Are there two forces applied by the road to an accelerating car?

Question: A car is travelling straight in one direction. If the car is accelerating (a positive one, so it becomes faster) on a nonfrictionless road, then the ground exerts two forces to the car, each in opposite direction, to the car, right? The first one is required to accelerate the car, and the second one is the static friction. The two forces are opposite in direction, but different in magnitute. The first force is greater (in magnitude) than the second one (static frictional force) in order for $\sum F_x >0$ and thus it's accelerating.
Comment: @Student: It usually helped me a lot (for my own understanding) to create a sketch, and include all force vectors.
Comment: Two forces correct, friction and normal force. No other force exists.
Comment: @JAlex i guess the number of forces you see is pretty arbitrary. You could add your two forces in a vector sum and call it "single force", you could split it into three vectors normal, axial (eg along car speed) and lateral force vector, you could transform and spit it in more or less any other coordinate system. And then, you could do that for each tyre, or each contact point of the tyre tread...
Answer: The car accelerates because of the friction alone. The only reason the road can exert a force on the car to accelerate it is because the car is exerting a force on the road to accelerate it in the opposite direction.
If there was no friction between the tires and the road, the car would stand still.
Comment: @Student Friction doesn't "oppose motion." Friction opposes the relative slipping of surfaces. And friction is a net effect which acts parallel to the contact plane of the sufaces, opposite the direction of the slipping.
Comment: I understand that. However, is it true that the road *also* exerts a static frictional force?
Comment: There is one type of friction involved, which causes two opposing forces due to Newton's third law. Are you asking if there are contributions to the force from both static and dynamical friction?
Comment: Ok, there's one type of friction. However, this friction opposes the motion of the car. That would mean there's another force that the road exerts on the car (not a frictional force) that is responsible for accelerating the car in the wanted direction, right? Hence there are two forces that the ground exerts?
Answer:
then the ground exerts two forces to the car, each in opposite
direction, to the car, right?

No. The ground only exerts one force, and that's the static friction force acting forward on the wheel. The other force is exerted by the wheel on the ground acting backward. The two are equal and opposite per Newton's third law.

The first one is required to accelerate the car, and the second one is
the static friction.

The force that accelerates the car is the static friction force. It is the only external force acting forward on the car and is therefore responsible for its acceleration per Newton's second law. That force is the equal and opposite reaction to the force the wheel exerts backward on the ground per Newton's third law. The force the wheel exerts on the ground is responsible for accelerating the earth, per Newton's second law, as discussed below.

The first force is greater (in magnitude) than the second one (static
frictional force) in order for $\sum F_x >0$ and thus it's
accelerating.

Again the forces are equal and opposite per Newton's third law. You need to apply Newton's second law individually to the car and the ground to determine the acceleration of each.
The static friction force is the only external force acting forward on the car. Then, per Newton's second law (neglecting air resistance and rolling resistance) the static friction force causes the car to accelerate forward with an acceleration of $a_{m}=F/m$ where $m$ is the mass of the car.
Per Newton's second law the force the wheel exerts backwards on the ground applying a torque on the Earth giving it an angular acceleration $\alpha$ backwards equal to $\alpha=F/Mr$ where $M$ is the mass of the Earth and $r$ is its radius. Since the product $Mr$ is so large, its angular acceleration is infinitesimal and therefore it appears stationary.
Hope this helps.
Comment: Ok, thank you. Crystal clear explanations.
Answer: As the car accelerates the wheels rotate faster.  Friction opposes this increase in rotation where the tire contacts the road and pushes the tire hence the car forwards.  If there is no slip of the tire on the road, the frictional force is static.
Answer: It's true that static friction from the road is the force that accelerates (or helps decelerate) a car, but there is also "rolling friction" which results from the deformation of the tires (and sometimes the surface beneath them).  (Its like the car is going "uphill".)  This must be overcome to accelerate, and with the engine "out of gear" this combines with friction from the air to slow the car.


Difference Between LostFocus Event and Leave Event of TextBox

Question: What is the difference between the LostFocus and the Leave events of TextBox?
Comment: http://social.msdn.microsoft.com/forums/en-US/Vsexpressvb/thread/dd023378-d700-4c5f-a5b5-072fd4de7903
Answer: Check the notes section on these links:

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.windows.forms.control.lostfocus.aspx
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.windows.forms.control.leave.aspx

According to MSDN, there is difference when changing focus of a control. The Leave event occurs before a validation and LostFocus occurs after validation.

UPDATE: 14 Feb 2019
I see that I'm still getting views and upvotes on the answer that I posted couple of years ago. It has now become imperative that I include a (rather important) quote from the MSDN links above to avoid confusion among new programmers (note the difference of order esp. in case of focus by using the mouse or by calling the Focus method):

When you change the focus by using the keyboard (TAB, SHIFT+TAB, and
  so on), by calling the Select or SelectNextControl methods, or by
  setting the ContainerControl.ActiveControl property to the current
  form, focus events occur in the following order:
Enter

GotFocus

Leave              <--- before validation

Validating      --
                  |<--- validation
Validated       --

LostFocus          <--- after validation

When you change the focus by using the mouse or by calling the Focus
  method, focus events occur in the following order:
Enter

GotFocus

LostFocus          <--- before validation

Leave              <--- before validation

Validating      --
                  |<--- validation
Validated       --

N.B: Emphasis on text and indicators in the quote added by me
Answer: They happen at different points in the control's lifecycle. Depending on the method used, validation happens after Leave and before LostFocus.
See MSDN: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.windows.forms.control.lostfocus.aspx
Answer: Leave() event means that first executes keyboard event and then executes mouse event where as Lost() event means that first executes mouse event and then executes keyboard event.
Answer: To sum up, it either won't work for the keyboard or it won't work for the mouse. Considering you can't predict what input method will be used it's not very helpful.
However, that's not my point. LostFocus will happen when the form loads, Leave does not.
This would turn the text box yellow when the form is loaded.
Private Sub txtBox_LostFocus(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles TextBox.LostFocus
    txtBox.BackColor = Color.Yellow
End Sub

This would not.
Private Sub txtBox_TextLeave(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles TextBox.Leave
    txtBox.BackColor = Color.Yellow
End Sub


customize the 2 colors in css border style

Question: I have this JSFiddle

aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa

CSS
.boo{
   border-left: 12px ridge red;
}

and i want to customize the two colors. I tried to put this outline-color:12px solid darkblue in the class boo but it doesn't work..
Comment: like this http://jsfiddle.net/mg2P8/1/ ?
Comment: no. I want to edit the 2 colors in the left side (and those only to be appeared)
Comment: is this the desired effect? http://jsfiddle.net/uyTd7/1/
Comment: @yaylitzis : here you go http://jsfiddle.net/mg2P8/3/
Comment: @FabrizioCalderan yes that's it! post it as an answer!
Answer: There are several ways you can add another 'border'
1. Using outline (wont work with rounded corners though)
http://www.w3schools.com/css/css_outline.asp
2. Using :after & :before
:after and :before lets you create a whole new element with fully customize-able border (and outline). The limit is your creativity
3. Border style & image
There are many kind of border style such as solid, dashed, dotted, ridge etc. Also you can just easily use repeating image for your border
Answer: try this
.boo{
    border-left: 12px solid red;
    outline:12px solid darkblue ;
}
p{
    padding-left:10px;
}

one limitation is IE6 and IE7 don't support the outline property.
Answer: To obtain two distinct colours for a 12px left border, just give a 6px-wide red left border  for .boo element and another 6px.wide blue left border for the inner paragraph
example fiddle: http://jsfiddle.net/uyTd7/1/
CSS
.boo {
    border-left: 6px solid red;
}

p {
    border-left: 6px solid blue;
}

But this will work until you have two elements and no margin or padding between: if you had one single element (e.g. a
) you could reach the same result on modern browser using box-shadow property (with vendor prefixes where necessary), e.g.
p {
    border-left: 6px solid red;
    box-shadow: -6px 0 0 blue;
}

example fiddle: http://jsfiddle.net/7cq78/1/


Can my Barbarian block attacks with a shield equipped while performing whirlwind?

Question: If I have a shield equipped, will I have a chance to block incoming attacks while I'm in the middle of performing whirlwind through a group of enemies?  Is my chance to block reduced in any way while performing whirlwind?
Answer: Yes you can block any attack while performing whirlwind and it doesn't seem to have any impact on the chance to block.
You can test this with whirlwind in a big pack of enemies and have a close look at your combat text. If you have a high chance to block you can see the block text pop up quite fast.
If you open up the detailpage of the inventory you can monitor your chance to block while performing whirlwind.
by the way if you did not know yet, you can also use other abilities during the whirlwind animation.
Comment: In diablo 2, your chance to block was reduced while you were running.  And I believe Whirlwind would put you into that "running" category in terms of determining block rate.  Diablo 3 could work similarly.
Comment: Can anyone confirm this?  Can you include a screen shot of block text while performing whirlwind?
Comment: The easiest way to verify this is to open the detail page of your character screen and your block rate does not change.  Diablo 3 works differently than Diablo 2 in this way.


