute that would great.
By way of note, I've already tried adding "evalJS : 'force'" to the function to see what it would do and it didn't help things any.
Answer: The parameter is:
evalScripts:true

Note that you should be using Ajax.Updater, not Ajax.Request
See: http://www.prototypejs.org/api/ajax/updater
Ajax.Request will only process JavaScript if the response headers are:

application/ecmascript,
  application/javascript,
  application/x-ecmascript,
  application/x-javascript,
  text/ecmascript, text/javascript,
  text/x-ecmascript, or
  text/x-javascript

Whereas Ajax.Updater will process JS is evalScripts:true is set. Ajax.Request is geared toward data transport, such as getting a JSON response.
Since you are updating HTML you should be using Ajax.Updater anyways.
Comment: THAT WAS TOTALLY WICKED! I can't believe that I never saw this before. Thank you.
Comment: Me too. I made the same mistake and spent an hour bashing my head against my monitor. It was because I was just spitting out JS and didn't care about updating any HTML. I ended up updating a dummy/hidden DIV just so I didn't have to fiddle with server headers.
Answer: Does setting evalScripts: true as an option help?
Answer: You should be able to do something like this:
div.innerHTML = "
";

If you need to execute something at the same time as injecting the HTML, can you modify the signature of ajaxModify() by passing another parameter, which will be the javascript function you're going to execute (if it's not null - which let's you keep it optional, as you surely won't want to execute something on EVERY AJAX response).
Answer: Just execute a custom my_function() after the ajax response
div.innerHTML=...ajax response text...
my_function()

then execute any function inside the custom my_function()
function my_function() {
  function_1()
  ...
}

Note that my_function() should be somewhere outside the div.innerHTML.
Answer: you need to use eval() function to run the javascript in Ajax repose
this can be use full to separate the script and run it

function PaseAjaxResponse(somemixedcode)
{
    var source = somemixedcode;
    var scripts = new Array();
    while(source.indexOf(" -1) {
    var s = source.indexOf("", e);
    scripts.push(source.substring(s_e+1, e));
    source = source.substring(0, s) + source.substring(e_e+1);
}
for(var x=0; x


Remotely stopping website in IIS7 on Windows 2008 via command line?

Question: How do I remotely stop a website in IIS7, in Windows 2008, via command line?
Answer: IISReset takes a computer name:
IISReset <Computer> -Stop

Answer: The easiest way I can think of by using a command line would be to use Powershell remoting and issue the standard iisreset /stop
If you can not use powershell, look at sysinternals PsExec - http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb897553.aspx
This will allow you to use iisreset /stop remotely.
If you do not want either of these two, you can always do it via the gui - download the admin tools - http://www.iis.net/extensions/AdministrationPack - and right click the computer object, type the computer name and then stop/restart from that.
Answer: If you want to do this from a remote command line, you could use Microsoft/Sysinternal's PsExec and issue this command:
iisreset -stop

If you want to do that for individual sites, you could use the appcmd tool which was introduced in IIS 7:
appcmd stop site <identifier>

This could also be interesting for remote administration of IIS 7:
Remote Administration for IIS Manager (on learn.iis.net)


Learning to translate the Shulchan Aruch

Question: How can I get good at translating the Shulchan Aruch? Due to the fact that a lot of the words are more of a Rabbinic Hebrew rather then a Modern Hebrew, it's harder to translate without an English-Hebrew Dictionary. Can y'all give me some advice on how I can improve my Shulchan Aruch reading skills?
Comment: What's wrong with sitting there with a dictionary as you described and working hard?
Comment: The Shulchan Aruch was written as a summary of the author's Beis Yosef, and assumes familiarity with the subject matter. If you want practical halacha, you are better off with a modern sefer that deals with modern situations. If you want to build skills, you would be better off starting with gemara. Without a basic familiarity with Talmudic methodology, it isn't possible to truly grasp the Shulchan Aruch's intent even with a translation.
Answer: The Ohr Olam Mishnah Berurah is an excellent translation of Shulchan Aruch Orach Chayim including Mishna Brura. Learning a few perakim there will familiarize you with the vocabulary of Shulchan Aruch. You can then use it as a reference for when you get stuck on specific expressions or words.
You might also find a dictionary of abbreviations (e.g., here but there are many of them) helpful since SA and its commentaries are full of it.
Answer: I suggest reading the Kitzur Shulchan Aruch first, especially the Kleinman Edition from ArtScroll with an elucidated English translation. That should introduce you to some basic terms repeated throughout the regular Shulchan Aruch.
Comment: @Moshe Please note that bits and pieces are already translated on Sefaria and Wikisource. You might start with that.
Comment: Thanks. But I was referring more to Yoreh De'ah, Choshen Mishpat and E"h @ezra
Comment: @Moshe Nu? And the Kitzur does not touch on those topics?
Comment: He does. Just not in any way that'll help me translate independently Shulchan Aruch. @ezra


Weblogic.xml and its inability to resolve a "URL mapping class" property

Question: I have an ICEfaces 1.8.2 application that is targeted for WebLogic 10.3.2. That is, it is a faceted project using the "Oracle WebLogic Web App Extensions 10.3.2" facet (among others, such as ICEfaces EE 1.8.2, Java 1.6, Java Annotation Processing Support 5.0, Javascript 1.0, JSF 1.2, and Dynamic Web Module 2.5).
It fails to deploy and, as of now, I do not know why.
I may be grasping for straws, but I keep looking back at weblogic.xml because it shows an error on the URL mapping class. It says it cannot resolve weblogic.servlet.utils.ServletMapping, even though that is, in fact, the default.

I've searched quite a bit for an answer, but I've found documentation to be paltry and instances of this exact issue occurring nonexistent.
I am using Spring 2.5.6 (and the JAR is on the build path) - should I reference a mapping class of its? Do I need to explicitly reference a WebLogic JAR file?
Sorry for being all over the place. I just have no idea what to do. If this proves fruitless I will either post the stack trace of the failed deploy here or in a new thread. It just seems like I should be able to clear this error and at least eliminate the possibility of it being the culprit.
Thanks!
Greg
Comment: It's not a stack trace, it's what the eclipse weblogic.xml editor shows you in design mode when you create a new weblogic.xml file.
Comment: Maybe the stack trace will help others, why not posting it here?
Answer: This problem is automatically solved in new version of weblogic 12 c.
Or try this......
Add weblogic.jar to project build path.
Comment: I have weblogic 12c, and I am still getting the issue.  How is it automatically solved?
Comment: Where is weblogic.jar?  C:\Oracle\Middleware\Oracle_Home\wlserver\server\lib\weblogic.jar\?  It's empty, how can that possibly help?  Where's the pom for it anyway?


Shipping method pick up in store (Free) - Magento 2.3.1

Question: I need to be able to offer my customers a shipping method like pick up in store (free). How can I do this in Magento 2.3.1? Also, I have table rates configured with a CSV and I need to be able to offer both shipping methods, the pick up in the store and sending the order at the price agreed with the CSV (depending on the country where it is sent, the price will be one or the other)
Answer: You could follow this guide from Mageplaza to create your own shipping method:
https://www.mageplaza.com/devdocs/magento-2-create-shipping-method/


Conditional probability with sum of normal distribution

Question: How do I calculate $P(X > 0 | X+Y > 0)$ if X and Y are standard normal?
Comment: Hint: draw a picture.  Divide the $(X,Y)$ plane into eight equiprobable sectors along the lines $X=0$, $Y=0$, $X+Y=0$, and $X-Y=0$. How many of those correspond to $X+Y \gt 0$? How many out of those correspond to $X \gt 0$? Draw your conclusion.
Comment: Thanks. I tried this, I got 3/4, which makes sense visually. I am wondering if there is an analytical way to  solve this.
Comment: What's the joint distribution? You can't answer without knowing that. Commenters (and the present answer) seem to be assuming independence (or at least joint normality) but there's nothing to say so in the question
Comment: Sure--but it's hard to imagine it would be any easier!  See https://stats.stackexchange.com/search?q=normal+conditional+probability for our posts about conditional Normal probabilities. One way is to put the two integrals into polar coordinates.  The polar and angular integrals separate and the polar integrals cancel in the ratio that forms the conditional probability.  That reduces the problem to considering ranges of angles--which is precisely what you have done visually.
Comment: This question probably should have the self study tag.
Answer: If the $X$ and $Y$ distributions are uncorrelated and independent and "standard normal":
$$I_1 = \int\limits_{x = -\infty}^0 dx \int\limits_{y=x}^\infty dy {\cal N}(0,1;x) {\cal N}(0,1;y)$$
$$I_2 = \int\limits_{x = 0}^\infty dx \int\limits_{y=0}^\infty dy {\cal N}(0,1;x) {\cal N}(0,1;y) = 2 I_1$$
$$I_3 = \int\limits_{x = 0}^\infty dx \int\limits_{y=-x}^\infty dy {\cal N}(0,1;x) {\cal N}(0,1;y) = I_1$$
$$P(X>0| X+Y >0) = {I_1 + I_2 \over I_1 + I_2 + I_3} = {3 \over 4} ,$$
which conforms to the OP's comment.
If however the distributions are correlated, then one defines the covariance matrix ${\bf \Sigma} = {1\ \rho \choose \rho\ 1}$ and perform the above integrals with the above limits but the joint density:
$$p(X,Y) = {1 \over 2 \pi} e^{-{1 \over 2} {\bf x}^t {\bf \Sigma}^{-1} {\bf x}} .$$
(Somehow I don't think the OP is asking this more general question, but I could be wrong.)
Comment: You seem to be assuming independence. The question doesn't mention independence (it doesn't even mention joint normality)
Comment: Yes... I'm assuming independence and it comports with the OP's result that the conditional probability is indeed $3/4$.  I suspect the OP (with reputation = 1) is asking a simple question and just not experienced enough to put in all the conditions.  But of course I might be wrong.
Comment: Yes; on the other hand an inexperienced poster may well omit critical information from their own attempt not realizing its import. I expect your assumption will turn out to be correct, but it would be careless to add such a big assumption\* without any comment at all. $\:$ \*(it has a clear impact considering the possible answers that you can get without it)
Comment: The approach suggested in the comments works almost without change when the distribution is binormal: the answer is still a ratio of angles.  They are computed in the Mahalanobis metric rather than the Euclidean one.  Going back to the case of independence, this answer currently doesn't show anything: it merely asserts $I_2=2I_1$ and $I_3=I_1$.  It would become an actual answer if it would explain or justify these assertions.
Comment: You should at least mention explicitly that there are cases where the sum of two normals is nonnormal.


