What is the change in energy of $ \Delta e = h \nu $ in respect to?

Question: I saw this equation today when calculating energies of photons of different frequencies, and noticed that the change in energy is a product of plank's constant and frequency. $$\Delta e = h * \nu $$ but what is the change in energy with respect to? since a change would be having some initial state $ e_f - e_i$ e sub f being final, e sub i being initial. What are these two initial and final states?
Comment: Very odd to use $\Lambda$ as a frequency. Does your instructor do this? Just curious.
Comment: The delta is between the two photons.
Comment: What two photons? I was calculating the energy of one photon of UV radiation and there was no mention of another photon.
Comment: I apologize I confused the variables with wavelength. Thanks for pointing that out.
Comment: @AlanZ2223 The 'photons of different frequencies' that you mention in the first sentence?
Comment: Yes? A UV photon has a different frequency than a radio wave photon...
Answer: For simplicity let's imagine a hydrogen atom, which has one proton and one electron.
The energy difference $\Delta E$ you speak of is the difference in energy of the two initial and final states of the electron-proton system.
Initially the system is in some state $\psi_i$ with energy $E_i$. Afterward, it's in a different state $\psi_f$ with energy $E_f$. In the language of non-relativistic quantum mechanics, these initial and final energies are eigenvalues of the time independent Schrodinger equation.
If all of this sounds completely foreign, I recommend getting a book on introductory quantum mechanics.
Answer: I was confused about this but it turns out that the context of this equation is important. The energy change from an electron in one energy state to another can be determined by using the formula $\Delta E = h * \nu$ which will give the energy difference of the two states or the energy of the emitted or absorbed photon. However if you are just determining the energy of a photon without regards to a change in a system you can just use the equation without $\Delta$ so then it becomes $E = h * \nu$ which of course is the energy change of the particular quantum jump. So either formula just a way of looking at the same quantum jump from two different perspectives.


ffmpeg keeps converting second ac3 audio stream to mp2

Question: I'm new to this forum, and hope someone can help.
I am trying to add a second audio track (chinese.ac3) to an XVID video (vts_01.avi) that already has an ac3 track.
These audio tracks are encoded to ac3, 48000 Hz, stereo, 128 kb/s, and I would like to keep them that way -- just multiplex the streams without transcoding.
This is the command I am using:
ffmpeg -i vts_01.avi -vcodec copy -i Chinese.ac3 -acodec copy -map 0:0 -map 0:1 -map 1:0 muxed2.avi -newaudio

ffmpeg does its work, except for the fact that it converts the second track to mp2, 64 kb/s.
Here is a relevant excerpt from the output, where the key part is 'Stream #0.2: Audio: mp2, 48000 Hz, stereo, s16, 64 kb/s' where I would like 'Stream #0.2: Audio: ac3, 48000 Hz, stereo, 128 kb/s':
Input #0, avi, from 'vts_01.avi':
  Metadata:
    encoder         : Lavf53.5.0
  Duration: 02:03:26.40, start: 0.000000, bitrate: 1954 kb/s
    Stream #0.0: Video: mpeg4, yuv420p, 720x352 [PAR 1:1 DAR 45:22], 23.98 tbr,
23.98 tbn, 23.98 tbc
    Stream #0.1: Audio: ac3, 48000 Hz, stereo, s16, 128 kb/s
[ac3 @ 018A7440] max_analyze_duration 5000000 reached at 5024000
[ac3 @ 018A7440] Estimating duration from bitrate, this may be inaccurate
Input #1, ac3, from 'Chinese.ac3':
  Duration: 02:03:26.36, start: 0.000000, bitrate: 128 kb/s
    Stream #1.0: Audio: ac3, 48000 Hz, stereo, s16, 128 kb/s
File 'muxed2.avi' already exists. Overwrite ? [y/N] y
Output #0, avi, to 'muxed2.avi':
  Metadata:
    ISFT            : Lavf53.5.0
    Stream #0.0: Video: mpeg4, yuv420p, 720x352 [PAR 1:1 DAR 45:22], q=2-31, 23.
98 tbn, 23.98 tbc
    Stream #0.1: Audio: ac3, 48000 Hz, stereo, 128 kb/s
    Stream #0.2: Audio: mp2, 48000 Hz, stereo, s16, 64 kb/s
Stream mapping:
  Stream #0.0 -> #0.0
  Stream #0.1 -> #0.1
  Stream #1.0 -> #0.2

I have tried a number of different combinations, including explicitly forcing the stream to ac3 with:
ffmpeg -i vts_01.avi -vcodec copy -i chinese.ac3 -acodec ac3 -ac 2 -ar 48000 -ab 128k -map 0:0 -map 0:1 -map 1:0 muxed2.avi -newaudio

Same result.
I have also tried to assign a codec to the stream with stream specifier(based on http://ffmpeg.org/ffmpeg.html#toc-Stream-specifiers-1, but these options are not recognized by my ffmpeg.
I am running out of things to try.
Answer: (The OP edited the answer into the question. See Question with no answers, but issue solved in the comments (or extended in chat) )
The OP wrote:

I think I just found the solution
from http://ffmpeg-users.933282.n4.nabble.com/Encoding-with-multiple-Audio-tracks-td1289403.html There, James Darley says:

So your command line should look like:
ffmpeg -i INPUT [output options] OUTPUT [audio options] -newaudio [subtitle options] -newsubtitle

I then re-arranged my options accordingly, i.e. audio options for the new track after the output:

ffmpeg -i vts_01.avi -vcodec copy -acodec copy -i Chinese.ac3 muxed3.avi -acodec copy -newaudio

And I now gets my two ac3 audio tracks at the right bitrate.


Control output size of Image field in SXA Page Content Rendering

Question: I am using a Page Content Rendering with a custom variant to output an Image property. How could I control the dimensions of the raw image output.
Answer: There is no variant definition for an Image field (like there is for a Date field). This is definitely something that is missing in the current version of SXA - I do expect that it is on the roadmap though.
So with simple variants, I'm afraid you cannot scale the image (you could use css to control dimensions but that is not what you want to do).
You might be able to do this using NVelocity, but that will not be as user-friendly as a 'normal' variant definition.
Answer: In SXA 1.6,
Try using width and height in the Data Attributes field on the VariantField that is being used to render the image.
This seems to add the width and height attributes to the rendered image (including the url) and subsequently is scaled when the image handler is called.


Linux Mint only "File" menu visible on menu toolbar

Question: On applications like gedit and gimp  only the "File" menu is visible on the menubar/toolbar. However I can still click on where other menus would normally be (e.g. "Edit", "Help") to access them. I use Linux Mint 17.3 with Cinnamon 2.8.8. Any help would be greatly appreciated.
Answer: I briefly had the same problem with GIMP version 2.8.16 in  Linux Mint 18.3 Sylvia 64-bit, Kernel Linux 4.10.0-42-generic x86_64, MATE 1.18.0.
I guess the problem was with the theme.
As long as I used the Mint-X themes, I had the same problem.
The problem was solved by changing the theme to Ambiance, Radiance or any theme other than Mint-X series of themes. Though it does not address exactly what is causing the problem, at least it got solved.


How can I find the IPFS URL for a CNFT.io asset?

Question: I've tried several ways but couldn't find a relyable way to find the IPFS url for a CNFT.io asset.
I tried to find the policy id in https://pool.pm/tokens and in https://cardanoscan.io/. In the latter one I can find the policy id but not the right asset / token and even when I find it by manually searching for it, then I don't find the metadata for it that contains the IPFS URL. Is there a relyable way to find it?
Answer: Not sure if this is what you want to know.
For every asset on CNFT.io, there are three dots at the top right side.

Click on Cardanoscan option
It'll open cardanoscan with your token, i.e. https://cardanoscan.io/token/dcb16550b3831a9c675b5bd827ad0ffced2dc0310b0d839c5c1dcd5e.CuteDudes3472
Go to Mint Transactions tab and click on the transaction.
It'll open the transaction in cardanoscan, i.e. https://cardanoscan.io/transaction/35c1c8fb3da4a6a23476b2d05288ae2314468b92e4fb6c87e8801590689f85e7?tab=tokenmint
Go to Metadata tab and click on label 721
There should be displayed the metadata of the NFT, including URL to the image or files.
Comment: "For every asset on CNFT.io, there are three dots at the top right side...".
Argh. That was the simple solution that I missed :facepalm:
I tried to find it using the policy id and the asset id. Thanks a lot!


Samsung GT-I9100 no storage space

Question: I have a Samsung GT-I9100 and its permanently telling me I don't have enough storage space., yet there are 11GB on the USB storage available. How do I use the USB storage?
Comment: Which version of Android do you have?
Answer: Questions:
1. Do you mean SD storage (SD card) and not USB storage? 2. What action(s) are you trying to perform when it gives you this error message?
3. How much free space do you have on your internal storage?
If you're getting that message when you're trying to install an app, keep in mind that you can't download apps directly to your SD/external storage. You have to first download/install them on your internal storage. Then you can move them to your SD card if that option is available for the app. The same applies to downloading most types of files (documents, music, videos, etc). If your internal storage is full, you have to either delete some files or move them to the SD card to free up space on internal storage. Hope that helps!

Samsung GT-I9100 no storage space


How do I create a Interactive PDF from Indesign that allows end user to change picture for something else?

Question: For example: I am creating a real estate flyer and want to save it for an agent as an interactive PDF. This way the agent only has to change out the pictures and text for each home.
Comment: I think you may be asking too much of the PDF format. "interactive" doesn't mean "layout template".
Comment: This post is a possible duplicate to [Create PDF with external images](http://graphicdesign.stackexchange.com/questions/35541/create-pdf-with-external-images/) which basically asks the same thing, the answers are also mostly the same.
Answer: I do not think that is possible and if it is, most non tech oriented people will have difficulties updating it, even if it is via PDF. I have never seen such feature in a PDF. However there are online platforms such as https://readymag.com that will allow you to create a template, where people will be able to swap out the images and export it as PDF. If that does not work I would suggest looking into web based templates.
Answer: It essentially is possible. However, the main work would better be done in Acrobat than InDesign. You can place form fields in the "interactive PDF" document in InDesign, including button fields at the place where the images should go.
If you want to use simple text fields, be aware that you then specify all text properties for that field; if multiple text properties are required within the same field, you'd have to set the richText property, and give better instructions to the user on how to use the tool.
For the images, you are using Button fields, where you can import the image as icon. There are tutorials on the Adobe Community site, which show how to proceed. Note that in order to load your own images, either Acrobat, or Reader XI or newer must be used, and if Reader is used, the images have to be in PDF format.
So, absolutely feasible, within the capabilities of a form.


