A question on tensors and dual vector space

Question: How to show that if $V$, or $W$ are finite dimensional vector spaces over $k$, then $V^{ \ast} \otimes_{k} W^{\ast} \rightarrow (V \otimes_{k} W)^{\ast}$ given by $(f\otimes g)(v\otimes w)=f(v)g(w)$ is an isomorphism?.Try: I checked that the map is well defined.
Comment: Write everything down in a basis.
Answer: More generally, if $M,N,M',N'$ are $R$-modules, then we have a canonical $R$-linear map $\alpha : \hom(M,M') \otimes_R \hom(N,N') \to \hom(M \otimes_R N,M' \otimes_R N')$ given by $\alpha(f \otimes g)(m \otimes n)=f(m) \otimes g(n)$. It is easy to check that $\alpha$ is an isomorphism for $M=N=R$, since then both sides identify with $M' \otimes N'$ and $\alpha$ becomes the identity. For fixed $M',N,N'$, the set of all $M$s such that $\alpha$ is an isomorphism is closed under finite direct sums (use the usual interchange properties between $\hom,\otimes,\oplus$). The same for $N$. It follows that $\alpha$ is an isomorphism when $M$ and $N$ are finitely generated free (and also projective) $R$-modules. For $M'=N'=R$ it follows that $M^* \otimes_R N^* \to (M \otimes_R N)^*$ is an isomorphism.
For more details, see Bourbaki, Algebra I, Chapter II, §4.4.
Alternatively, if $M$ resp. $N$ have bases $\{e_i\}$ resp. $\{f_j\}$, then $\{e_i^* \otimes f_j^*\}$ is a basis of $M^* \otimes N^*$ (where $\{e_i^*\}$ denotes the dual basis of $\{e_i\}$), and $\{(e_i \otimes f_j)^*\}$ is a basis of $(M \otimes N)^*$. We have $\alpha(e_i^* \otimes f_j^*)=(e_i \otimes f_j)^*$, since $\alpha(e_i^* \otimes f_j^*)(e_u \otimes f_v)=e_i^*(e_u) \cdot f_j^*(f_v)=\delta_{iu} \delta_{jv}=\delta_{(i,j),(u,v)}$. Thus, $\alpha$ maps a basis to a basis, which implies that $\alpha$ is an isomorphism.
The case of vector spaces is where $R$ is a field, but I don't think that this special case offers any simplifications. Sometimes unnecessary assumptions make a problem seem to be more difficult than it really is.
Comment: My god! What a tough proof.
Comment: @Martin Brandenburg: Generality is nice, but maybe you should also write up an elementary proof for vector spaces over a field? I mean, it's *much* easier in that case... and if OP is doing e.g. linear algebra, then your argument should be quite confusing to him, I think!
Comment: @Martin:  Funny, I have been downvoted today too. I never downvote by the way. What about you?
Comment: @Martin Brandenburg Ha!ha ha!
Comment: No, for vector spaces it is *not* easier. I have written down the most natural proof. Try to read it, it is not complicated at all. Every step is almost trivial.


How many ceiling fans and switches can I put on one breaker

Question: I have a person that wants to wire in four light boxes and four ceiling fans with switches and I need to know if I can run all four of them safely from one breaker and if so what kind of breaker? This question may be absurd but I just don't know the answer to it. I do home improvement work for a living at least I have the good sense ask a question before I even attempt something I don't know about. needless to say I have not done a lot of extensive wiring. I have put up plenty of ceiling fans and even ran one circuit very short distance in a garage from a breaker panel and I knew to have the proper testing equipment and to take my time and to ask questions if necessary and also most importantly to have the proper tools and some basic knowledge of how to use them. Also, do I have to run the wire through conduit in the attic?
Answer: There should be no problem running 4 ceiling fans on a single 15 ampere circuit, though it will depend on what else is on the circuit.
Say a 52" fan is 90-100 watts (at high speed), plus three 60 watt bulbs. That puts each fixture at 280 watts or so. Which means four of them, would be 1120 watts.
A 120 volt 15 ampere circuit, can supply 1880 watts (120 volts x 15 amperes = 1880 watts). Some folks will argue that you should only load the circuit to 80%, so that would be 1440 watts for a 120 volt 15 ampere circuit. Which even so, is still enough to supply the fixtures.
Note: the values used in the answer are an estimate, for example purposes only.  Check the listed wattage for the devices you'll actually be using.
Comment: @user41750 - Ask your questions by adding to your above question posting. Try not to ask additional questions in comments.
Comment: I am the same guy who posted the question in the first place I appreciate your answer tester 101 one more question and by the way its actually for ceiling fans and I only have room for one breaker in the box what kind of breaker or size do I use
Comment: @user41750 Depending on what rooms the fixtures will be in, and which code you follow. You'll likely need a single pole 15 or 20 ampere CAFCI breaker. If you install a 15 ampere breaker, you should use 14 AWG conductors. If you install a 20 ampere breaker, use 12 AWG conductors. When buying the breaker, you'll have to know what type (brand and model) panel you have. So you can make sure the breaker is compatible with your panel.


I have a chirping sound in my house that moves around

Question: It is not the smoke detector. We have just had rain and there was a ton of tree frogs out front in the trees. Could a tree frog be in my house making that chirping noise? (The chirping sound moves around the living room only.) And, if so how do I get rid of him.....it's just me & my daughter. We are afraid of them. I am because of their feet....those sticky things.
Comment: Could be a cricket. We sometimes get one that comes inside.
Comment: Can you borrow a cat?
Comment: House geckos also make a sound similar to a bark or chirp when they get trapped inside and can't find any friends.
Answer:
Could a tree frog be in my house?

Based on your question, yes. It could also be some other relatively benign creature like a cricket.

how do I get rid of him?

You could call a pest eradicator but these sorts of creature are usually easy to catch
Many small critters can be trapped one of these ways:
Don whatever protective gear makes you more comfortable and confident (e.g. long plastic gloves)
Locate them by sound, this may take time but should be doable if you stand still.

Take the cardboard tube from a roll of kitchen paper and fold one end securely shut (maybe tape or staple it). Place it along a corner between floor and wall with open end towards creature. Small scurrying creatures will head for the safety of darkness and enter the tube. You can then pick the tube up with the open end uppermost and relocate your captive to where it belongs.

Take a medium to large clear plastic cup (or similar transparent container) and place it slowly over the creature. Many dumber creatures only flee if something large and dark approaches quickly. This is a good way of catching wasps etc. I haven't tried it on crickets but I expect them to be harder. Slowly slide a stiff sheet of paper or cardboard under the inverted cup so as to fully contain the creature, then lift and remove.
Exceptions would be some mice and rats for which you need more elaborate traps. These don't chirp though. I think you can rule out anything clever or crafty.
(other than a nephew)

We are afraid of them

I don't know if it helps, but they are almost certainly much much more afraid of you and are desperate to find a way out before they die of starvation.

You can make use of their fear, open a door and stand so that you are on the opposite side of the creature to the door, the creature will be inclined to flee you and seek the safety of the outside. Turning off lights can help for some flying creatures (moths, wasps, flies, ...) that seek light.
Comment: I love this answer very helpful and also contains just plain simplistic humor...not at but with ...


Converting City&Country to Coordinate points

Question: Is there any fairly fast php code to convert a city + country to latitude and longitude coordinates. I have a list of locations and I need to convert them to coordinates. I tried doing it in javascript, but I encountered some problems trying to get the results back to php to store it in my JSON file. So is there any efficient PHP code to do this?
Thanks.
Comment: What service are you using for geo-coding? Google?  Yahoo? Bing? Something else?
Answer: In my app, I'm using the following function to geo-code locations using google service.  The function takes one parameter - location to geo-code (e.g. "Boston, USA" or "SW1 1AA, United Kingdom") and returns an associative array with Lat/Lon.  If an error occurs or location cannot be determined, then it returns FALSE.
Note that in many cases city + country will not be able to determine the location uniquely. For example, there are probably 100 cities named Springfield in the USA alone.  Also, when passing country to a geo-coding service, make sure to put the full country name and not a 2-letter code.  I found this the hard way: I was passing 'CA' for "Canada" and was getting strange results. Apparently, google assumed that 'CA' means "California".
function getGeoLocationGoogle($location)
{
    $url = "http://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/geocode/xml?address=". urlencode($location) . "&sensor=false";
    $userAgent = "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; U; Linux i686; en-US; rv:1.9.2) Gecko/20100115 Firefox/3.6 FirePHP/0.4";

    //Setup curl object and execute
    $curl = curl_init($url);
    curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_USERAGENT, $userAgent);
    curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_FAILONERROR, true);
    curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, 1);
    $result = curl_exec($curl);

    $req = $location;

    //Process response from Google servers
    if (($error = curl_errno($curl)) > 0)
    {
        return FALSE;
    }

    $geo_location = array();
    //Try to convert XML response into an object
    try
    {
        $xmlDoc = new DOMDocument();
        $xmlDoc->loadXML($result);
        $root = $xmlDoc->documentElement;

        //get errors
        $status = $root->getElementsByTagName("status")->item(0)->nodeValue;
        if($status != "OK")
        {
            $error_msg = "Could not determine geographical location of $location - response code $status";
        }
        $location = $root->getElementsByTagName("geometry")->item(0)->getElementsByTagName("location")->item(0);
        if(!$location)
        {
            return FALSE;
        }

        $xmlLatitude = $location->getElementsByTagName("lat")->item(0);
        $valueLatitude = $xmlLatitude->nodeValue;
        $geo_location['Latitude'] = $valueLatitude;

        //get longitude
        $xmlLongitude = $location->getElementsByTagName("lng")->item(0);
        $valueLongitude = $xmlLongitude->nodeValue;
        $geo_location['Longitude'] = $valueLongitude;

        //return location as well - for good measure
        $geo_location['Location'] = $req;
    }
    catch (Exception $e)
    {
        return FALSE;
    }

    return $geo_location;
}

Comment: I need to calculate the coordinates for a couple thousand locations, so is this fast enough that the page won't time out?
Comment: If you need to do this on a few thousand locations, then, most likely, your design is wrong.  You should never need to do that many geocoding requests on the fly.  What are you trying to achieve?
Comment: I am creating a map of connections between locations. So I have a database where I have my locations stored and I need to convert these locations to coordinates and store the coordinates into a JSON file.
Comment: @ewein If you're doing this as a one off exercise, then you should be fine with the above approach.  Just take the data where the the coordinates are not determined yet and geo-code those, saving as you go along.  Even if the script times out, just re-run it and it should pick up where it left off.  Also, json file may be a bad idea if you really do have thousands of places.  Consider using a database instead.


