US law: what exact time is a person considered legally 18?

Question: Say a person was born at noon on January 1st, 2000. Under US law, what is the exact time that person legally turns 18? Is it the midnight before January 1st 2018, or the midnight after, or noon, or something else?
Answer: In the US, the common law rule is that a year of age is completed on the day preceding the anniversary of one's birth.
Here are some citations from cases that relied on this rule:

"Full age in male or female is 21 years, which age is completed on the day preceding the 21st anniversary of a person's birth." State in Interest of FW 130 N.J. Super. 513 (1974) (citing Blackstone)
"The common law rule for computing age is that one is deemed to have reached a given age at the earliest moment of the day preceding an anniversary of birth." Fisher v. Smith, 319 F. Supp. 855 (D. Wash. 1970)
"The appellant did, then, reach the age of nineteen years on the day before the nineteenth anniversary of his birth" Turnbull v. Bonkowski, 419 F.2d 104 (D. Alaska 1969)

This is codified in some statutes and regulations. For example, CFR 404.102:

For the purpose of this subpart [...] You reach a particular age on the day before your birthday. For example, if your sixty-second birthday is on July 1, 1979, you became age 62 on June 30, 1979.

In Virginia, the Attorney General has confirmed that the common law rule is in effect:

a person attains his/her next year of age on the day prior to his/her birthday

In your example, barring a modification by state law, or an idiosyncratic treatment under a particular statute, the person would be deemed 18 years of age at the earliest moment of December 31, 2017.

For a bit of comparative law, contrast with the treatment in British Columbia:

A person reaches a particular age expressed in years at the start of the relevant anniversary of his or her date of birth. (Interpretation Act s. 25)
Comment: do you also know how the different time zones play into it? Example: illegal phone call from NY to LA :)
Comment: Correct me if I'm wrong, but this doesn't affect drinking at the bar, buying cigarettes, etc. I wonder why the schism...
Comment: Wow, that's very interesting. I just assumed it, because where I am from they have these little signs by the door or register that say "you must be born before this day/year to buy...". I doubt one would be able to convince many establishments otherwise. Now I'm curious about whether they have a legal requirement to serve someone in that situation... I might need to make a new question to explore this further. Thanks!
Comment: *Now I'm curious about whether they have a legal requirement to serve someone in that situation* Typically, you can refuse service to anyone for any reason, as long as you aren't discriminating against a protected class. "People whose birthdays are tomorrow" are not a legally protected class in the US and stores would be within their rights to not even let such people inside, let alone serve them anything. Then again, age discrimination is illegal and I suppose one could argue that rule disproportionately affects 20-year-olds.
Comment: @user3232: First, your birthday would be based on the time zone where you are born. An Australian could be born 18 hours before an Alaskan and have a later birthday. And for that illegal call from NY to LA your age would depend on where it goes to court. At the right place, you might be able to drink legally, walk 20 meters to a bar in another state where the time is snow hour later, and drinking alcohol might be illegal for you.
Answer: It depends
There are two different rules that are used in various jurisdictions and contexts in the United States for determining when one turns an age:

The "common law rule" says that one turns an age at the start of the day before that birthday. Under this rule, in your example, the person would turn 18 at the first minute of December 31, 2017. US common law often derives from English common law, which established this precedent about when one comes of age in the 17th century. (Nichols v. Ramsel, 86 Eng. Rep. 1072 (K.B. 1677); Herbert v. Turball, 83 Eng. Rep. 1129 (K.B. 1663)). Note that this rule is no longer in effect in England since the passage of the Family Law Reform Act of 1969 (as noted in this paper)!
The "birthday rule" states that one turns an age at the start of the day on the birthday. Under this rule, in your example, the person would turn 18 at the first minute of January 1, 2018. This is the rule almost universally observed by Americans outside of the context of law.
A hypothetical rule sometimes argued by parties to a case is one where the year is completed (and the next age is reached) at the same time of day that the person was born. Under this rule, in your example, the person would turn 18 at noon on January 1, 2018. However, no courts (that I have found) have been willing to accept this argument, under the common law principle that "the law takes no notice of fractions of a day"; "a day begun is a day done."

In most cases, legislators have not bothered to formally define "age" outside of occasional act-specific contexts, leaving it up to common law, intentionally or otherwise. However, in recent years, courts have been increasingly unwilling to apply the common law rule, abrogating it in favor of the birthday rule. There are a few frequent justifications for this:

Rule of lenity: In cases where defendants are accused of crimes on the day before their 18th (or other relevant) birthday, it is usually most favorable to them to consider them a juvenile, not having reached the age of majority, as they will likely face a lesser sentence. This situation is the most common reason for the age question to arrive before the courts.
Plain meaning rule: Given the relative obscurity of the common law rule and its inconsistency with the popular understanding of age, courts have found that legislatures did not intend for it to be applied when making references to ages.
Some courts have quoted Justice Holmes: "It is revolting to have no better reason for a rule of law than that so it was laid down in the time of Henry IV. It is still more revolting if the grounds upon which it was laid down have vanished long since, and the rule simply persists from blind imitation of the past."

Even if you are in a common law rule jurisdiction, it is unlikely to matter unless you find yourself in a court of law—most people or systems that you interact with will still apply the birthday rule.
What follows is an incomplete enumeration of jurisdictions and some of the evidence for the prevailing rule in those jurisdictions. At least sixteen states have at least partially adopted the birthday rule.
US Federal government: Mixed
Statutory law

Title 18 (Crimes and Criminal Punishment) uses birthday rule: "For the purposes of this chapter [Juvenile delinquency], a 'juvenile' is a person who has not attained his eighteenth birthday" 18 U.S.C. § 5031, with the historical note: "The phrase 'who has not attained his eighteenth birthday' was substituted for 'seventeen years of age or under' as more clearly reflecting congressional intent and administrative construction. The necessity of a definite fixing of the age of the juvenile was emphasized by Hon. Arthur J. Tuttle, United States district judge, Detroit, Mich., in a letter to the Committee on Revision of the Laws dated June 24, 1944."

Regulatory law

The Social Security Administration uses common law rule: "Age means how many years old you are. You reach a particular age on the day before your birthday. For example, if your sixty-second birthday is on July 1, 1979, you became age 62 on June 30, 1979." 20 CFR § 404.102

Alaska: Birthday rule
Case law

"The old practice of deeming a person to have achieved a given age on the day prior to his or her birthday is contrary to the popular understanding of birthdate. Moreover, it is inconsistent with the common application of other legal concepts which are dependent on the computation of an individual's age, such as the determination of juvenile status in criminal matters and the attainment of age for certain legal privileges and responsibilities like voting, consuming alcohol and driving an automobile. We decline to follow a rule which defies logical explanation and which is utterly inconsistent with popular and legal conceptions of time and birthdate." Fields v. Fairbanks North Star Borough, 818 P.2d 658 (1991)

California: Birthday rule
Statutory law

"A minor is an individual who is under 18 years of age. The period of minority is calculated from the first minute of the day on which the individual is born to the same minute of the corresponding day completing the period of minority." Cal. Fam. Code § 6500

Case law

"The statutory language of Civil Code section 26, though far from lucid, indicates the Legislature intended to adopt the 'birthday rule.' [...] Because a person is deemed [5 Cal. 4th 845] to have been born on the first minute of the day, the period of minority ends on that 'same minute' 18 years later. In other words, the period of minority terminates on the first minute of one's 18th birthday. Because the plain meaning of Civil Code section 26 indicates the Legislature intended to adopt the 'birthday rule,' we conclude section 26 abrogates the common law rule regarding age calculation." In re Harris, No. S022130 (1993). Note that the California Code was reorganized in 1994 and the Civil Code section referenced is now part of the Family Code quoted earlier.

District of Columbia: Birthday rule
Case law

"In the absence of any reasons supported in logic, we decline to follow a rule which defies human experience by determining age on the day preceding one's birthday. Moreover, we believe that in view of the rehabilitative purposes of our juvenile justice system, D.C.Code 1973, § 16-2301(3) should be strictly construed against the prosecution and in favor of the person being proceeded against. [...] Finally, the government argues that adoption of the New York rule for determining age will inject confusion into other areas of the District's law, including questions as to the exact time one becomes eligible to vote, legally consume intoxicants or enter into binding contractual arrangements. We do not explore the merits of this argument, however, for our decision is limited to a determination of age under [D.C. statute]. We merely hold that for purposes of that section appellee legally became eighteen years old on the day of his birthday and not the day before." United States v. Tucker, 407 A.2d 1067 (1979)

Georgia: Common law rule
Case law

"We agree that the common law rule is archaic. Since at least as early as 1896, the common law rule has come under strong criticism. Nevertheless, we are convinced that the legislature is the proper body for considering these issues. The application of the common law rule in this State occurred at least as early as 1930, it was applied to juvenile court jurisdiction in 1980, and it has remained unchanged by the legislature. The rule is not ambiguous, just archaic. And we have no information regarding how state and local government agencies deal with this issue on a day-to-day basis." In the Interest of A.P.S., a child, GA Ct of App No. A10A0069 (2010)

Indiana: Birthday rule
Case law

"The phrase 'reached thirty-six (36) years of age' has not been defined by statute. Rather than deriving its meaning from an obscure 1855 case, we interpret the phrase consistent with the ordinary meaning of the words and conclude that one 'reaches thirty-six (36) years of age' when one reaches one's thirty-sixth birthday. [...] Courts are bound to construe a statute to avoid absurd results and favor public convenience. If a person reaches a given age the day before his birthday, however, application of many statutes would have some unexpected results. We decline to interpret Ind.Code § 36-8-4-7 to operate in a manner so plainly at odds with the common operation of Indiana statutes." Bailey v Lawrence, 972 F.2d 1447 (7th Cir. 1992)

Kansas: Birthday rule
Case law

"The custom of Kansas has rejected the coming of age rule found in the common law. In Kansas a person reaches a certain age on the anniversary of their birth [...]" State v. Wright, 24 Kan. App. 2d 558

Maryland: Common law rule
Case law

"We do not believe that the affirmation of a principle which has been in existence for over three centuries and remains the law of most states can be deemed a 'pleading trap.' Such a departure from the common law is more properly the domain of the legislature. [...] Our holding today reduces petitioner's perceived extension of three years by only one day. Practically speaking, we cannot believe that this in any way prevents the timely filing of a cause of action by an individual injured as a minor." Mason v. Baltimore Co. Bd. of Ed., 143 Md.App. 507, 515, 795 A.2d 211 (2002)

Michigan: Birthday rule
Case law

Michigan Supreme Court: "This Court '[has] not hesitated to examine common-law doctrines in view of changes in society's mores, institutions, and problems, and to alter those doctrines where necessary.' Our role when doing so is 'to determine which common-law rules best serve the interests of Michigan citizens.' More particularly, our role in such circumstances is to determine the 'prevailing customs and practices of the people' in this state. [...] [The birthday rule] is consistent with this Court's present understanding of the prevailing customs and practices of the people to determine the next year of age by anniversary of birth, not by the day preceding the anniversary of birth as at English common law. [...] We therefore take this opportunity to make clear that the common law of this state should now be understood to provide that a defendant is a juvenile for the purposes of Miller when he or she is under the age of 18, as determined by his or her anniversary of birth." People v. Woolfolk, No. 149127 (2014). The opinion of the Court of Appeals (Docket No. 312056) (affirmed by the Supreme Court) is the most thorough examination of other relevant case law on the age calculation topic that I've found.