Error when running sp_BlitzFirst from First-Responder-Kit-20170307

Question: when I run
EXEC sp_BlitzFirst @expertmode=1

I get
Setting up configuration variables
Warning: The join order has been enforced because a local join hint is used.
Now starting diagnostic analysis
Capturing first pass of wait stats, perfmon counters, file stats
Beginning investigatory queries
Msg 137, Level 15, State 2, Line 8
Must declare the scalar variable "@LineFeed".
Msg 102, Level 15, State 1, Line 9
Incorrect syntax near ','.
Msg 102, Level 15, State 1, Line 10
Incorrect syntax near ','.
Msg 8169, Level 16, State 1, Line 11
Conversion failed when converting from a character string to uniqueidentifier.
Msg 102, Level 15, State 1, Line 11
Incorrect syntax near ' AS HowToStopIt,
                (SELECT TOP 1 query_plan FROM sys.dm_exec_query_plan(r.plan_handle)) AS QueryPlan,
           '.
Msg 105, Level 15, State 1, Line 27
Unclosed quotation mark after the character string ' AND tBlocked.wait_duration_ms > 30000;'.
Finished running investigatory queries
Waiting to match @Seconds parameter
Capturing second pass of wait stats, perfmon counters, file stats
Analyzing changes between first and second passes of DMVs
Analysis finished, outputting results

This is from First-Responder-Kit-20170307
The SQL Server version and build I have is:
Microsoft SQL Server 2012 (SP3-CU7) (KB3205051) - 11.0.6579.0 (X64)   Dec 22 2016 11:18:09   Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation  Developer Edition (64-bit) on Windows NT 6.1 <X64> (Build 7601: Service Pack 1)

Answer: You have databases in compatibility level 2005, which isn't supported.


How momentum/energy is distributed in a elastic collision?

Question: We know from conservation of momentum or energy that energy (lets think about one quantity at a time) is conserved before and after collision. But how the energy is distributed between the bodies? I mean $1+3=4$ otherwise we can say $2+2=4$. Which distribution would be preferable?
Comment: That is manifestly dependent on the reference frame you use.
Comment: Well I think, the distribution will be known if the angle between the initial and finale directions are known.
Answer: It is easier to start with conservation of momentum, because even though total energy is conserved kinetic energy may not be conserved. For example if you collide two tennis balls covered in glue, they will stick to each other and the final kinetic energy will be zero (total energy is still conserved because the original kinetic energy ends up as heat in the two balls). Even in sticky collisions momentum is always conserved.
To calculate what happens in the collision you use the conservation of momentum to write down an expression linking the original and final velocities. If you know the coefficient of restitution you can write down a second equation linking the original and final velocities, and you just solve the two simultaneous equations to calculate the final velocities. This then tells you how the energy is divided between the two objects after the collision.


Microsoft SharePoint Foundation Workflow Timer Service

Question: the Microsoft SharePoint Foundation Workflow Timer Service stuck at stating/stopping. I did restart the service but no use then i did  delete the job and delete the service now I can't see the stating on the central admin option. Any help please.
Comment: the service is in Unprovision status, When i run the command to start the service it goes to Provision status also i get the error of Start-SPServiceInstance : A timer job can only be run on a server where the timer service is installed. this a custom server
Comment: Hi, Eric J. I have updated answer under initial My Answer. Hope this can help you to solve issue. Have a nice day!
Answer: Please follwoing steps:

Find the GUID of the problem service running in the particular server.
Add-PSSnapin Microsoft.SharePoint.PowerShell
Get-SPServiceInstance | Where-Object {$_.TypeName -eq 'Microsoft SharePoint Foundation Workflow Timer Service'}

Run following command to start it.
Start-SPServiceInstance -identity "GUID"

Run the following to check the status of the service. It should now be Online.
Get-SPServiceInstance -identity "GUID"

If running above command did not change the status, try following commands.
$Var = Get-SpServiceInstance -identity "GUID"
$Var.Unprovision()

----------------------------------- Updated Answer -----------------------------
Please check if the SharePoint Timer Service is running

If the SharePoint Timer Service from Services is stopped, although the timer service status in Central admin will be online, there will be problems with your server farm.
Because it will stop running all timer jobs (alerts, workflow, UPA synchronization, etc.)


How to move only "blocks" and "chainstate" folders on an external USB hard-drive while running Bitcoin Client on connected laptop with Ubuntu?

Question: I have experience with secure-copy and secure-download but how do I move only the Bitcoin Client "blocks" and "chainstate" folders within the home directory of Ubuntu 18.04 to an external USB hard-drive while running the Bitcoin Client on the connected laptop with limited storage on board?  I'd sincerely appreciate the best-practice or recommended approach for hosting a Bitcoin full-node on a laptop with an external USB hard-drive since I am also attempting to run Blockstream and FIBRE on this environment- thank you
Answer: Also, after bitcoin(d)  link creates the ~/.bitcoin folder, you can add a link to external drive.
cd ~/.bitcoin
rm -rf ./blocks
rm -rf ./chainstate
ln -s /data/btc_blocks ./blocks
ln -s /data/btc_chainstate ./chainstate

remove original block and chainstate though.
Comment: This is true, but don't forget to copy the blocks and chainstate folders first! These instructions delete the existing data and remap the directories, but then you'd need to do another full "initial block download". (And make sure you stop the bitcoin daemon first)
Answer: The easiest way to do this according to the Bitcoin Core Wiki is to append the datadir option after running bitcoind to launch the client according to the following syntax:

bitcoind -datadir=/media/myusername/backup/.bitcoin

example provided thusly:

bitcoind -datadir=/media/alexanderjsingleton/SEAGATE/.bitcoin

Also, don't forget to mount the external USB hard-drive by using the ls -l /dev/disk/by-uuid/ option by command line or by GUI-method.
Comment: Unfortunately, this also moves the wallet.dat file to the new location. Not what the OP was looking for, I think...


Is it posible to bypass BIOS password without owner knowing later on?

Question: My laptop BIOS is password protected. Probably the password can be bypassed using some hardware and software means. But is it possible that somebody having access to laptop but not knowing the password can bypass it without me knowing it when I log on at a later stage ?
I am trying to protect my laptop from malware / spyware. I am concerned about spying. Since important folders are encrypted, I am not worried about data theft. Attacker may have 10-12 hours of time.
Comment: First you should define your threat model. What are you trying to protect (Data on your disk? Prevent them from installing malware? etc.)?  What can the attacker do (How much time? Are they unobserved? Level of technical expertise? etc.)
Answer: Yes it's possible.
BIOS passwords are not usually taken seriously by manufacturers as a meaningful security measure on their own, since most people don't take care to secure their systems physically. Instead it's expected to act as a deterrent in cases where physical accessibility is reduced, such as public access terminals in schools or offices, to prevent users from tampering with settings that could case maintainers a headache.
if an attacker can get hold of your device he could apply hardware debugging techniques to extract your current password, or as is much more likely, install a keylogger and wait for you to enter the password for him.
If you want to secure your device against attackers bypassing the BIOS password, you should lock it away in a tamper proof hard case, which will allow you to determine if an attacker has had physical access to the device.
Comment: @user2917687 The attacker isn't dumb, they know if they reset/change the password you will be able to tell. That's why instead they'll simply obtain your password with a keylogger.
Comment: If password is reset or changed I will come to know. I will not come to know only when attacker gets to know the password. How is that going to happen ?
Comment: @user2917687 The attacker could simply remove the HDD and create a copy. Or (even if it's using TrueCrypt) modify it to add a trojan. Or add a hardware keylogger.
Comment: oh... u r talking about hardware keylogger.
Comment: Indeed. In terms of security, it is safe to assume if an attacker has physical access to your device (ideally on at least two occasions), he *owns* your device and all its data, regardless of *any* encryption.


Is there a way to drop a lit torch in my house?

Question: I dropped a torch in my house in whiterun and somehow it was lit. It was actually very helpful as it lit up dark areas of the house. Is there a way to make this happen again (on xbox)?
I can't seem to make this happen again.
Comment: There are plenty of answers here that address your initial question, but may I suggest just using the "Candlelight" spell to provide 60 seconds of hovering light that follows you around. This could help light up other dark areas you come across if you don't like holding torches.
Answer: There is a bug,
Have a living person holding a lit torch, then kill him while he is holding it lit. The torch will be lit when he drops it and when you drop it, but make sure to kill him in one hit or he will put the torch away and draw weapons.
Answer: I've been experimenting with dropping torches (Don't ask), and it seems there is a bug. The first time I dropped them, 69 were in an unlit stack and two more were lit and not stacked. Picking them up and dropping them again caused them to consolidate into a stack of 71 unlit torches. Try gathering more torches and see if some of them end up being lit upon dropping is the only advice I can offer.
Answer: If playing on the PC or Xbox One, there's a mod that allows you to drop lit lanterns and place them wherever you want: Wearable Lanterns (original / Legendary Edition - PC) / (Special Edition - PC) / (Xbox One).
Comment: Unfortunately I am not on a PC, but this is an awesome bit of info! Thanks! I will keep an eye out to see if they do this for consoles.
Answer: Highlight it in your inventory and then press (X) to drop it, it will automatically be lit.
Comment: I've tried that, but it doesn't work. I've even dropped one while I was holding it.
Answer: Mine works like this: collect a load of torches, then when your ready to light some place up drop all your torches except for 6, then equip a torch and drop the last 6 and those 6 torches will be lit as one, it wont work if you just equip a torch and drop 6 out of however many, because the torch in your hand wont count as one of the 6.
Answer: Drop the unlit torches, leave your house for a period of time, and when you return they should be on the floor lit.
I dropped a ton in the Housecarl's bedroom and now it glows like the sun.
Answer: Drop individual torches, (lit or unlit does not matter) Place them where you want them to be, leave the building your house whatever, save the game then load the save, enter the house and they should all be lit.
Answer: If you drop a torch on the ground, leave it for 5 real minutes, then use flames on it, it will put one or two ash spots before going away. Do this about three times, go outside of wherever you are, go in somewhere, and it will be lit.
Answer: Even though the topic is 2 years old i found an easier solution that you don't have to enter or leave areas (or kill someone lol).
The drawback on this one is that it you need 6 torches each time.