After migrating from 2010 to 2016 Document upload is not asking for properties

Question: We have migrated from 2010 to 2016 recently in Development environment for testing purposes. We had a document library in SharePoint 2010 when users upload document it asks for properties to be filled as shown in fig  But after migration the document is uploading directly without any prompt for properties. There is no content type involved in here, this is a simple document library that I am using here.
Answer: You need to make sure you have required fields in 2016 or they won't be prompted to enter properties.
How to Ensure that Users are Prompted for Document Metadata in Office 365 and SharePoint 2016
Comment: This is interesting though I did not made any field mandatory I have changed the Allow management of content types to be checked and it is working fine now. But in 2010 neither required is not needed nor Allow management of content types is needed, This is kind of breaking the user-friendliness in 2016. That's weird from MS.


What are the prerequisites to start with OpenCV in C++?

Question: I'm an intermediate C++ programmer. Do I need any math knowledge in order to build computer applications using openCV?
Answer: I did some tracking with openCV, this doesn't really require a high mathematics skill. However you will have to get some basics knowledge about performance and techniques like :
Threading/Concurrency
Usually you store datas from hardware in a buffer which is updated asynchronously from the rest of your application. This is because the hardware usually sent data at a fixed rate.
For instance a Kinect will send 30 time their data per seconds max. So that means you can already lose almost up to 30ms waiting for data from your hardware if you do it synchronously, because the driver was implemented as a synchronous read. Copy a buffer of data with openCV is less than 1ms.
Furthermore if you want to build an UI upon your application, you will want to have that UI running in a different thread than the image processing. This mean you will have to use something to share the data between those two threads. A simple mutual exclusion should be enough still.
Image processing

Buffering : process computation on a buffer (aka double/triple buffering).
Image representation : some algorithm will work better on RGB/TLS/Greyscale/Binary image, a quick read can help you understand why.
Background substraction : if your background is stable, you should use this. Basically you substract pixel by pixel the mean of the last pixel values. It is possible that openCV or some 3rd party lib already give you that now.
Distinction between capture and tracking : capture is way heavier than tracking, that's why you're using it when you're searching for something and once you have it, you use tracking algorithm which perform faster.Note that for sample capture like face detection, OpenCV have already that implemented.

Machine learning
Recognition of patterns always start with a learning phase.
If you need to have your computer to learn something you must already :

Built a decent database of image on which the algorithm used can learned
Find somes algorithms implementation and benchmarks them.
If you need/want to implements your own algorithm like convolution network. You will need specific lecture or specific question here.

As i said in Image processing section openCV has already a face detection  algorithm ready to be used. That means that openCV already embedded a database of faces to learn on.
Answer: no, you don't need any maths to use the OpenCV library. As long as you're familiar with C++ you can build programs using it, it comes with various sample applications you can easily build that demonstrate much of its functionality.
The one area I'd be wary of is the documentation, its a reference rather than a tutorial and many results from web searches do not hold your hand in developing openCV code. So you need some patience and a dogged determination to figure a few things out when you stray a little from the beaten path.


Which database holds documents?

Question: I am wondering which database holds documents? I know that the documents are held as BLOBS in the database itself, but I can't seem to figure out what database that is?
Comment: possible duplicate of [move a database to a different drive on the same server?](http://sharepoint.stackexchange.com/questions/18283/move-a-database-to-a-different-drive-on-the-same-server)
Comment: I'm a little confused about the close votes on this question. The "possible duplicate" is completely different. Yes, the OP asked this in a comment on [the answer by @TimGabrhel](http://sharepoint.stackexchange.com/questions/18283/move-a-database-to-a-different-drive-on-the-same-server/18284#18284) however they have every right to ask this as a new question, and it is more valuable to the community that they have done so.
Comment: What is wrong with the solutions I've previously provided to you? I give you an answer and you create another thread.
Comment: @Tim, what other solutions have you provided?  I only see three other questions from Phil and none of them touch on this.  Also, your possible duplicate seems like a different question to me.
Comment: Thank you Alex and Abe, Tim probably didn't read the whole thing.
Answer: I would take a look at these two links:

http://ktskumar.wordpress.com/2009/03/10/sharepoint-databases/
http://grounding.co.za/blogs/neil/archive/2008/08/16/sql-databases-used-in-sharepoint.aspx

They go over the various databases that SharePoint has under the hood and what their purposes are.
That being said... I would recommend staying away from directly interacting with SharePoint databases.  Microsoft provides an object model that allows you to perform any actions that you should be performing.  If you manually start mucking around in the database there is a good chance you will blow up your data or render your instance of SharePoint "unsupported"...  Be careful!
From MSDN:

Direct modification of the SharePoint database or its data is not
  recommended because it puts the environment in an unsupported state.
Comment: +1 Don't do anything to alter the data model or directly insert/update/delete data...and while querying the database is permissible it is ill-advised.
Answer: In the content database that the site uses.
Here is a pretty good article: http://sharepointsolutions.blogspot.com/2008/08/exactly-where-sharepoint-documents-are.html

Which database holds documents?


DLL/TLB in Java<->DCOM communication

Question: I have to write an OpenOffice add-on (in Java) which communicates with DCOM server of some closed-source application. The major problem is that, I don't have any documentation about server's Interfaces .
All I have is a VB/C++ SDK kit for the Application. SDK contain a library in dll and a bunch of *.tlb files. In SDK documentation there is an information, I can use java, but there is no example at all. I have read provided examples  and it looks like all the communication wit DCOM goes through this dll.
Is there a way to somehow import such dll/tlb functions def directly to java, bypass dll and comunicate with DCOM or I have to write a C++ wrapper(dll)? What is the best way to do it?
Any hints are welcomed.
Answer: You can use a project like j-Interop for communication with (D)COM servers.

DLL/TLB in Java<->DCOM communication


Samsung Galaxy Note N7000 Died

Question: I updated my phone with Odin v.3.04 and now it is not working anymore. I took out the USB cable and I removed the battery while the phone was in download mode. When I went to turn my phone on again, it would not turn on. Can someone please help me?
Comment: Please elaborate what "When I power On it nothing mean my phone going died" means. do you see anything at all on the screen? or it's stuck on a single screen?
Comment: May sound stupid, but did you put in the (removed) battery again? Also, did you unplug the USB cable and remove the battery while the update was still in progress?
Comment: When i power on I dont see anything at all. (died) i also reinsert battary still nothing. When it failed not in progress then i remove USB cable and battery while in download mode i think software destroy.
Answer: Ok so I'm going to take a small leap here and assume you were trying to root your device. Here is what you need to know:
Soft-Brick
Symptoms
You can immediately tell that you have a soft-bricked phone if it turns on but doesn't really 'turn on'. You will see some kind of boot loader screen that will prompt you to connect your phone to your computer and start a transfer. Sometimes a soft-brick will look like a hard-brick (see below), in this case you can plug your device into your computer and see if you can connect to it. If you can connect to it and transfer over a new ROM, then your device is soft-bricked.
What is it?
This word is actually miss used all over the internet. When a device is 'bricked', that means that the system can boot up but it can't launch the operating system because it has been erased/corrupted. A soft-bricked device is actually not the worst thing in the world, all you have to do is flash it with a new ROM and you're good to go! Make sure the rom you are trying to flash the device with goes with the EXACT device. 'close' only counts in horseshoes and hand grenades.
Hard-Brick
Symptoms
You can tell that a device is hard-bricked if you try to turn it on or charge it and you get no response. If you cannot launch the boot loader with the special combination (usually power button along with up volume and menu button) then it is probably a hard-brick. Make sure you have determined that your power source and your battery are functioning properly before you jump to this conclusion.
What is it?
A device that is hard bricked is almost useless. There is almost nothing you can do to get it back unless you have professional experience in hardware hacking. Basically what you need to do is make your own 'Jig' that flashes the device ROM with a new boot loader. Once the boot loader is flashed, then you have your backdoor. You can then boot up the phone and flash it.
I will be completely honest with you, you have 2 options if your device has been hard-bricked:

Try to get a new one through your warranty (which is now void) on your device if it is not expired. If you try to do this and you get caught you will have to pay the full price of the device and your carrier will get very angry with you. If you get away with it, you have a new phone and the phone carriers get to sell your phone as a refurbished phone.
Pay someone to J-Tag it for you. Depending on which device you have, it can cost as low as $40. I DO NOT recommend this method because if they decide that they want to keep your phone (especially if you are shipping to Canada or Asia) there is nothing you can do and you are SOL with no phone and $40 missing out of your pocket.

The internet is full of people with your exact same problem. A quick google search will give you answers to most of your questions.
For Samsung device users specifically
Samsung devices can usually be forced into download mode using a JIG. They are pretty simple and cheap to make. If your device has been soft-bricked this will almost always work. If your device is hard-bricked this method will not work, I've tried.

Samsung Galaxy Note N7000 Died


How to specify the path to "package.json" when running npm install?

