Is it okay for Unitarians to answer questions that do not ask for a specific denomination or sect?

Question: I would like to answer the question What is the biblical support for the Nicene creed's statement of the Son being "eternally begotten"? but I am Unitarian. That means I do not believe there is any biblical support for this, and I would like to explain why. I'm basically asking if this is appropriate for any question that asks for biblical support of something. I understand that I probably will not receive many up-votes, but I'm not really concerned with points anyways. Is this okay with everyone?
Comment: This is essentially the same as your earlier question [Can somebody please help me provide acceptable answers?](http://meta.christianity.stackexchange.com/questions/6099/can-somebody-please-help-me-provide-acceptable-answers) and my answer is the same.
Comment: Or, you know, answer [questions about Unitarianism when they come along](http://christianity.stackexchange.com/q/54930/30). Hint hint.
Answer:
Is this okay with everyone?

No, it is not okay.
Just because it's tagged biblical-basis does not exempt answers from following the same scoping rules we do across the site. You may not post a contrary view to whatever doctrine is being questions. Just like a question that asks "What do Catholics believe about X?" must be answered from a Catholic perspective, so also all questions that ask "What is the basis for the belief X?" must be answered from the perspective of belief X. You may not post answers defending Y instead.
All biblical-basis questions should be read "What do people that believe X see as the Biblical basis for X?"
Comment: In re your last sentence: how explicitly is that spelled out in the tag description?  I just checked, and It Is Not that clear.  For a new user, it is opaque.
Comment: @KorvinStarmast I made an edit to the tag Wiki that addresses your concern. I believe the excerpt is no more clear and how the tag should be used
Comment: @fredsbend Thank you I took a look  As Jon Erickson and others pointed out, that tag as described is a way of saying "sola scriptura" without saying sola scriptura; possibly even "restorationism" or Christian Primitivism.  It is  downright misleading -- bordering on dishonest-- in a plain language reading of the term (biblical basis)  as was discussed over 4 years ago.
Answer: Your personal convictions are completely irrelevant, but your answers must match the perspectives asked about.
If what you want to write disagrees with the premise of the question, you can't post it as an answer.
Sometimes it is appropriate to challenge a question in a comment, such as saying "actually the Catholic Church doesn't believe X, as shown in the Catechism reference Y." But if the question can't be challenged in that way, then there isn't an appropriate venue to post disagreement.
What can you do? Two options: write a new question which aligns with your convictions, or let the question remain unanswered and let the silence speak for you.
Comment: Oh yeah. Sorry dannii, I never get to answer questions, so I got a little too excited. I'll delete this.  Thanks for the reminder. I voted for you by the way :)
Comment: Well I can't delete it but I voted to close it
Comment: Uh, are you saying that you can't do a frame challenge in an answer?


Disabling enemy AI

Question: I'm looking to take some pictures of the Grunts in Halo: Combat Evolved for a possible project. Of course, this isn't easy when they keep running from or shooting at you.
Is there a program that will allow you to disable the enemy AI so that they don't do anything?
Answer: I suggest using the console command game_speed #, where # is an integer between 0 and 20. 0 will cause the game to pause.
In order to be able to use console commands, you need to enter Developer Mode.
To do so, create a shortcut of the Halo executable, and in the target field of the shortcut add
-console -devmode

You might have to put the rest of the target between quotations marks, e.g.
"C:\Program Files\Microsoft Games\Halo Custom Edition\haloce.exe" -console -devmode

More information can be found here.
Once the game is started in Dev Mode, the console can be accessed using the ` or ~ key on QWERTY keyboards (² on AZERTY, I believe).
Comment: Thanks for the answer - I've downloaded Halo: Custom Edition but I'm struggling to get it to work (it won't launch), even after patching it.
Comment: Post it as another question?
Comment: The issue was I installed the "halopc" patch, not "haloce". It's now working and I have downloaded some campaign maps to use with it. I also think that the cheat_bump_possession command will be useful (although a little buggy) as I can get close to the Covenant without them attacking.

Disabling enemy AI


Why is the index of refraction different for different wavelengths?

Question: The index of refraction can be written as
$$n=\frac{\lambda_v}{\lambda_m}$$
where $\lambda_v$ is the wavelength in a vacuum and $\lambda_m$ is the wavelength in the medium. I've been told that since wavelength appears in the definition of an index of refraction, an index of refraction varies with wavelength. However, why would that be the case? The index of refraction is a ratio; if a wavelength of one wave is different from that of another wave passing through the same medium, the index of refraction should not be different for each wave, since they would have had different wavelengths in a vacuum too. So why is the index of refraction dependent on the wavelength?
Comment: possible duplicate of [Why do prisms work (why is refraction frequency dependent)?](http://physics.stackexchange.com/q/65812/)
Answer: You are mixing up two different things.
The refractive index is usually defined in terms of the velocity of light:
$$ n = \frac{c}{v} $$
where $v$ is the velocity in the medium. However the velocity is related to the frequency and wavelength by:
$$ v = \lambda f $$
so:
$$ n = \frac{\lambda_0 f_0}{\lambda f} $$
The frequency of the light, $f$, doesn't change as the light enters the medium, so $f_0 = f$ and the $f$s cancel to give:
$$ n = \frac{\lambda_0}{\lambda} $$
which is the equation you cite. The equation is not based upon any assumptions about the variation of $n$ with the frequency/wavelength of the light.
However the refractive index does change with frequency. This effect is called optical dispersion. The cause is the way the interaction of the light and the electrons in the medium change with frequency. See for example the questions Why do prisms work (why is refraction frequency dependent)? and Why does the refractive index depend on wavelength?.
Answer: I think you will have an easier time viewing the index of refraction from a speed-point of view.
Consider the following: The energy of a given photon is determined by its frequency (color):
$E = h \nu $
(h being the Planck constant)
Assuming the photon does not lose energy when entering the material, its frequency must be conserved.
However, as light is an electromagnetic wave, its propagation in a material differs fundamentally between the vacuum and a crystalline material. In the material, the electric field of the photon will be harder to 'produce', since the crystal's electrons will react to it. The higher the frequency, the stronger this effect is - the light gets increasingly slower. The refractive index for photons with a certain wavelength is
$n(\nu) = \frac{c_0}{c_m(\nu)}$ with $c_0$ being the speed of light in vacuum (equal for all wavelengths as far as we know) and $c_m(\nu)$ the speed of a photon of a certain frequency $\nu$ in the material.
Using $c = \lambda \nu$ (and assuming constant frequency) you will arrive at the expression you were using.
Comment: Not correct: there are materials with negative slopes to their dispersion curve;  further most materials have a nonlinear relationship between input wavelength and index of refraction.
Comment: To be fair this is true for most optically transparent materials at visible wavelengths. The refractive index becomes anomalous when the light energy reaches the band gap energy, and for most transparent materials the band gap energy is in the uv.
Comment: True - I was refering to 'classical', linear materials. No no nonlinear effects or effects found in metamaterials are accounted for. But if we would go along this path I would start with the more realistic complex valued refractive index - which would also mean the energy- and thus the frequency would not be constant for the photon alone.


Shell script to sync ubuntu time with gps device

Question: I have a ubuntu box running gpsd and able to gather signal from the sky.
Now I would like to sync my ubuntu time with from this gpsd. Is there any simple shell script can do this? so I can make a crontab job?
Answer: You can setup the gpsd as a kind of NTP-TimeServer.
Have a look on this tutorial: http://www.bufferbloat.net/projects/cerowrt/wiki/Getting_time_from_gpsd


Is it possible to share a VPN connection over WiFi Hotspot?

Question: I have an S8 And a Nintendo switch, The switch doesn't support VPNs. Is it possible to share the VPN Connection to my Nintendo switch over hotspot? My PC Can already do this but I want to play outside!
Answer: Yes its possible, I have covered one method to achieve this already on this post.
Alternatively, our fellow user, Mygod has shared one application to achieve this called VPN Hotspot and is available both on XDA Labs or F-Droid. As expected both these methods need root,  for non root solution you may have to look at something like PDANet+
Answer:
Download the VPN-Client-App from any provider on your Android
Setup and connect the VPN (an instruction you find on the site from your vpn service)
Turn on the mobile Wi-Fi hotspot feature from your Android settings

Then it should work!
Comment: It "should" work, except that Android deliberately prevents tethered devices from connecting to the VPN on the Android device (i.e. it won't share the VPN connection).  You need root to enable that -- or to do something else, like set up a port forward via ssh, etc.  More information at https://android.stackexchange.com/questions/60819/can-i-share-my-androids-vpn-connection-over-a-hotspot
Answer: If you run a pie rom with aosp updated kernel just enable acesses point, usb wired alternative: pdanet ... or http injector in rooted devices can run a proxy server
Comment: And the restrictions [described in this comment](/questions/194255/16575#comments-194257) no longer apply on Android 9? The second part of your post has already been covered by the answer the comment is on.


Nested Accordions For Taxonomies

Question: I'm trying to develop a FAQ accordion that can be nested four times. This means under the first taxonomy there comes the next, and after that another, and after that the contents appear, pretty much like the following picture;

I've tried many plugins such as: Spider FAQ, Ultimate FAQ, WP responsive FAQ with category plugin. I even tried a combination of a few, by adding the short code in the text area of another FAQ shortcode. It works up to the second level but it never makes it to the third, I've tried even coding it but still wasn't successful. How can I achieve this?
Comment: Plugin recommendations are off-topic here. If you'd like help coding this, then show us what you've tried.
Comment: Yeap, right, this is what I ask form other users too, I just wanted to know if its possible, if Yes, I will go around figuring it out, If not, then You've saved a lot of time for me....
Comment: anything is possible :)
Answer: I'm sure you can find accordion code samples anywhere. It might be helpful to convert terms into a structure that is more conducive to nested elements.
<?php

// Get terms as nested array

function get_nested_terms ($taxonomy, $array=array(), $args=array() ) {

    $args = wp_parse_args($args, array(
        'orderby'    => 'count',
        'parent'     => 0,
        'hide_empty' => true
    ));

    $terms = get_terms($taxonomy, $args);

    foreach ( $terms as $term ) {

        $args['parent'] = $term->term_id;
        $children = get_nested_terms ( $taxonomy, array(), $args);

        $array [$term->term_id] = array(
            'term'     => $term,
            'children' => $children
        );

    }
    return $array;
}

// Render HTML from nested terms array

function render_nested_terms($array, $level = 0){
    $level++;
    foreach ( $array as $term_info ) {
        $classes = array(
            "level-" . $level,
            empty($term_info['children'] ) ? 'no-children' : 'has-children'
        );
        echo '

';

        // Showing the term name,
        // but you could include term content below this item

        echo "term: " . $term_info['term']->name;

        // Render the nested items

        if( ! empty($term_info['children'] )) {
            render_nested_terms ( $term_info['children'], $level );
        }

        echo '

';

    }
}

First we'll run one function to get all the terms you want to use. Set hide_empty to true to only return categories that have content associated with them.
$options = array(
    'parent'     => 0,
    'hide_empty' => false
);

$nested_terms = get_nested_terms ('category', array(), $options );

Next, loop through the nested elements and render HTML content.
render_nested_terms ($nested_terms);

At this point you'll want to add JavaScript or whatever based on how you architected your nested elements.