Volume of balls in homogeneous manifolds

Question: Let $X=G/H$ be a homogeneous manifold, where $G$ and $H$ are connected Lie groups and assume there is given a $G$-invariant Riemannian metric on $X$.
Let $B(R)$ be the closed ball of radius $R>0$ around the base point $eH$  and let $b(R)$ denote its volume.
Is it rue that
$$
\lim_{\varepsilon\to 0}\ \limsup_{R\to\infty}\ \frac{b(R+\varepsilon)}{b(R)}=1?\qquad(\#)
$$
The idea somehow being that volume growth is largest with constant negative curvature in which case it is exponential and thus satisfies our claim.
Comment: @AlexGavrilov If $X$ is compact, then $b(R)=vol(X)$ for $R$ large enough, so the limsup is already $1$ for fixed $\varepsilon$. This is not the interesting case but I don't see a problem here.
Comment: I think it's known (to be checked, since these kind of statements have several variants, the first being maybe due to Pansu) that in case $G$ (and hence $X$) has polynomial growth, then for some $d$, $b(R)/R^d$ has a limit in $]0,\infty[$. In this case we already have $\lim b(R+\varepsilon)/b(R)=1$ for each fixed $\varepsilon$, which is not a formal consequence of having polynomially bounded growth.
Comment: Just out of curiosity, is there a connected Riemannian manifold with bounded sectional curvature, for which the convergence ($\#$) fails?
Comment: Probably not. But I didn't want to be too daring.
Comment: What if $X$ is compact - say, a sphere? You obviously need some more conditions (e.g.  negative curvature) for the question to make sense.
Comment: It's rather that the existence of a counterexample without homogeneity property is a natural motivation for the question.
Comment: @YCor: My answer shows that all you need is Ricci curvature bounded below.
Answer:
The idea somehow being that volume growth is largest with constant negative curvature

is essentially the content of the Bishop–Cheeger–Gromov comparison theorem.  See for instance Lemma 36 of Peter Petersen's Riemannian Geometry, 2ed.  It states, in his notation, that in any complete Riemannian manifold $(M,g)$ of dimension $n$ with Ricci curvature bounded below by $(n-1)k$, the function
$$r \mapsto \frac{\operatorname{vol} B(p,r)}{v(n,k,r)}$$
is nonincreasing, where $B(p,r)$ is the ball in $(M,g)$ centered at $p$ with radius $r$, and $v(n,k,r)$ is the volume of the ball of radius $r$ in the space form of dimension $n$ and constant sectional curvature $k$.  A homogeneous space certainly has bounded Ricci curvature, and the interesting case for us is when $k$ is negative, so that $v(n,k,r)$ is the volume in hyperbolic space, which as you say grows exponentially.
So this result tells us that
$$\frac{\operatorname{vol} B(p,r)}{v(n,k,r)} \ge \frac{\operatorname{vol} B(p,r+\epsilon)}{v(n,k,r+\epsilon)}$$
or in other words
$$1 \le \frac{\operatorname{vol} B(p,r+\epsilon)}{\operatorname{vol} B(p,r)} \le \frac{v(n,k,r+\epsilon)}{v(n,k,r)}.$$
As $r \to \infty$ the right side converges to something of the form $e^{c \epsilon}$, which in turn goes to $1$ as $\epsilon \to 0$.
Comment: Concerning your last statement, and related to it: how does the area of metric spheres grow in a complete manifold with bounded (in my case constant) curvature? Is it guaranteed to be at most exponential? Could you please give a reference?
Comment: A reference for the growth of the volume would be equally good, of course, if you know any. Thank you.
Comment: @AlexM.: Yes, it is at most exponential.  In a space of constant negative curvature, see [here](https://math.stackexchange.com/a/3652822/822) for the volume, which you can easily check is a function that grows exponentially.


TeamCity build notifier application for Linux?

Question: Background
I use TeamCity for my continuous integration server. As part of my development environment, I like to have a build notification application running so that I am immediately aware of when a build broke. TeamCity ships with several notifiers out-of-the-box including plug-ins for Visual Studio and Eclipse as well as email, jabber, and Windows System Tray application notifiers.
Requirements and Constraints
The specific requirements and constraints of my environment make it such that none of the built-in notifiers meet my needs:

The VCS and CI servers are on a network that is not connected to the Internet (thus no Twitter or Jabber notifiers)
There is no email infrastructure on that network either (thus no email notifier)
There is no Jabber or messaging infrastructure (thus no Jabber notifier)
I do my development on a network separate from where the VCS and CI servers are and ferry the code over to perform my check-ins. ( Thus no IDE notifier)
I'm running Linux (thus no Windows System Tray notifier).
I do not want to have to add any additional communications infrastructure (e.g. Jabber or  email) to facilitate a notifier
I do not want to run a Windows machine (VM or otherwise) just to use the system tray notifier.
I am running X in Linux, so a graphical client is acceptable (and desirable)
I'm running Ubuntu 10.10 on the machine I where I would like to receive notifications and TeamCity v6.0.3

Question
Are there any build notifiers for TeamCity that work in Linux that do not require anything more than a Linux desktop and to have communication with the CI/Build server itself?
I would ideally like to have something like the system tray notifier or a stand-alone GUI application that would provide me notifications.
Comment: @EranHarel no, I never found a solution that met my requirements/constraints. The RSS feed is the best "lead" I got.
Answer: I don't know of a TeamCity notifier which would do this but perhaps you can leverage the RSS feeds from TeamCity?
Comment: A Linux desktop RSS feed reader may work decently. I'd have to make it check more frequently than you would a normal website. I wonder if they color their feed posts at all based on the status ....
Answer: I don't know about other TeamCity notifiers (which would fullfill your restrictions).
But, if you have a Linux box, it is not difficult to setup a simple Jabber server (like jabberd 1.4 or jabberd 2). They should work without problems, though personally I tried only jabberd 1.4.
There are some more OSS XMPP/Jabber servers: http://www.saint-andre.com/jabber/jsc/
After that you'll be able to setup a couple of Jabber accounts from any Jabber GUI client (for TeamCity and yourself).
I think, this would be the easiest way for you.
Comment: While I agree that setting up a Jabber server on a Linux box isn't difficult, it's an explicit requirement for me not to have to setup any additional communications infrastructure just to support a build notifier.


Intuition behind the RNN/LSTM hidden state?

Question: What's the intuition behind the hidden states of RNN/LSTM? Are they similar to the hidden states of HMM (Hidden Markov Model)?
Answer: I personally don't think they are comparable to the hidden state of a Markov model. One key difference is that, in a HMM you can explain what a given state means to someone, where in a RNN/LSTM you cannot interpret a given state.
The closest thing that you can compare the hidden state of an RNN/LSTM is to think of it as the output of an intermediate layer of a fully-connected neural network but for time-series data.
And the larger the hidden state the more memory it can retain of the past.
Answer: Just to add, the hidden state can be described as the working memory of the recurrent network that carries information from immediately previous timesteps/events. This working memory overwrites itself at every step uncontrollably and is present at RNNs and LSTMs.
Given the latter, I appreciate the analogy with markovian framework - in a wider sense. Feel free to check my answer to a similar question for more information on the hidden and cell state architectures in sequence models.
Difference between LSTM cell state and hidden state
Answer: I don't think you are too far off. Here's Geoff Hinton explaining his motivation for using the phrase 'hidden' in his work on neural nets in the late 80's:

The reason hidden units in neural nets are called hidden units is that Peter Brown told me about hidden Markov models. I decided "hidden" was a good name for those extra units, so that's where the name "hidden" comes from. (p. 379)

In the same article he also had this to say about the influence of statistical methods on the development of neural nets:

There's been a lot more use of the underlying algorithm in hidden Markov
models; the EM algorithm is used much more in neural nets now. There's been a lot of transfer of ideas from statistics into neural networks. I think there's also transfer the other way. I think it's a very fruitful interaction, so that's something very good that's happened. (pp. 382-383)

Source: https://direct.mit.edu/books/book/4886/chapter/622920/Geoffrey-E-Hinton
The context of how "hidden" is used in LSTM specifically is slightly different. In the technical paper describing LSTM, Schmidhuber and Hochreiter repeatedly refer to the "conventional" or "standard" hidden units (see pg. 7, 8)- but notice, not hidden layers. This is used to show the difference between LSTM cells and "conventional" hidden units. Certainly by this point the usage of "hidden" in the neural nets world was rampant to refer to the hidden units, a la Hinton. Schmidhuber and Hochreiter also explicitly state:

In contrast to finite state automata or hidden Markov models LSTM does not require an a priori choice of a finite number of states. In principle it can deal with unlimited state numbers. (p. 23)

Source: https://www.bioinf.jku.at/publications/older/2604.pdf
To summarize, the intuition behind them is specific to LSTM: what is hidden is the nets learned state of what data/sequences matter and what doesn't. A HMM on the other hand assumes further (hidden/latent) Markov models nested inside it. The context is slightly different, although Hinton's comment on the flow between statistics and neural networks is apt.