Question: For a new project I am working on, I want to install my node packages in one directory while having my "packages.json" file in another. In other words, I want to have my "node_modules" directory and "packages.json" file in two separate folders. Is there a way to do this? I have looked through the  command documentary, but can't seem to find a solution.
Answer: You create a separate package.json in every folder where you want node_modules in the same folder. That's how NPM works ;)
You can have any number of package.json files in your project.
Other than that, you cannot separate node_modules from package.json, because Node.js uses package.json to look for the right modules that you include with require. For example, when running npm update in that folder, you need both pieces in the same folder.
And that's how NPM and Node.js work happily together ;)


Powershell Script to Add Multiple Users in SharePoint Owners group

Question: Would some one help me with Powershell script Add Multiple Users in SharePoint Owners group
Answer: I think, best way is create a group and add users in it then make that group as owner of your target group.
To assign group as a onwer of another group.
<code>$web = Get-SPWeb http://webUrl
$groupOwner = $web.SiteGroups["GroupA"] #new group,this group will own "GroupB",
$groupTarget = $web.SiteGroups["GroupB"]
$groupTarget.Owner = $groupOwner
$groupTarget.Update()
</code>
Change SharePoint group owner with Powershell to a SharePoint group
To create group and add user in it, this code will read from an XML file and create the group along with users.
XML file format
<code>?xml version="1.0"?>
<Groups>
    <Group name="Approvers" description="">
        <Users>
            <User>DOMAIN\pchilds</User>
            <User>DOMAIN\tsmith</User>
        </Users>
    </Group>
</Groups>
</code>
Here is powershell to create the groups
<code>#Get Site and Web objects
$site = Get-SPSite "http://portal"
$web = $site.RootWeb

#Get XML file containing groups and associated users
$groupsXML = [xml] (Get-Content ("C:\Path\Groups.XML"))

#Walk through each group node defined in the XML file
$groupsXML.Groups.Group | ForEach-Object {
    #Check to see if SharePoint group already exists in the site collection
    if ($web.SiteGroups[$_.name] -eq $null)
    {
        #If the SharePoint group doesn't exist already - create it from the name and description values at the node
        $newGroup = $web.SiteGroups.Add($_.name, $web.CurrentUser, $null, $_.description)
    }

    #Get SharePoint group from the site collection
    $group = $web.SiteGroups[$_.name]

    #Add the users defined in the XML to the SharePoint group
    $_.Users.User | ForEach-Object {
        $group.Users.Add($_, "", "", "")
    }
}

#Dispose of Web and Site objects
$web.Dispose()
$site.Dispose()
</code>
Ref: http://get-spscripts.com/2010/07/creating-multiple-sharepoint-groups-and.html
Comment: I have already exist Owners and Users group in SharePoint, Owner group has full access permissions. I run above code   users are added in specific group But when I try to login my site with added users it throw an error "Sorry, this site hasn't been shared with you." Would you please assist me for the same.
Answer: Assuming you have user in txt file...below can be used...
<code>    $loc = Get-Location
    $Users = Get-Content "$loc\Data\Users.txt"
    $siteCollUrl = "http://sharepoint/sites/sitecollection/subsite"
    $groupname ="Owner Group" // valid sharepoint group name
    $web = Get-SPWeb -identity $siteCollUrl
    $group = $SPWeb.SiteGroups[$groupname]
    foreach ($User in $Users) {
        $web.EnsureUser($User)
        Set-SPUser -Identity $User -Web $siteCollUrl -Group $group
    }
</code>


Kids below 12 years of age with general ticket in sleeper coach in Indian Rail

Question: Can we take a 8-year old child in a rail sleeper coach with a general ticket? If so what extra charges do we need to pay if we do not require extra berth?
Comment: So I am assuming that you have reservation in a sleeper coach but the kid doesn't. Any reason for this? (Is it a late plan change or not your kid or something?)
Answer: It's been a while since this question is asked but let this answer help someone out who is having the same question.
If you have a general ticket, you might need to pay the difference between general ticket fare from reserved half ticket fare. Let me also remind you that it is not desirable(to be read as not legal) to travel without a proper ticket.
For a child, 5 to 12 years, half of the adult fare is charged even if a berth is not required.
If berth is required, the full adult fare is to be paid.
Source - Press Information Bureau, Government of India
Press release link - http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=138458
Comment: I am not sure why that situation in the first place. A family would travel together and have reservations together. Why make a plan to have a general ticket for the kid?
Comment: There may be many situations. Either the parents had planned to travel alone which got changed or the kid might just be a relative.
Answer: The Pr. Chief Commercial Managers,
All Zonal Railways
Sub: Fare for children.
Ref: 1. Rule no. 211 of IRCA Coaching Tariff no. 26 Part I (Vol 1).
2. Commercial Circular No. 71 of 2015 dated 02.12.2015.
3. Commercial Circular No, 30 of 2017 dated 24.04,2017.
4. Commercial Circular No, 60 of 201.8 dated 23.10.2018.
5. Board's letter of even no. dated 09.12.2015.
In continuation of all above instructions issued on child fare, Ministry of Railways have decided to issue consolidated instructions on child fare as under:
Age of Child: Child below 5 years of age
Class of travel: Both reserved and unreserved
Applicable fare: Children under five years of age shall be carried free & purchase of any ticket is not required. However, if berth / seat shall be sought on voluntary basis for children of age below 5 years then ticket shall be issued as under: 1. Full adult fare shall be charged. 2. Divyangjan (children) as per Railway, rule shall be eligible for concession on adult fare.
Age of Child: Children of age 5 years to below 12 years
Class of travel: Reserved accommodation (except sitting) if berth is sought
Applicable fare: In case of children of age 5 years to under 12 years of age for whom full berth (in Reserved class) is sought at the time of reservation, full adult fare for such children shall be charged" (CC 71 of 2015 dated 02.12.2015).
Age of Child: Children of age 5 years to below 12 years
Class of travel: If berth is not sought (NOSB)
Applicable fare: If no berth is opted for., the' children of age 5 years to under 12 years of age 'at the time of reservation in such cases only half of the applicable adult fare shall be charged and in this case minimum distance of charge shall not be applicable." (CC 30 of 2017 dated 24.04.2017).
Age of Child: Children of age 5 years to below 12 years
Class of travel: Reserved sitting accommodation
Applicable fare: In reserved sitting accommodation, full adult fare shall be applicable. "Child NOSB (no seat option) booking shall not be. permitted in CC, EC, 2S, BA etc classes" (CC 60 of 2018 dated 23.10.2018),
Age of Child: Children of age 5 years to below 12 years
Class of travel: Unreserved accommodation
Applicable fare: In unreserved classes, for children of age 5 years to below 12 years' of age, half of adult fare shall be applicable subject to minimum distance for charge. (CC 71 of 2015 dated 02.12.2015),
Age of Child: Children 12 years & above
Class of travel: All classes
Applicable fare: "Passengers of 12 years and above shall be charged full fare" (Rule 211 of IRCA Coaching Tariff no. 26  Part I Vol(I))
Other conditions:

In case of NOSB tickets, tickets for unreserved class etc., for child where half of the adult fare is applicable the same shall be applicable on the basic fare. Other charges like superfast charges, catering charges, GST etc, if applicable shall be levied in full. (Para no. 101 (3) (e) of IRC A coaching Tariff no. 26 Part 1 (Vol II)).

Single child or group of children without adult attendant, shall be allowed only in case berths are opted with full fare". However, tickets for children will be issued with no berth option by linking the PNR of parents / guardians / attendants subject to certain conditions issued vide CC No, 60 of 2018 dated 23.10.2018 which is enclosed at Annexure-I.
Comment: Where did you find this? Can you add a link to the source?
Comment: Formatting this to make it more readable would also help.


Is it okay if I connect my nikon dslr d3200 to my computer via usb connector while taking pictures?

Question: I took a pictures with my camera while connecting it to the pc and the pictures I took suddenly appears to my camera's sd card folder, Im using Nikon D3200, Is it okay if i use it while connecting or it will damage the camera or the Sd card?
Comment: technically no damage.
Comment: @editinit [Short answers as comments — please resist the urge](http://meta.photo.stackexchange.com/q/4655/11924)
Answer: Photos will be stored on the sd card in your camera no matter what its hooked up too. And it wont do any damage but if you trying to take pictures and interact with your sd card (e.g. transferring, deleteing, editing file) at the same time you might throw some errors and not be able to accomplish what you were trying to do. A good example is if you were transferring all your photos from your sd card to another drive while taking a picture. If you did this you might lose the photo you took, or stop the transferring process. All that being said i would say that an instance where you needed to do this is rare indeed. So dont worry your not going to hurt your camera
Comment: Even if I'll immediately transfer the photo that I'll take to another folder on my computer if it appears on the sd card folder on my pc, so i could upload the picture as soon as possible?
Comment: You should be fine. As long as the file isn't still saving on the sd card your fine. If you take multiple pictures at one time your camera lag a little and you'll want to wait on it to "catch up" before you move any files


Sampling weight for calculating prevalence in two-stage cluster sampling

Question: In study there was used two stage cluster sampling technique. First stage, 16 clusters is selected from 100 clusters using PPS. Clusters are heterogeneous in size. In second stage, 12 households are selected from each 16 clusters using random walk technique. From each selected households one children aged 6-59 months are tested for anemia (hemoglobin level <11.0 g/dl= anemic, other wise non-anemic). If I want calculate prevalence of anemia, then I need to adjust sampling weight. Which type of sampling weight I can use?
Comment: Two questions: 1)  What was the size measure? 2) Do you know the total number of HH in eac cluster? If not, have you an estimate?
Comment: Total number of HH is not equal in a cluster. They may vary.
Comment: Effect size 1.5.
Answer: I'm sorry to say: it is not possible to create proper sampling weights for this design. The calculation of a sampling weight requires calculation of the probability of selection at each stage of the sample: 1) selection of cluster; 2) selection of household; 3) selection of child. However  the probability of household selection cannot be calculated with a random walk design, also known as the EPI (Expanded Program on Immunization) method.
The random walk and like-methods are designed to reduce bias from  conscious choice in selection, but (DHS III Manual, page 5) "they fail to meet the requirement that the sample be selected in such a way as to give a known and nonzero probability to every potential respondent." For more, see: Luman et al., 2007; Milligan & Bennet (2004);  Turner et al. 1996;  Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey Manual; 2005.  The Demographic and Health Survey; DHS III Sampling Manual, page 5.
The customary analysis with the random walk design is to ignore the weights,  However in your case, the probabilities of selecting a child at the final stage will not be equal : If there were $k$ eligible children in a HH, the probability that the respondent child is selected is $1/k$ at that stage. You may therefore choose to give each respondent child a weight of $k$. It the resulting prevalence estimate is not much different from the unweighted estimate, I would use the unweighted version.
References
Luman, Elizabeth T, Alemayehu Worku, Yemane Berhane, Rebecca Martin, and Lisa Cairns. 2007. Comparison of two survey methodologies to assess vaccination coverage. International journal of epidemiology 36, no. 3: 633-641.
Milligan, Paul, and Steve Bennett. 2004. Comparison of two cluster sampling methods for health surveys in developing countries. International Journal of Epidemiology 33, no. 3: 469-476.
http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/content/33/3/469.long
Turner, A., R. Magnani, and M. Shuaib. 1996. A Not Quite as Quick but Much Cleaner Alternative to the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) Cluster Survey Design. International Journal of Epidemiology 25(1).
Division of Policy and Planning United Nations Children's Fund (2005) Monitoring he Situation of Children and Women, Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey Manual 2005
http://www.childinfo.org/files/Multiple_Indicator_Cluster_Survey_Manual_2005.pdf
Demographic and Health Survey III Sampling Manual
http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pnabz765.pdf
Comment: You are welcome. I don't know a resampling technique.  See my next comment.  But ignoring the  final weight (up through HH selection) is equivalent to saying that the sample is "self-weighting": that selection probabilities at different stages offset each other. This would be the case, for example, for many segmentation and listing protocols for HH selection.
Comment: Thanks for your informative answer. Can we consider any re-sampling technique for weighting purpose?
Comment: Advocates of random-walk sampling believe that it will be  *approximately* *self-weighting. This is contradicted in studies like that of Luman, who found bias in their comparison. You can't really tell.   Still, if you do the unweighted analysis (except for the child selection) you are doing the standard random-walk analysis.


