Why is the Life Span of an English Bull Mastiff only 10 years?

Question: They say English Bull Mastiff has one of the shortest life spans of the average K-9. The English Bull Mastiff is not even the largest of the K-9 Family! Why do they have such a short life span?
Comment: I edited you question to make a bit less dramatic  I believe I have kept the essence of your question intact. If not you can edit again.
Answer: Bull Mastiffs are large, hefty dogs. They are very heavy. If not cared for properly, they tend to be overweight and this may cause many problems to their health. If you dig around the internet, you will find out that English Bull Mastiffs have a list of health issues:

Hip dysplasia

This affects almost 1/4th of the mastiff population. This generally wears down its immunity and usually cannot be completely reversible. As a hip problem would affect a human, the dogs also finds it very hard to move around with hip problems, especially with the fact that they weigh so much (around 120 lbs - 130 lbs).

Elbow dysplasia

Much like hip dysplasia, this creates multiple problems on the elbows of dogs, especially on the cartilages. This can start from the puppy-stage of the dog and can worsen over his growth. Secondary processes such as inflammation and osteoarthritis can arise from this damage, which increase the problem and add further problems of their own. Almost 13% of English Mastiffs are diagnosed with this issue.

Hypothyroidism and Entropion

These problems are diagnosed to almost 3% of the Mastiff population, but can be avoided with proper care.

General health issues

Like any dogs, they are also prone to a wide range of cancers. With lymphoma and hepatic cancer leading the list. My own dog died of liver cancer when he was only 6 years old (Although, he wasn't a mastiff). Dogs are also prone to gastro-intestinal issues, as the world is their plate. If they eat plastic and anything like that, it causes many issues. Many dogs are prone to Bloat also.

Weight issues and Overweight

Dogs such as mastiffs and Labradors have a general weight issue. They tend to grow a lot, if not careful. A heavy dog will have many issues such as weak knees and more dangerously - Cholesterol. Cholesterol can cause heart issues and even blocks.
Having said all this, any big dog is prone to most of these problems. So why does The English Bull Mastiff, which is not even the biggest of all Mastiffs, have a shorter life span? The answer to this lies in genetics. English Mastiffs generally have a poor genetic design, when compared to a cross-breed dog. They have lesser immunity and is very prone to hereditary health conditions. So the answer is simple -

They are designed that way.

It's like asking why humans don't live to a 200 with such a complex and advanced genetic structure. The poor genetic structure, with the high probability of genetic disorders and the weight and size, only adds to their misery.
References: Wikipedia and Your Pure Breed Puppy
Comment: Very good answer, I can't award the bounty for 24 hours. But you will be getting it.  Thank your taking the time to research and write it.


What is the purpose of Mark as a Company on Mac Contacts?

Question: The Contacts app on Mac allows users to specify if a card is a person or a company. Does this affect any practical usages, other than an implicit type which cannot be used as a filter or key in Smart Groups? Thanks!
Comment: Exactly! That is what it is designed for!
Comment: So when the phone rings you see "Apple, Inc." rather than "Tim Cook" it is a categorization, convienience feature.
Comment: But for such contact cards, I would only fill in the Company and Main Number, leaving the name field empty.
Answer: Two reasons:
Firstly, it's so the contact displays the company name when you receive a call instead of a personal name.
Secondly, it also sorts it in alphabetical order into your contacts by company name and not by a personal name. This is especially useful as contacts are sorted alphabetically by surname and not by first name, ie. Tim Cook is listed under "C" in your contacts but if you were to have "Apple Computer" you would want this sorted in the A's and not the C's.
Answer: iOS will display contacts in a mostly-similar way to macOS.
Although iOS has very little feature support for what the CNContacts framework calls contact type, you can't easily see it, you can't set it, the handling is inconsistent in edge cases, etc.
Comment: opps, that probably would be better as a comment to @JamiePatt. If anyone feel strongly, make any edits needed.


Is it possible to run meshlab or matlab on Rasbberry Pi 4 OS?

Question: I'm planning to use rpi 4 8gb 64bit OS.
Is it possible to run meshlab or matlab? I'm planning to convert data of a 3D scanner to a point cloud and export it as an stl file for printing. Please recommend any better converting program supporting Raspberry Pi 4 if there is one.
Comment: I am using [octave](https://wiki.octave.org/Rasperry_Pi) on an rpi400 under Ubuntu MATE with no problem. It runs .m files just fine.  Octave does much of what you would need from matlab.
Answer: Meshlab being open-source, there should be no problem running it on a Pi. The same is true for GNU Octave.
MATLAB currently has no support for ARM architecture. Apparently an aarch64 version is in development which will target Apple M1 CPUs, but I wouldn't expect it to work on a Pi.
Note that you can always run MATLAB Online on any computer with a Web browser.


What can be done to increase my Ubuntu's speed?

Question: I have a 1GiB RAM and my operations are mostly using 3 internet tabs at a time, while working on a document (sometimes, like 53% of the time)
However, my WinXP seems to work faster than Ubuntu.
Is this a natural drawback of Ubuntu, or is there something I should do?
(I also constantly remove unwanted programs from time to time)
NOTE: I'm not that rich to buy 4 GB memory RAMs.
Answer: Use some other distribution or other desktop interface.
Unity is resource hungry.
Try using lubuntu, xubuntu or mint with mate desktop.
Answer: In addition to alternate window managers , slow responsiveness can come from buggy drivers. I have seen poor performance as a result of poor video drivers as well as some wireless cards.
Please identify your hardware, try booting with wireless disabled (use a cable) and see what happens.


Slow Wi-Fi connection via AP, but same wired connection is Fast

Question: I have 500mbps internet connection from Spectrum. Their modem goes to a wireless router which has 4 ethernet output ports. From those I go to an unmanaged switch, where I connect to my pc and get the full 500mbps.
However, from the switch, I connected to an access point in 2 different rooms and only get 80mbps. For testing purposes, I've replaced the switch and the access point and got the same result.
From the switch, using the same ethernet cable that I used to test the AP, I get the the full 500mbps on my laptop.
Bypassing the switch completely, connecting either AP tested to one of the ports on the wireless router, I get the full 500mbps. So something happens only to the wireless connection after the switch, not to the wired connection. I've used the Wi-Fi analyzer app and connected to all the best suggested channels, but this is where my knowledge of this ends and I could use some help. I've also updated the firmware where available, tried different ports and different cables.
The items are:
TP-Link TL-SG108 | 8 Port Gigabit Unmanaged Ethernet Network Switch
Wavlink WL-WN575A3 (AP)
Spectrum Wifi router Wave 2 Router Model RAC2V1S
Spectrum D3.1 eMTA DOCSIS 3.1 Advanced Voice Modem
Answer: The WL-WN575A3 access point only has 100 Mbps Ethernet ports.
I'm not sure about your tests, but I highly suspect that whenever you test a direct connection without a switch, you either end up connecting to the router and not to the AP – or you end up switching the AP to "extender" mode where it connects to the router via 802.11ac Wi-Fi and not via Ethernet.
Either way, it's not going to be able to squeeze 500 Mbps through a 100 Mbps Ethernet.


British Army Invitation to assessment center from Jamaica

Question: I'm a Jamaican and was recently invited to the army assessment center. What type of visa should I apply for and what documents I'm going to need?......I'd also like to know the length of stay I should use when applying.
Comment: Welcome to TSE. While not an exact duplicate, Gayot Fow's answer in *[What more should I add when applying for a Standard Visitor visa to attend British Army assessment?](https://travel.stackexchange.com/questions/86634/)* provides information that should be useful to you.
Comment: Use the search box (at the top of each SE:Travel page) for "British Army Assessment." A list of previous questions on this subject will be returned. Unfortunately, the quality of a good army candidate (i.e., one who can easily move from country of origin and not return), and the quality of a good candidate for a UK visa (i.e., one who has ties and will return to country of origin) are in conflict, which makes a visa for assessment purposes difficult to obtain.
Answer: The GOV website provides some information on this:

7. ARF4.3 How do applicants enter the UK to enlist in HM Forces?
From 11 July 2013 the Ministry of Defence requires all Commonwealth nationals seeking to enlist in HM Forces to demonstrate that they have lived in the UK with valid leave for a minimum of 5 years immediately prior to commencing the recruitment process.
The only exceptions to this requirement will be those individuals who hold evidence from the Ministry of Defence dated prior to 11 July 2013 of either:

a written valid job offer,
  confirmation of a training place,
a confirmed date to attend an assessment centre, or
a confirmed date to attend a psychometric test (RAF and Navy only).

Applications from those seeking entry to the UK solely on the basis that they are either seeking to commence or progress through the recruitment process will fall to be refused unless the residency requirement is met.
For example, students who have previously held lawful leave and studied in the UK for over five years but have recently returned home for a short holiday may qualify if they have obtained one of the
  documents outlined in the above paragraph whilst in the UK.
Once the applicant has been enlisted into HM Forces, they should submit their passport to us with a covering note from the military unit - no application form is required. When submitted, the passport of the person should be endorsed with suspension of any limited leave to enter or remain.
Comment: the answer above is no longer correct. the residency requirement was lifted in november 2018.
Comment: Have you a citation to support the assertion that residency is no longer required?
Comment: @DavidSupportsMonica The Army recruitment site states there is no residency requirement for Commonwealth nationals https://apply.army.mod.uk/how-to-join/can-i-join/nationality
Comment: @Traveller Thanks, that's more directly applicable to the OP and more recent info than the site linked-to below. It's worth noting, however, that "no residency requirement" does _not_ mean that a Commonwealth candidate is exempt from securing a visa to travel to the UK to take the assessment.


content types of insertion

Question: I have a CSV file that contains a lot of integer values. Is it better to insert these individual values in bulk as in a full transaction or should I be inserting the CSV file itself into the MySQL?
Comment: What are you going to do with the data after it is in the database?  That would probably help give some perspective that would help with answers.
Answer: Insert the individual values in bulk. In other words, each row of the csv file should become a row in the database with the same number of columns.
Using Notepad++ you can use a regex find and replace to easily convert your CSV into a very large insert statement. Replace \r\n with '),(' and  , with ','. Tidy up the first and last line of the file, then add the actual insert statement to the front. insert into table (col1, col2, col3) values .....