Building a 5-bit Multiplier

Question: I'm currently learning digital logic and have been tasked with building a 5-bit multiplier using only simple gates. I saw it recommended here to use a truth table to help you build the circuit. Unfortunately, for 5x5 multiplication a truth table isn't very realistic as far as I know. Is there another way I could derive a formula that could then be converted to a circuit? Thank you for any help!
Comment: Are you familiar with the *long multiplication* method? Implement it. It will turn your multiplication into a series of additions.
Comment: What have you found in your research?
Comment: Can you make one adder ? Can you combine several adders ? (And take care, there is a difference between signed and unsigned multipliers)
Answer: To build on Eugene's comment, look at the following schematic:

simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab
Note that each bit of the 5-bit value of \$B\$ is used to either gate, or not gate, the 5-bit value of \$A\$ to its associated partial product term. (Numbered as \$PP_0\$ to \$PP_4\$.) \$PP_0\$ is unshifted. \$PP_1\$ is shifted left by 1 bit, so you might think of it as a 6-bit binary value. But I show it as just 5 bits since there's no reason wasting a "0" when all you are doing is a lane-shift.
However, I decided to show that the lowest order bit of \$PP_0\$ is actually the lowest order bit of the result. You can see that in the schematic. At this point, you need to use a half-adder to add the next lowest order bit of \$PP_0\$ (now the lowest bit of the shown 4-bit bus) to the lowest order bit of \$PP_1\$. This will result in \$R_1\$ as the next lowest order result bit. The carry will then ripple over to the next full-adder needed, as you add the remaining 3 bits of \$PP_0\$ to the associated ones of the lane-shifted \$PP_1\$.
Since half adders and full adders are made from simple gates, too, you should be able to generate the entire thing in very simple gates. A lot of them. But the process isn't at all complex. It's just repetitive.
EDIT: For an unsigned \$N\times N\$ multiplier, where \$N\ge 1\$, you will need \$N\times N\$ AND gates to create the \$N\$ partial products for the first stage. This is fast and has a fixed delay. Then you will need \$N-1\$ adder tiers, arranged something like the following 4-bit example (I used 4 bits because 5 bits would have taken too much room on the page.)

simulate this circuit
Hopefully, that gets the idea across and you can manage to extend it to 5 bits.
Comment: To make sure I'm understanding this correctly, After I've used all the bits from PP0, I should take the remaining bit from PP1 and add it to the lowest from PP2?
Comment: @Raviga  The first bit of PP0 is the first bit of your result. The next 4 bits of PP0 are added to PP1. Let me update the answer a bit.

Building a 5-bit Multiplier


Java Encapsulation Concept not clear

Question: This is basic question but still i don't understand encapsulation concept . I did't understand how  can we change the properties of class from other class.because whenever
we try to set the public instance value of class we have to create object of that class and then set the value.and every object refer to different memory.so even if we change
the instance value this will not impact to any other object.
Even I try to change using static public instance value also i am not able to change the class property value.
Example is given below
// Employee class
public class Employee {
    public static int empid;
    public static String empname;

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        System.out.println("print employe details:"+empid+" "+empname);
    }

    // EmployeeTest  class
    public class EmployeeTest {

        public static void main(String[] args) {
            Employee e = new Employee();
            e.empid=20;
            e.empname="jerry";
            Employee.empid=10;
            Employee.empname="tom";
        }

    }
}

Every time I run Employee class I am getting same value
print employe details:0 null
Even though I am not following encapsulation concept and I am not able to change public instance value of employee class.Please help me to understand the concept where i am going wrong.
Answer: Yeah, this can be a little confusing sometimes. Let's go step by step: First, you need to understand

What is encapsulation and why is it used.?

Encapsulation is one of the four fundamental OOP concepts.Encapsulation is the technique of making the fields in a class private and providing access to the fields via public methods. If a field is declared private, it cannot be accessed by anyone outside the class, thereby hiding the fields within the class. For this reason, encapsulation is also referred to as data hiding.
Encapsulation can be described as a protective barrier that prevents the code and data being randomly accessed by other code defined outside the class. Access to the data and code is tightly controlled by an interface.
The main benefit of encapsulation is the ability to modify our implemented code without breaking the code of others who use our code. With this feature Encapsulation gives maintainability, flexibility and extensibility to our code.
Take a small example:
public class EncapTest{

   private String name;
   private String idNum;
   private int age;

   public int getAge(){
      return age;
   }

   public String getName(){
      return name;
   }

   public String getIdNum(){
      return idNum;
   }

   public void setAge( int newAge){
      age = newAge;
   }

   public void setName(String newName){
      name = newName;
   }

   public void setIdNum( String newId){
      idNum = newId;
   }
}

The above methods are called Accessors(aka getters and setters). Now you might ask,

Why should you use accessors..?
There are actually many good reasons to consider using accessors rather than directly exposing fields of a class.Getter and Setters make APIs more stable.

For instance, consider a field public in a class which is accessed by other classes. Now later on, you want to add any extra logic while getting and setting the variable. This will impact the existing client that uses the API. So any changes to this public field will require change to each class that refers it. On the contrary, with accessor methods, one can easily add some logic like cache some data, lazily initialize it later. Moreover, one can fire a property changed event if the new value is different from the previous value. All this will be seamless to the class that gets value using accessor method.
There are so many tutorials and explanations as to how and what are they. Google them.
As for your, current problem:

You have two different classes, each with a main. That is wrong. They will have different properties.
Code change suggested by @Subhrajyoti Majumder is the correct one. Check the answer for solving the problem.

In the meantime, read up on

Encapsulation
Accessors

for a better understanding of the concepts. Hope it helps. :)
Comment: Thanks for your reply it was very helpful , can you please can give me example where encapsulation is not implemented and how it can impact?
Comment: The explanation is already given by @Zeeshan. His explanation is a very clean one. :)
Answer: It seems you are running two different classes separately and assuming the changes done to attributes when you run EmployeeTest  will reflect in Employee run. Note that changes will reflect in the same JRE instance.  Excuse me in case i have misunderstood your problem.
EDIT: As per the user input. Here is the code how you can access and update the static member values:
class Employee {
    public static int empid;
    public static String empname;

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        System.out.println("print employe details:" + empid + " " + empname);
    }
}

// EmployeeTest class
public class EmployeeTest {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Employee e = new Employee();
        e.empid = 20;
        e.empname = "jerry";
        Employee.empid = 10;
        Employee.empname = "tom";
        Employee.main(null);
    }

}

Comment: thanks for reply.can you please give an example where if  we don't implement encapsulation  concept how instance value can be changed.In my above example Employee class how we can change the instance value .if we don't implement encapsulation how it affect employee class in both case it work same whether we implement encapsulation or we don't implement encapsulation.
Comment: @JunedAhsan can you please tell what is `Employee.main(null);` doing in your code above?
Answer: public static field's are associated with class not with object, it break Object's encapsulation rule.
Employee class with two encapsulated field empid & empname.
public class Employee {
    private int empid;
    private String empname;

    public int getEmpid(){
        return this.empid;
    }
    public void setEmpid(int empid){
        this.empid = empid;
    }
    ...
}

public class EmployeeTest {
      public static void main(String[] args) {
            Employee e = new Employee();
            e.setempId(1);
            Employee e1 = new Employee();
            e1.setempId(2);
      }
}

Documentation for better understanding on encapsulation
Comment: How does `static` break encapsulation?  The declaration of the member variables as `public` violates encapsulation, but why would `static` violate it in general?
Comment: `static` breaks encapsulation rule because it is possible to access it without settters or getters but directly. If you declare a variable like this : `public static` or `static`, when calling it from another class you can write : `object.variable = value;`.
Answer: Encapsulation can be described as a protective barrier that prevents the code and data being randomly accessed by other code defined outside the class.
Access to the data and code is tightly controlled by an interface.
Encapsulation in Java is the technique of making the fields in a class private  and providing access to the fields via public methods.
If a field is declared private, it cannot be accessed by anyone outside the class,
thereby hiding the fields within the class. For this reason, encapsulation is also referred to as data hiding.
Real-time example: cars and owners. All the functions of cars are encapsulated with the owners. Hence, No one else can access it..
The below is the code for this example.
public class Main {

  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Owner o1=new Car("SONY","Google Maps");
    o1.activate_Sunroof();
    o1.getNavigationSystem();
    o1.getRadioSytem();
 }
}
//Interface designed for exposing car functionalities that an owner can use.
public interface Owner {
     void getNavigationSystem();
     void getRadioSytem();
     void activate_Sunroof();
}
/*
Car class protects the code and data access from outside world access by implementing Owner interface(i.e, exposing Cars functionalities) and restricting data access via private access modifier.
*/
public class Car implements Owner {
                private String radioSystem;
                private String gps;

                public Car(String radioSystem, String gps) {
                    super();
                    this.radioSystem = radioSystem;
                    this.gps = gps;
                }

                public String getRadioSystem() {
                    return radioSystem;
                }

                public void setRadioSystem(String radioSystem) {
                    this.radioSystem = radioSystem;
                }

                public String getGps() {
                    return gps;
                }

                public void setGps(String gps) {
                    this.gps = gps;
                }

                @Override
                public void getNavigationSystem() {
                    System.out.println("GPS system " + getGps() + " is in use...");
                }

                @Override
                public void getRadioSytem() {
                    System.out.println("Radio system " + getRadioSystem() + " activated");
                }

                @Override
                public void activate_Sunroof() {
                    System.out.println("Sunroof activated");
                }
}