Dealing with unknown rude passenger

Question: If in a train or bus some unknown elderly but rude passenger particularly a man, an old man, sitting on a seat which was already reserved by me, how to ask him to get up from there(the seat),
Is "Get off my/the seat" is a correct  expression when I don't want to be polite to the old man
Comment: Can you clarify why you want to be rude?
Comment: "Get out of my seat!" would be more idiomatic.
Comment: If you have to ask how to be rude, then you shouldn't try to be rude.  It is something that you can't fake and can't learn from a book or a website.
Comment: Thank you for your responses.  But I'd say that I'm not trying to learn how to be rude but if someone unknown taking advantage of his old age, even after asking him politely he's not listening and is not following rules of reservation ((seat reservation is very important for a girl while travelling alone a long journey) ) then I don't think I should be politely ask him anymore... so I just wanted to know that, is "get off my seat" grammatical correct or not.. and I guess I should use 'out' instead of 'off'.
Answer: Please note these usages:
get off a train, boat, plane, bicycle, motorcycle, bus: means of transportation or a surface.

Hey, Johnny, get off that roof right now!

get out of an x: when one is inside something: Get out of a car, get out of a house.

Hey, Johnny, get out of here! [leave this place: idiomatic]

For seats, we say get out of my seat as we considering a person to be sitting in a seat.
You would simply say: This is my reserved seat. Get out of it.
Whether old or young, not saying "please" can be seen a slightly curt or abrupt.
Answer: To answer the question:

Get (the hell) out of my seat.
This is my seat! Go take another one!
Hey, you took my seat! Scat!

Anyway, you had better not be rude to elderly people!

Dealing with unknown rude passenger


Are factory edges of plywood straight?

Question: Watching some videos on youtube, it seems that sometimes they use the factory edge as a straight edge (e.g., run it along the table saw fence to cut a parallel side). Other times they trim off that edge by running an edge they cut along the table saw fence. Does it depend on the type or quality of the plywood?
Comment: Perhaps it also depends on the project. How straight is "straight enough"? For myself, I always cut my own edge. Besides straightness, it also tends to be a cleaner cut.
Answer: If not damaged, factory edges of plywood sheets are straight and square enough for most practical purposes.
In fact it's common to use one of the factory edges as a straight reference when building a jig or tool guide.
Comment: I tend to agree here, but I am weary of the "square enough" part. The factory edge(s) are almost always straight (on decent quality ply), but to count on square corners is something to definitely double or triple check before relying on them.
Comment: Valid point, @Raystafaraian.
Answer: It depends. For the most part yes they are 'straight'. But, more often than not, they are marred and damaged through the course of their transit from manufacturing to you, and will have indentations, of even small fragments protruding from the inner layers.
It is always good practice to start with a clean cut on any store bought wood, and most carpenters, framers, and woodworkers will do this as a standard. If you intend to apply edgebanding, or any finish, or any type of joinery, you should be cutting a new edge.
Now that being said, if you are tight on your yield, the factory edge can be used, depending on the project. For sheathing and framing, the factory edges will always be used for full sheets.
You can check for straight pretty quickly just by eyeing down the edge.
Comment: I doubt most carpenters or framers will re-edge plywood or OSB when throwing it up on a wall, floor or roof. Woodworkers & cabinet makers most definitely would.
Comment: Thanks, It may not have been clear in my post, but  did make note of that. For sheathing and framing, the factory edges will always be used for full sheets.
Answer:
Are factory edges of plywood straight?

Yes. No.
But in general you can trust the edges to be straight (and the corners to be square) but never assume they are, check they are.
How straight the edges remain depends on many factors, not least of which are what has happened to the plywood since it was made, including storage conditions, handling and stacking.

Are factory edges of plywood straight?


Classification/Regression of Dataset taken at different time

Question: I have a dataset with some gait parameters (step length, stride length etc)  of 100 people taken 3 times at different time(in every 6 months).
Now I have to train my model  on this dataset and predict if the person has a disease or not for any new person data that is given.
How can I take all this 3 data of parameters in my model for training considering time factor.
I checked time series forecasting but it looks like for that the dataset should be dependent on continuous time instances.
Answer: You can process the data with dynamic time warping (DTW). DTW has shown to be effective in mapping different speeds of gait to the same time grid. Once the data is mapped to the same time grid, standard time series analysis can be applied.


$a_1a_2\cdots a_n = 1 \implies a_1 + a_2 + \cdots + a_n \geq n$ if $a_1, a_2, \dots, a_n > 0$

Question: Let $a_1, a_2, \dots, a_n > 0$. I'm trying to prove that if $a_1a_2\cdots a_n = 1$, then $a_1 + a_2 + \cdots + a_n \geq n$ by mathematical induction without using the AM-GM inequality. So far I've got for the base case, it is clear that if $a_1 = 1$, then $a_1 \geq 1$. For the induction hypothesis, assume that $a_1a_2\cdots a_n$ implies that $a_1 + a_2 + \cdots + a_n \geq n$. Now I just need to show that $a_1a_2\cdots a_na_{n+1} = 1$ implies that $a_1 + a_2 + \cdots + a_n + a_{n+1} \geq n+1$. Could anyone show me show me how to do this? Thanks in advance.
Comment: Aside: Technically, this amounts to proving AM-GM, since AM-GM follows from this lemma fairly trivially.
Comment: @ThomasAndrews : Technically, this amounts to proving AM-GM, because this IS AM-GM after a re-phrasing (i.e. if $a_1 a_2 \cdots a_n = c$, replace $a_i$ by $a_i/\sqrt[n]c$ and this is exactly AM-GM.
Comment: @PatrickDaSilva Umm,that was my point.
Comment: You said it followed... I'm saying it's equivalent. Whatever, let's not argue.
Answer: We may suppose that $a_{n+1}$ is the largest element in $(a_1,\ldots,a_{n+1})$
and $a_n$ is the smallest one. Thus $a_{n+1}\geq 1\geq a_n$. with this information and the induction hypothesis we have
$$
a_1+\cdots+a_{n-1}+a_na_{n+1}\geq n
$$
and since $(a_{n+1}-1)(1-a_n)\geq 0$ we have $a_n+a_{n+1}-1-a_na_{n+1}\geq 0$. Just add this inequality to the preceding one and we are done.
Comment: @user141421 You apply the induction to $a_1,a_2,\ldots,a_{n-1},(a_na_{n+1})$, these are $n$ terms whose product is $1$.
Comment: +1. $n-1$ should be $n$ though.
Comment: @WimC I don't think so.
Comment: @WimC Yes, thanks, it is corrected.
Comment: -1. You can prove by induction but the way it is used here is incorrect. When you call the induction hypothesis, we have $a_1 a_2 \ldots a_n = 1$, whereas now you have $a_1 a_2 \ldots a_n a_{n+1} = 1$.
Comment: @OmranKouba Yes, you are right. I was stupid. Removed by -1 and '+1'ed it. Nice answer.
Answer: Wlog. $a_{n+1}=\max\{a_1,\ldots,a_{n+1}\}$ and hence $a_{n+1}\ge 1$.
Let $c=\sqrt[n]{a_{n+1}}$, and $b_i=ca_i$ for $1\le i\le n$. Then $b_1b_2\cdots b_n=a_1a_2\cdots a_nc^n=1$, hence by induction hypothesis $b_1+\cdots + b_n\ge n$. Then $$a_1+\cdots+a_n+a_{n+1}=c(b_1+\cdots+b_n)+a_{n+1}\ge cn+c^n.$$
Clearly, $f(1)=n+1$ and the derivative $f'(c)=n+nc^{n-1}$ is strictly positive (for $c\ge 1$), hence $f(c)\ge n+1$ for all $c\ge 1$.
Comment: Can you state what's $f$ before computing its derivative? It's clear from the context, but…
Comment: Why introduce a derivative?  Since $c \ge 1$, $cn + c^n \ge n + 1^n = n + 1$.
Comment: @Goos Also, $c\le d$ implies $d^n-c^n\ge0\ge cn-dn$, so the derivative is really unnecessary.