content types of insertion


Windows Java child process doesn't input or output when set to parent's standard IO (Command Prompt)

Question: Under Windows, I am unable to reliably manipulate my child process' I/O when my program has been started from the command line. It's frustrating as it is standard for servers to use a console for I/O. GUIs are nice, but I'd really prefer to stick to the command line and keep things simple. I've noticed that child process I/O is just fine when I'm executing my server from the Eclipse IDE, but it's a whole different story being ran from the command line. I can't read or write to the child process, but the process would still be running. I've written some test code below that demonstrates this problem, and I'm hoping the problem could be reproduced on another machine, and then hopefully get a solution out of it. When executed from Eclipse, inherited I/O works as expected. However, when executed from the Windows command prompt, nothing can be read or written to the child process. In both cases, redirecting child process output to a file always succeeds, but input still can't be passed to the child. If there is already a solution to this problem then please link the page.
JRE/JDK Implementation:
>java -version
java version "1.7.0_01"
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.7.0_01-b08)
Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 21.1-b02, mixed mode)

Consider the following code:
package com.comp8nerd4u2.io.test;

/*
 * These tests attempt to confirm what I'm experiencing under my build environment
 */

import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;

public final class PIOTest {

/** The command to run as a child process. The command itself isn't the test, but what you use to run this Java program is the test. */
private static final String[] COMMAND = {"cmd.exe", "/c", "echo This is a test. Feel free to change this."}; // Change this to just {"cmd.exe"} or some other program that accepts input and you'll see how frustrating this is
/** Controls how the test process is built */
private static final ProcessBuilder PB = new ProcessBuilder(COMMAND);
/** How long to allow the process to run before forcibly terminating it. */
private static final long PROCESS_TIMEOUT = 10000L;
private static final Runnable R = new TimedInterruptWorker(PROCESS_TIMEOUT);

private static int n = 0;

static {
    PB.redirectErrorStream(true);
}

private PIOTest() {}

public static void main(String[] args) {

    // ----- Begin Tests -----

    /*
     * Test #1: Let's test putting our command's output onto our standard I/O streams
     * Goal condition: Child process outputs expected output, and exits before the timeout. If child process expects input, it should accept entered input.
     * Known success factors: Parent process' standard I/O is piped to Eclipse. Tests would probably succeed with Netbeans as well
     * Known fail factors: Parent process' standard I/O is piped to Windows Command Prompt
     * Result under fail condition: Child process hangs if it fills up its output buffer or requests input, but exits on its own otherwise, unless it took longer than the timeout.
     */
    PB.inheritIO();
    doTest();

    // Test #2: Let's test putting our command's output into a file
    PB.redirectOutput(new File("piotest.txt"));
    doTest();
}

/**
 * Performs the I/O test.
 */
private static void doTest() {
    n++;
    Process p = null;
    try {
        p = PB.start();
    } catch (IOException e) {
        e.printStackTrace();
        return;
    }
    try {
        Thread t = new Thread(R);
        t.setDaemon(true);
        t.start();
        System.out.format("[Test #%d] Child exited with status code %d\n", n, p.waitFor());
        t.interrupt();
    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
        p.destroy();
        System.out.format("[Test #%d] Child took longer than the timeout.\n", n);
    }
}

/**
 * Useful for sending interrupts after a certain amount of time has passed.
 *
 * @author comp8nerd4u2
 */
private static final class TimedInterruptWorker implements Runnable {

    private long timeout = 0;
    private Thread target = null;

    public TimedInterruptWorker(long timeout) {
        this(timeout, Thread.currentThread());
    }

    public TimedInterruptWorker(long timeout, Thread target) {
        this.timeout = timeout;
        this.target = target;
    }

    @Override
    public void run() {
        try {
            Thread.sleep(timeout);
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            return;
        }
        target.interrupt();
    }

}

}

UPDATE: I modified the test to accept any command at runtime, and uploaded it to my linux vps server. I ran it from a ssh session and all child processes' I/O can be read and written to with ease. There was one thing that I have noticed. When I opened a interactive bash shell as a child process, and then redirect it's output to a file, CentOS stopped my program, I think. That or my program crashed.
[admin@comp8nerd4u2 piotest]$ java -jar piotest.jar
Enter command to run : bash
[admin@comp8nerd4u2 piotest]$ [Test #1] Child took longer than the timeout.

[1]+  Stopped                 java -jar piotest.jar
[admin@comp8nerd4u2 piotest]$

First line is my typing in the command. Second line is the bash shell that was spawned but i never typed anything into it so my program kills it after the timeout. It gets ready for the second test, creates the "piotest.txt" file, and then either crashes or is stopped by the OS. The actual test itself was unchanged, except that the test now allows you to enter what command to run at runtime. This works fine in linux, but not in windows. I'm hoping that someone who knows the Win32 API can somehow explain why this test fails in windows.
Comment: There's no inherent reason why this shouldn't work on Windows, it looks like a bug in the Java 7 runtime to me.
Comment: Are you still working on this? I may have a suggestion.
Comment: The workaround is to manually stream the I/O. I think the JVM implementation is just bugged for inherited I/O. I suppose mileage would vary across different implementations.
Answer: Have you seen this article? http://www.javaworld.com/jw-12-2000/jw-1229-traps.html?page=1
It sounds to me like you need to service the input/output streams on Windows.  The article is about Runtime.exec, but I bet the native code for ProcessBuilder is very similar and has the same type of issues on Windows.
My guess as to why this works on Eclipse on Windows is that Eclipse is servicing the streams on your behalf in order to display things in the Console view.
Comment: The OP is explicitly asking for the existing standard input and output to be inherited by the child process, which means there are no I/O streams needing servicing.  (That functionality was only added in Java 7, which didn't exist when the article you reference was written.)
Answer: I know I'm late in answering, but I came across this question before coming across the answer, and wanted to save anybody else in the same boat some searching.
This is actually a known bug for Windows: https://bugs.openjdk.java.net/browse/JDK-8023130
You can get around it by redirecting the streams yourself:
Process p = pb.start();
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(p.getInputStream()));
String line = null;
while ((line = br.readLine()) != null) {
   System.out.println(line);
}

p.waitFor();

br.close();


screenshot-grabbing email tool

Question: I have a web site with various graphs embedded in it that are generated externally.  Occasionally those graphs will fail to generate and I would like to catch that when it happens.  These graphs are embedded in multiple pages and I would rather not check each page manually.  Is there any kind of tool or perhaps a browser addon that could periodically take screenshots of different URLs and email them in a single email?  It would be sufficient to have scaled-down screenshots of full pages emailed maybe once a day to me, allowing me to take a quick glance and see that all the graphs are there and look okay.
Answer: I'm a big fan of automation. Rather than have emails generated that you then have to look at, take a look at 'replacing custom missing images in jquery'. This will run a piece of Javascript for each image that fails. Extending that to make a request to a URL that you control, which may also include the broken URL (or just the filename that is broken) would not be too hard. That URL would then generate an email, and store the broken URL so that it doesn't send 5000 emails if there's a flurry of hits to your page.
Another idea building on the above is to effectively change the external 404 from the source site to a local one (eg /backend/missing-images/) - the full-path need not exist - you are just generating a local 404 record in your apache logs. Logwatch will send a list of 404 pages from the apache log to you daily (or more often, if you want) by email.

screenshot-grabbing email tool


Kim says Saul could be a rat -- is that consistent with her character?

Question: In Season 6, E3, Kim and Jimmy are discussing Lalo's death and she suggests that Jimmy could choose to be a rat -- at that point she sounds very much like a criminal rather than a law-abiding citizen. Of course, she does do some questionable things but would she really take the cartel's side in anything? I don't think she would -- she is no murderer even if Jimmy does seem to be willing to be involved with murder indirectly and murderers (like Lalo and Walt and Jesse) directly.
Am I misinterpreting her statement or is she indeed disdainful of behavior that would make Saul "a rat?"
Answer: There are several things at play here:

First and foremost, being "a rat" in the eyes of a cartel is dangerous, and will put Jimmy's and her life in significant jeopardy. I think by using those words Kim simply emphasizes this aspect of that choice.
Kim has grown to admire Jimmy's conning and cunning ways, and his ability to squeeze out of tough situations. Jimmy admitting to knowing De Guzman's true identity would possibly (subconsciously) undermine her respect for him, independent of the scenario.
I think Kim didn't like to be the one to be told about Jimmy's relationship with one of the Salamanca's, because it puts her in a position where she has to (literally) act against her better judgment that Jimmy actually might have known the true identity of Lalo Salamanca.
Kim doesn't like Suzanne Ericsen because of her past attitude towards Jimmy as the "scumbag disbarred lawyer".

Ultimately, this isn't Kim taking the cartel's side, nudging Jimmy into the direction of criminality or away from justice, but this is Kim believing in Jimmy's capabilities and embracing her love for living on the edge.
Comment: By this point, Lalo Salamanca has already visited Kim and Jimmy's home. Jimmy is essentially already in it with the cartel. Kim doesn't necessarily approve, but throughout the series, she's made it clear that despite their love and partnership, both of them should be free to make their own choices. As such, she's just outlining the situation Jimmy finds himself in: if he informs on Lalo, the cartel will certainly consider him a rat if they find out, with all the attendant danger.


deleteRowsAtIndexPaths from outside RootViewController class

Question: I am using XCode's Navigation-based Application template to create an app that centers around an UITableView. I am having some problems deleting some rows in the tableView.
In all of the tableViews cells I have added a button by subclassing UITableViewCell like this:
TableViewCell.h:

@implementation TableViewCell
@synthesize button;
- (id)initWithStyle:(UITableViewCellStyle)style reuseIdentifier:(NSString*)reuseIdentifier
{

    self = [super initWithStyle:style reuseIdentifier:reuseIdentifier];
    if (self) {
        RoutinesAppDelegate *appDelegate = (RoutinesAppDelegate *) [[UIApplication sharedApplication]delegate];