Drop all your torches but 6. (should be unlit)
Equip a torch
Drop the remaining 6 torches as well. (Should be lit, and in a pack of 6 torches)
Pick the rest of the unlit torches from the ground.
Profit.

Explanation
For some reason for this to work, when you have an equipped torch, it has to let you choose how many torches to drop in order to drop a lit one. That is why you need to have at least 6 to trigger it. Otherwise, (e.g. 5 or less torches in the inventory) you are going to drop each one individually.


How come file size is different after copying files from Ubuntu to my other Windows machine?

Question: I was just wondering if it's possible to have different file sizes in different operating systems. Ubuntu shows 47.5gb while Windows was showing 44.2gb. I don't know but I checked each and every file. Nothing is missing but still different sizes. How?
Comment: Yes, it's certainly possible. One easy way: Different block sizes.
Comment: @user535733 Pretty sure it's just an issue of different units.
Answer: It's simply an issue of different units. Windows uses binary prefixes  (1024 bytes = 1 kibibyte (KiB), 1024 kibibytes = 1 mebibyte (MiB) etc.) whereas Ubuntu in general uses the metric prefixes  (1000 bytes = 1 kilobyte (KB), 1000 kilobytes = 1 megabyte (MB) etc.). Windows also uses "GB" instead of "GiB" and so on.
Thus 44.2 GB in Windows = 44.2 GiB = 44.2×1.024³ GB ≈ 47.4594 GB ≈ 47.5 GB (in Ubuntu), so it adds up.


How does multithread work when hardware has 4 cores and software app has more than 4 threads

Question: Let's say I have a processor with 4 cores and 4 threads and an application with 20 threads that I need them to make constant checkings (let's say they are events), how does the processor run all threads at the same time with its limited amount of threads? I know that the processor changes between one thread an the other and, since the changes are so fast, we don't notice them, but is this all that happens or the computer does something else. Moreover, how does the computer save the information for each thread at a point on time, just in RAM memory?
Answer: 20 threads cannot run at precisely the same time except on a system with 20 or more cores. What the system can do is make it look like they are running very close to being at the same time.
This is what the operating system scheduler is for.
Before the time of multi-core processors the operating system had to share CPU time across multiple processes, each of which had the potential to have multiple distinct threads.
The operating system has to manage each thread, allocating it an amount of time on the CPU, restoring state, running the thread, suspending and saving state. None of this is massively different between multi-core, multi-CPU or single-core.
What has changed is the level of complexity and the number of things that can be scheduled to run at the same time. Where we could only run one thread at a time we can now run four. The same process of keeping track of thread state happens (program counter, etc) and it doesn't matter how many threads a program has.
The operating system will try to fairly schedule all of the threads some time on the CPU based on whether they have work to do (might be waiting on a hardware interrupt or some data from disk), what the priority of the process/thread is and a whole raft of other things. Threads can notify the operating system that they have no work to do until various events occur and that can be down to time, hardware or software events and so on. In that case the operating system scheduler can simply skip over that thread until it finds a thread ready to do some work.
At the moment the system I am using is reporting that there are 2500 threads across all the processes running, obviously it would be impossible for them all to be running simultaneously on a 4 core processor.
Answer: First: A CPU does not "have" threads, despite what the marketing cruft tries to claim. A CPU can run up to the indicated number of threads at one time. Specifically, a CPU with n cores and hyperthreading not enabled can run n threads. A CPU with n cores and hyperthreading enabled can run 2_n_ threads. In technical contexts we refer to "the thing that can run a thread" as a logical processor, or LP. A machine without HT enabled has one LP per core; HT gives it two.
A typical Windows system has large hundreds or even small thousands of threads, total, in it at one time. This is up to each individual program's code to decide. When you create a process, that process always starts out with one thread. Some simple programs, particularly command-line (character mode) programs, may use only one thread. But the code running in that first thread can create other threads, and those threads can create other threads, and so on, almost without a practical limit. There are good reasons to not simply create a huge number of threads, but there is nothing that would make it impossible to create far more threads than one would have a use for.
(On x86, with the default values for thread stack size, there is a limit at about 2000 threads per process - imposed by the address space limit.)
In Task Manager's Details tab, you can enable the Threads column, which will tell you how many threads are in each process at the moment. Here is a PowerShell command that will count up all of the threads in your system:
<code>($threads = get-ciminstance win32_thread).count
3437
</code>
This is on a machine with four hyperthreaded cores, total of eight LPs.
This is not a problem because only a very few of those threads actually want to run at any moment. Most threads in most processes spent most of their time in what Windows calls a "wait" state, meaning they don't want to, or can't, use CPU time at all at the moment. They're waiting for I/O (maybe network, maybe disk, etc.) to complete, they're waiting for user input, they're waiting for some other thread to release a resource that they need to access, etc. (*nix-derived systems call this "blocked".)
If you want the number of threads that are Waiting, try this:
<code>PS C:\Users\jeh> ($threads = get-ciminstance win32_thread | where-object -Property ThreadState -EQ 5).count
3427
</code>
So it looks like there are only 10 threads trying to use the LPs at the moment. But it's even better than that. With 8 LPs, 8 of those threads are the system's idle threads. There's an idle thread dedicated to each LP. They're always ready to run, but they only run if nothing else wants the LP. So at the moment I did the commands above there were only two "real" threads that wanted to do work. The idle threads' activities are not included in Task Manager's line graph displays of CPU utilization.
n.b.: These numbers aren't quite accurate because these Powershell and WMI operations are not internally synchronized with the OS's functions. But they're easily close enough to illustrate the point.
If there are more threads (other than the idle threads) "Ready" than there LPs, then the scheduler, in general, picks the highest priority nLPs threads - subject to some tweaks according to who ran on what CPUs recently. If there are multiple threads at the same priority they may be "time-sliced", running in a "round-robin" fashion, each one getting to run for 20 or 60 msec before the scheduler makes the LP switch to another.
Here is an answer I gave that goes into much more detail about how thread priorities work in Windows.


What type of cables to buy for injecting/measuring voltage?

Question: I've been designing several circuits in an electronic lab where I'd use alligator clip leads for injecting a signal in a circuit and oscilloscope probes to measure voltage. Now I'm trying to buy my own equipment and I'm looking at a signal generators with BNC outputs but it doesn't have a lead. What online it seems alligator clip leads are used also for oscilloscope measurements which make me confused. Do I need a specific type of alligator clip lead to pass the signal from the generator to the board? My understanding is they have to be high impedance but is it generally true alligator clips have higher impedance?
Comment: What frequency range are you interested in? And what kind of signal? The approach will be different at audio frequencies compared to 10MHz or 1GHz.
Comment: @JasonBurton A  square wave requires a much higher bandwidth than a sine wave to  resemble an ideal square wave--  5 or 10x higher.
Comment: There is a strict rule against asking for product recommendations; I modified your title to avoid having your question fall into that category. It seems you are asking more about the type of connection rather than a specific product or brand.
Comment: Sorry you're right i don't want a specific product recommendation.
Comment: @SpehroPefhany not anything too specific I'd say 10 hz to a few khz
Comment: The signal is a sine wave or square wave. Isn't the general procedure similar?
Comment: @SpehroPefhany would you have any suggestion to my issue? Does the lead cable need to be different between generator and circuit vs from circuit to oscilloscope? Thanks!
Comment: Where do you see alligator clips used for oscilloscopes? You should use a proper oscilloscope probe.
Comment: @Hearth I do, but I'm just trying to understand the rules for each of the leads/clips before I buy them for myself
Answer: Based on your comment that you are only interested in 10 Hz to a few kHz, you have a bit more freedom in the type of test leads you use with your oscilloscope and/or signal generator.
There are many test leads made with BNC on one end (to connect to your test equipment) and various other ends such as alligator clips, grabbers, or banana plugs, etc.
Sidebar on impedance...
I think you may be confused about test leads needing to be high impedance, rather than the test equipment having a high input impedance. When measuring a circuit with an oscilloscope, you generally don't want the scope to load down the circuit, which would affect its operation. Having a high input impedance means that the scope will measure with minimal impact to the circuit in question. For example, 50 Ω and 1 MΩ are commonly selectable input impedances, and should match the probe being used. It's common for some passive oscilloscope probes to have a 1X and a 10X selectable attenuation, which you would then match on your oscilloscope to have the correct scaling*. The probe has a selectable 9 MΩ series resistor that forms a 10:1 resistor divider with the oscilloscope's 1 MΩ resistor to allow more accurate measurement of high-frequency signals.
For more information on oscilloscope probes, check out An Introduction to Oscilloscope Probes at All About Circuits.
Another case where impedance is important is in maximum power transfer from source to destination, commonly referred to as impedance matching. For example, if you have an RF signal where impedance matching is important (e.g. radio transmitter to receiver) you want to have a specific characteristic impedance in the coaxial cable being used to connect them. Thus, something like a 50 Ω coaxial test lead with BNC connectors on both ends is common when measuring power accurately is important (usually in combination with a calibrated attenuator in such a case).
*Depending on the vintage and design of the probe and oscilloscope, the probe attenuation may be auto-detected, or require you to specify the probe setting manually, or may even require you to remember to apply the multiplication or division to the displayed measurement yourself.
Back to your question...
Alligator clips and grabber clips won't have controlled impedance, so they'll introduce weird issues like interference and reflections when trying to work with higher frequencies such as 1 MHz and above. But they should be just fine for you if you're working in the range you mentioned (say DC to 100 kHz).
Comment: So the test leads should be high impedance? I am confused mainly if the leads going to the oscilloscope should be different in impedance from the ones from the generator to the circuit. The latter ones are what I am looking to buy and I wouldn't want to have strange phenomena (for the low frequencies I mentioned) Are you saying I can get alligator clips with any kind of leads for injecting the input and it will be okay?
Comment: I would share the exact product to ask if it's okay to connect to the generator but obviously I'm not allowed.
Comment: I guess I'll just order and see what happens i can return it anyway
Comment: @JasonBurton You can ask "Will product X work for application Y?" The main issue is to avoid having product recommendations appear as answers because they quickly become obsolete (the product is superseded, discontinued, or becomes irrelevant in some way). In short, no, the alligator test leads shouldn't be high impedance. In the low frequencies you are interested in, it isn't going to be an issue.