Nested Accordions For Taxonomies


RPM packaging multiple versions for simultaneous install

Question: Are there some guidelines, or does anyone have suggestions on how I should package something that I need to be able to have multiple versions of installed at the same time?
Answer: I'm not sure if this fits with what you're trying to accomplish, but on a project I worked on, we did this by first dictating a directory structure, something like:
/usr/local/[project_name]/[version]
where project_name was the "base name" of the project, and version was a specific tagged release.  We then used an arbitrary number for the RPM version (monotonically increasing), so that releases within the same tag or branch could be RPM-upgraded without conflicting with other tags/branches.  This means you need to encode a version number somewhere in the RPM name header, rather than the version, e.g.
Name: foobar-1.0
Version: 1234
Release: 1
# ...etc...

In this case the RPM might install to under the path /usr/local/foobar/1.0 and subsequent versions would be named "foobar-2.0" and be installed similarly.
The name "foobar-1.0" implies that you need some other system, not the RPM system, to keep track of version numbers - we used a shell script that simply generated the specfile on demand for a tagged release.  This can be a bit cumbersome, but it buys you the flexibility of being able to install multiple versions of a package in a common way, and be able to use more than one at the same time.
This is just a suggestion, and YMMV obviously.
Answer: Just give the packages different names, and make sure they install files into separate locations.
Or bundle all the versions into a single package.


How many ships were in Ar-Pharazons Great Armament?

Question: If I had to guess, I'd say probably 5,000 ships, because it was said to have been so big that it blackened the sea like a giant Archipelago. Estimation on how many or if Tolkien gives an exact number - any guesstimates?
Answer: Tolkien describes the fleet as being

like an archipelago of a thousand islands
-- Akallabêth, 4th part of The Silmarillion

Assuming this simile is anywhere near accurate, the Armament contained somewhere on the scale of a thousand ships - say roughly between 500 and 2000. Anything much less than 500, and it would instead be "like an archipelago of hundreds of islands"; anything much more than 2000, and it would be "like an archipelago of thousands of islands".
There's an interesting discussion here of how many ships and troops might have been in the Great Armament and how powerful it would have been.
Comment: Given the reputation of the Numenoreans as an incredible naval power, 1000 as a floor doesn't seem far-fetched at all. Ancient navies, such as the Roman and the Persian navies, fielded as much.
Comment: @Shamshiel 1000 ships could be a million troops, if the ships are big enough! Isn't there a fairly detailed description of the flagship somewhere...?
Answer: If a man needs about 9 square feet (3x3 feet) to stand and have room to fight and there are 27,878,400 square feet in a square mile, there is room for about 3,097,600 warriors in a square mile.  And in the War of Wrath Morgoth's troops filled the Plain of Angfauglith which could not contain their numbers.
And I guess that the Plain of Angfauglith could have been about 100 by 300 miles in size.  And thus Morgoth might have had more than 30,000 times 3,000,000 soldiers in his army. Or 90,000,000,000.  Thus the host of Valinor might have killed many times more Orcs than all the human soldiers and warriors who were ever killed in battle - plus all the ones who survived - in all of history!
So I picture the first ranks of the host of Valinor fighting and killing the first rank of the orcs, and then the second rank, and then the third,and so on and so on until they were tired, and replaced by the second rank in the host of Valinor, who would slay rank after rank of the orcs, and then they would be replaced by the third rank of the Host of Valinor,and so on, with the earlier ranks resting and eating and sleeping until it was their turn again.
And Morgoth would send more and more hastily born, raised, trained, and armed orcs to replenish his ranks, but the elves and maiar slew the orcs faster than they could be replaced and moved farther and farther toward Angband every day and every year until Morgoth finally totally ran out of orcs.
And if Sauron ruled an area in Mordor and farther east in the Second Age that, for example, totaled 1,000 miles by 1,000 miles, or 1,000,000 square miles, he might have taught his subjects advanced agricultural techniques so that they could have a population density of 100 per square mile and a total population of 100,000,000.  And if they could send one percent of their population to war, Sauron could assemble an army of 1,000,000 warriors to resist Ar-Pharazon's invasion of Middle-Earth.  But Ar-Pharazon's invasion force was so vast that it scared Sauron's army away.
So if this reasoning is correct Ar-Pharazon's force to invade Valinor, allegedly the greatest armament ever in Tolkien's history, could have been fantasticaly numerous, whether they all came from Numenor or not.
Comment: I think it more likely that "could not contain their numbers" is poetic hyperbole than their having been 90 billion orcs and men under arms.


For the $4x^3-g_{2}x-g_{3}=0$, why the discriminant it must be of the form $\alpha g_{2}^3+\beta g_{3}^2$?

Question: For the $4x^3-g_{2}x-g_{3}=0$, why the discriminant it must be of the form $\alpha g_{2}^3+\beta g_{3}^2$? Is there any proof about it?
Answer: For a cubic equation of the form $x^3 + ax^2 + bx + c$, the discriminant is calculated to be $a^2b^2 + 18abc − 4b^3 − 4a^3c − 27c^2$. Seeing your equation only has the $b=-g_2/4,c=-g_3/4$ coefficients, the only nonzero parts in the discriminant are $-4b^3 -27c^2$, which is an equation in terms of the cube of $g_2$ and the square of $g_3$.
Answer: The discriminant is the square of the product of the differences of the roots, so it is a homogeneous symmetric polynomial of degree $6$. The Fundamental Theorem of Symmetric Polynomials implies that it can be written as a polynomial in $s_i$, the elementary symmetric polynomials in the roots (and these are related to the coefficients of the equation; in particular in this case, $s_1=0$, $s_2=g_2/4$, $s_3=-g_3/4$.
Since the discriminant is homogeneous, it must be a linear combination of monomials, all of which must have degree $6$, which means we need terms of the form $s_1^as_2^bs_3^c$ with $a+2b+3c=6$, $a,b,c \geq 0$. The form of the cubic implies that $s_1=0$, so we can forget about any term that contains an $s_1$. Then we need solutions to $2b+3c=6$, $b,c \geq 0$. There are only two, $b=3,c=0$ and $b=0,c=2$. Hence the discriminant is is a linear combination of $s_2^3 \propto g_2^3$ and $s_3^2 \propto g_3^2$.


How to put main breaker in Square D Hom612L100 breaker panel?

Question: This panel (Square D Hom612L100) has 4 slots.  Is it possible to make one of them serve as the main breaker?
Comment: Six, but it's still a cripplingly small panel.  People always want more power later, so you're better off using a much larger panel (12/16?) for versatility.
Answer: You can do this, but it burns up two panel spaces in the process
While the HOM612L100 is a Main Lug Only panel and thus cannot accept a QOM main frame breaker, it can be fitted with a main breaker.  How?  By backfeeding the panel's busses via a two-pole Homeline branch breaker that is held down with a HOM1RK hold-down kit, as required by NEC 408.36.  As a result, the incoming hot wires go onto the lugs of this held-down breaker, and the main lugs can be left unused, or used as feed-through lugs in case expansion is called for.
Note that this requires the main breaker to be a regular (or triplex/quadruplex) Homeline branch breaker, not a GFCI or AFCI (they cannot be backfed as it would damage their electronics), and also costs two panel spaces in what is already a tiny panel; depending on your application, moving up to say a 12-space panel that accepts a main frame breaker may be a better solution as a result.
Answer: If it's the same as what I'm seeing on Home Depot's website, I'm going to say no.
A main would serve to cut power to the hot busses in the panel. As I can't actually see what the inner parts of the panel look like, I'm inclined to say that it's probably just an always-on sort of thing. If you want a main for it, get a service disconnect to go between that panel and the utility feed.
Comment: This is actually *incorrect*
Comment: Care to elaborate? Rather than just blatantly calling it wrong, some constructive detail would be beneficial for everyone.
Comment: see my answer for details. the TL;DR is that the panel will let you backfeed a branch breaker, turning it into a main


Multi Languages

Question: I have a website I am building.  The website needs to be in 7 different languages.  I know that I will need to use a language switcher but I am not sure how I set up the different languages/channels in the admin and/or what is the best approach.  Can someone please advise?
Answer: I have done it several times using these instructions http://www.sidd3.com/multi-language-website-with-expressionengine/
Answer: I use republic variable for that. I dont have 7 languages but i think i can work for you. I'm out of the country for now but as i remember, my index.php redirect to language folder (based on browser's language ) on my root. (fr, en etc..)  i will post my exact set-up next week. I have a post about that on stack exchange.
Answer: Please Do your self a favor... use EEHarbour Transcribe or go with another cms ... every other solution will be a pain.
Transcribe will:
1) create copyes of your entries in any language and link 'em
2) create translations of static text in your templates (without using conditionals in every bit of your code)
3) create translations of template names so for example you have products/watches/mywatch in english and prodotti/orologi/il-mio-orologio in italiano
etc etc...
Expression Engine wasn't done for multilanguage websites but Transcribe is the best way if you have to...
bye
Francesco

Multi Languages


No matter what I do, django-admin.py is not found, even though it's in my path

Question: I have added C:\Python26\Lib\site-packages\django\bin to my path, I have started a new cmd session in Windows 7, but when I try to do 'python django-admin.py ...' it says there is no file django-admin.py.  When I type path, there is the full path to ...\django\bin. This is driving me nuts. Clearly it's there, but it's not working. Any suggestions?
Comment: So basically you want to know how to get django-admin.py to execute rather than being opened with another application (editor, IE, Firefox, etc).  In that case, ask on SuperUser.com.  I'm sure someone there can work it out for you.
Answer: The python interpreter does not look everywhere on your path to find the script. It does look everywhere for imports, but not for scripts.
Try typing django-admin.py, just django-admin.py and not python django-admin.py, and it should work. Windows should find it on the path, then execute it as a python script.
OK,
If Windows doesn't run Python scripts (i.e. you have set your editor as the default python app), try: python -m django-admin or maybe python -m django-admin.py. The -m argument uses module mode, which checks the path.
Comment: +1 true (you could also type `python C:\Python26\Lib\site-packages\django\bin\django-admin.py`, but that's inconvenient)
Comment: That's what I ended up doing, and yes it is not something I can lie with. The problem with just typing the script name is that Windows tried to launch the file with another app.
Answer: I realize this is old, but came across the same issue.
On Windows, your path should include the following:
C:\Python27\;C:\Python27\Scripts
This is assuming python 2.7.3 is installed and django 1.4.3
Answer: python -mdjango-admin looks like what you're looking for. -m tells Python to find a module on sys.path and run that module as "the main script" -- which seems exactly your goal!
Comment: I tried this -m command, but i get python does not recognize this module. I have also ensured that the path to the django-admin is provided in the system path in my environment variables. Any suggestions?
Answer: This python command will search syspath for the django module in question:
python -m django.bin.django-admin

Answer: I had the same problem, and python -mdjango-admin works. but i had to define PYTHONHOME & PYTHONPATH first


Why is this closed question not being deleted?

