Best way to remove an adjoining circle in small logo?

Question: What is the recommended way to remove the "3" and circle it contains on this logo? The magic eraser/wand I didn't seem to fix it with. Any pros willing to assist?
Comment: Why dont you ask for the vector original? And is redrawing a solution for you?
Comment: **Best** way is to redraw it. It's merely a diamond shape.
Comment: Unfortunately not, I suck at drawing. Thanks! Would ideally like to do something in Photoshop.
Answer: This image is in very low resolution. I would almost call it pixel art. Editing logos like this isn't really the correct way. Normally you would have a vector file where you could just delete the unwanted objects and export a new PNG.
This said, it's pretty simple in Photoshop. Many ways to do it. This is a pretty hands on way which is only possible because of the pixelated and simple nature of the image.

Optionally uncheck View > Show > Smart Guides so they don't interfere.
Select the Rectangular Marquee Tool and make a selection which covers the unwanted part.
Press D to reset to Default Foreground and Background Colors (in case they aren't already).
Press Alt + backspace to fill the selection with black.
Select the Polygonal Lasso Tool and make a selection which covers a part of the figure you can use to paint in the missing part.
Select the Move Tool, hold down Alt and drag duplicates of the selected area to repair the missing part. Make sure to exactly follow the existing lines. Simple in this case, because they are all 45 degrees.
Comment: @Bitter, uhm hard to say ... do you perhaps have some *Feather* value applied? It's in the top, right below the menu. It should be set to 0. In this case you could also uncheck *Anti-alias* as you don't need that for such a simple operation. And make sure to select a few black pixels like I do. Don't try to make a selection that follows the shape perfectly.
Comment: I'm not super experienced with PS so I was drawing a blank. This is really cool to learn, thanks Wolff!
Comment: I'm kinda unable to duplicate it as clean as that. The color of the blue part is lighter than yours too .. any ideas?
Comment: You're welcome @Bitter. Just remember that this is the simplest form of quick fixing an image. If you have a smarter workflow (like having the original vector file) you never have to do stuff like this.
Comment: Got it now, thanks man!


Difference between UIImage and UIImageView

Question: What is the difference between UIImage and UIImageView? Can someone explain it with an example?
Answer: Example:
UIImage *bgImage = [UIImage imageNamed:@"firstname.lastname@example.com"];
UIImageView *backgroundImageView = [[UIImageView alloc] initWithImage:bgImage];
backgroundImageView.frame = [[UIScreen mainScreen] bounds];

UIImage Overview:

A UIImage object is a high-level way to display image data. You can
  create images from files, from Quartz image objects, or from raw image
  data you receive. The UIImage class also offers several options for
  drawing images to the current graphics context using different blend
  modes and opacity values.
Image objects are immutable, so you cannot change their properties
  after creation. This means that you generally specify an image's
  properties at initialization time or rely on the image's metadata to
  provide the property value. In some cases, however, the UIImage class
  provides convenience methods for obtaining a copy of the image that
  uses custom values for a property.
Because image objects are immutable, they also do not provide direct
  access to their underlying image data. However, you can get an NSData
  object containing either a PNG or JPEG representation of the image
  data using the UIImagePNGRepresentation and UIImageJPEGRepresentation
  functions.
The system uses image objects to represent still pictures taken with
  the camera on supported devices. To take a picture, use the
  UIImagePickerController class. To save a picture to the Saved Photos
  album, use the UIImageWriteToSavedPhotosAlbum function.

UIImageView Overview:

An UIImageView  provides a view-based container for displaying
  either a single image or for animating a series of images. For
  animating the images, the UIImageView class provides controls to set
  the duration and frequency of the animation. You can also start and
  stop the animation freely.
New image view objects are configured to disregard user events by
  default. If you want to handle events in a custom subclass of
  UIImageView, you must explicitly change the value of the
  userInteractionEnabled property to YES after initializing the object.
When a UIImageView object displays one of its images, the actual
  behavior is based on the properties of the image and the view. If
  either of the image's leftCapWidth or topCapHeight properties are
  non-zero, then the image is stretched according to the values in those
  properties. Otherwise, the image is scaled, sized to fit, or
  positioned in the image view according to the contentMode property of
  the view. It is recommended (but not required) that you use images
  that are all the same size. If the images are different sizes, each
  will be adjusted to fit separately based on that mode.
All images associated with a UIImageView object should use the same
  scale. If your application uses images with different scales, they may
  render incorrectly.
Answer: UIImage contains the data for an image.
UIImageView is a custom view meant to display the UIImage.
Answer: In short:
You create an instance of UIImage object to hold image's data, like this:
 NSString *sourcePath = [[[NSBundle mainBundle] resourcePath] stringByAppendingPathComponent:@"/picture.jpg"]; //assuming your image is in your app's bundle
UIImage *img = [[UIImage alloc]initWithContentsOfFile:sourcePath];

You then create an instance of UIImageView either through IB or code to display your image on the screen, like this:
[imageView1 setImage:img];  //assume you already create an instance of UIImageView named imageView1

Answer: UIImage is a data object that holds image bytes.
UIImageView is a control that display UIImage data.
Answer: UIImage objects store data from an image (i.e. data from a png file)
UIImageView objects are used to display a UIImage
Answer: UIimage is an Object which stores data (Jpg, png...)
and UIImageView class which contains UIImage as a property.
UIImageView can have multiple UIImages, and UIImage is immutable.
That bothered me a long time ago, when you create an image you do:
 var image: UIImageView!

But when you execute that "image" you do
image.image = UIImage.init(named: "image")

Its really easy, you use UIimageView, to create an image with UIImage.
UIImage displays the image, and UIImageView is a container for that UIImage.
Answer: UIImage holds the data as like (pictures) and displays it on UIImageView.
UIImageView is a type of container to display images.
Answer: UIImageView *myImage = [[UIImageView alloc]init];
[myImage setImage:[UIImage imageNamed:@"1.png"]];

create an instance for UIImageView as "myImage".This is helps for dispaly data.UIImage helps for hold the data of 1.png from the assets file in the xcode.


What happens if you silence C'Thun?

Question: The developers have stated many times that the buff to C'Thun works more like an aura than an actual buff so I was wondering this: can C'Thun be silenced if I somehow survive the initial onslaught? What happens then? Does the silence remove the whole buff from C'Thun (wherever it is) or does it just fizzle?
Answer: You can silence an in-play C'thun to revert it to a 6/6.
However, if a silenced C'thun later gets sent back to its owner's hand or deck, it will regain its buffed stats.
The aura still applies to cards like Klaxxi Amberweaver, which check for C'thun having 10+ Attack, as reported here.
Comment: Just found out that the aura applies even if C'thun is not in your deck. The popup of the buff won't show up, but the condition still applies for cards like Klaxxi Amberweaver or Vek'lor
Comment: During the Top Two tavern brawl I verified that if you have multiple C'thun, only one popup appears, and the buffs affect all copies in your hand or deck.  While this doesn't directly answer the question, it adds support to the aura being something that is tracked separately from the actual card.

What happens if you silence C'Thun?


Can a player's damage immunity be balanced out when paired with a vulnerability?

Question: Would it be balanced to allow a player to be a race which from 1st level had immunity to an elemental damage type (example: fire), but was paired with a vulnerability to another damage type (example: lightning)?
Comment: I think this has been closed because you broke the really technical requirements people like to put on new people here. It's pretty clear this is asking about balance, but because you asked for opinion people dislike that. If you want it reopened, just remove opinion and ask if it is balanced, or what other considerations you should have.
Comment: Welcome to RPG Stack Exchange! Take the [tour](https://rpg.stackexchange.com/tour) if you haven't already, and check out the [help center](https://rpg.stackexchange.com/help) for additional help. Your question has been closed as opinion-based, probably because you are asking how others would handle it, which is asking for opinions, where many answers would be possible and it would be hard to say one is correct. It might help to frame it as a specific question about game balance like in the title, as we have many such questions about homebrew being balanced, and these are generally OK.
Comment: @SeriousBri The stack guidelines apply to everyone, not just new people.
Comment: @SeriousBri We've seen before where we thought someone was asking a stackable question and just adjusted it accordingly, and OP *objected* to the change because they really were only interested in the unstackable version of the question.
Comment: @ThomasMarkov my point was that this is so obviously not asking for an actual opinion that our "stack guidelines" being "stack enforced rules" is painful to watch. Why we can't just answer questions sometimes is beyond me. Your edit makes this a good question fit though, but it shouldn't be needed.
Answer: Two unbalancing features do not equal balance
Combining a vulnerability with an immunity is problematic and does not lead to a balanced character, because they normally happen at different times. So your character is either invincible, or likely to die, depending on the situation, neither of which is balanced.
The main problem is that vulnerabilities can easily lead to player death. Especially at the lower levels, one of the major reasons for unwanted death are critical hits, that double the damage dice on a hit. If you only have 10 or 15 hit points, that can easily take you down from nearly full health to death. Vulnerability is the same -- even around level five, as a fighter with full health, if you are vulnerable to ligntning and are hit with a lightning bolt for 16d6 due to vulnerablity, you are going to die. That you are immune to another type of damage does not help fix this.
The second problem is that immunity invalidates challenges. Being immune to some other type of damage also can make encounters unbalanced. For example, immunity to fire, which is very common, would make an encounter with a fire elemental, or a challenge of overcoming a river of lava trivial for the character.
As a side comment, not all damage types are equally common in the game. For example, fire damage is more common than lightning damage, outside of specific campaign considerations (many more monsters and spells deal fire damage than lightning). Having immmuntiy to fire is bound to show up a lot more often in play, than being vulnerabilty to lightning.
This also does not fit the design of 5e, which has been to make combat less swingy and more predictable with bounded accuracy. For example, the edition got rid of most immunities even on monsters - various demons and many undead used to be immune to damage from non-magical weapons in earlier editions of the game, now they have only resistance to such damage. Bounded accuracy on both AC and to hit serves to make hit chances relatively predictable (they stay at about 65% throughout the game), and both PCs and  tougher monsters just get more hp, to avoid swingy combat outcomes. Immunitiy and vulnerability undermine that.
You can also see this from the fact that none of the published races has a damage vulnerability, and only the Yuan-ti and Grung have a damage immunity (to poison, most creatures that deal poison damage do not only deal poison damage). I would not combine immunity and vulnerabiltiy to create a balanced playable race.
Comment: slight correction: the Yuan-Ti Pureblood monstrous player race (VGtM, p. 120) has immunity to poison. That's the only example that I'm aware of, though, and playing a monstrous race is up to DM adjudication anyway. Either way, immunity is much less problematic than vulnerability - even NPCs / monsters rarely have vulnerabilities, yet there are plenty with immunities.
Comment: @PixelMaster Grung also have poison immunity.
Comment: I'm reminded of 3E's level adjustment system, which attempted to balance overpowered stats/abilities with a major drawback and utterly failed at it. [This answer](https://rpg.stackexchange.com/a/179546/36548) does a great job of explaining that.
Comment: Only thing I'd add is you didn't go far enough by pointing out the difficulty this makes to a DM.  If you know your player has both vulnerability and immunity how do you choose opponents for them?  if you pick a strong foe that uses lightning you can be seen as having it out for him, if you keep throwing fire foes at him it's favoritism.  What really happens is you get forced to try to avoid both damage types since either option is likely to lead to a very unenjoyable fight for the party.  It's not fair to put that burden on the DM.


