What do people who say consciousness is an illusion mean?

Question: What do people who say consciousness is an illusion actually mean by that statement? Are they denying that consciousness exists, or are they claiming it exists but that it is an illusion? And anyway, isn't an illusion something that happens in consciousness? I would like to be enlightened on this topic.
Comment: i'm guessing varies according to who says it?
Comment: Please give a reference: Which people claim that consciousness is an illusion, which supporting argument do they provide? - First one needs to have the data, only thereafter one can analyse what the data mean.
Comment: I've seen people assert that consciousness was an illusion - and after thinking about it for awhile, I was left wondering who was supposed to be perceiving the illusion.
Comment: An illusion is something that happens in consciousness. Yes, I think that is about it.
Comment: I listened to about a day's worth of lectures by Keith Frankish that were meant as an introduction to the idea of consciousness as an illusion, and at the end I still had no idea what he meant, so perhaps it was an illusion.
Comment: With all due respect, this proposition is illogical. How is an illusion perceived but by consciousness? So the illusion relies on a non-existent state. Therefore, it does not exist.
Comment: The proposition is unscientific, since it is untestable. Cogito ergo sum. I exist and I refuse to think about illogical, unscientific, prolix, and pointless propositions.
Answer: Here's an exceprt from the 2017 BBC article, Is Consciousness Just an Illusion?, in which the view of philosopher and cognitive scientist Dan Dennett (the co-director of the Center for Cognitive Studies and the Austin B. Fletcher Professor of Philosophy at Tufts University in Massachusetts), is very briefly outlined.

Consciousness is real. Of course it is. We experience it every day. But for Daniel Dennett, consciousness is no more real than the screen on your laptop or your phone.
The geeks who make electronic devices call what we see on our screens the "user illusion". It's a bit patronising, perhaps, but they've got a point.
Pressing icons on our phones makes us feel in control. We feel in charge of the hardware inside. But what we do with our fingers on our phones is a rather pathetic contribution to the sum total of phone activity. And, of course, it tells us absolutely nothing about how they work.
Human consciousness is the same, says Dennett. "It's the brain's 'user illusion' of itself," he says.
It feels real and important to us but it just isn't a very big deal.
"The brain doesn't have to understand how the brain works".

Philosopher Keith Frankish (honorary reader in philosophy at the University of Sheffield, a visiting research fellow with the Open University, and an adjunct professor with the Brain and Mind programme at the University of Crete) goes into a bit more detail in The Consciousness Illusion. I've included just a taste here, as his explanation is lengthy.

It is phenomenal consciousness that I believe is illusory. For science finds nothing qualitative in our brains, any more than in the world outside. The atoms in your brain aren't coloured and they don't compose a colourful inner image. (And even if they did, there is no inner eye to see it.) Nor do they have any other qualitative properties. There are no inner sounds, smells, tastes and pains, and no inner observer to experience them if there were. It is true that cognitive scientists talk of there being representations in the brain. But by this they don't mean inner pictures or copies that we observe instead of observing the world directly. They mean patterns of neuron-firing that respond to specific features of the world and that the brain uses to construct models of its environment.

and...

Illusionists agree with other physicalists that our sense of having a rich phenomenal consciousness is due to introspective mechanisms. But they add that these mechanisms misrepresent their targets. Think of watching a movie. What your eyes are actually witnessing is a series of still images rapidly succeeding each other. But your visual system represents these images as a single fluid moving image. The motion is an illusion. Similarly, illusionists argue, your introspective system misrepresents complex patterns of brain activity as simple phenomenal properties. The phenomenality is an illusion.
Comment: Re. "introspective system misrepresents complex patterns of brain activity" – Something seems topsy-turvy.  The interpretation of brain activity is a nuanced accomplishment, not a misrepresentation.  Also Dennett saying "It's the brain's 'user illusion' of itself", sure, the basic are automated, simplified, but careful, important thought is where analytical consciousness has its day.
Comment: With all due respect, consciousness is a big deal.
Answer: Extracted from a Daniel Dennett (good day sir) video on consciosuness.
From a distance, a painting (forgot by whom) depicts a bridge. You can "see" people walking on it. Come closer (no, big bad lupus) and these "people" are actually blobs of paint. Blobs of paint perceived as people is clearly an illusion. That was all she wrote.
Consciousness, construed as "people" on the bridge in the painting, is just paint blobs. After all, perception is critical to consciousness, it is also a kind of pratyaksha (perception).  Consciousness senses consciousness and to the extent that is true, consciousness is maya (illusion).
Comment: If that was all Dennet meant then I would understand and agree with it. What we see is the brain's interpretation of the information coming into our eyes. I get that. What I don't get is the further step that our experience of consciousness is an illusion. I suppose he uses the word illusion in a special sense here, but even so I can't quite catch what he thinks he means.
Comment: And the answers to the question cited by Conifold are of no help to me.
Comment: *Ex mea (humble) sententia*, the received wisdom seems to be that *consciousness/res cogitans* is *real* and stands distinct from *res extensa* (the brain?). That this is so is false i.e. consciousness, as nonphysical, is an illusion. More can be said. I'll edit the answer ... in a while.
Comment: Cheers! I understand the words but don't get any helpful meaning from them. 1) We experience consciousness. 2) There is chemical stuff going on in our brains. How does 1) arise from 2)? Maybe Dennet wasn't trying to answer that question, but the answer to it is what I was hoping to hear.
Comment: Daniel Dennett said, believe it or not, we're p-zombies. What do you suppose that means?
Comment: Reality does not exist, in the sense that we are conscious only of our perception of reality. The "blobs of paint" analogy says nothing more than this. So what? We already know that our perception is an "illusion". However, the proposition is not about perception, but consciousness. It is a step too far to conclude that consciousness is an illusion. The proposition is also illogical and unscientific, as I have already commented.
Comment: We would need to dig into what consciousness means, oui?
Answer: Before declaring consciousness as an illusion , it is important to understand , what does the word "consciousness" means. Consciousness is a thought, non-physical expression of verbal communication, consciousness is a feeling , consciousness is ability to make choices, consciousness is perception. Understanding fire as a fire , understanding earth as earth , understanding water as water, understanding joy as joy , understanding suffering as suffering involves consciousness.
Now the question is : Is suffering an illusion ? Machines do not suffer but conscious beings understand what suffering is. If suffering is not an illusion then how can consciousness be an illusion ?
However because there is consciousness which is vulnerable to suffering, it can not be called self. You can not call it me , mine or myself. You presently , I guess, feel that you are seeing , you are hearing , you are tasting but none of this is true. There is sight, there is sound , there is taste but it is not yours or you or yourself. In that sense consciousness is like an illusion.


How do I override a parent theme's language files with a child theme?

Question: I have a parent theme and a child theme, I would like to override the spanish .mo and .po files in the parent theme (or add them if they are not present in the parent theme) with the es_ES ones in my child theme. I added the folder with the modified mo and po files in the child theme with the same folder name as in the parent theme but this is not working. How can I come about this?
Thanks!
Comment: This is specifically covered in the [codex](http://codex.wordpress.org/Child_Themes#Internationalization).
Answer: you may use this below code for your problem:

  [1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/5aX1D.png

 or use below code:

add_action( 'after_setup_theme', function ()
{

    load_theme_textdomain( 'your parent theme name', get_stylesheet_directory() . '/languages/' );

    load_child_theme_textdomain( 'your child theme name', get_stylesheet_directory() . '/languages' );
} );
Answer: If you want to change more than just the stylesheet, your child theme can override any file in the parent theme: simply include a file of the same name in the child theme directory, and it will override the equivalent file in the parent theme directory when your site loads. For instance, if you want to change the PHP code for the site header, you can include a header.php in your child theme's directory, and that file will be used instead of the parent theme's header.php.
You can also include files in the child theme that are not included in the parent theme. For instance, you might want to create a more specific template than is found in your parent theme, such as a template for a specific page or category archive. See the Template Hierarchy for more information about how WordPress decides what template to use.
Comment: How does this answer the question?...


Why was Joseph allowed to imprison Shimon?

Question: Why was Joseph allowed to imprison Shimon? That seems to transgress theft (both the Ten Commandments and/or the Noahide laws)?
Comment: Why just ask about Shimon? He first imprisoned all of them for three days. Ostensibly it would have been on the grounds of דינא דמלכותא/national security, since they were suspected spies; in reality it was for the purpose of getting them to do teshuvah and to fulfill the prophecies from his dreams, so it would have been a הוראת שעה.
Comment: @DonielF Well, yeah, but that still wouldn't allow him to violate the Sheva Mitzvos. After all, that unlimited grant of power conceivably could also include permission to take someone else's wife and to kill her husband, something we know a previous Pharaoh had no problem with...
Comment: @Meir Does this really count as a הוראת שעה? No, the answer is that a king can do whatever he wants, and Paroh gave him unlimited power except for whatever he vetoes.
Comment: Why would Joseph imprisoning Shimon be considered theft?
Comment: The question seems to be - on what basis was Yosef allowed to play a game with the brothers. But the brothers themselves admitted they were wrong (וְלֹא יָכְלוּ אֶחָיו לַעֲנוֹת אֹתוֹ כִּי נִבְהֲלוּ מִפָּנָיו)?
Answer: Disclaimer: as I said many times before, ruling pre-Matan Tora people with post Matan Tora rules is wrong.
That being said, what Yossef did wasn't transgress theft
רמב"ם הלכות גנבה פרק ט הלכה ב
אין הגנב חייב עד...וישתמש בו וימכרנו לאחרים ...
Rambam Rules of theft 9:2
The kiddnapper is not considered kidnapper until... He [the kidnapper] will enslave him [the  kiddnapped], and will sell him...
Shimon wasn't enslaved nor sold.
Comment: that's only for capital punishment, he still transgresses theft. https://www.sefaria.org/sheets/2599?lang=bi
Comment: @Fei23 I don't say that Yossef was nice, but the brothers weren't nice to him either. Yossef wanted them to understand that it's the outcome of what they did to him. I can't  see in the sources you poited that Yossef did something that is *Aisur Tora*
Comment: the first source brought shows that it's forbidden to kidnap someone (though to be given the death penalty one does need to actually sell them).
Comment: Mishneh Torah, Theft 9:1-2
Halacha 1