Why did George McClellan fail to act?

Question: I'm watching Ken Burns' The Civil War, and he paints a picture of George McClellan as someone who was perfectly prepared to score significant victories against the Confederacy, but simply decided to do nothing, because he did not trust Lincoln's judgement. Burns seems to side against McClellan in this, but I wonder if this is a commonly-held opinion about McClellan or if there are some who support his judgement of Lincoln and his decision not to act.
Comment: "Make a mistake and everybody gets killed." True.  But fear making mistakes too much and you lose and might as well just surrender and save the trouble. That's why leadership is hard.
Comment: Welcome to the site. An upvote to get you started.
Comment: If you want to read up on this, Shelby Foote's *The Civil War: A Narrative -- Fort Sumter to Perryville* goes into the Lincoln-McClellan relationship in considerable detail and contains answers to your question (which I can't recall in detail right now).
Comment: Make a mistake and everybody gets killed. He was probably a lot smarter than some of the other Union generals.
Answer: George McClellan was a "whiz kid" promoted to commander of the Army of the Potomac at the young age of 34. He was superbly trained (at West Point) and trained his men well, but lacked the confidence for serious fighting that comes with experience.
http://legacy.bishopireton.org/faculty/jaspere/McClellan.htm
He himself admitted, "It would have been better for me personally had my promotion been delayed a year of more.  Perhaps it was a case of too much – too soon obtained at too little cost."  (Leckie, 410)
Comment: He also had a good deal of strategic ability.  His first campaign had a shot at taking Richmond, if executed decisively.
Answer: The question has puzzled historians ever since.  It's hard to look anywhere other than McClellan's makeup, which has led to much psychoanalysis of McClellan.
He had immense administrative ability.  It's not too much to say that he saved the Union, with his formation of the Army of the Potomac after Bull Run.  His Peninsula Campaign came within 4 miles of Richmond.
But it's also true that McClellan was strangely timid when it came time to force the issue.  He wasted countless opportunities, seemingly stalled by insubstantial obstacles.  He seemed to lack initiative.  Plus Lee got completely into his head.  It's difficult to imagine Grant stopping for a month at Yorktown, as McClellan did, rather than sweeping over it in his first couple of hours.
Ultimately no one knows.  McClellan remains a complicated figure.
Comment: I question that Little Mac's "administrative ability" was all that outstanding.  The North had a number of armies, all of which got put together at that time by other generals without them getting written up as geniuses.  The Army of the Potomac, if anything, did less with more than any of the others
Comment: Valid.  I'm trying to be nice.  McPherson is complimentary of McClellan's accomplishment in getting the Army of the Potomac ready in a short time after the disaster of Bull Run, so I'm content to follow his lead.  Yeah, "immense" might be an overstatement, but he certainly had SOME administrative ability, and his contemporaries thought he was talented.  Agree with your "less with more" assessment of that army.  My answer could maybe stand some detail on McClellan's maneuvering against Lincoln – squabbles for power etc.
Comment: I agree that Mac had abilities.  I just was bringing up the point that even though most conventional history focuses so much on the AoP that it is almost surprising when you realize that the three *other* armies (or four if you count the forces around New Orleans) were created and formed without Little Mac's involvement at all.
Answer: One issue was his knowledge of the Confederate Army.  Almost all of the good cavalry went with the South, and without scouts he was reduced to relying on Pinkerton for intelligence estimates.  I doubt they were actually paid a fixed rate per Confederate soldier reported, but the result would have been about the same.
So, McClellan was advancing, relatively blind, against forces that were reported to be considerably larger than his own.  More resolute generals than McClellan have had problems in those circumstances.
Comment: What surprised me the most was the anecdote about him having been delivered some of Lee's plans accidentally left behind on a piece of paper. Burns basically says that McClellan could have one the war with that information, but chose to do nothing.
Comment: @clem: That was what led to the battle of Antietam. By fighting that battle, McClellan did more than "nothing," just not enough.
Comment: I read a recent work about Spying in the Civil war and he writer found that yes, Pinkerton's reports were bad, but Little Mac actually inflated these even further.
Answer: I think McClellan has been unfairly treated by the politicians in power and by history. (Republicans ran the government at that time and McClellan was a big name Democrat).
When he fought against Lee in the peninsula his army was close to the size of the confederates. In the peninsular campaign his strategy was altered without warning by Washington several times. He had a large force that was trained to land farther up the peninsula and block in the confederates on the peninsula while a large portion of his army come up from the south. Was great idea until Washington held back the large corp that was to do it. They then said they would send troops overland and ordered McClellan position himself in an awkward way to meet those troops. He had plans made in case of an attack by the now numerically superior Confederates from this position ordered by Washington to move their supplies and supply lines to the James River. The Confederates did attack and McClellan did move to the James River.
Remember Confederates counted their troops as soldiers in line for battle not everyone in the area while Union forces were counted as total soldiers in the area under command of that general. The Confederates had in place conscription and were rapidly building up their forces at this time while the Union shut down recruiting and told McClellan he must make due with what he had. No wonder he was careful with his soldiers.
Once on the James River he wanted to move across the river and attack Petersburg which would then force the Confederates to abandon Richmond. Washington would not allow him to do this. The best and possibly only way to keep a large Union army supplied around Richmond is by water. All this same stuff was done by Grant later in the war.
After General Pope took command of all the Union troops and got routed at Second Bull Run McClellan was given back command. That he moved cautiously only made sense. Lee just whipped that same Union army so it would be stupid to rush back to attack Lee.
As for the lost orders being so advantageous. McClellan was maneuvering against Lee when they found those orders. One of the reasons some Confederate commanders said that McClellan did not rush and overwhelm two easily defended (by Confederates) mountain passes was that according to the lost orders which were several days old already they stated that Lee should have had more troops at or near those passes. Also McClellan was trying to manoeuvre his army to try and save over ten thousand union troops that were ordered to stay at Harpers Ferry by Washington against McClellan's advice. He was not allowed to evacuate them earlier and add them to his army.
At Antietam McClellan did attack Lee. In hindsight he should have attacked before most of his own army was there for the attack but just remember he had far fewer Calvary to inform him of the confederate numbers and position and it was still not too long since Lee's army had routed this very army that he now commanded when Pope was in charge. When he did attack most of his main corp commanders and some replacement commanders were killed or wounded and one commander (Burnside) especially would not attack on time despite repeated orders from McClellan. If the loss of the corp commanders and some of their replacements had not occurred things might have been very different.
Also note that Lee complained of close to twenty-five thousand stragglers that were spread all over. McClellan could not have known the extent of the number of lost soldiers due to straggling
Overall McClellan faced the confederates in battle with forces far closer in number and ability then later commanders like Burnside, Hooker, Meade, or Grant. He also when you calculated out Union versus Confederate casualties the best ratio of any commander fighting Lee. And finally he handled his army in a way that never gave Lee an opening to destroy part or all of it even when ordered into a bad position by Washington before the start of the Seven Days battles. Longstreet said it was fortunate that they removed McClellan as he was good and improving rapidly. He was one of the most beloved commanders if not the most beloved by that army during the war. That is usually a sign by the soldiers that they trust that someone and believe he is not Just getting them killed for no good reason.

Why did George McClellan fail to act?


If using dual sim on Huawei P20 Pro would changing sims show in either Google Activity or Huawei Data Download

Question: I have a Huawei P20 Pro with dual sim capability. If I used (signed into) the second sim with another Google account, would My Google Activity on the Google account of the first sim show the switch, backwards and forwards, between the two sims? OR if not.. Would the switch be shown on the Huawei download data for my phone, if at all?
Comment: What do you mean with "Huawei download data"?
Comment: Hi Robert, sorry if I was vague. I meant the personal data that can be requested and downloaded from HUAWEI through Data Management in Manage Your Privacy in the Account Centre on a HUAWEI phone.
Comment: I do not own a Huawei device, hence I don't know what is recorded. But if it tracks your IP address (and changes of that) or the used MNO/IMEI for mobile data, switching between SIM1 and SIM2 should result in an IP address change. However enabling/disabling Wifi or entering an area with a configured Wifi would also trigger an IP address change.
Comment: I never thought of that. Thank you Robert.
Answer: Google accounts are independent of the SIM card, you just need Internet for accessing Google. If this happens on your device with SIM1, SIM2 or Wifi is irrelevant to Google.
Note: Usually in dual-SIM Smartphone only one SIM can be active for Internet access at a time.