        // Initialization code
        button = [[UIButton buttonWithType:UIButtonTypeRoundedRect] retain];
        [button setFrame:CGRectMake(320.0 - 90.0, 6.0, 80.0, 30.0)];
        [button setTitle:@"Done" forState:UIControlStateNormal];
        [button addTarget:appDelegate action:@selector(routineDone) forControlEvents:UIControlEventTouchUpInside];
        button.hidden = YES;
        [self.contentView addSubview:button];
    }
    return self;
}

when the button is pressed the method "routineDone" in RoutinesAppDelegate.m is called.
The method looks like this:
RoutinesAppDelegate.m
-(void) routineDone
{
     if ([[NSFileManager defaultManager] fileExistsAtPath:[self todayListPath]])
     {
        int indexToRemove = buttonIndex + 1;

        todayListArray = [NSMutableArray arrayWithContentsOfFile:[self    todayListPath]];
        [todayListArray removeObjectAtIndex:indexToRemove];
        [todayListArray writeToFile:[self todayListPath] atomically:YES];
     }
}

This method removes an item from the array that the tableView loads. This works fine.
MY PROBLEM:
The cell is not removed from the screen, when the button is clicked.
In RoutinesAppDelegate.m I tried to use
[tableView reloadData]

but it does not seem to work from outside the RootViewController class.
It would be nice if I somehow could use the deleteRowsAtIndexPaths method, but I dont know how to call that method from outside commitEditingStyle in the RootViewController class.
So my question is really: How can make the cell go away? :)
Comment: How do you get the `buttonIndex`?
Comment: @Deepak In `didSelectRowAtIndexPath:` method i put: `appDelegate.buttonIndex=indexPath.row;`
Answer: Without seeing all the code it's hard to tell, but you can try adding after
        [todayListArray writeToFile:[self todayListPath] atomically:YES];
        [self.tableView reloadData];

Also, you don't have to retain that button, and probably don't have to have it as a property


Should I use "ser" or "estar" to translate "The wine cellar should be dark and dry"?

Question: The sentence I want to translate is:

The wine cellar should be dark and dry.

Which of the following would be more appropriate and why?

La bodega debe ser oscura y seca.
La bodega debe estar oscura y seca.
Answer: In my opinion, it should be the first one, but actually, it could be both depending on the case.
I guess that wine cellars, in general, have to be dark and dry. So if you are talking about a general case it should be the first one. Let's put it this way:

All wine cellars should be dark and dry.
Las bodegas deberían ser oscuras y secas.

In the other hand, if this was not the case, and if you were talking about a specific moment for the wine cellar (which in this case I do not think it would be often) it should be the seconde one. Let's change the example:

My house should be clean for this weekend.
Mi casa debería estar limpia para este fin de semana.

This is because you are talking about a specific moment (in time) of the house. It is not how houses are supposed to be, it is how they are in a certain period of time. If we change the example a bit again:

My house has to be bright and white.
Mi casa tiene que ser luminosa y blanca.

It is a state, not a specific moment.
P.S.: Note the gender of the adjectives in the examples, bodega is femenine.
EDIT
I have to say that, thinking deeply about this, this is what you will find most (like 90%) of times (for any example, not just this one). It is true that some people may use the second sentence as a translation for your question. I think that they would mean that wine cellars have to be dark and dry as a moment in time, if you want to have good wine. But as I said, it should be the first one :)
Comment: Thanks for the exhaustive answer. And thanks also for pointing out the mistake in gender which I have now corrected. Just had one question though: Any particular reason to prefer "debería" over "debe" in that example?
Comment: I just answered your other question, which is related to the `debería` and `deber` question. Check it and if you still do not understand, just ask ;)
Answer: The other answers point out an ambiguity in your original sentence: when should the cellar be dark and dry?
I'd rephrase the original question as

The wine cellar should always be dark and dry.

That translates cleanly to

La bodega siempre debe estar oscura y seca.

and I think it's a sentence you're more likely to actually hear when talking about wine cellars. Otherwise, if the original sentence belongs to a longer paragraph, I'd want to read the context to know how to better translate. Perhaps the text gives a general sense of the time. E.g., in instructions for building or cleaning a wine cellar, the "always" is implied.
Finally, though it might be fine to say

La bodega debe ser seca

it's not a sentence that I'd ever write, because "dryness" is not an inherent quality of a cellar, but something that you have to make an effort to obtain.
Answer: Think of "ser" as a inherent property of the subject, and "estar" as a temporal property.
So if somebody "is handsome" can be "es guapo" or "está guapo", the first meaning he is a handsome person always and the second one that he looks handsome at that moment.
Answer: That's a good occasion to use the verb "permanecer". Otherwise, in spanish, "ser" is used as a way to describe the long-run state, while "estar" is used for short-run, varying properties. Similarly we use "estar" when we describe what we now do ("estoy pensando"), while we use "ser" for inherent properties and actions of the subject.


Raspberry Pi (Low) Power - Damage?

Question: If the Raspberry Pi B+ is not receiving enough power and I try to use it, will it damage my Pi or peripherals?
Answer: I doubt it.
If it is writing to the SD card then the card filesystem may be damaged.
The most likely action is a Pi reboot.
We don't know what peripherals you may attach.  You would have to look at them on a case by case basis. I reckon there would be great big warning labels on such a peripheral if it was susceptible to such damage.
Comment: Some peripherals that have multiple voltages and voltage regulators may encouter issues if power sequencing cannot be followed, such as if one regulator cannot output a sufficient voltage, and it causes logic to, for example, drive pins improperly. IOBs of FPGAs come to mind, but I don't have a reference or anything beyond a hunch for this.
Answer: (Edit) (It may be possible but probably not likely. What happened to me was that I had a bad HDMI cable)
I think it may be possible to damage the board its self. but it would have to be investigated further.
I connected my Pi to a 5v USB battery pack, Immediately the Pi began to show errors like no sound and video distortion on static pictures, Flickering and monitor turning off and on.
I then swapped the power supply to the one I've been using without problems and it did it again exactly like it did with the battery pack.
I then swapped the SD card to a known good one with the OS already installed and it did it again.
The only way for that to happen to my knowledge is because the Pi itself is messed up and is corrupting the cards.
I then put one of the messed up cards into another pi and it did the same thing. I'm hoping that it didn't permanently mess up the other pie or the SD cards.
I'm going to go get another pi and I want to investigate further with the same SD cards but I'm afraid to mess up another pi. So I think I'm just going to start over.
Comment: You are right it was hardware. I had a bad HDMI cable. Why did the problems start right after the low power I don't know but all of it is gone now that I changed the cable.
Comment: So, after swapping out the software and seeing the same results, what does that leave?   Hardware.  Power supply, to be specific.

Raspberry Pi (Low) Power - Damage?


How to take Processing/Scalloping losses in account in SNR/SFDR/THD/SINAD calculations?

Question: I'm in the process of developing DSP library for our systems.
I have developed "Windowing" functions (Hanning, Hamming, Blackman-Harris, ...).
Each of these windowing function has his own "Processing Loss" factor.
For instance, in case of Hamming window, I have found that such Processing Loss factor is 1.34.
How should I take this factor into account when computing SNR, SINAD, SFDR, THD ?
Answer: Some of the window performance metrics associated with the DFT are covered in great detail in:
F. J. Harris, "On the use of windows for harmonic analysis with the discrete Fourier transform," in Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 51-83, Jan. 1978.
doi: 10.1109/PROC.1978.10837
Abstract: This paper makes available a concise review of data windows and their affect on the detection of harmonic signals in the presence of broad-band noise, and in the presence of nearby strong harmonic interference. We also call attention to a number of common errors in the application of windows when used with the fast Fourier transform. This paper includes a comprehensive catalog of data windows along with their significant performance parameters from which the different windows can be compared. Finally, an example demonstrates the use and value of windows to resolve closely spaced harmonic signals characterized by large differences in amplitude.
keywords: {Discrete Fourier transforms;Fourier transforms;Frequency;Harmonic analysis;Oceans;Parameter estimation;Signal processing;Signal resolution;Signal sampling;Smoothing methods},
URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1455106&isnumber=31261 Non-paywall version here.
Not all the metrics you ask for are covered, but there are several which you haven't identified that are discussed. Perhaps if you said more about who might be interested in using your library, more specific suggestions are likely to be offered.


Is encryption of Onion Proxy possible?

Question: I wanted to know that if we are using onion routing in P2P networks, and when the data comes from the provider to onion proxy(proxy connected with requester), the data is not any more encrypted, meaning after removal of its encryption layer, Onion Proxy sends the plain text to requester. Is there a way to solve that message from provider to requester remains hidden from Onion Proxy?
Regards
Comment: ToR provides anonymity, not (strictly) confidentiality. You should look elsewhere for tools that provide confidentiality, and use them alongside ToR to yield confidentiality *and* anonymity. This is all just a very formal way of saying; ToR mixes your traffic up, the traffic itself, and any encryption thereof, is down to you.
Comment: @lynks Thankyou. Yes I think I need crypto tool maybe to solve the confidentiality prob elm.
Answer: Tor and similar anonymity networks work by reducing or removing the correlation between the requester's address, the server's address, and the content. So, in the case of Tor at least, an encrypted chain of nodes is created such that each node can only decrypt one layer of crypto.

The first node knows the source IP and the second node IP.
The second node knows the first node IP and the third node (exit node) IP.
The third node (exit node) knows the second node IP, the target server IP, and the content.
The target server knows the exit node IP and the content.

There are two ways to mitigate the plaintext content issue. The first is to provide a server that operates entirely within the network, which in Tor is a hidden service. This allows the target server to be a Tor node too, so that all content is encrypted during transport. This also makes route correlation attacks more difficult, since the nodes in the chain can't tell if they're talking to another proxy node or the real target.
The second option is to use HTTPS on the server, so that all traffic between the exit node and the target server is encrypted. This provides similar content security to normal web browsing, with the added anonymity benefits. The downside of this technique is that a compromised exit node might use a tool such as sslstrip or sslsniff to man-in-the-middle the connection and interfere with the content. There are many ways to protect against this, but one of the best is to use HSTS alongside a proper CA-issued SSL certificate instead of a self-signed one.
Comment: @Polynomail..Thanks a lot for your answer,Your first solution sounds interesting. Actually I am implementing fingerprinting protocol for P2P network. And for transferring of data between provider and requester, I am using Onion-routing. The problem is where the Onion-Proxy knows the plain-text. Many Onion-Proxies can collude together to get the fingerprinted copy as they know the plain text version.
Comment: Using a Tor hidden service is a good way to mitigate that risk. Either that, or use a VPN with IPsec tunnelling.
Answer: Put briefly.  Yes, it is possible to protect the content, but that isn't onion routing.  Networking is based on the concept of multiple layers building on each other, providing different capabilities.  Current turning on and off on a wire becomes ones and zeroes between two interfaces, which then understand those ones and zeros to form a channel to exchange information to be passed on to some IP and then on top of the IP addressing you have a protocal that determines the format of the packets.  This is just the first 4 levels that are used by all TCP/IP or UDP/IP traffic.
Onion routing is a similar layer put on top of all that to handle routing of information in a way that is difficult to track.  It isn't designed to provide encryption.  Any protocol that is designed to provide that can simply be used along the channel that onion routing produces though.  This is no different from an SSL tunnel operating on the normal IP routing of the internet.  The only difference is how the information is routed.