Whoever kidnaps another person transgresses a negative commandment, as Exodus 20:13 states: "Do not steal." This verse is stated in the Ten Commandments and serves as a warning against kidnapping.
Comment: @Fei23 Did you noticed that you quoted the same source I did, saying it's not Kidnapping until enslavement and selling? Anyway, IMHO, it's a weak question, and as much it's a question, I gave an answer.
Answer: This falls into the category of pikuach nefesh and dina demalchuta. Certainly any Beit Din lacking the power of prophecy would agree with Joseph that 10 sons of a foreign prince like Jacob, coming in by separate entrances (according to Breshit Rabbah) are suspicious enough to justify detention. Shimon and Levi were known to have destroyed Shechem by themselves, which would be ample reason to separate them (as Tanchuma says).
If we assume the Beit Din knew that they were Joseph's brothers, it still makes no difference. According to all evidence known at the time, Joseph's brothers hated him and wanted to kill him. Joseph was the Prime Minister who saved Egypt and the whole world from famine, and any threat to him was a matter of national security for Egypt. Joseph could not expel them (it might lead to Jacob's death) and could not detain them (they were a threat). So he detained the most dangerous one and sent the rest home with food.
Comment: I don't see how it can be assumed they're spies just because they entered into different gates (they had their own reason for that which was never inquired into). His accusation of them being spies was just part of his "plan", he didn't actually think they were spies or have good reason to believe that.
Comment: Shechem's son literally raped and kidnapped their sister, and they didn't punish him, so it's a bit different than going to the one place that has food (albeit separately) and attempt to purchase some.
Answer: Turn the question around: Why were the brothers allowed to steal Yosef, and even sell him as a slave? That's a full-fledged violation of the prohibition לא תגנוב in the Ten Commandments - which carries a death penalty. It is described exactly that way in the piyut we say about the Asarah Harugei Malchus, in the argument presented by the evil ruler.
The answer (of course) is that they were not allowed to do it. The entire rest of the story is how that gets fixed. Yosef was the victim, he was completely allowed to punish them, measure for measure. As his brother says to him, G-d has found out the sin of your servants - we will all be slaves to [you] our master.
Yosef is not doing more to them than they deserve, he is doing less. The brothers know that and acknowledge it as part of G-d's judgment, even if they don't (yet) understand why ("They trembled, one to another, saying, 'What is G-d doing with us?!'"). During the story, Yosef's love for them overcomes his strict judgment ("Yosef could not longer hold himself back"), and so does G-d's. His love for them overcomes his pain at what they did to him, bit by bit as the story progresses, and as he sees them growing in regret for what they had done ("they did not know that he could understand them... he turned away from them and cried...") Yosef arranges the story so that they rerun the same events and the same tests with Binyamin, this time successfully, and helps them to rebuild their relationship with him.
Maybe the best story in Tanach.
Comment: One cannot just kidnap someone because they kidnapped him. There is an entire process of testimony, judges, etc.
Comment: he framed them for that crime where they pledged themselves as slaves to save Binyomin
Comment: The brothers don't seem to agree with you, per my quotes. They felt that what was happening to them was completely in order.
Comment: As everywhere in this story, there are two different pictures: the one the brothers saw, and the one that was really going on. According to the first, Yehudah said, "We are slaves to my master, both us, and the one who was found with the cup in his hand." According to the second - the exact same result, for a completely different reason, as Yehudah also said right before that phrase, "G-d has found the sin of your servants..."
Comment: [Take a look at Makos 10b for an interesting parallel example: a man walks under a ladder, and someone else falls on him and kills him, and is sent into golus. "Elokim inah l'yado": Hashem caused it this time - because of something the person did another time.]
Comment: @MichoelR To be fair, the fact that the brothers didn't raise any objections to being unlawfully imprisoned doesn't mean they weren't unlawfully imprisoned.
Comment: @Zarka Well, yes, but I think the entire question here is an example of taking a halacha beyond where it's supposed to go. See some of the other answers for why, he represented the king etc. That's the halachic issue. If you want to know if he did anything _wrong_, see my answer.
Answer: Yosef was a semi king in general at the time and was looking for fulfillment of his dream that he would be the king over brothers.
A king always has the right to act extra judiciously in times of need and even kill people if warranted.
The Rambam in Hilchos Melachim  3:10 says
כָּל הַהוֹרֵג נְפָשׁוֹת שֶׁלֹּא בִּרְאָיָה בְּרוּרָה. אוֹ בְּלֹא הַתְרָאָה. אֲפִלּוּ בְּעֵד אֶחָד. אוֹ שׂוֹנֵא שֶׁהָרַג בִּשְׁגָגָה. יֵשׁ לַמֶּלֶךְ רְשׁוּת לְהָרְגוֹ וּלְתַקֵּן הָעוֹלָם כְּפִי מַה שֶּׁהַשָּׁעָה צְרִיכָה.
A murderer against whom the evidence is not totally conclusive, or who was not warned before he killed his victim, or even if there is only one witness, or an enemy who killed by accident - the king has permission to execute them and to improve society according to the needs of the time
The Meforshim on the Rambam brings various sources for this but one thing is clear. In times of need  (after careful thought) kings have the right to act extra judiciously for the betterment of the world.
That would have been the case by Yosef and his brothers and Shimon's imprisonment
Answer: The Ramban says that Yosef was allowed to be mitzaer his father by taking away binyamin from him, in order to fulfill his dreams.
It seems from there that in order to fulfill ones prophecys hes allowed to violate the Torah. Since Yosef kidnapped Shimon in order for the brothers to come back with Binyamin, in order to fulfill his dreams, it was okay to violate the Torah.


How many measures/bars per staff?

Question: Also does it vary on the time signature? I see that some have two bars some have four as well, Also when there is a new staff created underneath a previous one, is there a name for it like placing another treble clef staff underneath a previous one continuing the melody? See how the sheet music below has 4 bars and 2, why does it have to be 4 and the other one being 2? Cant it be 5,3,7 etc. is it based off the time sig?
Comment: I think you are confusing the bar line with the bar/measure, which, now that I think about it, is a little confusing. The bar line is the name of the line separating each measure and a bar is another name for a measure. So the top system has five bars and four bar lines and the bottom has three bars and two bar lines. However, if you count the end of the system as a barline they are equal.
Comment: When you say '4 bars and 2', do you really mean 5 and 3? Because there are 5 bars on the first line, and 3 on the second.
Answer: The correct term for a group of staves that are played simultaneously is a system, but it's often called a "line," which can lead to confusion with other musical meanings of "line."
In general, you can have any number of measures per system, ("measures per staff" in your question isn't really correct) depending on how many notes they contain. This is exactly the same as asking "how many words make a line of text" - it depends if the words are "the cat sat on the mat" or "antidisestablishmentarian countermeasures".
In some situations, for example the music parts for theater performances, there is a convention of always writing exactly four measures per system. This makes it easier to do last-minute edits to the music, especially if most of the songs have four-measure phrases. If can re-print a just small section of the score and insert it into the original version without affecting everything else, you don't lose all the extra markings that the players have made in pencil during rehearsals!
Comment: There is a little extra confusion because American and British English are different. The vertical lines are always "barlines", but the space between two barlines is called a "bar" in England, and a "measure" in America. I think almost exclusively: I have never heard anyone in England say "measure", but the American Gardner Read's (otherwise excellent) book on music notation has a little rant on the evils of calling a "measure" a "bar"...
Answer: If I read your question correctly, I think you're asking about the number of bars on each line, and why it varies.
As far as I know, it's purely practical. Some bars have more notes, so they take up more physical space. Your example is also skewed by the fact that the piece ends. If there was another bar, I suspect it would end up on the same line.
Sometimes it gets split up so that the end of the musical phrase is also the end of the line, but there's no musical reason to do that. It can make it somewhat easier to read.
Answer: As many as are needed.  As many as facilitate readable note and lyrics (if any) spacing.  As many as facilitate a neat page layout, without a short last line.   Often 4.
Answer: I am just about to graduate with my production degreee, which requires quite a lot of lead sheet writing and sheet music digestion, and I had this question pop up the other day on a quiz. What my prof. said (which it still could be a matter of his option when it comes to composition) that you should separate 4-8 bars if possible. Obviously there are instances where you can not avoid that, but as far as writing a composition, group in 4's. (Via Full Sail University)
Comment: Please could you give a citation for this view? If you look at actual sheet music by reputable publishers, you'll see systems with 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, all sorts of numbers of bars per system, depending on how much room each bar needed. Yes, there are conventions on laying the music out so that certain moments fall at the end of a line, e.g. the end of each song or movement, or the end of each variation in a Theme and Variations. But not every 4 bars.

How many measures/bars per staff?


Steam won't open in Ubuntu 15.10

Question: Been trying over and over, but nothing happens. Tried reinstalling Steam along with Ubuntu but that didn't do anything either. Tried other forums with helpful tips but no good. I'm running out of ideas and I don't know what else I can do. Can someone please help me before I start pulling my hair out? I'm going mad.
Comment: Where are you installing Steam from? Repositories or downloading it? And did it ever launch (e.g.: when you were on an earlier version)?
Comment: I think they fixed it, beacuse just recntly, sudo apt-get install steam-launcher started working on all 3 of my computers
Comment: I also had this problem, I was surprised to see this it because i had no problems on my laptop with exactly the same OS files (installed Ubuntu from the same USB stick). @Daniel's solution below worked for me though
Answer: Based on this question, execute the following commands:
mv ~/.local/share/Steam/ubuntu12_32/steam-runtime/i386/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libgcc_s.so.1{,.disable}
mv ~/.local/share/Steam/ubuntu12_32/steam-runtime/i386/usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6{,.disable}

The idea is that Steam uses it's own dynamic libraries but Ubuntu comes with some new ones, or something like that, any way it works!
NOTE: If you're just installing Steam for the first time, you will need to run the commands a second time after the initial update. This will take a lonnnnnnng time!
UPDATE:
If you use 16.10, the guys from Ubuntu provided a modified installer that takes care of this issues. I would recommend to install Steam from the Ubuntu repositories
Comment: This barrier must be solved in the installation process. This make many user give up using Linux.
Comment: I had to modify these commands as the files are in ~/.steam, not ~/.local/share/Steam.
Comment: Solved for me on Linux Mint 17.3
Comment: Great that i do not sleep so i can enjoy the magic of non-Windows
Comment: This worked in Ubuntu 17.04 too
Answer: Based on Daniel's answer (i don't have the rep to comment!), on a vanilla ubuntu-gnome 15.10 where i've done an 'apt-get install steam' I had to run these modified commands:
mv ~/.steam/steam/ubuntu12_32/steam-runtime/i386/usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6{,.disable}
mv ~/.steam/steam/ubuntu12_32/steam-runtime/i386/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libgcc_s.so.1{,.disable}

So just changing out the .local/share which wasn't present on my system
Comment: You may want to just propose an edit if you believe it has changed.