Yellowing basil plant

Question:
Are the leaves of this plant still ok to consume?
Answer: The leaves can be naturally curly.  Often they are curly because they have been damaged.  It depends on how you are going to consume them.  I can see some holes and even a bug, so there is some infestation.
I would look at each leaf individually, and discard any with eggs or webs.  I like putting it in my normal English Breakfast Tea.  I ended up talking off new shoots before they are attacked by the bugs and putting them in a glass of water inside.  Then I can pick the leaves for a few days.
Otherwise see if you can get some "bug and insect netting" like this to cover it (after you have removed/destroyed the bugs).

I am happy spraying it with normal fly spray, covering it and waiting a few weeks before consuming it.

Yellowing basil plant


Configure hudson/jenkins to run at 6:00PM and 1 AM every day

Question: I need to able to configure every 6PM and 1 AM in build periodically section, any examples could you pass on?
Answer: Each Job has a Build Trigger section where you can configure to Build periodically. The syntax is cron-like so you have to add 0 1,18 * * * to build at 1AM and 6PM.
Comment: Would be nice if you could mark this answer as 'accepted' then (left side below the number, click on the check mark).
Comment: Thanks Got the answer for my question here.
Answer: Another Alternative is like H(0-0) 1-18 * * *
Jenkins cron has following syntax
1 Parameter - Minutes in one hour (0-59)
2 Parameter - HOURS Hours in one day (0-23)
3 Parameter - DAYMONTH Day in a month (1-31)
4 Parameter - MONTH Month in a year (1-12)
5 Parameter - DAYWEEK Day of the week (0-7)

Comment: Could you please help me setting the job every alternate day? like every Monday, Wednesday and Friday .


Why was an edit adding a class tag to a question about that class rejected?

Question: I recently suggested a tag edit to a question entitled Spring Rest Template. The question asks about the benefit of returning an instance of Spring's RestTemplate in the main function, so it seemed natural to add the tag corresponding to that class. However, the edit was rejected (2 reject votes and 1 accept vote) because "it introduces tags that do not help to define the topic of the question". From my current understanding, I fail to see how this is the case, because the class wasn't just mentioned incidentally or in passing, but was the primary subject of the question. However, I might be mistaken, in such case I think a plausible explanation could help me avoid suggesting similar edits in the future. Why do you think this edit was rejected?
Comment: Edits typically fix more than just a missing tag especially a 3 year old question with an answer
Comment: "Edits typically fix more than just a missing tag especially a 3 year old question" - In opposite, I would expect that a 3 years old question to be in a good form, so it actually requires only small edits. Well, the title - "Spring Rest Template" - is plain bad (instead of **summarizing**  the question, the title just *lists keywords*). But the question body looks OK. "Tag edits are not typical by definition" - no, tag edits obey common edit rules. That is, if a question post requires several fixes, tag-only edits without full edit privileges are NOT ok.
Comment: I don't find the current duplicates to be applicable to the referenced question, so I voted to reopen. But I strongly recommend to add "specific-question" tag to your post, so instead of general guides you will be able to get **specific** answers for your case.
Comment: This meta question mentions that the edit was rejected because "it introduces tags that do not help to define the topic", however the comments suggest that it was rejected because it failed to fix other problems in the question. Those are two different reasons, so which one is it? Is the tag not appropriate, if so, why not, or are there other problems, if so, which ones? Or maybe both? I think it would be good if someone provides an answer to this meta question to clarify.
Comment: @SecurityHound Tag edits are not typical by definition. I don't see the issue here. Can you explain how the fact that the question is 3 year old is relevant?
Comment: *"I'm not sure I can offer you much help if you are unwilling to put the bare minimum to even understand the particularities of the questions you're marking as a duplicate."* - I'm not sure there are that many important particularities here. You submitted a tag only edit to a question which needed far more changes than just the addition of a tag. This is _very_ clearly answered in the duplicate: *"I know you are editing to fix the tags, but you should look at the whole post and see if there's anything else you can fix there"*
Comment: Spring contains thousands of classes (and Spring Boot adds a couple more), we really don't need tags per class. But I guess RestTemplate would be an exception to the rule given that it is pretty much an API on their own about which you can write a complete book. I'm not apposed to the spring-resttemplate tag or its existence on this particular question. It is a pretty unresearched question, but meh. Very answerable.
Comment: *""Tag edits are not typical by definition" - no, tag edits obey common edit rules"* Yes, by not typical I was referring to the fact that they are less statistically significant compared to their counterparts, not that they don't obey common edit rules. I was using the term with meaning implied by the first commenter.
Comment: @Nickistired *"I'm not sure there are that many important particularities here. "* I was referring to the fact that the user who marked the question as a duplicate did not even make the minimum effort to comprehend what it's about, e.g. by referring to a technology that had nothing to do with the specific question.
Comment: @Nickistired *"You submitted a tag only edit to a question which needed far more changes than just the addition of a tag."* Can you expand on the many changes that the question needed? I personally felt that the question looked acceptable, though I'm asking this question on meta specifically to know what I might have overlooked.
Comment: [In 2020](https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/353983/goodbye-prettify-hello-highlight-js-swapping-out-our-syntax-highlighter), about 50 million Stack Overflow posts had their formatting broken by [the weird syntax highlighter](https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/353983/goodbye-prettify-hello-highlight-js-swapping-out-our-syntax-highlighter), so yes, statistically there is *** *** ***always*** *** *** more to do than a tag edit. The example post wasn't broken that way, but the formatting is still off and ought to be fixed.
Comment: cont' - (It being an external dependency is a bad excuse for not ***implementing*** it properly.)
Comment: @PeterMortensen What external dependency? Can you link to the question in question?
Answer: Tags are mainly used to bring questions in front of the right experts. Answerers  are likely to have filters set-up so they see interesting questions for them to answer. Wrongly tagged questions should therefor get edits asap to make those questions answerable by the right crowd.
I doubt your edit would achieve that goal.
First of all you claim you add the tag corresponding to that class. But that tag has no tag wiki nor excerpt so we have to go on the name alone that the usage of the tag  is appropriate on that question.
Secondly I doubt many new experts will see that question, given it is tagged with java and spring and the top 3 answerers all have tag badges in those main tags.
Lastly there are only 250 questions in that tag in three years time. I doubt that tag is the best way to chop-up the massive spring and spring-boot tags to drive answers to interesting questions.
If you're aiming to improve older questions I would take these points into consideration:

improve the whole post: title, body and tags
don't make tag only-edits when you don't have full edit privileges
don't add tags that don't have an excerpt (instead consider adding a tag wiki and excerpt first. Do read this FAQ)
don't add tags that don't help bringing the question in front of the right experts
Explain why you made the edit (Missing tag is factually correct but doesn't  inform a reviewer what the pressing issue was that the tag got added by you, right now)

Some of these are subjective points and what I find a helpful tag might not be considered useful by those that review your edits. The non-robo reviewers watch for quality additions to existing content. Just adding a tag barely is.
Comment: _Tags are mainly used to bring questions in front of the right experts_ That is one main use, but there is another important use: organize questions, make them searchable, quickly confirm the question is relevant when viewing it, _for future visitors_. Even without a wiki or excerpt this is helpful, I doubt that many visitors even know excerpts and wikis exist, but they do see the tag which tells them what the question is about.


Why is a Feistel Network invertible?

Question:

As it is depicted above, the Feistel Network uses random function fi which is not required to be invertible. However, if fi is not invertible, how can fi(Li) == fi(Ri-1)? Furthermore, why Feistel Network is invertible?
Comment: Draw the full schematic of DES instead and follow the plain/cipher text through it carefully. Function F $\ne$ the whole network.
Comment: TL;DR: the Feistel _structure_ always yields a reversible transformation, regardless of if the _round functions_  $f_i$ are reversible or not. To prove this, use the properties of XOR. It's commutative, associative, and every element is it's own inverse. Also, by definition, a function always has the same output for any given input.
Answer: You don't need to invert the $f_i$ to invert the whole function.
You know $L_d$, so you know $R_{d-1}$ and the the input of  $f_d$.
The xor can reverse itself. So you get $L_{d-1}$ by simply calculating $R_d$ xor $f_d(L_d))$.
With this steps you just keep going until you know $R_0$ and $L_0$
Answer:
how can fi(Li) == fi(Ri-1)

Simply because $L_i = R_{i-1}$. It is clearly visible on your pictures.
Comment: Oh yes, I am so stupid! :(

Why is a Feistel Network invertible?


For what causes can a judge dismiss a juror? E.g. 17 year old defendant, juror said she believes video games contribute to violence

Question: Is something like that prejudicial enough that the juror should be dismissed by the judge? Because it feels like that juror is just a sympathetic peer; do we dismiss people who are sympathetic? I think judges can dismiss jurors in death penalty cases if a juror is against the death penalty. Is that actually true, because if it is, that seems like a miscarriage of justice. So if an entire town hates the death penalty and would not convict, we just keep looking for jurors who will convict? Will they literally just find the last nine people in the state who are not opposed to the death penalty?
Answer: new-south-wales
Juries are governed by the Jury Act 1977
Part 7A deals with the discharge of jurors.
s53A makes it mandatory for a judge to discharge a juror who:

was mistakenly or irregularly empanelled,
has become excluded from jury service,
has engaged in misconduct in relation to the trial or coronial inquest.

s53B gives the judge or coroner discretion to discharge a juror who:

has become ill, infirm or incapacitated,
may not be able to give impartial consideration because of their familiarity with the witnesses, parties, or legal representatives, or creates an apprehension of bias or a conflict of interest,
refuses to take part in deliberations,
for any other reason appears to be unable to act as a juror.