Is encryption of Onion Proxy possible?


What kind of technical analysis and indicators available for mutual fund navs

Question: In stock trading we have different types of tools such as candlestick, RSI, MACD, Parabolic SAR etc to analysis the trading. Is the same tools can be used for the technical analysis of mutual funds also? If yes what are the recommended technical analysis tools for that purpose and what is the advantage.
Answer: A general mutual fund's exact holdings are not known on a day-to-day basis, and
so technical tools must work with inexact data. Furthermore, the mutual fund
shares' NAV depends on lots of different shares that it holds, and the
results of the kinds
of analyses that one can do for a single stock must be commingled to produce
something analogous for the fund's NAV. In other words, there is plenty
of shooting in the dark going on. That being said, there are plenty of
people who
claim to do such analyses and will gladly sell you their results (actually,
Buy, Hold, Sell recommendations) for whole fund families (e.g. Vanguard) in
the form of a monthly or weekly Newsletter delivered by US Mail (in the old
days) or electronically (nowadays). Some people who subscribe to such newsletters
swear by them, while others swear at them and don't renew their subscriptions;
YMMV.
Comment: Remember that if such a service sends half its customers Buy advice and the other half Sell, 50% will be delighted and the others may give them another chance anyway -- especially if they were in the winning half in a previous round.  That kind of scam can produce a lot of income for the folks running it while being completely worthless. When paying for advice, be _very_ careful to deal with reputable organizations  ... and always remember that there past performance of advisors, like past performance of stocks, is no guarantee of future results.
Comment: Re technical indicators, there's no inexact data or shooting in the dark. At the end of the day, the mutual fund values its assets and liabilities to determine its NAV which represents the fund's value and is an accurate data point. TA indicators are applied to the fund's closing price the same way they are applied to individual stocks or ETFs.  The shooting in the dark applies to someone trying to do some sort of a fundamental analysis of the holdings of the fund since the holdings are not reported day to day. The newsletters base their recommendations of fundamentals, not technicals.


How do I save a logo as a bitmap?

Question: I need to save a logo as a bitmap, 256 colors or less and no larger than 64K. I have no idea what these requirements mean.
Comment: Please update your question to include what you've tried (such as what programs you've used or have access to). A Google search will find many programs capable of doing what you want.
Answer: There are many ways to do this. Most designers would use a program like Adobe Photoshop. Us open source people would probably use Gimp, which is a free image editing program. For Windows, there's also Paint.net, which is also free and easy to use, but lighter on the features.
You can actually do what you want with Microsoft Paint, which you already have (if you are using Windows).

Open the image with Paint
On the File menu, click Save As > BMP picture
In the Save as type box, change the type to 256 Color Bitmap.

You'll need to double check the size of your BMP file. If it is more than 256 colors, you can open it in Paint again and save it again as a PNG file, which will have a smaller size (since the BMP was saved limited to 256 colors, the PNG should only have those same colors)
If you want to edit image files more frequently, install Gimp or another image editing program.
Answer: First, 256 color means the spectrum of colors for web. So, just be sure to save whatever file for web, at least this will be the best way.
64k is the file size limit. Be sure to save whatever file size to that limit. You can check this by looking at the file size afterwards wherever you saved it. K = kilobyte.
As for the tile type, it is a bitmap, so...
Create your logo, convert colors to indexed web/save for web, then select file type as bitmap (btmp). You may run in to serious file size problems, so keep it in mind that your logo will have to be very small for this.
Honestly, this almost seems like a joke.
Comment: I kind of felt that way too. Basically she is using it for their customer database software which leads me to believe it'll be itty bitty and never printed.
Comment: When it come to a logo being itty-bitty, might just with a b/w and keep it simple. I mean, at that size, we are talking smaller than a shilling or penny.

How do I save a logo as a bitmap?


standard Save button in event detail edit page is not visible when i edit the details. How to save the record now?

Question: I have one basic question which i'm struggling to get it sorted out. Please help out with your inputs.
I have a custom profile, and the profile has all access to create, edit, and delete the event records. But still when i try editing the details of the event i am not getting Standard Save button on the page. i am seriously wondering how is it possible even.Can anyone please help to find out What must be the reason for this?
Answer: That may be a browser caching issue.  Try logging in with a different browser to see if you can reproduce it.  If it doesn't happen in other browsers, then clearing your cache may work.  Or just waiting a couple of days may naturally return you to normal behavior.
If it happens in other browsers, try logging in as different users with different profiles and that will tell you if it has something to do with profile settings.
Comment: For system Admin its visible. but not for the Custom profile which i created. but i have given all needed access to this event object.
Answer: @Amzy
Looking at the screenshot that you have attached. I seriously doubt that if that is a standard screen which has appeared.
Please make sure if this a standard detail section which appears from the page layout.
Comment: Yes it is standard detail page. which appears from the page layout.


Short circuit in induction motor

Question:
I have one question. Refer Image attached by me. There is Main Motor M1 connected by star delta starter and M2 is fan motor whose connection is taken from Delta contactor. I have question here IF there is short circuit happen in fan motor/ In its connection will that short circuit current will flow through M1 Motor stator winding?IF No then Why?
Answer: In general, short circuit current flows by the most direct route from the source to the short circuit. The the voltage across the short is practically zero. However there is some voltage drop in the resistance of the conductors at the short and between the short and the source, so the source voltage is distributed all through the distribution system. As a result, the voltage supplied to other loads is reduced, tending the reduce the current in other loads. However energy stored in the inductance of motors and other inductive loads can be returned to the distribution system in the form of current supplied to the short circuit. In some cases, other motors can act as generators for a brief time, transferring energy stored in the rotating inertia of driven equipment to the distribution system in the form of current to the short circuit.

Short circuit in induction motor


When I use the Subdivision Surface modifier on a basic cylinder, it turns into a weird-shaped sphere

Question: How do I use the subdivision surface modifier to simply soften the cylinder, not create a new shape?
Answer: Two things;
Edge Crease
If you would like to tighten up the edges of a cylinder, you can look at the second and third meshes below;

The first one is unmodified (other than making it taller than a default cylinder, which is why yours is more of a sphere).
The second one was created by selecting the edges and using shift+e, which adjusts what blender calls the "edge crease".
The third adds two edge loops near the top and bottom (which can be added with ctrl+r)
Poor subdivisions and ngons
But what do we do about the odd tops? These are poorly subdivided because the top is a non-regular face (called an ngon, which is any face with more than 4 edges). The simplest fix for this is extruding the face, then merging all the faces into the center;
Extrude the face with e;

Right click to drop it back in place;

Then hit alt+m and select "At Center";

Roughly the same process can be applied to the edge loop version. You'll notice that the results are a lot cleaner in rendered view;

Note: I didn't fix the bottom of the cylinders in these examples
Comment: You're a gem! This is exactly what I needed :)
Comment: Apologies, hit submit too early. Updated my answer with the rest.


Given a positive integer n, if for all integers a and b, n|ab implies n|a or n|b, then n is prime.

Question: I'm new here and I'm stuck on a problem with my homework. I know that if ab/n=m, a/n=p, and b/n=q where m, p and are integers and I have to show that n can only be divided by one and itself but I'm not sure how to get there. Any help will be appreciated. Thanks
Comment: I suggest you [improve your question](http://meta.math.stackexchange.com/questions/1803/how-to-ask-a-homework-question). Also, you're missing some text in "where m, p and are integers".
Comment: Do you intend that $p$ and $q$ are primes? Anyway, the title of your question is exactly the correct definition of a prime number (in ${Z}$).
Answer: Hint: If $n$ is not prime, it has two non-trivial factors $a$ and $b$ such that $ab = n$ but $1 < a, b < n$. Now proceed by contrapositive.


Should I put the PayPal option at the beginning or middle of a purchase experience?

Question: PayPal stores user addresses for quick shipping entry. The question I have is, should I have the PayPal vs. native pay option right at the front of the process, so all information is handled by PayPal if the user so chooses, or collect shipping info at front one way or the other and leave the PP/native option strictly for payment?
Answer: Assuming you want to do right to your customer (and store) by making the payment and shipping flow as short and hassle-less as possible, I'd offer them the option to choice as soon as possible
A. 'Quick pay purchase' with PayPal (Or 'x-click purchase', or..)
B.  Manual check-out (or whomever you like to call the 'native' option)
If they choose A, you can show the pre-filled shipping & invoicing address, and offer the user the chance to change it, or confirm and proceed. (I'd take payment only AFTER shipping and/or info addresses are confirmed, as you might need to determine shipping,  costs?)
If they choose B, after shipping & payment, you can offer to create an account on your website and store the shipping address for future use.
You should have a look at the Amazon process, although they do not use paypal, their 'choose another shipping address' & different shipping addresses according to your credit cards, is exemplary well done.