Question: Please explain how a question that is off-topic is a good fit as a closed question for the site, but a bad fit as an open question.
Proof of Public Access [closed]
Comment: have had guidance from some of the longer serving mods and there is a consensus that my final point below may not be sufficient, so I think you are right, and that we should delete the question.
Answer: I don't know enough about security to know exactly how that question fits or does not fit. What people tells me implies it doesn't, but I'll give advice on the general topic of closed questions getting deleted. This will hopefully make the specific case here be crystal clear.

With the exception of duplicates (which we keep around for searchability), closing is intended to be a temporary state for a question. There are only two states in the future of a closed question - getting deleted or getting reopened. The primary purpose of closing is to serve as a sentence to eventual deletion. However, it is not the end of the world, as the closure may be identified as erroneous or the question may be fixed up, resulting in its reopening.
The end takeaway here is that unless a question has some chance to be considered for reopening, it should be deleted. Sometimes a question is borderline, or is the subject of an extended discussio of the site's scope. This is about the only time that a question should remain closed for extended periods of time. If the question is definitively out of the site's scope, and there is no business to be had even spending any time arguing to reopen the question, then it is better off to delete the question. Otherwise, you are leaving an avenue to reopen elements that you do not believe should ever be reopened.

It is often spoken of that a closed off-topic question could be left on the site "as an example of what doesn't belong". This sounds great on paper, but in practice it doesn't work out. Recall the earlier point about duplicates - closed questions are still entrances to the site. Keeping junk you do not want means that people who are looking for said junk will end up finding your site. Most of the time, you do not want that.
The other salvaging point one might look at is the answers on the question. An excellent answer may protect a pretty horrible question, that's after all why we have the Reversal badge. However, ask yourself when looking at a closed question with a great answer, "does the answer salvage the question to the point it shouldn't be closed?" It is unfortunate that a great answer may be lost due to being in the wrong place, but you shouldn't spare the world's greatest turkey recipe just because someone asked how to keep his dinner safe from ravenous relatives. Your business as a site is to host information related to the scope you set - the great and wonderful content on your site should reflect your scope and not what is outside of it.
Comment: Awesome, thank you for the detailed reply, and I agree with everything you stated. Also, in case it's not clear to other mods, your a "Community Manager for the Stack Exchange Network".
Answer: The fact it hasn't been deleted or migrated away doesn't mean it is a good fit. Some other options:

Some closed questions are deleted straight away
Some are left closed for a while to give someone the chance to change the question to one that is more suitable, when it can then be re-opened
The mods don't formally check every closed question every week, but we will check up reasonably regularly on closed ones with no activity, and generally delete after discussion
Sometimes answers are good enough to warrant keeping a marginal question
Comment: I think there are some good reasons for keeping some closed questions, as they give out a message as to what gets closed, but to get a wider perspective on this I have asked some of the wider moderator population to have a look as well.
Comment: @blunders - yes, Grace was one of the ones I asked for their more experienced view
Comment: I'm aware of all of that, my question is why this question has not been deleted. I'd already flagged the question, and AviD replied "you can't delete this question because it has upvoted answers on it. I don't think it's closed existence harms the site." and I replied "Yes, I know that's the reason, I delete questions all the time. Please explain how a question that is off-topic is a good fit as a closed question for the site, but a bad fit as an open question"... and AviD never replied. That was a week ago, and I'm requesting an answer.
Comment: +1 @Rory Alsop: Plus one for posting a general answer to the question, but I really would like the question deleted, or reopen as on-topic, since leaving it as "a question that is off-topic, but a good fit for Security.SE as a closed question, but a bad fit as an open question" in my opinion sends the wrong message as to what is and is not a good fit for the site.
Comment: +1 @Rory Alsop: Thanks for the help, a Community Manager for the Stack Exchange Network posted an answer which expresses what my understanding of SE's position is. Please comment on their answer if there are any issues you see, or questions you might have. Again, thanks!
Comment: +1 @Rory Alsop: That had been my guess, though didn't want to assume. Plus, at one point some of the SE community mods had PSI (Ψ) character, instead of just a mod diamond (♦)... but haven't seen those in a while; meaning it's hard to quickly tell what the experience level and authority of a mod is; though honestly it doesn't really matter. Again, thanks!


What statistical technique could be used to extrapolate CO2 data

Question: I am new to statistics but scraped data from NOAA's web site to plot CO2 level vs time.  Is there a good statistical technique to extrapolate past limit of data X axis to near future like 2050? One could cont the curve I guess in a polynomial function.
This is a super relevant question as climate change is dangerous.
Comment: An exponential function is commonly used, as in James Phillips' answer below. But there is an extensive scientific literature on forecasting CO2 emissions that also takes into account different scenarios of economic and population growth, so those papers would probably worth looking into.
Comment: I want to try to look those up. But if you have any citations on hand, , feel free to comment.
Answer: The NOAA site has the Moana Loa observatory atmospheric CO2 data directly downloadable as text at ftp://aftp.cmdl.noaa.gov/products/trends/co2/co2_mm_mlo.txt - no scraping needed. After removing a few "-99.99" values for "average CO2" that are stated to represent missing data I was easily able to perform an equation search on just over 350 known, named equations with three or less fitted parameters. The search purpose was to find an equation that both fit well and should also extrapolate well due to simplicity. My equation search turned up the Standard Vapor Pressure equation "CO2 = exp(a + (b/year) + c*log(year))" as an excellent candidate, with parameters a = -1.9342529555687474E+03, b = 4.3355326963670307E+05 and c = 2.2673459584210687E+02 yielding RMSE = 2.216 and R-squared = 0.993, here is error plot of this fit with extrapolation of this equation to the year 2040.
Comment: I was wondering if you could give us the citation for those 350 equations that you used? or name the database or repository? thx                                               "I used my zunzun.com open source Python online curve and surface fitting web site, it has a "function finder" for equation search". – James Phillips 11 hours ago


How to use prepod with Blockfrost api

Question: Good evening,
I am working on a crypto wallet that deals with cardano(ADA), and while testing i discovered that blockfrost api for testnet is deprecated, so i could not get testnet token to test, and later switched to prepod but i don't know how to connect blockfrost api with prepod test network, i tried reaching out to blockfrost but to no avail,please how can i use prepod with blockfrost api?
this is my cardano address addr_test1qrum7e26tfvdxgy3glpmrcsrsza4lpfqyqn0phklplm3wscunjd64pwwcfdsmdqrmxry5ma0smajh37vdp0jwzx82jpsheutwf
for legacy testnet.
Answer: There are different urls for each network.
From the doc: https://docs.blockfrost.io
Comment: please i am trying to use it with flutter
`
cardano_wallet_sdk: ^0.1.0-alpha.12
`

How to use prepod with Blockfrost api


Single-click instead of double-click to edit fields in inline editing (not using inputfield)

Question: is it possible to single-click to edit a field in Visualforce? I want to do it while in detail mode/inline edit mode. So basically change the behavior of being able to edit just by single clicking the field, instead of double clicking?
Comment: Just about anything is possible. What have you tried so far? Where are you stuck?
Answer: This is still an Idea over Ideaexchange portal.
Request you to upvote this Idea to get it considered by Product teams at Salesforce.
The main objectives of this idea is:

Keep double-clicking as a selection tool
For inline editing, hover over the field as now to bring up the pencil icon, and then click(single click) on the pencil to edit the field.


Bitlocker & Hardware encryption on Samsung EVO 850

Question: I have SSD of Samsung 850 EVO, it support hardware encryption.
On SSD drive I have multiple partition, one for SYSTEM (C:)  and one for DATA (D:).
I want use hardware encoding with bitlocker for both partition. Actually i'm set bitlocker only for system. Hardware encryption for System is ok where manage-bde -status.
For second partition on same drive hardware encryption is not supported. Why? If try set bitlocker for DATA partition, so system use software encryption, not hardware.  If I run command in cmd
<code>manage-bde -on D: -fet Hardware
</code>
I get error code 0x803100b2 -  The drive specified does not support hardware-based encryption.
My Notebook is Lenovo Thinkpad e550.
Its possible some fix it for use hardware encryption on multiple partion on same drive? I can format full drive again.
Answer: The solution was simple in the end:
You must create small empty partition before second partition, with size 100 or 200 MB (200 MB is recommended for Bitlocker.)
Computer management
After creation of empty partition bitlocker allow encrypt DATA partition with hardware method.
manage-bde -status


How does EU flight delay compensation work for multi-leg trips?

Question: I have a question about compensation under EU laws for my flight.
We booked tickets from Venice to Lima with Air Canada. We had two layovers, first in Brussels and second in Montreal. Our first two flights were on time, but the last one (Canada-Peru) was delayed by 4 hours. Are we still eligible for compensation even if the delay happened outside of the EU, since our original ticket is from Italy? All tickets were bought on the same reservation made directly with Air Canada, they were not bought as part of multi city trip or anything like that.
Answer: Historically most non-EU airlines have claimed that EU261 did not apply in situations like you've described due to the delay not occurring within the EU, and the legislation itself wasn't clear on whether these type of delays were covered or not.
This changed in May of 2018 when the European Court of Justice ruled in "Wegener v Royal Air Maroc" and stated that if the trip commenced in the EU, then the entirety of the trip was covered by the legislation - including subsequent connections that occur outside of the EU.  This ruling creates a precedent that then applies for subsequent claims under EU261.
Of course, the usual rules around EU261 apply - including exceptions for certain delays that are excluded for purposes of compensation - but in general this would be considered a covered delay.
Answer: Yes. Multi-leg flights are considered as if they were a single flight, and only the arrival time at the final destination counts.
Note that this is the case only because you were departing from within the EU. It would not have worked the other way around (as it's not an EU carrier).
Answer: As in the situation you described, you might be eligible for compensation. Under EU law, it's the final destination which counts to calculate the length of delay, as you described, you reached later than 4 hours, so you may get up to 600€.