Steam won't open in Ubuntu 15.10


Finite Double Sum $\sum_{j=0}^n\sum_{i=0}^j \binom {n+1}{j+1}\binom ni =2^{2n}$

Question: The problem is given in a combinatorics class study sheet. I cannot prove, and actually I am not sure if there was a mistake in the question or not. I tried for a few small n's e.g. 1, 2 and it holds. $\\$
I need to show that $\\$ $\mathop{\sum_{j=0}^{n}\sum_{i=0}^{j}}$ $n+1 \choose j+1$ $n \choose i $ = $2^{2n}$  $\forall n$ $\in$ $\mathbb{Z}^{+}$
Comment: $\sum_{j=0}^{n} \sum_{i=0}^{n} \binom{n}{j} \binom{n}{i}$ is certainly equal to $2^{2n}$
Answer: We give a probabilistic interpretation. By changing from probabilities to counts, we get a combinatorial interpretation.
Alicia tosses a fair coin $n+1$ times, and Beti tosses a fair coin $n$ times. Alicia wins if she has more heads than Beti.
Our double sum, divided by $2^{2n+1}$, gives the probability that Alicia wins. We will show that this probability is $\frac{1}{2}$.  Then multiplying by $2^{2n+1}$ yields our desired result.
Imagine that the two players each toss their coins simultaneously $n$ times. If Alicia is leading after $n$ tosses, she will win. If Beti is leading after $n$ tosses, then Beti will win. By symmetry these two events are equally likely.
And if they are tied after $n$ tosses, then with probability $\frac{1}{2}$, Alicia will get a head on the $(n+1)$-th toss, and win. And with probability $\frac{1}{2}$ she will get a tail and lose.
Answer: The identity as shown in the question is correct.
$$\begin{align}
\sum_{j=0}^n\sum_{i=0}^j\binom {n+1}{j+1}\binom ni
&=\sum_{j=0}^n\sum_{i=0}^j\binom {n+1}{j+1}\binom n{n-i}\\
&=\sum_{j=0}^n\sum_{r=0}^j\binom {n+1}{j+1}\binom n{n+r-j}
&&\text{(putting }r=j-i)\\
&=\sum_{r=0}^n\sum_{j=r}^n\binom {n+1}{j+1}\binom n{n+r-j}
&&\text{(swapping order of indices)(}0\le r\le j\le n )\\
&=\sum_{r=0}^n\binom {2n+1}{n+1+r}
&&\text{(Vandermonde)}\\
&\color{lightgrey}{=\frac 12 \sum_{r=0}^n\binom {2n+1}{n-r}+\binom {2n+1}{n+1+r}}\\
&\color{lightgrey}{=\frac 12 \sum_{r=0}^{2n+1} \binom {2n+1}r}\\
&=\frac 12 \cdot 2^{2n+1}\\
&=2^{2n}\qquad\blacksquare\end{align}$$

Another approach:
$$\begin{align}
\sum_{j=0}^n\sum_{i=0}^j\binom {n+1}{j+1}\binom ni
&=\sum_{j=0}^n\sum_{i=0}^j \left[\binom nj+\binom n{j+1}\right]\binom ni\\
&=\underbrace{\sum_{\large 0\le i\color{red}\le j\le n}\binom nj\binom ni}_*+\binom n{j+1}\binom ni\\
&=\overbrace{\sum_{\large 0\le i\color{red}= j\le n}\binom nj\binom ni+\sum_{\large 0\le i\color{red}<j\le n}\binom nj\binom ni}^*+\sum_{\large 0\le i\color{red}< j\le n}\binom nj\binom ni\\
&=\sum_{\large 0\le i\color{red}=j\le n}\binom nj\binom ni+2\sum_{\large 0\le i\color{red}< j\le n}\binom nj\binom ni\\
&=\sum_{\large 0\le i\color{red}=j\le n}\binom nj\binom ni+\sum_{\large 0\le i\color{red}\neq j\le n}\binom nj\binom ni&&\text{(by symmetry)}\\
&=\sum_{j=0}^n\sum_{i=0}^n\binom nj\binom ni&&\text{(**)}\\
&=\sum_{j=0}^n\binom nj\sum_{i=0}^n\binom ni\\\\
&=2^n\cdot 2^n\\\\
&=2^{2n}\qquad\blacksquare
\end{align}$$
** as pointed out by Alex in a comment on the original question!
Comment: Should further clarification be added? Comments welcome.
Comment: Time for upvote! :-) (+1)
Comment: @MarkusScheuer - Thanks for the encouragement!
Answer: Here is another variation of the theme based upon two observations.

The first observation is the calculation of the double sum of the complete region $$0\leq i,j\leq n$$ is simple.
\begin{align*}
\sum_{j=0}^n\sum_{i=0}^{n}&\binom{n+1}{j+1}\binom{n}{i}\\
&=\sum_{j=1}^{n+1}\binom{n+1}{j}\sum_{i=0}^{n}\binom{n}{i}\tag{1}\\
&=\left(2^{n+1}-1\right)2^n\\
&=2\cdot4^n-2^n
\end{align*}
Comment:

In (1) we rearrange the double sum and shift the index $j$ by one.

The second observation is based upon symmetry. We could expect the expression of the double sum with the upper triangle $$0\leq j < i\leq n$$ as index range is very similar to the expression with the lower triangle $$0\leq i\leq j \leq n$$ as index range. Indeed, we obtain
  \begin{align*}
\sum_{j=0}^{n}&\sum_{i=j+1}^n\binom{n+1}{j+1}\binom{n}{i}\\
&=\sum_{j=0}^{n}\sum_{i=n-j+1}^n\binom{n+1}{n-j+1}\binom{n}{i}\tag{2}\\
&=\sum_{j=0}^{n}\sum_{i=0}^{j-1}\binom{n+1}{n-j+1}\binom{n}{i+n-j+1}\tag{3}\\
&=\sum_{j=1}^{n}\sum_{i=0}^{j-1}\binom{n+1}{j}\binom{n}{i}\tag{4}\\
&=\sum_{j=0}^{n-1}\sum_{i=0}^{j}\binom{n+1}{j+1}\binom{n}{i}\tag{5}\\
&=\sum_{j=0}^{n}\sum_{i=0}^{j}\binom{n+1}{j+1}\binom{n}{i}-2^n\tag{6}\\
\end{align*}
Comment:

In (2) we replace $j\rightarrow n-j$
In (3) we shift the index $i$ to start from $0$
In (4) we use $\binom{n}{k}=\binom{n}{n-k}$ and we replace $i\rightarrow j-1-i$. We also note that $j$ starts with $j=1$ due to the upper index of $i$ equal to $j-1$.
In (5) we shift the index $j$ by one.
In (6) we add $j=n$ to the double sum and subtract $2^n$ accordingly.

We see, the double sum with the upper triangle as index range can be transformed to the double sum with the lower triangle as index range. Putting all together we obtain
\begin{align*}
  \sum_{j=0}^n&\sum_{i=0}^j\binom{n+1}{j+1}\binom{n}{i}+
  \sum_{j=0}^n\sum_{i=j+1}^n\binom{n+1}{j+1}\binom{n}{i}\\
  &=2\sum_{j=0}^n\sum_{i=0}^j\binom{n+1}{j+1}\binom{n}{i}-2^n
  \end{align*}
We obtain with (1)
\begin{align*}
  2\sum_{j=0}^n\sum_{i=0}^j\binom{n+1}{j+1}\binom{n}{i}-2^n&=2\cdot 4^n-2^n\\
  \end{align*}
resp.
\begin{align*}
  \sum_{j=0}^n\sum_{i=0}^j\binom{n+1}{j+1}\binom{n}{i}&=4^n\\
  \end{align*}
and the claim follows.
Comment: Good exploitation of symmetry and nice solution! (+1).
Answer: Define $$F_n:=\sum_{j=0}^n\sum_{i=0}^j\binom {n+1}{j+1}\binom ni$$where $n\ge0.$ Then keeping in mind the symmetry of binomial coefficients,\begin{align}F_n
&=\sum_{j=0}^n\sum_{i=0}^j \left[\binom nj+\binom n{j+1}\right]\binom ni\\
&=\sum_{j=0}^n\sum_{i=0}^j \binom n{j}\binom ni + \sum_{j=0}^n\sum_{i=0}^{j+1} \binom n{j+1}\binom ni-\sum_{j=0}^n\binom n{j+1}^2\\
&=\sum_{j=0}^n\sum_{i=0}^j \binom n{j}\binom ni + \sum_{j=1}^n\sum_{i=0}^{j} \binom n{j}\binom ni-\sum_{j=1}^n\binom n{j}^2\\
&=2\sum_{j=0}^n\sum_{i=0}^j \binom n{j}\binom ni -\sum_{j=0}^n\binom n{j}^2\\
&=\left(\sum_{i=0}^n \binom ni\right)^2\\\\
&=2^{2n}
\end{align}
Q.E.D.


Should I use delta time (elapsed time between frames)?

Question: Unfortunately I cannot recall where but I definitely read it somewhere, that the use of delta time should be avoided for some reason. Is there really a scenario where controlling animation or other in-game events using delta time is bad or it was just a wierd dream of mine?
Comment: I cannot recall hearing that ever. If you dont use delta time your game will look like crap if it's not run at the desired FPS.
Comment: The answer is always yes _if_ you're talking about games. If you're considering numerical simulations, their purpose can ignore the need to synchronize with a viewer application and/or input system. thus the _dt_ you'd feed such a simulation can be fixed and frame rate independent. Like mentioned in elFarto's answer, this is a trait you want to preserve, since variable _dt_ are almost always a source for nondeterministic behaviour (really not game friendly).
Answer: Using delta time is usually the correct solution. However the issue I believe you're thinking of is using a varying delta time in conjunction with a physics engine. In this case the time step should be fixed for the best/most consistent results.
Fix your timestep is a good resource on the matter.
Answer: Adding to @elFarto's answer, you should use a fixed timestep for all game logic.  You really want AI and such in sync with physics.
You use your frame's delta time to update an accumulator to know when to step your fixed timestep.
You also apply the delta time to interpolation when drawing.  A frame must be drawn just before the next fixed timestep.  If you just draw the current state, you'll end up with some jitter in movement.  You need to store both the "last" state (relevant bits for graphics) and compute one step ahead.  You can then look at your time accumulator to see at what point you are between those two steps and draw interpolated values (positions, rotations, animation data, etc.) that represents that time.  So long as your fixed timesteps aren't too far apart, you shouldn't see any glitches from the interpolated values, but it will hide any jitter.
The jitter is less pronounced the smaller the timesteps are.  For simpler 2D games, you can often set your timesteps to particularly small values (such that every frame typically is 'stepped' many times before rendering).  Because the values are so small, interpolation won't be necessary.