Comment: by providing public setters aren't you exposing entity detail to outside world? eventually defeating the whole purpose of encapsulation? How can we make it tightly controlled?
Answer: of course, change on one object will not impact on another object. suppose you have a class student and all the children at your school are it's objects. if one leaves the school, this doesn't mean, every other student (object of student class) should leave the school too.
Encapsulation is the concept of having your class variables as private, so that no one can directly play with your data members from outer world. but you provide the public method, to let the outer world play with your data member, the way you want them to. the nice coding example of encapsulation is given above by Subhrajyoti Majumder.
(static members are same for all objects of the class. eg: static count variable, to count the number of student class objects. (number of students at school)).
Edit as you asked for:
Example:
public class student{
    public String name;
    public student() {}
 }

and in your main function, outer world can play with your class attributes as:
student s = new student();
s.name = "xyz";

let's suppose, you don't want to let the outer world change your name attribute of object. then you should make name 'name' as private, and provide a public method to only view the name (get).
Example:
public class student{
    private String name;
    public student() {}
    public String getName(){
      return this.name;
      }
 }

and now in your main method, you can only get the name object, and can't set it to new value, like you could do in first example.
student s = new student();
String sname = s.getName();

and if you try:
s.name = "newname";

compiler will not allow you that. since you don't have permission to access the private members.
Comment: Thanks guys can you please give exmaple class with encapsulation and without encapsulation and how results will be different in both the case.I mean I want to see difference in o/p in both the implementation.
Comment: @user2693404 i have edited the answer with example. did it help now? did you understand the concept? any questions?
Comment: student s = new student(); s.name = "xyz"; This change is for only only object 's' right,change is not at class level it will not impact any other object right.so how encapsulation is useful for us?This s.name = "xyz"; will impact only object s not impact any other object.
Comment: @user2693404 please read the second paragraph of my answer. Encapsulation is not about if it will effect the only 's' object or the every created object. Encapsulation is a technique, which is mentioned in second paragraph of my answer, and its example is given at end. and as far as effect of change is concerned, i have also mentioned in the end that only **static** type of variable will be same for every created object of student class. imagine the case, where you want to count number of student objects created. any other question?
Answer: The concept of encapsulation is a design technique that relates with information hiding. The underlying principle is to provide protected access to the class attributes, through a well designed interface. The purpose of encapsulation is to enforce the invariants of the class.
To follow on your example consider the interface of this class:
class Employee

  private final String firstName;
  private final String lastName;

  public Employee(final firstName, final lastName) {
    this.firstName = firstName;
    this.lastName = lastName;
  }

  public String getName() {
    return firstName + " " + lastName;
  }
}

Note that by declaring the attributes as private this class restricts clients from directly accessing the state of employee object instances. The only way for clients to access them is via the getName() method. This means that those attributes are encapsulated by the class. Also note that by declaring the attributes as final and initializing them in the constructor we create an effectively immutable class, that is one whose state cannot be modified after construction.
An alternative implementation would be the following:
class Employee

  private String firstName;
  private String lastName;

  public Employee(firstName, lastName) {
    this.firstName = firstName;
    this.lastName = lastName;
  }

  public String getName() {
    return firstName + " " + lastName;
  }

  public String setName(String firstName, String lastName) {

    if (firstName == null) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException("First name cannot be null");
    }

    if (lastName == null) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException("Last name cannot be null");
    }

    this.firstName = firstName;
    this.lastName = lastName;
  }
}

In this example the object is not immutable but its state is encapsulated since access to it  takes place only through accessors and modifiers. Note here how encapsulation can help you protect the invariants of the object state. By constraining modifications through a method you gain a better control of how the object state is modified, adding validations to make sure that any modifications are consistent with the specification of the class.
Answer: Encapsulation means combining data and code together(class). The main purpose of encapsulation is you would have full control on data by using the code.

class Encap{

private int amount;

public void setAmount(int amount)
{
this.amount = amount;
}

Here, you can set the amount using the setAmount method, but value should be more than 100. So, i have the control on it.

public void setAmount(int amount)
{
if(amount>100)
this.amount = amount;
}

Answer: encapsulation =VARIABLES(let private a,b,c)+ METHODS(setA&getA,setB&getB....)
we can encapsulate by using the private modifier.
let consider your created one public variable and one private variable in your class...
in case if you have to give those variables to another class for read-only(only they can see and use not able to modify) there is no possibility with public  variables or methods,but we can able to do that in private by providing get method.
so  Your class private variables or methods are under your control. but IN public there is no chance....i think you can understood.
Answer: The reason you are getting the output "print employe details:0 null" when running the Employee class is because those variables are not initialized. That is, you do not assign any values to them within the Employee class.
Whatever you do within the EmployeeTest class will not affect the values of the variables in Employee the next time it is run. Consider each run of a Java program a "clean slate".
On the point of encapsulation, you really should not be using the static keyword. If you are going for encapsulation check out the other answer to this question, it has a nice code sample for you to use.
Answer: The encapsulation is an OOP concept.
The class is considered like a capsule that contains data + behavior.
The data should be private and should be accessed only using public methods called getters and setters.
You may check this encapsulation tutorial for more informations about this concept.
Answer: ENCAPSULATION is mechanism of wrapping methods and variables together as a single unit. for example capsule i.e. mixed of several medicines.
variables of a class will be hidden from other classes as it will be declared private, and can be accessed only through the methods of their current class
To achieve encapsulation in Java −
* Declare the variables of a class as private.
* Provide public setter and getter methods to modify and view the variables values.
* The Java Bean class is the example of fully encapsulated class.
Answer: Do you mean to say that the value of empid should be 10 and empname tom instead of 0 and null,
if yes then-:
1)memory to the variables is allocated at run time , and also deallocated after the program is terminated.
2)Hence if you think that once if you give 10 to empid it should always be 10, it is not so , because empid is just a reference to a memory which is storing "10".
3)So by deallocation , i mean that empid is no longer pointing to memory area storing 10, after the program terminates
4)whenever you execute a new program , the empid is now pointing to other memory area , and that memory is allocated the the default value according t the respective datatype,in case of static variable.
hence always 0 and null.

Java Encapsulation Concept not clear


What causes volume of sound to decrease with distance?

Question: I know about the inverse square law however I do not know why it actually decreases. Does it have to do with sound absorption, it runs out of energy so the vibrations lessen or as distance increases the area the sound hits becomes less specific etc?
Answer: The inverse square law is because we live in a 3D world.
When sound is emitted from a point source, it spreads out in a sphere, covering a larger and larger areas as the sphere gets larger. This, in a way, dilutes the energy of the sound over the large area.
The area of a sphere in 3D is 4pi*R^2, so divding by this number gives something over R^2. (inverse of the radius squared)
Note, that if your source of sound is not a point source, but a line source (sony made something like this years ago, "sountina"), then it does not spread out in a sphere, but in a cylinder. In that case, the R squared law does not apply (locally), but is a 1/R relationship.
For a planar sound source, there is no drop off over distance.
(Note that a true line/planar sound source can not exist because they need to be infinitely long)
Comment: Very interesting.  I'm assuming that the sountina is thus an *approximation* of a line sound source.  What, then, would be an approximation of a planar source?  I'm trying to picture it in my mind.
Comment: Thanks.  Here's my mental picture!  "[It reached]... a distance of half a mile from the stage without degradation." https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_of_Sound_%28Grateful_Dead%29
Comment: You can approximate whatever source shape you like with a 'phased array' of speakers (or microphones if receiving). I used to deal with LRADs (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Range_Acoustic_Device), which have many small point sources in parallel, but which can be controlled to give a wavefront that looks planar. It also uses some strange effects of air. There's a Ted talk with the creator somewhere.
Answer: There is no absorption process contributing to the inverse square law.  In fact it's the opposite.  This is related to energy conservation.
The sound intensity (I) is related to power (P) and area (A) by I = P/A.  The Power here is energy per unit time delivered to the surface.  You can imagine a field of small sensors distributed over the area and taking a time average measurement over many cycles of the wave.  With NO absorption or any other mechanism to steal energy the amount of energy measured at each surface over some time interval has to be equal.
P1 * T = P2 * T --> P1 = P2
This in turn implies that
I1 * A1 = I2 * A2
Now, if you consider a point source and the areas to be concentric spheres with the course at the center this gives you the famous inverse square law.
I(r) = (I0 * r0^2)/r^2
where I0 is the intensity measured at a reference position r0.
This is a classic approach to presenting the law in basic physics texts.  There is a little more to the story than that.
The intensity is not the fundamental quantity describing acoustics.  We have a set of equations for the pressure fluctuations, p, and the local particle displacement or velocity field, v.  With a little manipulation the pressure field (in most cases) obeys a form of the wave equation in space and time, the Helmholtz equation in space, with the time derivative replaced by assuming the solution exp(i 2 pi f t).  When the local sound speed is constant this has exact solutions (and in many cases where the sound speed is NOT constant).  In particular, when there is a point source the solution is called the Green's function and in 3-dim looks like
G = exp(-i k R)/R
R = distance between source and point of measurement of the field.
The Intensity is proportional to the squared pressure and that also gives the 1/R^2 result.  So you can derive this from more than one line of reasoning.
If you try to measure this law in a room you may be disappointed and possibly confused.  It is difficult to observe this idealization except in a controlled environment in an anechoic chamber.  Because...

Reflection off hard surfaces created reverb which adds to the local intensity.  Even though the sound from each bounce follows the 1/R^2 law your microphone will not know that.
The atmosphere absorbs sound and the absorption depends on frequency.  This will reduce the intensity by an amount usually accounted for by exp(-a R) where a is the absorption coefficient.
The speed of sound is not constant over long distances.  This can cause wild, yet predictable, changes in propagation and even violations of the 1/R^2 result (not really a LAW).