When the delay exceeds 3 hours, you can claim money back up to 600 Euros. It's even valid for connecting flights if booked under the same
  leg.  (Source:
https://www.claimflights.co.uk/flight-delay-compensation)

You may contact directly the airlines, if they deny, I would recommend you to contact claim companies (Flight Right, Claim Flights, EU Claim, or Airhelp), who does the Job professionally. And may even know if you are entitled to compensation.


Stationary distribution for bipartite graph

Question: I was wondering if there is any stationary distribution for bipartite graph? Can we apply random walks on bipartite graph? since we know the stationary distribution can be found from Markov chain, but we have two different islands in bipartite graph and connections occur between nodes from different groups.
Comment: The question is absolutely clear (although, indeed, not of the cutting edge level) - it is about understanding the basics of the theory of Markov chains - which, apparently, the people who closed it are sadly lacking.
Comment: @RW: I think at least the question needs an edit. Anyway, let's give the OP the benefit of doubt -- I'm casting the final vote to reopen.
Comment: why would bipartite graphs be a problem ? You can do random walks on any graphs, so why not bipartite ?
Comment: @ Stefan Kohl - I agree that the formulation is pretty confused - thanks!
Answer: There is a distribution such that, if you start a random walk in that distribution, then it will remain there for all time: the usual formula, $\pi(v) = d(v)/2e(G)$, still works.  What is no longer true is that the random walk will converge to the stationary distribution as time tends to infinity independent of the start vertex, as there is an unsurmountable parity problem: if you start in one class, then you will always be in that class after an even number of steps, so the probability of being at a particular vertex is zero at every other time step.  In the language of Markov chains, the random walk on a bipartite graph is periodic.
Comment: "Periodic" just means that you can tell which class the random walk will be in at time $t$ if you know where it started.  If the graph is connected then you still expect the random walk to visit every vertex.
Comment: Thanks Ben for your contribution, you said "the random walk on a bipartite graph is periodic" Is this mean all nodes in different classes will be visited. or only a particular nodes from each class will be visited?
Answer: There is no problem with dealing with random walks and stationary distributions on bipartite graphs. Actually, integer lattices $\mathbb Z^d$ or finite cyclic groups of even order $Z_{2p}$ all give rise to bipartite graphs with respect to natural generating sets. The simple random walk on a finite connected graph always has a unique stationary distribution given by the usual formula (without any exceptions for bipartite graphs). On the other hand, the property of being bipartite can indeed be expressed in terms of random walks: a graph is bipartite if and only if the simple random walk on it has precisely two periodic classes.
Comment: Thanks R W for your contribution, I was thinking of that: V(G)=L Union R where L and R are disjoint and we
have an edge (x,y) iff x is in L and y is in R or vice versa.
1. Let's say the walk starts at a node on L, at time t=0. Let time be discrete,
i.e., t=0,1,2,...

2. The walk will always be in L whenever t=0 (mod 2) and it will always be in R whenever t=1 (mod 2). Thus, there is no stationary distribution.
I said mod2 since we have two group of node in bipartite graph. Is this Correct ?
Comment: @maz This is incorrect. There is a stationary distribution just not one that you will converge to. For example the random walk on $\{a,b\}$ with a $\mathbb{P}[a\rightarrow b]=1/2$ and $\mathbb{P}[b\rightarrow a]=1/2$ does not converge but clearly has a stationary distribution $\pi(a)=\pi(b)=1/2$. See my answer below for more.
Answer: $\newcommand{\Raw}{\Rightarrow}\newcommand{\raw}{\rightarrow}\newcommand{\N}{\mathbb{N}}$
I just want to echo a few of the other answers and add one point to RW's: I understand that the graph is bipartite if and only if $-1$ is an eigenvalue of the stochastic operator. There is a bit more info than the OP asked for but I had it handy so said I would add it.
A central question is for a given random walk whether or not the
$\xi_k$ display limiting behaviour as $k\raw\infty$?  If
`$\xi_\infty$' exists, what is its distribution? Here $\xi_k$ is the position of the walk after $k$ steps.
One possible debarring of the existence of a limit is periodicity. Consider a Markov chain $\xi$ on a set $X=X_0\cup X_1$ with $X_0\cap X_1=\emptyset$ and neither of the  $X_i=\emptyset$ for $i=1,2$. Suppose $\xi$ has the property that $\xi_{2k+i}\in X_i$, for $k\in\N_0$, $i=0,1$. Then `$\xi_\infty$' cannot exist in the obvious way. In a certain sense $\xi$ must be aperiodic for limiting behaviour to exist. This is of course the case for bipartite graphs.
Suppose $\xi$ is a Markov chain and the limit $\nu P^n\raw \theta$ exists. Loosely speaking, after a long time $N$, $\xi_N$ has distribution $\mu(\xi_N)\sim \theta$:
$$\begin{align}
  \nu P^N\sim \theta
  \\\Raw \nu P^{N}P\sim\theta P
  \\\Raw \nu P^{N+1}\sim \theta P
  \end{align}$$
  But $\nu P^{N+1}\sim \theta$ also and hence $\theta P\sim \theta$. So if '$\xi_\infty$' exists then its distribution $\theta$ may have the property $\theta P=\theta$. Such a distribution is said to be a stationary distribution for $P$.
Relaxing the supposition on `$\xi_\infty$' existing, do stationary distributions exist? Clearly they are left eigenvectors of eigenvalue 1 that have positive entries summing to 1.
If $k(x)\in F(X)$ is any constant function then $Pk=k$ so $k$ is a right eigenfunction of eigenvalue 1. Let $u$ be a left eigenvector of eigenvalue 1. By the triangle inequality, $|u(x)|=|\sum_yu(y)p(y,x)|\leq\sum_y|u(y)|p(y,x)$. Now
  $$\sum_{z\in X}|u(z)|\leq \sum_{z\in X}\left(\sum_{y\in X}|u(y)|p(y,z)\right)=\sum_{y\in X}|u(y)|\underbrace{\left(\sum_{z\in X}p(y,z)\right)}_{=1}=\sum_{y\in X}|u(y)|$$
  Hence the inequality is an equality so $\sum_z\left(\sum_y|u(y)|p(y,z)-|u(z)|\right)=0$ is a sum of non-negative terms.  Hence $|u|P=|u|$, and by a scaling,  $\pi(x):=|u(x)|/\sum_y |u(y)|$, is a stationary distribution.
Therefore a left eigenvector of eigenvalue 1 exists and if it is positive and of weight 1 it is a stationary distribution.
How many stationary distributions exist? Consider Markov Chains $\xi$ and $\zeta$ on disjoint finite sets $X$ and $Y$, with stochastic operators $P$ and $Q$. The block matrix
 $$ R=\left(\begin{array}{cc}P & 0\\0 & Q\end{array}\right)$$
 is a stochastic operator on $X\cup Y$. If $\pi$ and $\theta$ are stationary distributions for $P$ and $Q$ then
 $$\phi_c=(c\pi,(1-c)\theta)\,,\,\,\,\,c\in[0,1]$$
 is an infinite family of stationary distributions for $R$. The dynamics of this walk are  that if the particle is in $X$ it stays in $X$, and vice versa for $Y$ (the graph of $R$ has two disconnected components). This example shows that, in general, the stationary distribution need not be unique. Rosenthal shows that a sufficient condition for uniqueness is that the Markov chain $\xi$   has the property that every point is accessible from any other point; i.e. for all $\,x,y\in X$, there exists $r(x,y)\in\N$ such that $p^{(r(x,y))}(x,y)>0$. A Markov chain satisfying this property is said to be irreducible.
So for the existence of a unique, stationary distribution it may be sufficient that the Markov chain is both aperiodic and irreducible. Call a stochastic operator $P$  ergodic if there exists $n_0\in \N$ such that
$$p^{(n_0)}(x,y)>0\,,\,\,\forall x,y\in X$$
In fact, ergodicity is equivalent to aperiodic and irreducible, and the following theorem asserts that it is both a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a strict distribution for '$\xi_\infty$'. These precluding remarks  suggest the distribution of `$\xi_\infty$' is in fact stationary and unique, and indeed this will be seen to be the case. A nice, non-standard proof of this well-known theorem is to be found in F. Ceccherini-Silberstein, T. Scarabotti and F. Tolli. Harmonic Analysis on
Finite Groups. Cambridge University Press, New York, 2008, which also discusses bipartite graphs specifically.
Markov Ergodic Theorem

A stochastic operator $P$ is ergodic if and only if there exists a strict $\pi\in M_p(X)$ such that $$\lim_{n\raw\infty} p^{(n)}(x,y)=\pi (y)\,,\,\,\forall x,\,y\in X$$ In this case $\pi$ is
  the unique stationary distribution for $P$.**


Reverse not working, tranny noisy

Question: I thought I was stopped and put vehicle in reverse. Strange noise now no reverse and tranny whines and seems to shift hard on drive gears. Its an '04 Silverado 2×4, v6, 4.3l had no problems prior that I can think of. Have I fried my tranny?
Comment: Welcome to the site.
Answer: Take the truck for a ride by placing the gear selector all the way down into 1st gear. Vehicle should start going. Get the engine up a little higher than you'd normally hear/feel it shift and click it up one gear to 2nd. You may not feel it shift. If you don't, click it up into drive and see if the shift happens and the rpms drop down fairly dramatically. Again, drive the vehicle faster, getting it up so the RPMs are somewhere around 3000-3500rpm and then shift it up again.
If you do not feel it shift when it goes into 2nd, nor does it shift up into over-drive, your sunshell is shot (broke sunshell = missing Rev/2nd/OD). This is one of the weak points of the 4L60e transmission. It can be rebuilt, but there will have to be work done to it. If you do get it rebuilt, consider getting a Beast Sunshell rather than putting a stock unit back into the tranny. You'll most likely run into the same issue again with an OEM sunshell unit. The Beast isn't that much more money for the part itself, but be aware labor is not going to be cheap. Doing a complete rebuild at this point is a VERY good option.
Comment: I'm curious as to how this happened. I read that there's this "reverse inability" thing that prevents the veh from shifting into rev from drive until a certain rpm is reached. Would my veh have this feature and if so, what did I do?
Comment: What do you do? If it's broke, get it fixed. Not anything anyone wants to hear, but is the way it is. I own an '06 Silvy. I'm dreading the day when the tranny decides to let go. I don't know for sure about the "reverse inability" function (it could very well have it, I'm not sure). If it does have it, it might only function at over certain speeds. You might have just been in a "sweet spot" which allowed it to shift while rolling, which could have caused the damage. All in all, without reverse by itself, there's some kind of damage. You'll need to get it worked on to find out for sure.
Comment: Right on. It may be easier to replace the tranny as opposed to fix this one. What ones are compatible with my truck? Could I use one from an 8 cyl 4×4 Chev z71 '99 or '00?
Comment: No. You'd need one from a 4x2 Chevy or GMC 1500 truck, though year coverage on it should be pretty broad. The reason is the tail shaft is completely different. I'm not sure if one from a small truck or car would work, though the 4L60e was used in about everything. I'd highly recommend you **NOT** get a used one unless you are only doing it as a stopgap measure (something to get you by for a few thousand miles until you can get a rebuilt one put in).