Booting issues with pi 4

Question: My raspberry pi isn't booting, I get the rainbow splash screen then the raspberry pi icon then the system crashes with no logs or any reason for crashing. I have tried the software NOOBS and followed a guide on how to use it then when the system was done installing the os it would crash.
Answer: Do not use NOOBS. It is no longer supported.
Install Raspberry Pi OS onto the sd card using Pi Imager:
https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/
Answer: I'd suggest you try install a clean image using Raspberry Pi Imager and avoid NOOBs (there's potentially some bad NOOBS images around, and flashing yourself ensures you're getting the OS from Raspberry Pi - see instructions at raspberrypi.org). If that doesn't fix it, I'd change power supplies - you want 5V and 2A - and make sure your cables are in good quality and high quality.

Booting issues with pi 4


Why are there often random email addresses in known password word lists?

Question: In known wordlists like crackstation.lst there are random emails in the list. Why are they there?
Answer: There are a few reasons (and often all three are in play):
Larger wordlists are often dirty. Unless the list is specifically filtered for likely noise / "junk" - such as the Crackstation "human" variant - then a variety of other plaintexts often find their way into lists, simply because people are shoveling a large variety of data into their wordlists.
Larger hashlists are often dirty. Uncracked hashes that are submitted via a public interface or API are often taken from a variety of sources, including hashes of email addresses that are used - naively, or deliberately - as unique, normalized, semi-obfuscated tokens for a given platform. For example, Gravatar deliberately uses hashes of email addresses in URLs. An attacker who  knows this will then try all sorts of common usernames and email domains, and crack many of them. This makes them end up in wordlists.
Some people literally use email addresses as their passwords. This is because they're easy to remember, and users (naively) think that someone might not guess that they're using their alternate email, or even someone else's email, as their password.
Answer: Presumably it's just people using their email address as their password..
Comment: Yup. Wordlists are sourced from real-world password dumps so this is the most likely
Answer: There are two main reasons:
1. People using them for privacy
Some people are privacy oriented, and they will create random looking email addresses for different services. This way it's not easy to link all of its personas based on the email address.
2. They are fake and used to track leakage
They are called Copyright Traps. They are most common on maps and dictionaries, so anyone copying data from them would copy the fake streets or words too, and the owner of the data would know for sure who copied its information.
On leaks, sometimes the leaker will add fake emails that aren't expected to be found anywhere, and if anyone buys the data and leaks it later, the original "owner" of the data can know for sure who leaked the list by searching the traps on the leaked data.
Comment: I mean only wordlist (Like rockyou.txt), not lists like user:pass


Replace Lamp with Xampp

Question: I have installed Lamp. Now I would like to remove it and replace it with Xampp. I'm a bit worried about Apache and MySql. Lamp is located in the var folder, Xampp in the opt folder. What's the correct procedure to do that?
Answer: LAMP stands for Linux Apache MySql (MariaDB) PHP (Perl, Python) while XAMPP stands for Cross-Platform (X) Apache MariaDB Php Perl. If you're using Ubuntu you can easily uninstall MySQL, PHP, and Apache using apt.
sudo apt-get remove php5 mysql-client mysql-server apache2

The XAMPP people have a binary you can install from.
UNRELATED:
It's fair to say that it's redundant to use XAMPP as you can achieve the same thing by simply using the packages that are in apt. Simply install Apache, Perl, PHP, and MariaDB and that's XAMPP (You're on "askubuntu" so I'm assuming that you're on Ubuntu. XAMPP is more logical to use if you're using Windows or Mac OS X.
sudo apt-get install php5 perl mariadb-server mariadb-client apache2 # The same thing as XAMPP

As far as graphical interfaces for managing Apache refer to this question.

Replace Lamp with Xampp


7 speed to 8 or 9 speed cassette change

Question: this is my first time here and i am new in the bike sport. I have a mtb for a month now and i usually use it for road trips with some dirt intervals. It has a 7 speed shimano cassette (14-34) and on the road it seems too light now. I would like to change it to an 8 or 9 speed cassette with 11-30 or 11-32 assembly. Is this possible with my current hub or will i need to replace the whole rear assembly? Of course i will also change the shifter.
Thank you all in advance
Comment: Can you tell if your current cluster is of threaded type? Although 7-speed cassettes were common many years ago, most new 7-speed clusters (not actual "cassettes") are of the threaded type. If so, you'll need to change the cassette AND the hub, but it would certainly be a good change, since you're already missing faster gears.
Comment: You may also need to change the rear derailleur to aloow more gears. The shifter, cassette and derailleur all work together.
Answer: You don't need to change the whole hub, but you might well find it easier to do so. You will need a new freehub body.
The new hub assembly might be wider - http://sheldonbrown.com/frame-spacing.html#standard - in which case you will need to redish the wheel to get it central again. You can probably get away with using the same axle, as also described on that page, but you might need a new quick release skewer.
And you may need to spring the dropouts apart by 5mm. If you don't have a steel frame, and it's 130mm at the moment, give up and live with the 7 speed.
http://sheldonbrown.com/frame-spacing.html#frameadjustment (or use a road hub, I guess).
EDIT: heltonbiker makes a good point about freehub vs. freewheel. I'd been considering upgrading my own bike which has a 7 speed cassette on freehub, and forgotten that a newer 7 speed might well be a freewheel, even though your question does say cassette. See http://sheldonbrown.com/free-k7.html
(And even if you really mean cassette, someone else searching might have a freewheel.)
Comment: 7 speed road bikes (like mine) are 126mm. But Sheldon's page says some 7 speed MTB bikes are 130mm, so I thought it was worth adding the warning just in case.
Comment: 130mm spacing is on road bikes. Most MTBs have 135mm spacing (unless you are in downhill). So no worries about that.
Answer: I've recently upgraded my wife's bike from 7 to 9. I replaced rear hub (old hub had threaded freewheel, not cassette), chain, cassette, rear mech and shifter. Also replaced gear cables (as inner and outer) but that might not be required.
It is likely that you'll need to do all of that. Even if your hub has 7sp cassette mount, it is unlikely to accommodate 9sp cassette, as they have different width.
Quite a radical upgrade, but well worth it!

7 speed to 8 or 9 speed cassette change


Can I pass connection strings to subreports via parameters and use as a subscription?

Question: I am trying to get a SSRS report with a subreport to work as a subscription, but am failing.  The reports work fine when executed manually.  What I am trying to do may be too complex for subscriptions, but here is the general idea:
My main report has within it a very simple query which builds a list of databases.  Say, for example, I have 10 databases in total.  My main report queries all 10 databases and returns the actual database name for each one. Then, the main report passes each database name as a parameter to my subreport.
The subreport uses each database name in its connection string via the following: ="Data Source=sql-server-name;" & "Initial Catalog=" & Parameters!ParentID.Value
The problems I am having are twofold:

Currently, am receiving an error in creating a subscription for my main report.  The error message I receive is Subscriptions cannot be created because the credentials used to run the report are not stored, or if a linked report, the link is no longer valid. I have already tried specifying each of the possible authentication methods available on the report server, including "Credentials stored securely", Windows integrated security, etc.
At one point, I had a subscription created, but when the subscription attempted to run and send an email, the error message I received was: The current action cannot be completed. The user data source credentials do not meet the requirements to run this report or shared dataset. Either the user data source credentials are not stored in the report server database, or the user data source is configured not to require credentials but the unattended execution account is not specified. (rsInvalidDataSourceCredentialSetting). In order to address this, I recently tried creating a "Unattended Execution Account" following the advice here, but was unable to prove whether or not it worked because currently I cannot modify my subscriptions to schedule a test (due to problem #1).

Can I pass connection strings to subreports via parameters and have the main report execute as a subscription? If so, how?
Comment: Generally, report needs to use stored credentials for all data sources in main report and all subreports. Passing expression based connection string as a parameter should be fine.
Answer: Rather than using a connection string, the preferred method is to use the built-in Action options to go to the subreport. In the properties, go to Action and select "Go to report". Once you specify a report, you can add a list of parameters to send. You can even use functions to determine the values to pass.


Using "will" in a sentence vs not using "will"

Question: I'm an ESL teacher.  A student asked me a question regarding this sentence.
"Don't phone Ann now.  She'll be busy."
The student asked me why we have to use "will" in the sentence.  Why shouldn't the sentence just be:
"Don't phone Ann now.  She's busy."
I told her sentence one is predicting what is and the second is reporting what is, but I feel like I short changed my student.  Perhaps there's a more detailed explanation someone might have?
Comment: Your explanation is fine and leaves nothing to be desired. She will be busy when he calls her, which is in the future.
Comment: @RegDwigнt I suspect the OP is aware that the explanation is correct, but would like a more detailed answer to give to the student. Basically it's prediction with an element of uncertainty/assumption (She'll be busy) versus certainty (she's busy).
Comment: In most contexts, the two versions will mean the same thing. In some specific contexts, one version might be preferable to the other--that is, it might have a sightly different meaning. Your explanation as to the difference between the two seems pretty good to me. If you feel like you've short-changed your student, you could perhaps create two situations where one version of your examples would be preferable to the other--actually, that would be a good exercise for your students to do. :)
Answer: Will is a modal auxiliary verb, and, like all the English modal auxiliary verbs

can, could, shall, should, may,  might, will, would, must, and sometimes need and dare

will has two senses, called its deontic /de'yantɪk/ and its epistemic /ɛpə'stɛmɪk/ senses:
(Sorry; I don't make up these names, honest. They're standard in the literature.)