Minnesota: Birthday rule
Case law

"Our conclusion is that the common-law rule is so at odds with common understanding that it should be abandoned, at least in determining when a person was under the age at which the district court gains jurisdiction over people charged with committing criminal acts." State v. Stangel, 284 N.W.2d 4 (1979)

New Hampshire: Birthday rule
Statutory law

"The common law rule that a person is a minor to the age of 21 is hereby abrogated. A person who has reached his eighteenth birthday is hereby declared to be of majority for all purposes, except as prohibited by the constitution of New Hampshire and of the United States." RSA 21-B:1

New Jersey: Birthday rule
Case law

"If, as it has been said, the logic of the coming of age rule is unassailable, the logic of our computation rule, which would skip the day of birth recognizing that few people actually have lived out the entirety of that day, is equally unassailable. Whether we compute age by the common-law method (counting the date of birth), or by our uniform method (excluding the date of birth) we are diverging from what, in fact, is real. [...] Nothing whatsoever is gained in differentiating between age and every other legal calculation by maintaining a single, practically unknown exception to the uniform rule of computation. [...] We think that a calculation method which foreshortens the protections with which we blanket infants must be discarded in favor of the uniform rule which provides an infant more than a full measure of protected status. For these reasons, we hold that the common law coming of age rule should be rejected in favor of our ordinary rules of calculation in deciding the date of the anniversary of one's birth." Patterson v. Monmouth Regional H. School, 222 N.J. Super. 448 (App. Div. 1987)

New Mexico: Birthday rule
Statutory law

"Any person who has reached his eighteenth birthday shall be considered to have reached his majority" NM Stat § 28-6-1 (2021)

New York: Birthday rule
Case law

The state court of appeals adopted a dissenting opinion from an lower court judgment: "[The common law rule is] a legal fiction which was embraced in order to aid persons whose ages were being determined and to prevent hardship or loss to such persons. I do not perceive the reasons why this legal fiction should be perpetuated in a situation which invites a reasonable departure from the rule." People v Stevenson, 23 A.D.2d 472 (1965), revd on dissenting opn below 17 N.Y.2d 682 (1966)

North Carolina: Birthday rule
Case law

"Since the issue of whether to apply the 'coming of age' or the 'birthday rule' needs resolution, we will undertake to resolve it. The modern 'birthday rule' is more reflective of common practice and understanding as to when a person reaches a given age. Since North Carolina courts have not expressly decided which rule applies, we hold today that the 'birthday rule' is the better approach and apply it to respondent under N.C.G.S. section 7A-608." In the Matter of Robinson, 464 S.E.2d 86 (1995).

Oregon: Birthday rule
Case law

The state appeals court affirmed a woman's conviction of sodomy in the third degree; she engaged with the activity with an underage victim on the day before the victim's 16th birthday. "That the Oregon legislature intended to adopt [the birthday] rule is evidenced by the legislative commentary to the general incapacity to consent statute, ORS 163.315. [...] Although the legislative commentary is not binding on us, there is no reason to assume from the legislature's probable intent with respect to the consent statute that it intended to adopt a different method for determining when a person is under the age of 16 for the sodomy statute." State v. Hansen, 728 P.2d 538 (1986)

Pennsylvania: Birthday rule
Case law

The superior court found that, for the purpose of being able to legally purchase alcohol, one does not turn 21 until the 21st birthday. "In the present case, we are mindful that it is common knowledge and common practice that an individual may not legally be served alcohol, or purchase or consume alcohol, until the day of his twenty-first birthday. When an individual is 'carded' at a liquor store or tavern, it is common knowledge that alcohol will not be served to him or sold to him unless he has proof that it is the twenty-first anniversary of his birth, his twenty-first birthday, or after. It is axiomatic that legislative intent is the polestar of statutory construction. In drafting the criminal statutes at issue in the case at bar, we are convinced that the Legislature was cognizant of this commonly understood and practiced rule for determining the legal age for the purchase and consumption of alcohol. Pursuant to 1 Pa. C.S.A. § 1921, we are bound to presume that the General Assembly did not 'intend a result that is absurd, impossible of execution or unreasonable.' [...] Our Legislature did not intend 18 Pa. C.S.A. § 6308 to be interpreted in a manner which ignores, and indeed contravenes, the commonly accepted and practiced method for determining the legal age for the purchase and consumption of alcohol." Herr v. Booten, 398 Pa. Superior Ct. 166 (1990)
The state supreme court ruled that the defendant, who committed an offense a day before his 18th birthday, should be considered a juvenile, but explicitly limited their decision to the Juvenile Act. "It is manifestly clear to us that in common usage a person 'is under' a certain age until the anniversary date of the person's birthdate. In enacting the Juvenile Act, we can fairly assume that the General Assembly was fully cognizant of this common conception. Moreover, since the Juvenile Act is rehabilitative in nature, an extension rather than a restriction of the protective period of the Act is consistent with the directive that all but certain classes of statutes 'shall be liberally construed to effect their objects and to promote justice.' [...] Finally, our decision today is limited to a determination of age under our Juvenile Act." Com. v. Iafrate, 527 Pa. 497 (1991)

Rhode Island: Common law rule
Case law

Multiple state supreme court confirmations that "a person reaches his or her next year in age at the first moment of the day prior to the anniversary date of his or her birth", most recently State v. Odiah, No. 2022-296-C.A. (2024)

Tennessee: Mixed
Case law

The state supreme court held that, "as an abstract legal proposition", "legally one attains any given age one day before his birthday." However, in examining legislative intent, due to the mixed use of "age" and "birthday" throughout the statue, it found that "it is evident that the Legislature had in mind birthdays and ages in the conventional, usual and ordinary sense of these words." State v. Alley, 594 S.W.2d 381 (1980)

Texas: Birthday rule
Statutory law

"A person attains a specified age on the day of the anniversary of his birthdate." Texas Penal Code § 1.06

Virginia: Common law rule
Opinion of the Attorney General

This will acknowledge receipt of your letter of March 19, 1963, in which you present the question as to whether or not a person whose twenty-first birthday will be celebrated on November 6, 1963, is eligible to register and vote in the general election to be held on November 5, 1963. [...]
In an opinion dated March 25, 1952, published in Report of the Attorney General (1951-1952), p. 126, this office ruled that a child whose sixth birthday is celebrated on October first has reached his sixth birthday on September thirtieth. In that opinion, the Attorney General at that time stated, "I have previously been called upon to study this problem in connection with the age requirements for voting. At that time I discovered that the rule at common law was that a person attains his next year of age on the day prior to his birthday."
It has been consistently held by the courts that the law does not recognize a fraction of a day. A person who will celebrate his twenty-first birthday on the sixth day of November will be commencing his twenty-second year on that date, and attain the age of twenty-one on the previous day.
In my opinion, your question must be answered in the affirmative.
[1962-1963 Op. Atty Gen. Va. 87]

Wisconsin: Birthday rule
Voter registration system / Case law

A boy whose 18th birthday was the day after an election was not allowed to vote by the state elections board. https://www.twincities.com/2014/10/27/boy-who-turns-18-one-day-after-election-not-allowed-to-vote/
Comment: +1 Excellent answer. Especially for recognizing that the rule is not uniform and providing numerous examples of different circumstances when different rules are applied.
Answer: It is logically simple why you turn the legal age the day before your birthday. If you were born in January 1, 2000 (like the example above), on December 31, 2020 you have been 'alive' for exactly 21 full years. (the year 2000 plus 20 more years). I have a unique reason I know this to be true. I was born on November 9th, 1998. The day before in 2016 (November 8th) happened to be the 2016 Federal elections in the US. I thought I had missed it by ONE day of being able to vote, but my brother is an attorney and did some enquires and found out that I was legally 18 (in California) the day before my birthday. So I got to vote!!! (NOT happy with the results btw, lol).
Finally this applies for US Federal candidates as well. Congress is sworn in on January 3rd, so a person must be 25 (for the House of Representatives) or 30 (for the Senate) to be sworn in. Thus a person born on January 4th 1996 is eligible to run for the US House in the 2020 elections, as they would be legally assumed to be 25 on January 3, 2021 (the day they are sworn in and the day they are legally 25). The US president is sworn in on January 20th and must be 35 years old, so a person a person born on January 21, 1986 could actually run in the 2020 race, as they would be legally 35 years old on January 20, 2021.
Comment: I still don't understand the logic.  If you were born at, let's say, 3:15 am on on January 1, 2000, then the instant at which you have been alive 21 years is 3:15 am on January 1, 2021 (ignoring leap years and time zones).  At no time on December 31, 2020, have you been alive for 21 years.
Comment: @NateEldredge the law takes the view that "[a day begun is a day done](https://books.google.com/books?id=3x5JI39zal0C&pg=PP248&lpg=PP248&dq=%22a+day+begun+is+a+day+done%22+age+day+before+birthday&source=bl&ots=K4GiQGtMk9&sig=ACfU3U33l7onlzvH19V3bLVyrc1oTbVYPg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjSmKGkmLziAhWuY98KHaWHCXoQ6AEwAXoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22a%20day%20begun%20is%20a%20day%20done%22%20age%20day%20before%20birthday&f=false)". If you have been alive at any moment of the day then as far as the law is concerned you have been alive for the entire day as the law operates in units of one day.
Comment: US Senator https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rush_Holt_Sr. was nominated, ran and was elected while 29 years old.  He was not allowed to *sit* in the Senate until his 30th birthday, in June...
Comment: @NateEldredge when the common law rule was developed, it was neither customary not possible to measure time that precisely.  I agree however that it is illogical.  Still, logical or not, it is the way of calculating age that prevails in many jurisdictions.
Comment: @A.K.: Aha, that makes more sense.  So in the above example, as of any moment on December 31, 2020, there are 365*21 days on which you have been alive for at least one moment (again ignoring leap years).  This includes two days on which you weren't alive for the entire day: January 1, 2000 (because you were born partway through the day) and December 31, 2020 (because the day is not yet finished) - but they are counted anyway.
Comment: @NateEldredge Exactly
Comment: The life of the law is not reason but experience. There are all sorts of things that logically ought to be true in the law but are not. You can't rely on reason and logic alone to determine what rule of law applies.
Answer: germany

what is the exact time that person legally turns 18? Is it the midnight before January 1st 2018,

In Germany it would be the midnight (2017-12-31 24:00:00) before January 1st 2018, since the calculation starts at beginning of the day of birth until a full 18 years have passed.