Time for an object's afterimage to disappear at the event horizon

Question: My understanding is that as someone/something falls into a black hole, they would get dimmer and dimmer until disappearing entirely as they cross the event horizon. Most non-radiant objects would probably become invisible to outside observers well before hitting the event horizon. But if we had something very bright (like a hot young star) hitting a black hole's event horizon, about how long would we see its "afterimage floating near the horizon" before it disappeared? (Assume the star's trajectory into the black hole was directly along our line-of-sight distance to the black hole itself.)
Comment: "until disappearing entirely as they cross the event horizon" They would disappear "way before" that. Note that an observer at infinity will never see anything crossing the event horizon as that would take an infinite amount of time from the observer's point of view. So what I'm saying is: They would see the object disappear way before $t = \infty$, i.e. at a finite time. This is due to the fact that, at some point, the star's light will get redshifted so much that it won't be detectable anymore.
Comment: @balu Yes, I'm well aware that they would see the object disappear way before $t = \infty$. As you should know from reading the question, I was asking about the *time for the image to disappear*, not about "whether or not" the image would disappear.
Comment: Right, maybe I was confused by the fact that in that sentence you are saying the object would disappear "entirely as [it crosses] the event horizon" when the whole point of your question is that the disappearance happens (much) earlier, i.e. after a finite amount of time. I apologize if my comment came across the wrong way. Anyway, it sounds like you understand all the details. What is stopping you from calculating the time for the image to disappear?
Answer: If you look at my answer to What is the general formula for time-dilation due to velocity and gravity together? this explains the equation for the time dilation of an object falling radially inwards towards a Schwarzschild black hole. We end up with the result:
$$ \frac{d\tau}{dt} = \sqrt{1 - \left(1 - \frac{r_s}{r}\right)^2\frac{r_s}{r} - \frac{r_s}{r} } \tag{1} $$
You need to choose some value of the time dilation that you consider to be disappeared. For example if we choose a factor of a hundred that redshifts all wavelengths by a factor of a hundred and reduces the intensity by a factor of a hundred. That would certainly be undetectable to the naked eye though sufficiently sensitive instruments could still detect the falling object. Using equation (1) we find this happens at a distance:
$$ \frac{r}{r_s} \approx 1.0001 $$
i.e. when the distance to the horizon is $0.01\%$ of the horizon radius. Then we just need to find the time taken to reach this distance.
The velocity of an object falling freely from infinity is discussed in my answer to Will an object always fall at an infinite speed in a black hole? and we get the result:
$$ v = \left(1 - \frac{r_s}{r}\right)\sqrt{\frac{r_s}{r}}c \tag{2} $$
and this looks like:

The velocity initially rises as the object falls inwards, but then very near the horizon the time dilation dominates and the object slows again and after infinite time comes to a halt at the horizon. We get the time taken to reach a distance $r$ by integrating this expression, but sadly it doesn't have a closed form integral and we'd have to do it numerically.
At this point I have run out of enthusiasm for doing the calculation, but I did calculate the time taken to fall to $1\%$ of the horizon distance in my answer to Can you have a giraffe shaped black hole? and the result was under a millisecond.
Answer: The time will be proportional to the light crossing time of the black hole, which is less than a millisecond for a stellar-mass black hole, or around a day for the M87 black hole.
I don't have a source for the following derivation and it's possible I made a mistake.
An object radially infalling into a Schwarzschild black hole satisfies $d^2r/ds^2 = -GM/r$. Integrating this once gives $dr/ds = -\sqrt{r_s/r-r_s/r_0}$. For simplicity I'll take $r_0=\infty$ (the object falls in from infinity). Arbitrarily choosing $r=r_s$ at $s=0$, the solution is $r = r_s (1 - \frac32 s/r_s)^{2/3}$.
I'll use Eddington-Finkelstein outgoing coordinates $$ds^2 = (1-r_s/r)\,dv^2 + 2\,dv\,dr$$ because the redshift as seen by someone at rest at infinity is just $1{+}z = dv/ds$. Plugging in the formula for $dr/ds$ gives us $$1 = \left(1-\frac{r_s}{r}\right)\left(\frac{dv}{ds}\right)^2 - 2\,\frac{dv}{ds}\,\sqrt{\frac{r_s}{r}}$$ which has the solution $dv/ds = \left(1-\sqrt{r_s/r}\right)^{-1}$. Plugging in the formula for $r$ gives us $$\frac{dv}{ds} = 1{+}z = \left(1-\left(1-\frac{3\,s}{2\,r_s}\right)^{-1/3}\right)^{-1}$$
I'd rather have $z(v)$ than $z(s)$ so I multiply by $ds/dz$ to get $$\frac{dv}{dz} = 2\,r_s\,(1+z)^3/z^4$$ $$v(z)=2\,r_s\left(\ln z - 3/z - 3/2z^2 - 1/3z^3\right) + \text{const}$$
I doubt that's invertible. At any rate, you can see that at late times ($z\gtrsim 10$) the redshift increases exponentially with a time constant of $2\,r_s$ (33 hours for the M87 BH). It takes about $4\,r_s$ to get from $z=e$ to $z=e^2$, about $9\,r_s$ to get from $z=1$ to $z=e$, and about $44\,r_s$ to get from $z=1/e$ to $z=1$.


How to model a cylinder with a mouth, with quad topology

Question: I came across a FB Blender group, and saw this model which was made with an add-on, box cutter, or something alike. I'm trying to understand how this topology was made, but my result are not even close to it. I started off using the simple deform modifier and trying to rearrange the topology scaling and moving the mesh. But I'd like to see if someone can show me a better result to match the original shape/topology.
Comment: for me looks like you only need to add a bevel modifier and you should be very close ;)
Comment: Please use a title that reflects the content of the question. It should be succinct, unique and identifying, and summarize what the issue is so that users can at a glance broadly understand what your post is about before opening it.
Answer: You can try this way: Create a 32 vertex cylinder, in Edit mode duplicate, rotate and Face > Intersect (Boolean):

Clean up the topology and create some vertical loopcuts:

Create some horizontal edge loops with the Knife tool, select the faces and press AltE > Extrude Faces Along Normals:

Rework the topology a bit, extrude the slot inwards:

Give it a Subdivision Surface modifier, shade smooth:
Answer: You could do what's call a  Boolean 'Slice' operation, you need the addon Bool tools to be enabled. Its a free and comes with blender just need to enable it.
It works similar to regular booleans; and if I remember correctly the way it works is as a 'cut away' and only effects the intersecting region, so you are left with 2 meshes minus the 'dead region' (region that the original mesh intersection is not utilizing).


Strange battery graph

Question: A friend's Motorola Moto G (titan) on Android 5.0.2 (Stock) shows this really weird battery graph. Does anyone know what's going on here or how to fix it?
Comment: Further explain what his configuration was. What apps does he have installed? Does he charge/swap batteries often? Is he rooted?
Comment: Stock, unrooted, battery not swappable, normal charge/discharge cycle
Comment: No special apps, just Gapps, Motorola defaults and a few standard apps (WhatsApp, K-9 Mail, ...)
Answer: Since he is stock, unrooted, and non-swappable battery, he may have a faulty battery!
Every battery has a built-in circuit that reports its charge, temperature, and stability. That's why every smartphone battery has 3 or 4 prongs (contact points), rather than just the 2 for positive and negative. Best case scenario his percentage is just reporting incorrectly, worst case he may have an unstable cell that could combust. I would recommend looking up disassembly videos for the phone, and replacing the internal battery if it is accessible.

Strange battery graph


Scroll "less" output using scroll wheel on Mac OS X

Question: How can I enable the scrolling of "less" output (rather than the terminal window itself) using the scroll wheel on OSX?
Answer: Update: Seems that this is now supported automatically in OS X Yosemite or newer. Just use less and scroll.

For earlier versions of OS X:
You can't scroll using the mouse wheel without any hacks. One of these makes use of a SIMBL plugin called MouseTerm, which reports the mouse events to your Terminal:

MouseTerm is a SIMBL plugin for Mac OS X's Terminal.app that passes
  mouse events to the terminal, allowing you to use mouse shortcuts
  within applications that support them.
To get started, first install SIMBL (MouseTerm won't work without
  it!). Once you've done that, open the .dmg file, run Install, and
  restart Terminal.app. To uninstall, run Uninstall from the .dmg.

The FAQ mentions less as a good place to try mouse reporting.
Comment: As an update to this question, I have since learned that "less" belongs to a family of applications called pagers. You can set your default pager in your .bashrc file in most Unices, and there are options outside of less that do support scrolling with the mouse wheel. `mcview` is one example, but there are others as well.
Comment: `less -r` works without anything additional like SIMBL.
Comment: (It could well be that OSX Terminal has evolved since this answer was posted. I'm running Yosemite)
Comment: Yeah, it works now, even without `-r`.
Answer: Update:
Ended up just using mcview for my viewer, for which mouse scrolling in the terminal worked out of the box. I've also read that most can support scrolling behavior.
Answer: I tried less -r as given in this answer and it worked great (scrolling with the standard trackpad gesture.)
See also this similar question which discusses some limitations.
Actually, looking more carefully at the second link, it's really the absence of -X that's critical to being able to have scrolling behavior (which means that if you want fancy scrolling, you can't keep the output in the terminal history after less quits.)


Pronunciation of quatuor, and "unadapted borrowing"

Question: What is the reason why the first syllable in « quatuor » and « quartette » are pronounced like /kwa/, whereas most other words that begin with "qua" (like « quart » and « qualité ») are pronounced like /ka/? Wiktionary mentions unadapted borrowing from Latin. Are there other examples of Latin-derived words where the pronunciation is more Latinate than French?
Comment: Quetsche , quartz, aquarium ... [Les lettres *qu* peuvent se prononcer de trois façons différentes : [k], [kw] ou [kɥ]](https://vitrinelinguistique.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca/23645/la-prononciation/prononciation-de-certaines-lettres/prononciation-de-la-suite-de-lettres-qu).
Comment: "unadapated borrowing" (mentioned for English and for French),  refers to the spelling, not to the pronunciation.
Comment: Merci de partager cette page ! @None
Answer: Wiktionary's borrowing categories are all over the place. There are learned-borrowings, i.e. borrowings from a dead language, and semi-learned-borrowings, i.e. learned borrowings transmitted early enough to experience sound change. Since Latin is a dead language, it seems that any learned borrowing which is not semi-learned is therefore unadapted.