The deontic sense of will means that the subject is willing to do something.
This is the only sense of will that occurs in hypothetical clauses with if, for instance.
E.g, If he will hand in the homework, I will grade it means 'if he is willing to do it',
with an invited inference that he has previously refused to do it. The will in the second clause can either be deontic (I am willing to correct it) or an epistemic prediction.
The epistemic sense of will means the speaker's personal judgement of
(in this case) the subject's probability of being busy at some time in the future.
This is the sense of will that is often called "the future tense" in Latinate grammar textbooks.

It is the case, however, that all modal auxiliary verbs can, and usually do, refer to the future;
since there is no future inflectional tense in English, modals are often used for the purpose,
and are often arrayed to express differences in the provenance of the judgement.

Though I have always wondered how will (and occasionally shall, though not in America)
  got singled out for accolade of "Future Tense", ignoring all the other modals.
  My best theory so far is that it's because epistemic will has so little other meaning,
  and because it makes a nice contrast with the other future tense, going to.

As pointed out in the other answers, in this context, in this sentence

Don't phone Ann now; she'll be busy.

the use of she'll be, instead of she's, expresses the speaker's best guess,
whereas the use of she's expresses the speaker's certainty.
And other modals could express other modalities, using the same structure --
many of them are ambiguous between epistemic and deontic senses:

Don't phone Ann now; she could be busy.
Don't phone Ann now; she should be busy.
Don't phone Ann now; she may be busy.
Don't phone Ann now; she might be busy.
Don't phone Ann now; she will be busy.
Don't phone Ann now; she would be busy.
Don't phone Ann now; she must be busy.

(I ignore periphrastic modals like hafta, gotta, oughta, etc. here. Life is short.)
Comment: I just wanted to say how great it is that you take the time to answer my question with this much detail.  Really great and considerate and super and a lot of other nice words your way.  Thanks.
Comment: You're welcome. I started my career teaching ESL for 6 years; I understand how difficult it is to get things straight and explain them clearly.
Comment: Are you sure that the "will" in "If he will hand in the homework" is an instance of the deontic use of "will"? I'm asking this because the deontic use has the meaning of some sort of duty or obligation imposed by the speaker, which does not obtain in your if-clause example.
Comment: The deontic use of _will_ can have those meanings, especially if used in a command: "You **will** clean your room!" But normally it means 'want, desire, be willing to'. Any duty or obligation is self-imposed by the will.
Answer: There are pragmatic implications beyond the obvious.

"Don't phone Ann now. She's busy."

This is a statement of a known existing state (eg I know she's got three essays to complete in the next four days, or when I left her 30 minutes ago she had to pick her two kids up, feed them and get them to the Scouts).

"Don't phone Ann now. She'll be busy."

This is a statement of a very probable state, though the probability factor is less than the certainty expressed in the alternative. She may have three essays to complete in the next ten days, say. She needs time, though perhaps at this instant she's just having tea.


How to check if on a channel/category index?

Question: In the previous question I asked for a way to detect the 404 page from a plugin. Brandon gave me a good starting point with this answer. However, I wondered what method I could use to also detect wether the user is on any category/channel index page?
Comment: I'm not entirely sure I understand what you're asking. Can you try to add an example or more specific details?
Answer: That would require some sort of convention on your end which identifies what makes up a category/channel index page, as channels and categories don't actually have an "index URL".
For example you could decide that all sections' index pages should have a URI that matches the section's handle (not necessarily a good idea though, in the event that you want a URI that includes dashes). In that case you could do something like:
{% set segments = craft.request.getSegments() %}
{% if segments|length == 1 %}
    {% set section = craft.sections.getSectionByHandle(segments[0]) %}
    {% if section %}
        We're on a section index!
    {% endif %}
{% endif %}

There is no corresponding function for getting a category group by its handle at this time, however.
A better approach might be to just leave it up to the templates to define whether they are supposed to be an index template. So in news/index.html, the template that you want to treat as the News index template, for example, you could put this:
{% set isIndex = true %}

Any layout templates that the index template extends will then have access to that isIndex variable.
Comment: As always, thank you Brandon. Just what I was after.
Comment: It would be good to highlight this in the docs. Maybe as a 'common gotchas' tip.


Can I see my vote history?

Question: I know I can see my total count of votes, but I'd be interested in having these be part of my activity tab, so I can easily revisit questions. I end up favoriting almost every question I upvote, just so I have a way to go back to it.
Comment: @Rathony: Why are you flagging a completed feature request from six years ago as a dupe of a support question from today? That could not possibly be more backwards.
Comment: @NathanTuggy The answer in the dupe master has more helpful content for current and future users than the answer below.
Comment: @Rathony: That doesn't make a lot of sense. It's a *feature request*. The only "helpful content" needed is to know why it was or wasn't implemented, or possibly a useful workaround if it isn't.
Comment: @NathanTuggy 5 users seem to agree with my flag. If you have an issue with this, you can post a question here.
Comment: @Rathony well, I disagree with the flag. Reopened.
Comment: @ShadowWizard Well done. Let's move on.
Answer: This is available in the form of a "votes" tab in your user profile.
(It was removed for some reason at some point but it's back now.)
Comment: i wish i could view all my votes for all the sites on one page

Can I see my vote history?


Drainstopping NLB via powershell remotely

Question: This question was asked by a colleague on SO here, though it was suggested that we ask it here instead - apologies for the cross posting.
Server is Windows Server 2008 R2
- UAC is disabled on the server (temporarily for this testing only)
- User is in the domain admin group and is a local admin on both the local and remote machine.
The following script works fine when RDP'd into the box:
import-module servermanager
add-windowsfeature nlb
import-module networkloadbalancingclusters
$nodes = get-nlbclusternode

at this point, $nodes has content in it, and I can process it.
So, all is well, until I try this remotely.
enter-pssession -computername MY_SERVER

and then running the above commands gives:
get-nlbclusternode : Access is denied. (Exception from HRESULT: 0x80070005 (E_ACCESSDENIED))
At line:1 char:10
+ $nodes = get-nlbclusternode
+          ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    + CategoryInfo          : PermissionDenied: (Microsoft.Netwo...tNlbClusterNode:GetNlbClusterNode) [Get-NlbClusterN
   ode], UnauthorizedAccessException
    + FullyQualifiedErrorId : AccessDenied,Microsoft.NetworkLoadBalancingClusters.PowerShell.GetNlbClusterNode

All documentation we can find on it anywhere on the web seems toindicate both UAC and local admin as the issues, though we're confirmed as having UAC disabled (not something we want to happen when we start to go any further than our dev enviroment) and being in local admin/domain admin.
We've tried with both Powershell 3 and 4 on the server to no avail.
Really would appreciate any help.
Answer: Possibly a double-hop problem. Can you try establishing the remoting session using CredSSP just for testing? (this might be a security risk, so I'm not advising you to keep this enabled after testing - that's up to you to decide)
How to use CredSSP with PowerShell remoting:
http://blogs.technet.com/b/heyscriptingguy/archive/2012/11/14/enable-powershell-quot-second-hop-quot-functionality-with-credssp.aspx
Comment: Apologies I haven't gotten to this quicker - I hope to get a chance to review this today (it seems from reading to be the most credible option).  I'll mark as answer if it works out though - thanks :)


Retrieve email error message on iphone 3gs

Question: Verified and re-verified mail settings on iphone3gs but when I try to retrieve emails from my external email account an error message appears saying 'the server is not responding. check settings'. When I called server they said it's an Apple issue. Doesn't sound correct. Any ideas?
Comment: If you have a laptop with internet access your email from there to check.
Comment: Please publish what server? one can check online if that server is up ?
Comment: What mail settings did you set?
Answer: Since you did NOT specify the email type (server) lets use some generic methods to find out if the server is responding.
You can use something called

Ping

an IP address or hostname in the Terminal for Mac OS X
What Ping does is it send a signal to the server (IP address) and check for respond. So if the server is alive it will respond. That will however not say if they have specific problem on the server.
To do that open your Terminal in Utilities.
Type:

ping [-Options] ip or hostname

Usage: Ping's an IP-address or a hostname (which can be used to troubleshoot connection problems to another computer or a server).
Options
-c (num)    Stop after sending and receiving  number of packets.
-f  Flood ping: Flood ping, output packets as fast as they come back or 100 times per second.
-i     Wait for  seconds between sending each packet.
Example
ping 127.0.0.1  Ping your own computer (localhost)
ping -c 10 google.se    Ping google.se and stop after 10 sent and received packages.
Quick tip: If you're using ping and the response keeps coming in without stopping. Hold down "Ctrl" and hit "Z" (Ctrl+Z) to abort.