This is observed in ordinary air as sound hits pockets of warm air it will bend (refract) back into the cold air.  This bending can cause the energy that would otherwise spread out to get bunched up, i.e. louder as you get farther from the source.  The effect is especially well know in underwater sound in the Pacific Ocean where there is an underwater wave guide made from high temperature near the surface of the water and high pressure near the bottom.  Sound can get trapped at a depth of about 1000m to 1300m below the surface.  These results are completely predictable from the wave equation and Helmholtz equation using a sound speed that is a function of position.
Answer: It has to do with the geometry of a vibration along with the source of what we perceive as sound. We'll start with the fact that sound is caused by atoms vibrating meaning it creates kinetic energy in each atom as it goes outward from the source. Now imagine the sound wave starting from a small sphere of radius 2 meters with 4 atoms vibrating on its surface (surface area of a sphere is 4*pi*r**2) all separated by 4*pi m^2 and expanding into a sphere of radius 6 with atoms still evenly distributed by 4*pi m^2 along it's surface area. The surface area of the new sphere is 144*pi m^2. Now we divide that by the distribution to get the total atoms on its surface area, 36. So lets look at our data, as the distance from the center tripled, the amount of atoms vibrating increased by a factor of 9 or in other words a square of the distance. What this tells us is that since an initial energy was needed for those 4 original atoms to vibrate, that original energy will now be needed to make 36 atoms vibrate. After all of this data we can now say that since the vibration will decrease as a square of the distance, the sound we will experience will also be observed as decreasing as a square of the distance.


Reading session/cookies from WSGI

Question: Is there any way to retrieve sessions right from the WSGI (using a middleware)?
I know that it depends on your SessionMiddleware but I wonder if there are hints to figure out when a session is created.
Answer: It's created by the session middle ware. There are no such thing as sessions in http itself. It's usually done by setting a cookie, but can be done in other ways too.
So to answer the question of "when" it is created this is typically done by the session middleware, when it gets a request that does not already have a session cookie in it.
Answer: With Beaker (a common WSGI middleware for sessions) you can know whether a session has been accessed or not.

Reading session/cookies from WSGI


Why are security checks in the alternate universe more severe than the first one?

Question: In the television series Fringe, why is it that the security checks -- both in roads and in high security areas such as headquarters -- are more severe, with all the Unique Ids and hand scanning, than in the original timeline / universe in which the series started?
Answer: They were more severe because after the kidnapping of Walternate's son, two paths emerged.  Walter on "our" side eventually ended up in an asylum and no one believed him about anything.  The Walternate Walter, instead, rose to power and knowing of the threat and being in a position of power within the government was able to drive huge levels of increased security based upon that threat from our universe.  It was Walternate's plan all along to rise to power based upon perceived threats and use that gained power to eventually launch attacks against our universe.
Comment: This answer is also supported by the fact in the alternate universe they explicitly say "after the kidnapping of the Bishop boy, all kidnappings are treated as Fringe incidents." I assume this also extends to all cases of infiltration or mistaken identity.


Two stories intertwined in Mark, a 12 year old daughter and woman with a 12 year sickness, both healed; is the number 12 more than coincidental?

Question: Of all extenuating information that could have been included,  Mark decides to tell us that the woman with the issue of blood had the problem for 12 years. This woman touches Jesus while he's on the way to heal a 12 year old girl. What's the reason for tellings us this correlative info if any? See Mark 5:21-43.
Answer: John Dominic Crossan explains in The Birth of Christianity, page 106, that there is wide agreement that Mark 5:21-43 is an example of Markan intercalation. Intercalation, a literary structure also simply known as 'sandwich', is a technique used more effectively by the author of Mark's Gospel than by any other known author in antiquity. Intercalation involves three events, as in this passage, which we can call A1, B and A2, with B sandwiched into the storyline A. The intended effect is that each story reinforces the other.

5:21-24 is event A1 - Jairus pleads for Jesus to help his daughter.
5:25-34 is event B - the woman who had an issue of blood for 12 years
and was healed.
5:35-43 is event A2 - the daughter, who we learn is 12 years old is feared dead but raised by Jesus.

The reason for explaining the presence of an intercalation is to demonstrate that Mark was quite intentionally creating interaction between the two otherwise independent stories. Part of this interaction was to add the trivial detail of 12 years in each case.
Comment: The same "intercalation" takes place in Matthew and Luke, which provide the same account. All three Evangelists note that the woman had the issue for 12 years. Mark and Luke both note that the girl was 12 years old.
Comment: @user33515 You may be aware that critical scholars have long been aware that the Gospels of Matthew and Luke were substantially based on *Mark*.
Comment: I think you mean something like "have a theory that ...".   Or have they somehow conclusively proved this?
Answer: The two healings bring together an adult man, his child, and an adult woman. This calls to mind the family unit and allows the two healings to function symbolically and represent the restoration of a family separated by disease and the law.
Under the law, the woman with an issue of blood was unclean as was anything she sat or lay upon (Leviticus 15:19-27). If her uncleanness was known and enforced, then she would have been an outcast from the community. The 12-year period of her illness is the same as the age of the child, which is the length of time the father has been responsible for his daughter:

The woman has been isolated from the community for 12-years
The father has been responsible for his daughter for 12-years
The child has been under the control of her father for 12-years

The intertwined stories create the picture of the restoration of the family unit. The symbolism works better if the man and woman were unrelated. In this case, there are two families which have been restored. The woman is now free of the condition which has kept her away from her family, and the man will have his daughter restored to his family.
There is additional element to the story. While it is unlikely the man and woman are husband and wife, the man is described as a ruler of the synagogue. So his authority functions on two levels:

Father: responsible for his daughter
Ruler: responsible for the synagogue

Just as the man was responsible for his daughter, he would be responsible for keeping the woman from entering the synagogue, or responsible for making it unclean, if he allowed her to enter. As with the restoration of family, the symbolism works better if he was not the sole ruler, or the ruler for the entire 12-year period. In that case, his responsibility to the synagogue was shared with other rulers, just as the responsibility for raising the child was shared with his wife. If the healed woman was Jewish, then in fact she has been restored to her "faith" family and may enter the synagogue.
Finally, some understand the Babylonian Talmud to show a girl reaches the age of accountability at 12-years. If this were true at the time, the story has an ironic twist: the girl is dying at the very age she should be freed from the control of her father. So the father is pleading for her life, which if given, will result in her being free to leave her father.
It is customary to recognize a child reaching the age of accountability by celebrating a Bar/Bat Mitzvah at a special synagogue service on a Sabbath close to the child's birthday. Traditionally, the child will lead parts of the service.1 If this custom was in place at the time, then the two healings would unite all three in the community of faith. The man as ruler of the synagogue permits the woman to enter the synagogue and as father attends his daughter's Bat Mitzvah. Then both the woman and the man are led in the Sabbath service by the girl who for this one Sabbath, relieves the synagogue ruler(s) from some of their regular responsibilities.

Barney Kasdan, God's Appointed Customs, Lederer Books, 1996, p. 39
Answer: Attempting to ascertain the root of the question, the following observations can certainly be made.
First, they are "intertwined" on the basis of timing.  Jesus was on the way to heal Jairus' daughter, and was interupted.  Then, in v35, while he was still speaking (apparently to the woman who interrupted his journey), Jairus is told his daughter is now dead, hence, the incorpration of one with the other.
Second, the Gospel writers routinely include additional information.  The man by the pool had been there for 38 years (John 5:5).  In Mark 9:21, Jesus is seen asking about the historical context of the condition.  In Luke 8:30, Jesus is also seen asking information from the person, and from the context, it appears he spent a while.  Other examples of specific details abound (blind from birth, John 9:1; etc).  It appears it was not unheard of to acquire this information, even in the course of casting out spirits, as well as in the reporting of them.  I don't know that could establish much beyond the fact that they did inquire and report this information.  Background information concerning those healed, including things like "from whom he had cast out seven spirits" seems all too common to see any deeper meaning.
As for any correlation between the two numbers, if there is such a correlation, it certainly escapes me.  It does not appear that there is any reason to assume one here, unless something absolutely jumps out at you, particularly.
The reason for reporting the extra information would be the same as the reason for reporting it in the other cases.  The reason for the "intertwining" appears to be to explain the delay in v35.  I don't think you could construct an indisputable argument for the correlation between the 12's to mean anything specific in this case.
Answer: Is it possible that the #12 is for government? Jesus was teaching his deciples how his kingdom would operate? Maybe the woman with the issue represents Israel, and the girl the church. Could Christ be saying to the church we need to resurrect the young people of the church, since They leave the church at the age of 18, and very few return. There are some people you need to leave behind you (faithless) in order to reach your potential.  How could Christ go into the room of a dead person, being the high priest? Would he not be defiled? Ceremonially, Ok I get it now, he was touched first by the unclean woman which the issue of blood, when she touched the Tzitzit or wing Mal 4/2 Did she get revelation and know this was the Savior? Just wondering.
Comment: This answer is a list of loosely connected speculations rather than a well-written answer the to OP's question supported by references and citations as expected on this cite. I imagine that that is the reason that it was down-voted by someone else.


What's going on with Twitter following limit per day?