Note that we are not talking about challenges by the parties themselves but only by dismissals from the bench.
Beliefs held by a juror about video games, or the death penalty, or any other thing are not, of themselves, grounds for dismissing a juror. Jurors do, and are expected to, hold a wide variety of beliefs. They are also expected to, and mostly do, put those beliefs aside and vote on the evidence impartially and without bias.
Only when "it appears to the court or coroner (from the juror's own statements or from evidence before the court or coroner) that the juror may not be able to give impartial consideration to the case because of the juror's familiarity with the witnesses, parties or legal representatives in the trial or coronial inquest, any reasonable apprehension of bias or conflict of interest on the part of the juror or any similar reason" [s53B(b)] or "it appears to the court or coroner that, for any other reason affecting the juror's ability to perform the functions of a juror, the juror should not continue to act as a juror" [s53B(d)] should the judge consider discharging them.
Answer: The right to an impartial jury requires that both sides be given fair hearing by the jury and that the jury weigh all evidence before them when determining the verdict and the jurors should not use any preconceived notions.  While an opinion in and of itself is not a grounds for dismissal, it can become grounds if the case touches on that aspect of a political opinion.  In the case you are describing, it is likely that the 17 year old defendant was playing a video game prior to committing the crime.  Whether or not you believe video games, you may be liable to aquitt because of a preconcieved biased against the game, when the game being played in question had no tangential relationship to the crime that was committed (I.E. If the defendant was playing Mario Cart and then went out and robbed a convivence store, which is a crime which has little relationship to any Mario Cart mechanics.  The prosecutor may seek dismissal because, despite the game having no narrative similarities to the crime other than it was part of the timeline of the event, a belief that ALL video games increase violence is going to introduce a bias that shouldn't be there.  "Mario Cart made me do it" is not a valid excuse for Armed Robbery.)  But the reverse situation could happen.  Suppose the defendant will be using his play time of Grand Theft Auto online as his alibi for why he couldn't possibly have committed an armed robbery at the time in question?  Allowing someone on the jury who believes video games leads to violence would risk a juror who turns a blind eye to the fact that there are records of his activity in GTA that could prove he didn't do because GTA is a game that glorifies violent criminal behavior and would be biased against the defendant, who has never committed an actual crime in his life.
With respect to your question on the death penalty, it is true that those people who have a moral objection to the death penalty are excused because the fear is that justice will not be served because a juror will hold out to get the defendant acquitted and deny the use of the punishment because it is a possible outcome of a guilty verdict.  They also keep an eye out for potential jurors who are in favor of expanding the death penalty as well, as they might be too eager to convict.
Ignoring evidence of guilt because you disagree with the level of punishment the defendant is facing is just as bad as ignoring evidence of innocence because of any other preconceived opinion you have on the situation.  What Justice is done by the release of a person who all evidence says is guilty of horrible crimes... because one person believed the potential punishment was too harsh.
Incidentally, Capital punishment cases are unique in the U.S. Legal system in that the Jury actually has some weight in the sentancing.  Unlike non-capitol offenses, where the judge is the sole arbiter of sentancing those found guilty, it often falls to the jury to decide if first if the defendant is guilty of a crime for which the Death Penalty is authorized, and then if that person's crimes rise to death penalty levels.  In U.S. Law, it is unconstitutional for any crime to have a mandatory death penalty.  Those that do usually have a list of aggravating circumstances that will allow for the death penalty to be used.  For these cases, the jury must first determine if the accused is guilty of a crime that could carry a capitol offense, then must determine if the aggravating factors in that crime warrant the use of the death penalty (was the prosecution able to prove beyond a shadow of a doubt that the aggravating circumstances occurred.) and make a recommendation to the judge of capital punishment based on that... the judge has the ultimate determination during the sentencing phase of the trial, by which point the jury is dismissed.


Georeferenced data on archeological discoveries in Africa

Question: I am looking for any kind of georeferenced data on archeological discoveries (or maybe unsuccessful expeditions) in African countries. Ideally, these would span the last 100 years and identify the location of discovery and the "discoverer".
Answer: You'll often have a hard time finding open data relatively to that, as this kind of data is generally restricted or obfuscated to limit risk of archeological looting.
For North Africa, there is the EAMENA database, which is partly accessible upon registration: https://database.eamena.org. It may not have all the data you're after, and many records have extremely sparse data (e.g. only an identifier and random approximate coordinates, no name, date, or type of site). If you're a researcher, you might get access to more data and features than what is accessible to the general public, have a look at their  open data policy.
This is not my field, but given the ethical and possibly legal implications of accessing this kind of data, generally the best option here seems to be a collaboration with archeologists or organizations working in this field and area.
Comment: Interesting. I had not thought about the looting and ethical concerns. Very relevant. I'd also be interested in the original origin of artifacts in western museums, I guess ethical concerns about sharing this are less, because they are already looted, no? Do you know if that exists?
Comment: @sheß I really don't know. Sometimes places already looted are looted again. Maybe you may find some info on the Arachne website (https://arachne.dainst.org/, see in particular this map that may interest you: https://arachne.dainst.org/map), iDAI website (https://idai.world/), or Europeana (https://www.europeana.eu/en/themes). But no guarantee that they have the data you're after.


Best way to synchronise the time on a Windows 2008 Server

Question: I have a small Windows domain (all servers running Windows 2008), with a single Windows 2008 Domain Controller. What is the best way to synchronise the time across all servers with an Internet Time Server?
Comment: You may want to look at Jeff Atwood's question: http://serverfault.com/questions/1406/windows-server-unable-to-synchronize-ntp-time-reliably for additional information.
Answer: When your computer become part of the domain they will use the Domain Controller to sync their time (it's require for the authentification mechanism to work properly). Make sure your Domain Controller is sync with a good internet source and you're pretty much there.
You can look at these articles from Microsoft for more information:

Windows Time Service and Resulting Internet Communication in Windows Server 2008
Introduction to Administering the Windows Time Service

To synchronize your Domain Controller, you'll want to set it up to go over the internet and get it's time. Ntp.org has lists of servers on that but make sure you follow their rules of engagement before you start using them. To do the setup you may want to use WindowsTimeAgent, it provides a single place to edit all the Registry keys necessary to set up time sync properly
Also, take the time to look at Jeff Atwood question on windows time synchronization reliability to make sure your time synchronization is reliable.
Thanks to...

phenry for suggesting "Introduction to Administering the Windows Time Service"
Richard for suggesting adding "ntp.org" as a source of time servers.
crb for suggesting time agent to setup the time sync.
Comment: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc816633.aspx gives a decent overview of the concept as well.
Comment: More generally, look at ntp.org (or one of its geographical subdomains, listed by visiting http://ntp.org) as a time source.
Comment: You might want to add Windows Time Agent - http://serverfault.com/questions/1406/windows-server-unable-to-synchronize-ntp-time-reliably/25525#25525
Comment: Windows Time Agent is a gem...
Answer: I wasted a lot of time fiddling with Windows Time Service, until I found this ancient software (yes, you're reading right, you should download the IE4+ version) that cured that headache once and for all.
Find yourself a close server, configure it about 74 seconds and you got yourself a synced machine.
Answer: Just to add, you need to set external time sync only on your PDC emulator, all the other systems in domain then sync to it.
It's a bit fiddling with registry to use internal NTP client (GUI not included), but it works just fine.


what happens to MS Office if I install W10?

Question: I have an Acer Aspire Windows 8.1 and concerned about upgrading. I am an old non-technical person so this may sound like a dumb question to the younger generation. Do i get to keep my MS Office software or will this get deleted?  If so do I need to buy a new MS office for windows 10? I know the files are deleted but what about the software? thank you
Comment: You have Office installed on Windows 10?
Comment: I don't think any software would get removed in an upgrade, though sometimes there could be slight chance that they somehow doesn't work after an upgrade, and reinstallation might be necessary. You don't have the installation source of Office with you?
Comment: I have MS Office installed in Windows 8.1 thank you @Ramhound .
Comment: @TomYan I will need to ask my daughter who is in the UK as she installed this for me before her trip. what does the installation source look like please?  Sorry I am not familiar with technology.
Comment: You asked what would happen if you upgrade to Windows 10 with Office installed, the answer, you would have a Windows 10 installation with Office installed
Comment: @Ramhound thank you kindly for your reply.  With that I will be brave enough to upgrade. Cheers!
Answer: Let's clarify some things to help put your mind at ease:
If you perform a Windows 10 Upgrade of Windows 8.1, Microsoft Office should be left alone and continue to work just fine. While not all applications are guaranteed to work when doing an upgrade, the vast majority of them will continue working just fine. I was thoroughly surprised when I did my first upgrade from Windows 8.1 to Windows 10 how much of my system was untouched and continued to work just as it had before. Your user files/documents should be left alone when doing an upgrade, but I always take a backup of them just to be safe.
If you are performing a clean install of Windows 10 or a fresh install of Windows 10, this will erase your existing files and applications. You will need to back up your files and reinstall your applications.
To reinstall Microsoft Office, you need two things:

Microsoft Office Installation Media
This is the CD or download which actually contains the Office software required to install office.
Microsoft Office License Key
This is the key (like XXXXX-XXXXX-XXXXX-XXXXX-XXXXX) which authorizes you to use a particular version of office. This is what you pay for, and as long as you have your key, you can reinstall Office if it ever gets deleted or corrupted. You can obtain the installation media for free or very cheaply if you lose it, but your key cannot be replaced without buying a new copy of Office.
Comment: I upgraded a win 7 pc with office 2k3 on it and it worked just fine.
Comment: @ Darth Android I do not know what a clean or fresh install is, sorry this must be frustrating for you technical folks. It's too difficult for old me. Maybe I will back up manually on a USB stick.
Comment: @Keltari thank you.  If your Office2003 works after the upgrade then perhaps mine will be ok. My daughter bought this computer so we can talk over skype while she is away. I am afraid if something bad happens to the computer I cannot keep in touch.


Is there any pros and cons if i use always CSS Class instead CSS ID for everything?