Link using Javascript to show content dynamically without refreshing

Question: I want to put some links in my web page. I am using php for developing my webpage
When user click any one of it, the content corresponding to that link will show just below it without refreshing the whole page
I know it a simple basic, but I dont know javascript much to work with...
Can anyone please help me...
link1   link2   link3   link4   link5

content......
...................
...................
...................

when clicks link1 it will show a set of content, or if link2 then with another set of content and so on... without refreshing the page
Comment: You can use http://jquery.com/ (jQuery). Then use the `.load()` function http://api.jquery.com/load/. It works very well.
Answer: So suppose you have some HTML such as:
link1
link2
link3

Content1

Content2

Content3

With CSS similar to:
ul li  {display:none;}

Then you could use jQuery like:
$('a').click(function(){
    var contentId = $(this).attr('href').substr(1);
    $('ul li:visible').hide(); //Hide any currently visible content areas
    $('#content'+contentId).show(); //Show the content area that corresponds to the link
    return false; //This stops the default behaviour of the link
});

The above code would simply hide and show the various content areas when the various links are clicked. jQuery has been used in this example to keep it short, the same functionality is easy to achieve in standard JavaScript or any other framework. Also if JavaScript is not available then the links would link to the anchors in the content as a fall back.
Of course you could use AJAX for this sort of functionality, but it would probably be over the top if the content isn't that large. The easiest (cross-browser compatible) way to use AJAX is with jQuery.
Answer: you can use a div and set its property to hidden and on click to visible
Do you need a example?
Answer: See Working Demo

See this post on my blog:

Javascript: Active Content
Answer: You should look up JQuery. They have a nice frame work that you can use to get thigns like this plus examples. you can also search "php and Jquery" on google that should start you on the right track. Try learning villina JavaScript too, that'll help you along the way.


Need help tapering

Question: Im trying to make an arm for my little guy that i can animate so I want to I guess "taper" this cylinder around the other so it looks natural is there a way other than bending it a lot around the edge
Answer: You can accomplish this with the Boolean Modifier. Simply add a Boolean Modifier to the small cylinder, set the Operation to Difference, set the Object to your large cylinder, and then apply the operation.
However, I would advise against using a cylinder this way on a character you are planning on animating, as a cylinder could create messy geometry. It would be better to extrude out some quads from the side of your character.
Comment: How would you extrude out some quads? I'm sorry I'm pretty new to Blender.
Comment: @YEET In edit mode on your large cylinder, select four faces in face select mode **Ctrl + Tab** > **Face**, and press **E** to extrude them out. I've added a picture to my answer demonstrating the selection.

Need help tapering


Deglaze in iron pan

Question: I know the pan will not suffer for just a glass of wine, but wine is acid, and I know I shouldn't  use any acid into it. Also, water is not advisable in a frying iron pan. Can this remove the seasoning? I'm thinking into buying a stainless steel pan for this.
Answer: An occasional deglazing in a well seasoned cast iron pan is not a problem.
I wouldn't do it in a brand new one, however.
The pan continues to "season itself" each time you cook something in it.
Cast iron pans are wastly superior to steel ones, for almost all applications.
Comment: Thanks BEA, after how many times can I consider a pan well seasoned? I used to work with them, but the advise of the chef was "Never water, never tomatoes, never wine, never lemon, never vinegar" :) I like carbon steel because is a bit lighter and is more responsive to heat, expecially the 2mm thick. It should not worp if properly warmed up with a low flame
Comment: Vargan, I would consider a pan to be seasoned after about 3 weeks of daily use and well seasoned after about 3 months of frequent use. My oldest pan is now over 20 years old and is now non-stick!

Deglaze in iron pan


Which superior officer did Princess Elizabeth II report to during her service as a junior officer in WW2?

Question: Prior to her reign, Queen Elizabeth II served in the Auxiliary Territorial Service of the British Army during World War 2. She held the rank of a junior officer (with a promotion to a Junior Commander a few days before her service ended) National WWII Museum.org.  At the time, she was the heir presumptive to the crown. My question is, did she report to any superior officer(s) at the time, and if so, who were they?
Comment: @MCW After your edit, the citation to the National WWII Museum website does not have any brackets or other punctuation to distinguish it from the text body. Is this the style here?
Comment: When brackets appear,  it is  _most frequently_ because someone has made a typographical error in the markup language.  The citation is in italic, and marked as a URL.  There isn't a strict convention/stylebook for citations, but this is closer to the norm than the original.  You are welcome to revert, but I suspect I will not be the only one who puzzles over what the markup language was intended to convey....
Answer: During the period of her training, Elizabeth was under Junior Commander Violet Evelyn Wellesley (196395), who was commander of No. 1 Company, No. 1 Mechanical Transport Training Centre (Camberley), part of the Royal Army Service Corps Training Establishment at nearby Aldershot.
Violet or "Vi" Wellesley was born on 15 August 1897, and died on 29 August 1971, per Burke's Peerage as cited online at thepeerage.com. Her paternal great-grandfather Rev. Gerald Valerian Wellesley was the younger brother of Arthur Wellesley, the first Duke of Wellington; thus, she was someone of suitable aristocratic background to be trusted to take charge of the princess. She was awarded the MBE in 1946 and eventually left the Army with the rank of Major (WRAC ranks were normalized in 1952).
She appears in the Army List for the first quarter of 1945, under the Auxiliary Territorial Service, as

Wellesley, Miss V. E. (W.S./Sub. 9/11/41) (T/J. Comd. 11/9/42) 30/5/41 (7/12/40)

where the odd rank and date listing is a reflection of the status of the ATS as a formerly-volunteer organization later joined to the Territorial Army. The same list shows Princess Elizabeth in a special capacity, after the senior leadership but before other officers:

Hon. 2nd Subaltern H.R.H. The Princess Elizabeth, Col. Gren. G'ds. 24/2/45

Overall leadership of the RASC Training Establishment is listed too, but not down to the level of individual training battalions or companies. The commandant was Brigadier Frederick Clover, who eventually retired as a Major-General, and was named Aide-de-Camp to George VI in 1946, possibly in partial relation to his supervision of Elizabeth's tenure in the training establishment.
While these lists do not show the command structure, contemporaneous reports allow us to reconstruct the circumstances of Princess Elizabeth's service. Sarah Bradford's 1996 work Elizabeth: A Biography describes that:

For some time past, Junior Commandant Violet Wellesley (known as "Auntie Vi" to her subordinates, as Elizabeth was to discover) had been coming over to Windsor to teach Elizabeth to drive in preparation for the course, which was intended to make her not only an expert driver but also capable of maintaining the various vehicles she would have to drive.

Recollections by Eileen Kennett Heron (later Hall) give some more detail. (Note that as an NCO she is not in the Army List excerpted above.)

At the beginning of February 1943 I found myself at No1 Company "Beaufront" – a company exclusively doing instructor's courses. The J.C. (Junior Commander) was Violet Wellesley, a great niece of the Duke of Wellington, tall and thin, very like his portraits and a somewhat formidable character.

Heron was later attached to No. 3 Company, based in "an enormous and beautiful house on the Portsmouth Road" known as "Mulroy".

In January 1945 D.I.s came back saying that they had seen J/C Wellesley out on driving instruction with Princess Elizabeth. In early March I and two other girls from Mulroy were told to go and see our Commandant at 6.00 pm. I presumed it was for an overseas posting! On arrival we found eleven other girls three from other companies. The Commandant informed us that we were going on an N.C.O.'s course that included H.R.H. Princess Elizabeth who would be an honorary Subaltern. We were not to tell anyone, preferably including our own families until after the event.

At the end of the course H.R.H. Princess Elizabeth and J/C Wellesley drove up to Buckingham Palace in uniform and in an army vehicle for a garden party. They were stopped at the gate and asked for their identification cards.

The document includes a contemporary photograph describing Wellesley as "H.R.H.'s driving instructor", taken when the King and Queen were visiting.  Other photographs, from an album kept by fellow student Peggy Hinchcliffe, also show Wellesley during the visit, appearing as the instructor (and nobody else seems to be named in that capacity). Some other descriptions of the Queen's service describe her as having been in No. 1 "Beaufront" Company, which was the unit commanded by Wellesley (it was named for its location in Beaufront House, which like Mulroy was on the Portsmouth Road, Camberley).
A similar photograph from Wellesley's own collection is annotated in similar terms: "Violet Wellesley pictured in her role as chief instructor". That collection also includes a letter from Elizabeth of 1947 thanking Wellesley for a wedding gift, and saying -

I tried to teach my sister how to drive, when in Scotland this year. It was nerve-wracking, and I now know what you must have felt like instructing me!