Radius of drone when hovering in circles

Question: According to Energy Minimization for Wireless Communication With Rotary-Wing UAV, it is better to fly in circles than to hover at a single place (if hovering is required). Flight requires less power. As the math model is simple, I can not find what is the "perfect" radius of the flight. Can rotary-wing UAV fly in lets say 2m radius with static speed $s$, or is there some law of physics (for example  centrifugal force) that enforces the UAV to fly in wider circle? This is purely theoretical question, math is welcome.
Comment: I would argue that increasing the centripetal force required to navigate would increase the effective load and take away from the efficiency gain of flying at Vme. Physics wise, you could mathematically determine the additional navigational thrust required to maintain a given radius knowing Vme, the radius of the circle, and the associated mass of the aircraft
Answer: As Brydon says, you could work out the bank angle required to generate the centripetal force for various size circles. The tighter the circle, the more lift you lose. The 'optimum' radius would be an infinitely large circle (i.e. a straight line) so you'd need a reason to do tighter circles, and a way to balance that against the power required to fly.
However you'll also have to know the optimum flight speed, which will depend on the disk loading. If you're just hovering in still air, a huge, lightly loaded disk is most efficient (see the man-powered helicopter) but this has a very low top-speed. Most helicopters are optimised for forward flight, which is why they are more efficient when flying forward.
Then there's wind. You can't optimise for a static hover because you'll need to fight the wind. You might then find it's most efficient to circle when the wind is light, and match the windspeed when it approaches your design cruise speed. And you'll have to balance whether you want efficiency in still air, or the ability to keep flying in stronger winds. You'd need good data on expected wind speeds, and not a simple equation.
Comment: I have a simulation with wind info based on RANS and I have measured the most efficient forward flight speed. I have also tested multiple radiuses of the flight and selected the most efficient. However, I was not able to estimate if there is lower bound for radius in real flight, simulations were fine with any number, I did not take centrifugal force into account tho.


I have an arabic website, but my target keyword impression mostly searched from non Arabic country, India

Question: In search console, One of my target keywords with very high impressions mostly seen from a country with non arabic language, India.
it is very strange, and also the google trends show different result. why somethings like this happen ?
Answer: You should set your desired country from Google Search Console and add "hreflang" to your site. Even after adding all this, people can search your website from all around the world. Searches from India can be the people who know Arabic.
But if you want to show your website only in the Middle East then you have to block all of the countries except the ones you want to show.
If you chose not to block, then you will be getting visitors from all around the world, and i think that is completely fine as Arabic speaking people are all around the world.
Comment: I set a target country,Oman, in international targeting section on search console, but I would like to target more than one country, but there was only one country option to choose, How I can do this?
Comment: Google allows only one country targeting for a single URL. If you wish to target two countries, you will have to create a sub domain for the second country to target that.
Comment: Is it good to specify a target location, or leave it blank ? all arabian countries for us are the same value,
Comment: I think, you should leave it blank.


Where's a good spot to land on the Mun?

Question: The Mun appears to have quite a varied surface. Is there a particularly good spot for a first landing, i.e. where the ground is level and smooth?
Comment: I didn't make many mun landings yet, but it appears to me like the craters are considerably more smooth than the rest, and they are perfectly level in the center. You should try to land on the side facing the sun - landing in the darkness is much more difficult.
Answer:
Do not go to the dark side. Seriously. Jebediah still remembers the day he only just escaped death. Unless you put some spotlights on (the really bright ones. Haven't tested it yet, but I assume it gives off enough light).
The center of a crater is the best location for a level landing. Mountain tops tend to be less curvy than the rest of the moon surface, but there's always the chance of overshooting and having to land on a hillside.
If you use Rover wheels instead of landing gear, you minimize the issues for landing on slanted terrain (tipping over <-> rolling away). Although it does require you to come down much more gently if I recall correctly.
Comment: Extra note: The really bright spots are enough to light up the surface when landing, but it doesn't help you decide where to land. They'll only hit the surface when you're already nearing the end of your descent.
Answer: With the right ship its kind of easy to land almost anywere.
The thing you have to do is, forget legs, use multiple fuel around
(minimal 1 tank of 360.0 with 4 around), you can use the 1/4 type so its almost the same of having a big one. but with a lot more area.
Second, calculate correctly when to stop. (almost burns no fuel).
Best way for me is, do a PE of the object you want to land as low as possible but also be safe, example you can do at 6k on moon on some areas but you may crash so not the idea.
Then set the AP oposite to the PE just 2k over (this way you go slower and need to burn less fuel, also gives you time to do the stop).
Full stop in orbit but, do not use orbit but surface velocity (so basically you are truly perpendicular to where you want to land).
There you have to make a calcualation with the following:

altitude when you was not falling (best to use the AP if you did correctly all the maneuver). If you forgot, you can then get your actual altitude and velocity (check its just down velocity)
exact altitude to reach (not always known so be sure to give a margin or, even to "drop" a part of your ship and see how far it is when it hits the floor.
have in mind the exact max acceleration of your ship.

With that 3 values then you have an easy formula:
<code>maxVel=sqrt(2*(StartAltitude-StopAltitude+0.5*initial Vel^2/bodyAcc)/(+1/bodyAcc+1/(ShipAcc-bodyAcc)))
</code>
where sqrt is the square root, StartAltitude the max altitude (normally AP), StopAltitude the landing altitude, initial vel the velocity down (in case you do this mid falling,  or, you have to change rockets and aceleration).
BodyAcc is the acceleration in newtons of the celestial body
and ShipAcc is the aceleration of the ship. (do not take the aproximated you know the actual max, its better as this will be more later so this way mostly sure you do not crash).
Now it's imperative you give from 5 to 10 more to the velocity (means start before the max vel) because you are human and you will loose some power by aiming, and this is final if you surpass you are dead.
Now for the celestial body Acceleration you cannot use the direct reference as its measured as a relation, (example moon says 0.1666 = 1/6) but this is 1/6 of g which in real is 9.8/6, not just the number 0.1666).
Hope you enjoy it.
Almost forgot, if you need to change your rockets (because another phase), you have to do all the calculation again with the same acceleration, now if you are going faster already, you are dead, so be carefull if your current phase does not have enough to calculate to get rid of them at the point they make your velocity almost 0, that will mean check how much fuel (time) you need for it (now, you do not want to wait to the max vel but you can know by doing
time=maxVel/(ShipAcc-bodyAcc), if this time is more than the fuel you have, the formula i gave is invalid as mostly sure the next phase does not have the same aceleartion (and if it have less, you are dead), so in such case just burn all the fuel in a way your speed is 0 when you do the change (yes you have to think before hand for a landing).
Answer: avoid the dark side. aim for the center of a crater unless your lander is equipped with wheels. even then, don't aim for slopes if you can help it.
be VERY mindful of lateral velocity and be sure you can kill it. otherwise no matter what craft you're using you are most likely going to rip off a strut and maybe your engine.
Answer: To be honest, i don't find it difficult to land anywhere on the Mun, but craters are best, with high power lights aimed down, sun doesn't matter at all.
Comment: Try the poles. Hard to find any sizeable patch of terrain there with less than 45 degree slope.

Where's a good spot to land on the Mun?


How to approach a PhD if I want to have a career in academia?

Question: I am towards the end of the first year of my PhD where most of my time went towards doing courses and a small research project in our lab. I plan to continue in academia after my PhD and aspire to get a good faculty position sometime in the future. Is there a stark difference in the way one should approach a PhD if they want to go in academia versus if they aspire for an industry research position ? What do universities look for in a PhD which might be very different from what a company looks for in the same candidate and what can I do at my level to tailor my PhD research towards the direction I want to go in.
Comment: You need to demonstrate the ability to attract funding; writing good proposals (post-Ph.D.) is a huge advantage.
Comment: Some good recommendations so far, but I think the big thing that's so far missing from the discussion is how important your advisor is. Of course, things are easier if your advisor is a famous research genius, but more essentially you want to find an advisor who is on the same page as you in terms of your next steps. Then, take their advice, not ours :)
Answer: If you want to stay in academia, these are some of the elements that prospective PIs/Institutions will be looking for: 1) published material; 2) conference participation; 3) ability to attract funding; 4) prizes/awards (although this should be of low priority if you are an early-career researcher, given how unlikely it is to get a prize at that stage). You should also focus on showing that you can have original ideas and that your PhD wasn't simply doing what you have been told to do. Other thing that is important, and I cannot stress this enough, is networking. No matter how ridiculous or incorrect it may seem, the people that you know will make a difference in getting jobs and positions.
Answer: You approach it as training for a job, or even better like you are already an academic. In the same way a caprentry apprenticeship teaches someone solid woodwork skills, a PhD teaches someone to conduct research in a rigorous, appropriate and professional manner. You need to hold yourself to high learning standards, not only on the object of research but also on how to do research: problem solving, networking, gathering information, writing etc.
The big difference is tied to what PhD supervision is technically about: it leads to the completion of a thesis. It does not lead, or have to lead, to publications. You would be interested in conferences, spend a lot of time learning to write academic papers (even the writing style of different journals), network and gather professional information and transport your thesis to publishable journal papers. An industry oriented candidate does not have to worry about such things, unless there are explicit requirements for graduation. This means less polished work in academic, but not necessarily in absolute standars. Of course, publications are of little practical use to a non-academic and serve only for prestige.
Clarification: I suppose the above is a contested point. In my environment, the requirement for getting a PhD for both traditional monograph and paper theses is to pass the viva or defend it. It is not subject to having academic publications, although that is often a parallel pursuit. If there are different practices elsewhere, e.g. you do not get your PhD without X journal publications, I would be very interested in a discussion. For what it is worth, while I identify the professional advantages of a paper-based thesis, I prefer monographs as I find their bottom-to-top process to better reflect the critical development of an idea and of the person writing it. I just like books, I suppose.
Does this mean a difference in quality and, more importantly, in the criteria? This is debatable. A supervisor should hold both at the same level. However, the demand for an industry oriented candidate to understand every theoretical nook and cranny and mechanic of their work is not there at the same degree. The weight is on proper application, not on proper application and thorough learning and understanding. Crudely, if you know how to setup X correctly and press the red button, you are OK - you do not need to know how X works, why X works, the working principles of X and wht happens if you press the green button. Both candidates, however, get results by pressing the red button on X. Nevertheless, in terms of scientific rigour both works should be at the same level, which means correct and honest. What changes is the candidates. This is the second major separating point, because the latter is crucial for a future academic: if he has failed to do both, he does not know how to do his job in the most literal terms. This is also why the expectations on people who want to stay in academia are much higher from supervisors and other academics. On the other side, this is also why many academics, or even PhD students, appear to scoff at or "go easy" on industry oriented people: some demands are not there and they are not seen as future colleagues.
A final caveat: none of the above is absolute and I am very willing to discuss the grey areas. Student and supervisor attitudes change during a PhD, and opinions do vary. I tried to provide a general outline of related issues and highlight behaviours that I have seen come up. My strictly personal opinion is that a PhD is much about learning and both types must learn the same. However, the pursuit of quality publications is something different and perhaps beyond the strict scope of a PhD.