Basicly the Birthday rule cited in @Miles answer is used in Germany for statutes, court orders and legal transactions.
This is defind in Division 4 of the German Civil Code in sections 187-193.
The terminology often used elsewhere tries to express that full years are assumed.

Nach Vollendung des 18. Lebensjahres feiert man seinen 18. Geburtstag.

After the completion of the 18th year of life you celebrate your 18th birthday.

Also the 24 hour notation is often used to make it clear when a period starts and ends

2023-12-31 24:00:00: moment when the day/month/year ends
2024-01-01 00:00:00: moment when the day/month/year starts

the moment of both ('24:00' and '00:00') are the same

For age calculation (meantioned explicitly in §187(2)) the beginning of the day of birth is used.
For someone who was born at 2024-02-29 11:11:11

2024-02-29 00:00:00 will be taken as the beginng of the first year

§187(2)

2025-02-28 24:00:00 the first full year has been compleated

§188(2) where §187(2) is referenced

2025-03-01 00:00:00 the person is now 1 (full) year old

again, the moment of both ('24:00' and '00:00') are the same

The same rule is used for documents such as a passport that is valid for ten years (§5 PassG)

Date of issue: 2022-09-21 [00:00:00]
Date of expiry: 2032-09-20 [24:00:00]

§191 does not apply in such cases, since the periods are consecutive.

§187 - Beginning of a period of time
...
(2) If the beginning of a day is the determining point in time for the commencement of a period, then this day is included in the calculation of the period. The same applies to the date of birth in computing the age of a person.
§188 - End of a period of time
...
(2) A period of time specified by weeks, by months or by a duration of time comprising more than one month - year, half-year, quarter - ends, in the case governed by section 187 (1), ...  or in the case governed by section 187 (2), on the expiry of the day of the last week or of the last month that precedes the day which corresponds in designation or number to the first day of the period of time.
§189 - Calculation of individual periods of time
(1) A half-year is understood to mean a period of six months, a quarter is understood to mean a period of three months, and half a month is understood to mean a period of 15 days.
(2) If a period of time is specified as one or more than one whole month and a half-month, then the 15 days are to be counted last of all.
§191 - Calculation of periods of time
If a period of time is determined by months or by years with the meaning that they are not required to run consecutively, then a month is counted as 30 days and a year as 365 days.
§192 - Beginning, middle and end of a month
The beginning of the month is understood to be the first day, the middle of the month the fifteenth day, and the end of month the last day.

Sources:

German Civil Code (Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch BGB)

Division 4 - Periods of time and fixed dates

§186 - Scope of applicability

The provisions on interpretation stipulated in sections 187 to 193 apply to the fixing of periods of time and dates contained in statutes, court orders and legal transactions.

§187 - Beginning of a period of time
§188 - End of a period of time
§189 - Calculation of individual periods of time
§190 - Extension of a period of time
§191 - Calculation of periods of time
§192 - Beginning, middle and end of a month
§193 - Sundays and holidays; Saturdays


How do propeller planes suddenly make noise?

Question: I was wondering: how can a propeller plane, single engine or otherwise, be flying along relatively silently and then start making noise, often very loud--and then turn it off just as quickly? Are they descending/ascending? It seems like the engine must be straining.
Thank you.
Comment: When flying or when taxiing?
Comment: Engine noise is a very small portion of the total noise of a propeller (or rotor) aircraft. Propeller tip speed seems more likely to me to be a determining factor, especially as the propeller tips approach the transsonic region.
Comment: When flying overhead...I see planes that are able to turn the noise on or off--without appearing to be making dramatic movements.
Comment: Welcome to aviation.SE! If you're close to an airport with a lot of flight training, you may be hearing aircraft [in the pattern](https://aviation.stackexchange.com/q/25763/62) making power changes as they take off at high/full power then reduce it again for landing.
Answer: It is unusual to change prop speed quickly and only briefly, so I would suggest two possible explanations:

On the ground: The pilot tests the propeller pitch control. This he/she does by revving up the engine while the propeller is at a low pitch setting. Then the pitch is increased, which increases the aerodynamic forces on the prop and, consequently, the noise it radiates out. Since this test takes only a few seconds, the result is just what you described (but not while flying overhead).
In the air: Propellers don't radiate noise equally in all directions. This is especially pronounced on the T-6 "Texan", where the noise intensity increases dramatically when you stand directly abeam of the aircraft. The plot below is taken from this report on propeller noise. Probably what you hear is caused by the variation in noise (and dominant frequencies) while the plane flies overhead.

Directivity plot of propeller noise. The details depend a lot on the specific aircraft and propeller type.
Answer: Most of the noise of a propeller plane comes from the propeller tips. And an easy way to change the noise is to change the tip-speed, either suddenly up, suddenly down, or gently.
People on the ground notice the change in the noise of an airplane, so if you need to change the propeller speed, it's best to do this gently so there's no sudden 'whoosh' of the tips.
Answer: It could simply be that the plane is passing you at a high-ish speed, at a high altitude. The plane is high up and moving fast, and it takes a second for the sound to hit you, The you hear the sound and the plane is gone, then the sound cuts out.
Comment: It could be... but then again, it could be a lot of things.


Is it possible to get the turrets out of the sewer?

Question: In the mission where you have to defuse a bomb in the sewers there are 2 hackable turrets. Has anyone figured out a way to get these outside? It would be fun to drop this outside the police station and annoy the cops.
Comment: I've never tried this, although I don't think you can take them up ladders.  However, there is one turret in a later mission that you can bring into a boss fight, which was quite useful :)
Comment: Yeah I've done that. As well you can take the turret down the Funicular in the Montreal level. I'll try again. You can throw them up then climb the ladder but getting them through the manhole is tough.
Comment: Well, why not? If you got needed upgrades and if you find sewer exit low enough - you can through it out and get some fun =)
Answer: Unless one of the manholes is low enough that you can /throw/ the turrets out, there is no way to carry them up a ladder.
In theory if you were to spend long enough gathering movable objects it would be possible to drop enough of them into the sewers to allow you to jump/carry it close enough to the manhole to throw it out.
Comment: Old news now but yes I was able to do it. Grab a turret, go to the ladder, up-grab, up-grab, up-grab - until you come out. It took some practice but it does work.


how to unwrap loose geometry in blender?

Question: Hi i have an object that i want to unwrap the UV's so the texture looks nice and real on it but the problem is that my object contains several other disconnected meshes within it , the Unwrap command doing pretty well actually but the problem is that it doesn't keep the texture rotation and i need to rotate the texture manually (rotating the separated mesh uv's to match te rest of the model ), i also don't have time to remodel these things since it takes too much time , also i have a second question that im researching for a while , is it possible that we make another surface and wrap it around our object like a cylinder or something like that then project uv's from that lower res object to our complex object ? (like projecting textures (actually baking them) ) also i have another question , in terms of a film asset creation is it true that we use mesh intersections like the one you see that i uploaded here or we need to forcefully merge them and retopologize them for better correct result ?

also a brief update of what i want , maybe there should be a way to align the island properly in UV editor automatically .

also i want that uv projection so bad ...
Comment: You should make a question per topic to get a well planned answer to each of your issues. UV unwrap is mostly manually, you will have to spend time make it the way you need it, there are third party add-ons to help you, but still you will need to spend time manually fixing things to get your final goal
Comment: @Emir thanks Emir , back then i had some basic questions here , but unfortunately because of appearance of some reputation looters who don't even know anything about software my questions never get the answer , also the questions i have asked above are relative to the subject and if you don't have the knowledge about the software and you also wanted to loot reputation here please leave this question for someone who knows the answer .
Comment: If I wanted to "loot" reputation, I wouldn't recommend you to follow the way stack works. Probably 10 years of knowledge is not enough to answer your question. Thanks for the advice and have a good day
Comment: @Emir im pretty sure there should be a way or plugin that can align disconnected UV islands with same orientation as the others there could be
Answer: your 2nd question: " we make another surface and wrap it around our object"
Two approaches:

research the shrinkwrap modifier.  You'd need a mesh with sufficient vertices so as to mold and lo-res to hi-res object.

My approach when getting spandex-like clothing onto a character... You can duplicate the hi-res object and then Edit :: Clean up :: decimate by 0.3 ratio or something more severe (lower ratio number), and then use a Surface Deform modifier to bind it to the original mesh (if needed for animation purposes).

Check this  out, where a cube mesh (subdivided for more vertices) is SD'd to a sphere that has shape keys:
Comment: @hamed.design -- unfortunately for all of these complex, arcane modeling software, there are few one-click solutions!
Comment: tahnks james_t i was hoping there would be an easier method just one button project the UV , just like texture projection , i appreciate the answer btw it'll add stuff to my knowledge


Creating accounts on sites with no security?