Are there mutually independent undecidable statements?

Question: In a recursively axiomatized theory such as PA, are there undecidable statements that are arithmetically true but mutually independent (i.e., are there two statements A and B that are each undecidable from the axioms and where neither is deducible from the other?)?
Comment: Sure - take $Con(S)$ vs. $Con(T)$ for theories $S,T$ of incomparable consistency strengths.
Comment: @NoahSchweber probably useful to give examples of such theories as well
Answer: Here is an easy way to see it.

Let $A$ assert that if PA is inconsistent, the smallest $k$ for which $\Sigma_k$ induction is inconsistent is a multiple of $3$.

Let $B$ make the similar assertion that the smallest such $k$ is a multiple of $5$.

Both of these statements are true, since PA is actually consistent.
Neither statement is provable, since if $M$ is a nonstandard model of true arithmetic, then we can select a nonstandard number $k$ that is a multiple neither of $3$ nor $5$, and consider the theory $I\Sigma_k$ inside $M$, which is consistent in $M$. By the incompleteness theorem, applied in $M$, this theory does not prove its own consistency, and so $M$ thinks the theory $I\Sigma_k+\neg\text{Con}(I\Sigma_k)$ is consistent. We may therefore form the corresponding Henkin theory inside $M$, which gives rise to a model $N$, interpretable by this theory in $M$, which looks upon it as a model of $I\Sigma_k+\neg\text{Con}(I\Sigma_k)$. Externally, we can see that this theory includes PA, since every standard instance of induction will be included in $I\Sigma_k$ as $k$ is nonstandard. Since $I\Sigma_k$ proves the consistency of $\Sigma_{k-1}$ induction, the first failure of consistency occurs exactly at $k$ in $N$, and so both $A$ and $B$ are false in $N$ by the choice of $k$.
The same argument shows that we can make either $A$ or $B$ true and the other false, simply with a suitable choice of nonstandard $k$ in $M$.  So neither is deducible from the other. All four combinations occur.
A similar argument is possible whenever you have a definition $\phi$ of a number, such that it is consistent with PA that any particular number could be the number defined by $\phi$.
For example, take $\phi(x)$ to hold when "$x$ is the last number appearing on the universal algorithm, or $0$ is there is no such number.

Joel David Hamkins, "The modal logic of arithmetic potentialism and the universal algorithm", arxiv:1801.04599.

Now we can let $A$ assert that the number is a multiple of $3$, and $B$ that it is a multiple of $5$. Since we can make this number whatever we want, we get all four combinations again in models of PA, fulfilling your desired independence.
Indeed, we can get a scheme of infinitely many such mutually independent statements, and this appears as theorem 19 in the universal algorithm paper.
Theorem 19. There are infinitely many mutually independent $\pi^0_1$ sentences $\eta_0$, $\eta_1$, $\eta_2$, and so on. Any desired true/false pattern for these sentences is consistent
with PA.
(This theorem goes back to Mostowski 1960, but the universal algorithm makes it very easy.)
The statement $\eta_k$ is the assertion "the number $k$ does not appear on the universal algorithm sequence." Since the model can be extended so as to place exactly any given numbers on the universal sequence, these statements fulfill an extremely strong form of independence, namely, they all start out true in the standard model, and in any model of PA, which of them remain true can be made false in an end-extension of the model in accordance with any desired finite pattern. In particular, not only are they mutually independent, but they remain so in any model in which they remain true.
There is a similar phenomenon with Orey sentences (necessarily of higher complexity) that enable one to drop the "remaining true" part, as in theorem 21 of the paper.
Comment: Excellent answer! After "This theory is true in the corresponding Henkin model $N$", there is a tacit switch back from working in the nonstandard model $M$ to working in the real $\mathbb N$. Should I edit to include the point where the switch is made?
Comment: @C7X Thanks so much! About your remark, the Henkin model is constructed inside $M$ and only makes sense there, since $k$ is nonstandard. So there is no going back to $\mathbb{N}$ that I see, except to note that $N$ is a model of PA, since the true PA is included in $I\Sigma_k$. Or perhaps I've misunderstood you?
Comment: Yes, the part where it is remarked that $N$ is a model of PA is the part which I saw as going back to $\mathbb N$. If I understand correctly, this remark cannot be true in $M$, since the theory $M$ thinks is PA is a proper superset of $I\Sigma_k$, so instead the remark must be in $\mathbb N$. The rest of the paragraph is about $A$ and $B$ being false in $N$, which I also took as argumentation taking place in the real $\mathbb N$, to give an answer to the question.
Comment: Ah, I suppose. In my view, this is just arguing in the metatheory, the same as the whole argument. We construct a model $N$ inside $M$, but then make observations about it, thereby having shown that there are models realizing all four possibilities for the statements A and B. I'll edit to clarify.
Comment: I have now edited.


Why does my command line prompt now beging with "vpn"?

Question: I was just (unsuccessfully) playing around with setting up a vpn in OS X Server, and now all my new terminal prompts begin with "vpn" followed by my user name. Anyone know why this is the case and how I can revert back to my default prompt, without "vpn"?
Answer: SuperUser has a similar question/answer.  I thought this was covered here already, but couldn't find it.
Found it!
Answer: As you were setting up the vpn it got changed.
That can be changed in System preferences - Sharing - Computer Name.
Use Edit to change the name to your liking.

First it shows the Machine name, then your user name.
In my case myMBA:~ Buscar$


Can I buy a plane ticket before going through immigration to a country I am certain to be able to enter?

Question: If I am denied entry to a country like Spain, am I able to buy a ticket to a country that I am certain to be able to enter (I have citizenship)? Note that the country wouldn't be the one that I came from.
Comment: If you arrive in Spain, and Spanish immigration refuses your entry, then Spanish immigration can (if they're feeling charitable) allow you to buy a ticket to your country of citizenship), or (if they not feeling charitable) direct the carrier that brought you to Spain to return you to the airport from which you departed. What they'll actually do in your case is not knowable.
Comment: "At the carrier's expense", which they will almost certainly try to claim back from you. Check their T&Cs.
Comment: @alexfertel no, at that point you are either going out on the first available flight at the carriers expense (to a destination that cannot refuse you) with no option otherwise, or you are going into immigration detainment.
Comment: @Traveller ICAO Annex 9 Facilitation, Chapter 5, part 5.10 https://www.icao.int/WACAF/Documents/Meetings/2018/FAL-IMPLEMENTATION/an09_cons.pdf Just in case you were interested
Comment: @Traveller dont need the airlines T&Cs for this, its part of the ICAO rules to allow the airline to recover "the cost if transportation" from the passenger.
Comment: @DavidSupportsMonica But, suppose the carrier only has flights on Sundays, does that mean that I have to stay in the airport for a week?
Comment: @Moo but the passenger has no reason to look at the ICAO rules unless the contract with the airline mentions them.  Legally, it is the contract between the airline and the traveler that controls the charges that the airline may impose.  The ICAO rules tell the airline what it can put in its contracts.
Comment: Note the comments under the accepted answer.  A lot of this probably depends on the reason for your being refused entry to Spain.  Why would you be refused?  Where would you be flying from (if indeed you would be flying)?
Comment: @phoog I would be flying from Cuba which is indeed a risk country.
Answer:
If I am denied entry to a country like Spain,

That's very unlikely to happen. If you don't have proper documentation for entering Spain you will simply be denied boarding in your country of origin. Since the airlines can be fined heavily, they check VERY thoroughly.
If you arrive at a land border, they just turn you around.

am I able to buy a ticket to a country that I am certain to be able to enter (I have citizenship)?

If you are denied entry, the airline is responsible for getting you out of there. How they do this is up to them. You can offer to buy a new ticket but there are in no way obligated to accept this. In most cases, they plane you arrived in is still there and about to go back from where it came and they just will put you back on that plane. They may also try to recover the cost from you since it's your responsibility to have proper documentation for entry.
If you can't re-enter your country of origin (e.g. single use or expired Visa), the airline has to get a little more creative.
Comment: (-1) That's not the way this actually works. It's true airlines have some obligations but not much is up to them, local authorities are in charge of the process. Also, being denied entry is not that common if you relate it to the number of people crossing borders everywhere but it does happen (e.g. about 10000 times a year at CDG for example) and there is more to being granted entry than having proper documentation.
Comment: Lack of documents certainly will result in denied boarding, but refused entry can arise for other reasons that the airline can't know about, including the traveler's having exceeded the 90/180 limit or having a criminal record.  Being refused entry at an airport is rather more likely than being turned back at a land border, given that Spain's external land borders are only with Gibraltar and Andorra.
Comment: @phoog It's not particularly relevant to OP's question or to the answer here, but, for completeness, Spain also has land borders (in Melilla and Ceuta) with Morocco. There are additional checks when traveling from those exclaves to the mainland. I have no idea what happens to people who somehow sneak into one of those places and are then caught upon arrival at the mainland, but that shouldn't be relevant to people who formally enter and are honest with the border guards about their travel plans in order to be properly admitted (or refused).