Question: Something strange is happening to different accounts I manage. Some accounts have the regular following limit of 1000 follows per day. But others let me follow up to 3000 follows per day sometimes. I can't find information about Twitter following limit which explains this. I believe Twitter still states it's 1000 per day for any account. Anyone has an explanation for this?
Answer: From Twitter Help Center:

Twitter's technical follow limits:

Every account can follow 5,000 users total. Once you've followed 5,000 users, there are limits to the number of additional users you can follow. This number is different for each account and is based on your ratio of followers to following; this ratio is not published. Follow limits cannot be lifted by Twitter and everyone is subject to limits, even high profile and API accounts.
Every Twitter account is technically unable to follow more than 1,000 users per day, in addition to the account-based limits above. Please note that this is just a technical limit to prevent egregious abuse from spam accounts.
Accounts are also prohibited from aggressively following other users. Our Follow Limits and Best Practices Page has more information on Twitter's following rules.

Twitter also says:

We don't limit the number of followers you can have. However, we do monitor how aggressively users follow other users. We try to make sure that none of our limits restrain reasonable usage, and will not affect most Twitter users.
We monitor all accounts for aggressive following and follow churn (repeatedly following and unfollowing large numbers of other users). You can read more about these below, but if you don't follow or unfollow hundreds of users in a single day, and you aren't using automated methods of following users, you should be fine.
Comment: well, that's the point exactly. There it says you can only follow 1,000 followers per day. I have accounts which let me follow up to 3,500 users per day
Comment: That comes under aggressive following, they keep monitoring it, and there is highly chance that they would suspend your account as a spam. _1000 followers per day is just a technical limit to prevent egregious abuse from spam accounts_.
Comment: I dont know why it's working this way, but I'm 100% sure I wont have problems with these accounts. It's been working this way since a long time by now. What I'm trying to figure out it's why some accounts are allowed to do this. BTW, the 1000 per day limit is controlled by code. It triggers an error by API or it just bounces when they dont want you to follow more. But in some accounts this isnt happening at that limit. There is an undocumented upper limit for some accounts, that's what I'm trying to figure out here, and it is very specific, because it is a rounded figure
Comment: [Following rules and best practices](https://support.twitter.com/articles/68916), this is what they have given as of now, for more information how they are controlling it, you have to contact Twitter directly or wait here for someone to come with more information. :)
Comment: I've seen developers of Twitter apps, discussing with developers of Twitter, as which the limits are, and the twitter developers being vague in their answers many times as if they were playing a game. And the twitter app developers being like, hey, we want to make an app that follows the TOU, why dont you just tell us which the limits are?


Are all atomic collisions elastic? If this is the case, why?

Question: In kinetic theory of gases it is considered all atomic collisions to be elastic. But if collisions are non-elastic the molecules must lose energy.
Comment: No, some energy can go to the electrons around one atom, like in a He:Ne laser
Comment: A deuterium-proton collision at sufficiently high energies is *quite* inelastic, producing a helium nucleus.
Answer:
Are all atomic collisions elastic? If this is the case, why?

No, this is one of the key approximations for an Ideal Gas.
I will quote you the very first line on that page word for word; it says "An ideal gas is a theoretical gas composed of many randomly moving point particles whose only interaction is perfectly elastic collision."
Why do we need to make this approximation you might well ask?
The answer is basically so that we can apply the Equation of State to real gases which enables us to calculate their thermodynamic quantities such as the Temperature, Pressure of the gas or its Internal Energy (but for an ideal gas the internal energy is purely kinetic energy for reasons I will explain below).
I won't go into the details too much but depending how far you want to take this you can approximate real gases even better by Van der Waals equation.

As mentioned in the comment real gas molecules (when we don't approximate the gas as 'ideal') lose or gain kinetic energy (a non elastic collision) when they collide.
Not part of your question but real gas molecules also have potential energy due to intermolecular forces between the molecules (which are assumed to be zero for an ideal gas).
Answer: The kinetic energy of a moving atom $K~=~\frac{1}{2}mv^2$ has to be comparable to the atomic levels for the collision to be inelastic. The Rydberg levels of a hydrogen atom are $E_n~=~-13.6eV/n^2$, for $n$ the atomic level. For a transition from the $N~=~2$ level to the $n~=~1$ level the energy released is $\Delta E~=~E_2~-~E_1$ $=~10.2eV$ This energy is $16.3\times 10^{-19}j$. The temperature by the equipartition theorem $E~=~\frac{3}{2}kT$ is then $7.9\times 10^4K$ That is fairly hot. To excite a hydrogen atom requires a fairly high temperature.
The assumption of the elastic collision then means the kinetic energy of the atoms are small enough so the inner electronic structure of the atom is not perturbed.


How do native speakers speak the correct pairs of words when they speak fast?

Question: As a Spanish learner who didn't grow up listening to the tiny difference between similar groups like ta te ti to tu y da de di do du,pa pe pi po pu and ba be bi bo bu. It is not easy for me to hear and to speak the differences, but after training I may be able to speak them correctly. However, I need to think carefully before speaking it and I find that speaking the 'd' pairs is a bit harder and need more tongue movement.  So my question is: how do people speak these words correctly when they speak Spanish fast, because there is no time to do the tongue movement with the right part of the mouth? Is it still important to speak these similar groups correctly when speaking Spanish fast, or is it hard to speak them accurately when they speak fast. I am not able to hear the differences between them at all when they speak fast!!
Comment: I understand it is a general question but do you have specific examples? If you give me some specific words we can analyze them a bit to explain you the differences.
Comment: just one example 'el funda una escuela' .'da' in the end of funda is a little harder and the tongue needs to change a bit to touch the part of mouth  to speak than 'funta',do people need to slow their speed at this point when they speak this sentence fast? fun-'da' ,not like funta ,which is so natural to speak.
Comment: When you say "funda" the tip of the tongue is between your teeth arching a bit between the teeth and the palate. When you say "funta" the tongue has a similar position but when you make the T sound you expel a bit of air (as in "Time"). But it is true that at speaking speed they sound close enough. I guess it all comes down to context and practice.
Comment: @Muttley75 I think a native speaker could never misunderstand _"los vasallos pagan al condado"_ by _"los vasallos pagan al contado"_, notwithstanding both sentences are contextually right. The sounds are _very_ different
Comment: @belisarius Most probably not but in some cases it can happen. It is common to misheard lyrics in any language because of similar sounds and lack of context. But I agree with you that a native has developed with time both the pronunciation and ear to detect subtle variations.
Answer: D does take longer than the other sounds, which makes it more difficult to speak fast. People either:
1) Slow down for the "d" sounds. Used when speaking properly is more important than speed, like politicians.
2) Practice speaking fast so that their mouths can move faster and faster each time, like entertainers or radio djs.
3) Make a partial "d" sound as a compromise to speed, it won't sound perfect but people will understand you were speaking fast. Like somebody who was running to give urgent news to someone.
I always hated 1 and 3, so I practiced a lot until I could do it with amazing speed. I always felt it was worth it afterwards. However, if you're still learning the language, just slow down for "d" sounds and focus on more important aspects.
Comment: +1.  I've been fluent for 13 years, but I still find myself having to compromise and do a partial "d" at times - especially when speed is most important, like when I'm interpreting.  But I have actually practiced this quick d so that it sounds as good as it can under these circumstances, and with time it's gotten close to the real thing.  But slowing down doesn't sound bad, so don't be afraid to slow your speech when necessary.  Clarity is usually preferred to speed.


Algorithm to find shortest distance from source to all other vertices of graph in O(m)?

Question:
My question is for (c), as I struggle to find an algorithm that can do this in O(m) time.
Comment: @Warsick Don't use images as the main content of your post. This makes your question impossible to search and inaccessible to the visually impaired; [we don't like that](https://cs.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/752/should-we-do-anything-about-questions-that-are-just-a-scan-of-a-problem-in-their). Please transcribe text and mathematics. You can [use LaTeX](https://cs.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/271/add-short-reference-for-latex-commands). Please also give proper attribution to your sources.
Comment: Do you have constant-time access to the vertex at coordinates $(i,j)$ given $i$ and $j$?
Comment: What did you try? Where did you get stuck? We're happy to help you understand the concepts but just solving exercises for you is unlikely to achieve that. You might find [this page](https://cs.meta.stackexchange.com/q/1284/755) helpful in improving your question.
Answer: Start at the bottom (at $s$).  Traverse the bottom row back and forth in one loop, updating your Dijkstra label on each node.  Then process each of the arcs that lead up to the next level, one at a time updating the labels of each node in that 2nd level.  Then move up to the 2nd level and traverse that row back and forth as before, updating the label at each node.  Continue.  You traverse each arc at most once I think, so $O(m)$.  This relies on the positive length of each arc obviously.
More formally, let $d(i)$=distance from $s$ to node $i$, for each node $i$.  Let $c_{ij}$ be the cost of using arc $i$-->$j$.  Start with $d(s)=0$ and $d(i)=+\infty$ for all other nodes.  Starting in the bottom row, traverse each arc to the right starting at $s$.  When you reach node $j$ from node $k$, do your update step: $d(j) = \min(d(j),d(k)+c_{kj})$.  When you reach the right end, turn back and go back to $s$ (though you won't update anything on your way back in the bottom row this way).  Now with the bottom row all updated, "process" the up arcs from the bottom row.  So do the update step for each of the up arcs one by one (in any order).  Then again traverse this row starting on the left, following each arc right until the end then back (applying the update step for each arc).  Here you might update a label on your way back because there might be a really cheap arc that moves you from the bottom row to the 2nd row.  Anyway, continue this until you traverse the top row.
Comment: Great suggestion, how would you argue for correctness of this algorithm? Is there a nice loop invariant that could be used, as in the proof for correctness of Dijkstra's algorithm, or do you have a more simple argument?
Comment: I think a proof could be constructed very much like the proof of Dijkstra (say here https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijkstra%27s_algorithm).
Comment: My initial thought too - thanks.


query post to different role users in wordpress

Question: Is it possible to show different posts to a different role users?? I need something like this
User A => Post A ||
User B => Post B
I can't use UserID, because there will be a lot of users. I was thinking something like this
<?php
if ( is_userA_logged_in() ) {
    echo 'Welcome A user!'; //here comes the query
} elseif ( is_userB_logged_in() ) {
    echo 'Welcome B user!'; // here comes the query
}
?>

I was reading on the codex but I only found the is_admin(), how can I call a new role?
I'd create the new roles in the functions.php with
    <?php
add_role('userA', 'User A', array(
    'read' => true, // True allows that capability
    'edit_posts' => false,
    'delete_posts' => false, // Use false to explicitly deny
));?>

Answer: See the current_user_can function.
if ( current_user_can( $role ) )
    $q = get_query();

Also, check functions like get_currentuserinfo and get_userdata.