Question: I'm sort of confused about security on some sites. Here on stackexchange.com, for example, seem to have no security normaly, but as you log in or create an account, it uses keyexchange and an encrypted connection. However, on the site magicworld.se I noted that they use no encryption at all. Does this mean that a hacker with ease can find my password? Wouldn't that imply, that if I had used the same password on another website with security, a hacker could login to my account there?
Comment: If a bad guy can intercept (has access to) the traffic between you and the server, then he will see your password in plaintext, that is correct. You should be using a password manager and generate seperate passwords for each website. Then at least you don't risk to get totally compromised if indeed somebody manages to spy on your traffic. Or just avoid websites which still don't use https in 2016...
Comment: Don't use the same password on multiple sites, for the reasons you've identified. Your identify is then only as safe as your weakest account.
Answer: Technically, they don't have "no security" - they are just lacking in encryption for connections. It's entirely possible that once the data reaches the server, it is stored in bcrypt hashed password fields, with full protection against XSS, CSRF and any other attack you can think of.
A lack of HTTPS connection just means that the connection between your browser and the server is not encrypted - as @Blub says, this could potentially allow someone with access to intercept or monitor your traffic to steal your password, or to change what you see (by intercepting the traffic from the server to your browser). This isn't ideal, especially nowadays, but for some systems has been considered an acceptable risk - there are probably limited uses for intercepting sites which don't have login areas, for example.
For sites with login pages, though, it's considered a more serious risk, since it can be trivial to intercept some kinds of traffic, especially when using open wifi points.
For StackExchange sites, you should be able to access them over HTTPS by adding the https:// protocol string to the start of the URL - this isn't default due to various issues with subdomains (Meta sites).
And, yes, if you use the same password on multiple sites, a hacker capturing your credentials would allow access to all of them. Don't use the same password everywhere!
Comment: Thank you. How can a hacker have access to the traffic, apart from open wifi? I am very new to computer science, so this might be a stupid question, but it is relevant in the cryptography I'm learning, since they often use ADV and assume that a bad guy has acces, but they do not explain how that happens.
Comment: Many different ways: they might gain access to a cache server for the site, which has stored your data on the way through. They might be able to divert traffic to a fake site, with no way to verify (if using HTTPS, it's theoretically possible to check the certificate, even if few people do). Don't forget that data might pass through many servers between you and the server hosting the site you're using - all of which could see the data.


Installing SQL Server - HDD vs SSD?

Question: If we put the launch time aside, what are the benefits of installing your SQL server (along with your databases) in SSD instead of HDD?
Comment: You really ask about the difference of "up to around 450 IOPS" (15k SAS SSD) and "20.000+ IOPS"? SSD are regularly - even cheap ones - 100 times faster in IO capabilities. Guess what databases love ;)
Comment: The benefits of SSD are self-explanatory. The downside is cost.
Answer: You already know the answer for this, it is FAST.
Here are very basic and known benefits of using SSD.

Keep your databases in SSD will handle more IO in very less time.
Keep temp DB in SSD, obviously, it will improve the performance of
the queries.
We can use SSD as buffer pool (extension).

Installing SQL Server - HDD vs SSD?


Help installing Dynamic Linq extension

Question: Im trying to follow this tutorial and Haack seems to use Dynamic Linq but nowhere can I find how to install it... I know Im supposed to add a reference but Im really clueless in that area.. Im new to this, please help.
Answer: Go to http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/vcsharp/bb894665.aspx and accept the License agreement then you can download CSharpSamples.zip.
Answer: I just added the source file to my solution. You can download a demo solution here.

Help installing Dynamic Linq extension


rijndael encryption and decryption on windows command Line or powershell

Question: Please I am trying to encrypt a file on windows command line using Rijndael cipher without a third party application like Openssl. I have been on this for a while now but seems not to be getting the right syntax. Can anyone help me with the windows command line syntax for this?
Answer: Here is an example that should work for you: "Rijndael Encryption and Decryption in C# and Powershell".  The first example is PowerShell, which is what you wanted.  You just have to split the code into an Rijndael_encrypt.ps1 file and a Rijndael_decrypt.ps1 file and adapt them to using the incoming command-line arguments.
Comment: It does not exist (not natively in Windows proper anywhere), hence the pointer to the script is prudent. Since you posted this to a PowerShell Q&A as in your title. So, this is really off-topic for a Powershell Q&A if that is not what you wanted. You can tweak what that resource provides, yourself or whatever, add params, etc., then turn it into an exe and have at it.
Comment: The link is talking about writing scripts to do that. What i am looking for is a windows command line syntax used in encrypting and decrypting files showing the parameters needed e.g file to encrypt/decrypt, key to use, and maybe the name to call the encrypted file in the right order. i dont know if this makes sense
Comment: @Macdanorld -- What you are asking makes sense, but I don't know of any such utility.  And to me it's not terribly different to write a script for the windows command line or a script for the PowerShell command line -- if they *give* you the source code, you just paste it in and make it work.  And you should be able to call that PowerShell script from the windows command line, which accomplishes what you want, I think.  Oh, yes.  And please consider upvoting my answer a click, if it was reasonable and not way off base (useless).  Thank you.


How do I determine the block size of an ext3 partition on Linux?

Question: How do I determine the block size of an ext3 partition on Linux?
Answer: # tune2fs -l /dev/sda1 | grep -i 'block size'
Block size:               1024

Replace /dev/sda1 with the partition you want to check.
Comment: FYI for non ext3 i get `tune2fs: Bad magic number in super-block while trying to open /dev/sdg`
`tune2fs: Bad magic number in super-block while trying to open /dev/sdg1`, but
@mik answer works great `stat -fc % /dev/sdg` and `stat -fc % /dev/sdg1`
Answer: Without root, without writing, and for any filesystem type, you can do:
stat -fc %s .

This will give block size of the filesystem mounted in current directory (or any other directory specified instead of the dot).
Comment: Don't forget the dot at the end of that command as `stat -f` is expecting is expecting a folder to give you stats about.
Comment: @JaniUusitalo, @c4f4t0r: thanks for the hint, corrected the answer using `-c` which is simpler than `--printf='...\n'`
Comment: with newlinestat --printf='%s\n' -f .
Comment: And to further narrow it down to what the OP asked for: `stat --printf='%s' -f .`
Answer: dumpe2fs -h /dev/md2

will output something with:
Block size:               4096
Fragment size:            4096

Answer: In the case where you don't have the right to run tune2fs on a device (e.g. in a corporate environment) you can try writing a single byte to a file on the partition in question and check the disk usage:
echo 1 > test
du -h test

Answer: On x86, a filesystem block is just about always 4KiB - the default size - and never larger than the size of a memory page (which is 4KiB).
Comment: This is the same on every platform, the largest block size is supported by ext2/3 is 4096 bytes.
Comment: @dfrankow: if you have 8k memory pages, such as on Alpha hardware, yes. But you do not have those on x86 hardware and that is what I was talking about.
Comment: Thanks Dave! I learned something today ;-) I originally thought the ext3 blocksize could be 8k on platforms that supported 8k memory pages.
Comment: Wikipedia says it can be 8k: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext3#Size_limits
Answer: To detect block size of required partition:

Detect partition name:
$ df -h

for example we have /dev/sda1
Detect block size for this partition:
$ sudo blockdev --getbsz /dev/sda1

Answer: stat <<Filename>>

will also give file size in blocks
Comment: This is not what the OP asked
Answer: Use
sudo dumpe2fs /dev/sda1 | grep "Block size"

where /dev/sda1 is the device partition. You can get it from lsblk
Answer: @narthi mentions using du -h on a tiny file too, but I'll add some more context and explanation:
How to find the cluster size of any filesystem, whether NTFS, Apple APFS, ext4, ext3, FAT, exFAT, etc.
Create a file with a single char in it, and run du -h on it to see how much disk space it takes up. This is your cluster size for your disk:
# Check cluster size by making and checking a 2-byte (1 char + null terminator I
# think) file.
echo "1" > test.txt
# This is how many bytes this file actually *takes up* on this disk!
du -h test.txt

# Check file size. This is the number of bytes in the file itself.
ls -alh test.txt | awk '{print $5}'

Example run and output, tested on Linux Ubuntu 20.04 on an ext4 filesystem. You can see here that test.txt takes up 4 KiB (4096 bytes) on the disk, since that is this disk's minimum cluster size, but its actual file size is only 2 bytes!
$ echo "1" > test.txt
$ du -h test.txt
4.0K    test.txt

$ ls -alh test.txt | awk '{print $5}'
2

Another approach:
As @Mayur mentions here, you can also use stat to glean this information from our test.txt file, as shown here. The "Size" is 2 and the "IO Block" is 4096:
$ stat test.txt
  File: test.txt
  Size: 2           Blocks: 8          IO Block: 4096   regular file
Device: fd01h/64769d    Inode: 27032142    Links: 1
Access: (0664/-rw-rw-r--)  Uid: ( 1000/ gabriel)   Gid: ( 1000/ gabriel)
Access: 2023-05-21 15:37:31.300562109 -0700
Modify: 2023-05-21 15:48:49.136721796 -0700
Change: 2023-05-21 15:48:49.136721796 -0700
 Birth: -

See also

If formatting a filesystem, such as exFAT, and if you have a choice on choosing the cluster size, I recommend 4 KiB, even for exFAT, which might otherwise default to something larger like 128 KiB, to keep disk usage low when you have a ton of small files. See my answer here: Is it best to reformat the hard drive to exFAT using 512kb chunk, or smaller or bigger chunks?


Why are assists in basketball called "dimes"?