Nginx + Phusion Passenger try_files

Question: I'm using the open source version of Passenger 4.0.17 and trying to discern something about it's behavior that is not clear to me from the documentation.  I'm hoping someone can help.
Is there a difference between doing this:
server {
    listen         443;
    server_name    www.example.com;

    root           /path/to/my/app/public;

    location / {
        passenger_enabled      on;
        rails_env              production;
        # etc. ....
    }

}

And doing this?
server {
    listen         443;
    server_name    www.example.com;

    root           /path/to/my/app/public;

    try_files      $uri @passenger

    location @passenger {
        passenger_enabled      on;
        rails_env              production;
        # etc. ....
    }

}

I've been in the habit of doing the first, but I'm starting to wonder if the second is better.
I would expect that in the first example, Passenger worker processes handle EVERY request and that in the second example, Passenger worker processes handle only those requests for which Nginx can't serve a static response.
But...
In the back of my mind, I wonder if the Passenger module for Nginx doesn't already have that level of intelligence built in- making the try_files directive unnecessary.  (If the try_files directive as used above kept Passenger from handling requests that Nginx could handle on its own, I would expect that to have been covered in the Passenger documentation, right?  But there is no mention of it at all.)
The reason for asking is obvious...
If I can serve static content from Nginx worker processes without having to both the Passenger worker processes, those Passenger processes (which take up more memory and are less efficient in comparison) will be free to handle the requests they really NEED to handle and I'll get more bang for my buck with just a small number of workers.
Again... I can't see where the documentation covers this at all.  Any info from someone in the know would be greatly appreciated!
Answer: Answered here by Phusion employees:
https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/phusion-passenger/nDkYVJhYkuw
Short version: They're functionally equivalent.

Nginx + Phusion Passenger try_files


Distance Matrix between centroids QGIS

Question: I'm using QGIS and I would like to measure the distance between the centroid of King County in the US and the centroids of all other US counties. I have imported the shapefile and I have executed the "centroid" tool. However, I am not able to set "King County" as a starting point. When I do "Distance Matrix", there is no way to set King County as the starting point. I would like to have "King County" as the reference point and then measure the distance from it to all other counties.
Answer: The best way to calculate this is SQL Spatial, which you can access on a shapefile from the QGIS DB Manager SQL Panel, which treats your shapefile as a 'virtual layer' in which you can run SQLite spatial functions.
For my example, I want to find the distance from the centroid of Denver county to the centroid of all other counties in CO:

Here is the SQL:
<code>select
d.name as "from "
, c.name as "to"

, ST_Distance(ST_Centroid(d.geometry), ST_Centroid(c.geometry)) as "dist_dd"

from co_counties as c
, co_counties as d

where  1=1
and d.name = 'Denver'
and c.name != 'Denver'
</code>
The SQL basically sets up the same layer twice: c, and d using commas to select both tables, rather than joining them.
I can then alias both tables, then set which features from which table I want to use:

c is the state without denver
d is just denver

Then use the ST_Distance function on both the geometries, while converting both to centroid points using ST_Centroid.
Note: my data is in WGS84, so the distance is fairly meaningless.
However, if your data is in a USA-level projected coordinate system, this will work.
PostGIS would be the ideal system if you had to do this more often.

Distance Matrix between centroids QGIS


Time dilation and twin paradox: If they twins were speaking on a phone of some kind, how would each other's voices sound?

Question: don't get upset but I'm a total layperson and I'm not really understanding the twin paradox and I'm just wondering: If the twin who left earth in a rocket so that he wouldn't age as fast had a walkie talkie of some kind to contact the twin on earth with, would the twin on earth hear the spaceship twin's voice talking veeeeeeery slooooowly, and would the rocket ship twin hear the other twins voice squeaky and sped up?
Comment: [This lecture](http://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic455971.files/l09.pdf) explains it. I think it could be explained with space-time diagrams and fewer equations.
Answer: If there is a telephonic communication (say, with the help of EM waves) then both of them will experience that (during the outward journey) the voice of their brother is slowed down in pace as compared to their normal way of speaking. It won't be that one experiences it to be sped up and the other will experience it to be slowed down. The situation is completely symmetrical between the two brothers as long as the spaceship brother doesn't take a turn (during which he will experience an acceleration and will break the symmetry between the two brothers). How much the speaking pace will be slowed down will be dependent upon the relative speed and will be owing to the time-dilation and as well as because of the doppler effect.
Answer: Simplisticly neglecting the workings of the comms device you are right, yes. How noticeable it would or would not be - depends simply on how fast the relative velocity is.
(For an actual walkie-talkie range would be a problem and the signal would be red-shifted, so this would have to be compensated for before you could observe the sound change).
Rather like Doppler shift of sound waves in air at low speed.
You would see the effect with a remote camera too, btw.


Not able to delete document from document library

Question: In SharePoint 2010, I am not able to delete particular file from a document library. while trying to delete the document, its says ACCESS DENIED. I logged into site using SERVICE/SYSTEM ACCOUNT, which has full control. I cannot perform any action on that document.when i try to download the file, its says CANNOT PERFORM THIS ACTION. TO delete the file,I opened the document library using "Open with Explorer" and "Sync with SharePoint Workspace", but I don't find the file which I'm trying to delete. When I opened the site with SharePoint Designer, again I don't find the file. Tried with powershell script also, its not deleting.
How can I delete this file from document library?
Comment: So where do you find that fine?
Comment: I've seen a similar error before, that time it was concurrency errors in the content database causing this issue! Take a look in the Event logs on the SharePoint and SQL Server
Answer: Items got Orphaned. I got an error in Health Analyzer(Central Admin->Monitoring->Health Analyzer->Review problem and solutions) stating "Content DB has orphaned items".
On repairing the error(click repair automatically) and re-run. Error resolved and it disappears.
After that, i was able to delete the document.


Can i crack usb security dongle?

Question: I have to develop a plugin for a program that uses dongle to activate.Just wondering can i crack the key of the usb or something else?
Comment: Have you considered a legitimate approach, such as contacting the manufacturer of the program and explaining that you are a plugin developer and finding out what kind of terms they might provide you a license?
Comment: the creator of the plugin that uses dongle is dead... so there is no update no contact nothing...
Comment: Ah. Sorry to hear that.
Answer: I'm sure you can, but you might be running afoul of the various legislation regarding the act of reverse engineering content protection systems. I am, of course, referring to the American DCMA statues.
In any event, as pure thought experiment, I might try the following:

Clone the USB firmware image, and load it into a virtual USB port
As you say, crack the key and the USB interface, and short-circuit the check in a virtual USB device.
Locate the part of the code in the program that is doing the security check, and edit the bytecode / machine code to return successful without actually looking for the device.

NOTE: Do not contact me for services related to defeating security systems.  I won't do it, and I'll probably lecture you.
Comment: ok thank you hope to do that :)...why the users are voting down i dont understand?
Comment: Down votes are because the act of circumventing the copy protection is illegal.
Comment: @PaulProgrammer Only if it says as much in the TOS.
Comment: @b1nary.atr0phy what would be the point of a security dongle if you would allow people to crack it?  Anyway, better check your references. I'm not much of a lawyer, but [17 U.S. Code § 1201(a)(1)(A)](http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/17/1201) states: No person shall circumvent a technological measure that effectively controls access to a work protected under this title.
Comment: @PaulProgrammer No, you're certainly not a lawyer: In a nutshell, the DMCA makes it illegal to produce/share copyrighted works. It also makes it illegal to offer services/products designed to circumvent copyright protection. Which has nothing to do with the topic at hand. (We're specifically discussing TOS here.) If you're curious as to why a company would challenge people to break their security, refer yourself to [one of the many examples](https://tresorit.com/contest/hacking-challenge) which you can find online.

Can i crack usb security dongle?


What is the meaning of wasps nest symbolism from Neuromancer?

Question: What is the meaning of wasps nest symbolism from Neuromancer ? When Case had some mental problems he recalled a memory of a broken wasps nest a few times.
Answer: For me, it was a symbolic representation of Tessier-Ashpool. They are the result of natural forces, but seem very unnatural and alien. It is ruthless, efficient, and sleek: capable of causing great pain. But once thy have been brought down, they can seem almost pathetic and disgusting. Case would eventually bring both of them down as well.
Comment: interesting, let see if someone will come with different interpretation
Answer: Tek's answer is great.
I'd also like to point out the "hive mind" aspect of the T-A clan, emphasizing the fact that the family's members aren't actually free-thinking individuals anymore - until Wintermute corrupts 3Jane's programming that is.
And the (perhaps tenuous) relationship between T-A's cloning cryogenic re-incarnation aspect, where the freezers are in a sense "staging areas" for further generations of cyborg-like killing machines ready to be unleashed into the world on behalf of the hive-family.
Answer: There is a Neuromancer study guide out there that touches on this.  IIRC, the general idea is that the hive had a number of bees at different stages of development, all next to each other, in what amounted to a factory of little machine guns.
Besides the hive mind simile mentioned above, T-A is similar because of the way they clone (the cloning process being akin to larva developing) and cryofreeze their offspring (in cryofreeze chambers/crypts).  In their quest to create the perfect corporation stewards, including famed killer clone Hideo, within the hive-like cells that make up the corridors and rooms of Villa Straylight, the T-A clan has done some twisted things with people.


Did the Buddha ever turn away certain people from his teachings?

Question: I'm specifically remembering a sutra where the Buddha turned away some youngsters because he said they weren't ready, or didn't have the proper attitude. I may be remembering completely incorrectly and getting this confused with something else, but it's in my memory nonetheless and wonder if it's at all accurate. Thanks!
Answer: Not exactly what you remember, but similar:
Uposatha Sutta - One uposatha night, during the first watch, Ananda approaches the Buddha and asks him to recite the Patimokkha. Three times he asks, but the Buddha remains silent, and at last says that the assembly is impure. Mahamoggallana, who is present, looks round, and seeing there a monk given up to wicked ways, asks him to leave. On his refusing to do so, Moggallana takes him by the hand and leads him away. Thereupon the Buddha proceeds to explain how, just as the sea is full of eight kinds of marvels, so is the Dhamma. A.iv.204ff.
https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/uposatha-sutta
Answer: Yes. The Buddha often didn't answer questions or attempt to teach others. SN 44.10 is a well-known example of this.
Answer: In SN 42.2 and SN 42.3, an actor and a warrior ask the Buddha whether their professions would lead them to heaven based on their assumption of the positive contribution of their professions.
The Buddha tried to turn them away three times. When they were insistent, he proceeded to answer the question in the way that disappointed them.
Answer: Buddha never turned away anyone who had the intention of understanding the Dhamma. Whether rich or poor , wise or layperson , king or a fisherman, saint or thief etc . No one was turned away. Some foolish people failed to understand what he said and Buddha can't be blamed for that. Some people were against Buddha and there was no need to teach as such. Angoolimal was a dacoit and he converted to Buddha Dhamma by the blessings of Buddha.
In my opinion Buddha Dhamma is a great gift to give to anyone who is serious about understanding reality.