Reverse not working, tranny noisy


Does a Simulacrum get the Hand and Eye of Vecna too?

Question: So someone is attuned to the Hand and Eye of Vecna. It is an appendage at this point. That person then casts simulacrum targeting themselves. Does the clone gain the Hand and the Eye as well since it's attached to the original?
Comment: With that behind us, Welcome to RPG.SE! Take the [tour] if you haven't already and see the [help] or ask us here in the comments (use @ to ping someone) if you need more guidance. Good Luck and Happy Gaming!
Answer: No.
Although grafted onto the recipient, the Hand and Eye are still magic items, and therefore "equipment".
The Simulacrum spell says (emphasis added):

[The simulacrum] appears to be the same as the original, but it has half the creature's hit point maximum and is formed without any equipment.
Comment: @Dopplegamer I think it would lack them — they were removed to attach the artifacts, after all, and simulacrum says nothing about replacing missing limbs
Comment: Makes sense, but it also makes me wonder whether the simulacrated version would be missing a hand and an eye or not.


Can a person wield a fist-load weapon with their mouth?

Question: Like I'm imagining a push dagger that's designed to deflect blows, sort of like if deer horn knives were kept between the teeth. Is this in anyway plausible?
Comment: What do you think? Imagine having a push dagger clenched in your teeth, and going up against someone with a push dagger clenched in their fist. There's an expectation that questions on this site show a certain level of research effort, and not just idly ask questions.
Comment: Hi Lynne! I think you have a kernel of a good worldbuilding question here. Unfortunately, you're in a bit of a pickle here: since it has gotten answers, you can't make any major edits that would invalidate those answers. And sometimes we have the bad habit of answering questions that obviously need work! I would like to suggest that you leave this question as is and work on an improved version which can post in our [Sandbox](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/9981/sandbox-for-proposed-questions). This is a place where new users can post their questions and get (cont)
Comment: (cont) some help with learning the skills required to write good questions. The better your questions are, the better our answers will be, and the better this community will be for future users! Just imagine: fifty years from now, some kid who's looking for a worldbuilding angle on mouth wielded fist weapons! How great would it be if she could stumble on your awesomely edited and much improved question!
Answer: They could wield it, but it would be an ineffective weapon that was difficult to do any damage with in a fight. As it's not designed for the job, much like you don't wear a boot on your hand, you could, but it's suboptimal.
There are effective mouth operated weapons already that would be much more suitable.
If you want to deflect weapons from the area around your mouth, wear a closed helmet, don't try and swordfight the blows away with a knife between your teeth, you'll end up with shattered teeth at best.
Answer: Boxeurs wear teeth protection to prevent damages caused by blows to their face, and so do many other sportsmen when face impacts are possible.
Teeth are optimized for chewing, thus handling compressive loads, not shear loads. If a punch can make some teeth come loose, even more can anything with an arm acting as multiplier which is held by a bite.


Can I play Call of Duty: Black Ops III on virtual LAN?

Question: I would like to know if there is any way to play Call of Duty: Black Ops III friends in virtual LAN.
I usually play Minecraft with some friends with Hamachi — is there any way to play Call of Duty: Black Ops III in a similar way, in a kind of virtual LAN like with Minecraft, perhaps with the help of some software like Hamachi?
Answer: Looks like it, Steam itself provides a very comprehensive guide on how to set it up: https://steamcommunity.com/sharedfiles/filedetails/?id=814090509
Long story short:

In Steam, find Call of Duty: Black Ops III - Dedicated Server and Call of Duty: Black Ops III - Remote Console (the latter is the admining tool)
Server files can be found in your game dir, usually C:\Program Files (x86)\Steam\steamapps\common\Call of Duty Black Ops III
There will be a Launch_Server.bat which contains a few startup variables that you will want to change (map playlist, server name, password etc)
The playlist itself is another file of interest (map rotation, gamemodes etc), in machinecfg\playlists.info
There is of course way more, but these are the basics.

And a couple of notes:

Although you can probably run this separately on your gaming machine, this works best on a separate PC. The rcon (admin) tool that you installed from Steam makes it possible to remotely manage it once it's running (changing maps, kicking unwanted players etc). The server PC can be a little older (a regular server will require fewer resources than the full client), but will also need Steam.
You can set a password using +set live_steam_server_password "password", which would keep people out if you just open it up to the internet (which would also involve port forwarding on your router). For security reasons I would definitely run it on that VLAN that you share with your friends though.
Always make sure you have a backup of a working configuration (Launch_Server.bat, the playlists in the machinecfg dir etc). You don't need to copy the full dir, just the config files (and preferably keep a few versions back). A typo in these files can prevent the server from starting, this is an easy fallback option.


Unable to get the GFCI plug to reset why

Question: why won't my GFCI plug reset-button reset? It is flashing red and I am unable to get the reset button to pop back.
Comment: What make and model is this GFCI?
Answer: If you know the manufacturer of the GFCI you could probably look up to see what a flashing red light means, but I'm guessing it indicates a miswired GFCI or some other kind of internal failure.
If you just installed the GFCI, double-check that the wiring has been done properly (i.e. you did not swap the LINE and LOAD sides, swap hot & neutral, etc).
If it is an old GFCI, maybe it is just time to replace it. They can fail over time, especially older models were more prone to failure.
Answer: Is the situation that cause the GFCI to trip still existing?  Did the electrical panel circuit breaker also trip?  If so, was it switched back "on"?  Are you pressing the reset button in far enough?
GFCI Outlet Troubleshooting


SMTP server per role

Question: Mails must be sent to certain roles from certain domains.
Is it possible to setup SMTP server per role? (through rules or by coding)
Answer: MTA's can usually handle complex routing, such as handling multiple domains. Your specific rub will be the connection and routing to the MTA with the appropriate credentials to send the email.
You will need to setup a custom SMTP table where each role can setup their details, then within rules (or a custom module) create the logic to connect to the MTA with the appropriate credentials.
I hope this helps, or at least provides a gateway to an exact answer.
Comment: I suppose that it is easier to do with SMTP Authentication module. Everything is in place apart from one rule or a code per role.

SMTP server per role


Is exposing the default plesk page dangerous?

Question: Is exposing the default plesk page on an IP dangerous? I can imagine it is somehow usable for fingerprinting a version maybe. But is it dangerous anyhow?
Comment: Having Plesk itself is dangerous.
Comment: @AndréBorie can you explain why?
Answer: Well, it tells people you don't really know what you're doing, in that it reveals that you use Plesk (or any web hosting panel in general).
Whether disclosing this information publicly is "dangerous" or not is debatable and down to definitions, but I can tell you that if I were scanning for something to hack, seeing a web control panel like Plesk would tell me that I've found something that's likely to be poorly configured and insecure, but also likely to be a low value target. (The typical server running Plesk is a cheap VPS with minimal resources and no professional administrator.)
At the same time, I suspect it would be almost trivial to suss out that information anyway, with or without the presence of that parking page. So, I'd say that the dangerous thing here is using a web control panel at all, as opposed to understanding and properly administrating your web server.
Answer: Based on the image you provide, it doesn't show any version information.  It merely tells the user that there is no website at that address.
Note that it is possible to change the default website templates in Plesk.  Consult its manual for more details.
Comment: At the risk of splitting hairs version numbers can also be obtained from the source as well, so despite the fact it may not be visible in this shot it doesn't mean it's not available.
Comment: @DKNUCKLES:  I agree and that could also be changed in the templates.


What does this symbol means?

Question:
My friend is asking about this icon on the notification bar. Is it from a application or just find in page?
Answer: Good question and being a developer I know that an app can add their own icons to the notification bar.
Depending on your phone type you can long hold on an empty part of your screen and then down at the bottom you will see widgets.   Hit that and then scroll down or sideways to see if you have the Notification history widget.   If you do drag it to a place on your screen.   Then you can see what that notification is for.
If you don't have the notification widget you can install a notification history app that will show you your notifications and what they are for.
On the app that I downloaded while I was researching this answer I had to enable Save Non-removable notifications.
If the notification is on the left top then you should be able to swipe down and see what app it is for.
If the notification is on the right you MAY be able to see it in the notification app.
That icon does not look like a default android icon so it's probably an application .
Here is a list of a lot of icons and it might be in there as well.
https://material.io/resources/icons/?style=baseline

What does this symbol means?


Why is the mouse cursor slightly tilted and not straight?