On the basis of Eileen Heron's account, and confirmed by the several independent sets of photographis, it looks like Wellesley was in charge of that select group of students, in addition to having provided informal training to Elizabeth beforehand. Other personnel giving instruction seem to have been sergeants, with Wellesley being the officer in charge. I would guess that her involvement began because Elizabeth was keen to take part in some military service, and Wellesley was part of a distinguished family who worked conveniently close to Windsor, and therefore might have been drawn to the notice of courtiers. The organization of the specific course seems to have been shaped around the princess, and the visit to a garden party feels like a continuation of that relationship - one whereby Elizabeth could be temporarily slotted in to the military system, by virtue of a suitable society connection.
Elizabeth's promotion later in 1945 was after V.E. Day, and it does not appear that she was part of any military unit at that time. By the Army List for the fourth quarter of that year she was shown as "Hon. J. Comd. H.R.H. The Princess Elizabeth", so again in that special honorary capacity rather than in the main list of officers. Other serving aristocrats and members of the Royal Family appear to be listed more substantively. So I think she no longer had a regular officer commanding.
Comment: Thank you very much for this truly exceptional answer.
Answer: It may not be possible to find out from online material. The London Gazette notes  for the calendar years 1942 through 1945 only:
HRH Princess Elizabeth was appointed:

As of  Feb. 24, 1942, appointed Col. Gren. Gds;

As of July 28, 1944, with her  mother, appointed regent while her father travelled abroad;

As of Feb. 24, 1945, granted the honourary rank of 2nd. Sub. in the Auxiliary Territorial Service; and

As of July 26, 1945, granted the honourary rank J. Cmd. in the Auxiliary Territorial Service

For the period of interest. the rank structure for the Auxiliary Territorial Service, particularly for officers, was significantly different from that of the regular British Army. In reference to the above:

"2nd. Sub" is abbreviation for Second Subaltern, equivalent to regular British Army Second Lieutenant.

"J. Cmd" is abbreviation for Junior Commandant, equivalent to regular British Army Captain.

===
Notes (from my comment below):

The Gazette - London, Edinburgh, and Belfast editions - are the official record of the United Kingdom. As OP makes no reference to where they have already searched, these are an obvious place to search for more information. I record here the search criteria I used, with the results obtained, to save effort by others. Perhaps others can do better. I was hoping to find a more specific unit designation than "Auxiliary Territorial Service - from which search for a commanding officer and subordinates might have progressed; but no success.

To address the comment below about "regent" (the common English word) vs "Regent" (the title granted under British law to certain persons during a "Regency":
From the OED (1928):

Regent
2. 1. One who s invested with royal authority by, on on behalf of, another; esp one appointed to administer a kingdom during the minority, absence, or incapacity of the sovereign.
Comment: @Jos: **The Gazette** - London, Edinburgh, and Belfast editions - are the official record of the United Kingdom. s OP makes no reference to where they have already searched, these are an obvious place to search for more information. I record here the search criteria I used, with the results obtained, to save effort by others. Perhaps others can do better. I was hoping to find a more specific unit designation than "*Auxiliary Territorial Service* - from which search for a commanding officer and subordinates might have progressed; but no success.
Comment: @TheHonRose: Without the (assumed and honourary) rank of *Second Subaltern* every military person with whom the Princess Elizabeth interacted would be required to salute her due to her permanent rank of *Colonel Grenadier Guards*. That's impractical.
Comment: @JohnDallman: One might as well remark: "He's no officer; he's a captain." It's titled [The Regency Act (1937)](https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Edw8and1Geo6/1/16/enacted) because it defines the power, appointment, and other details of various classes of '*regents*', one of said classes being '*Counsellors of State*" who may perform "*such of the royal functions as may be specified in the Letters Patent, and may in like manner revoke or vary any such delegation*" [from Article 6 Section 1 of the act linked above].
Comment: @PieterGeerkens - great answer! Do you know why Princess Elizabeth's ranks were **honorary** as opposed to substantive? I realise the women's services had a shaky relationship with the regular (male) ones, but other appointments mentioned are **not** honorary.
Comment: @PieterGeerkens Oh, of course! That's fascinating, never occurred to me! Thank you so much :-)
Comment: Doesn't answer the question even remotely.
Comment: She wasn't appointed regent, but [Counsellor of State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counsellor_of_State). A regent is a long-term position, Counsellors of State can collaboratively perform some of the functions of the monarch is their temporary absence or incapacity.


Is there a way to integrate an Expo app with firebase dynamic links without detaching?

Question: Is there a way to integrate an Expo app with firebase dynamic links without detaching.
Comment: Anyone trying to create the universal link - https://germavinsmoke.hashnode.dev/how-to-create-universal-link-in-expo-using-firebase-dynamic-link
Answer: If you need to create new dynamic links on the fly you could use REST API to do it. In the much more likely scenario that you only need your app to open Firebase's dynamic links, you don't need to do anything other than configuring your Expo App to handle universal links (ie: deeplinks using http/https).
The checklist is something like this:
1. Configure your app.json
For Android, add the intentFilters property to your android property:
"android": {
  "intentFilters": [
    {
      "action": "VIEW",
      "data": [
        {
          "scheme": "https",
          "host": "<your-domain>",
          "pathPrefix": "/"
        },
      ],
      "category": [
        "BROWSABLE",
        "DEFAULT"
      ],
      "autoVerify": true // required to work on newer android versions
    }
  ]
]

For iOS, add the associatedDomains property to ios:
"ios": {
  "associatedDomains": ["applinks:<your-domain>"]
}

2. Configure your domain to allow links from it to be handled by the apps
Android and iOS will allow your app to open links from your domain if you serve a configuration file from a specific location:
Android: https://<your-domain>/.well-known/assetlinks.json
iOS: https://<your-domain>/.well-known/apple-app-site-association
assetlinks.json will look something like this:
[{
  "relation": ["delegate_permission/common.handle_all_urls"],
  "target": {
    "namespace": "android_app",
    "package_name": "<android-package-name>",
    "sha256_cert_fingerprints":
    ["<your-sha256-certificate-fingerprints>"]
  }
}]

And the apple-app-site-association like this:
{
    "applinks": {
        "apps": [],
        "details": [
            {
                "appID": "<your-team-id>.<ios-bundle-identifier>",
                "paths": [ "*" ]
            }
        ]
    }
}

You can read more about these files here and here.
To obtain the SHA256 fingerprints of your app's signing certificate you can use the keytool:
keytool -list -v -keystore <your-key-file>

After you enter your keystore password, it will print many of the keystore information including the SHA256 fingerprints.
If your site is hosted on Firebase both assetlinks.json and apple-app-site-association can be generated automatically if you create the Apps on your Firebase's project. Otherwise, just put these files on the root of your domain.
3. Create a Firebase dynamic link
I think this is step is mostly self explanatory but just a few notes:

Set up your short URL link: in the end you will have / that you send to your users
Set up your Dynamic Link: here you define your deelink (the link you want your app to handle)
Define link behavior for iOS: you mostly likely want to click on 'Open the deep link in your iOS App' and select your App from the list (if you haven't yet, create one App for each platform on your project)
Define link behavior for Android: same as previous but with a few more options to select
Configure (or not) campaign tracking and you're done.

Remember that you always should test your deeplinks by clicking instead of by entering directly on the browser. You may send the link to yourself on the WhatsApp or put on some notes app, for example.
Others resources that might be helpful:

https://docs.expo.io/versions/latest/workflow/linking/
https://reactnavigation.org/docs/deep-linking/
Comment: No problem. Exactly.
Comment: @Marchingband you have to resubmit for this
Comment: Do I need to have an App Store ID in order for this to work?
Comment: No, just your Team ID and App Bundle Identifier.
Comment: Thanks for your response! But, it should only work when you build a standalone app, right?
Comment: Great answer! I'm also concerned about link open reports (first open and re-opens data firebase provides). Do you know a way of reporting those events? I'll be using Analytics, but it would be nicer to have it working more closely as normal.
Comment: Did this work? I am still trying to implement this.. But it seems I have to eject from expo because I am not able to pass params through the url like: url?param1=abs
Comment: is it really necessary to re-submit an app to the app store in order to add this functionality? Is it possible to add this to an existing app, without having to go through an app store update?
Answer: In addition to Pedro Andrade's instructions:
1.) Firebase requires the following details under your app > project settings for dynamic links to work.

Android: SHA 256 (App signing key certificate fingerprint) - this can be retrieved via play store > your app > App Integrity > SHA 256

iOS: App ID Prefix (Team ID): developer.apple.com > Certificates, Identifiers & Profiles > your app id > App ID Prefix

Surprisingly, these are mentioned almost nowhere in the docs, but do come up in stackoverflow results and other answers when googling errors that debugging preview links result in:
Android app '<bundle id>' lacks SHA256. AppLinks is not enabled for the app. Learn more.
iOS app '<bundle id>' lacks App ID Prefix. UniversalLinks is not enabled for the app. Learn more.

You can view debugging preview links by adding ?d=1 to your dynamic links.
https://firebase.google.com/docs/dynamic-links/debug
2.) Even if you use a page.link-style domain provided by firebase for your dynamic links, your associatedDomain/intentFilter domains in app.json should still be your actual domain
i.e if you're generating my-app.page.link shortLinks, that are dynamic links to my-app.com, you should use my-app.com in app.json
Comment: Is my domain `mydomain.com` OR the subdomain that will handle the link i.e. `links.mydomain.com`? In my case, my website is hosted elsewhere and I want to keep it that way. In order to handle dynamic links, I added a subdomain i.e. `links` that is hosted on Firebase. So, I'm not sure which I need to use for domain. Currently, I keep getting a 401 error and I'm trying to see if the domain may be a part of the problem.
Comment: this is incorrect you should use the page.link url
Answer: Pedro Andrade's solution works! Partially...
Explaining:

You must NOT add your dynamic link domain in intentFilters and associatedDomains, because it makes the app to open the link directly in the app, so, the dynamic link is not processed and you don't have access to the link generated by the dynamic link.
It works partially because of this: the dynamic link needs to be opened by the browser (chrome or safari) before being opened in the app.