Determining which Dashboards have not been run in a long time

Question: I have to create a report on Dashboards which haven't been run in a long time. I could not find last run date on Dashboard. How can I create this report?
Answer: I don't think statistics are kept on dashboards, but you can generate a report on Reports and find the Last Run date for various reports. Since Dashboards are collections of reports that might be a good starting point.
Update
I found a Salesforce knowledge article that indicates a dashboard's "refresh" date is not reportable, though they offer something of a workaround.

Create a Custom Report Type (CRT) based on Reports and Dashboards as the child element.
Create a report using the new CRT
Sort by dashboard and check the report's Last Run Date.

With the reports grouped by Dashboard this may give you more information, though reports used in multiple Dashboards are still a problem.
Comment: Thanks Mike. I have been doing the same but it's bit tedious because a report can be related to multiple dashboard. Now if report A is linked to Dashboard B and C. And, Dashboard B ran last Month it changed report A Last Run date. pheeww..
Comment: Is there a simple to find out the same ? thanks a lot in advance.


Don't understand how these resistors operate in this circuit

Question: When reading a manual on using a PICAXE and an I2C device I saw this diagram.

I can't work how this would behave as wouldn't it make the connection on the lines constantly high due to the connection to the power rail, so never goes low. I understand that they are open-drain lines and they are needed inorder to make the lines go high but how can it make them go low with that connection to the positive rail?
Comment: http://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/7423/what-is-a-pull-up-and-pull-down
Answer: The resistors you see are called "pull up" resistors; they literally "pull up" the signal to the positive voltage rail.
I2C is a communication bus that allows multiple devices to talk on it. Since there is only a clock and data line there is no way to ensure that two devices won't start talking at the same time, or a device mis-identifies a message as being for it and responds out of turn.
If two devices try to control the data line and one wants it '1' and the other '0' you end up with a condition called contention. Internally a normal digital output is built up out of two transistors: one connects the signal line to +V and the other to ground. The device turns on one transistor or the other to set the output signal to the appropriate level. When two devices are trying to make the same signal two different voltages you end up with +V connected to ground through two transistors. This is known as contention and is something you want to avoid because it causes high currents and can damage one or both of the output drivers.
In order to get around this problem, the I2C specification requires the use of "open collector" or "open drain" (same thing) drivers. This means that the devices on the bus can ONLY connect the signal to ground. The only way for a device to output a '1' is to not drive the line to zero.  Something has to bring the line to a logic '1' and that something is the pull-up resistor.
What happens now if two devices try to drive the data line is that one is not doing anything (it wants the line to be '1') and the other device has its output transistor turned on, connecting the signal to ground.  The resulting signal is a '0' -- there is no contention because the only thing holding trying to make the line a '1' is a resistor which by design limits the amount of current it allows through.  Pull-up resistors are usually selected to offer a bit of resistance to a changing signal but not too much. For I2C the value for a pull up is usually 4700-10000 ohms.
Check out http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_collector and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C2%B2C for more information.
Comment: I like how you've answered the question above and beyond what Dean is looking for (with your explanation on I2C).
Answer: Those are pull-up resistors. When devices aren't communicating the resistors pull both lines to high. A device is able to pull the lines low. It has to supply current that gets dissipated by the pull up resistors. You can think of this like a basic V=IR problem to determine how much current is required.
The reasoning for this setup is the situation where you want to have multiple devices communicating on a single line. If you had a device pulling the line high instead of the pull up resistors, when a different device tries to communicate it will be forced to overcome the other device in order to pull the line low. In this situation you still have a V=IR problem, except this time your R is very very small which makes I very very large.
Comment: Maybe i'm reading this wrong but "A device is able to pull the lines low. It has to supply current that gets dissipated by the pull up resistors. " I think you mean 'It' ( the device ) has to sink whatever current is required to pull the output pin to ~0V rather than supply it.
Comment: Its all sorta relative. Sure it is sinking current, but I could also argue that it is supplying negative current.
Answer: They are required by the I2C specification.
They can be driven low by making the output pin low.


Can I install caliper or cantilever brakes on a frame and set of wheels designed for disc brakes?

Question: I have a 2008 Giant XTC 01 that came with disc brakes. Those brakes have been difficult to service throughout my time with the bike, now the pads on the back are worn out the fluid lines on the front has ruptured. As such, I'm ready to consider replacing the disc brakes with more easily serviced calipers or cantilevers. The problem is, I'm not sure whether my frame and wheels will support this style of brake. Attached are images of the fork, wheels, and frame.
Comment: As Batman has correctly pointed out below in one of the answers, you would not have to switch out the fork to change to V-brakes or canti's, however you may struggle to find bosses for 2008 for. Behind the plastic covers will be a threaded hole. All of the other parts of the answers are correct.
Comment: The simple answer is NO, I'm afraid. Better sell the bike and get one with canti-brakes. That is if you still can find one!
Comment: Any decent bike shop should stock bosses.
Answer: You would need a new fork in the front to add v-brake bosses and the frame does not support this either. I don't think it's worth the effort on this bike. It's sure not going to be easy without replacing both fork and frame.
I think for your situation, what may be a better solution is to switch to Mechanical Disc Brakes. They are much more field serviceable than hydraulics.  I'm going to recommend avid BB7 brakes since they are easy to adjust (you can adjust pad position on either side of the brake) and very easy to find parts for (most shops are going to have pads).
Comment: If my eyes aren't deceiving me, I think I see places on the fork where you can screw in the brake bosses for V-brakes/canti's. If this is the case, you can buy the bosses, brakes and new levers and install them on the front. On the back, you can't though. You will need new wheels too for rim brakes.
Comment: @user17177 - You should also consider using a "compression-less" brake cable set.  This will improve the performance and the feel of mechanicals brakes greatly, getting them quite close to hydraulics.
Comment: Yeah. The other thing, putting aside the "difficult to service" comment, is that the actual problem right now is just some worn pads. In itself, that problem is easy to sort - swapping pads should only take a couple of minutes.
Comment: Yeah, I totally missed the bosses on the fork. It kind of blended in to the photo due to the cap on the cover. Doesn't seem to change the fact that your frame isn't compatible and you'll need a new wheel like Batman said.
Comment: Great suggestion on the mechanical disc brakes; solving the serviceability issue without the need for new components is ideal.
Answer: The particular model of brakes on that bike are known to be a maintenance headache, and generally have a poor reputation.
Hayes Stroker Ryder w/160mm rotor brakes, Hayes Stroker Ryder levers - See more at: http://www.bikepedia.com/quickbike/BikeSpecs.aspx?year=2008&brand=Giant&model=XtC+1#sthash.hhqp6sSq.dpuf
If you like the bike otherwise, upgrading the brakes to a newer model might help a lot. Shimano's current XT brakes have a great reputation and are often on sale. I upgraded the brakes on my 2009 Giant and it has made a significant difference.
Switching to Avid BB7's would be about the same cost since you'd need to buy new levers and housing. BB7's are fine, but all in all I prefer my XT brakes.
For mountain biking, I think you would really regret switching from disk brakes.
Comment: Maybe he can switch to SS and install a coaster brake, heh.
Answer: Frame, fork, and wheels are not compatible.
Most (actually all that I have seen) disc wheels don't support rim braking.
It is money and weight for the rim surface to accept a rim brake.
Also your frame  and fork do not have mounts for rim brakes.
Answer: You cannot install canti or v-brakes on that bicycle frame.  Furthermore, if you could, the disc wheels do not have a brake track for canti pads.
As others have mentioned, my opinion is that you should change to a different brand/model of disc brakes.  That way you can continue to use your existing frame and wheels.
The Avid BB7 are an excellent choice.  They are a highly regarded mechanical (no hydro fluid) disc brake, and easy for the home mechanic to adjust.  Two small dials on the brake itself fine tune the position of the pads.
Shimano hydro disc brakes are also highly regarded and would be a fine choice.


Creating Multiple pdf files with Texlipse

Question: I have been using Texlipse for a while now and like it.  The only issue that I have is that Texlipse only allows me to have a single Tex and PDF file in each project.  I was wondering if anyone had found a way to make Texlipse accept multiple Tex files and then output to multiple pdf files?  And assistance would be appreciated.
Answer: You should enable a "Build partially" check-box in "Latex" menu.
Here is exempt from TeXlipse FAQ:

Why cannot I open an arbitrary TeX-file and compile it?
TeXlipse or more generally Eclipse needs a project where your files
  are located. If you have many small files, e.g. letters, just create a
  project called e.g. "misc." and add your small files to it. For more
  details how to build these files, take a look at the next entry.
I have many self-contained LaTeX files in my project, but only my main
  TeX file is build after save. How can I build the other files without
  switching the main TeX file every time?
There is a nice feature in TeXlipse which you should use in this case: Partial building. If switched on, TeXlipse tries to build only
  the file you are currently editing. It uses two different strategies
  depending on the file type you are editing:

If the file is a "main" TeX file, it simply builds the file and move it to your output directory. When you use Preview Document after
  that, this file will be shown.
If the file is not a self-contained TeX file, TeXlipse extracts the preamble of your main file and includes it together with the file
  you are editing in a temporary file. This newly created file will be
  build and shown if you preview it.
Comment: Hi, for some reason only "Set As Main File" and then building as normal, works. "Build Partially" does not do anything if the file is not set as main file. Is there a simpler way of compiling an individual tex file than setting it as main file every time? Thanks.
Comment: Can someone follow up with this?
I've enabled "partial building," but my independent (has begin/end document) .tex file is having a .pdf created. After every save, I see it build, but don't see any output.
Re-reading that help blurb above, I'm not sure that it's relevant.
Lastly, I don't have an "output directory," I can set an output file, but that's it.
Answer: This seems not to be possible in Texlipse. You always have a single output PDF.
You can have many main files in the project though (e.g. one sided and two sided). To compile you should be able to simply open the tex file in TexWorks and run it.


Shower water temperature problem?

Question: My house contains 3 showers. Two of them warm up to where it's comfortably warm and one just warms up to a point where I don't freeze. Even if the shower is on the highest setting it still is not warm enough. What could be the problem?
Comment: Does the sink in the problem bathroom get hot?
Comment: Is the shower at the end of a very long pipe run?
Answer: It is likely a defective shower valve, allowing too much cold water to mix with the hot.
If the showers are all the same brand and model you could make a swap and verify this suspicion.
It could also be a pipe issue. If there's a nearby sink which might share plumbing, run the hot for 1 minute into a bucket, run the cold for one minute into a bucket, and compare the ratio.  Now do the same at a "good" shower.  This might show the same pattern of differential flow.
Answer: Check that any valves in the line are fully open.
While it may be the shower valve, it could also be a restriction in the pipe itself - if not a partially closed valve, it's a lot harder to find. I had a mystery "hot water to tub" problem that eventually turned out (as I worked my way back from the tub disassembling pipes) to be a copper elbow almost, but not quite, completely plugged with solder.
So, 7 years later, I happened to have camera and the fitting in question from my junk (perhaps "plumbing trophies") box and recall that I want to show it. Trigger warning "terrible plumbing."