Question: What's the etymology of this term in basketball, that an assist is called a dime?  I tried looking up on google but I didn't find any satisfactory answers.
Comment: **PSA**: if you are considering writing an answer to this question, please include supporting references to third-party sources which support your answer.
Answer: There isn't really a verifiable source on this, unfortunately, without perhaps doing a ton of research of old television announcers.  I've never seen that.
What I have found so far, is that it likely dates back to urban slang, popular on the east coast (which is commonly attributed to Philadelphia and the nearby environment), which described "assisting" the police in an investigation as "dropping a dime".  That was due to the cost of a pay phone call back then - $0.10 - which would be used to call the police.  That apparently transitioned to assists in basketball.  Wiktionary shows these meanings, for example, and all sorts of online discussions support this - but nothing meaningful as proof unfortunately.
It's also possible that it simply was directly related to the cost of a phone call, of course.  The other terminology is fairly similar; a successful pass to someone that then scored off of it might be called "connecting with" that someone, for example, identically to if you connect a phone line.  You feed them, same as you feed a pay phone dimes.  There are a lot of small similarities that might either have been the initial connection, or reinforced it once it was made by someone.
Answer: In the 1920s automobiles were heralded with the ability to stop on a dime. A dime was the smallest coin of our currency. This incredibly accurate ability to hit such a small mark, led to the sports analogy of throwing a dime: throwing a precise pass to a minute space. In basketball it refers to an assist to the scorer. In football, it refers to dropping the ball in the perfect, minute space that only the receiver can catch.
It has absolutely nothing to do with the pay phone.
Comment: Are you able to provide any references to support this answer, specifically the assertion that there is a causal relationship between the automobile terminology and the sports terminology?
Answer: The term "dropping dimes" in basketball refers to an "assist". A player does a lot of hard work, drawing multiple defenders to himself/herself, then passes the ball unselfishly to a teammate for an easy score. The passer is credited with an "assist" for this effort. The term in question seemed to have originated by persons "dropping dimes" to homeless persons to make a phone call if needed, as pay phones at the time cost 10 cents. Sadly, this form of charity was often done in a derogatory fashion as 911 calls are free. In a lame attempt to be "cool" and creating useless slang, somebody started to refer to high quality "assists" in basketball as "dropping" teammates "dimes", or high quality passes to them leading to easy scores. A more noble basketball charity of sort. "Raining dimes" are players that amass a lot of assists in a single game, often done very creatively and unselfishly. A "great pass", or a more creative "no-look pass", which leads to an easy score for a teammate is scored as an assist, but those terms apparently are not "cool" enough, so "dropping dimes" was born, sadly. I hope that helps.
Comment: What sources are you using for this information?
Answer: Other answers are reaching. It's simple and comes from the phrase "passing on a dime."
It calls to a pass so accurate, the passer could bounce the ball off a tiny dime on the ground into his teammate's hands.
Comment: Your answer could be improved with additional supporting information. Please [edit] to add further details, such as citations or documentation, so that others can confirm that your answer is correct. You can find more information on how to write good answers [in the help center](/help/how-to-answer).


determinant of a bigger matrix

Question: In wiki (rule 6) it mentions that det({{A,B},{C,D}}) = det(AD-BC). I want to know if A,B,C,D are all square matrices of the same size, then does the above (or under other conditions) imply det({{A,B},{C,D}}) = det(A)det(D)-det(B)det(C)? How to prove them more vigorously?
Answer: I can start to answer your question, at least about the sizes of the block matrices. So consider the line below
$DET\begin{pmatrix}
\mathbf A & 0 \\
\mathbf C & D \\
\end{pmatrix} , \mathbf A ,\mathbf 0 ,\mathbf C , \mathbf D $ are block matrices. The determinant needs a square matrix so the block matrices do not necessarily have to be square matrices but as a whole the orders of each block matrix have to be such that the determinant matrix is square. However, If you look at the wiki page you posted you will see that
$DET\begin{pmatrix}
\mathbf A & \mathbf B \\
\mathbf C & \mathbf D \\
\end{pmatrix}= DET(\mathbf A\mathbf D - \mathbf B\mathbf C) $. The respective sizes of each matrix here has to be such that multiplication works but also the size of $\mathbf A \mathbf D$ and $\mathbf B \mathbf C$ has to be equal so that subtraction is possible, furthermore the size of  $\mathbf A\mathbf D - \mathbf B\mathbf C $ should also be square so $DET$ can be computed hence $ \mathbf A ,\mathbf B ,\mathbf C , \mathbf D $ must be square.

determinant of a bigger matrix


What happens to those saved during the millennial reign that die? (Premillennialist perspective)

Question: From what I understand of premillenial eschatology, during the millennial reign, people who survived the tribulation will have their longevity returned like before the flood, but they will still die. What happens to those that die, but are saved? Jesus is already on earth with the saints, the people saved before the tribulation; but what about those saved after? Would they just get their glorified bodies immediately?
Answer: The passage you link to is Isaiah 65:20:

Never again will there be in it an infant who lives but a few days, or an old man who does not live out his years; he who dies at a hundred will be thought a mere youth; he who fails to reach a hundred will be considered accursed.

Your assumption is that this is referring to Christians. However, we know that during the Millenium there will be Christians and non-Christians (either those that come out of the Tribulation or perhaps people born during these 1000 years):

Revelation 20:7-8
 When the thousand years are over, Satan will be released from his prison and will go out to deceive the nations in the four corners of the earth—Gog and Magog—to gather them for battle. In number they are like the sand on the seashore.

So my understanding is that Christians will all have their resurrected, immortal bodies during the Millenium, and non-Christians will not.
Unfortunately, this theory does not address what happens to people who become Christians during this time!
Answer: Here's how I understand it. The people who have become believers during the Millennium Kingdom won't die! Think about it. We know from Scripture that the people who make up the population during this time are those who were martyred during the Tribulation and came back to life to reign with Christ, and those who didn't take the mark of the beast, instead choosing to believe and accept Christ and survived the Tribulation.
The other inhabitants are the Saints-the dead in Christ who were resurrected and those raptured before the Tribulation. They will also rule and reign with Christ.
The people who are still in fleshly bodies will be like as in Noah's day, eating and drinking, working and playing, marrying and having children. Everyone will live long, long lives. The age of accountability will be extended to a hundred years! There will be no babies or children that die. All who are born during that time will have to choose Jesus (be saved) just as before the Millennium. Those who don't accept Christ will be cursed. If they die during the Millennium, they will go to Hades to await the final judgment. If they remain alive until the thousand years over ended, then they will have an opportunity to accept Christ or participate in the last rebellion when Satan will be loosed for a time to deceive the nations. There will be absolutely no fence sitting at this time. After the thousand years are ended, the rest of the dead will come back to life and be judged. Read Rev. 21 for what happens next!
Comment: Hmm, I never thought of the possibility of only unsaved dying. That's an interesting thought. People from Noah's day still died though. Methuselah still died at 969, which is less than 1,000 years.
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Comment: I realize this is a but late, but I recently had a teacher in my Revelation class say he believes the same, so it seems likely to me as he definitely knows his stuff.
Comment: I doubt thus theory...the people eating and drinking in thee days of Noah were the wicked, not the saved!
Answer: According to Rev.20:14 and Rev.21:1-5, death is cast into the lake of fire after the millennial and the final judgement is over and therefore, the sting of death and the victory of the grave are no more. Therefore all the survivors of the great tribulation that shall live on to the millennial reign of Jesus Christ with their mortal bodies and all the children born during the period will still be subjected to death until after the final judgement. after the final judgement, no one will die again. So i believe, eventhough it is not stated categorically in the those passages, that those with mortal bodies will then be automatically transformed by the Holy Spirit.
Answer: "Here's how I understand it." (Yes, Excellente position!! Please, I ask you permission to use your notes and I will try to explain how I  understand this question. OK?)
Who will be there for the millennium, the 1000-year reign of Christ and won't die?
1. Who people with new bodies, glorified bodies, transformed and resurrected bodies (Hebrews 12:22-24; Rev 21:10 showed us the holy city, Jerusalem, coming down out of Heaven from God. And its population is formed by: Lord Jesus with his angels;  all Saints resurrected from dead of all eras until end of tribulation and those that will be changed and resurrected from Church
1 Corinthians 15:51).

"The people who are still in fleshly bodies and  will be like as in Noah's day, eating and drinking, working and playing, marrying and having children..."

— And have become believers during the tribulation and survived (And  in the Judgment of Nations will be the sheep in Matthew 25:31-33)
"But when the Son of Man comes in His glory, and all the angels with Him, then He will sit on His glorious throne. 32 All the nations will be gathered before Him; and He will separate them from one another, as the shepherd separates the sheep from the goats; 33 and He will put the sheep on His right, and the goats on the left."
— The people that will be born during the Millennium Kingdom and become believers in Lord Jesus.
(I suppose that the saved, all the believers in the end of millenium  won't die. But will be transformed  with glorified bodies to live forever and forever in the New Heaven and the New Earth).
Who will die during and final Millennium time? People under God's just judgment, the King of kings.
"All who will be born during that time will have to choose Jesus (be saved) just as before the Millennium. Those who don't accept Christ will be cursed with death. If they die during the Millennium, they will go to Hades to await the final judgment the second resurrection and the great white throne."  The Other people will be rebelled anti God and Messiah and will be judged immediately)
("When the thousand years are completed, Satan will be released from his prison,  and will come out to deceive the nations which are in the four corners of the earth, Gog and Magog, to gather them together for the war..." Revelation 20:7-15)
Why all the believers in the end of millenium won't die?
Because Revelation 20:6 and Daniel 12:2  showed us two Resurrections the first  to the  righteous for everlasting life  before millenium and  is separeted for 1000-year to the  second resurrection that Will be to disgrace and everlasting  contempt.
(Reason that I suppose the saved in the end millenium won't die but will be transformed to live forever in the  new Heaven and the new Earth, with glorified bodies).
Who will be resurrected in the First Resurrection?
"Blessed and holy is the one who has a part in the first resurrection; over these the second death has no power, but they will be priests of God and of Christ and will reign with Him for a thousand years."
The First resurrection will occur before millenium to:

Those Saints-the dead in Christ (1 Thessalonians 4:13-18, 1 Corinthians 15:21) before seven-years of tribulation  or 70o Week of Daniel 9:27)
Those Saints-the dead before Church (O.T. Saints, who was named righteous since Adão, Abel, Seth and his descendants, ...  to John the Baptist, by exemplo)  their resurrection will be at the time of Second Coming of Lord Jesus  (When seven-years of tribulation is ending)