The approximation for Gauss Hyper-geometric function needed

Question: I want to solve an equation that involves a Gauss hypergeometric function. The function is as follows $$\,_2F_1\left(1,a,b,-pz\right)$$ where $a<1,b<2$, $p>0$ but $p$ does not have a high value (maybe around 1), the value of $z$ is smaller than $1$. Is there any nice looking approximation for the above function and please also specify some range for the use of that approximation in terms of $pz$. Thanks in advance.
Answer: You almost have it from definition
$$\,_2F_1\left(1,a,b,x\right)=1+\frac{a}{b}x+\frac{a (a+1) }{b (b+1)}x^2+\frac{a (a+1) (a+2) }{b (b+1)
   (b+2)}x^3+O\left(x^4\right)$$ You also could use Padé approximants (built around $x=0$) such as $$\frac{1+\frac{ a-b}{b (b+1)}x}{1-\frac{a+1 }{b+1}x}$$ or $$\frac{1+\frac{ (3 a-4 b-ab)}{b (b+3)}x+\frac{2  \left(a^2-2 a
   b-a+b^2+b\right)}{b (b+1) (b+2) (b+3)} x^2}{1-\frac{2 (a+2) }{b+3}x+\frac{(a+1) (a+2) }{(b+2) (b+3)}x^2}$$


Website Not Fully Encrypted Error

Question: I'm working on http://usborrow.com and installed a GeoTrust Business ID SSL Certificate. The site is saying that it is not fully encrypted and the seal won't appear at the bottom of the page. I can't seem to find any non https references in the site. Any support is appreciated
Answer: Your Google fonts and jQuery calls are not over SSL amongst other things:
<link href='http://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Francois+One' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>

Answer: You're referencing some external 3rd party libs such as Google's hosted jquery lib with http. eg.

Answer: As others have said, some of your external resources are hard-coded to use http.
It's good practice to leave out the http / https part of the url, which makes the browser request it over the same protocol as the current page. (there is no need to request a css file over https unless your page is https!)
Example:
  <link href='//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Francois+One' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>

Obviously, some services don't provide an https version, in which case you'll need to host a copy yourself if you want your seal to appear.

Website Not Fully Encrypted Error


Pricing look-back option

Question: I have the monthly price data of a stock starting from December 2020 and I am considering a EU style look-back option issued in December 2020. The payoff at maturity of the look-back option is given by max(Smin-K, 0) where Smin is the minimum monthly stock price during the life of the option (the fist and last stock price are included in the minimum) and K denotes the strike price. The average stock return is 10% and the stock volatility is 30%. This look-back call option matures next month and the strike price is 30. The continuously compounded risk free rate is 2.5% per annum. I should compute the current value of this option with an one-period binomial option pricing model.
What I am not getting is what is exactly meant by Smin. Is it the minimum monthly stock price during the life of the option (thus the minimum of two historical prices that I have (December 2020 and January 2021)? Is this unrealistic given that in December I cannot know the January price and thus I should estimate it with a binomial tree? (To solve this problem I am using security state prices computing up as ((R-D)/R(U-D) and down as ((U-R)/R(U-D) where R=1+risk free rate compounded for the period (δt=1/12). Thank you.
Answer: This problem is very strange, because the Smin can only be taken across a single path. For example, if you had say 100 in Dec 2020 and 105 in Jan 2021, the Smin will be 100. However, if you had 95 in Jan 2021, the Smin will be 95. Therefore, the Smin depends on the path taken by the stock simulated in the binomial tree.
What I understand by the problem is that the you can price the lookback by taking the expectation (using the risk-neutral probabilities) of the terminal prices of the option (determined by its Smin and strike at maturity) over the two paths, which is then discounted as the riskless rate to arrive at the price.
Please let me know if this unclear.
Comment: Thank you very much for your answer. I would follow with this question. I build 2 one-period trees (one for the stock, one for the option). Let's say the price of the underlying is 34.95 in December 2020, and it can either go up to 38.11 or down to 32.05, then in the payoff function of the option we use the min of 34.95 and 38.11 in U and the min of 34.95 and 32.05 in D?
Comment: Yes, the Smin would be 34.95 for the up case and 32.05 for the down. Don't forget to calculate the risk-neutral probabilities for the expectation later on.

Pricing look-back option


What's the difference between "Standort" and "Ort"?

Question: Are they interchangeable, I don't understand what adding "Stand" does to "Ort" that makes it a compound word that is different from "Ort".
Comment: This question is not entirely *off topic* as all dictionaries have a considerable overlap in translating *Ort* and *Standort* which leads to the impression they may be interchangeable or synonyms. To get it reopened and to get an answer that meets you concern best please [edit] your question to give us **results of your research**, and why they did not help you in the **context** you are looking for. If you have merely an interest in the role of the prefix *Stand-* you may want to add additional examples to make that clearer.
Answer: The difference between both is probably best described by translating them into a similar pair in English:

Ort – place
  Standort – location

Two examples you might come across in daily life:

Teile deinen Standort in Whatsapp. (Share your location in Whatsapp.)

and

Ich war schon an diesem Ort. (I have been to this place before.)

Of course you could say: "I've been to this location", but I would argue it's not as widely used. However, in German you wouldn't say "Ich war an diesem Standort" (except when talking about a military or a business context).
Answer: A Standort is a place where a person or a facility is located.

Wir treffen uns an diesem Ort.

We are going to meet at that place.

Wir treffen uns an diesem Standort.

We are going to meet at that site.

Standort

Your position (legend for red dot on public map displays)
Answer: The difference between "Ort" and "Standort" is mostly one of perspective. "Ort" is a general term for a place. "Standort" has a narrower focus on a place as the location of something else.
For example, in

Sie hatte den Ort oft besucht.

"Ort" denotes a place in and of itself.

Sie kannte den Standort der neuen Fabrik noch aus ihrer Kindheit.

"Standort" defines the place by saying it's the location of the new factory.


What is the essence of the fact that the work in the potential field of forces to move to some point does not depend on the trajectory?

Question: Is it something like a guarantee that somehow arriving from point A to point And you will have the same energy? For example, having a spaceship in the solar system with a fuel tank, you can fly to B and spend half, or you can fly further for the entire volume of the tank and then, when the gravity of the sun attracts the ship to point B from some distance where the ship managed to fly, the ship will have kinetic energy equal to just this half of the tank fuel?
Answer: Let me start with the simplest form of potential: the potential of a uniform, unidirectional force.
Here on Earth, close to the Earth surface, gravity at the floor of a room, and at the ceiling of a room, is effectively the same, and it is also effectively the same from one side of the room to another.
So: for any desktop experiment Earth gravity acts as a uniform, unidirectional force.
We can go from the ceiling to the floor anywhere in the room: the difference in potential is the same.

If we move sideways no work is done.
We can start at a particular point at the height of the ceiling, descend a little, move sideways a little, descend a little, etc.
The net work done is not affected by the distance that you move sideways. To evaluate the work done from start point to end point it is sufficient to add up the work done each time you descended a little.
Next we consider moving diagonally. We can think of moving diagonally as a superposition of descending and moving sideways. The sideways component of the motion does not affect the work done. To evaluate the work done it is necessary and sufficient to consider only the motion component parallel to the direction that the force is acting in.
So:
In the case of a uniform, unidirectional force there is simple no opportunity for the work done to be somehow dependent on the path. Try as you might, you can't make it dependent on the path.

Next level up is a spherically symmetrical force. You then need to define what counts as moving sideways. Moving sideways must then be defined as: 'to move perpendicular to the local direction of the force.'
With that in place the same reasoning as in the case of a uniform, unidirectional force applies.

In my reasoning I mentioned the concept of superposition. We can think of that as a principle of mechanics: superposition of forces and motion.
Stated in terms of vectors:
All the vector properties of mechanics have the following in common: they can be added and subtracted as vectors of Euclidean space.
Force vectors, position vectors, velocity vectors, acceleration vectors; all can be added and subtracted: no self-contradiction arises.

Interestingly, in a text that predates the writing of the book 'Principia', Isaac Newton used a set of 6 laws of motion, the concept of superposition of motion one of them. When it came to composing the Principia Newton opted to present the well known set of three. The other three of the earlier set of 6 ones are also stated in the Principia, but they are presented as corollaries.
But really, Newton could just as well have opted for a set of 4 laws of motion, with the superposition principle as one of them. If Newton would have done that then today we would have had 'Newton's 4 laws of motion'.
Whatever the case, the superposition principle is an absolute necessity in theory of motion.
Answer: Work is an indicator of the change in the potential by definition.
$$W = -\Delta U$$
And potential does not depend on the path thus work does not depend on the path that
About your example, it can be explained by the conservation of energy principle
Let the tank have an energy of E in them and suppose that while burning the fuel there is no loss in the energy. If the rocket uses half of the fuel it will have a speed of (m is the mass of the rocket)
(let r be the initial distance from the sun and R be the final distance from the sun)
$$ \frac E2 - \frac{GMm}{r}= \frac{mv^2}{2} - \frac{GmM}{R}\\
            v^2 = \frac{E}{m} + \frac{2GM}{R} - 2GM/r$$
If the rocket uses all of the fuel it will have a speed of
$$ E - \frac{GMm}{r} = \frac{mv^2}{2} - \frac{GMm}{R}\\
         v^2 = \frac{2E}{m} + \frac{2GM}{R} - \frac{2GM}{r} $$
So yes rocket will have kinetic energy that is E/2 more than the first situation.


Are there any meaningful differences between old and new Belisarius series?

Question: It seems that the original Belisarius series by Eric Flint and David Drake was recently republished as a trilogy, combining 2 books in 1.
E.g. "Belisarius I Thunder at Dawn" = "An Oblique Approach" + "In the Heart of Darkness"
Are there any meaningful differences between old and new Belisarius series that would make the new editions worth reading for someone who read the old series? Or is it straight up republish with may be some minor SPAG fixes?
Answer: I have read both offerings there is no difference whatsoever. Two complete novels in one volume—the beginning of the Belisarius saga. http://www.amazon.com/Belisarius-I-Thunder-Dawn/dp/1416555684/


Past vs. Present Tense in APA Format when discussing other's work?