The little gap at the bottom of this picture was the only passage for water in this fitting.

Shower water temperature problem?


Connect Xiaomi Mi Box to Hotel Wi-fi

Question: I need to connect my Xioami Mi Box (Android TV) to my hotel wi-fi. The hotel wi-fi requires you to open a browser and sign in to an agreement page before it will connect a device. How can I get the mi box to do this? I have a fresh Mi Box and I need to perform initial setup.
Answer: I had the same issue. I was able to solve it by the help of multiple tools.
Here is how I solved it
What you need.

A mobile with active data connection.
A USB mouse (may be Bluetooth or WiFi mouse will also work)
A USB to transfer browser apk file to Mi Box(if you are running ES File explorer in your mobile or if your phone is detected as USB mass storage in Mi box, you don't need another USB.)

Here are the steps. During all these steps you can connect USB mouse and make use of it if needed and supported.

Connect Mi Box on your android mobile hotspot to access internet through your data connection. First create a hotspot on your mobile and then in Mi Box, go to "Settings => WiFi => Select your hotspot name and enter password to connect"
Select Google play store in Mi Box and download ES File explorer app. Mi Box is not having any file explorer(we need this to install a browser apk in Mi box). I think there is no alternative to this step.
Download any browser apk in your PC/mobile. I used MIUI 7 browser(find link provided at end).
Search in google for browser apk file(chrome apk, firefox apk etc. somehow firefox didn't install, may be a bad download)
Transfer downloaded browser apk to Mi Box (if you can access and install from downloaded storage, you need not to copy it to Mi Box. Make use of ES file explorer both on mobile and Mi Box).

You may need a USB to transfer it(Copy to USB from PC/mobile, connect it on Mi Box, use installed ES file explorer to copy it on Mi box.
If you are running ES file explorer in your mobile, you can make use of options under Network tab of ES file explorer(LAN, FTP, and may be the best is Sender).

Open ES file explorer in Mi Box, Explore and Select copied browser APK file and chose install option. For this you should enable "Unknown sources to On" in Mi box.
To enable Unknown sources = On, Go to "Settings => Security & restrictions => Unknown sources"
Now we will switch back to hotel WiFi from hotspot. In Mi Box Go to "Settings => WiFi => connect to your hotel WiFi( select your hotel WiFi name). You can turn off your hotspot in mobile if needed.
After installing open the browser. The browser is not designed for Android TV so it will not be displayed in home screen.
Find the browser under "Settings => Apps => Downloaded apps"
Make use of your USB mouse and to select address bar. Once you select the address bar, On screen keyboard will be displayed. Enter the url or some search keywords to connect to your Hotel Wifi. Rest of the procedure is depending on your connection method.

Now your Mi Box is connected to internet and enjoy the shows.
Install Kodi and add addons for more shows.
If you are using MIUI browser apk, It may show some Chinese. Don't worry the language of app is in English. I always prefer desktop mode for MIUI browser. To set for desktop mode - Click on options button on extreme top right corner, select "Settings" from drop down menus, Scroll down and find "Advanced" menu, Scroll down and select "User agent string" to "Desktop".For all these you need a mouse.
MIUI 7 Browser
Answer: Follow these steps:

connect your  mouse  USB to the MI BOX

make sure it's connected and working i.e. move around your mouse where you can se that in the TV screen

connect to the hotel WIFI page, and enter the username and the password

move the mouse curser to the box where indicate to agree and T&C . Click yes , assuming you agree to them.

login, and you are all set
Comment: Your answer could be improved with additional supporting information. Please [edit] to add further details, such as citations or documentation, so that others can confirm that your answer is correct. You can find more information on how to write good answers [in the help center](/help/how-to-answer).
Answer: I used zank remote. First downloaded it with my own hotspot, after installation used with the wifi from hotel, they will find eachother before registration is done

Connect Xiaomi Mi Box to Hotel Wi-fi


How to select island (donut hole) polygons witin the same polygon layer?

Question: i have a dataset containing many polygons. In this dataset some polygons have other polygons (as a donut) inside of them. So those island polgons are contained by only one polygon but it originated from the same layer and has the same attributes. I want to select and merge them but i dont know how to select/find them. It is possible to select polygons based on the number of donuts inside of them?
Comment: Welcome to GIS SE!  Would you be able to edit your Question to revise it with the GIS software and version that you are using, please?
Answer: If your ultimate aim is to remove all of the islands and if the island polygons have the same attributes and assuming you are using ArcGIS then you can use the Dissolve tool and bypass the need to select them:

QGIS has a tool also called dissolve which will also allow you to select and attribute field to base the dissolve on:
Comment: Thanks for the response. But if i use the Dissolve tool, i create one big polygon because there are no gaps between the polygons that have a 'island' inside of them and the polygons That dont have an island. I'm using ArcGIS 9.3 and 10.All polygons have shared boundaries.
Comment: OK, this is where the Dissolve Field option is useful. You said the islands have the same attributes as those they sit in, but I assume they have different attributes for the other larger polygons? If so tick the relevant field and it will dissolve based on that rather than everything in the layer.
Comment: The problem is that they ALL have the same attributes. The islands and the lager polygons that surround them. The reason for this that form the beginning there was one big polygon and i used the roads lines from The Netherland to cut them into smaller pieces. So each polygon has the same attributes... I think that the only solution is to somehow select on the basis of polygons that have a more parts inside of them. But is this possible?
Comment: Sorry I didn't get back to you on this, but glad you found the answer. You should post your comment below as an answer and accept it as the solution to show that the question has been resolved.
Answer: One solution would be to use the tool Select Layer by Location (Data Management).

With nothing selected, run that tool from the Search or Catalog tab. Set the Input Feature Layer to your polygon layer and choose completely_within as your Relationship. This should select all of the donut holes.
With those selected, run the tool again, still choosing your polygon layer as the input, but now change the relationship.  Intersect should work, assuming your polygons don't overlap. This should result in all of the donuts and holes being selected.
You can now run the Merge tool from the Editor toolbar. Since all attributes are the same, you don't care which one you preserve. The result will be a multipart feature, but you can just use the Explode tool on that to get back to separate polygons.

Two other related questions are Filling in Donut Polygons using ArcGIS for Desktop? and Removing only donut holes from polygons using ArcGIS Desktop?. Use of the Union or Eliminate Polygon Part tools are suggested there, among other methods, but I'm not sure they would be any faster or less complex than my solution and your specific question was about selecting.
Comment: thanks for all the solutions. Yesterday i used the tool 'Neighbors polygons' and it worked for me! The output is a table which shows how many shared lines segments a polygon has with iets neighbors. After this i just have to select the polygons that have a shared line segment with only ONE neighbor polygon. These are the island polygons because all of the polygons that are not island have two or more neighbors.


Dead key not working with konsole, yakuake

Question: After setxkbmap fr, dead keys do not work under konsole and yakuake (typing the dead key ^ immediately prints a ^, rather than wait for the next character), while they work in xterm.  The font I'm using supports them, and it is possible to input them e.g. in vim using digraphs.
Looking for a fix, thanks.
Comment: Could be [this bug](https://bugs.kde.org/show_bug.cgi?id=318151), or just some similar symptoms. Does anything on [this page](https://userbase.kde.org/ComposeKey) help? What version of KDE are you using, under which distribution?
Comment: I don't think it's the same bug: even if I `setxkbmap fr` and try immediately on a new `konsole` instance, this fails.

Not sure how your other link can help, I do not intend to use the compose key and don't see anything about dead keys in the advanced keyboard settings.

This is with KDE 4.14.3 under Arch.
Comment: The internal mechanisms for dead keys are very similar to those for a Compose key (sequences of keypresses that start with Compose or with dead_xxx are translated to a single character), so it's worth trying.
Answer: Had that problem too (with a French keyboard). I found no solution to it with the default input method installed by KDE (XIM) - and I'm not enough of a system wizard to tweak it -, but I found a workaround by using another input method : ibus.
Here's what worked for me:

Install im-config, a package that allows you to change the system input method :
apt-get install im-config zenity

Install ibus and qt-config (libpinyin also allows you to get a method
for entering Chinese characters using a pinyin transliteration - for those who are interested - that's what the two last packages in this line are for) :
apt-get install ibus ibus-qt4 qt4-qtconfig ibus-libpinyin libpinyin-utils

Set the base parameters of ibus (e.g. your national keyboard) :
ibus-setup

Tell the system that ibus should be the default input method in software using the Qt graphic library (that is, all native KDE applications like Konsole, etc.):
qtconfig-qt4

Use im-config to choose ibus as your default input method for all X11 applications:
im-config

To make those changes recognized in every future X11 session, add these lines to your ~/.xsessionrc file (or create it if you don't have one yet):
#!/bin/bash
export GTK_IM_MODULE=ibus
export XMODIFIERS=@im=ibus
export QT_IM_MODULE=ibus
ibus-daemon -drx

In my case (it might not be yours), because I'm using tcsh and not bash as the default shell in my Konsole sessions, and because for whichever reason X11 failed to read .xsessionrc at every new startup, I also had to add this line to the .tcshrc shell startup file:
sh $HOME/.xsessionrc

Finally, in the IBus panel (that should now appear in the system tray), in the "Preferences" panel, "Advanced" tab, be sure to check the box "Use system keyboard layout", so that the keyboard layout used corresponds to what you have already chosen (and so that any additional options, e.g. position of the Compose Key, is taken into account).

Don't know why there was no simpler solution, and why the default input method does not take the dead keys mechanism into account (I checked in xev: the events were correctly sent by X11 to XIM, but Qt applications just ignored it!). Well anyway, I'm happy with the workaround.
Comment: Thanks for the detailed solution.  However, I switched a while ago to using XKB (https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/X_KeyBoard_extension) and it works fine with me, so I cannot easily check that your proposed solution works.  If anyone else confirms that it works, I will happily accept it.
Comment: Hey Antony, I am having the same problem with debian+kde, dead keys are working in Firefox and other non kde program but not in yakuake/kontact, etc... Could you answer your own response explaining what you did exactly to "switch to XKB?".
Comment: This answer could give a hint too: https://askubuntu.com/questions/619815/combining-keys-e-g-e-%C3%AB-not-working-in-kde-applications-dead-keys


Will there always be a pokemon on my screen?