Questions about Chogyam Trungpa's unique presentation of the five skandhas?

Question: I've recently begun reading the new book Cynicism and Magic - Intelligence & Intuition on the Buddhist Path by Chogyam Trungpa. This is my first book by this renowned teacher.
In Chapter 3 of this book I read an explanation of the five skandhas I've never seen before. The explanation mesmerized as it stirred memories of a profound experience long ago in my past. After reading this chapter I was struck by the seeming similarity to an answer I vaguely remembered reading on this site about dependent origination. With a little bit of search of the site and remembering it came from our Andriy - I've found it. This answer on D.O. (dependent origination) resonated deeply with me at the time although I was not really sure why.
Here is a small excerpt from Chapter 3, page 25-28 of the book:

The starting point for the skandhas is bewilderment. We are completely
bewildered. Not in the sense of stupidity or ignorance, but we are
bewildered in the sense of not having anything to lay our hands on.
Everybody possesses this bewilderment. Whether you call it emptiness,
openness, or groundlessness, it is always there.
THE FIRST SKANDHA: FORM
At some point, we try to make a home out of this situation. We would
like to build a secure home out of our bewilderment. We grope all over
the place, not having such a thing as ourselves. Though there is a
sense of flow, we make that flow itself an entity, a false entity.
That constant groping creates "you" and "other." A sense of duality, a
sense of separateness develops, which is a false notion. But that
falsity seems to be much more secure than the truth, which has no
substance and which we find somewhat overpowering. We don't want to
face reality -- it's too brilliant, too dazzling, too hot, too cold.
We would like to compromise and make ourselves comfortable.
You have no idea whether you have the right to do this or not, because
nobody's judging, and that groping process, trying to find a base of
some kind, creates a further sense of being lost. You begin to realize
that you have to provide your own ground, your own seat, your own rug,
your own chair, your own table, your own ceiling, and your own walls.
All kinds of things have to be created, otherwise there isn't anything
at all. That kind of basic panic, or perhaps you could call it basic
creativity, is the origin of the first skandha, what's known as the
skandha of form. You made everything out of nothing. There is a
dichotomy there: you haven't made it, but you have made it, somehow.
You made false out of true.
According to Buddha's teaching, this first experience of bewilderment
is called "basic bewilderment." It is basic to everything; it's a
constant experience in everyday life. It takes place in every
conversation, between activities, and during activities. Our life is
governed by this false notion of something that we are holding on to.
Traditionally this basic bewilderment is known as avidya. Vidya in
Sanskrit means "inner cognitive mind functioning," and the a at the
beginning means "non," so avidya means "ignorance." Avidya is not
cognition in the ordinary sense of the consciousness that functions in
daily life; it is the subconscious mind that has a sense of
double-ness, two-ness and duality. It has a sense of wholesomeness, a
sense of being. "I exist because the other exists. Therefore, I
could create my realm and have a sense of being." That experience also
becomes, ironically, very powerfully joyful to a lot of people. We say,
"Phew, we made it. We found it." We found what? We found it. There
is something, at least there is something. What is it? "I don't
know, but nevertheless there is something happening. Isn't that great?
Something is taking place." It is extremely hopeful. It's worth
celebrating. But at this point we are celebrating avidya. We are
celebrating that we are completely stupid.
And then stupidity replaces bewilderment. Of course, it is really
comfortable to be stupid. You could play dumb, as if nothing is
happening around you, as if everything's okay. You never look around
and you never ask questions. Questions such as "How?" "Why?" "When?"
"Where?" and "What?" are regarded as very dangerous to utter. We
simply say, "is," "am," and "I am." "I," if you just say it by itself,
feels somewhat shaky, unless you say "am," which qualifies the I-ness.
Then we need a further reference point and reassurance, so it becomes
"I am happy," or "I am sad," which qualifies the whole, stupid
statement. "I am happy," or "I am sad," or "I am such and such," is
the utterance of stupidity.
That's the basic form that we have created, which isn't to say -- and
I would like to emphasize this -- that this situation was created
"once upon a time," that there was a "fall of man" and then everybody
was bad and confused. This experience, this situation, takes place
constantly in our everyday lives. The basis of our operation, and
activity, is bewilderment and stupidity.
THE SECOND SKANDHA: FEELING
From there, we develop the second stage of ego's development, which is
the skandha of feeling. You feel piggish, dumb and you are growing --
now that you have created a solidified self. You have developed a big
head, a thick neck, and a swollen face. Your eyes are tiny, your mouth
can hardly move, and your ears are sinking in. You are almost a
cast-iron statue of "me" sitting there. You can't even turn your head
because your neck is stiff and swollen. You begin to feel that the
silence of the stupidity that you have created is somewhat suspicious.
There may be something wrong. You turn to look around, back and forth,
trying to develop some kind of feeling. From there, we grope around to
experience distinct feedback -- pleasurable, painful or neutral
feelings. It's like the traditional analogy of the pig exploring
piggery, trying to find food, trying to develop some kind of
discrimination. So if you come across a pebble, you reject it; if you
come across a piece of meat or fruit, you try to eat it up. It's a
very simple level of feeling, an animal or ape instinct.
Maybe you have developed an eloquent or beautiful style, as if nothing
is wrong. You try to hide your clumsiness and try to avoid letting
anybody else see it. We usually try to be very smooth and genteel.
However, that sense of animal-ness or ape-ness is still there, and is
particularly evident when we begin to deal with the sharp edges of our
experience, which we usually ignore. The sharp edges of situations
challenge our stupidity, and present the potential of nonexistence,
nonego. You try to be graceful, but never quite succeed. You feel as
if someone is watching over your shoulder all the time. You are being
extremely clumsy, but at the same time, you are inquisitive. You want
to explore the world outside. You want to give and take at a very
simple level. This is feeling.

I want to note a few points that I find unique about this presentation. Please let me know if you read this in the same way?

The emphasis on the fact what is described is a constant occurrence in every moment of life. Trungpa specifically emphasizes that he is not talking about a singular event, but rather "this situation, takes place constantly in our everyday lives."
In explaining form, Trungpa seems to be starting with the first link in D.O. of Avidya which he describes as basic bewilderment that comes about when primordial mind experiences a non-existent or groundless base. Groundless experience is described as overpowering and uncomfortable. This  uncomfortable-ness gives rise to bewilderment.
The description of the second skandha really comes across to me vividly as a description of how a baby might see the world. The other impression I get is of someone very confused or high trying to disguise the fact and play off like they are fine. Like someone freaking out or paranoid on weed, but acting as if - or not wanting to admit it to themselves - that everything is fine.

And now some questions... Is this presentation unique to Trungpa or can it be found in other dharma? Where can I find Trungpa laying out his presentation of D.O. explicitly? If you read the rest of the chapter he goes on to talk about the other skandhas and it all seems to me like a description of D.O. inline with Andriy's answer but he never mentions D.O. explicitly. Anyone else read this book yet? Any other impressions?
Comment: It seems like a fairly straightforward presentation of the skandhas.. I read his Shambala Warrior book, & the parts about using magic to get what we want made me uneasy, so I read up about him, & he does not seem a reliable person to follow:
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%B6gyam_Trungpa#Controversies
Comment: Hi, I am aware of the controversy around this teacher thanks.
Answer: I don't find this presentation unique to CTR, though of course his style is unique.  He lays out the progression perhaps more clearly in The Development of Ego.  It's the bit that starts with a grain of sand popping its head up.
Comment: Could you provide any quotes?
Comment: https://archive.org/stream/pdfy-WB1Fzh_m8LjpIk16/Cutting%20Through%20Spiritual%20Materialism_djvu.txt
The chapter starts on page 121.
Comment: Also, you can hear him present this directly on talk 3 state of mind starting around minute 18 at https://www.chronicleproject.com/meditation-the-path-of-the-buddha/


How do I install a generator pass through?

Question: I bought a generator for when the commercial power goes out. Rather than run an extension cord from the generator, and through my window into the house; I want to connect an extension cord from the generator, and plug it into an outside junction box (Female plug). Have the outside junction box tie into an internal junction box, with receptacles so I can plug in another inside extension cord to run to my refrigerator and a few lights. What is needed to make this happen? This would be completely separate from the fuse box.
Comment: Are you going to use the regular (15 amp duplex plugs like most things are designed for your home) receptacles or are you going to use the L14-30R plug that comes on some generators?
Answer: This is what you would use for a regular house receptacle in the us.
For the outside use a "inlet receptacle"

Then you need a cover for it while not in use.

Ideally a bubble cover or an in-use cover would be best.  If I find one I'll edit this.
After you get all this and you will need for the inside a cut-in box, receptacle and cover.  A piece of 12/2 romex or NM to go between, wiring the black wire to the brass screws, the white wire to the silver screws and green wire to green screw.
Comment: Excellent advise. This way no one is going to confuse the feed and put power on the grid.
Comment: And costs a lot less than the interlock system and remembering to shut off all unneeded loads so the genset will function.
Answer: Just ran cross this.  This gets the power through the outside of the house but have you thought of a transfer panel or using an interlock kit on your panel?  They are pretty cheap and you can get an electrician to install one in about an hour.  Basically you just turn off the breakers in your panel you do not want and everything else has power from your portable generator.  Just don't try to run everything at once!


Drum shielding: Budget solution for back screen -- what materials will absorb high frequency well and are cheap?

Question: I would like to build a back-screen for a drum kit (highly reflective stage etc.) Currently I'm thinking of 6 2'x6' panel screen for the back, and I'm currently got a few materials suggested involving:
MDF
Plywood,
Plasterboard,
fibreglass -- insulation type.
carpet and/or underlay.
Comment: Where does the back screen sit - behind or in front of the kit?
Comment: Behind the kit.
Answer: In my studio, I use 2'x4'x4" slabs of mineral wool wrapped in acoustically transparent fabric (can blow through it). I've spent a little more on ready made covers, but the last half dozen I made I bought fabric and glue at the fabric store - less expensive but more work involved (have to wrap them up like xmas presents).
I use these traps in the corners as bass traps and at first reflection points as broadband absorbers - they work great.
The mineral wool was $2/square foot, and the fabric was $10/yard. It's about 1/3 yard per trap, so the per unit price was about $20.