Question: When I am discussing previous work, according to APA formatting, it is clear I should use past "Alicke (2000) described....". However, what tense do I use to explain their results? Aka "The model postulated..." vs. "The model postulates..." where "the model" is part of Alicke's findings. Past or present?
Comment: Screw APA and other wilful regulations, stick to logic: *"Alicke postulated"*, because he did it two decades ago. *"The model proposed by Alicke predicts"*, because it still does.
Comment: According to this [this document](https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/2/) it seems that a past tense in required.
Answer: While the past tense is perfectly sensible for discussing published work (which was necessarily undertaken and published in the past) it is also acceptable to discuss these in the present tense -- e.g., "Alicke (2000) models the conditions that cultivate or mitigate blame".  In academic work it is legitimate to treat each cited paper as if it were akin to a person who is here with us making an argument, so that the academic literature is like a dinner party, with argumentative guests.
In view of this, it is acceptable to talk about a paper in the present tense, even if it is very old.  You can make it sound like Aristotle is right here with us, arguing with Kant.  You can even make it sound like papers by the same author are independent dinner-party guests, arguing against each other -- e.g., "Johnson (2010) argues that capitalist production methods were a net benefit to rural economies, notwithstanding outward migration of workers to cities; Johnson (2011) demurs on this issue, and Johnson (2013) seems to completely disagree".
Some things to note:

APA style allows either past or present tense for discussing the literature, so long as you are consistent.
Style guides are all well and good, but they have sometimes been described as "anti-style" guides.  Excessive adherence to their conventions can have the negative effect of sucking the style out of your writing.  (In fairness, this is something that the style guides themselves acknowledge, in their discussions of smoothness of expressions.)  What is more important than strict adherence to style guides is consistency, clarity, smoothness and readability of your writing.  Make your writing clear to your reader, pleasurable to read, and be consistent in your use of tense.
When considering appropriate tense, be sure to correctly identify the subject of each sentence.  In the example you give in your post, the subject of the latter sentence is "the model", not the original paper or its author.  Since a model is an eternally lasting description of reality, it is standard to speak of what the model does in the present tense, even if you are referring to the paper that introduced it in the past tense.
There is often some freedom to maneuver, but make sure you are consistent with tense for subjects of the same type.  So if you say "The model postulates..." in one place, don't say "The model predicted..." in another place.  If you start talking about another model, treat it using the same tense convention.  If you start talking about another type of subject (e.g., a paper, or an author) you may use a different tense if it is still clear and readable.


Should I use separate address dimensions?

Question: I have a Star Schema model with two Dimensions (User and Store) each of them have addresses, which I store.
Each User and Store can just have one Address. Is it recommended to split the Dimension into a Address Dimension (with a 1:1 relationship)? Are there any technical arguments to handle like this? Or is it a common way to keep the address in the user/store dimension?
Answer: You should add the address to the user/store dimension as the address is a property of the dimension member, not the fact record.
Adding the address to the dimension allows you to define attribute relationships between country -> city -> user which should improve performance when you create hierarchies using those attributes.
It will usually also allow for easier calculated measures.
As a last point, having the address as attributes on the dimension will allow for easier handling of slowly changing dimensions if a user/store moves to a new address.
Answer: This would be an opinion, but I agree with this answer which is along the lines of the question you are asking.  I'm copying the answer from the link here in case the link goes cold.

It sounds like in the situation you have that you should just include
  columns for the type of address and the source of the address in the
  address dimension itself, so it stands alone and you don't have to go
  via a fact to know what kind of thing it is. You wouldn't need a
  separate table with keys as you mentioned- the data can safely be
  denormalised in the dimension.
As an aside:
Although many people do have an address table which is separate, the
  approach from the Kimball Group would not be to have have 'address' or
  location dimension as a multi purpose dimension that stands alone- it
  provides part of what describes something else (like a company, or a
  customer, or even a 'delivery location'). Instead you'd have the
  dimension (e.g Customer) and Within that dimension you'd have a number
  of Address fields, named appropriately (CustomerAddress1,
  CustomerAddress2, CustomerCity). You may choose to administer the
  address centrally for convenience behind the scenes, with the other
  dimensions formed by means of views or further ETL, but in the
  presentation of the star schema the address table would not be seen
  separately. The addresses are still conformed in that they're called
  the same thing and mean the same thing.
However plenty of people go with a separate Address table as you've
  done


attaining the speed of light??

Question: WHY our time would run slow if we move with the speed close or  equal to the speed of light, and is that time dilation restricted to only just '' time' ' or it affects our biological time also (does it stops or  slows down our ageing process) ??
Comment: possible duplicate of [Would travelling at relativistic speeds have any impact on human biology?](http://physics.stackexchange.com/q/48502/)
Comment: possible duplicate of [How can a photon have no mass and still travel at the speed of light?](http://physics.stackexchange.com/q/3541/)
Answer: Time dilation is a consequence of the observation that the speed of light (in a vacuum) is a constant.
Insofar as the human ageing process is a kind of clock it is also affected by this effect. Identical twins who meet after one of them has accellerated to an appreciable fraction of the speed of light will have eged by different amounts when they meet.

attaining the speed of light??


PHP Prepared Statement Fails

Question: I'm passing a prepared sql insert statement (using placeholders ?, ?) into a mysql database. I'm then using ->execute($array) and passing a single array of the values in. It's working great (ie inserts) when there is data entered into every field of the form (the array is complete), however fails completly if just one single element is not completed.
With the older mysql_query, if a value was missing it would simply not insert that value into the database.
How do we deal with this in prepared statements?
Thanks!
Comment: PDO/mysqli can't magically produce data if you don't provide it. Are the relevant DB fields 'not null' or something?
Comment: If it worked before you simply did not have proper error handling bug simply ignored/silenced the error.
Answer: They way you deal with it is to properly ensure you have entered all relevant values for your query. mysql_query() can be as lax as it wants because at the end of the day, it only has to support MySQL, but PDO is a generic interface for relational data storage and it does not take the job of making sure you've entered all your data.
Answer: I don't see the comparison because mysql_query doesn't take parameters?
The PDO object requires you to bind your elements to the parameters. This is the long-way:
$stmt->bindParam(":namedParam", 1, PDO::PARAM_INT);

This is short-hand, so internally PDO still should do the above with some extra work for itself:
$stmt->execute(array($value1, $value2, $etc));

If your query looks like this:
INSET INTO mytbl VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)

and your $data array looks like this:
$data = array($val1, $val2, $val3);

Where do you think the two NULL values should be inserted?
1st & 3rd ?'s ? How should PDO know that?
Furthermore, if you do know the answer to that question, you can still handle it in PHP:
function queryMyTable($val1, $val2, $val3, $val4 = null, $val5 = null) {
    ...
    $stmt->execute(array($val1, $val2, $val3, $val4, $val5));
}

PHP Prepared Statement Fails


Is there an equivalent to Adobe Illustrator on iPad Pro?

Question: I am using Adobe Illustrator Draw, but it is a very limited app. Is there a professional illustration tool on iPad Pro?
Comment: iPad is a toy, not a computer. That's like asking if there is a good paint program for a video game console. They do exist though, like Mario Paint. But it's not professional, because it's a toy.
Comment: Mmmmmm. Thanks @LateralTerminal, your comment was very useful!
Answer: It's debatable whether any iPad apps are truly "professional" yet, but there are many that come close.
The most Illustrator like app that I have found is Graphic - illustration and design by Indeeo, Inc. https://itunes.apple.com/gb/app/graphic-illustration-and-design/id363317633?mt=8
(UK App Store link, hopefully it will redirect you.)
It's not cheap for an app, but it's very good.
There are others such and Concepts and ProCreate that are worth looking at, but I would consider all of these as complementary to using Photoshop, Illustrator etc rather than replacements for them. So far.
Comment: Maybe another option is to wait until Serif publish "Affinity Designer" for ipad, like they did with "Affinity Photo"...
Comment: Thanks! It looks fjne. I knows already "ProCreate" for drawings, but it is not good for vector graphics.
Comment: Yes. Affinity Designer is great on the Mac so if/when they do an iPad version it is likely to be a strong contender.
Comment: I hope they improve the iPad version. I miss some tools from his big brother version (like color variable creation)
Answer: Affinity Designer has been recently released for iOS and has all the abilities that Adobe Illustrator for desktop has. It is a great app and I definitely recommend downloading it. It is AUD$30 and is worth it as there are no monthly fees attached like Adobe products.
Comment: Thanks Guy. I am using it now and it is very nice!!!


Sampling from conditional distribution in general case

Question: I'm dealing with Gibbs Sampling now.
Let's consider the example:
I know the distribution of X|Y and the distribution
of Y. They are some known - Binomial or Beta or other
but particular. Thus I have in analytical view f(X|Y),
f(Y) and I can calculate joint distribution f(X,Y).
To provide Gibbs Sampling I need to calculate many times
X∼X|Y and Y∼Y|X.
The question is: which technique can I use to sample Y∼Y|X
in general case, for any given f(X|Y), f(Y)?
Answer: It is not exactly like that. If it is easy and effective to sample from $X\mid Y=y$ and $Y\mid X=x$, then plain vanilla Gibbs sampling is probably the way to go for sampling from the joint distribution of $X,Y$. There may be cases when it is difficult to sample from some of the full conditionals. In those cases, something like a "Metropolis within Gibbs" algorithm may be a good strategy. Take a look at these notes. A suggestion: I believe that you shouldn't study the subject this way. You must abstract the general concepts working with specific concrete examples. Trying to extend those concrete examples will show you where the difficulties arise. If you're looking for a very good book on the subject, check out the latest edition of Robert and Casella.
Comment: We need to know more about OpenBUGS internals to answer that. From their site: "BUGS includes a range of algorithms that its expert system can assign to each such computational task."
Comment: But when I do something in OpenBugs, for example, I just need to write {T∼dbeta(3,7); X∼dbin(T,n)} n=15. And this program through Gibbs Sampling automatically sample many times X|T and T|X. It means that they use some numerical technique for sampling T|X cause I can put any distributions and I'll get correct results. How can I do this, sample from T|X, in R, for example?
Comment: I agree that there is a lot it BUGS algorithms but I'm interesting just in sampling from conditional distributions. I don't think, they introduced something new. Perhaps they are using just known technique


How can I stop EF 7 mapping an entity property to a column?