Question: I´m out in the countryside. Will it be impossible to find a pokemon here? Do you/should you always have a pokemon "in sight" when you zoom out, or will there be areas (eg. countryside) where there will be none, forever?
Comment: From my understanding, it's based on cellular data. The busier the place, the more Pokemon there will be spawning.
Comment: Will it be *impossible*? No. But, will it be more difficult than if you were in a bigger city with more users? Yes. Living in the rural area outside of a major city, there are times where the 'nearby pokemon' box will simply be empty when I'm home.
Answer: It is not guaranteed to have a Pokemon on your screen at all times.
Comment: You can click the "nearby Pokémon" menu in the bottom-right corner of the game's main screen to see if there are any within a quickly walkable distance.  If there aren't any, you'll either need to use incense to attract Pokémon to you or travel to somewhere else.
Answer: It depends on some server side logic. The way the game currently works is, every Pokemon is visible to every other player in that region. The Pokemon will have the same move's, size, weight and percentage level (The semi-circle behind the Pokemon in your inventory).
But there is one exception to this rule and that is incense. Once activated, you will see Pokemon occasionally spawning around you for up to 30 minute's that have a purple aura around them, just like your character, BUT other players can see them and they also don't appear in your Pokemon tracker.
Now with all that in mind, since there is 'x' amount of Pokemon spawning around any area at any time, there is a chance to collect all the Pokemon in that area even tho other players can see them since they have not collected those Pokemon themselves.
Lastly, when first logging in you might not see any Pokemon around you for a few minutes as the server did not need to create Pokemon in that area as no one was in it prior to you logging in, so you might need to move around a little bit before some Pokemon spawn.
Comment: Do you have sources for your info? I haven't seen any official information on how the game actually works.
Comment: @jackwise Most of it is actually correct. With the exception of Incense Pokemon *not* being visible to others, it's pretty spot-on.
Comment: @jackwise are you sure? I g around with a large group of people every day and never see their incense?
Comment: @0xen I didn't mean the incense, I meant the details on how spawning works, and waiting for a server to "create Pokémon in that area". While it does make sense, Niantic hasn't released details on how the game works, and with all the misinformation floating around, I'm hesitant to believe anyone but them.
Comment: @jackwise It's an assumption based on observations because there not going to generate Pokemon on their server, in every square mile, across the earth, even if no one is in that area...its just impractical


What do I have to do in preparation for applying for a PhD?

Question: I'm just about to go into my final year of my computing degree, and I want to continue to a PhD after completion. What preparations do I need to do prior to applying for grants/scholarships/funding?
Answer:
Get good grades.
Make sure (some of) your lecturers know who you are, so that you can ask for a recommendation letter.
Get involved in some kind of research, either a thesis or something extracurricular.
Work out what topic you want to study; at least have a first idea.
Select relevant coursework based on the previous point.
Don't be afraid of going abroad. Prepare yourself mentally for this now, so when the time comes to actually decide, you'll be ready. Check details such as visa requirements, as these can take 3-4 months to obtain.
Research good universities who do what you want to do. Find out about their application procedure is and their deadline.
Comment: Have already done some independent study/research with a few faculty so they can write you strong recommendation letters.
Answer: Every school has its own requirements: typically, letters of recommendation, GRE tests, language tests. Check them with much advance: 1 year is not too soon, especially if you are applying for a US school as a foreigner.
Apart from that, nothing special: have a good academic record, and make sure that the first Google result for your name is not a college party Facebook picture in which you are drunken and naked.
Comment: I have to disagree with "nothing special", unless that's what you want your application to be labeled.  At least in strong departments, PhD admissions committees looks for **concrete evidence of research potential**.  Also, nobody cares about your Facebook picture; do what you like.
Comment: @JeffE I disagree about your facebook comment. I often do a little Google searching when a student approaches me about advising them.
Answer: Apart from @Dave 's quite long list, I would also like to mention that by now you may decide on what area of research are you interested in and feel most confident about. This would help you to find the right professor/adviser and university and also keep you motivated in all good and bad times during your PhD.
Comment: I disagree that "you need to decide on what area of research you are interested in".  This can be helpful, but is not necessary.  If you haven't decided yet, I suggest that you apply to large departments, which often offer a wider range of faculty research areas.
Comment: I mentioned it not just for getting the scholarship/university but to to be able to charge along with confidence and focus. ( I did a minor edit to my answer)


Large sparse dataset in Catboost

Question: I have a large sparse data matrix (bag of words, over large number of entries). I can easily treat it as a sparse matrix in sklearn models such as RandomForest. But, if I want to use Catboost, I need to turn it into a dense matrix. I was wondering if there is any efficient method to work with Catboost that doesn't cause this? For example, any internal built-in feature such as TFRecords of Tensorflow, to load bacthes.
Comment: See this issue: https://github.com/catboost/catboost/issues/1
Answer: This is an old question, but as of catboost 0.17, sparse matrices are supported.
A pandas.SparseDataFrame or a scipy.sparse.spmatrix can be inputted as features X as described in the updated documentation.
Hope this helps!
Answer:
what is the source of sparsity ? have you used one-hot encoder for example ? if so - you didn't need to do so when it comes to using boosting algorithm, so go back and feed the boosting with your original data.

you can always have a auto-encoder to dense your sparse matrix in TensorFlow and run a Boosting algorithm on the result. There are two pit fall in such approach 1) boosting algorithm are not good with continuous values which are the result of the auto-encoder 2) your auto-encoder is an approximate method which of course adds into the error model

consider designing your own network architecture which combines boosting and auto-encoder. For example a few layer to dense your sparse matrix and then a booster tree classifier similar to https://www.tensorflow.org/tutorials/estimator/boosted_trees - when you did so please update this answer.

Large sparse dataset in Catboost


Is it better to have more, smaller-size soffit vents or fewer, larger-size vents?

Question: My 120-year-old house has no soffit vents and 2 passive roof vents a couple feet below the ridge line (no ridge vents).  I want to add soffit vents in the wood soffits to provide more airflow because the attic gets HOT (I'm in Los Angeles, CA).
The roof is 12:12 pitched on 4 sides (no gable ends) so soffit vents are my only option other than cutting new holes through the roof deck. my question:
Should I opt for more, smaller vents (3.5"x14") or fewer, larger vents (5.5" or 7.5" x14") to get to the same amount of net free vent area?
Larger vents would be less work to cut and seal the vents against the soffit surface (the soffits are NOT flat) but I was thinking that more, smaller vents would provide more air movement across the whole inside surface of the roof deck, removing more heat from the surface.  Or, maybe it makes no difference as long as the total NFVA is the same, and I'm overthinking this.
Comment: Good question.  More smaller should limit any dead air sections, but larger might increase air flow.  Increasing the outlet(top) flow will help also.  Any insulation needs to be moved out of the way of soffit vents and/or added to the area above the living space.  Don't want attic heat fighting with the AC.
Comment: Don't miss the "don't block the new vents with loose, fluffy insulation forced all the way down to the soffits" part of @crip659's comment. You'll want to pull all the insulation back from the soffit, install soffit baffles (creating an air gap on the under side of the roof), then push the insulation back into place. Otherwise, your new venting efforts will be wasted because air won't be able to flow through the insulation to get up to the roof vents. You'll want a soffit baffle in every rafter bay you install a vent into.
Comment: The AC unit & ducting are in the attic; it's absolutely fighting the attic heat which is why I want to add more ventilation. My house is a rectangle;, the attic is wide open & covers the entire living space. I was planning on distributing vents evenly around the perimeter including the corners so I think dead air won't be a problem.  The airflow should be about the same, assuming the total net free vent area (NFVA) is the same.  IE 20 smaller vents with NFVA of 0.5 vs 10 larger vents with NFVA of 1.0.  Using larger vents would definitely be a big labor saver but I want them to be effective!
Answer: More holes spread over a larger distance matters most where moisture control over the entire width of the subroof, in all corners and pockets, is a concern.
For heat management, however, the total air mass movement matters most, and missing a few corners or pockets is less of a concern.
Answer: Ideally, a continuous vent that allows air to enter each rafter bay is best.  Most homes do not have this; rather individual cut vents.  The importance is to have intake square footage greater than exhaust square footage.  This reduces the amount of air that the system is starved and thus pulling more conditioned air from the interior of the home, through penetrations.  I have helped several neighbors eliminate ice damns over overhangs simply by adding soffit venting.


Is there any relation between ISKCON and Sri Narasingha Chaitanya Ashrama?

Question: I know both are Gaudiya Vaishnava organisations. But are they related in any way (Guru Parampara etc)?
Answer: Both founders of Sri Narasingha Chaitanya Ashram (Swami B.G. Narasimha and Swami B.B. Vishnu) are initiated (dīkṣita) disciples of Srila A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada, founder of ISKCON. In the Gaudiya Vaishnava tradition coming from Srila Prabhupada Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Thakur, the guru-paramparā is considered a bhāgavata paramparā, where the lineage is not based solely on dīkṣā but on the śikṣā relationship.
To my knowledge, ISKCON has never accepted anyone other than its Founder-Acharya and current members within the institution in the role of śikṣā-guru, and in the years since the departure of the Founder-Acharya has increasingly asserted its identity as an institution with strict boundaries. Many faithful disciples of the Founder-Acharya, Srila A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada, have found those boundaries redrawn sometimes to their exclusion, and thus have continued on their own, in organizations such as Gaudiya Vedanta Samiti, Sri Chaitanya Saraswata Math, and the numerous Gaudiya Maths. Some disciples of Srila Prabhupada have founded their own organizations, such as Sri Narasingha Chaitanya Ashram, VRINDA, and others.


Raising OG before pitching yeast

Question: I am using an all-grain recipe for a Belgian ale. My OG came out to 1.052 rather than 1.081-5. What can I do to raise the OG before pitching the yeast? Will a pound or two of malt extract help?
Answer: You can use an extract gravity calculator like this one to help you figure out how much extract you'll need. http://brewerslair.com/index.php?p=brewhouse&d=calculators&id=cal22&u=eng
Since these calculators are normally for the total gravity of an extract brew, you need to cheat slightly. Gravity is essentially additive, so drop off the 1s (the 1 is the water, which you can disregard) and and subtract your measured gravity from your target gravity to get how many points you need to make up for. 0.083-0.052=0.031, so input 1.031 into the target gravity (remember to put the 1 from the water back on there). Then input your final volume, the type of extract, and you should have the exact amount of malt you need.
Comment: Thanks! It showed that I need 3.87 lbs. I picked up a 3 lb. bag. Do I need to dissolve it in water, or will it work for me to just pour it into the pail and let it dissolve in there, with some stirring?
Comment: The 3 lbs. of DME brought it up to 1.082. THANK YOU!
Comment: If you dissolve the DME in water you'll get lower gravity, but it's a smart idea to boil it. That said, DME is evaporated, pre-boiled wort, and the high sugar content is somewhat antimicrobial. You *might* get away with just dissolving it in there.
Answer: Really quick answer, yes you can. Check exactly how much you need.
Answer: As others said yes you can boost the OG.
More importantly you need to address why the gravity was missed by a large margin. Here's a couple thoughts considering it sounds like a Belgian double or strong.