Question: In CSS we can use both ID and class. is there any pros and cons if i use Class always instead ID in terms of Semantic, Web standards- W3C , SEO , Accessibility and future maintainability?
Comment: CSS has no concept of semantics, does not affect SEO, and CSS selectors have no concept of accessibility.
Answer: One big difference: in CSS, a class has a lower importance level than an ID.
Imagine that each specification in a CSS declaration added a certain number of points to that declaration's value. Let's say the points go something like this (totally made up, but whatever):

Tag name ('a', 'div', 'span'): 1 point
Class name ('.highlight', '.error', '.animal'): 10 points
ID ('#main-headline', '#nav', '#content'): 100 points

So, the following declarations:
a {
    color: #00f;
}

.highlight a {
    color: #0f0;
}

#nav .highlight a {
    color: #f00;
}

are worth 1, 11, and 111 points (respectively). For a given tag, the declaration with the highest number of points that matches it "wins". So for example, with those declarations, all a tags will be blue, unless they're inside an element with the "highlight" class, in which case they'll be green, unless that element is inside the element with id="nav", in which case they'll be red.
Now, you can get yourself into tricky situations if you're only using classes. Let's say you want to make all the links in your content area blue, but all the links in your foo area red:
.content a {
    color: #00f;
}

.foo a {
    color: #f00;
}

By my previous (made up) scale, those both have 11 points.  If you have a foo within your content, which one wins? In this situation, foo wins because it comes after. Now, maybe that's what you want, but that's just lucky. If you change your mind later, and want content to win, you have to change their order, and depending on the order of declarations in a CSS file is A Bad Idea. Now if, instead, you had the following declaration:
#content a {
    color: #00f;
}

.foo a {
    color: #f00;
}

Content would always win, because that declaration has a value of 101 (beating foo's 11). No matter what order they come in, the content declaration will always beat the foo one. This provides you with some very important consistency. The winners won't arbitrarily change based on changing orders in the file, and if you want to change the the winner, you have to change the declarations (maybe add a #content in front of the .foo declaration, so it will have 111 points).
So basically, the differences in values are important, and you get a lot of inconsistency and seemingly arbitrary winners if you just use classes.
Comment: This is a good answer, however it's certainly not "A Bad Idea" to depend on order; order is just one of the determining factors of precedence (it's in the [spec](http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS2/cascade.html#cascading-order)). Order matters particularly when you're using multiple files, e.g., 3rd-party CSS which you want to override. Even if you're not using multiple files, your rule names could get unnecessarily verbose if you never rely on order.
Comment: That's a pretty damn good guess for the selector scores. Have a look here for CSS3 selector specificity: http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/PR-css3-selectors-20091215/#specificity
Comment: This is the nicest use case I've seen for styling with ids but still you increase the general specificity of your definitions, so with time you'll have to add extra ids or `!important` _just_ to override `#content a`... stick to classes, pls... "next guys" will thank you :)
Comment: How many of you was changing ids to classes and thinking: it was supposed to be unique... using IDs also has problems.
Comment: You can just increase the specificity of your class-based selectors no problem: `.myClass.myClass` works fine to do so, and makes it clear that you're just trying to increase specificity.

What happens when you want a style to override your id-based styling? You're out of luck. There are better solutions than using IDs, essentially every - in my opinion.
Answer: I know i'm not the 'norm' here and i'll get thumbed down for this... but i use classes exclusively and only ever use ID's for scripting :)
This creates a clear line of seperation of designer and coder related tweaks and changes, which is very handy for us!.
Also we have some .NET web form coders (even though we are moving all sites to MVC) and as .NET controls take over ID's to script them dynamically using ID's for CSS is a pain... i'm not a fan of using #ct00_ct02_MyControlName in css files and even if i was changes to code can break the CSS! Classes works GREAT for this.
Some PHP libs others in the company are using also need to use dynamic ID assignment, this creates the problem here too. again Classes work GREAT here.
As more and more of these dynamic outputs and languages use up the ID's (for exactly what they are really intended for... identifiing an element to work with it) it can be more and more of a pain to work with IDs in CSS.
It's seems to me that everyone wants to use them simply cause they think they should, becuase they are 'there', i offer the idea that ID's are not there at all for CSS and their use in CSS is just there as an extra helper via the selector and their real use is scripting.
There has not been a single instance where i needed an ID for css use or even a single instance where it would have been eaiser.
But perhaps i'm just used to it and thats why? My HTML output is small, my CSS files small and direct. Nested elements work in all browsers as i expect, i dont have issues and can create complicated nicely rendered pages. Changes take mere minutes as i can apply multiple classes to an element or make a new one.
ID's for scripting, CLASS for css... works a treat.
Obivously there is no major issue (Even in a team of designers and coders) in using them both for css as we all get used to what we get used to :) but the way we work it outputs the expected results fast, and noone can step on anyones toes even in anonomous sharing enviroments.
Comment: This isn't good advice due to the different specificities of classes and IDs.
Comment: There is a multitude of CSS selectors: https://www.w3schools.com/cssref/css_selectors.asp
You clearly have a preference but that does not make it the right answer.
Comment: @White Gragon: Totally agree with you, see my thoughts here: [Use only classes, never use IDs](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/298607/css-best-practice-about-id-and-class/2413100#2413100)
Comment: The idea that scripts will only ever interact with uniquely identified elements and never with all the elements of a given class doesn't survive contact with my experience.
Answer: My biggest one would be from the future maintenance point of view. Not only is it nice to know that a style is only used for one element on a page, but if you ever start integrated javascript into your page its nice to be able to access elements quickly using their IDs rather than try and access them by their class's.
Comment: In addition, ID's are always a benefit. Using only classes could lead to some unnespected behaviours. As for me, I like to use classnames like "row", in different places with different purposes, and that is only possible if I assign them to certain ID'd, to avoid rendering problems. I don't think that messes with SEO, neither W3C, its a standard.
Comment: Nothing stops an ID from being reused by another component. I've seen this happen many times, especially by error. They give you a false sense of certainty, along with specificity headaches later on.
Answer: If you're using a decent javascript library (like prototype or jQuery) then no, I can't think of any technical reasons why this would matter. However, it might help your own internal thinking and consistency to think separately about whether it is an attribute-like collective characteristic (=> class) or a specific item (=> ID).
Comment: Although most javascript librarries are much fster at getting elements by id rather than class
Answer: Use id when an element is unique on a page and you always expect it to be. Use class when multiple elements will be assigned the value of the attribute. It's true that it may not make a big difference from a purely CSS perspective, but from the JavaScript or Selenium perspective, it's a big deal to be able to uniquely identify elements by their id attribute.
Answer: In simple we can define id and class as below
ID = A person's Identification (ID) is unique to one person.
Class = There are many people in a class.

Use IDs when there is only one occurence per page. Use classes when there are one or more occurences per page.There is no hard rule on when to use ID and when to use Class. My suggestion is to use class as much as possible for maximum flexibility, with the only exception being when you want to use Javascript's getElementByID function, in which case you need use ID.
Answer: IDs are good for elements that need to be accessed from JavaScript. But the IDs must be unique in the page according to w3 standards, that is:

you cannot have two
 in one document
you cannot have a
 and
 in one document

Class names are good for elements that do not need to be accessed from JavaScript (although it is possible to do so). One class name can be used for multiple elements, and one element can have more than one class names attached to it. Class names therefore allow you to create more "generic" css definitions, for example:

 -- all three can be in the same document

You can mix IDs and classes together.
To summarize: use IDs for specific cases; class names for generic cases; and cascad classes for elements that share some general properties but not all.
Answer: See following:
CSS Best Practice about ID and Class?
For SEO: It will make absolutely no difference to seo at all.
You should choose names that reflect the semantic content of that section. eg: id="leftMenu" class="footerNotes"
Don't use any underscores in your class and id names (common mistake).
Answer: The only difference between classes and ids, except for the fact that an id MUST be unique and a class does not, is that the browser can use an element's id for navigational purposes. For example, this page has a logo with id="hlogo". If you append to this page's url the hash #hlogo, like this https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1878810/is-there-any-pros-and-cons-if-i-use-always-css-class-instead-css-id-for-everythi#hlogo, the browser will automatically scroll to the logo.


iPhone tethering failing with 169.254.x.x eth1 address

Question: I'm tethering my RPi4 to an iPhone running iOS 14.4 using usbmuxd 1.1.1 and Linux raspberrypi 5.10.17-v8+ aarch64. When I plug the phone in and look at the interfaces with ifconfig eth1 appears but has link-local addresses 169.254.x.x and fe80::... so doesn't work via the USB connection. If I use the same device (and cable) on a macbook it works fine over USB and if I tether via Wifi or bluetooth it also works fine. Only USB doesn't work.
Answer: Resetting the network settings on the iPhone fixed USB tethering and assigned a valid 172.20.10.x address. Currently on iOS 14 this is in Settings > General > Reset > [Reset Network Settings] and the phone will go through a restart immediately. I also attempted [Reset Location & Privacy] immediately prior to re-prompt for Trust on the device, however the network reset seems to have been the fix and immediately on reconnect the tethering worked.


multi-hop rsync through ssh+netcat fails very quickly: connection unexpectedly closed

Question: I want to rsync a directory from a server to my client.  I cannot access the server directly, but need to hop through an ssh gateway.  From my '.ssh/config':
Host gw
    User ab123456
    HostName gw.somewhere.ac.uk
    IdentityFile ~/.ssh/id_dsa.pub
    ServerAliveInterval 60

Host remote
    User me
    HostName remote.somewhere.ac.uk
    IdentityFile ~/.ssh/id_dsa.pub
    ProxyCommand nohup ssh gw netcat -w1 %h %p
    ServerAliveInterval 60

It works fine for interactive ssh sessions, but rsync fails.  Sometimes immediately, sometimes after a few seconds, always before copying any files:
$ rsync -av remote:/path/to/somewhere/ somewhere/
nohup: redirecting stderr to stdout
rsync: connection unexpectedly closed (0 bytes received so far) [Receiver]
rsync error: unexplained error (code 255) at io.c(226) [Receiver=3.1.0]

$ rsync -av remote:/path/to/somewhere/ somewhere/
nohup: redirecting stderr to stdout

            Access to this system is monitored etc. etc.

receiving incremental file list
Write failed: Broken pipe
rsync: connection unexpectedly closed (12288 bytes received so far) [receiver]
rsync error: error in rsync protocol data stream (code 12) at io.c(226) [receiver=3.1.0]
rsync: connection unexpectedly closed (16336 bytes received so far) [generator]
rsync error: unexplained error (code 255) at io.c(226) [generator=3.1.0]

I suppose this problem is related to the netcat gateway through machine gw.  How can I use rsync correctly when I need to use a multi-hop connection?
I'm using netcat because my colleague gave me this configuration file, and it works for normal ssh.
Note that unlike the situation in this question, I experience the same problem when I replace rsync -av with scp -pr (and I do need rsyncs ability to synchronise properly).
Answer: I could get it to work by replacing
#ProxyCommand nohup ssh gw netcat -w1 %h %p

with
ProxyCommand nohup ssh gw -W %h:%p

which works for modern OpenSSH.  Now I'm not getting an immediate timeout.


Why did the big bang need to produce equal amounts of matter and antimatter?