Question: In EF 6, I can add a NotMapped attribute to the property, then it will not be mapped to a column. How can I do this in EF 7?
Answer: We haven't implemented data annotations yet. (See #107) You should be able to do it using the Fluent API.
modelBuilder.Entity<MyEntity>().Ignore(e => e.NotMappedProperty);

Comment: @fiso in beta 8, it supports `NotMapped` attribute, so just mark your property of entity with `[NotMapped]`
Comment: Got it. But I noticed that `Ignore` method is not available in EF 7 beta 1, that's ok. Thanks.
Comment: @Ricky How did you fix it if Ignore was not available?
Comment: In RC1, I found the `NotMapped` attribute caused a `StackOverflowException` on an unmapped readonly property. I had to resort to using the `Ignore()` method above to solve it.
Answer: Just to add on to Ricky and bricelam's answer,
There are two ways to ignore a property:

Data annotations on model
public class Blog
{
    public int BlogId { get; set; }
    public string Url { get; set; }

    [NotMapped]
    public DateTime LoadedFromDatabase { get; set; }
}

Fluent API overriding OnModelCreating
class MyContext : DbContext
 {
     public DbSet<Blog> Blogs { get; set; }

     protected override void OnModelCreating(ModelBuilder modelBuilder)
     {
         modelBuilder.Entity<Blog>()
         .Ignore(b => b.LoadedFromDatabase);
     }
 }

 public class Blog
 {
     public int BlogId { get; set; }
     public string Url { get; set; }

     public DateTime LoadedFromDatabase { get; set; }
 }

Documentation available here.


Emulate RFID Tag

Question: I just got my RFID-RC522 Reader and was wondering one thing. Can i Use an RFID Reader to emulate an RFID Tag, so that if i have another reader it will detect the other one as a card and transfer data. It should be detected as a Tag like a midfare Classic but the data sould be supplied by the Arduino. Is this possible? At all? Or does it require another type of reader? If you know a solution please share it.
Answer: I'm almost positive you cant use a RFID Reader to talk to another RFID Reader with the basic libraries and resources we have. You are best just getting an actual tag may it be Mifare classic or another type of RFID Tag.
I'm sure this is possible but the amount of development you will need to dedicate towards this would out weigh just getting a cheap RFID tag.
What you can do is look around see what type of things you have laying around maybe something has an RFID tag in it, or maybe you have a phone with NFC. You can use your phones NFC to send data to a RFID reader, but you will need to find the resources to do this. Sorry I'm not much help but maybe someone has done this before and has a simple solution.
Comment: This is not a very useful answer - first it is based on speculation rather than facts, and second your proposal "just getting an actual tag" ignores the question's goal that "the data should be supplied by the Arduino".

Emulate RFID Tag


How do I batch-export all the content contained in symbolic links? (and then delete them all)

Question: So as an alternative to Recursive scp without following links or creating a giant tar file? (this could be an emergency since the remote files could be deleted any time soon), I'm thinking of deleting all my symbolic links. But then I would like to batch-export them all somewhere so that I can restore them once I'm done with the scp file copying.
Answer: You could make a tar archive containing the symbolic links only. Assuming GNU utilities (so non-embedded Linux or Cygwin):
cd /some/dir
tar cf symlinks.tar --no-recursion .
find -type l -print0 | xargs -0 tar rf symlinks.tar

Another approach is to generate a shell script that would recreate the symlinks. Here's a Perl approach (while this is doable with only POSIX utilities, it's difficult to handle special characters correctly).
use File::Find;
sub wanted {
    if (-L $_) {
        $link_name = $_;
        $target = readlink($_);
        die $! if !defined $target;
        # protect single quotes from shell expansion
        $link_name =~ s/\x27/\x27\\\x27\x27/;
        $target =~ s/\x27/\x27\\\x27\x27/;
        print "ln -s -- \x27$target\x27 \x27$link_name\x27\n";
    }
}
find({wanted => \&wanted, no_chdir => 1}, ".")

Don't remove the symbolic links. Exclude them from the copy, or make a symlink-less copy of the directory tree, as illustrated in my answer to your other question.


Cannot access the Custom UILabel in a Custom UITableViewCell

Question: this is Nsr (just a beginner in xcoding), using xcode 4.3.3,
I've made a Custom UITableview with Custom UITableviewcell through storyboarding,
I have a UIBUtton and a UILabel in my custom cell.
i'v remove the cell selection (also cleared the background) so that only the buttons can be accessable which works as a backgound for the custom UILabel.
Now there are bunch of buttons since of using data array, and when i click any button, it segues to the other view (detail view), all i wanted is to set the custom Label (set over the detail view) from the previous selected button with "Label"...
means new Label = previous page's clicked Label from the custom tableview..
<code>- (UITableViewCell *)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView cellForRowAtIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)indexPath
{
    static NSString *CellIdentifier = @"Cell";
    Custom *cell = [tableView dequeueReusableCellWithIdentifier:CellIdentifier];

    if (cell == nil) {

        cell = [[Custom alloc] initWithStyle:UITableViewCellStyleDefault reuseIdentifier:CellIdentifier];

    }

    cell.myLabel.text = [myArray objectAtIndex:indexPath.row];

    return cell;
}

- (void)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView didSelectRowAtIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)indexPath
{

    [tableView deselectRowAtIndexPath:indexPath animated:YES];

    [self.myTable reloadData];

}
</code>
I hope you get my problem, very sorry for my poor english..
Please help me, im in a real mess, coz this problem already took my 3 days :(
Thanx in advance, Cheers.
Answer: function return Custom cell but in header you write UItableviewCell change this to Custom


Roughly how much Co2 is generated per kWh of electricity generated

Question: I'm interested to know how much Co2 is generated by a coal fired power station to produce 1kWh of electricity for electrical grid
Comment: Welcome at EarthScience.SE. Which resources did you use in trying to answer the question on your own? Looking for _"co2 emissions coal fire plant per kwh"_ in your favorite search engine should yield a huge heap of useful results. It looks a bit like a homework question. Moreover, I am not sure whether this question is in the scope of EarthScience.SE. I am voting to close this question.
Comment: I'm not sure if it's on-topic here or not, but it would certainly be on topic at sustainability.stackexchange.com. I suggest asking there!
Comment: @ben if you want, you could flag it for mode attention, and ask for migration to [sustainability.se]
Answer: About 900 grammes of CO2 for each 1kWh of electricity.
There is some variation: very modern super-critical coal plants can be lower. But 900g is a reasonable central estimate.
Note that that's just CO2 from combustion. It can be higher, when we include CO2 and CH4 emissions from the rest of the coal supply chain too.


Is there such a thing as N-valued logic?

Question: Is there such a thing as N-valued logic, N being above 5 since there exist 3-valued and 4-valued logic. I am asking, because after true, false and neither, the additional truth value basically don't make any sense. I am not sure if these truth values make sense in philosophy. They may have application in technology and computer science, but I don't see how they could be relevant in philosophy.
Comment: N-valued logic and even [infinite-valued logic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite-valued_logic) has philosophical implication: *In the study of logic itself, infinite-valued logic has served as an aid to understand the nature of the human understanding of logical concepts. Kurt Gödel attempted to comprehend the human ability for logical intuition in terms of finite-valued logic before concluding that the ability is based on infinite-valued logic...*
Comment: @DoubleKnot What is a reference for Godel's comments about infinite-valued logic?
Comment: You can generate Logics with 2^n values by taking power set operations on the set {True, False}. You could see this as representing successively higher orders of combinations of truth values being assigned to single statements. For example you could have a truth value in 8-value logic that represents a sentence being both neither true and false and yet also true. This can model hypothetical truth values assigned by different agents under uncertainty. E.g he thinks she thinks it's true, but she thinks it's neither true nor false.
Comment: In fuzzy logic, there are Continuum-many truth values, so even more than the |omega|-many truth values in the Lukasiewicz precursor theory. Perhaps extraordinarily more truth values, even (depends on if the Continuum's cardinality is supposed to the first aleph after the zeroth, or if it's some monstrously greater aleph, like the first fixed point of the aleph function that also is cofinal with one of the alephs beyond the zeroth, say).
Comment: "*The general problem of finding an intuitive understanding of the truth degrees occasionally has a nice solution: one can consider them as comprising different aspects of the evaluation of sentences*" [SEP, Many-Valued Logic](https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-manyvalued/#SysManValLog).
Answer: I'll start with a section on this very question in the SEP article on Jan Łukasiewicz:

In proposing logics with infinitely many values, Łukasiewicz was thus the inventor of what was much later (43 years later, to be exact) to be called 'fuzzy logic'. Commenting on these systems in 1930, Łukasiewicz wrote

it was clear to me from the outset that among all the many-valued systems only two can claim any philosophical significance: the three-valued one and the infinite-valued ones. For if values other than "0" and "1" are interpreted as "the possible", only two cases can reasonably be distinguished: either one assumes that there are no variations in degrees of the possible and consequently arrives at the three-valued system; or one assumes the opposite, in which case it would be most natural to suppose, as in the theory of probabilities, that there are infinitely many degrees of possibility, which leads to the infinite-valued propositional calculus. I believe that the latter system is preferable to all others. Unfortunately this system has not yet been investigated sufficiently; in particular the relations of the infinite-valued system to the calculus of probabilities awaits further inquiry. (SW, 173)