3.The same for Those Saints who were martyred during the Tribulation (Rev 7:9-14)  at the time of Second Coming of Lord Jesus, When seven-years of tribulation ending)
Conclusion
Here's how I understand it. The people who have become believers during the Millennium Kingdom won't die!
First resurrection will occur before millenium to
1. Those Saints-the dead in Christ
2. Those Saints-the dead before Church (OT who is righteous since Adão to John the Baptist, if  we can limited by exemplo)
3. Those who were martyred - the dead during the Tribulation Rev 7:9-14)
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Answer: When Adam and Eve were first created they were given bodies that were immortal.  Meaning that they would not die.  With the single act of sin in the garden, they put on mortality and as a result death entered into creation.  Death was foreign prior to the first sin.
Often we hear that the raptured will get glorified incorruptible bodies.  That is not what the Scripture tells us.  Paul tells us that the DEAD gets glorified incorruptible bodies.
1 Cor. 15:51-54  Behold, I shew you a mystery; We shall not all sleep, but we shall all be changed, In a moment, in the twinkling of an eye, at the last trump: for the trumpet shall sound, and the dead shall be raised incorruptible, and we shall be changed.  For this corruptible must put on incorruption, and this mortal must put on immortality.  So when this corruptible shall have put on incorruption, and this mortal shall have put on immortality, then shall be brought to pass the saying that is written, Death is swallowed up in victory.
Look at the distinction that Paul makes… the DEAD get the glorified incorruptible bodies, while the raptured are merely changed.  The raptured get bodies just like Adam and Eve did prior to the fall, where they put on mortality with the single act of sin.
The significance of this in relation to the rapture is eye opening.  Firstly, if the raptured don't get glorified incorruptible bodies, then they cannot be heaven bound.  Rather they meet Jesus in the air (1 Thess. 4) or clouds (Matt. 24:29-31).  Translated from one place on Earth to another.  At this point the raptured are forever with the Lord.  Jesus is not headed back to heaven in a giant u-turn as some suppose, but on His way to the Mount of Olives… Zech 14:4,5
Paul tells the Bride how to get ready on Earth for when Jesus comes for her with all of His saints…1 Thess. 3:10-13.  All of His saints refer to those who have died and risen first.  They are the ones that have been dwelling the the places in heaven that Jesus stated in John 14:2,3, "In my Father's house are many mansions: if it were not so, I would have told you. I go to prepare a place for you.  And if I go and prepare a place for you, I will come again, and receive you unto myself; that where I am, there ye may be also."  Jesus is going to be dwelling on Earth for the next 1000 years.  The tribulation saints who were martyred during the tribulation will be ruling and reigning with Him there…Rev. 20:4.   Jesus and His saints will not be returning to those dwelling places in heaven spoken of in John for 1000 years.  So you see, there is no need for the raptured to have glorified incorruptible bodies until then, because they are not heaven bound until the end of the millennium.
The word for rapture "harpazo" is used twice in the Word. Once in 1 Thess. 4 and the other in Acts where Philip was translated from the sea where he baptized the Ethiopian Eunuch.  Philip disappeared from one location and reappeared in another on Earth.  That is the definition of a rapture.  Often it is referred to as translated.  At the "rapture" or our gathering together with Him (2 Thess. 2:1), we are relocated from one place on Earth to another.  First the air/clouds, then to the Mount of Olives.
Satan is bound for 1000 years.  I do not know if sin is totally absent from the Earth at that time due to the selfishness of the flesh, but the tempter is not present until the end. It appears that sin is not totally absent from what Isaiah states… Is. 65:20  Obviously the choice to sin could "put on" mortality once again, if that were possible for the elect.  However, reproduction and having children is very possible for the elect, who do not have glorified bodies, but rather immortal bodies like Adam and Eve at the beginnings of creation.  Isaiah speaks of this form of immortality in Isaiah 65:20.
In Summary:  It is important to understand that without glorified bodies, residence in heaven doesn't take place.  Only the dead get glorified bodies.  Without them the raptured remain on Earth with Christ for 1000 years.  Methuselah lived 969 years with a mortal body.  Longevity is the correct understanding of immortality that is spoken of by Paul.
Comment: You need to press enter twice to get proper line breaks! I went ahead and fixed that for you. That said, this is long and rambley. I can't see the relevant of most of it to the question. Maybe you could [edit] it to make it a bit more concise and precise?
Comment: @boldncourageous, you wrote, "When Adam and Eve were first created they were given bodies that were immortal."  Can you provide support for that, scriptural or otherwise?
Comment: @boldncourageous, You say Isaiah 65:20 shows people receiving immortal bodies again when the verse speaks of them dying.  Can you clarify how you arrive at v.20 showing immortality?
Answer: This is a good question.  What does happen to the people who are born into the Millennial Reign and then die?  During this time there are those who are involved in the 1st resurrection present on the earth.  The 1st resurrection has subsections of groups who are resurrected after Christ.  First is the Bride of Christ.  Secondly are the Old Testament saints.  Thirdly are the ones who died in the Great tribulation.  All these are part of the 1st resurrection at the start of the Millennial reign.  The second resurrection has one occurrence at the end of the Millennial reign.  This includes everyone through history who did not believe and thus did not have righteousness credited to them.  So we are left with the ones who have mortal bodies yet believed on Christ in the Millennial reign.  The problem is they die and need resurrection bodies to continue in the New Heavens and New Earth.
It is my understanding that Rev20:5 answers the question.  Its subject is about the 1st resurrection, describing the Tribulation saints as blessed for being a part of it.  The 'rest of the dead' are those dying in the Millennial reign of Christ.   Rev 20:6 The second death has no power over them seems to include the dead of v5.  So in a nutshell, according to Rev 20:5 the millennial believers are resurrected at the end of the Millennial reign.  Useful?
Comment: Welcome to Christianity.SE. For a quick overview, please take the [Site Tour](http://christianity.stackexchange.com/tour). Thanks for offering an answer. Unfortunately the question itself is an older one that no longer fits the guidelines of the site. For your answer to work here, you would need to edit it to specify what church or denomination of Christians it represents, and ideally provide some references to church materials on the subject. See: [What makes a good supported answer?](http://meta.christianity.stackexchange.com/questions/692/what-makes-a-good-supported-answer)
Answer: The premillennial view of the Christ's 1000 year reign has lots of different views.  Apocalyptic literature is highly symbolic where many items represent something else.  Reading apocalyptic literature too literally can lead to a lot of false renderings.
Isaiah 65:25

"The wolf and the lamb shall feed together, and the lion shall eat straw like the bullock: and dust shall be the serpent's meat. They shall not hurt nor destroy in all my holy mountain, saith the Lord."

Some read this literally as God changing animal natures after the return of Christ.  Many times Isaiah uses parallelism, where additional verses/lines build onto and explain previous verses/lines.

"Synonymous parallelism is a poetic literary device which involves the repetition of one idea in successive lines."
https://www.gotquestions.org/synonymous-parallelism.html

The last half of that verse is, I believe, explaining the first half of that verse.  Not destroying nor hurting any more is a reference to peace on earth.  The millennium is free of the wars that had previously ravaged the planet, and neither lions eating straw or snakes eating dust is meant to be literal, but are metaphorical for peace on earth,
just like v.19 states,

". . . and the voice of weeping shall be no more heard in her, nor the voice of crying.

Is that literal, forever unable to cry, or is that symbolizing a time of joy.  V.16 states, ". . .the former troubles are forgotten. . . ."
A common biblical hermenuetic in dealing with prophecy is if the literal reading is not possible look for comparison or analogies and qualities a symbol might represent or what represents those qualities.
https://www.preceptaustin.org/the_key_inductive_study_pt2
https://bahaiteachings.org/what-do-the-wolf-and-the-lamb-symbolize/
If read literally the wolf feeding with the lamb and lions eating straw does not make sense.
The second half of Isaiah 65:25 interprets the first half.
See Principle #3: The Scripture Interprets Scripture Principle
https://goldcountrycalvary.com/images/pdf/HAClass7Principles.pdf
Is this question presupposing a lot of immortal people living on earth who will never die (I'm not sure)?  V.20 speaks of a child dying 100 years old.  This may forecast increased longevity, but also death.
This question is written from a pretrib rapture perspective, presupposing Christians saved after the rapture, thus living during the tribulation, are the only ones living on earth prior to Jesus' return who are allowed to inhabit the millennium with the raptured saints.  (I assume that's the perspective the asker is coming from).  You know posttrib adherents are also premillennialists.
I think the presuppositions behind the question are flawed.  Glorified bodies are what we get in eternity, yet the asker implies some have it and others don't while living side by side, asking if these others not raptured, living along side of these glorified saints, get it now or later.  Or what happens to those born during the millennium?  There is a lot of assumptions and the whole premise of these two classes of millennial inhabitants seems incongruent.
Glorification: The Eternal State of the Redeemed
https://www.gracegems.org/WINSLOW/Eternal%20Glorification.htm
Answer: Jerusalem will be the capital of the earth in the millennium. Scripture says that if people don't annually come to celebrate the feast of booths in Jerusalem no rain will fall on their home land. (Zech 14:16,17)
Isa 19:24 and Eze 38 seem to indicate that if anybody is going to fail this it will on average be people who live further away from Jerusalem, than people in the nearest vicinity like Egypt and Assyria.
With lack of rain follows drought, tiny harvests and starvation. Lack of food could make people even more selfish, and some could also take to theft, murder and cannibalism.
Not just people but also animals  would according to scripture be peaceful creatures on the holy mountain, Jerusalem (Isa 65:25). Further away from Jerusalem, however, animals and people would on average be increasingly carnal.
Scripture says that the one who gets hit by the curse and dies will do so first at the age of 100. (Isa 65:20)
This teaches us that drought will come upon people so gradually that they might not be able to understand what is going on until it is too late.
This will also explain why it is people at the periphery that will mount the fatal attack on Jerusalem in the last days. (Eze 38; Rev 20:8)
Consequently, in the millennium people who die a natural death do so due to their sin. Sin would have developed in these people because of rebellion to what God stands for of which the annual festivals of booths is  a yearly reminder and token of. People who don't sin won't die. (Eze 18:4,20)
The more godly people closer to Jerusalem (geographically or spiritually) could by the time "the day of the Lord" comes, through advances in technology, been about finished with their migration away from earth.

By the same word the present heavens and earth are reserved for fire, being kept for the day of judgment and destruction of the ungodly.
But the day of the Lord will come like a thief. The heavens will disappear with a roar; the elements will be destroyed by fire, and the earth and everything done in it will be laid bare. (2 Pet 3:7,10)


Is it possible to add an entire playlist to my `Watch Later` list?

Question: Usually not an issue but this playlist has 62 videos.
Answer: Yes.
As of the time of posting this answer, it's possible to add the entire contents of a playlist to the Watch Later playlist in the same way that you would any other playlist, although it's only possible on the desktop web interface, not mobile web or the standard YouTube app. I'm unsure if a YouTube Red subscription adds this functionality or not.
For mobile devices

Open YouTube in your device's browser.

Click the menu icon  in the header bar, then click Desktop to navigate to the desktop version of the site.

From here, continue with the process outlined below for desktop devices.
For desktop devices

Navigate to the playlist's page.

Click the menu icon  in the top right corner of the playlist panel.

Select the Add all to... option in the dropdown menu, then select the Watch Later playlist in the second dropdown.

You've now moved the entire contents of your playlist to the Watch Later playlist.