Question: Is this a legacy thing or does a tilted cursor serve a purpose? I can tell that the angle provides a totally vertical left edge which helps when highlighting text but what else apart from that?
EDIT: When the cursor changes to the little hand cursor while hovering over buttons, the angle seems to be smaller. Why the difference?
Comment: When you're highlighting text, the cursor changes to an I-beam on any decent UI.
Comment: I have seen straight cursor in some old DOS GUI apps and have also tried it in Windows and Linux - straight cursor just looks and feels nasty like handling a spoon straightly perpendicular to your face when eating (feeding yourself) or positioning your elbow to the center of your body when giving a handshake... Also can cause some Freudian associations when thought about :-)
Comment: Also, consider that some text (for cultural reasons or others) are written vertically, having a straight mouse would hide the next letter after the one you point at. Making it go towards the right side and down makes it very practical in many situations.
Comment: The historical reasons are given by some great answers here. However, I would like to add that a tilted pointer hides as less information as possible. Of course not in all cases, but generally, data is aligned vertically or horizontally. Therefore, the diagonally aligned cursor is not in the way.
Comment: It was straight by default. I added an underscore at both ends and it turned italics. Weird...
Comment: @Max you got me to join just to upvote that comment. too funny!
Comment: To check the progress bar is still functioning?
Comment: I must be really unimaginative, but... what are the Freudian associations @Ivan is referring to? Can someone spell it out? - EDIT: oh I guess you mean it might look like a penis.
Answer: This is the historical reason:

(Concept drawing taken from document: VLSI-81-1_The_Optical_Mouse.pdf)
The mouse, and therefore the mouse cursor, was invented by Douglas Engelbart, and was initially an arrow pointing up.
When the XEROX PARC machine was built, the cursor changed into a tilted arrow. It was found that, given the low resolution of the screens in those days, drawing a straight line (left edge of arrow) and a line at a 45 degree angle (right edge of arrow) was easier to do and more recognizable than the straight cursor.
Comment: And of course Bill copied it from Steve who copied it from Douglas ;)
Comment: [Your answer got on Gizmodo](http://gizmodo.com/why-your-mouse-cursor-is-slanted-instead-of-straight-1524402432?utm_campaign=socialflow_gizmodo_facebook&utm_source=gizmodo_facebook&utm_medium=socialflow) :)
Comment: So pixel layout is the real reason :) To make it vertical and still look smooth the cursor would have to be twice as wide. Also that most def. is 45º, just think about the image... it's a grid.. one line goes down down down down, the other line goes down right down right down right. It must be 45º
Comment: @jjt the *right edge of the arrow* is 45˚.
Comment: @AlbertRenshaw: ...at least if you assume square pixels--but that wasn't a given in those days (e.g., it wasn't normally true of an EGA or Hercules card at their maximum resolution).
Comment: The image isn't a reason, but an exemplar; the text explanation seems plausible but lacks a citation which substantiates it.
Comment: I think it leans at 22.5 degrees - that's why one edge of the arrow is straight.
Comment: "Arrow pointing up" link is broken, but available at https://web.archive.org/web/20170821220937/https://cdn.arstechnica.net/images/gui/4-NLSgui.jpg
Comment: @JerryCoffin Ah! Well I was just basing it off of the image above which does have squares, but you are right, even today a lot of pixels are rectangular.
Comment: And on russian site http://it.tut.by/387245
Answer: Take your right hand and point to your question.
There, you see.
Comment: What if I'm left-handed?
Comment: Ok, that's your hypothesis. Can you give evidence that this is actually the reason, or even had any basis behind the 2D, small, on-screen arrow? Surely if this *was* the case then it wouldn't be an arrow at all, it'd be a finger?
Comment: I actually like this answer the best. I understand the technical answers and I viewed Doug Engelbart's demo where the pointer is indeed vertical. However, this mimics the hand better, looks more natural -- and in addition, it does not obscure the pixels right below the target, which the user is presumably more likely to want to see than pixels to the southeast of the target, when viewing it, due to the heuristic that many graphics employ horizontal and vertical guides. Also, why does it have to cite sources, when it has a picture of a hand?
Comment: Clearly no one is left handed ;-)
Comment: The average you is not left handed. :(
Comment: If this were true, why is the hand cursor used to point to links pointing upwards, with no angle?
Comment: @PlasmaHH Sorry for being a stickler, but the finger does have a slight tilt on OSX.
Comment: For left hand case (Please correct me if I'm wrong) In early versions of windows like Win 3.11 there was an option with mirrored cursor.
Comment: If I recall correctly, Windows had an option to make the pointer left-handed.
Comment: There's a paper by Prof Alan Dix called "Hands across the screen" http://alandix.com/academic/papers/scrollbar/ where he suggests that psychologically the pointer is our hand. He uses this to explain why scroll bars are on the right hand side of the screen, and not the left as used to be the case on early systems. I'd suggest the pointer is a hand proxy, and so comes in from the right for right handers - clearly it should be reversed for left handers.
Comment: If this answer made any sense, we'd use a massive photo of a hand to point with.
Comment: @PlasmaHH The angle of the standard arrow prevents the arrow covering up what you are looking at, eg whn dragging something. The way the hand is used is different: You first see the hyperlink and then move the cursor over it, the changed cursor shows the link's active. This is a newer idea, at first the arrow cursor didn't change, the hyperlink text is underlined when the cursor is over it.
Comment: It's a nice idea, but I don't believe it for a moment. The mouse cursor was designed by programmers, not designers.  Most likely it's because anything other than horz/vert/45° is badly aliased, a vertical arrow using those angles is too large, and possibly also easily confused with e.g. a scroll arrow.
Comment: @ErikPeterson You may be left handed, but the person pointing on the screen isn't. Get it? :)
Comment: @ErikPeterson used to be when you set your mouse to left handed, the cursor'd swap to a mirrored one on some operating systems.
Comment: Then why does the actual hand icon (when hovering a link) have a finger pointing straight up?
Comment: This answer is great and gets to the real reason sideways (pun intended).  When you point at something you don't cover up context to the right and bottom (if you are right handed.)  You do this without thinking about it.  The mouse pointer does it for the same reason.
Comment: Technology is made usually with the majority in mind. Most people are right handed, so they are the favored ones in this case.
Comment: I wonder if it would make sens to have left-handed cursor on a computer showing a right-to left language, Farsi for example.
Comment: Which part of being left-handed stops you from taking your right hand and pointing to the question, as per the respondent's instructions?
Comment: @ErikPeterson Microsoft IntelliPoint (shipped with MS mice in the 90s) had an option to flip the cursor for lefties.
Comment: @Mohamad: Intresting, I have never looked at it on a mac. Do you know if it was the case in 9? I see only "straight" fingers around here on linux and windows.
Comment: @QuentinUK: I don't know how you do drag and drop, but for me, I have the upper left corner of the mouse cursor approximately in the middle of the icon. Same for buttons I click. Same for stuff I drop into. So no matter how the arrow is oriented, it will cover a part of "what I am looking at", although I do not really need to look at it anymore, since I did it and identified what I want to point at, then pointed at it, and now I don't need to see anymore all of it to see what I am currently pointing at.
Comment: @JúlioTurollaRibeiro, how do you explain the Windows hand-shaped pointer that points straight up, then?
Comment: The other advantage to pointing at an angle is that you won't obscure other items in a vertical or horizontal menu. The bulk of the cursor is down and to the side.
Comment: @DavidWallace The same reason left-handed people don't use their right hand when asked to do something? They can, it's just hard, awkward and unintuitive.
Comment: @Akrikos I'm left handed :)
Answer: In addition to Bart's answer, I'd like to add one more reason.
The reason the arrow was tilted to the left was so that the click position was easier to calculate, because the origin of the cursor's bitmap was in the upper left.  This saved the mouse tracking subroutine a calculation on every click (its not much but it helped on older machines).
Source
Comment: While this certainly sounds plausible, your source is just a Reddit post that has no citations in it, so could just be totally made-up.
Comment: @nmclean is right, this answer is completely incorrect. The cited Reddit post is merely a direct copy of [this Yahoo! Answers post](http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20090520113724AAgApFi) from 2009, and that post also had no citations. On the contrary, here are two examples of Alto cursors that do *not* have the hotspot at (0,0): [a cross in a circle](http://www.guidebookgallery.org/articles/thexeroxaltocomputer/pics/photo5d) and [a right-pointing arrow](http://toastytech.com/guis/saltobravo.png).
Comment: Although this is a theoretical benefit, I highly doubt it seriously informed the decision. Even by the standards of the 1970s, adding two offset numbers is an extremely trivial operation that could easily fit within the mouse update interval. Remember, just like today, there *were* other pointers in use depending on the application (e.g. text selection, row selection, paintbrush) and they didn't all have (0, 0) origins but worked just fine nonetheless.
Comment: With regard to the calculation time, my ballpark estimate is that it the custom hotspot took between 4 and 8 instructions at 400,000 instructions per second, or between 1/50,000 and 1/100,000 second for each mouse update: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=7253841
Comment: @PatomaS: That was a later generalization when machines became fast enough.
Comment: It has nothing to do with calculation time and everything to do programmers wanting to make their lives easier.  I would have made the same decision *(and in fact, I have - video games often implement their own cursor logic)*.  +1
Comment: This answer is clearly wrong.  Every mouse cursor implementation I have *ever* seen has a hotspot field in the cursor definition.  Otherwise it would be impossible to do a crosshair cursor, and that would just be silly.
Comment: @MichaelGeary: It might not be the speed, it might have been the one instruction to shave of to make the OS fit into the available 3500 bytes of core memory.
Comment: @PlasmaHH - Yes, that could be a reason why someone might leave out the code to do this calculation. But they didn't. We already know that the Alto supported cursors with hotspots other than (0,0), so it *had* the code to do this calculation. Put another way: Should we talk about an alternative history where people might have made this coding decision or that, or the actual history where people wrote the code they really wrote, including the few instructions it took to provide custom cursor hotspots?
Comment: @MichaelGeary: When we already know it, there is no point in hypothesizing about the execution speed (where I also would note that back in the days such instructions might have taken much more than one cycle per instruction). But while this is true for the Alto, what about others? It seems that the ( http://origin.arstechnica.com/images/gui/8-Star.jpg ) hat an upwards pointing arrow, so things were not settled back then, and not necessarily everyone copied from everyone else (yet?).
Comment: The execution time for adding coordinates is a non-factor.  The real simplification-related benefit to having an upper-left-corner hotspot comes from the fact that the top and left edges won't need clipping.  On some hardware sprite implementations, the only way to get clean clipping at the left screen edge is to shift data left within the shape, which is more work than simply requiring the whole cursor to fit on screen, but doesn't require so much work as to be unmanageable.
Comment: when you program the detection of the "active" part of the mouse, you are using an area that is not related to the shape of the pointer itself, that area, is a little square which work with any design. If you are not old enough to have used/programmed old cursors/pointers, you may know themes for windows, many of those have cursors with very uncommon shapes for the cursor and they work as well as the arrow. That's because the active area is not related to the shape you see
Comment: @MSalters what was the generalization? the themes and so?
Comment: @MichaelGeary As much as I also believe it to be correct, saying the reddit post with no citations is just a copy of another post with no citations in no way makes it more legitimate. Yahoo Answers doesn't hold more weight than reddit!
Answer: Low level visual cognition
In addition to the various answers given, there is also sense in a tilted mouse pointer if one considers the visual processes in our brain.
Visual information arriving from our eyes is first processed in the primary visual cortex by the V1 area, then by the V2 area. These two areas recognise low-level visual features (hue, lightness, size, orientation, etc.).
The popout effect
As visual information is processed by these areas, some visual irregularities truly pop out (ie, they are highly distinguishable), which greatly helps visual search (trying to find an item in a visually busy field). The popular name for this phenomenon is the popout effect.
A famous research from 1988 - A. Treisman, and S. Gormican: Feature analysis in early vision: Evidence from search asymmetries summarises many of these popout effects, and the irregularities they involve.
Orientation
One such irregularity is orientation, and it is neatly explained by the following illustration:

You should find it next to impossible to find the search target in 1 (a straight line in a group of straight lines). But rather easy in 2 - finding a tilted line in a group of straight lines. In 3 it should be equally next to impossible to find the tilted line in a group of tilted lines (of the same angle).
Since vertical and horizontal orientations are the most common ones on screens (and in life in general) a tilted mouse pointer will be more easily found.
More information can be found in Chapter 2 (What we can easily see) of Visual Thinking for Design, Ware 2008.
Comment: I have a feeling that this answer is totally unrelated to the real reason for the tilt, but it is cool nonetheless. However, whenever I need to find my mouse, I just wave it about wildly until I see it moving.
Comment: @user13107 I'm sure that's actually a standard feature. Control Panel|Mouse|Pointer Options|Show location of pointer when I press the CTRL key. Another option that helps find the mouse (though imho it's less effective and more annoying than the former): Display pointer trails.
Comment: @naught101: I do that too. We should have animated (spinning?) mouse pointers so they really stand out and we don't need to wave the mouse about to see where the pointer is :-)
Comment: MIT Lisp Machines had a cool feature to help find the mouse cursor: if you moved the mouse back and forth quickly, the cursor would magnify (the documentation described it as "big like Godzilla").
Comment: @cr0ybot you can already do something like that in Windows. I had a synaptics driver and it had an option to show circles around pointer when certain key was pressed. I don't have that PC right now but may be googling might help.
Comment: @Piku: My I beam is white with a black boarder, *and* a shadow, *and* it has serif. So it's much wider than a capital I, and quite visible. I'm using the oxygen cursor set for KDE. If yours is smaller, I suggest you get a better cursor set :)
Comment: @Brendan: Having the mouse cursor animating constantly when one isn't using it would simply be annoying.  On the other hand, it can be useful to have a keystroke defined which causes an indicator to "zoom in" on the mouse cursor.
Comment: Windows also has the option of your mouse leaving trails that fade out behind it. Very good for people with not-so-great sight.
Comment: This is a nice idea, but the place where that'd matter the most is in selecting text - and yet in that situation we have the "I-Beam" cursor. And if you hide your I-Beam cursor amongst a load of text, it becomes almost invisible - it's narrower than a letter 'l'
Comment: @JoranDenHouting obviously not. Unless a joke, I didn't get what does this demonstrate. If you're after an extreme (hypothetical) context you'll be able to rule out anything - an umbrella won't work if the surface you walk on bounces rain drops 3 meters upwards (since no surface does, an umbrella is still a good design).
Comment: I found the search target almost immediately for #1, took 5 seconds for #2, and spent around 30 seconds looking for it in #3... I hope that doesn't mean I'm weird **:)**
Comment: The wiggling -> zoom thing is activated by default on macOS.
Comment: Boy, I am so glad that everything on the screen is not all leaning left at a slight angle! It would be so hard to find the mouse cursor.
Comment: I feel like the shadow and outline of the cursor contributes more to the visibility than the angle.
Answer: I've always thought that the arrow cursor is shaped similarly to your hand if you were point (naturally) at the screen with your (as typically dominant) right hand.
I have no support of this other than my own subjective experience but it strikes me as a natural shape when trying to relate real world interaction into a low resolution computer screen where rendering something resembling a hand would be impossible.
[Edit: Someone stole the only thunder I've ever had on StackAnything. Thanks!]
Comment: It's curious how this answer got 2 upvotes but a same answer with an image got 122.
Comment: @jinawee: Because people like pictures and don't read words as much. And the one with the hand has an arrogant 'there, I proved it' attitude - despite neither that one or this one being based on any actual evidence, just reverse-engineered guesswork.
Comment: @Den We have not seen user interface operating systems themselves in abundance. Most of the world is based on several operating system hegemonies.
Comment: @Kaz - most of games have custom cursors. Old Dungeon Keeper is a perfect example - it's literally a hand shaped cursor pointing the way your hand would - inclined to the left. I am sorry but this answer is the only correct one.
Comment: I think this is an actual "non-historical" answer. Otherwise we would've seen reverse-angle and straight cursors in abundance.
Comment: A big strike against this theory is that the actual pointing-hand cursor *points straight up*.  It's been that way at least since very old versions of Classic Mac OS dating to the 80s.
Answer: In case anyone wonders : some less known interfaces did use a straight arrow as pointed in Reddit
Comment: So strange, I wouldn't even think that the cursor could move.
Comment: Nobody seems to have mentioned that the browser's "finger" pointer (indicating a link) that we have today is straight, and not at an angle.
Answer: Also, there is another answer to this question. As a rule, the arrow mouse cursor must have one sharp tip (vertex) - because it is an arrow :)
On the other hand, it is better for a mouse cursor to look good and slick.
But drawing sharp tip on a rectangular pixel based display is very hard, especially without anti-aliasing.
The 0 degrees (horizontal or vertical) and 45 degrees lines are the only possible lines that look smooth without anti-aliasing.
That is why almost all arrow mouse cursors are based on one straight and one 45 degrees lines. As a result, the bisector line has angle of 45/2 = 22.5 degrees.
The tail of the arrow is much harder to be drawn well, but it is not so important as well.
Comment: An arrow with edges that are vertical and horizontal, or that are +/- 45 degrees, would also clearly identify a point without aliasing issues, but would obscure more of the screen underneath.  Having one edge vertical and one 45 degrees reduces the obscured width.
Comment: Drawing a sharp anything is difficult *with* antialiasing. If you want sharp, you game the aliasing. :)
Comment: @supercat - Yes. And also, such arrow will have angle of 90 degrees and will look too "pointless" and as a result ugly. 90 degrees arrows are OK for some tasks, but not for mouse pointers (IMO).
Comment: @Arne - It must be 22.5 in order to be OK. But is usually drawn as 2px:1px ratio. That is why it looks a little bit wrong angled.
Answer: It is a right-handed world.
It used to be that if you switched our right/left click buttons the arrow would point towards the right (opposite of the images cited).
This supports that the arrow mimics a hand pointing while providing angular contrast. Without a reference, it is an extension of the desktop metaphor.
Comment: Thanks for reminding all those of us that are left-handed that it is a right-handed world. Like we didn't already know. Glad someone else has noticed this, though.

I wonder why, when you change the mouse buttons over to use the mouse with your left hand, the direction of the mouse pointer doesn't change any more?
Answer: The fact that the mouse cursor is slightly tilted to the left makes a lot of sense.
A very interesting fact:
If it were straight, it would take a nanosecond more to place the cursor on the desired object. Human mind is generally used to perceiving elements from left to the right, that is why the cursor is designed into the opposite direction, anticipating the intent of interaction with the element you are about to click on.
A nanosecond of time optimization is the closest thing to the absolute idea of irrelevance. With that I agree. However, on a perception level, it makes a huge difference.
The tilted cursor becomes similar to an athlete who's always on the start position, ready to take off towards anything you want to click on at any time.
It's a sensation that gives you so much comfort without you realizing why.
Semiotics, Cognitive Science and Psychology are all embedded into the simple and subtle decision of keeping the tilted cursor, just to simplify by a bit your experience.
Why was it tilted in the first place? Well, in its history, it seems like it was only an accident determined by some technical limitations:
Why Your Mouse Cursor Looks The Way It Does
Comment: Light travels one foot in a nanosecond, so I don't think it can make a perceptible difference.
Answer: Well, the cursor is a pointer, and mimics pointer angles from real life (~30-45° to the vertical).

Importantly, that angle serves to guide the eye down the length of the pointer, in the direction going "into" the screen, towards a single point, in the same way as perspective drawings do:

On the contrary, a straight arrow seems to point in the general up-direction, targeting no one point in particular. Have you ever used, or seen someone use, a pointer stick vertically upwards? That is indeed awkward, and reserved for moments where the object being pointed to is high up and well beyond the height of the person and the length of the stick combined, and can be vague in conveying what is actually being pointed at.
Answer: The angle, the cursor is inclined at gives a better feeling of pointing something. A cursor straight at 90 degree would not provide a good effect.It provides  improved appearance on low resolution screens.
Also the position calculation would become a lot easier when done from the top left corner of the pixel.
Answer: A straight cursor would also obscure more of the object underneath raising the same issues when designing for touch interfaces
Answer: It is actually straight
To understand that the cursor is actually straight (one edge parallel to the Y-axis), you must know that the upper left corner of the screen is the origin (0, 0) in computer graphics. Given the constraints that the entire cursor must be visible from the origin and an arrow head that is 45 degrees wide (an esthetic decision) there are only two straight orientations possible, the one we have or one rotated 45 degrees with the top edge parallel to the X-axis, as opposed to the left edge parallel to the Y-axis.
The feeling that the cursor is crooked in any way stems in part from the 45 degree head width and in part from the fact that only vertical or  horizontal lines rasterize without any pixelation.
Comment: How do you get from this "origin (0, 0)" bit to the fact that there are two orientations possible? Are you under the impression that cursors can only extend down and right for some reason?


What would happen if the Earth's orbit around the sun were faster (shorter year)?