But this precursor to fuzzy logic was supposed to have ℵ0-many truth values; fuzzy logic proper has 2ℵ0-many, which is at least ℵ1-many, but perhaps almost anything under the first uncountable strongly inaccessible cardinal (if that "exists"). (Generally, the only cardinals ruled out in this interval are ones cofinal with the zeroth aleph, though if we go with forcings that make 2ℵ0 = 2ℵ1, then the Continuum's cardinality is also not going to be any aleph cofinal with ℵ1. Worse, we could also force that 2ℵ0 = 2ℵ1 = 2ℵ2 = 2ℵ3, and so on and on, filtering out arbitrarily more singular cardinals from the mapping into the Continuum.)
So yes, there are "N-valued logics." There are also infinitary logics with countably or uncountably long conjunctions/disjunctions/quantifiers sets, and also things like ωth-order logic. So you could have an ωth-order infinitary logic ℒ(ω1, ω) that also has, say, ℵω1-many truth values to its name, I believe.
Comment: My point is that the extra truth values have different meanings for different logics and applications. In the 3-valued logic of SQL, the third value means "unknown" or more precisely "no data available". In another 3-valued logic, it is used to handle paradoxical sentences, so it means there is no consistent and unique assignment of truth values. An infinite number of truth values can be used for imprecision as in fuzzy logic, for uncertainty as in probability, or for confirmability as in Popper's logic of confirmation.
Comment: All of the operations used to define the logical operators in fuzzy logic are closed under the real interval [0,1]. Why would fuzzy logic need more numbers than are in that interval?
Comment: I'll add that what Łukasiewicz is missing in his quote is that there may be not only degrees of the possible, but also different ways in which a statement may fail to be assignable a value of true or false. For example, "this statement is false" as no consistent assignment of truth value but "this statement is true" has two consistent assignments of truth value. To account for this difference, we need a four-valued logic t/f/b/n.
Comment: The real interval [0, 1] is equinumerous with the entire Continuum, so it's just that there might be extraordinarily many real numbers even in that interval. Re: Łukasiewicz's indicated modal logic, I myself (for now!) accept the propositional operator theory of modality as such, so I wouldn't see the extra truth values as "degrees of possibility," at least not quite in the same sense as Łukasiewicz. I have some odd obsessive opinions about the liar sentence, too, so not sure how I'd relate it to this immediate question... My only sense of > 2 truth values is as percentages of truth, I guess.
Answer: The answer depends on whether you are talking about philosophical or mathematical logic.
In the mathematical world, a binary logic engine (or call it a binary gate) outputs only (true, yes, or 1) or (false, no, or 0) upon operating on some binary input condition. It is also possible to allow the input states and the output states to be assigned (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ..., n) which in the computer science world is called n-state logic. An example of this is a mechanical adding machine where the logic engine can accept 10 different discrete input states and yield 10 different discrete output states, making for example base-10 arithmetic particularly easy to implement.  All antique mechanical "adding machines" work in this way.
But it is possible to emulate any base n logic scheme with the right combination of purely binary (base-2) operators and states which themselves are particularly easy to construct out of switches which represent either yes (1) or no (0). For this reason, calculators that operate on decimal numbers convert those inputs into binary numbers, operate logically upon them with purely binary logic, and then convert the result back into decimal numbers. This trick works because base n numerals are simply a way of economically encoding  base 2 numerals, where every possible base n digit is in 1:1 correspondence with an equivalent base 2 digit. `
Now, is it possible to implement, for example, 7-state logic in the nonmathematical world? One possible example would be a logic engine which answers the question "what color is this sample of visible light?" with one of 7 possible output states (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet).
Comment: I don't agree that the question has anything to do with the distinction, if there is one, between mathematical logic and philosophical logic. There are many logics, and often it is possible to map one logic into another. As you say, it is possible to map n-valued logic into binary logic, but it doesn't follow that this makes n-valued logic less fundamental in some way. Classical logic can be mapped into intuitionistic logic, and vice versa, but both are logics, and neither is more mathematical or philosophical than the other. There is nothing peculiarly philosophical about the number two.
Answer: The analogy I use for N valued logic is paint and it's various shades. The paint colors like ivory, cream, egg shell, vanilla, snow  etc. can all be classified as white but are clearly not equivalent. Likewise black contains shades like onyx, charcoal, graphite, etc. So now Black and white which are typically considered Logic 1 and 0, can replaced with N values (one for each shade) that range from pure black to pure white with a set of rules or probabilities that govern the logic.


How to integrate Wordpress Website into ASP.Net?

Question: I am a .Net Developer. I don't know anything about WordPress.
I got a website project. The some parts of project are created in WordPress.
I have to add some new functionality in existing project.
My question is that can I integrate existing WordPress website into ASP.Net(VS2010)?
I want to run both WordPress website and My Asp.Net Website together.
If it is possible then How can I do this?
Comment: What are you trying to do? Add new functionality to the blog itself? Or have a website that works with it?
Answer: Peachpie has been recently released. WordPress can be compiled to and executed on .NET (asp.net and .net core) with Peachpie. You can also write WordPress plugins in c#, so it can be a good choice for your problem.
Comment: Do you have a demo of how to write a WordPress plugin in C# and deploy it within WordPress using PeachPie?
Comment: Sorry I don't. I just download it and make a few modifications, but I didn't deepen on it.
Answer: The best way to go with integrating Wordpress and ASP.NET is by using one of the supported XML-RPC protocols. You can see more about it here: http://codex.wordpress.org/XML-RPC_Support
or
use Orchard http://www.orchardproject.net/ is the must close System to wordpress at ASP.net and it's actually very good one! it's the best open source CMS in ASP.net the architecture of the system is very like wordpress.


What is the purpose of a saw nib?

Question: Saw nibs have been present for hundreds of years. What is their purpose?
Comment: Now look what you did.
Comment: I should add a bounty to this. :)
Comment: Sorry. I couldn't keep myself from posting such an awesomely trollsome question.
Comment: I'm not sure this is a good question for the new site. Many professionals are not sure and have different opinions. It seems like the only thing agreed upon is that no one knows for sure. For yet *another* take, Paul sellers uses it to [draw parallel lines](https://paulsellers.com/2014/07/questions-answered-why-nibs-on-old-handsaws/)
Comment: Oh, it's definitely not a good question. What would I ever mark as the answer? Nonetheless, I have enjoyed the possible suggestions. However I'm not sure how good I would be at drawing parallel lines using Paul Sellers' method.
Answer: well, there may be more to it that you'd think.  And definitely an interesting piece of trivia.
There are 2 types of nibs, either as something sticking out like on the picture in the question, or as a little notch.
There are multiple answers, ranging from:

nothing, that's just for decoration
this can be used to attach a blade guard (so you tie the strings around it and it won't slip)
you can use it as a pivot point against a nail to draw a circle (you lock your pencil in between 2 teeth).
Answer: The explanation I'd always seen was that this "single tooth" could be used to create an initial nick in the wood to start the cut at a fairly precise place. Without that nick, the first cut has a tendency to slip sideways a bit, losing accuracy.
You could create the guide nick in other ways -- with a chisel,  for example -- perhaps more accurately.  But building it into the saw guarantees you'll have it when you need it.
I can't prove that was the original intent. But I can say that it seems to work when used that way. It's more a carpentry solution than a cabinetry solution,  though, since it risks a bit more tear-out.
Comment: I had heard it was for the starting cut at a corner, it reduced tear outs of the grain on the side the saw was cutting towards, when used properly.
Answer: A trollish question indeed ;) My favorite answer has been, "So you can recognize an old saw at garage sales," but the most well referenced sources I've found indicate that it was originally placed as a decoration and just stuck.
Comment: Lee Valley sells 3 Wenzloff Panel Saws which includes a nib, so maybe not just old saws :)
Comment: There's no concrete answer to the question but hey, posterity is a purpose, I want to see what happens.
Comment: I should have thought about Lie-Nielsen too.  They have saws with nibs as well.
Answer: I wondered this for years and so I emailed Christopher Schwarz (former editor of Popular Woodworking magazine and now owner of Lost Art Press.
He seems to research historical things very well and he responded that neither he nor anyone else knows for sure.  He said he had asked Roy Underhill (host of PBS's Woodwright's Shop) and a few others.
So, nobody knows for sure.
Answer: I always liked this answer

Some have said early handsaws had an auxiliary handle near the toe to guide the flexible saws and prevent them from bending. The nib is said by them to be a vestigial handle which had become ornamental.

from the Disstonian Institute
Comment: I'd like to see what that handle looks like. I've seen removable handles created for large saws that allow two men to use it, but those pinch the sawplate with a wooden wedge and could be used on any saw.

What is the purpose of a saw nib?


What is difference between contentprovider and contentResolver in android

Question: What is the difference between ContentProviders and ContentResolver? I do not want for the SQLite database. I am developing an application for media.
Comment: the same as between "to provide" and "to resolve" ... short: ContentProvider implementation provides some data for some authority ... ContentResolver resolve which provider(based on authority) should be used and ask this provider for data ...
Comment: In case any of you have some networking basics, ContentResolver is analogous to domain name resolution, i.e. mapping stackoverflow.com to 188.8.131.52.The role of ContentResolver pretty much ends there.
ContentProvider serves the contents for a specific request like providing the HTML for this question "stackoverflow.com/questions/18874801".
It is really just an abstraction layer for querying a database, ignoring the underlying implementation
Comment: @Selvin F I want to make a program for playlist than I think I must have to create the content provider.Please tell me how to create our own ContentProviders
Comment: https://queception.com/question.php?question=107
Answer: I found some explanation here.  In summary
Content Resolver resolves a URI to a specific Content provider.
Content Provider provides an interface to query content.
The way to query a content provider is contentResolverInstance.query(URI,.....)
Comment: > if i want to create my playlist than whether I have to use the Contentprovider??
Comment: Yes.  Content Provider exposes an application's content to other applications.  You can also use it to retrieve data from a web server.
Comment: It is good explanation! But if the writer had explained "ContentProvider" first then it would had given more sense and sequence + more understanding! Anyhow! It clears the idea for me :)
Comment: Just to add. ContentResolver particularly needed when you access "other's" content providers to have a secure access. If you have your own content provider you don't need to use it.
Answer: ContentProviders are used to abstract the database from other parts and acts as an interface between your database and UI/other classes. You must create your own ContentProvider to share your app data with other apps.
ContentResolver is used to select the right ContentProvider based on the ContentUris. A ContentUri may look like

content://com.android.contacts/contacts/3

content://  is called scheme and indicates that it is a ContentUri.
com.android.contacts is called Content authority and ContentResolver uses it to resolve to a unique provider (in this case, ContactProvider).
contacts is the path that identify some subset of the provider's data (for example, Table name).
3 is the id used to uniquely identify a row within the subset of data.

NOTE : Your own app can also use this route to handle its data.