A loanword that has not been conformed to the morpho-syntactic, phonological and/or phonotactical rules of the target language. […] Unadapted borrowings are often learned ones; see learned borrowing.

https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#unadapted_borrowing
Those rules are not broken, since French actually has the phoneme [kw] as in quoi. Thus it appears that the categorization is just a matter of sentiment.
However, this depends on another problem, namely "Latin" as a category of language which experienced significant change over the course of centuries. Old to Classic Latin and reconstructions of Vulgar Latin would go as inheritance into French. By the time of Old French, however, a marked difference to Medieval Latin has to be made, which is quite difficile. Beyond that, Neo-Latin may be considerable in science but is not included in the Latin category, e.g. tele-vision (PS: one might argue that intervocal /l/ would be regularly assimilated, so tele- is unadepted, not to mention the root is Greek; see also bouteille, OFr. botele "bottle").
The difference between a dead language and thriving school education at a critical age cannot be decided once and for all.
That said, Tresor de la Langue Francais (TLFi) shows quatuor to be fairly recent:

Etymol. and Hist. 1. 1705 mus.[ical] (Brossard: Quartet, or Composition for Four Voices, or Parts) […]

https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/quatuor (auto-translated from French)
This might be Neo-Latin, but a more reasonable assumption beginning with Medieval Latin (which is difficult, as said) would be influence of separate languages in many cases such as Italian (quartetto, "four-head"?), Spanish (id.), English (compare squad, German Schwadron, Geschwader), Polish (whence e.g. MLat. granica "border") etc. in order to establish a line of derivation. Without a more specific etymology, this seems not possible for the time being.


Can you use cookie cutters on sticky dough?

Question: I am a baking novice trying to make these oatmeal chocolate chip cookies. I'm trying to get them to be cute shapes with cookie cutters but the cookies keep spreading. I am wondering if maybe this type of dough is just too wet and sticky to hold a shape. Should I give up trying to shape these cookies?
Comment: You could try freezing the shapes before baking them, they will still spread but not as much.
Answer: That looks like a delicious recipe, but not one that will hold a cookie cutter shape. When a recipe says to space the balls of cookie dough four inches apart, you can expect them to spread in the oven. Cookies that spread will not hold a definable shape. There's no hope of getting this recipe to make cookies that hold a shape.
There are oatmeal cookie recipes designed to be rolled out and cut into shapes. For example, Chewy Oatmeal Decorating Cookies and Oatmeal Rollout Cookies. You might be able to add miniature chocolate chips, but they may make the cookies crack and fall apart. Finely chopped or grated chocolate would probably work fine.
If you feel like experimenting (and are willing to risk having some "failed"* batches of cookies), you can experiment with increasing the oats in your recipe. I haven't made this exact recipe, but I've made many batches of oatmeal cookies with varying levels of oats. I've found that you can use up to double the oatmeal called for in a typical oatmeal cookie recipe before the dough becomes too dry to hold together. Additional oatmeal gives a stiffer, dryer dough that will come closer to holding a shape. The finished cookies will be a bit dryer and a bit less sweet. The large oat flakes in your recipe (since it uses old fashioned oats) will still give the shapes slightly irregular outlines, so don't expect to get a lot of detail. But simple shapes like a heart, star or diamond should still be identifiable in the finished cookie.

*Where "failed" means not perfect, but your kids/coworkers/classmates will still eat them. If you are the only one eating your cookies, baking experiments can be hazardous to your waistline.
Comment: What would probably work is making them so that the baked cookies are each larger than your cutter, and cutting the finished product. The edges might be less well-finished than you'd like but it will at least hold the shape.
Comment: But often the edges of the cookies are the best part, because the sugars are caramelized and the butter is browned. If you cut off the edges you loose all that good flavor. Also, since the cookies in the original recipe are supposed to be quite soft in the center when they come out of the oven, they might still lose their shape if cut while warm. On the other hand, if cut while cool they may crack and fall apart.


How to completely remove flash from MacOSX?

Question: I would like to get rid of flash completely on my MacOSX machine. I don't use it, and it's a danger. I've never been more happy than using http://clicktoflash.com/, but I've realized I don't use flash outside of a browser anyway. Is there a way I can remove it completely from the system to avoid net attacks where the browser may download a flash file and run it behind my back?
Answer: Adobe provides an uninstaller.
Comment: Also, if you use Google Chrome or Chromium, you will have to go to `chrome://plugins` and disable Flash from there as well.
Answer: If you lack the uninstaller, I find AppZapper a very handy utility to get rid of EVERYTHING related to an app (Library files, preferences, etc).
Answer: Just delete it from the "Internet Plugins" folder of /Library and ~/Library. Keep Google Chrome around, because it has Flash built in--you can keep it sandboxed.
You'll often find that, if videos are missing, they magically appear if you change your user agent string to Safari/iPad.  A lot of sites seem to keep their standards-based video streams reserved only for iPads.


Is there an adjectival form of "levity"?

Question: Can anybody tell me the adjectival form of levity? I've found levitious here, but not sure whether it's a dictionary word.
Comment: You're right to be suspicious of the source you quote, useful though it sometimes might be. 118 Google hits (according to my research) argue strongly against _levitious_ being acceptable - especially since many seem to be repeats of the Urban Dictionary reference. I'd say that _there is no accepted adjective_ corresponding to _levity_. Rephrasing, or choosing _frivolous_, _flippant_, _light_, _lighthearted_, _playful_ ... as appropriate, addresses the issue.
Answer: Because levity means "lightness" and ultimately derives from Latin levis meaning "light", the best adjective that corresponds to it is probably just plain light.
A conversation full of levity would therefore be a light conversation.
Comment: '*The Light Princess*' (now playing at the National Theatre) is built around a pun on *levity* as opposed to *gravity*, and *levity* as opposed to *seriousness*. It was written by Tori Amos based on a fairytale by George Macdonald, so has an impeccable background. (And yes, I would recommend it but this comment is not sponsored.)
Answer: I agree with @tchrist: just use light.
However, other possibilities are frivolous, flippant, or giddy, depending on what you want to convey.
Answer: I couldn't help but wonder whether the word 'facetious' could be used as an adjectival term for 'levity'. The definitions are quite similar but I'm tentative about it's application.
(sourced from Dictionary.com so I'll leave it to you as an individual in determining it's credibility)
levity
ˈlɛvɪti/
noun
noun: levity; plural noun: levities
1.
the treatment of a serious matter with humour or lack of due respect.

facetious
fəˈsiːʃəs/
adjective
adjective: facetious
1.
treating serious issues with deliberately inappropriate humour

I think there is a correlation between the two definitions the only ambiguity is of course one is the treatment of a matter (ostensibly an ongoing situation) whilst conversely the term facetious deals with issues (so I'm assuming -and witnessed- it only being used during esoteric conversation/debate)
I'm not adamant about it but thus far this is the only option I'm aware of (of course there will be a far more efficient word that you'll stumble upon later in life) but hopefully this should do for now :)
Comment: As an individual, I will say that "levity" and "facetious" do not bear the same connotation in my mind. While the former is understood to lighten something that is not (and cannot be, if this word is appropriate) light to begin with, the latter describes a significantly more pointed irreverence.

Is there an adjectival form of “levity”?


What is the window of messages in Platform event after published by Salesforce

Question: What is the window of messages in Platform event after published by Salesforce and Is replay Id is getting reset after that
Answer:
What is the window of messages in Platform event after published

After API version 45.0 and later, all Platform Events are High Volume by default. Any Platform Events created prior were that of Standard Volume. The retention based on the event types as mentioned in documentation are:

Event Retention
High-volume platform event messages are stored for 72 hours (3 days). Standard-volume platform event messages are stored for 24 hours (1 day). You can retrieve past event messages when using CometD clients to subscribe to a channel.

Is replay Id is getting reset after that

No. ReplayId does not get reset. After the event retention, the ReplayId is generated by System and is always guaranteed to be higher than the Id of previous event. Platform Events are based on Streaming API and that the ReplayId field as mentioned in the Streaming API resources mention (emphasis mine):

Each broadcasted event is assigned a numeric ID. IDs are incremented and not guaranteed to be contiguous for consecutive events. Each ID is guaranteed to be higher than the ID of the previous event. For example, the event following the event with ID 999 can have an ID of 1,025. The ID is unique for the org and the channel. The IDs of deleted events aren't reused.
The ID is added in the replayId field of the notification message.


Is it possible to hide a column from a user group using SharePoint Framework Extensions?

Question: Would this be possible using a field customizer? I haven't used SP extensions yet so if anyone has good resources/documentation that would be appreciated.
Answer: Yes that's possible. We will need to hide the column value from a system view. Also stop the same user(user group) from customizing the views, to make sure he isn't able to add the column in other views.

Se in the above image you can change the column value with *** for a specific user group.
More details here: field customizer spfx
Comment: Thanks, I was able to create the extension, but we had to abandon this project because SPFx field customizers only work on modern pages, and some users still use the classic view.


About the 1.6x crop factor on a crop body

Question: I have a 600D and a 7D and I use the kit lens  " EF-S "18-55mm  and the 55-250 mm , and I am thinking of buying a 24-105mm f4 IS USM L... so does the EF-S suffer from the same 1.6x crop factor as the EF? For example, the 24-105 IS USM L on an APS-C sensor is like 33mm to 168mm, and the 18-55mm has is equivalent to 28.8-88mm?
Comment: The crop factor depends on the body (the sensor), so yes it will apply to any lens.  See http://photo.stackexchange.com/questions/38899/why-do-canon-ef-and-ef-s-lenses-exhibit-the-same-crop-factor?rq=1
Comment: http://photo.stackexchange.com/a/38915/15871
Comment: Also a duplicate of http://photo.stackexchange.com/questions/38899/why-do-canon-ef-and-ef-s-lenses-exhibit-the-same-crop-factor?rq=1
Comment: The EF 24-105mm f/4 L IS is an excellent general purpose lens, but it is a better fit on a full frame camera. For an APS-C body I would consider something that starts in the 17-18mm range. The EF-S 17-55mm f/2.8 is excellent and roughly the same price as the 24-105 since Canon recently lowered the suggested retail prices on several of their lenses. ANd the FoV of 55mm on an APS-C body is the same as 88mm on a FF. Not quite 105mm, but you still have your 55-250. The extra stop of the f/2.8 zoom (compared to f/4) lets you use one stop less ISO which makes up most of the low light hit for APS-C.
Answer: Your EF-S lenses would be subject to the 1.6x crop factor just as any EF lens would. So your 18-55 kit lens will never show an 18mm FOV, but closer to 29 on the wide end.
Comment: I don't think the word "true" is helpful here. The smaller format is just as genuine as the larger one.
Answer: The difference between an EF-s lens and an EF lens is only that an EF-s lens does not project a big enough image circle to cover a full frame and may stick too far in to the camera body to be used safely with full frame cameras.
The focal length is a measure of a physical property of the lens rather than having anything to do with the size of the sensor.  We simply refer to an APS-c sensor as being a crop sensor because the 35mm film format was decided as the value for a crop factor of 1.
A 24mm photo is still a 24mm photo regardless of if you take it on an APS-c or a full frame or even a large format camera.  The only difference is that the portion of the projected image that is captured is smaller due to the smaller sensor area that is exposed, thus it would require a longer focal length to get an equivalent angle of view from a larger sensor.
Comment: @mattdm - good clarification.  Didn't think about the fact that 35mm might be confusing with the focal length vs sensor size.
Comment: And ,do u think is a good buy ? the 24-105mm F4 is usm L?
Comment: @user24286 - it is a nice lens.  When I was evaluating, I decided to go with the 24-70 f/2.8 II, but the 24-105 f/4 IS was a strong runner up.