Did you forget the Belgian candy sugar?
Did your grain have the diastatic power for the mash? IE too much Crystal / roasted malts, very high water grist ratio.
Was the grain even milled? If so was cracked fine enough.
Was the grain the proper amount? Unit conversions can be tricky. :-)
Did your mash even convert? Sounds like you may have only utilized the crystal malts. Similar to 2. Use an iodine test to check if the saccarification is done.
How old was the grain? Was it stored in a cool place? If too hot it could have lost diastatic power. >149°F typical temp in a cargo container or car in the summer will denature beta-amylase.
Was the boil long enough and an open boil to allow enough evaporation for the recipe? This can dilute an OG 20%, say if it was a 5g batch and had 0 evaporation.

Hope this helps.
Comment: Thank you for the helpful suggestion. I did use the Belgian candy sugar. I think that the grain was not properly milled. I used the grinder at a local brew supply shop, and it did not look to be as milled as it usually is. I noticed this partway through, and adjusted it. I probably should have double milled, just to be safe. .
Comment: That will do it. I've noticed the gap jump open when hit with the hard roasted grains. Always good to double check it. Cheers!
Comment: Thanks. The other thing I have noticed with high OG Belgians is that using one liquid Belgian Ale liquid yeast doesn't always do the trick. The packet recommends using more for OG's over 1.060.

Raising OG before pitching yeast


Upload images to imgur account from shutter

Question: I use shutter for screenshots, it has an option to upload to imgur as a guest, is it possible to upload to my account instead?
Answer: With the standard plugins, this cannot currently be done.
It could be made possible but to date, nobody has sat down and written the required code.
The FTP section that Mitch is pointing to is for uploading to FTP servers and is separate from the Accounts section above it.
Comment: This might be a good lesson why picking a layman-friendly language (eg Python) is a good idea for open source projects. Perl isn't *impossible* to grok but it's ugly enough to put me off.
Comment: Three years later and still apparently nobody has...
Comment: It looks like this can be done now: https://imgur.com/RbXdDuh.png (it was hard taking a screenshot of the screenshooter...)
Answer: Yes you can upload to your own FTP.  Just add the information under Edit --> Preferences, and add it there.  See image below.

The FTP details are ISP dependent, just ask your ISP for that.  In may case as an example: ftp://website.com/public_html/<folder_name>. Folder name is where you want your images to go.  To choose FTP as the upload location, right click on the image --> export and then choose FTP.

You have to have a registered account with Imgur, and then check Authorized Upload, or OAuth Upload which means (The Imgur API uses OAuth 2.0 for authentication. OAuth 2.0 has four steps: registration, authorization, making the request, and getting new access_tokens after the initial one expired.)
Comment: but I'm trying to upload to http://imgur.com/
Comment: I cannot turn the authorized upload to imgur, what are the ftp details?
Comment: See the addition in the answer.


How to diagnose errors in LaTeX generated by Doxygen 1.8.x: LT@LL@FM@cr

Question: I've been using Doxygen successfully to generate PDF documentation for a sizable Fortran 90 project since v1.6. After a recent upgrade to Doxygen 1.8, pdflatex is choking with an error I can't understand. From refman.log:
.
.
.
<use classfate__source_a022bf629bdc1d3059ebd5fb86d13b4f4_icgraph.pdf>
Package pdftex.def Info: classfate__source_a022bf629bdc1d3059ebd5fb86d13b4f4_ic
graph.pdf used on input line 607.
(pdftex.def)             Requested size: 350.0pt x 65.42921pt.
)
(./classm__aerosol.tex
! Undefined control sequence.
<recently read> \LT@LL@FM@cr

l.25 ...1833ffa6f2fae54ededb}{ia\-\_\-nsize}), \\*

? ?
Type <return> to proceed, S to scroll future error messages,
R to run without stopping, Q to run quietly,
I to insert something, E to edit your file,
1 or ... or 9 to ignore the next 1 to 9 tokens of input,
H for help, X to quit.

Looking at the first 25 lines of classm__aerosol.tex, nothing obviously matches the error message:
\hypertarget{classm__aerosol}{\section{m\-\_\-aerosol Module Reference}
\label{classm__aerosol}\index{m\-\_\-aerosol@{m\-\_\-aerosol}}
}

Contains general aerosol-\/related constants and routines.

\subsection*{Public Member Functions}
\begin{DoxyCompactItemize}
\item
subroutine \hyperlink{classm__aerosol_aa06c1f39c6bd34f22be92d21535f0320}{aerdis} (I\-A\-E\-R\-O, M\-A\-E\-R\-O, V\-O\-L, A\-R\-E\-A, M\-U, T\-G\-A\-S, R\-H\-O, A\-G\-A\-M\-M\-A, X\-L\-A\-E\-R, D\-M\-E\-A\-N, N\-A\-E\-R, X\-N\-D\-A\-E\-R, L\-S\-D\-A\-E\-R)
\begin{DoxyCompactList}\small\item\em Return aerosol mass given a volume, based on aerosol size distribution function. \end{DoxyCompactList}\item
real(kind=wp) function \hyperlink{classm__aerosol_a2dff4ff413057e8788fba7270a30c093}{lamsed} (V\-O\-L, H, M\-U\-G, R\-H\-O\-A\-E\-R, A\-G\-A\-M\-M\-A, A\-C\-H\-I, A\-F\-E\-O, K\-O, M\-A\-E\-R, F\-M\-A\-E\-R, F\-A\-E\-R\-S\-S, F\-S\-E\-D\-D\-K)
\begin{DoxyCompactList}\small\item\em Calculate aerosol removal constant and interpolation factor between steady-\/state and decaying aerosol correlations. \end{DoxyCompactList}\item
pure real(kind=wp) function \hyperlink{classm__aerosol_a6d0a04004f49c404c67e0aa69dd39ee1}{fdbend} (V\-E\-L, H\-S\-E\-D, T\-G, R\-H\-O\-G, M\-U\-G, R\-H\-O\-P\-A\-R, C\-A\-E\-R\-O, X\-D\-B\-E\-N\-D, N90\-J)
\begin{DoxyCompactList}\small\item\em Find total impaction efficiency for aerosol deposition considering 90-\/degree bends in a flow path. \end{DoxyCompactList}\end{DoxyCompactItemize}
\subsection*{Public Attributes}
\begin{DoxyCompactItemize}
\item
integer, parameter \hyperlink{classm__aerosol_a8f604b7ffe3c1833ffa6f2fae54ededb}{ia\-\_\-nsize} = 30
\item
integer, parameter \hyperlink{classm__aerosol_ae71813ecf0c7768af9d6292efb14774f}{ia\-\_\-nmass} = 10
\item
real(kind=wp), dimension(\hyperlink{classm__aerosol_a8f604b7ffe3c1833ffa6f2fae54ededb}{ia\-\_\-nsize}), \\*

Nothing obviously matches the recently read chunk "\LT@LL@FM@cr" and I don't know enough low-level TeX to translate that into something that might actually be in the source text.
Suspecting this might have been fixed in a later version of Doxygen than the one shipping with Linux Mint (v18.104.22.168), I built & installed v18.104.22.168 from source, updated my doxyfile, blew away the old documentation and regenerated it. I get the same baffling error.
There's nothing obvious in refman.log that would indicate missing or broken LaTeX packages and I'm completely at a loss as to what's causing this.
Comment: Start with adding `\errorcontextlines=9999` to the head of the TeX file and rerun TeX, then update the answer with the extended error message. But IMHO this should be addressed to the doxygen authors.
Answer: this will be difficult to solve unless you provide a bit more information - possibly using \errorcontextlines=9999 as suggested in the comments on the question.
as a first short though, the name of the control sequence that can't be found (i.e. \LT@LL@FM@cr) is one defined by the longtable package (documentation, p. 15) - thus adding:
\usepackage{longtable}

to the preamble of the document might help.
If so, according to the doxygen documentation here, adding the following to your configuration file should do the trick:
EXTRA_PACKAGES=longtable

Answer: As this still gets a hit on Google when you search:
doxygen missing $ inserted
I would like to add something.
Do not use a PROJECT_NAME containing underscores (_)!
After a brief look into the doxygen's  current documentation (I am using 1.8.4) it does not make that explicit.


Forgot login credentials, can I look up my account from my username?

Question: My daughter has logged me out of my game and now I can't get back in. She signed me up, but has forgotten how she did it What can I do? I have tried google already and can't find it, it actually loaded my other daughters game. The only thing I remember is my nickname in the actual game.
Answer: You cannot look up login information just from a username.  If you have a Google account, check the apps you have authorized in your Google settings.  If you used a Trainer Club login, try resetting your password and using your email address.
If all else fails you may want to open up a ticket with Niantic.
Comment: Thank you for your help and yes have exhausted all options that was why I posted. I did however contact Niantic and am waiting for them to hopefully get me back to playing
Answer: Logging out is risky. I did after playing for a couple of weeks. When I logged back in my account was reset to level 2 with only my first two captures. My nickname had been changed to the first half of my gmail address. (ironically a name I had tried to use during initial sign-up but told was not available)
I opened up a support ticket on the issue and got an automated reply saying to go into my settings and turn off location services for the game and then turn them back on. then uninstall the game and reinstall it, then restart the device. This, the note assured me, would not lose my data since it was all stored on their servers not the device.
Well, apparently it wasn't as I am stuck with the new nickname and loss of all my progress.  And the critical issue response note pointed out that I actually wouldn't hear from them on the problem since the critical support tickets were designed to provide their developers with information to improve the game, not assist individual customers:

We've received your report and will follow up with you if we need any
additional information. Please visit our Known Issues
page to see if your issue is already addressed.
If you're having a temporary issue with Pokémon GO that you're not
able to reproduce reliably, note that in general, one of the following
should resolve it:

Android devices: From your device's Home screen, visit Settings > Touch Apps or Application Manager > Pokémon GO, and touch Force Stop.
Visit Storage and touch Clear Cache.
iOS devices: From your device's Home screen, visit Settings > Privacy > Location Services and toggle Pokémon GO off then back on.
Remove and then reinstall the Pokémon GO app.
Reboot your device.

Your game progress will not be lost by performing these steps, as all
game progress is stored online.
Please note that you won't receive a personalized response regarding
your issue unless more information is needed to investigate. Be
assured that we review all reports submitted to us and will use your
report to improve Pokémon GO. Thank you for your help.
-NianticOps