See Content Providers in Android for more detail
Comment: The number of upvotes indicates this answer should have been the accepted answer.
Comment: Yes, this answer is more clear than the accepted answer
Answer: Two layered Abstraction :
ContentResolver --> ContentProvider -->SQLiteDatabase

The main difference is this as mentioned in other answers.
ContentProvider exposes private data of your application to external application
  while
  ContentResolver provides the right ContentProvider among all the ContentProviders  using a URI.

Deeper Understanding (of two-layered abstraction)
Let's take a detour.
We all know that when we create an SQLite database then the database remains private to your application which means, you just can not share your app data with any other external application.
How data is shared then?
ContentProvider and ContentResolver are part of android.content package. These two classes work together to provide robust, secure data sharing model among applications.
ContentProvider exposes data stored in the SQLite database to other application without telling them the underlying implementation of your database.
So it abstracts the SQliteDatabase. But wait there is a catch !!!
The external application can not directly access ContentProvider. For that, you need to first interact with another class called ContentResolver
Think ContentResolver as a ContentProvider finder. There is only one instance of it and all the ContentProviders of your Device are registered with a simple Namespace URI. If you want to reach a particular ContentProvider you just need to know its URI. Pass it to ContentResolver and it will find the Provider using the URI.
Now lets have a look at the most important method getContentResolver().query(URI,String[] proj.....)

What happens when getContentResolver().query(URI,String[] proj.....) gets called

query() method belongs to ContentResolver class however it invokes the abstract query() method of resolved ContentProvider and returns Cursor object.
In this way, the External application gets exposed to the private database via two abstraction layers.

Just to add more points
             You cannot create your own ContentResolver class but you can always create your own
  ContentProvider class

Hope you have a better understanding
You can also see some sample code here for creating SQLitedatabase, ContentProvider etc, But it's not well documented.
Answer: In 2021 :D
Content Resolver :  For Data Request
Content Provider : For Data Response


Is it safe to open port 3306 in Firewall for external MySQL Connection

Question: I want to connect to a MySQL DB that is hosted with an ISP using something like TOAD, Navicat or HeidiSQL. I was told by the ISP that MySQL is listening on port 3306 but the hardware firewall is not allowing outside connections to access (only localhost). I have the option of giving them IPs to add to the firewall, but that's not ideal b/c I work from home or on the road mostly so my IP is always changing. If I open this up am I asking for trouble? Are there any measures besides adding my IP to an IP table that I could do to mitigate the risks?
Comment: It is always a bad idea to allow direct connections to your database.
Answer: Generally restricting MySQL access to an ip address is a good idea. There can be some security concerns but a good firewall should mitigate some of them. They would have to create an additional MySQL user for you since MySQL does not allow multiple hosts (unless there's a wildcard) per user. You could request multiple users, one for each host that you are connecting from or even do partial hosts (eg. %.google.com).
An alternative solution is to create a ssh tunnel from your machine so that you can connect locally.
Here's a good article on how you can create a ssh tunnel with MySQL.
Access Your MySQL Server Remotely Over SSH
Comment: +1 Yep, MySQL supports SSL itself, but it's confusing to use.  It's easier to use an ssh tunnel with port-forwarding.
Answer: DO NOT open 3306.
Instead, do what every other server does: Open port 22 for secure ssh connection, then once logged on, connect locally to mysql.
Comment: Thanks. I've been able to SSH to the box su to root the # mysql -u root to get to the mysql cli. I assume that means I've got everythign in place to tunnel, right? Have never set it up that way, but I guess I'll learn :-) Thanks
Answer: While you can keep your authentication secure by being very careful with grants and requiring SSL. You have no protection against potential undiscovered exploits that may be used.
Some SQL clients have an SSH tunnel option which is a better idea.
Answer: The secure approach is to close the port but if your server is a shared server with other clients using the same server, the ISP may not be willing to close the port. I have this exact issue with MySQL on my ISP. In my case, they've told me that "this does not represent a security risk for your account, because despite the fact that these ports are open, no one can connect with your credentials (unless they are stolen) while remote MySQL connections are turned off."
So if you have hard, secure passwords and remote connections off from the control panels and the server privileges are locked down, you're somewhat "safe" but not 100% "secure".
If the application is mission critical or contains sensitive data, I would move to a dedicated server if needed and absolutely close the port.
Answer: Since you mentioned Navicat, check out its HTTP tunnel feature.  If you name/locate that tunnel endpoint obscurely and use HTTP authentication on the file itself (in addition to your MySQL authentication), you eliminate all but the most targeted attacks.
Comment: Thanks. I ended up using the SSH tunnel and it works well. No need to worry about IP tables or anything. Appreciate the help.


Tier prices Magento 2.0

Question: I have got just one question, can you tell me how to change the tier prices withing the simple variants of a configurable product afterwards? I tried and saved the change in the simple variants but it is not shown on product page, there are still the "old" tier prices.
It would be grerat if somebody could help me.
Answer: This is how it works on Magento2:

when you open the configurable product there are no tier prices to
display
after the attributes are selected to match a simple product,
the tier prices block is not reloaded to reflect the selection
if you add in the qty box a quantity defined as tier and add the item to
cart, the cart price will be the right one (the one defined for the
tier)

So, I'm afraid you have to implement an ajax tier block reloading if you want to display the tier prices on the product page in your situation.

Tier prices Magento 2.0


Difference between on and out on

Question: What is difference between Put the glasses on the table and Put the glasses out on the table?
Comment: Feel free to accept it without rewriting or checking any boxes.
Comment: _Out_ would be used in case the speaker wanted to make sure the glasses are placed away (_out_) from other things on the table, therefore making them more visible. Alternatively, _out_ here can mean that the table is far away from the current location where the speech is taking place.
Comment: @JohnLawler although your answer is different by what lawrence said in previous comment, but I just decided to trust you. Please write your answer so I can accept it.
Answer:
put something out phrasal verb
  Lay something out ready for use.
  'she put out glasses and paper napkins'
  - ODO

The phrase 'put the glasses on the table' refers simply to placing something somewhere. The phrase on its own doesn't even hint at a reason for placing them there.
On the other hand, 'putting the glasses out on the table' tends to carry the connotation of preparing them for use, for example, as part of the process of setting the table for guests.
Comment: much appreciated
Comment: +1 This was certainly the standard colloquial usage at my house when I was growing up (in Texas): "Should I set the table?" "Yes, and don't forget to put the glasses out, too." Or: "Are the glasses already out on the table?" The wording didn't refer to making the glasses more visible, nor did it imply that the table was far away. If anything, the "out" referred to "out of the cabinet" where glasses were stored between meals.

Difference between on and out on


should the "definition" and "legal-terms" tags be merged?

Question: As per the title, definition's usage guidance is "for questions that seek to clarify the meaning of a term." As this is LawSE it seems to me that the only terms that require defining are legal ones.
Answer:
should the "definition" and "legal-terms" tags be merged?

No. Users might need help understanding the relevance or scope of a word in statutes or clauses, but that does not necessarily render that specific word an instance of legal terminology.
Likewise, courts oftentimes resort to the commonplace meaning of crucial words when justifying their interpretation of some text(s) relevant to a controversy. When doing so, they typically quote definitions from sources other than legislation or legal dictionaries.
Comment: Thanks, a clear and concise argument for the defence. I'll give it a bit longer for others to express an opinion, but if yours is the consensus I'll edit the Usage Guidance for both tags to properly reflect their differences.
Answer: Bump...
For those with sufficient reputation there is a pending tag synonym proposal for legal-terms and definition.
I have voted to decline the proposal in light of the valid points raised in Iñaki Viggers' answer.


How to control the "Updating skeletons" background task in PyCharm for IronPython interpreter?

Question: Is there a way to suppress, stop or, otherwise, control the settings for, or display of, background tasks in PyCharm? Selecting the IronPython interpreter causes it to update skeletons (seemingly) every time the interpreter is selected and usually takes 20-30 minutes to complete, rendering the IDE nearly unusable. Most times, I can't even carry on with normal work as most of the context menus are disabled during the operation.
Answer: Because today 2013-11-14Thu, it's 2 years after your bug and no other people are complaining about the pycharm, now 3.0, problem, I believe it is actually probably a Mac OSX issue. Numerous programs on my brand new 10.8.5 machine run way way over 100%. Pycharm updating skeletons was just taking 330% and making my fan spin crazily.
From lots of previous googling I found a little script that can temporarily fix the problem;
http://www.willnolan.com/cputhrottle/cputhrottle.html
Run it as so;
<code>sudo CpuThrottle xxx 25
</code>
where xxx = your process ID per Activity Monitor, and 25 = whatever %cpu you wish to limit it to. Upon clicking return, it will only last as long as one does not click ctrl-c. I read on the mac boards about a bug in the code where it would seek to use all available resources in looking for system updates, the same as this thing is doing. So I guess, alas we have to live with it. At least we have the little tool. Sigh.
Comment: As for 2015-01-25, problem still appears. `Updating skeletons` has not been finished yet.
Comment: This was on Windows 7.
Comment: @AnneTheAgile Windows 8.1 x64. This operation took about one hour. When I opened PyCharm again, it seems this operation was not performed again. I think it's how it should work normally. Anyway, it would be convenient to mark some packages as ignored.
Comment: ok. I do not think I have seen the problem on Win8. I run both win/mac. I'll keep an eye out.
Comment: @George, which machine OS/version are you on?
Comment: I'm also seeing this issue on Windows 8.1 x64. updating skeletons and indexing blocks pycharm. After that, the UI again hangs on opening top bar menus and i have to the kill PyCharm.
Answer: This was causing me problems because while this process is running, Jupyter-in-Intellij doesn't display the side panel where you can print things out. So it's pretty much a blocker.
I did several things which together resolved the problem:

I updated Intellij via "Check for updates..." and updating everything that was presented
I restarted Intellij after the update
I deleted a large (20,000 lines) sample JSON file from my project following the advice of this post on the Intellij forum that mentioned excluding or deleting files that weren't necessary to the project because the skeletons task would run on those

Unfortunately, I am not 100% certain what fixed it because I deleted the file as soon as my IDE came back up. Hopefully this answer will help someone in the future because Jupyter server within Intellij/PyCharm is excellent!
Answer: Please upgrade to PyCharm 2.0. It's likely that the problem with generating skeletons of binary modules is already fixed.
Comment: year 2020. pycharm 2018.3; anaconda 2020.3; still updating skeletons and indexing libraries


360 degree motion of servo with position control

Question: Is there any way I can control the position of servo by changing the value of potentiometer for using it for 360 deg motion?
Comment: Rotary encoders are not that expensive, and not really hard to code into a sketch.  Why don't you try that instead of a potentiometer?
Answer: A pot doesn't spin all the way around, so you could map hi/lo values, but you can't run more than one lap with it.  You could add a button that silences the pot input, so that you can hold the button and dial back the pot, releasing the button to continue turning the servo with the pot. In that case, you use relative values between samples to turn the servo instead of simply feeding it the ADC value.
A rotary encoder is probably a better fit though, since it can spin 360 just like the servo. You would still want to "gear down" the encoder if you're micro-stepping, so that say, 4 turns of the encoder yields 1 turn of the servo. This allows full 360 and as much arbitrary precision as your project needs.