Question: I've tried to find an answer for this but couldn't find one. Whats the problem with matter being created with little or no antimatter
Comment: I voted to leave open, because the proposed duplicate answers the question only for experts who understand the whole picture and terms such as "baryogenesis" or "Planckian time" - and the answer is not direct. A more lay-oriented and direct answer seems desirable.
Answer: The interconversion of matter and energy is described by quantum field theory. If you're interested the question What keeps mass from turning into energy? is on this subject.
The particular quantum field theory that describes our universe is called the Standard Model, and there are three important symmetries that apply to the standard model - charge symmetry, parity symmetry and time symmetry.
It turns out that neither charge symmetry nor parity symmetry are obeyed on their own, but the combination of charge and parity symmetry, CP symmetry, is almost (but not quite) obeyed. Matter and anti-matter are related by CP symmetry, so any CP symmetric process must create equal amounts of matter and anti-matter - creating different amounts of matter and anti-matter would violate CP symmetry.
So if CP symmetry were an exact symmetry there wouldn't be any matter in the universe. The processes that create matter would have to create equal amounts of matter and anti-matter, and these would annihilate to leave a universe containing just photons.
However it turns out that the in the Standard Model CP symmetry is almost but not quite an exact symmetry, so there can be processes that create different amounts of matter and anti-matter and therefore result in a net creation of matter. However these processes create too little matter to explain all the matter we see around us. There must have been some other process that we don't currently understand which created the matter we see today.
Comment: This doesn't answer the OP's question, which is why the universe couldn't just always have had an asymmetry, ever since the big bang.
Answer: Creating only matter without antimatter would violate several conservation laws. Mainly the electric charge conservation and color charge conservation. If you create a lot of electrons without antielectrons (positrons), you create a lot of negative electric charge out of nothing. That is not allowed by the conservation laws. Similarly, you cannot create a lot of color charge without color anti-charge, when creating quarks.
The whole subject is more complicated and you should look for example at the CPT symmetry.
Comment: This doesn't answer the OP's question, which is why the universe couldn't just always have had an asymmetry, ever since the big bang.


A limit about the greatest integer function

Question: Let $[x]$ be the greatest integer function. How to find  $\displaystyle\lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{1}{n}\sum_{k=1}^{n}\left(\left[\frac{2n}{k}\right]-2\left[\frac{n}{k}\right]\right)$?
Answer: Hints: Under what condition(s) will $$\left[\frac{2n}k\right]-2\left[\frac nk\right]=0?$$ For how many of $k=1,...,n$ will this occur (you may want to do an $n$ odd case and an $n$ even case)? When it is non-zero, what is this difference? What can you conclude from this about $$\frac1n\sum_{k=1}^n\left(\left[\frac{2n}k\right]-2\left[\frac nk\right]\right)$$ when $n$ is odd? What about when $n$ is even? Now what?


Sorting by title doesn't work in right way, when title has multiple words

Question: We are using Sitecore SXA 1.6 built-in sorting by title and we find that when title has, for example, two words sorting doesn't work in right way i.e sorting depending on the second word in the title instead of the first word any advice how to let it work properly
Answer: To start playing with sorting first you need to create facet item in your site (here: /sitecore/content/TENANT/SITE/Settings/Facets/). Here is an example facet for Title field:

Field Name is important here. This will tell the search engine to sort by what field.
Later on, you need to create sorting definition which will be used by SXA renderings. Navigate to /sitecore/content/TENANT/SITE/Data/Search/Sort Results and take a look at Title:

Here you need to select Facet and Direction in which you want to sort (ascending or descending).
In SXA we are not modifying the way how search provider (Solr, Lucene or Azure) is sorting. We are just passing facet (field name) and sort direction.
Comment: Hi,this exactly what we did what I'm asking for is the result of sorting is't as expected i.e if we have titles ( Navigation, sitecore expectation,News)  what is expected result is (Navigation,News, Sitecore Exception) but what we get from sorting now is (SItecore Exception , navigation ,news ) any reason for that result !!
Comment: It's a matter of how particular search provider will sort results. E.g.: Solr has plenty of configuration options.


Use angular with Web Api or WCF?

Question: Working in a shop that does primarily WPF desktop apps with WCF.  I was hired to do some web stuff, I am familiar with web api, but have never done WCF.  I am starting a new SPA using Angular. I planned to use web api, but am being asked to use WCF.  Seems to me, Angular is designed to use web api. Is there a good reason NOT to use WCF?
Answer: WCF has an established architecture and a strong focus on configuration straight out of the box.
The upside of WCF is that this supports a wide degree of change with minimum recompilation of binaries.
The downside is that it comes with its own learning curve ... and depending on one's tastes, a strong bias towards XML configuration.
If you're a dev, you might find Web API a more appealing fit.
If you're a sys admin, you might find WCF a more appealing fit.
Answer: The primary differences between WCF and WebApi are that WCF is a rich but heavily typed framework and WebApi is a less heavy framework which helps for rapid development.  Payload size is another problem for WCF and even though a lot of this can be configured and reduced it is more labor intense to do so than with WebApi.
I should also mention that WebApi can run in a lot more places now  than WCF since Microsoft is pushing for wider adoption with ASP.NET 5.  You can now run ASP.NET 5 on mac and other systems.  While WCF is getting less and less love from Microsoft ASP.NET is going to be getting a ton of improvements in the years to come that will not be available to applications using WCF.  So we might also consider that the technology will become dated at some point and with that comes maintenance issues.

Use angular with Web Api or WCF?


Circum polar regions in Interglacial periods

Question: Is it true, that circumpolar regions around North pole, were not submerged in water and had a habitable genial climate, until  the last Iceage, or glacial period?
Comment: Habitable by who?  The only uninhabited part of the Earth surface is interior Antarctica.
Comment: Habitable by humans @gerrit
Comment: Are you asking what climate there was, or whether that climate was habitable by prehistoric humans?  To me those are two quite distinct questions.  (Clearly, modern humans can live in *any* climate on Earth).
Comment: Was that climate and terrain habitable by prehistoric humans?
Comment: Might help if you provided a reference for the claim that it was free of water.
Answer: I understand following comment as part of your question:

Was that climate and terrain habitable by prehistoric humans?

I also assume that by "interglacial periods" you don't mean the last and current one, the Holocene. The next latest one is Eemian. The wikipedia sais on the sea level during that period:

Sea level at peak was probably 4 to 6m (13 to 20 feet) higher than
  today...
A 2007 study found evidence that the Greenland ice core site Dye 3 was
  glaciated during the Eemian,[7] which implies that Greenland could
  have contributed at most 2 m (6.6 ft) to sea level rise.[8][9]
  Scandinavia was an island due to the inundation of vast areas of
  northern Europe and the West Siberian Plain.

So there regions were submerged either under ice or sea and definitely not habitable.
And what before? I didn't find as thorough data through a brief google search, but supposing that Homo Heidelbergensis was the first "prehistoric human" species, we have some 600 ky of history, with several interglatials. Continental drift is marginal during this period (few kilometers IS marginal), so no continent could have been near the North Pole during any period of that time. During interglacials, the temperature was about the same as now, +/- 2 °C, and so the sea level was similar to current level. Even if some parts of Lomonosov ridge (just under North Pole) were above sea, they wouldn't be habitable for the humans of that time, at least due to ice. Paleolithic Eskymos in that areas are extremely unlikely.
Comment: And what of the the last one, Quaternary era? During the Pleistocene, could the things have been more genial?
Comment: @Rohit: I don't understand your comment. My answer IS about pleistocene, and to sum it up, it says that the area was submerged by either ice or water (or both - the Lomonosov Ridge might have been above sea level during Ice Ages, but covered with ice) during all the pleistocene.


Browsing through multiple audio files for playback on Asterisk dialplan

Question: I'm trying to make a voicemail system on Asterisk 16, FreePBX 16 and CentOS 7 that lets people browse and choose from a list of prerecorded audio files. When the caller enters the menu to select the audio files, they're told how to browse through the different files. In the /var/lib/asterisk/sounds/ directory, the files are named from 1 to 3 (1.wav, 2.wav etc.) currently and the caller presses 1 to go to the previous file and 2 to go to the next file and 3 to select the current file they're listening to. The extensions part goes as such:
<code>[prerecorded]
exten = s,1,NoOp(Pre-recorded messages)
same = n,Set(LOOP=0)
same = n,Set(FILE=1)
same = n(timeout),Wait(1)
same = n,Playback(browsing_tutorial)
same = n(loop),NoOp(Loop)
same = n,Background(${FILE})
same = n,WaitExten(5)

exten = 1,1,NoOp(Previous file)
same = n,Set(FILE=$[ ${FILE} - 1])
same = n,GoToIf($[ ${FILE} = 0 ]?:s,loop)
same = n,Playback(first_file)
same = n,Set(FILE=1)
same = n,GoTo(s,loop)

exten = 2,1,NoOp(Next file)
same = n,Set(FILE=$[ ${FILE} + 1])
same = n,GoToIf($[ ${FILE} = 4 ]?:s,loop)
same = n,Playback(last_file)
same = n,Set(FILE=3)
same = n,GoTo(s,loop)

exten = #,1,NoOp(Repeat)
same = n,GoTo(s,1)

exten = t,1,NoOp(No input)
same = n,Set(LOOP=$[ ${LOOP} + 1 ])
same = n,GoToIf($[ ${LOOP} > 2 ]?:s,timeout)
same = n,HangUp()
</code>
Doing it this way lets me browse through the files, but it warrants editing the extensions every time I add or remove any prerecorded files (which will be done often). If there's any way I can do this without needing to edit the extensions, it would be great.
Comment: What is your problem? To know when the end was reached?
Answer: You can write your own application using native C/C++ interface in asterisk, if you skilled enough. See app_voicemail.c
You also can use AGI or ARI interface and control dialplan with scripted language
Other option is voicemail storage in db and db-driven app using func_odbc


Dependency problems with my ANT script

Question: I'm having problems building my project, using an Ant script, from the command prompt using Ant itself. It can't find a certain import for a particular Java file in my project (which has nearly 5,000 source files as it is). The import is included in a .jar package whose location I have set in the Ant file itself. Oddly enough, I can build the project just fine from the Ant file using an IDE like Eclipse. Any ideas what could be wrong? Thanks!
Comment: Posting the error message as well as the snippet with the  would be helpful.  If it works in the IDE but not in the commandline, then it is likely there is a property not being set or your basedir is off.
Answer: check the basedir property. If the location of the jar in question is relative then the basedir will influence the behaviour in this peculiar way.
Or it could be that eclipse adds that jar to the classpath when it will run the ant file.
Convert the jar location to an absolute path
<property name="x" location="${jar.reference}" />

and print it
<echo message="${x}" />

My ant skills are a little rusty so you should double check the syntax :-).
Answer: Can you tell us the name of the jar? Whenever I've had this issue it has always been to do with versions of libraries used by the IDE but not in the ANT_HOME/lib directory, usually logging or xml parsing.
Which ant command is failing? java/javac? Have you tried using the fork=yes option if it is java?
Comment: It's a third party JAR file with the correct version needed, as part of the project distribution by my company.