Example: Open "<your-domain>.page.link/XLSj" in browser, browser will direct to generated link: "<your-domain>.com/params/54" to configured deep link.
I don't know any other way to 'read' the dynamic link by expo in managed workflow.
Comment: if you use expo linking you can access the url in the app whenever it's opened via dynamic link


Watching Cartoons vs Watching Cartoon

Question: In a comment I said:

Yeah, I was looking for this (about "you just wait and see!"); I hear it a lot while watching cartoons
  with the kids!

I wasn't confident of (on?) which one sounds natural, until checking with Google ngram (watching cartoon,watching cartoons,cartoon,cartoons). Am I right in choosing "Watching Cartoons" which shows up 20 times as much compared to "watching cartoon"?
By the way, in the context above, is it confident of or on. With Google ngram, on is barely noticeable, and of is almost all there is.
Note: You may want to take out cartoon and cartoons for the other curves to be clearly visible.
Comment: I looked into some examples the Google Ngram gave, and found that all the "watching cartoon" results I checked out are not a valid "watching cartoon". For example, ""All your little friends were watching cartoon shows ...", "... watching cartoon turtles on TV doing ...", "...  that children watching cartoon shows for a four-hour period ...". This confirmed my thought that "watching cartoon" is not a valid usage, because "cartoon" is countable (*watching a cartoon* or *watching cartoons*, but not *watching cartoon*), and "watch cartoon" hasn't become a phrase as "declare war" did, yet.
Comment: By the way, I think it's more likely to say *be confident about (some idea)* or *be confident in (someone)*; *be confident of* is also possible, *be confident on* is less likely.
Comment: @learner I suggest you ask the preposition question separately.  One question per question, please.
Comment: I thought of "about", but because I couldn't find an example to confirm, I avoided using it and wrote "of" instead. Either I would be crazy or I'll reach a near native speaker like level if I continue this crazy trend! ... Yeah, likewise with "I believe tag"!
Comment: @learner: Take note of snailpoint's comment. In your context, I think *confident **about*** is more appropriate (because there are multiple options you can't confidently choose *between*). If you had committed to a particular one, you might be more likely to say you were *confident **of*** or ***with*** that choice. There are several possible prepositions after *confident* - some make a difference, some are arbitrary stylistic choices. Too much to cover in a comment, even if I knew it all (which I don't, anyway! :)
Comment: Then I misled by a comment in Yahoo answers I think; one if I recall correctly that cartoon is a general name or something like this. Maybe I'm mistaken into thinking it like the word fruit, or coffee. I've just check Cambridge's and found out that it is countable and there is no uncountable version. In the quotes you gave it functions as an adjective.
Comment: I have had time to watch and practice the videos I downloaded about using advanced tools of COCA. So I resorted to using the advanced learner's dictionaries like Cambridge's but it's skimpy when it comes to giving extra different examples.
Comment: Don't worry or feel bad in any way. It's good that you pointed it out, so all of us can learn too (especially me :-). Using prepositions correctly at all time is very difficult. I'm sure that I can use them correctly only at about 60-80% of time at best (which is why I usually added my "I think" or "I believe" tag :-).
Comment: @DamkerngT Why not write an answer instead of a comment?  You're right that people don't *\*watch cartoon*.
Answer: I think your usage, "I hear it a lot while watching cartoons ...", is correct. The word cartoon is a countable noun. A singular countable noun will need an article (i.e. a cartoon or the cartoon) or a determiner (e.g. that cartoon). Thus, we can say watching a cartoon or watching cartoons, but not *watching cartoon.
However, your observation made me wonder if "watch cartoon" had become a phrase (as "declare war" did) already.
So I looked into some of the examples returned by Google Ngram, and found that all the "watching cartoon" results (as far as I reviewed) are not a complete verb-ing+noun phrase. For example, All your little friends were watching cartoon shows ..., ... watching cartoon turtles on TV doing ..., ... that children watching cartoon shows for a four-hour period .... In all results, cartoon was used as an adjective.
With that, I think I can conclude that saying *watching cartoon is incorrect.
Comment: As a native speaker, I don't have to research or "conclude" on this one! But of course you're quite right.
Comment: That's why second language learners do research when they come across a problem, but they can imitate first language "learners" by "researching all the time" before the problems come up; =imitate how children learn.

Watching Cartoons vs Watching Cartoon


How to include media documents in search

Question: Is there any way to include documents I created with the media core module into the search form of the page? I only found the categories "users" and "nodes".
Comment: See https://drupal.stackexchange.com/a/229681/47547
Answer: As I understand, you want to search by Media entities/records.
If you use the standard Search module from Core, then it impossible.
But you can install the Search API module, configure the search server (search server can use current drupal Database or Apache Solr, or smth other).
In the Search API you can create indexes and include the documents into the index.
To display a page with search results you can use a Views module (using content from Search API index) or you can try to use the Search API Pages module


Confusion over choosing title/role while applying for a position

Question: I am working as a project assistant in a lab in India. My role is similar to that of what a research assistant does in academia. But I'm not familiar with the use of the title 'project assistant' in the U.S or Europe. Should I specify my job role as a research assistant while applying for a PhD position in Europe or in the U.S? Or is there a perceivable difference between the two titles and if so, which one has more weightage during applications?
Comment: Instead of using titles which might be misleading, simply explain what was your responsibility and what you achieved in your role.
Comment: Ask your supervisor what your official title is. If it's Project Assistant in your country, use Project Assistant in your CV.
Comment: OP, it's been a year now. How did you end up handling this situation? What worked, what didn't?
Comment: I asked my professor if it was okay to change my role to Research Assistant and he agreed. So I applied with that title.
Answer: Best answer from Dimitry. Yes include your duties, but stress the research part. Avoid using sentances like " I accomplished this or that" and don't try to impress people by using too many technical terms. Remember that the brightest people have the ability to explain the most complex terms elequently in laymans terms.
Answer: Note that titles are given to people, not assumed by them. Only use titles as formally assigned to avoid any hint of possible fraud. Research Assistant (RA) in the US is a specific designation.
But if you are formally a Project Assistant, then you could explain somewhere that it is "similar to" a research assistant in other places. Be prepared in any interview to explain further.


The review of one of the reviewers is basically a copy and paste from my paper. Should I care?

Question: I just received the reviews of a paper I submitted. The paper was reviewed by three anonymous reviewers, two of the reviews provided valuable insight suggestions and comments. However, the third reviewer just copied text from the paper. Should I care about what the third reviewer did?
Comment: In the body of the question it says "just copied", in the title it says "basically a copy and paste". Can you say a little about what was copied, and what was novel? It might help get a sense of what exactly has happened here.
Comment: Did the 3rd reviewer also add any comments at all, or not?
Comment: @Blaisorblade No he did not.
Comment: @Ian_Fin The reviewer copied text from my paper and submitted the copied text as his review. I am not sure what is not clear in my question?
Comment: The definition of basically is that something includes _most_ essential respects. Most implies not all. By saying "is basically a copy and paste" in your title, rather than "is a copy and paste" implies that there's something more to their review than just what was copied. It appears that the review was of a low standard, but knowing what that something more is would give an indication of quite how low it was
Answer: As you've described it, this sounds rather odd. Reviewers are under no obligation to accept a paper to review, so to accept one and then submit what sounds from your description like a complete cop-out is strange behaviour. It's also a bit odd for the editor to send you completely uninformative comments. It's possible that they genuinely did write a review, but that the text has been copied mistakenly, either by the reviewer or by the editor. It might therefore be worth sending a brief email to the editor to enquire about this review. Something along the lines of: "Thank you for consideration of our paper. In the copy that I received one of the reviews does not contain any comments, only text from our paper. I just wanted to double-check that the correct version has been sent through, in order to make sure that I can respond effectively to all of the reviewers." Be very polite, and make sure you phrase it as a request for clarification, rather than a complaint.
If it turns out it was their genuine review, you are of course allowed to care - it's a bit frustrating if one of the reviewers has not fulfilled their role properly. But it's not a big deal, and there's not much that you can or should do about it. Some journals only get comments from two reviewers anyway, so just think of it that way and ignore the third.
Comment: +1 for 'tactfully ask,  indicating it's probably a mistake'. People do do absentmindedly silly things - I once sent an entirely different paper (by someone else from the same journal!) instead of my responses to comments...
Answer: Why should you care?  One function of a referee's report is to explain to the editor what the paper is about.


Reset/Delete the value of a field with node_save()

Question: I have a content type with a field_FOO of type text. I have a procedure that check which nodes have this field_FOO without value ($node->field_FOO == array() ), extract 1 at random, make some operations, set a value for this field (field_FOO[LANGUAGE_NONE][0]['value'] = 'bar') and save the node.
Now for 10.000+ nodes I need to delete this value but I don't want to do a node_load, empty field_FOO, node_save because for every node_save Drupal change the changed date associated with that nodes.
So, how can I "delete" the value of a field without use node_save()? If I delete the entry from field_data_field_FOO table I risk a site down ?
In the field_data_field_FOO table there is a "deleted" column. If I set it to 1, at the next hook_cron() that fields are deleted without a site down ?
Thanks.
Answer: If you want to do by changing the database entry then you need to check key constraints for the field table and also you need to remove its dependency from the parent table.