If these are stationary, then you'll need something to hang them with. I use standard shelf brackets on the bottom, and some strapping secured to a wall anchor near the middle top to keep them from toppling over. I leave some space between the trap and the wall to improve acoustical coefficients.
If they need to be portable, I'd recommend some framing and stands to make them more durable and flexible with regards to their placement. If I were framing mine, I'd start with a simple picture frame design using 1"x4" glued and spline mitered for strength. I'd secure the traps within the frame by strapping across the corners.
Answer: I made a great set of absorbent panels out of plywood and then covered them in old carpet. If you are really determined drive around and look for someone doing house work and see if they are ripping up an old carpet you may even be able to get some for free. You can either put the carpet flat on the wood (staples or small screws work well to hold it on. Or if you have time you can ruffle it like a wave (about 4-6 inch waves to maximize how much absorbent surface you have.


NHibernate - Query by Example - Subquery

Question: I know there are MANY ways to achieve the following in NHibernate - i am not interested in other scenarios. What I am wondering is if it is possible to automatically generate a subquery using a many-to-one relationship and a query by example in NHibernate.
My setup is as follows:
public class Customer
{
    public virtual int ID { get; set; }
    public virtual string Firstname { get; set; }
    public virtual string Lastname { get; set; }
    public virtual IList<Orders> CustomerOrders { get; set;}
}

My mapping looks something like the following:

<property name="FirstName" type="string" length="200" not-null="true"/>
<property name="Lastname " type="string" length="20" not-null="true"/>

<bag name="CustomerOrders" cascade="save-update" inverse="true">
  <key column="CustomerID" on-delete="cascade" />
  <one-to-many class="myassembly.CustomerOrders, myassembly" />
</bag>

A straightforward QBE would give FirstName and/or LastName a value and return an IList containing Customers who have that first and/or last name.
What I would like to do is add orders to the CustomerOrders list resulting in a query like the following:
select * from CustomerOrders c where FirstName = 'myfirstname' and LastName = 'mylastName' inner join Orders o on c.CustomerID = o.OrderID
where o.OrderName = 'myorderName' and o.OrderNumber = 'myordernumber'

In the above example OrderName and OrderNumber are properties of the Order Class (in the interest of brevity i have not included this class). Does anyone know if this is possible? Please let me know if I need to clarify my question. Essentially I am able to populate primitive values and have them included in the QBE. Can I do the same with collections?
Answer: I'm not sure I understand ....
When you do this :
using (ITransaction tx = session.BeginTransaction())
{
     IList<Customer> customers =
                 session.CreateCriteria(typeof(Customer))
                .Add(Expression.Eq("FirstName", "MyFirstName"))
                .Add(Expression.Eq("LastName", "MyLastName"))
                .List<Customer>();

     customers[0].CustomerOrders.Add(new Orders());

     tx.Commit();
}

Here it's not QBE but criteria API but you can change.


URL transliteration in Views rewrite?

Question: I have a View of taxonomy terms and for some reason I need to overwrite the terms' fields and link them "manually", using "Output this field as link". How can I process the '[name]' token through transliteration process before outputting it on the screen?
Answer: Here's a workaround that worked for me.
Prerequisites: Pathauto and Transliteration modules.

Add a new text field to your taxonomy called "cleaned_name", or whatever you like. In a later step we will populate this field at view execution with the term name after passing it through pathauto_cleanstring.
Add the "Taxonomy term: Name", and "Taxonomy term: cleaned_name" to your view. The "cleaned_name" field must be below the "Name" field.
In the view settings for the "Name" field, mark the "exclude from display" checkbox.
In the view settings for the "cleaned_name" field, click on "Rewrite results" to open the rewrite settings, then mark the "Rewrite the output of this field" checkbox.
This will cause a textbox to appear, where you can build your link html. For example:
[name]

Next implement hook_views_pre_render. The idea is to take the the name, run it through pathauto_cleanstring, and store it in the cleaned_name field.  I used the following code:
function YOUR_MODULE_NAME_views_pre_render(&$view) {
    if ($view->name == "MACHINE_NAME_OF_YOUR_VIEW") {
       //dpm($view->result); INSTALL DEVEL MODULE AND UNCOMMENT THIS IF YOU NEED TO SEE WHAT FIELD NAMES TO USE
   module_load_include('inc','pathauto');
   foreach($view->result as $key => &$result) {
      $cleaned_name = pathauto_cleanstring($result->taxonomy_term_data_name);
  $result->field_field_cleaned_name[0]['rendered']['#markup'] =  $cleaned_name;
   } // End of FOREACH statement
   unset($result);
     }
}

Adding a field to your taxonomy just to have a place to return a transliterated version of your field is a little ugly. Another alternative I tried was to add the name field to the view twice, with the idea of running only one of them through pathauto_cleanstring, and thus having both a clean and uncleaned version available as tokens to build the link. This did not work however, because although you can add the term name field twice to a view, and views will create two tokens ([name], [name_1]), in the backend both tokens point to the same field. If we modify this field, both tokens will output the modified value.
Another alternative I tried was to build the link html inside the hook_views_pre_render function, and use that to overwrite the value in $result->taxonomy_term_data_name. That avoids the need to add a field to the taxonomy. However, the problem here is that views will escape the html when it displays it. I wasn't able to find a way around this.

URL transliteration in Views rewrite?


How can Nyquist Frequency increase SNR?

Question: I am busy with Dynamic Range of an ADC including Programmable Gain Atmplifier. I try to calculate maximum Dynamic range level of my measurement system. How can i calculate Dynamic range? I have read these equations:
"SNR (dB) = 6.02x(ENOB) + 1.76 (dB)"   ENOB: (efficient number of bits) also
total DR can be found by this formula; DR = SNR of ADC (dB) + Gain of PGA (dB)" According to these formulas where is the nyquist frequency? I don't understand how can Nyquist Frequency increase SNR? Can anyone explain me?
Comment: ENOB is effective number of bits
Answer: I think you actually mean how can increasing the sampling rate (and by inference the nyquist rate) increase the resolution of an ADC.
I also think you meant SNR(dB) = 6.02 N + 1.76 rather than 6.02ENOB + 1.76.
Just going thru the errors in your question....
Dynamic range has also nothing to do with gain - it has everything to do with the bandwidth of your signal, the ADC sampling rate and the ADC bit-resolution. For instance, if the BW of your signal is 20 kHz the minimum sampling rate is 40kHz but, if you over sample by 4 (160 kHz) then you effectively increase the resolution of your ADC by 1 bit. Oversample by 4 times again and you retrieve another bit of resolution. This is basically the theory behind sigma delta ADCs but applies equally to any ADC.
I'd urge you to read this document by analog Devices entitled "Understand SINAD, ENOB, SNR, THD, THD + N, and SFDR so You Don't Get Lost in the Noise Floor".

How can Nyquist Frequency increase SNR?


Equilibrium points of a circuit with a diode

Question: The given circuit is shown in the first picture, whereas the characteristic curve of the diode in the second one. I want to calculate a model in the form of $$\frac{d\textbf{x}}{dt}=f(x,u) \\ \textbf{x}=\begin{bmatrix} i_L & u_c\end{bmatrix}^T$$ for the circuit and then calculate its equilibrium points. I am having problems with this task because I am not sure how to deal with the diode and its function only shown visually. Well, what I did up until now is first, apply Kirchhoff's circuit laws to get two differential equations:
$$
u_R+u_L+u_C=u\\
Ri_L+L\frac{di_L}{dt}+u_C=u\\
I: \frac{di_L}{dt}=\frac{1}{L}(u-u_C-Ri_L)
$$
$$
i_L=i_C+i_d \\
i_L=C\frac{du_C}{dt}+h(u_d) \\
II: \frac{du_C}{dt}=\frac{1}{C}(h(u_d)-i_L)
$$
Next, I tried to calculate the equilibrium points of the system (u=5V, L=1H, C=1F, R=1):
$$
I: 5V-u_C-i_L=0\\
II: h(u_d)-i_L=0 \\
I+II:5V-u_C+h(u_d)=0 \rightarrow 5V+h(u_d)=5V+h(u_C)=u_C
$$
But with this result I cannot find any solution, so I guess I did something wrong in my calculations, but what and where? Can someone help?
Answer: When you added \$I+II\$ you dropped the 2 \$i_L\$'s:
$$
I=5V-u_C-i_L=0\\
II=h(u_d)-i_L=0\\
I+II=5V-u_c+h(u_d)-2i_L=0
$$
If you are only interested in the steady-state solution, you can simplify the circuit a lot. In the steady-state, the inductor will behave like a short circuit and the capacitor will behave like an open circuit.
Answer: There are the two equilibrium equations:
$$ \text{I}:-u_c-R i_L+u=0 $$
and
$$ \text{II}:h(u_c)-i_L=0 $$
Eliminating \$i_L\$ from the two equations we get the following: $$h(u_c) = \frac{u-u_c}{R}$$
Now we need to choose pairs of \$(u,R, u_c)\$ that satisfy the above equations. These include (approximately) \$(0.5, 1, 3.5)\$ and \$(5, 0.01,5.06)\$, among others, which I have also plotted.


does anyone know about any places that sell the pawls and spring for a Ringle Demon II that dont charge £15 shipping?

Question: I've scoured the internet trying to find a webiste or place that sell the pawls and spring for my Sun Ringle Demon II, that dont charge £15-£20 shipping like Ebay and Bike discounts (websites)
Comment: Last item I shipped was from Wisconsin to NZ, $48 USD for a $20 part.  And its been 6 weeks in transit via Japan, and counting.   Shipping is very expensive now due to a combination of C19 circumstances and cost increases.  Suck it up - we all are.   Or, if you're mechanically minded, make your own pawls from stock metal.
Comment: (Assuming £=UK) This is a recent trend where UK supply has been hammered by huge demand, making items hard to find, so you're more likely to find an item from a European stockist, but most European sellers now add significant postal charges because Brexit has increased their costs (who knew). Also, deliveries can be slower than normal from abroad rn. You could combine the two existing answers by asking the distributor which is your local stockist, who could order you the part. Distributors typically send things out very quickly, so you might get it cheapest and quickest by doing this anyway.
Answer: Ask the distributor.
https://www.hotlines-uk.com/contactus
00000000
Answer: If you visit all the bike shop in the area (+-20 mi), you will find one that carries the required items.
But how much do you value your time :D ?