If you no longer require the playlist, select the menu icon  again, select Delete playlist, then confirm the deletion in the window that appears.
Answer: This is no longer an option to do the solution listed. You can save an entire playlist but unfortunately you have to add the individual videos that are on any playlist to your "Watch Later" playlist (or add them to your queue which, coincidentally does allow you to dump your entire queue to a playlist including your "Watch Later" playlist, but you cannot queue up an entire playlist so even going that route does not work... at least as of 4/1/2020)
Comment: This is true as of 2020, so not sure why it got downvoted. Videos have to now be added individually instead of being able to do it by batch.
Answer: You can do that by visiting "https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=WL&disable_polymer=true".
"disable_polymer" is a Parameter which disables the new Design. So you can once again click the Menu Icon and select "Add all to..."
Comment: Unfortunately Google has killed the infinitely superior old style playlist format, so now it's a lot more work to do anything with playlists, and thus, it's no longer practical or worth the effort to watch more than a couple of YT videos per day.
Answer: I'm not aware of a way of doing this via the youtube UI (website). However you might be able to use the Youtube API. Access to the watch later list was introduced only in v2 of the API, v3 should also work. Note that since it's a private playlist you can only access it via an authenticated request.
Answer: I made a simple script to run in console to add all the videos in a playlist into your watch later list.
Also you can watch this video to learn how to run this code.
const videos = document.querySelectorAll('.page-container:not([hidden]) ytm-playlist-video-renderer.item')
const totalVideos = videos.length
const intervalSecond = 0.5
const totalSeconds = ((intervalSecond * 1000) * totalVideos) / 1000

if (window.confirm(`Add ${totalVideos} videos in ${totalSeconds} seconds?`)) {
  for (let i = 0; i < totalVideos; i++) {
    setTimeout(j => {
      const video = videos[j]

      const openModalButton = video.querySelectorAll('.icon-button')[0]
      openModalButton.click()

      const saveToWatchLaterButton = document.querySelectorAll('.menu-item-button')[0]
      saveToWatchLaterButton.click()

      const left = totalVideos - j - 1
      console.log(`${left} left.`)

      if (left === 0) console.log('It\'s done.')
    }, (intervalSecond * 1000) * i, i)
  }
}

Answer: At the time of writing this answer, by default, it is not possible to add all videos of a playlist to watch later.
However, you can use YT Watch Later Assist Chrome Extension which will help you add all videos of a playlist to watch later in one click in 1 second. This works even for playlists where videos are more than 200+.
Answer: Building on @ozgrozer's solution which no longer worked for me due to changes in the markup of youtube's playlist rendering I've updated this script to work in a way that made sense to me. It's below, with some explanation to follow:
const currentStart = 4
const currentCutoff = 200 + currentStart
const videos = document.querySelectorAll('.ytd-playlist-video-list-renderer')
const videosTotal = videos.length
console.log(videosTotal)
const interval = 0.2
const duration = ((interval * 1000) * videosTotal) / 1000

  for (let i = currentStart; i < currentCutoff; i++) {
    setTimeout(j => {
        // const thisVideo = document.getElementById(videos[i].id)
        const thisVideo = videos[i]
        console.log(thisVideo)

        const clickme = thisVideo.querySelector('#button')
        console.log(clickme)
        clickme.click()

        // ASSIGN THE ADD TO QUEUE BUTTON
        const dropdown = document.querySelectorAll('#contentWrapper.tp-yt-iron-dropdown')
        console.log(dropdown)
        console.log(dropdown)
        console.log(dropdown)

        // IF VIEWING YOUR OWN PLAYLIST USE [2]
        // OTHERWISE USE [0]
        const queueButton = dropdown[0].querySelectorAll('ytd-menu-service-item-renderer.ytd-menu-popup-renderer')[0]
        console.log(queueButton)
        queueButton.click()

        // MARK VIDEOS THAT HAVE BEEN ADDED TO THE QUEUE
        thisVideo.style.border = 'solid red 1px'

    }, ((interval * 1000) * (i - currentStart)), i)
  }

NOTES:

Youtube's queue will not allow more than 200 items & if you add more it will autotrim it.
If you have a playlist with more than 200 items, use the currentStart variable to offset it so that you can get the next 200.
There are 4 similarly marked up video items on the page that will cause at least one duplicate if you don't start at 4.
This method will NOT add any items that have been hidden because they are [deleted], [private], or otherwise not available (see next).
I used this to take extremely long playlists of songs (some having thousands of tracks) owned by other people & copy them to my account so that I could download the tracks using the app 'MACX Youtube Downloader'. I was not able to just use the existing playlists because that program would fail to ingest any playlist if it included [unavailable] videos.
Since someone else owned the playlist I was not able to delete said unavailable videos which brought me here.
My method was as follows: visit playlist, scroll to the bottom of it so all items load, open console, inject the script for first 200 items, save queue as playlist, clear queue, repeat offset by 200 until finished.
As noted in the codeblock, if you are using this to trim out [unavailable] vids in your own playlist you will need to adjust the index of the dropdown query (I probably could have fixed this but lazy).
IMPORTANT: If this is failing to work it is due to a race condition in how your browser is rendering the changes to the DOM throughout. That is why there are multiple console.log()s here for no otherwise discernible reason. You may need to adjust this if your machine is faster than mine.
I guess this goes without saying but: only tested in Chrome.


Should new plywood be installed over old separating plywood?

Question: I just had my roof replaced and the contractor said that the old plywood under the two sets of shingles were separating and rotted in some places. He also let me know that he installed the new plywood over the old plywood to save the cost of  removing the old. Will this be sufficient for the new plywood to hold? And will it affect the life of the new shingles?
Comment: Sounds like you are going to have a lump in the roof where the added layer of plywood is. Kinda tacky and not very professional. Or is the whole roof getting a new layer over the old?
Answer: If the old plywood was clean and not infested with dry rot or mold it should be OK to cover it with the new plywood. One thing to consider is that the new plywood probably wants to be the same thickness as what would be used if it was used by itself on the rafters (i.e. if the old plywood had been removed). This will ensure that the strength of the plywood is enough to bridge spots on the roof where the old plywood was weakened to the point that it would sag under the load on the roof.
You also should consider the design parameters of the roof to ensure that the extra weight of the added plywood is well within the static load capability of the roof support structure.
Lastly it would be best if the new sheets of plywood were offset from the seams of the existing plywood but at the same time placed so that the new seams can be properly nailed into the rafters and other roof structure members. It is unlikely that seams of new plywood simply nailed at random locations into the relatively thin old plywood will be assured to keep the plywood held down over time.
Comment: I agree with Michael Karas, but make sure 1) the moisture barrier was removed from the original plywood, 2) nails should be at least long enough to penetrate 3/4" into the roof rafters, and 3) the nails must penetrate into the joists...not just into the old plywood. You can look up in your attic to see if the nails missed the (joists)rafters. (If they did, measure the length and see how far the nails could have penetrated into the rafters.)


What is the ending time for Isha prayers?

Question: Asalamu 'Alaykum dear brothers and sisters, When does the time for Isha prayer end. People say that it's after the half of the night or subh-sadiq (true dawn). I'm confused because I can't seem to find the time of true dawn anywhere. Can someone please explain?
Comment: So, for example, if Fajr is 5:00 then Isha ends at 2:30 because people say the half of the night. Thank you for your response!
Answer: There are different madhabs on when the time for Isha ends:

It ends at dawn. This means that it ends with the start of the time for Fajr. This is the view of the Hanafis, Shafi'is, Hanbalis and some of the Malikis.  This view is based on the hadith:

أعتم النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم ذات ليلة حتى ذهب عامة الليل
The Prophet (ﷺ) delayed the prayer one night until most of the night had passed
—  Muslim and Nasai

This hadith disproves all the madhabs which say that the time of Isha ends before midnight (most > half > one-third). And it proves that the time extends till the end of the night at dawn - since no text provides any specific ending time after midnight and no one claims that either.
It is also based on the fact that the times for the prayer are contiguous (with the exception of the gap between Fajr and Zuhr) so when the time for one salah ends the time for the next one starts:

إنما التفريط على من لم يصل الصلاة حتى يجيء وقت الصلاة الأخرى
Negligence is when one does not offer one prayer until the time of the next prayer comes
— Muslim and Nasai

This hadith proves that a salah can be offered without blame until the time for the next salah begins. Hence it follows that the time for Isha ends when the time for Fajr starts. And it is agreed upon that the time for Fajr starts at dawn.
And it is also narrated from some of the Sahaba.
These madhabs reconcile their view with the ahadith used by the other madhabs as follows: Those ahadith describe the limits of the preferable time for Isha rather than the allowed time. It is preferable to perform it before a third (or a half) but it is permitted to delay it till dawn.
The Hanafis consider it makruh to delay the salah beyond half of the night. Similarly the Hanbalis say that the preferable time ends at one-third of the night and the time of necessity extends till dawn - which can be used as a concession by those who have an excuse like an ill person or menstruating woman. The same meaning is conveyed in some of the texts of the Malikis. And similarly the Shafi'is consider the time before one-third (or half) to be preferable and the time after that till dawn to be permissible.

It ends when one-third of the night has passed. This is the mashur view of the Malikis and also adopted by some scholars of the other schools. It is based on the hadith of Gabriel:

 أمني جبريل عليه السلام ... وصلى بي العشاء حين غاب الشفق ... فلما كان الغد  ... وصلى بي العشاء إلى ثلث الليل ... والوقت ما بين هذين الوقتين
Gabriel (ﷺ) led me in prayer ... he prayed the night prayer with me when the twilight had ended ... On the following day ... he prayed the night prayer with me when about the third of the night had passed ... the time is anywhere between two times.
— Abu Dawud ,  Jami at-Tirmidhi

It ends when half the night has passed. This has also been adopted by some scholars. It is based on the hadith:

ووقت صلاة العشاء إلى نصف الليل
The time for the Isha prayer is until halfway through the night.
— Muslim

Ref:
Hanafi:

وآخر وقتها مالم يطلع الفجر الثاني  ... والتأخير إلى نصف الليل مباح ... وإلى النصف الأخير مكروه
— Hidayah sharḥ Bidayat al-Mubtadi

Hanbali:

وآخر وقتها المختار إلى ثلث الليل وعنه نصفه ـ اختاره الموفق والمجد وجمع ـ ثم وقته الضرورة إلى طلوع الفجر الثاني
— Kashshaaf al-Qinaa'

Shafi'i:

والعشاء بمغيب الشفق ويبقى إلى الفجر والاختيار أن لا تؤخر عن ثلث الليل وفي قول نصفه
— Minhaj al talibin ,  Mughni al-Muhtaaj

Maliki:

ثلث الليل ... وهو المشهور من مذهب مالك
— Bidayat al-Mujtahid
Answer: Bismillahir Rahmanir Rahim. Alhamdulillahi rabbil-'alamin. Was-Salatu was-Salam 'ala Sayyidina wa Azimina, Wa Habibi Qulubina wa Shafii Nufusina, Abul Qasim Muhammad. Wa 'ala Ahli Bayti tayyibina tahireen.