What is the speed of a Photon?

Question:
How fast does a Photon travel through space?
And is gravity able to influence a Photon's path?
Comment: possible duplicate of [How can gravity affect light?](http://physics.stackexchange.com/q/130552/)
Comment: Related.http://physics.stackexchange.com/q/137140/
Comment: the photon is the quantum of the e.m. field and travels with the e.m. field velocity, i.e. the light velocity. About the path, in each geometry of the space the photon will travel along the [geodesic line](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_relativity#Light_deflection_and_gravitational_time_delay).
Comment: Also a duplicate of http://physics.stackexchange.com/q/6406/
Answer: I'm not sure if I'm missing something here, but is the answer not c, the speed of light, 186000mph? A photon is a particle of light, but as it has no mass it can travel at the speed of light.
As for the second part, yes it can be influenced by gravity. As an example, gravitational lensing (the bending of light) around galaxies, making objects behind appear distorted into a ring around the lensing object
Comment: ~ 186,000 miles/second not per hour
Comment: Depends on what medium the photon is traversing, if it isn't vacuum it won't be quite $c$
Comment: that is true, I forgot about that.

What is the speed of a Photon?


Question about volume preserving transformations

Question: I will denote by $d$-vol the $d$ dimensional volume in $\mathbb{R}^D$, where $D \geq d$. For example, if $A=\{(x,y,0)\in\mathbb{R}^3:\text{max}(|x|,|y|)\leq 1\}$, then $3\mbox{-}\text{vol}(A)=0$ but $2\mbox{-}\text{vol}(A)=4$. I know that if $f:\mathbb{R}^D \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^D$ is a differentiable and invertible function, the change of $D$-volume induced by $f$ is $|\text{det}(J)|$, where $J$ is the Jacobian of $f$. Thus, for $f$ to be a $D$-volume preserving transformation we need to ensure that $|\text{det}(J)|=1$. However, if $f$ is $D$-volume preserving it need not be $d$-volume preserving for $d<D$. I was wondering what the equivalent condition is for $f:\mathbb{R}^D \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^D$ to be $d$-volume preserving. Thank you very much!
Comment: $1$-volume is length, so I guess you're talking about an isometry?
Comment: @Vokram8: If you map a segment to itself in a way that the points in it are not at the same distances anymore but the length of the segment remains constant, then the length of some _subsegment_ is not preserved.
Comment: Well, I'm thinking of a general setting with $d$ fixed. In the particular case where $d=1$, I don't mean the same as an isometry. If $A$ is a 1-dimensional set in $\mathbb{R}^D$, I would like $1\mbox{-}\text{vol}(A)=1\mbox{-}\text{vol}(f(A))$, so for example a segment might be deformed in such a way that the points in it are not at the same distances anymore but the length of the segment remains constant.
Comment: Thanks for pointing that out Andrew, you are right! Then yes, for the $d=1$ case I am just talking about isometries.
Answer: By "zooming in" or "subdividing" (cf. Andrew's comment), this implies (and with a bit more effort is equivalent to) the Jacobian $J_x$ preserving $d$-volume at each point $x \in \mathbb R^D$.
Fixing an $x$, we can use the singular value decomposition to choose oriented orthonormal bases $e_i$ for the domain and $v_i$ for the target so that the matrix representation of $J_x$ is diagonal:
$$ M = [J_x]_{e \to v} = \left(\begin{matrix}\sigma_1 & & \\ &\ddots & \\ &&\sigma_D\end{matrix}\right).$$
Now, the action of $M$ on the unit $d$-cube aligned with the axes numbered $i_1,\ldots,i_d$ is simply to stretch each axis by the corresponding $\sigma$ factor (and maybe do some reflections); so it distorts the volume by the product $|\sigma_{i_1}\ldots\sigma_{i_d}|$. Thus your condition implies that the product of any $d$ of the $D$ numbers $|\sigma_i|$ must be equal to $1$. When $d=D$ this is just the single equation $$|\sigma_1\ldots\sigma_D| = |\det M| = |\det J_x| = 1,$$ as expected.
When $1 \le d < D$, however, there are many more equations; so many, in fact,
 that (Exercise!) we can conclude $|\sigma_i|=1$ for each $i$. So $M$ is just a composition of reflections, which means $J_x$ is just a composition of reflections and rotations; i.e. a linear isometry. Since this holds for each $x$, we conclude that $f$ is an isometry.


Grub 2 not working

Question: So here's the thing, I recently installed Ubuntu 14.
Everything works fine except the boot loader.
I currently have windows 7 installed on another hard drive.
But when I boot the machine I get a black screen with a purple border, and then it boots directly into Ubuntu. I tried re installing grub 2 and loading the boot repair but neither worked.
Answer: You can press the Shift key after the manufacturer screen and before ubuntu boots... Got to have good timing.
You could also edit your /etc/default/grub and put a # in front of the GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT line. Then run sudo update-grub to complete the change.
  Go to a terminal prompt.

sudo nano /etc/default/grub
Make comment out the line that says GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT=0 with a # in front of it.
hit control-O (the letter) and enter to save
hit control-x  update-to exit
sudo update-grub   (to make the changes)

You might also be interested in Grub Customizer. It allows you to easily put backgrounds, change default operating system and the timeouts.
Go to a prompt..

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:danielrichter2007/grub-customizer
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install grub-customizer

Now you might want to use boot repair..
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:yannubuntu/boot-repair
sudo sh -c "sed -i 's/trustysudo apt-get install -y boot-repair/saucy/g' /etc/apt/sources.list.d/yannubuntu-boot-repair-trusty.list"

sudo apt-get update

sudo apt-get install -y boot-repair

Comment: Thanks man, that worked. Although now windows 7 doesn't appear on the grub screen, any ideas why?
Comment: If you go to your bios when booting and change boot orger so the windows drive boots, does it?
Comment: Yeah, windows boots fine if I manually boot the hard drive. Grub doesn't recognize it though.
Answer: You can change grub settings with $ sudo gedit /etc/default/grub command. Set
GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT_QUIET variable from true to false then run $ sudo update-grub in terminal.
Comment: All that did was add a countdown. Still no options to change operating system.

Grub 2 not working


Can remote users on the VPN be accessible from the same IP address as when they are physically on the network?

Question: When a client is physically on the network their IP address is 10.1.0.10. When they remote into the VPN server they are on the 10.250.0.0 VPN network, so their IP address may be something like 10.250.0.20. Is it possible to configure a route such that a client is always accessible on 10.1.0.10 regardless if they are physically on the network or remotely connected to the VPN?
Answer: If you want to use same ip address on same network, you have to bridge vpn network and physicial network.
If you are use OpenVPN, you have to use tap device for Layer2 communication.
Disable DHCP configuration in OpenVPN.
Bridge OpenVPN interface (such as tap0) to your interface which is connected to company network.
Now each client see physical network and VPN network at same time. But ip address might different due to different mac on Wi-Fi card and OpenVPN tap device.
You can set IP address to device via DHCP settings on router or server.
If you get a conflict err on DHCP server, you can represent same mac address which is Wi-Fi to vpn tap device or enter static IP to tap device on computer.
Comment: in fact it is possible but not best practice. on wireguard you can assign the ip statically to the same client but i am unaware if you want to do so as it does not make sense? For whatever reason do you want to do it so?
Answer: As far as I know, you'll probably end creating a loop of some sort in your network. VPN is in another subnet for a reason, and overlapping it with your existing subnets it'll only create networking, and surely, security issues.
Edit for clarification: It should be "technically possible", modifying the VPN configuration to lease IPs in the same subnet as your local network and assigning static IPs manually in the VPN client config files, for example.
But I strongly advise you against this practice for the aforementioned reasons.


Problems regarding aspen simulation

Question: I am trying to model water gas shift reactor on Aspen using an Rgibbs reactor. Unfortunately whenever i pass the stream into the reactor(HTS) the amount of CO and H2 both are increasing and C in the system is not balanced. Aspen is not prompting an error regarding elemental balance not being intact. I am confused what should I do
Comment: You should really provide more information. What is the state of the feed stream? What thermodynamic model are you using? What is the state of the reactor.  These things will affect the results of rgibbs.
Answer: Without knowing too much about Aspen (I've been looking for a chemical engineering modeling software, so thank you), the documentation data says RGibbs doesn't pay attention to stoichiometry:

The (Rgibbs Reactor) provides reaction calculations without the need for detailed stoichiometry or yield. The calculations are based on minimizing the Gibbs energy for the system as discussed in page 98"

This reactor is intended for systems where the exact reactant composition is unknown but the energy is, such as "crude oil" or "natural gas".  As such, this reactor won't notice a change in C concentration.  It is probably adding the additional thermal energy to change the concentration of the higher thermal energy products, CO and H2, as it is ignoring the Redox mechanism that would force the consumption of CO to generate CO2 to form H2.  A better reactor would be the REquil:

When one or more reactions involved are equilibrium reaction, the REquil block can be used. The block requires knowledge of the reaction stoichiometry, and performs chemical and phase equilibrium reactions.