How do I change the resolution of circles in Sketchup

Question: Whenever I draw a circle in Sketchup it seems to be made up from 20 straight elements connected together. Can I increase the number of elements used to improve the accuracy of the circle?
Answer: From here:

when you first draw a circle, type
  "48s [ENTER]" for 48 sides. or click
  on the circle and open the Entity Info
  dialog box. You can not change the
  divisions once you pull it to a
  cylinder though.
Comment: That link no longer appears to be a source.
Answer: Try the 90s rule...
Create a circle by entering 1.0" and press return. Now type 90s & press return. You have created a circle with a diameter of 2", and told Sketchup you want 90 sides. This turns it into a complete circle. You should see the difference. Once you do this, all other circles will have 90 sides, within your current project, regardless of size. It has a memory.
If you export into CAD, you will want to do this 90s with all circles. Otherwise, your CAD (BobCAD) program will likely not recognize it as a circle. This is important for any drill routines, as you will want to place a center dot inside each circle, to specify the drill's (geometry)  center location(s).
Answer: The "circle" is actually a polygon, and yes, you can specify a higher number of sides.  You can type the number value (i.e., number of sides), immediately followed by the letter "s", as in 360s or 1000s, and then hit Enter.  While Steve Clayton notes that 90 may be enough sides for even CAD programs to recognize it as a "circle", 360 and above will really represent a really good "circle".
Answer: The "circle" tool is deceiving, as it's actually a polygon.
The default "circle" is an icositetragon, a 24 sided shape.
The "polygon" tool is the same thing, except the default is 6s, a hexagon, extrudes to a flat-shaded polyhedron, and has a circumscribed "circle" around it that's actually a 72s heptacontadigon.
Could've used the 999s or 1000s circumscribed "circle".
To change the resolution of the "circle", type in the number of sides, 360s, 384s or up to 999s and hit "Enter".
SketchUp used to allow up to 1000s in 2016, but they downgraded it so that it only allows up to 999s.
1000s is a chiliagon, so now the best "circle" is an enneacosienneacontaenneagon(999s).
Even if you weren't to tell the difference, it's not the same shape.


Sharepoint site Windows authentication and FBA

Question: I have an Extranet that use SharePoint 2007. The users of this Site use Windows Authentication(AD) but there is also some External Partners that use this Site that don't have AD is it possible to make it so, AD and FBA are used. So the people that are already users use AD and the External Partners are set up with and use FBA. Would it be a case of extending the Web Application and then setting up FBA and both of them will now work.
Answer: Yes both FBA and NTLM can co-exists. Enabling FBA will not affect your existing site users.
This involves 3 steps

Extend SharePoint Web Application
Update Web Configuration entries
Make changes in Central Admin to enable FBA

You can go through technet https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc262201(v=office.12).aspx article. Which explains each step in detail.
Comment: grrrr why can't I mark this as right now haha, thank you :). I'll mark it in 7 min
Comment: It will affect existing users. If both authentication modes are enabled, users will be prompted to select "windows authentication" or "forms authentication" via a dropdown prior to logging in. This is not a huge deal, except 1) most users won't know what the choices mean, and will need to be told what to select, and 2) the page is very, very basic, and will not appeal to anyone with any sort of standards re UI (developers will think it looks fine. ;)  )


calendar on Sharepoint site is broken

Question: I have a calendar on a Sharepoint site that is broken. In the list's settings window, it says "5125 items (list view threshold is 5000)." When I try to delete old events(from 3 years ago) the count exhibits inconsistent behavior: sometimes the number of items goes down and sometimes it goes up(!). Incidentally when the number goes up, the deleted items don't show up in the recycling bin.
Any suggestions how to fix/bring the number below 5000 would be appreciated.
Answer: You may need to delete items via PowerShell. If you've got access to the Online PowerShell app you could so something similar to the following:
$web = Get-SPWeb <Url-To-Your-Calendars-parent-(sub)site>
$calendar = $web.lists["MyCalendar"]
$calendar.items |
    Where-Object Created -lt ([datetime]::Today.AddYears(-3)) |
    ForEach-Object {
        $_.delete()
    }

Note: This is a rough script, I haven't tested, but it's mostly correct. You may want to replace the Delete with something to test if it works... ie Write-Host ($_.Created) will output all the dates of the items returned so you can make sure you've got the right items returned.
You can also use $_.recycle() to put into the recycle bin if you want to not permanently delete all the 3+ year old items.
Comment: Sorry, KGlasier. I probably did not make it clear: I don't have problem deleting 3 year old items through Sharpoint interface. The problem I'm facing is that when I delete them, the item count does not go down. How do I fix that?
Comment: @Michael Can you validate that they actually are gone, somehow? You might need to wait for a cleanup job that might run overnight. You said that they don't always go to the recycle bin- this implies to me that they're not actually being deleted if they *sometimes* go to the bin and other times don't. Never hurts to try a programable method either, just to check.
Comment: Thanks KGlasier. The problem is how do I validate that they actually are gone?
Comment: KGlasier. The other question is what cleanup job that might run overnight you are talking about: the Recycle bin cleanup job or something else?
Answer: Another strategy you can try if the option is available, connect the sharepoint calendar to Outlook.  Once it is connected you can use Outlook to go to previous months/years and select more than one events and delete.

calendar on Sharepoint site is broken


What comes first: the hook or the rest?

Question: What is generally accepted method or writing a good song? To start with the hook and let the rest of the song point to it, or start from the beginning and let the hook come naturally? Is there a "best-practice" stated somewhere?
Comment: This is my first post. Please be kind :) Also I wanted to add the tags [songwriting] and [hooks] but can't yet with my low rep. That'd be great if someone added those.
Comment: No way are you 53. You look like my cousin.
Comment: @KitFox Those are my initials.
Comment: I've added "songwriting," as that may be a useful tag, but I think "hooks" is too specific. And good question!
Comment: The tag has since disappeared, @Lauren. I don't know if you still think it's a good idea, but if you want it to stick to a single question you should add a tag wiki.
Answer: I can point you to a very good resource on hooks in songs, whether you are talking about lyric or musical hooks.  The resource is the great (albeit older) book, The Craft of Lyric Writing, by Sheila Davis.
The book is filled withe examples from real hits and other songs which have been produced by actual recording companies.
The author touches upon the entire process of song writing and how the hook impacts the song and how the song impacts the hook.  Also, explains the importance of a hook is actually based in the audience's memory.  In other words, you create the hooks to help the audience (whether listener or producer) remember your song.
Good luck.

What comes first: the hook or the rest?


Claw marks: Bear or cougar?