Javac is failing though, and yep, fork is on.
Answer: Have you defined properly your classpath in Ant ? Eclipse tends to automatically compute the classpath when running ant...
Comment: Yep, I'm using a class path file (.classpath), and everything there is correct

Dependency problems with my ANT script


Short run Aggregate supply curve is horizontal or positively sloped?

Question:
I want to understand the adjustment process from Very short run production decision to Short run production decision to Long run production decision. As far as I've understood: consider an increase in demand due increase in money supply. This shifts AD curve to the right.
 Now in the very short run firms are willing to supply whatever demanded at the same price (I want to know why. They'll ask workers to work overtime so they'll have to pay extra wages so why would they not charge higher price instantly?)
After the very short run, prices rise(why?) and demand falls so output goes down after the initial increment.
In the long run, prices keep rising (why?) and output finally comes back to initial full employment level.
I couldn't find proper coherent explanation of this process in mankiw or in dornbusch or in Able and Bernanke.
Answer: Explaining the shape of the horizontal range
In the very short run, the AS curve is perfectly price-elastic (i.e. on the diagram, it is a horizontal line). It is also referred to as the Keynesian range. In this time period, firms respond to a rise in demand for their product without considering the effects of the rising demand, such as higher prices. This can be generalised for most firms, but not all.
We can look at the example of a book shop or a food stall. It is highly unlikely for these business owners to revise their prices on daily basis based on their past sales records. Prices are more likely reviewed on a yearly basis, or at some longer time intervals. Regular price revision could complicate simple business accounting and may also dispel customers, especially if your price revisions keep increasing the price.
There are some firms that are able to change prices based on instantaneous demand. These would include the ride-hailing service providers, such as Uber and Grab. Their computer algorithms are programmed to respond their market conditions of the moment and price according to the level of demand at that instant. Firms that are able to do this are more of an exception rather than the norm.
Another way to view it would be from the resource employment viewpoint. In this time period, the real national output/income is much lower than the full employment level. Thus, there is an abundance of un-utilised or under-utilised resources. Should there be an increase in aggregate demand, the spare capacity will allow producers to increase output production easily without incurring high costs. Hence, there is no pressure on the general price level to increase.
Explaining the shape of the vertical range
In the long run, prices do not keep rising. The AS curve is simply perfectly price-inelastic (i.e. on the diagram, it is a vertical line). This is also called the classical range of the AS curve. In the LR, all firms in the economy reach their full employment level (i.e. resources have been fully-utilised to their maximum capacity) and there is no demand-deficient unemployment.

Price levels are fully flexible as all firms will make adjustments to their prices in response to changes in demand.

This is what the vertical line indicates, not what you have mentioned.
The model I have learnt for the AS curve is a hybrid model, which is also depicted by the Wiki page for AS. The "short run" here essentially corresponds to your so-called "very short run". The "long run" here is the same as yours.


Multiple hidden services on one server

Question: How is it that I can host multiple (static) hidden services on one server?
I am just needing 3 simple and static HTML sites with their own .onion?
If I add multiple HiddenServiceDir do they have to be on different ports or can they be on the same? There will not be a large amount of traffic going to the hidden services.
Comment: Yes you can host multiple hidden services with multiple `HiddenServiceDir` and `HiddenServicePort` lines. They can run either on the same port or different ports depending on how you have your web server set up. For example: https://tor.stackexchange.com/questions/12324/how-do-i-host-multiple-hidden-services-multiple-addresses
Answer: Yes, you can host multiple hidden services on the same server.
Your torrc file should have this content added for each site -:
HiddenServiceDir /var/lib/tor/hidden_service1
HiddenServicePort 80 127.0.0.1:80

HiddenServiceDir /var/lib/tor/hidden_service2
HiddenServicePort 80 127.0.0.1:80

In case of ubuntu or debian if you are using apache2 add the following lines to your /etc/apache2/site-available/00-default.conf file -:
<VirtualHost *:80>
    ServerName yourhiddenservice1domain.onion
    DocumentRoot /var/www/html/firstsite
</VirtualHost>

<VirtualHost *:80>
    ServerName yourhiddenservice2domain.onion
    DocumentRoot /var/www/html/secondsite
</VirtualHost>

And you are done!

Multiple hidden services on one server


Making comparison using "that of" twice

Question: Is this sentence correct? — "The combat of Star Wars Jedi: Fallen Order is more like that of Sekiro than that of Dark Souls."
Comment: I think I would omit the second "that", as superfluous. "His voice is more like that of John, than (that) of Andrew".
Comment: You could "delete" the entire second instance of ***that of***, or just delete ***that***. Come to that, you could delete both words in the *first* instance with no loss of clarity (and I'm sure that in most conversational contexts, most speakers would do just that).
Comment: @WS2  Thank you.
Comment: @FumbleFingers Thank you.
Comment: @FumbleFingers Yes, informally I might say "His voice is more John than Andrew". But writing an essay I feel I would have to say "The crop yields in the fourth decade of the eighteenth century were more like those of the second than of the third". (An entirely hypothetical fact, incidentally.)
Answer: Yes, it's acceptable and correct. Examples from Google Books search:

In the vast bibliography of the Spanish Civil War, religion has been, and still is, treated as though its role in the tragedy had been more like that of a chorus than that of any of the leading characters.
Gunpowder and Incense: The Catholic Church and the Spanish Civil War, 2007
When caries susceptibility of the two parents is dissimilar, however, the children's susceptibility tends to be more like that of the mother than that of the father.
McDonald and Avery Dentistry for the Child and Adolescent, 2010
... the annual rainfall found in the Negev Mountains and recent terra rossa soil in Zefat and Gilboa areas led La'or (1992H) to estimate that the annual rainfall in the Negev Mountains was more like that of Zefat (700-800 mm) than that of Mt. Gilboa (450-500 mm).
The Climate of Israel: Observation, Research and Application, 2012
The organ of voice, a most valuable criterion of species throughout this numerous family, was in its form much more like that of Anas Boschas than that of Anas moschata...
Proceedings of the Committee of Science and Zoology of London, 1832
... the provisioning economy of the après-libération looked more like that of 1738 than that of 1938 in terms of its vulnerability to the weather and the seasons...
The Expectation of Justice: France, 1944-1946, 1999
... when the commonly accepted wisdom is that the health of such groups tends to become more like that of the host community than that of the people they left behind.
Researching Cultural Differences in Health, 2002

Your own search will turn up many more instances.
"That" here can be described as being used as a demonstrative pronoun. I guess the take-home message from this is that "that" is functioning as a pronoun where "the combat" could be repeated, but isn't, which is the function of a pronoun (it saves you from explicitly repeating the same referent/antecedent.

The combat of Star Wars Jedi: Fallen Order is more like [that] the combat of Sekiro than [that] the combat  of Dark Souls."
Comment: Thank you. What about if I rephrase it in this way? — "The combat of Star Wars Jedi: Fallen Order is more like that of Sekiro than it is like that of Dark Souls." Is using "it is like" incorrect or redundant/unnecessary?
Comment: @semantically.kaput The original is shorter and clearer. There's no need to repeat "it is like" (the subject "combat" is clear and can be omitted (ellipsis). I can understand you wanting to include it for precision, but this type of structure is very common (idiomatic). Of course the version in your comment would be acceptable too, though I think it's rather unnecessary and would actually harm its readability a little. That's my opinion.
Comment: That's what I was thinking. Thank you.
Comment: This is a good answer answer - hence my upvote. But I would argue, that even in formal essay writing the second "that" is usually superfluous, and in almost all  the sentences you quote from Google books, the grammaticality would not be lost by its exclusion. But for some odd reason, which I can't explain, I feel the second "that" has to be retained in the first example about the Spanish Civil War.
Comment: Just read it again - perhaps it is not needed! No I think we can safely exclude the second "that" in all of them.
Answer: If you are writing about 3 separate stories, (I'm guessing) may I offer,  "The Combat of Star Wars Jedi: Fallen Order", is more like "Sekiro" than "Dark Souls". No extra words and, your opinion is clearly communicated.
Comment: Thank you AdvenJack.
Comment: You are most welcome friend! :-)
Comment: Not being a Star Wars aficionado, I am slightly puzzled by the original sentence - which is why I didn't use it in my comment. It seemed to me that the first phrase, before the colon was a kind of title, or rubric of which "Fallen Order" and "Dark Souls" were instances. If that is the case I am not sure your suggestion holds.

Making comparison using "that of" twice


How to increase deployment speed of Azure functions?

Question: I am using Azure functions on my server and the deployment speed is slow whenever I want to upload my functions because I bundle many nodejs packages into one larger thing.
Then how can the speed be increased for deployment?
The problem is that when I tried to deploy, I feel the bandwidth of Azure for the upload must be slow because my deployment takes a long time.
Comment: It is not clear which part is slow.
Comment: Your correct, slow is ambiguous.
Comment: I guess, I just hope there is some configuration to increase bandwidth?
Answer: First, you should make sure that the network you use is quick.
Then you could use Deployment Slots Preview for Azure Functions.

The feature enables development and production environment separation to isolate critical production workloads.
  At the same time deployment slots create a natural bridge between development and production where the next version of a Function App staged in a deployment slot can become the production version with a simple platform managed swap action.

Aslo, you could use Run-From-Zip to deploy Function Apps(in preview).
The feature enables development and production environment separation to isolate critical production workloads.
Its benefits are:
1.Use App_Offline.html lets you take your app completely offline so you can update file in peace
2.Site slots let you deploy to a staging slot with no traffic, and swap to production when you're ready
Answer: I suggest trying Run-From-Zip for your scenario.
Deployment is then as simple as:

Package all your files in a zip
Host the zip in a blob (or anywhere reachable, really)
Set WEBSITE_USE_ZIP app setting to the URL of your blob (can be a SAS URL to keep it private)