Using this method would be a better model as the equilibrium constant's dependence on temperature is well documented:
$$K_{eq} = exp(-2.4198 +0.0003855T + \frac{2180.6}{T})$$
Where $T$ is in Kelvins, from the range of 600K - 2000K.

Problems regarding aspen simulation


Till what limits is it completely fard on a son/daughter to obey his/her parents?

Question: Salam everyone,
This is a question that has been on my mind for quite a long time. I will present an example so that it makes more logical sense. I know that it is not permissible to disobey my parents unless they command me to do something that's against Islamic teachings. But what about teachings that don't affect Islam, but they do affect me. Like let's say I want to choose an IT field as my profession but my father, due to lack of knowledge, can't accept the fact that IT fields have a scope and orders me to go for medicine. Now I try to explain this, but he won't accept and is stubborn without any logic.
This is something that I will have to go through all my life, I'll have to study a field that wasn't my choice, work in it even though I never wanted to. While I will be going through all of this, my father will not be affected in any way. Since this is a case that doesn't affect religion or causes me to go through something haram it is still something that causes me distress and on the other hand the one who had the right to chose this path for me now, plays no part in it.
Does Islam really want me to obey my father in this case?
Doesn't it give him authority over a thing he doesn't have enough information to make a sane and logical decision?
Answer: To what extent is obedience to one's parents very limited for a boy or a girl?
It seems that we have to act indefinitely in order to satisfy the parents; But this is to the extent that obedience to parents does not conflict with obedience to God. If the obedience and command of the parents is contrary to the command of God and His Messenger, then obedience to them is not necessary.)1(
Quranic verses are also used that obedience to parents is only within the limits of obedience to God, and if they are commanded to commit polytheism and sin, obedience to them is not permissible.
Of course, experience has shown that with a little patience and perseverance on the part of the child, the parents are satisfied with their work, and appealing to the Imams (as) is also very instructive (2).
It is obligatory on a person to associate with his parents in a worldly manner, not in accordance with the Shari'a rules, in a pleasant and conventional manner, not improperly; And to observe the condition of the two and to behave in a harmonious and gentle manner, and persecution and violence are not permissible for them, and to endure the hardships that they see from them. ) 3 (
)1Ref: https://hawzah.net/fa/Book/View/45322/34271/%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86   2(Ref: https://www.porseman.com/article/%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D9%BE%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%88-%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1--%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86/13605
3)http://wikiporsesh.ir/%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D9%BE%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1
Answer: Unless your parents order you to do anything against shariah, you should obey their order. If your parents force you to do something against shariah, don't do it by saying to them politely, "I won't do that as that is against shariah."
And if you don't want to do something good, they said, you can politely tell them you don't want to do it, so they will permit you to not do it. If they don't permit you to not do it, then you should do it.


Guest Additions in VirtualBox

Question: I'm setting up a development server with VirtualBox.  I've installed Ubuntu 10.10 Server. I want to use filesharing to setup the files that I need to develop on but it seems that the CD drive is not mounting to install the Virtualbox guest additions. How can I configure this to setup the file sharing.
Comment: If you want help with the CD mounting part (which you don't need here), you need to tell us what you tried and what happened when you tried.
Answer: If you have Ubuntu in a VirtualBox VM, you can install the guest additions as an Ubuntu package. Either grab virtualbox-guest-additions Install virtualbox-guest-additions http://bit.ly/software-small or virtualbox-ose-guest-utils Install virtualbox-ose-guest-utils http://bit.ly/software-small and virtualbox-ose-guest-x11 Install virtualbox-ose-guest-x11 http://bit.ly/software-small. The OSE guest utilities are compatible with the proprietary VM and vice versa (at least with respect to common features such as file sharing and pointer grabbing).

Guest Additions in VirtualBox


Difference between "jargon" and "technical terms"

Question: Each subject matter has its own set of terms called jargon which is expressed in its particular grammatical rules. Technical terminology or Term of Art is the specialized vocabulary of any specialized field of knowledge, not just technical fields. So what is the difference between jargon and technical terms?
Answer: In his classic book, The Careful Writer, Theodore Bernstein has an entry on inside talk, in which he includes the subclassifications of: argot, jargon, lingo, and slang. He states (p. 237):

The reason that all these words have disparaging connotations is that outsiders dislike being outsiders. They envy or resent those who can speak and understand inside talk. And in some instances the very desire to keep outsiders out accounts for these languages...There is a tendency in specialized groups, for reasons of either establishing a kind of mystic bond or asserting a kind of self-importance, to employ esoteric or pretentious words... This is by no means to say that all inside talk, all jargon, is pretentious and useless. On the contrary, most of it is highly necessary. Those in specialized fields have a need to communicate with one another in precise terms and with an economy of expression. A single word will often convey to a colleague what would require a sentence, a paragraph, or perhaps an even longer description to convey to a layman. The fact that the layman does not comprehend the single word does not indict it for use within its proper sphere...
A final caution may be of value in a discussion of inside talk. In writing intended for general reading, the use, whether by a specialist or by a layman, of jargon terms that are not commonly understood smacks of pedantry. If the writer believes that it is imperative to use such a term, he should at least explain it when it is introduced. It must never be forgotten that the function of writing is communication.

I believe the term jargon has come to mean technical terms used to exclude outsiders to a field. I think you could say that it is the intent of their use that separates jargon from technical terms.
Comment: Not to mention *cant* and *patois*.
Comment: Don't forget *argot*.
Answer: In this definition [M-W], there is no difference; jargon is technical terminology:

3 a : the technical terminology or characteristic idiom of specialists or workers in a particular activity or area of knowledge

In this sub-definition, however, jargon is seen in a derisive light:

often : a pretentious or unnecessarily obscure and esoteric terminology

And the next definition of jargon reinforces this viewpoint:

4 : language vague in meaning and full of circumlocutions and long high-sounding words

As some dictionaries will note, jargon is often used in a way that expresses disapproval or derision. If used in a neutral way, however, jargon simply means technical terminology.
Answer: I draw a distinction in that jargon comprises

words and phrases used by particular groups of people that are difficult for other people to understand

— not necessarily the same thing as technical terms, which I associate with officialdom and pedantry.
In other words, jargon is a vocabulary used by people with specialist knowledge, whereas technical term are simply official labels that have been adopted for certain concepts. Both suggest wording that the population at large would find incomprehensible.
Jargon is thus both broader than and more restrictive than technical terminology; it includes words and phrases which may be informal in usage, but by the same token includes words and phrases that cannot be looked up in a manual.
For example, in the pre-merger United Airlines:

Among airline workers and frequent flyer geeks, it was common to refer to the 100,000-status mile/year frequent flyer status as 1K. I would label this as jargon: the 1K desk, the 1K packet, the 1K line.
The official name for that level was Premier Executive 100K. This was the the title on your membership card and how you were referred to in customer service emails (e.g. We welcome your comments as a loyal Premier Executive 100K member), but in practice it was very rarely heard on account of its length and similarity to Premier Executive, the 50,000-mile tier. I would know this as the technical term.

For those unsteeped in the vagaries of mileage programs, either term would have been useless against top tier or 100,000 mile-tier of course.
Answer: I want to take a slightly different tack than the previous answers. This is in addition to the other answers, not in contradiction to them.
Technical terms is about nomenclature, and nomenclature can be readily addressed by looking at specialist glossaries. A technical term has a definition, but you you don't need to read a book, or a 16th century paper written in Latin, to understand it's context and usage.
Jargon is a set of terms and usages that often come with historical baggage. It's often about using ordinary terms that have taken on a life of their own ever since some researcher in the 16th century used that word in a specific context. And now that word is reserved for that one specific thing when discussing a particular subject. There is simply no way to grasp the precise meaning other than to have studied the original document or to have been taught the usage in school. A lot of Jargon is a covert reference to specific historical texts and theories. Anyone can talk about circulation, but when it's in the context of aerodynamics, it means Frederick Lanchester's circulation of 1907, later adopted by Prandl, who tried to keep it a secret and thereby drew a great deal of attention to it.
Answer: I would also say that jargon may have a looser and more informal meaning; that it may refer to terminology used even just in a particular workplace or between friends, possibly as 'shortcut terminology' rather than technical terminology. I would agree that the term jargon may be used in a derogatory manner, but it doesn't necessarily imply that; nor does it necessarily imply pretentiousness or long-windedness: as I said, it could be a 'shortcut' term.
Answer: Etymologically, jargon is "mid-14c., "unintelligible talk, gibberish; chattering, jabbering," from Old French jargon "a chattering" (of birds), also "language, speech," especially "idle talk; thieves' Latin" (12c.). Ultimately of echoic origin (compare Latin garrire "to chatter").
It's root word jar means: "1520s, "to make a brief, harsh, grating sound," often in reference to bird screeches; the word often is said to be echoic or imitative; compare jargon (n.), jay (n.), garrulous. Figurative sense of "have an unpleasant effect on" is from 1530s; that of "cause to vibrate or shake" is from 1560s. Related: Jarred; jarring. As a noun in this sense from 1540s."
It wasn't until the 1650s the term was ""phraseology peculiar to a sect or profession," hence "mode of speech full of unfamiliar terms." Middle English also had it as a verb, jargounen "to chatter" (late 14c.), from French."
To be true to it's origins, jargon is a negative term irrespective of how educated or technical words are, but technical, cultural or baby-babble can all be jargon.
All quotes are from Etymonline.com.
Answer: Intent is important here. I believe that technical terminology is useful and necessary, whereas jargon's intent is to establish the speaker as an insider, recognizable to other insiders as "one of us". I don't think that it is just a perception from outsiders. I've been involved in too many different industries to ignore insider lingo, as someone who has committed this sin myself. There is definitely an "us" vs. "them" (wink wink, roll of the eyes at how stupid "they" are!) mindset that goes on. And jargon is a huge part of that.
Comment: That may be true in some circles, but I think it's a bit of a jump to suggest that "jargon's intent is [usually] to establish the speaker as an insider", which is how I read your answer.  What about choster's example of "1K"? It seems to me that there are many occasions when jargon is used for convenience or brevity within a group rather than merely to distinguish insiders. I should add that I'm answering this from a British perspective: I don't know whether the nuances of meaning differ across the pond.