Question: A friend of mine took the following picture of the tree with claw marks on it, in the pacific northwest Washington while on a hike.  Both cougars and black bears are known to be in the area.  Is this a picture of black bear or cougar claw marks?  Me being from the Midwest I don't have a point of reference so I have no idea, but it sure seems fresh.
Comment: I don't think a cougar would be after peeling the bark; not very nutritious for obligate carnivores....
Comment: Do you have any more information or references? I.e. at what height are the marks, how long are the scratches and how far apart the individual claws?
Answer: The photographer / hiker here.
WA Fish and Wildlife (retired friend) indicated: bear, pulling sheets of bark aside to lick the sap.  Seemingly common for this time of year in the PNW (this is Cascades region).  That's a deciduous tree, smaller things under its canopy are the conifers.
The three-touching-parallel grooves had made me wonder about cougar claws compressing vs. bear claws, which don't do that as much.
Thanks all for the replies!  I'd much rather share immediate trailspace with bear than cougar, rightly or wrongly on my part.
Comment: Welcome to the site. I was thinking the grooves are teeth marks, rather than claws
Answer: A black bear stripped the bark to eat it.
Timber Damage by Black Bears
Comment: So are you suggesting they are tooth scrapes, not claws? *Bears use their claws to strip bark from a tree, then feed on the sapwood (newly formed outer wood) by scraping it from the heartwood (older central wood) with their teeth. Scattered remnants of bark strewn at the base of a tree and vertical tooth marks indicate bear activity.* So it is the sapwood they eat, not the bark.
Comment: This would be a good answer if you fleshed it out with the detail. It's a link-only answer.
Answer: I first went to porcupines, as they tend to scrape and eat bark, but I've never seen damage with those deep groves; they tend to leave a finer, smaller pattern behind. Next I thought elk, but they only eat photosynthetic bark found in aspen, and that looks like a conifer. So I think that leaves black bear, using their teeth (not claws for reasons described in other answers) to eat the phloem (sap-transport tissue under the bark). It's hard to find good photographic sources, but I used these pages:
USDA black bear damage
USFS animal damage to trees
Save the redwoods bear damage
Possible suspects from Cool Green Science blog
Black bear is my final answer!
Comment: Nitpick: that tree looks like an alder to me, which is not a conifer (although the alder's catkins do kind of look like pine cones).  It's surrounded by red cedar (coniferous) branches, but you can see the simple, serrated alder leaves at top right.
Answer: Ok, so let me preface this by saying I have absolutely no idea about the subject and I'm neither from the pacific northwest nor the US. Where I'm from, there are a handful of secluded wolves on the other side of the country and that's all we got when it comes to large animals that could leave marks like that. I did find the color of the tree and the patterns interesting so I gave it a try.
So, first of all I believe it's neither bear nor cougar. Lets have a closer look at the claw marks (if they actually are claw marks, but I do think so) first. There are two types of marks, the long scratches and the smaller shorter ones which kind of look like deer footprints or apostrophes ("). The scratches have two very clear lines with a third sometimes visible on the "outside". The scratches appear in sets of two or three in parallel, starting roughly at the same height. Below each of these sets, a set of the smaller "apostrophe" marks can be seen.
If you look at the symmetry of the "left" and "right" marks, I believe we are looking for an animal with four claws or toes. They also don't appear to be territorial marks or from claw sharpening/trimming (think cat on a couch) which both would leave more random, overlapping marks in one place. The combination of the long/short marks makes me think this is from an animal climbing a tree.
So lets rule out bears. First of all they have 5 claws and they climb by "hugging" the tree and wrapping around the tree with their arms. This is a mark from a black bear.
Apparently the also tend to bite and scratch in a single spot when marking territory as seen here.
Cougars aren't as obvious to rule out, but if you look at pictures from here, they seem quite different. Their 4 claws all seem to leave a mark.
So what else could it be? As said above, most likely a 4 clawed animal that can climb trees. As you mentioned bears and cougars, I went straight to other large animals. But after looking at the picture for a while, the marks seem to be a lot smaller. More like the size of a racoon or so. Perspective can be deceiving, but the diameter of the tree seems more like 25-30cm (10-12"). Again, you can (most likely)  rule out rodents, they also have 5 toes/fingers/claws.
Then I came across this picture:
Apparently felines have their four toes more or less in one line whereas canines have the two middle ones quite far forward compared to the outer ones. So a canine would be in line with the very distinct two middle claw marks in the picture.
So a canine that climbs trees? Well there seems to be two species that can do that: The Japanese raccoon dog and the grey fox. We can rule out the former for obvious reasons. The grey fox however is native to north america and vulpines have an even more pronounced central toes than other canine.
Here is an example of their tracks:

So this would be my best guess. Of course could be also anything else ;D
Comment: You have ruled out cougars, but at least [one of the images](https://wildcams.ca/site/assets/files/2925/6.jpg) in your link show a long parallel pair of grooves, not unlike those in the question.
Comment: True, but the gap between doesn't match. In OPs image the marks almost touch whereas in the image there is a significant gap between. And the smaller marks defenitely don't match the cougar marks.
Comment: Not my DV but I think the other link-only answer is closer.
Comment: Have you looked at an image of a bears jaw?
Comment: I read what another answer's link *says*: bears scrape off the exposed sapwood from the trunk with their teeth, leaving vertical tooth marks, and discard the bark. See how close together the scrapes are, and they don't diverge at all.
Comment: Also considering the width between two claws/teeth/whatever is about the thickness of the bark of the tree, that would put it at about 1cm.

Claw marks: Bear or cougar?


Could this rock-badger exist?

Question: Rock-badgers are large mustelids with a strange ability: They can burrow through stone. They achieve this with large, slightly mole-like forelimbs, with mineralized claws that can cut through stone. They also have some level of supernatural strength. These abilities also allow it to move through soil. They are predators that live near cave mouths and other areas with exposed stone, and hunt by 'punching' out of the ground to attack unsuspecting prey above them. Could this creature survive and get enough energy in its environment?
Comment: digging through has less to do with how hard the claws are than how strong the muscles are, if I give you a hardened chisel how fast can you dig through concrete, faster or slower than through dirt with a plastic trowel?
Answer: Rock is generally a hard material, and with hard and brittle  materials a certain degree of percussive force is needed to break it and remove it.
In this case your badger should work something like a woodpecker.
Abrasion takes an awful amount of time and energy to be effectively used for surprise attacks. And the noise produced while digging through the rock would grant all but surprise.
It would probably be more effective if your badger would store the debris and dump it on the target.
Comment: Yeah dump stones on the target.. it could even cause avalanches.. +1
Answer: It might survive if it stays mostly in normal soil
Digging or cutting through stone is no mean feat. To cut through stone both our modern and ancient ways use quite a bit of strength. A high requirement of strength generally translates to high requirement of energy usage. I'll leave out problems with moving the stone out of the way, as that is a whole different problem this creature likely cannot solve and live.
Their hunting tactic isn't very feasible if it needs to burrow to each target, even in normal soil. The chance the prey notices or just leaves is too great. It needs to have pre-dug tunnels to move, feeling out prey above them through the ground with sensitive organs. Lots of creatures hunt from below the surface, both aquatic and on land. With pre-dug tunnels it can hunt better than others, remaking the tunnel after each attack.
Normally an attack would only be feasible in normal soil. With super strength I give this a pass. Still, most likely the creature will have burrows starting in rocks, going to (rocky) soil for hunting.
A fully rock digger has in this form already too much trouble keeping up the food in comparison to the hard digging required. If we add things like soil displacement and the like it becomes impossible for this creature to exist if you only handwave super strength.
Answer: make it smart
So we have a mole-like predator that can penetrate rocks and unexpectedly attack animals from below, popping out of the terrain. Some notes: below I use an earth-like environment. Unlike moles, any predator would need working eyes and some accurate heat sensor to use undergrounds. Could a Rock badger survive.. why not..
A predator moving upward through soil or rock will not have a real advantage over predators operating on land, because its digging work will not go unnoticed. Most animals have ears and tactile senses. In its early stages of evolution, the Rock badger would be a modest predator with a well developed sense of smell, it could e.g. go for scavaging, that is stealing prey from other predators. Snatching meat to store undergrounds, for the winter season. No other scavenger would find it.
Later, when your animal can develop better brains, it could devise certain strategies to attack living prey. Slow, deaf animals (like snakes) won't notice the attacker approach  and would be quite vulnerable.. Rock badgers can specialize, to hunt certain species.
Animals using caves for winter hibernation are easy to attack. Another strategy would be becoming a night hunter. Day species firm asleep are very vulnerable to attack, because they won't notice the approach. When getting really smart, your species could prepare traps, by dumping large amounts of rocks on a cave's entry. An animal enclosed in that cave, in the dark, without being able to go anywhere can be attacked.

Could this rock-badger exist?


Accessed Denied to Request Deletion for Users with Edit without Delete Permission

Question: I have a group of users with edit without delete permission. And I am creating an approval workflow that allows these users to request for the deletion of files. The flow starts well once the admin accepts the request it throughs error on Delete file action (Access denied. You do not have permission to perform this action or access this resource.
clientRequestId:)
Comment: Is it Power-automate workflow? If so, check the SharePoint connection used in the workflow. The user account used to connect to SharePoint should have delete file permission.
Comment: @MatiurRahman Yes, it is a power automate workflow. The user has edit without delete permission. But the user just submits a request for deleting a file through an instant workflow.  Is not it possible to use the approval account for the deletion action?
Comment: How the Workflow gets triggered? On Delete of the file or On Change of the File Meta Data?
Comment: the user selects a file and sends it as a request for deletion approval (select a file> automate> choose the deletion flow). So, the trigger starts with (For a file selected)
Comment: @MatiurRahman I updated my question and added an image of the workflow, please check.
Comment: How does your flow gets started? Since the end user can't delete the file, you need to delete it from within your flow after supervisor approves the deletion request. I will try to provide you an example later today
Answer: In the delete file action, the connection you choose should have enough permission in the site collection. Please check.
Comment: Yes, you are right, To perform the deletion action, the user must have deletion permission. But I want the approval of the workflow (which has deletion permission) to do the action of deletion inside the flow instead of the requester.
Comment: Have you checked the connection for the delete file action?
Comment: Yes, I have checked the connection for SharePoint, I added (run only users) I changed it to my connection credential and it worked like a Charm.
Answer: I couldn't reproduce your scenario. But the following scenario worked for me.
SharePoint

The SharePoint Doc Library has a column named [Status] with choices: Approve, Complete, and Delete.
The users, who don't have permission to delete documents from this library, will submit a deletion request by changing the status of the document to "Delete"
A MS Flow/Power Automate, When an item is created or modified, will starts since status being modified
Within the flow, if the condition is met, the request is sent to the approver defined in the Flow, and will act on the request (Approve or Reject). If approved, document is deleted from the library using "Delete file" action in the Flow.

MS Flow/Power Automate
The Flow uses a SharePoint Connection with a user account that has permission to delete documents from the library.