Question: I'm writing a book and I need to know if it would be possible to have a four month long year. I hope you can help!
Comment: You should start by understanding [Kepler's Law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler%27s_laws_of_planetary_motion)
Comment: Note that you can't have just any speed for any given orbit. In order to remain in orbit, the distance from the Sun (or whatever primary) and the speed are related by a formula. The formula also involves the mass of the primary. If you travel too slowly for your orbit, then you will fall toward the Sun. Travel too fast and you will fly off into space. See, e.g. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_speed.
Answer: The Earth's orbit would be well inside that of Venus.  There'd be no liquid water on the Earth, and all life more complicated than bacteria would be dead.
However, if you made the sun dimmer, you could have a 4-month orbit and still keep the Earth inside the 'Goldilocks zone'.
Answer: The 30-day month originally derives from the lunar orbit or about 30 days. If you moved the moon further away from the Earth you could increase its orbital period thereby causing the inhabitants to invent 91-day months. This would result in a dimmer moon (unless you made the moon larger to compensate), darker nights (because there's no moon), and  much smaller tides.
Answer: Having a shorter orbital period of four months (assuming Earth months) will require you to solve a set of equations. First, you have the generalised form of Kepler's law:
$$p^2  = \frac{4\pi^2 r^3}{G M}$$
Where $p$ is the period, $r$ is the distance from the centre of gravity, $G$ is the gravitational constant, and to simplify from $M_1 + M_2$, I will use $M$ because planetary masses are negligible compared to stars.
Then, I have the equations for extraterrestrial solar irradiance, holding the Earth value of 1367 $\textrm{Wm}^{-2}$ constant.
$$1367 = \frac{L}{4 \pi r^2}$$
Where $L$ is the luminosity of the light source. Now, because I can relate luminosity to mass, I am going to use the mass-luminosity relation with the general approximate value for low-mass main sequence stars of around 4:
$$\frac{L}{L_{\odot}} = \left(\frac{M}{M_{\odot}}\right)^{4}$$
Substituting all of these equations together, starting with the solar radiation equation, then substituting the mass-uminosity relation for $L$ and then Kepler's law, solved for $r$, I get:
$$1367 = \frac{\left(\frac{M}{M_{\odot}}\right)^{4} L_{\odot}}{4\pi \left(\sqrt[3]{\frac{p^2 G M}{4\pi ^2}}\right)^2}$$
I then substitute in the appropriate value for your four month year and come up with some mass value $M$ necessary for that star. Using Wolfram Alpha (because I really don't want to solve that by hand), with this query,

1367 = {(\frac{M}{1.988e30})^{4} * 3.848e26}/{4 * \pi * ({(1.051e+7)^2 * 6.67e-11 * M}/{4 * \pi^2})^(2/3)}, solve for M

I get a value for the mass around $1.28 \cdot 10^{30}$ kg, or, 0.643722 $M_{\odot}$. The distance from the star, therefore by Kepler's law, would be somewhere around (using the expression substituted for $r$ and the query string below)

(((1.051e+7)^2 * 6.67e-11 *(1.28e+30) )/ (4pi^2))^(1/3)

some 0.418 astronomical units from the star, which would itself be a K3 or K4 class star and exhibit a slightly orange glow.
Note: The original version of this answer calculated the distance from the Sun, without having accounted for a dimmer and therefore, less massive, star. This version has been updated to constrain all variables onto the mass. Other answers already show the relation given that the Sun would stay in place. Mathematically, the orbital radius for a 4 month orbit would be somewhere around 0.48075 AU, slightly higher than the orbit of Mercury, where the Sun's heat can melt lead. The Earth, without accounting for a dimmer star, would be sterilised.


Shortcut to mute tabs in Safari

Question: Is there any shortcut to mute one specific tab in Safari? Or to mute all except the current tab? Using only the MacBook keyboard.
Answer: You'll have to create your own keyboard shortcut that toggles the menu bar commands under Window (otherwise you'll see that there are no keyboard shortcuts listed there).
Keyboard Settings - Shortcuts - App Shortcuts - "+" - Safari, Mute This Tab, (insert desired shortcut)
Repeat for "Mute Other Tab" and "Mute Other Tabs" (multiple "other" tabs open).

NOTE: Play/Pause button works for YouTube (pauses last video interacted played/paused), possibly other sites as well.

Right clicking the sound icon in the address bar will give you this functionality too, but requires the mouse.
Comment: Finally, the problem is solved after more than 2 years. Thank you!!

Shortcut to mute tabs in Safari


Does any scripture back the story of Hanuman crushing the egos of Balarama, Garuda, Satyabhama and Sudarshana Chakra?

Question: I have gone through the related posts containing the tags "Hanuman", "Balarama", "Garuda", "Satyabhama" and "Sudarshana Chakra". None of them provides an authoritative answer.
Comment: Doordarshan creates fiction out of a nucleus of truth - but sometimes makes it up out of whole cloth - like Indrajit counselling Ravana to surrender because Rama is Narayana himself  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7QjYSTM7iDw  They need drama - people wouldn't watch otherwise,
Answer: Nope , actually it is a fake fictional story created by serial directors to add masala for trp. Hanuman visiting Sri Krishna is mentioned in Parasara samhita ,it mentions about breaking pride of Garuda and then seeing Sita Ram in Rukmini Shyama. There was no mention of Sudharshana chakra , Balarama. Satyabhama was mentioned but not like in shown in shows. Actually what happened is Sri Krishna asked Satyabhama to become Sita she didn't Heard his words and thought he was joking with her so she said why don't you ask Rukmani to become Sita it will be nice.
Now it doesn't means Satyabhama isn't Sita.
Satyabhama is Sita according to Garuda puran and Adi Ramayan and Sita Sahasranamam
Comment: Your answer could be improved with additional supporting information. Please [edit] to add further details, such as citations or documentation, so that others can confirm that your answer is correct. You can find more information on how to write good answers [in the help center](/help/how-to-answer).
Comment: I am not able to add links
Comment: Could you point at the exact verses of Garuda Purana, Adi Ramayana and Sita Sahasranama that mention it, please?
Comment: Garuda puran moksha khand chapter 16. Adi Ramayanam chapter 25 and Sita Sahasranamam verse number i don't remember


20.04 launcher highlighting

Question: On 16.04 keyboard shortcut Alt+f1 highlights launcher (same as super + t on Windows) then arrow keys left/rieght can go through icons to open hitting enter, see info if hitting menu, selct action from opened list in menu.
This function is not possible on 20.04 ; similar is just super + number 1 to 9 opening corresponding app to the numbered icon.
Any workaround ?
Answer: On Ubuntu 20.04, Alt+F1 opens the Activities Overview. The same is achieved using Super+s and also pressing and releasing Super.
The shortcut to directly go to the Applications overview is Super+a. Once you are there, you can use the arrow keys to move to the different icons, and PgUp/PgDn to move between the pages.
Once an application icon is highlighted, press Enter to run it. Hit Shift+F10 to see its context menu.
You could change Alt+F1 to show the applications overview rather than the activities overview in "Settings" - "Keyboard Shortcuts". Disable the existing binding of "Show activities overview" (under the "System" section) then change the binding for "Show all applications" to Alt+F1
Comment: Thank's for the comment. Well, the luncher is here to launch desirsed apps from it, not to search through all the available ones... and  in case mouse stucks, malfunction or not working, Alt + f1 on 16.04 allows that also.

20.04 launcher highlighting


How exactly does the Sword of Akasha work?

Question: It has been said that its purpose is to kill gods, but how can it kill gods, or a god? I watched the episode, but I just don't understand it.
Answer: It seems like you missed (or did not get it yet, I am not sure when this is explained) what gods stand for.

 The Gods is the term referring to the "collective human unconsciousness", C's World, which is the source of the individual identities for all humans, living and dead throughout the Code Geass Universe.

How it works never really was explained as far as I know. Nobody knows how it was build either. but was 'accidentally' found by the British empire, and is exclusively owned by the emperor Charles.
So all with all it is.

 It is a weapon to destroy CHU, C's world, and with that destroying the geass and its powers all together, and all humans unconsciousness


Python Duplicates_Detected during Update

Question: So when using Simple_Salesforce (has been working fine for quite some time) but recently made changes so that it would check if Contact exists first and if exist then use sf.Contact.update instead of create but end up with a DUPLICATES DETECTED error and does not allow me to do any update. If I test with my Contact account it works because there are no two same fields for that Contact. But testing on another Contact, that happens to have the same phone number as a couple of other Contacts, it gives the duplicate error even though the email addresses are different. The Duplicate Rule I believe is currently using Fuzzy instead of Exact.
All I want my python script to do is ignore the Duplicate error and just proceed with the update rather than just skipping it altogether.
for rowx in xrange(1, sheet.nrows):
    try:
        Id = sheet.row_values(rowx, start_colx=0, end_colx=None)[0]
        Email1 = sheet.row_values(rowx, start_colx=1, end_colx=None)[0]
        Newsletter = sheet.row_values(rowx, start_colx=2, end_colx=None)[0]
        First = sheet.row_values(rowx, start_colx=3, end_colx=None)[0]
        Last = sheet.row_values(rowx, start_colx=4, end_colx=None)[0]
        Phone = sheet.row_values(rowx, start_colx=5, end_colx=None)[0]
        Street = sheet.row_values(rowx, start_colx=6, end_colx=None)[0]
        City = sheet.row_values(rowx, start_colx=7, end_colx=None)[0]
        Postal = sheet.row_values(rowx, start_colx=8, end_colx=None)[0]
        sf.Contact.create({'FirstName' : First, 'LastName' : Last, 'Newsletter__c' : Newsletter, 'Email' : Email1, 'Phone' : Phone, 'MailingStreet' : Street, 'MailingCity' : City, 'MailingPostalCode' : Postal, 'AccountId' : "001U000001ZEB89"})
        print "Contact Not Found. Created New Contact!"
    except {u'errorCode': u'DUPLICATES_DETECTED'} as error:
        d = sf.query("SELECT Id FROM Contact WHERE Email ='%s'" % Email1)
        # d = returns more than just a case number so data = will specifically only get the case number
        data = [e["Id"] for e in d["records"]]
        sf.Contact.update(data[0],{'Phone' : Phone, 'Newsletter__c' : Newsletter, 'MailingStreet' : Street, 'MailingCity' : City, 'MailingPostalCode' : Postal})
        # Creates contact
        print "Contact Exists. Contact Info Updated"
        #time.sleep(10)
        print (error)

The Error is:

simple_salesforce.api.SalesforceMalformedRequest: Malformed request
  https://na48.salesforce.com/services/data/v37.0/sobjects/Contact/.
  Response content:  [{u'errorCode': u'DUPLICATES_DETECTED', u'fields':
  [], u'message': u"You're creating a duplicate record. We recommend you
  use an existing record instead."}]
Answer: The exception handling needs to catch SalesforceMalformedRequest, not a dict containing the error code. Can you try except SalesforceMalformedRequest as error: instead?


Resources for implementing dependent type theory

Question: I want to implement Martin Löf's intuitionistic type theory in a functional language such as Haskell, preferably also implementing a lexer/parser for the language. How should I start approaching it? Are there any good papers/blog posts/github repo examples that might be useful? Thanks!
Answer: This paper is my go-to for implementing dependent types. It starts from the basics, uses bidirectional types, and has accompanying code in Haskell.
If you're at all interested in type inference, this paper is great, and also has accompanying Haskell code.
David Christiansen has a tutorial on dependent type checking with bidirectional types, with a Haskell and Racket. More generally, I've heard great things about his book The Little Typer, though I haven't had a chance to read it myself.
I've heard great things about  smaltt  by András Kovács, particularly for it being an efficient implementation.
Comment: Great answer. Do these tutorials cover bottom, top, unit, etc. types?
Comment: The LambdaPi paper doesn't, but it gives the general pattern for how to add types, so it shouldn't be too hard to add bottom and top.