IOS 8.x homescreen webapp crash at window.location

Question: We have an HTML5 webapp running from the homescreen on an IOS8.x device. The app crashes sometimes as the user is directed to another page by using the window.location line. The app worked perfectly fine on IOS7.x. The strange thing is that we have several lines in our code with window.location that works fine, except for the one line where the app crashes to the homescreen. Anyone here on this forum with a possible solution?
Answer: Try removing the HTML5 video tag from the page.
That prevents the webapp from crashing when redirecting via JS.
Hope that helps.
Comment: Indeed it was the video tag that made the webapp crash. We removed it, and the webapp works again on an IOS8.x device. As a consequence, we have no sound. Is there a way to have sound working in a webapp on an IOS8.x device?


How much will this capacitor hold?

Question: I am making a homemade capacitor for a science project. I have a 5 volt power source that I need to charge the capacitor with. If I cut out two 10"x10" slips of foil and 1 10"x10" piece of paper, and I put the paper in between, what would the capacitance be? Please keep in mind I need to have it charge to 5 volts. If this model doesn't work, can you please direct me to a better model. I cannot just buy a capacitor, though.
Comment: You forgot to mention the topology.
Comment: What do you mean? I don't know much about capacitors.
Comment: Is it flat? Folded? Rolled up?
Comment: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/pplate.html#c1 - probably about 40nF if i got my maths right and the assembly isn't rolled up. I assumed the paper was 0.4mm - just a guess
Comment: By the way, if you use two sheets of paper and then roll up the result, you get up to twice the capacitance because most of the foil will be forming a capacitor to the other foil on both sides.  Also, the tighter you wrap it or otherwise compress it, the higher the capacitance.  This is essentially a air gap capacitor.  At 5 V you don't need to worry about insulation distance, so the closer the two plates are, the higher the capacitance.
Answer: Lets assume you are making the simplest type of plate capacitor which consists of two conductors (your foils) separated by an insulator (your paper). (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permittivity)

You will need to know (or look up) the permittivity of the insulation material and to measure the thickness with reasonable accuracy but at best you could only estimate the value of the capacitor that you would make. Printing paper is about 0.1 mm (but can vary considerably depending on its 'weight' - g/m^2). Paper has a permittivity of about 3.3 times that of a vacuum (ε0 = 8.8541878176.. × 10^−12 F/m) i.e. 2.8182 x 10^-11 F/m.
Putting these figures into you calculation (and converting inches to m etc.) will give
<code>   C   = 2.8x 10^-11 * 0.066 (area in m^2) / 10^-4(thickness in m)   Farads
</code>
giving  a capacitor of around 0.018uF
(I'm certain somebody will correct me if I have my arithmetic  wrong)
The actual capacitance will certainly be less than this due to faults in construction (air pockets increasing plate distance etc.).
Personally I wouldn't use paper for the insulator/dielectric as moisture content can vary considerably and produces a 'leaky' capacitor. The last time I did this with my students we used printer transparency sheets.

How much will this capacitor hold?


Is it okay to ask advisor how I am doing with my research?

Question: I have some idea of how well I'm doing with my research in PhD, but maybe it differs from what my advisor thinks. Is it okay to ask (e.g. at the end of a meeting) how well I'm doing with my research? Can I say "Oh, by the way, how am I doing with my research?"
Comment: "Okay" is putting it a bit mildly. "Mandatory" would be closer.
Answer: Yes, this is a fine question to ask, although I might phrase is slightly differently:

"How happy are you with the progress that I am making?"

which makes it a little more open-ended and focuses the question more on process and progress.
Answer: I would also agree that it's fine (even good) to ask this question, but I would suggest not throwing it out at the end of the meeting, which may lead your advisor to just give a perfunctory response - for example saying that everything is fine even if s/he has concerns because they have another meeting about to start...
Instead it might be better to bring it up at the beginning of the meeting or even before the meeting in an email, which would allow your advisor to give you a more considered (and hopefully useful) response.
Answer: I think it's fine to ask this question. It's perfectly reasonable to be interested in getting feedback from your advisor. Most advisors should be okay with this kind of question as it shows a high level of interest and willingness to improve. However, I agree that you could frame your question differently. You could ask if your advisor has any feedback on your progress or if there are any areas where you need to put in more effort.
Answer: First, I think it is very easy for PhD students to err wildly (from the viewpoint of the advisor and/or more senior professionals) in all possible directions in their self-appraisal, if for no other reason than having no perspective or prior experience (and friends and peers in similar no-perspective/experience situations).
And, then, answers to the question may vary enormously depending on the precise wording. E.g., "Are you happy with my progress?" might tend to invite reassurance rather than critique. I think it is misguided to ask "Should I be working harder?", since in too many cases over-the-top "effort" ends up being seriously misdirected and only serves to exhaust you. Perhaps "How would you appraise my progress thus far?" if you really want some constructive criticism (and asked at the beginning of your meeting, rather than end).


Answers to be filled in by default with an expression doesn't work in QFIELD

Question: I have set up a project in QGIS with default expressions which takes data from other fields previously filled in and automatically generates a value. It works fine when filling a form into QGIS but it doesn't work while filling a form into QFIELD. Does anyone knows why and how can i fix it?
Comment: Can you be so kind and describe this point *" it doesn't work ..."* more in details? Like what kind of error do you get, your expected result, your efforts and ideas etc.
Comment: Imagine i am filling a form with 3 fields and the third one is the sume of the first and the second, then i set a default expresion for the third field into the attribute form in QGIS, thus, after insterting the first and the second number i click the box to insert the third one and automatically generates the sume. Well, whenever i try to do the same thing in QFIELD using the same project, i insert the first and the second number and then i click on the third box and nothing happens. I have to do it manually as the default expresion doesnt work and nothing is automatically generated.
Answer: Applying default values on update in "real-time" like we have it in QGIS is not (yet) supported in QField.
But a generally used workaround for this case is QField's fast editing mode. It saves changes immediately and updates the other fields. And this leads to the behavior you are looking for.

Update:
In QField version 2.x.x live update will be supported. Check it out on the current Beta version.
Comment: I don't want to raise a new issue on the tracker yet (still trying things out), but this seems to be non-functional for me in 4.2.2. Is there any reported issue for other people trying to have default values applied in real-time according to expressions referencing other fields in the layer?
Answer: This may help: When creating the form, fill out the expression for the summed field using current_value() to pull the values from each of the prior fields to create the new summed value.


Get traffic statistics from Google Maps for a future trip

Question: I would like to know traffic statistic information in order to for example predict how long tomorrow I will spend to go from home to work in case I will get out one hour later than usual. I suppose Google should have such information, but how I can retrieve it?
Comment: Related: [Is there a way to calculate a Google Maps commute based on past traffic delay times?](https://webapps.stackexchange.com/q/78182/354)
Answer: Go to Google Maps and get driving directions. (For instance, Downtown Washington DC to Dulles Airport.)
On the left, under the start and end points, is a menu that says "Leave now". Click that and change it to "Depart At". Modify the time and date to your projected departure time.
Your projected routes will be adjusted for what traffic typically looks like for the day of the week and time you're looking at. (Here's DC to Dulles at 5:00 PM on a Friday.)
Note that you can't change your depart/arrival times if you use the multiple destinations feature.


Is the Amputator taunt useful?

Question: I recently crafted the Amputator, mainly for the set bonus.  I've tested the taunt and it certainly seems to heal people, but is it really useful when you have unlimited healing with the medi-gun?
Answer: The Amputator's taunt allows you to heal multiple people at once. Of course, the drawback is that you're standing still and open to attack when you do it.
The Amputator works well on cp_degrootkeep (Medieval Mode), where you're not allowed to use your medi-guns, and the small size of the map means players are bunched closer together.
Answer: Yes, the Amputator taunt is useful. You can use the Medi Gun to heal people individually and get your ÜberCharge up, but you can save a lot of people's lives with the Amputator taunt.
For example, if a Pyro charges at a group that you are healing one-by-one and burns a lot of them, you might not be able to extinguish everyone before they die. The Amputator taunt will help in this scenario by quickly extinguishing all your teammates at once leaving no one behind.
I personally love the Amputator because it helps a lot of people especially when there are a lot of needy people who want you all to themselves. Using the Amputator taunt you can share the love.
You can read more about the taunt here.
Here's a quick comparison of healing methods:
                   Heals*  Healee  Duration  Charges**
Oktoberfest         11       Self      4  s     0
Medicating Melody   25       Team      4.2s     0
                    (if in sight and range)

Medigun             24/s   Target        -   2.5 %/s
Kritzkrieg          24/s   Target        -   3.13%/s
QuickFix (beta)     36/s   Target        -   3.75%/s

*  300% for targets that haven't received damage in the last 3 seconds
**  50% for targets that are at 142.5% health or higher

Comment: The Amputator makes you an open target for enemy Snipers and Spies.
Comment: You can always find a little area that is covered from snipers and hope that the teammates that you are healing will protect the area from spies. You can also look around the area while taunting to look for spies.
Comment: You would have to have several teammates very close to death for the taunt to be preferable to just quickly spreading the medigun healing around. Since it is essentially impossible to have such detailed information on teammate health available at a moment's notice, I would say that it is *never* preferable from a practical standpoint. As mentioned in the other answer, the only reason to use the amputator taunt is in Degroot Keep.

Is the Amputator taunt useful?