How do I target specific audiences?

Question: After researching "Target Audience", the game prompt tells you that certain consoles and genres appeal to certain audiences (Young, Everyone, Mature). Does targeting a specific audience properly actually boost your sales and, if so, how would you do so?
Comment: Related: [Which platforms are popular with which target audiences?](http://gaming.stackexchange.com/q/115776/4797)
Answer: Once you have researched Target Audience, an option for rating will be added to the initial game development options.  This is the audience you will be developing for.  The combination of target audience, topic, genre, and platform will affect game sales and the game will let you know if your choices do not match.
Comment: You should add information about what Target Audiences do to fully answer the question.

How do I target specific audiences?


Will you please loosen the delete account restrictions?

Question: Currently you can only delete your account if you have no posts and no votes.  I'd prefer to not have a bunch of accounts listed on my user page that I don't and haven't used.  It would be great if you allowed people to delete their accounts if they don't have any posts (questions/answers), ignoring the no-vote requirement (or allowing you to delete if less than say 10 or 20 votes).
Comment: I didn't even know it was possible to self-delete accounts at all. Interesting. Looks like I have an account that at face value fits the requirements, but there's no "delete" option.
Comment: @AnnaLear I found one of mine and it _did_ have the delete option (although 1 vote had been cast)
Comment: @BartKiers I know where it's supposed to be (and I found it on other accounts of mine), but just not on this specific one. I'm probably gonna have to make meta post about it to see what's what.
Comment: @AnnaLear. ah, I see.
Comment: I understand why it would be messy to delete an account that has had activity, but it would certainly be nice if it were possible to delete an account regardless of activity. After all, while it may require a bunch of clean up, it's not exactly a frequent activity—it's kind of a one-time event. (I suppose however that it could open up the possibility of various exploits/abuses/attacks/etc.)
Answer: You can delete an account with activity by editing your profile and emailing a request (along with your user ID) to the staff.
Comment: Yeah, mods can both "delete" and "destroy" accounts. "destroy" is only for (IIRC) <500 rep accounts, and completely wipes it out (_all_ posts, and possibly votes). "delete" only removes certain posts (IIRC negative score). Not sure about votes.
Comment: Association bonus for having 200+ rep on another site?
Comment: You can get reputation for having suggested edits accepted. No need for posting.
Comment: Yes, I forgot about those (but can't help but wonder if they factor into the restrictions and were simply omitted from the list).


Using ModelBuilder to join table to shapefile in ArcMap?

Question: I have more than 40 shapefiles and tables. I want to join the table of attribute of these shapefiles with related  tables permanently. For small number of shapefiles and tables, I normally join shapefiles table of attribute with related table and then export the shapefile and save it as a new name.But how can i do it in ModelBuilder for large number of shapefiles?
Comment: The solution is going to depend on whether you can build the relationship programatically. Can you tell us more about the relationship? Is it 1 table for each shapefile? Do the shapefiles and tables have matching names? Some other relationship?
Comment: You can replace the join table > export result to new file workflow with the [Join Field](http://resources.arcgis.com/en/help/main/10.2/index.html#//001700000065000000) tool. However it's unclear from your question if this is really what you're trying to do, because you mention *related* tables, which is a whole different story and typically implies a one-to-many relationship - which you can't do/make permanent without duplicating features. More information is needed about your tables and their relationships to determine what you're really trying to do and how to go about it.
Comment: Maybe link below has some information that may help you

http://gis.stackexchange.com/questions/115066/using-modelbuilder-to-iterate-join-export-feature-classes
Comment: Thanks Chris for your comment. I was looking for Join field tools. I had  a raster and a counties border shape file and wanted to extract some data with zonal statistics as table based on counties and then add these data (in this case average of Ndvi Values in each county) to the shape file ToA .
Answer: You can use the Join Field tool within ModelBuilder to add fields from a table to a feature class/shapefile based on a join, without the need to export a new file to make the join permanent.


Reason behind heating the substrate in Pulsed Laser Deposition

Question: Why do we need to supply a constant heat to the substrate while depositing thin films in Pulsed Laser Deposition technique?
Answer: I have a lot of experience with CVD and sputtering, but limited experience in PLD; however, several of my colleagues did this all the time in our shared a laser lab.  When they were attempting to reproduce a specific result all of the parameters had to be  systematically varied, from the laser fluence to the substrate conditioning and temperature, and more.
The substrate temperature has an impact on the rate at which the surface growth occurs, and the form of the growth (growth mode).  If the temperature is too low, you may get a polycrystalline (random) surface; if it is too high your adhesion may fail, with very slow rates of growth.
Somebody else may be able to provide some theory.
Answer: I have no experience with either CVD or PLD, but it was interesting to think about this question. In a humble attempt to build on Peter Diehr's answer, here is some theory (at a very heuristic and simplified level).
The deposition of each new layer can be thought of as being governed at large scales by some mixture of Laplacian and Eden growth in two dimensions (or some anisotropic variation thereof). Laplacian growth tends to form intricate branch-like structures, while Eden growth (associated with uniform deposition on the surface) would allow adjacent branches to collide. Unwanted dislocations and grain boundaries can arise both from collisions between previously disconnected nucleation regions as well as collisions between adjacent branches of growth structures. The regularity of growth (i.e. the typical length of branches and number of offshoots) is controlled by the rate of diffusion along the boundary of the new layer. When the diffusion rate is small, growth structures tend to look very rough. When the boundary diffusion rate is large, the structures appear much smoother because particles on the boundary have time to reach rough spots before being frozen in place by incoming particles. Since Einstein's relation tells us that the diffusion constant is proportional temperature, i.e.  $D=\mu k_BT$, increasing the temperature allows for smoother growth (and presumably lowers the chance of forming dislocations, or of collisions between mismatched crystals, in cases with ambiguity in the natural crystal structure).
Of course, the temperature also controls the rate at which particles evaporate from surface aggregates (and from the surface itself). Hence, there is a tradeoff between the rate of growth and number of uncontrolled defects in the final structure, with the limit on performance controlled by the phase diagram (and to some extent, the rate at which the laser pulses provide new material).
Answer: TLDR's point on the temperature-dependence of the diffusion coefficient is indeed an interesting point of departure: substrate temperature alters the crystal surface onto which you deposit, for instance it alters the diffusion coefficient D(r, T) 'experienced' by the arriving species.
This means that, in straightforward terms, you can control the growth mechanism at the surface by controlling substrate temperature.
Note that there are more factors with which you can control the growth mechanism:

for instance there is still a choice on what crystal face you want to use, for instance one can instead of a Miller Index (0 0 1) face use a (1 1 1) face of a material, which results in a different lattice parameter and thus a different lattice mismatch;

one an alter background pressure or choose to deposit in a reactive atmosphere (for instance if you deposit a highly reactive element such as Zr in an oxygen-rich atmosphere there is a tendency for oxides (ZrO2 or even higher charge state oxides, this depends on the amount of energy you deposit onto the Zr, which consequently populates the plasma cloud with higher charge species) to form during the plasma expansion, so then part of your species arriving at the substrate will be a Zr oxide instead of elemental Zr. This is called reactive PLD).

There's quite some tricks that one can apply to improve film quality in case of PLD growth, but the advantage of temperature control is that changing the temperature is relatively straightforward: all you have to do is mount your substrate on a heater stage. Many PLD setups provide either resistive of laser based heating stages (ideally i.c.m. a pyrometer setup for a full temperature control)).
To give an example of how substrate temperature influences morphology, we can take a look at binary carbides deposited by PLD. In deposition of binary carbides of refractory metals (ZrC, TiC, TaC, etc.), there is a clear tendency that at low substrate temperature, the resulting samples are amorphous, at intermediate to high temperatures the samples lean towards polycrystalline, and at high temperature these samples become highly single-crystalline. One can check this by performing x-ray diffraction (XRD) on the resulting samples.
Long story short: by altering substrate temperature one alters the surface chemistry of the substrate, which can result in morphological control.
Sources:
Stafe M.,  Marcu A.,  Puscas N.  Pulsed Laser Ablation of Solids: Basics, Theory, and Application.  Springer Series in Surface Sciences 53,  2014.


How can I create a realistic 3D texture in Photoshop or Illustrator

Question: Does anyone know how I can create this kind of texture in Photoshop or Illustrator ?

I've tried the Bevel & Emboss filters in Photoshop (and drop shadow, inner shadow etc.) and also the 3D Extrusion in Illustrator, but I can't manage to get something as realistic.
I've also tried in 3DS Max but I can't get something clean...
Does anyone know if there is a simple way to import a texture like this one for example, keep the black shapes and extrude them so that they look as good as the first picture?
Comment: Please [edit] your question to show your attempts so we can see where you're getting stuck.
Answer: Import your image into Photoshop. Go to the Channels tab and CTRL click on the thumbnail next to the word Index.

Go to Image > Mode > RGB Color. Press CTRL+Shift+I to invert your selection to select the black droplets. Hit CTRL+C then CTRL+V to copy the droplets to a new layer.

Create a layer with a white fill between your current layers. You can turn off or delete the Original layer.

With the top layer selected, invert the colors (CTRL+I) to make them off-white. Go to Layer > Matting > Defringe to remove the black fringe around the droplets.

Apply a layer style and choose your desired settings.

Create a new layer at the top of the stack and fill it with white.

Go to Filter > Render > Lighting Effects and apply a Spot Light and position and adjust as you see fit.

Change the top layer to Multiply mode (or any other that you'd like).

You can now reorder the layers to achieve your desired effect...

Or add similar lighting effects to the cut outs (droplets) layer...

Keep in mind that there are variables at many of the later steps here and you should use your keen eye to best determine the overall effect you're after.