Prayer time for Isha ends right in the middle of the night. Quranic verse 17:78 enjoins to establish Salah and sets time for 5 prayers.

Perform As-Salât from mid-day till the darkness of the night (i.e.
the Zuhr, 'Asr, Maghrib and 'Ishâ' prayers), and recite the Qur'ân in
the early dawn (i.e. the morning prayer). Verily, the recitation of
the Qur'ân in the early dawn is ever witnessed
Quran 17:78

Imam Jafar As-Sadiq explains that "till the darkness of the night" is its mid-point and it is the end of Isha time.

Allah (azwj) the Exalted Said to His (azwj) Prophet (saww) [17:78]
Establish the Prayer from the declining of the sun till the darkness
of the night. So in what is between the (start of the) decline of the
sun up to the darkness of the night are four Rak'at Salāt. Allah
(azwj) Named these and Clarified these and their timings; and the
darkness of the night, it is its mid-point.
Al Kafi V 3 – The Book of Salāt CH 3 H 1
Answer: I have researched this a lot like 2-3 years ago and have found True Dawn(Sub e Sadiq) is called Astronomical Twilight. True Dawn or Astronomical Twilight occurs when the sun is 18 degrees below the Earth's horizon. So to be safe 19 or 20 degrees is good to say that you shouldnt pray Isha after 19 or 20 degrees. In the following link just scroll down and you'll see when night ends in NYC and when sub e sadiq(Astronomical twilight) begins. PLEASE SEARCH FOR YOUR CITY FIRST THEN LOOK AT ITS NIGHT AND ASTRONOMICAL TWILIGHT TIMINGS. https://www.timeanddate.com/astronomy/usa/new-york - for night ending timing
https://www.timeanddate.com/sun/usa/new-york - look at the "Sun Altitude" that's the degreesthe sun is at currently. Just stop praying Isha when the sun is about to rise and is at around 20 degrees or 19 degrees.
Answer: Eisha prayer time begines when  Maghrib (evening prayer) time has been  completed and it can be prayed  upto the midnight, the midpoint between shafak and dawn.In other words it can be recited when the sehri time ends. You can easily find dawn timing on Internet as well as prayers timing charts displayed in each mosque or it can also be find from islamic book centers.
Comment: can you give prooflinks about midnight? i had seen hadiths about 1/3 of night, but not midnight, about isha.
Answer: The prayer time for Fajr and Maghrib ends 15 minutes before the sun sets or rises because those are the two horns of the devil(during sunrise and sunset). For the other salahs (Duhr, Asr, Isha) you can pray them before the next salah comes in.


Data retrieval from geth node

Question: How does a smart contract fetch stored data (for example, EmployeeName) from the node? Does it search through the entire chain? But searching through the entire chain would take just too long. There must be a quicker way.
Answer: Ethereum uses Patricia Merkle trees (known as a 'Trie') to store data. One global 'State Trie' has an entry for each account. Each account entry contains its own 'Storage Trie', and this is where the data for a contract is found.
These tries perform lookups, as well as edits and deletes in O(log(n)) efficiency, meaning that if there are n entries the time taken to lookup a particular entry will be proportional to log(n).
The ethereum wiki has a page on Patricia-Merkle trees (https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/Patricia-Tree)

Data retrieval from geth node


teensy as a keybooard throws error as keyboard input

Question: I have a program (bash script) I wrote that is for stop motion animation. The script works perfectly, when I use any given keyboard on my laptop, and it works on other computers, as well.  So i wanted to add a controller, using a teensy, and the keyboard library. source here:
The teensy, set up as a keyboard, using one of the example codes, which I modified. The output appears correct: when I press any of the buttons, I get the expected output (asdw). But, the script throws an error, and exits anyhow, which means something else is being sent besides the key presses I desire.
So, WHY?
Here is the keyboard source for the teensy:
<code> /* Buttons to USB Keyboard Example

   You must select Keyboard from the "Tools > USB Type" menu

   This example code is in the public domain.
*/

#include <Bounce.h>

// Create Bounce objects for each button.  The Bounce object
// automatically deals with contact chatter or "bounce", and
// it makes detecting changes very simple.
Bounce button0 = Bounce(0, 10);
Bounce button1 = Bounce(1, 10);  // 10 = 10 ms debounce time
Bounce button2 = Bounce(2, 10);  // which is appropriate for
Bounce button3 = Bounce(3, 10);  // most mechanical pushbuttons
Bounce button4 = Bounce(4, 10);
Bounce button5 = Bounce(5, 10);  // if a button is too "sensitive"
Bounce button6 = Bounce(6, 10);  // to rapid touch, you can
Bounce button7 = Bounce(7, 10);  // increase this time.
Bounce button8 = Bounce(8, 10);
Bounce button9 = Bounce(9, 10);

void setup() {
  pinMode(0, INPUT_PULLUP);
  pinMode(1, INPUT_PULLUP);
  pinMode(2, INPUT_PULLUP);
  pinMode(3, INPUT_PULLUP);
  pinMode(4, INPUT_PULLUP);
  pinMode(5, INPUT_PULLUP);
  pinMode(6, INPUT_PULLUP);  // Teensy++ LED, may need 1k resistor pullup
  pinMode(7, INPUT_PULLUP);
  pinMode(8, INPUT_PULLUP);
  pinMode(9, INPUT_PULLUP);
}

void loop() {
  // Update all the buttons.  There should not be any long
  // delays in loop(), so this runs repetitively at a rate
  // faster than the buttons could be pressed and released.
  button0.update();
  button1.update();
  button2.update();
  button3.update();
  button4.update();
  button5.update();
  button6.update();
  button7.update();
  button8.update();
  button9.update();

  // Check each button for "falling" edge.
  // Type a message on the Keyboard when each button presses
  // Update the Joystick buttons only upon changes.
  // falling = high (not pressed - voltage from pullup resistor)
  //           to low (pressed - button connects pin to ground)
  if (button0.fallingEdge()) {
    Keyboard.println("s");
  }
  if (button1.fallingEdge()) {
    Keyboard.println("d");
  }
  if (button2.fallingEdge()) {
    Keyboard.println("w");
  }
  if (button3.fallingEdge()) {
    Keyboard.println("a");
  }
}
</code>
What should I do to just get the key presses (asdw) from the teensy as if it were a plain old keyboard.
Answer: You are calling Keyboard.println() which sends the character string followed by a new line.  If you want to emulate a keyboard you should only use Keyboard.print() which only sends the character string with no new line.
Answer: Ok I figured it out. The code includes "keyboard.println". I should use "keyboard.print instead", to properly simulate keyboard presses. the newline is what was screwing it up.


how do you stress test a wcf service

Question: What tools and techniques have you used for testing your wcf services?  Where there any special considerations made for the type of hosting you used(ie windows service vs IIS vs WAS)?
Answer: WCF Load Test should be the right tool, however it seem to require Visual Studio Team System. I cannot confirm as the installer didn't work properly on my office machine.
wcfstorm seem also to do the job but it's not free (the lite version doesn't seem to have the load testing feature).
So far the best was to create it myself. Using some Stopwatch(), using an one threads per client. By varying the number of threads and the frequency of the calls I could get the average response time for example.
Answer: Check out the patterns & practices Performance Testing Guidance Project. Also check out this great blog posts; not specific to WCF, but you can carry over a lot of lessons. :)
I've heard some people use SO-Aware to load-test WCF.
Also, to comment on something Wernight said, to use WCFLoadTest, you do need at least the Test Edition of VSTS.
Finally, check out this KB page from Microsoft.

how do you stress test a wcf service


How should I go about making a serial to ethernet server on a Pico varient?

Question: I am trying to make a serial to ethernet server, similar to a regular pi board and ser2net, using a pico variant. I am using a Waveshare RP2040-ETH Mini Development Board, but there is very little out there on this and the Waveshare wiki seems to be missing information or is just poorly translated. I have the network configured but getting one serial device to pass to the ethernet is what I am missing. I am primarily trying to do this in micropython.
Comment: how do you want the device to function?
Comment: @jsotola In the same way ser2net works on a Raspberry Pi. I am just trying to convert a serial device into a TCP-connected device using the Pico I linked to.
Answer: You need to start by setting up the RP2040 as a TCP server, for example to echo back everything that is sent to it. You can test this using a suitable TCP client, e.g. Telnet, putty, Teraterm etc.
I can't comment on the Waveshare documentation, but setting up a TCP server is quite basic stuff, so you should be able to find a simple example somewhere.
Once that that is working, you can link the incoming & outgoing data streams to the serial port. You'll probably find that data has to be Carriage Return terminated in order to be sent; if that isn't OK you need to implement some simple Telnet negotiation to disable buffered mode, but using a fixed termination character on your strings is generally not a bad idea anyway.


Do plugins/APIs exist to edit blender-python-scripts in Intellij IDEA?

Question: I find the code editing environment on blender pretty stiff and it makes my development slower because I have to type every piece of code letter by letter so to say.
I was just wondering if it were possible to develop blender's scripts in Intellij before copying it down to blender's text-editor to run due to Intellij-idea's text-editor being better in terms of code formatting and commenting,  auto-code completion and suggestion,  variable/method-or-function documentation,  column-selection-mode e.t.c by installing a plugin or downloading an API in Intellij
Comment: I use vim. IMO Can break down getting autocomplete in vim into the same two suggested methods: a)  [building `bpy` as a python module](https://blender.stackexchange.com/questions/117200/how-to-build-blender-as-a-python-module), which completes as does any other python module, or b) run some script in blender  that creates a dictionary file that an autocomplete plugin uses.  Possibly finding part b) is better asked on an intellij site / forum.  Oh and could also mentions c) learning to touch type is often the quickest to resort to.
Comment: Why use IntelliJ when its devs made PyCharm specifically for python? Which also has some bpy integration possibilities if I remember correctly. But anyway, a lost of common IDEs have some way to use bpy, or the community has made their plugins for it.
Answer: You can certainly use an external IDE to create your add-ons. Since an add-on is just a (bunch of) text file(s), it doesn't matter what you use to write them.
IntelliJ probably won't be able to find the bpy module, so expect some red squigglies.