Screenshots showing actions that worked

In my case, the approver user doesn't have document Delete permission
But the SharePoint connector user does have Delete permission
Comment: This is the problem, I gave the user (edit without delete) permission. But I want them to perform a deletion action through the workflow. Is there a way users can gain access to delete using the workflow?
Comment: "Delete file" action in the Flow is controlled by the SharePoint Connector in your flow. That is, when Flows run, the user defined in the SharePoint Connection will perform the deletion. If the connector user has permission to delete file then it will succeed, if not, it will fail. How are you envisioning user deleting files from the Flow? Can you give an example?
Comment: As I mentioned before that users have (edit without delete) permission. When they request for deletion the manager will approve/reject. If he approved the file will be deleted (the deletion action should be performed with the approver account in SharePoint).
Comment: Does your error message show any user account that is not allowed to delete files? I'm using a different trigger, but will see if I can reproduce it with [For a select file} trigger
Comment: Yes, the error shows the user id requester, that his not authorized to perform the action.
Comment: That means your flow is running with that user's account. I didn't have a chance to reproduce it yet, but will do it today and let you know
Answer: I've tested exactly how your workflow is designed. However, couldn't reproduce the error.
The only question now I have is how your flow is being triggered? I've added a column and added JSON format string to trigger the flow. Could you describe how are you triggering the flow?
JSON used to trigger "For a selected file"
<code>{
  "$schema": "https://developer.microsoft.com/json-schemas/sp/column-formatting.schema.json",
  "elmType": "button",
  "txtContent": "Request Deletion",
  "customRowAction": {
    "action": "executeFlow",
    "actionParams": "{\"id\": \"0e7a1b3f-c4e6-4840-bfe5-e80b1c283e2e\"}"
  }
}
</code>

SharePoint/Flow User Conditions

The users requesting deletion doesn't have Delete permission, but has Edit permission
The users approving the deletion doesn't have Delete permission
The flow is running with the Owner account, that is, who developed the Flow
This Flow Owner has Full Control permission to the library

Screenshot showing the deletion success
Comment: My flow triggered when the user selects a file then click on Automate> select the deletion flow. The flow I have created is similar to yours, except for starting the trigger. I am so surprised how it works for you where the requester is not having deletion permission?
Comment: I solved the problem by changing the run only users to my connection, I like your idea of adding the button rather than trigger by automating option.


Would mylar provide adequate insulation for an infrared sauna located outdoors?

Question: I'm planning to purchase a portable indoor infrared sauna to be located outdoors under my deck.  Although ambient temperatures in the SF Bay Area are fairly mild, I am concerned that it might take quite awhile for the sauna  to reach an optimum temperature of 130 deg F while using it during the winter months without adding some type of insulation. I've considered wrapping the exterior walls of the sauna with mylar space blankets and the roof with styrofoam or fiberglass insulation.  Since the deck above the sauna is watertight, there is no concern of moisture coming in contact with the roof insulation. Would appreciate any feedback as to whether mylar would provide adequate insulation!
Answer: Mylar reflects infra-red radiation. Most of your heat loss will be through good old-fashioned conduction (and convection), against which the Mylar does almost nothing. No, it's not worth it.
Use a bit of foam or polyisocyanurate sheathing instead, if you like.
Comment: Not much is getting through the cedar anyway. That's my point.
Comment: Yes, the mylar would reflect the infra red radiation.  I'm trying to keep the infra red radiation within the sauna from escaping out through the cedar walls!
Answer: I use mylar windshield sunprotectors inside my cedar sauna. It seems to hold and reflect heat back into my "phonebooth". I use the two suction cups on the glass door and let it hang down. I have a second sunprotector I open across the botton, in front of my feet to reflect back the floor/under bench heater. I also have emergency mylar blankets gummi-glued to the side walls. All sounds tacky, but really just looks like I paneled the sauna. Can't hurt anything. Give it a try.


Discharging of a rechargeable battery

Question: When we connect a load to a battery what is the reason of moving electron to load? Is it correct to say because in charging we forced positive ions to placed in anode, when we connect two electrodes with a load they back to their sites in cathode and release electrons at the same time?
Answer: The battery does work converting chemical potential energy and giving the charge at its terminals electrical potential energy. Placing a load (a circuit path) across the battery terminals provides the opportunity to convert the electrical potential energy into to motion of the charge in the circuit in response to the force exerted by the electric field produced by the battery.
A rough analogy is gravitational potential energy. If I lift an object a certain height the work I do winds up being stored as gravitational potential energy. The work I do on the object giving it gravitational potential energy is analogous to the work done by the battery on the charge giving it electrical potential energy.
Releasing the object giving it the opportunity to fall is analogous to connecting a circuit to the battery giving the charge the opportunity to move. On the other hand, the motion of the object is not the same as the charge, since the object accelerates in free fall converting the potential energy to kinetic energy, whereas the charge encounters electrical resistance converting at least part of its potential energy into heat dissipated in resistance.
Hope this helps.
Answer: It is the redox potential of reactions of two half cells which on joining(load) forms e.m.f. for electrons to flow. Generally reduction potential is considered. Nevertheless positive potential indicates that reaction will occur spontaneously. Commonly used is reduction potential(for reduction reaction of species) if it is positive, species will easily get reduced (from left side species to right side species) and will easily take electron. Not only easily but is eager to take electron. If negative it will not reduce easily and can be oxidised easily. Oxidation potential is negative of reduction potential.
Now reduction occur at  cathode so cathode is formed by component who have more positive reduction potential for its reaction. Reaction at cathode will pull the electron and at anode one with low(than cathode) reduction potential is present for negative potential it will leave electron and will generate push for them but if positive potential even if it want to pull electron it have no enough energy to resist cathode and cathode will overcome the anode creating flow.

Discharging of a rechargeable battery


What was the deal with the gun in The Man Who Fell To Earth?

Question: What was the deal with the gun Tommy and his ex-girlfriend were using on each other that didn't seem to hurt them? Just a toy gun?
Comment: The audio commentary draws attention to the couple's need for sex toys to get aroused after months of drunken debauchery. The gun seems to fall into that category
Comment: Poor aim, perhaps?
Comment: Shooting blanks. https://capsib.wordpress.com/2011/08/14/thoughts-on-the-gun-sex-scene-from-the-man-who-fell-to-earth/
Comment: @Valorum Fair enough. I would accept it as an answer.
Answer: This is addressed in the Director's Audio commentary. Nick Roeg refers to the gun as a 'tool for eroticism' in relation to Tommy and Mary-Lou's drunken, dysfunctional debauchment. I think we can also spot the symbology behind the fact that it's shooting blanks without the need for additional help.

Roeg: It's the weirdest thing. It's only when they're older that they resort to other tools for eroticism. Yeah, they're getting into it. It's a game. This scene doesn't offend young people because they're like "Is that what they need? They need this to get off on?". They're jaded.

You might want to note that this is likely a call-back to the original source novel. One of Tommy's first patents was for a smokeless cap-gun roll that made loud bang, just like a real bullet being fired.

A maid brought them tea, while they chatted for a few minutes—Newton had learned to like tea, although he had to drink it lukewarm—and then they began to talk about business; their status in the courts, the arranging and rearranging of directorships, holding companies, grants and licenses and royalties, the financing of new plants, the purchase of old ones, the markets, prices, and the fluctuation of public interest in the seventy-three consumer articles they made—television antennas, transistors, photographic film, and radiation detectors—and the three hundred-odd patents they leased out, from the oil refining process to a harmless substitute for gunpowder that was used in children's toys.


Would this be the correct way to refer to two authors' separate books as one book, "Author 1 and Author 2's Books"?

Question: Say I have two authors that each wrote a book (not together) and I want to refer to both of them in one sentence while lumping their books into one noun, should I put an apostrophe right after the second author?
Answer: You should make them both possessive if they do not share ownership of the books.
For example:

I read Stephen King's and J.K. Rowling's books.

If they wrote books together then you would only pluralise the last in the list.
It all comes down to ownership, or co-ownership. If they are co-owners, or co-authors, then they are grouped together and are made possesive as a group noun, for example:

I'm at my mum and dad's house. (they own the house together, so one is possessive)
I've been to John's and David's houses (two different houses, so both are made possessive)

As an alternative to your example, you could also write:

I read the books of [author 1] and [author 2].

This example doesn't need possessive nouns.
Comment: Surely **to John's and David's houses** (rather than **house**) if there are two houses. **To John's and David's daughter** (singular) would imply that both men were her parents, not that there were two daughters involved.. https://brians.wsu.edu/2016/05/19/joint-possessives/
Comment: Ah okay, that makes sense.
Comment: @RonaldSole Only if John and David own more than one house each. If the daughter were both John and David's then she would be "John and David's daughter".
Comment: @Astralbee It's definitely *John and David's daughter* if they are co-parents. But the phrase *John's and David's houses* is ambiguous in terms of how many houses they each own. They could each own only one house, and the sentence would be exactly the same.
Comment: @Astralbee And "John's and David's house* in your answer is wrong, no matter what it's describing. They can't individually own the same house.


How come changing the speed of an animation isnt making the animation speed up?

Question: I made an animation of a bow string being pulled and another animation of the string being released but my issue is that I need the string to snap back quickly. I changed the speed of the release animation which is what makes the string go back to being straight (as if you had just released it). However, changing the speed isn't making the animation happen any faster... Any ideas why this might be happening?
Answer: Turns out unity's transitions were the issue. I had the transition set too slow so no matter how fast I made my animation, it would still take the whole length of the transition for the string to snap back. The way to solve this; decrease the transition time!
Answer: that doesnt work in Animator.
for working with animator you have to use like this:
<code> float CurrentSpeed = m_Animator.GetCurrentAnimatorStateInfo(0).speed;
</code>
if you are in first layer, use zero index else use other indexes.