How to install: OpenSSL + WAMP

Question: Does anyone here have clear and detailed steps on how to get SSL on my local development machine? I've installed the latest version of WAMP (2.2c) on c:\wamp. The instructions I find on the net seem to be outdated in most cases and lacking the details I need to get things done right.
Answer: Guide: Openssl in WampServer 2.5
Prerequisite: There is normally no need to install openssl (it comes bundled with Wamp). Apache 2.4.9 includes 1.0.1g for instance.
System-Variable:

Open the Windows System panel ("WIN+Q" Search: system) > Advanced System Settings > Advanced >  Environment variables
Add a new entry in system variables with name OPENSSL_CONF and its value being the path to openssl.cnf (usually somethings like C:\wamp\bin\apache\apache2.4.9\conf\openssl.cnf)

openssl folder structure:

In C:\wamp\bin\apache\apache#.#.#\conf create the following folder structure:

..
demoCA
|-----certs
|-----crl
|-----newcerts
|-----private

Configuring openssl.cnf:

I've followed Neil C. Obremski advice and cleared the following defaults:

countryName_default (was "AU")
stateOrProvinceName_default (was "Some-State")
0.organizationName_default (was "Internet Widgits Pty Ltd")
organizationalUnitName_default (was already empty)

Creating the certificate:

From command line browse to C:\wamp\bin\apache\apache#.#.#\bin\ and call "openssl req -new -out cacert.csr -keyout cacert.pem". If prompted enter a password and after that the DN informations like below.

Loading 'screen' into random state - done
Generating a 1024 bit RSA private key
.......................++++++
....++++++
writing new private key to 'cacert.pem'
Enter PEM pass phrase: my_secret_pass
Verifying - Enter PEM pass phrase: my_secret_pass
`-----
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
`-----
Country Name (2 letter code) []:
State or Province Name (full name) []:
Locality Name (eg, city) []:
Organization Name (eg, company) []:
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:
Common Name (e.g. server FQDN or YOUR name) []:local
Email Address []:

Please enter the following 'extra' attributes
to be sent with your certificate request
A challenge password []:
An optional company name []:

C:\wamp\bin\apache\apache2.4.9\bin>

In the same console window now use "openssl rsa -in cacert.pem -out cacert.key" and if asked enter the password previously entered.

Enter pass phrase for cacert.pem: my_secret_pass
writing RSA key

Remove the ".rnd" file in C:\wamp\bin\apache\apache2.4.9\bin
Still in the same window call "openssl x509 -in cacert.csr -out cacert.cert -req -signkey cacert.key -days 365". If you experience the following error "unable to write 'random state'". This is a known bug! To workaround this call "set RANDFILE=.rnd" and retry the previous command.

Congrats you are now the owner of a self signed certificate!
I've placed the built files (they are currently in bin folder) according this Site:

cacert.pem, cacert.key in C:\wamp\bin\apache\apache#.#.#\conf\demoCA\private
cacert.cert, cacert.csr in C:\wamp\bin\apache\apache#.#.#\conf\demoCA\certs

In httpd.conf enable SLL (search for "#Include conf/extra/httpd-ssl.conf") + alter the following entries in httpd-ssl.conf:
SSLSessionCache        "shmcb:C:/wamp/logs/ssl_scache(512000)"
DocumentRoot "C:/wamp/www"
#ErrorLog
#TransferLog
SSLCertificateFile "C:/wamp/bin/apache/apache2.4.9/conf/demoCA/certs/cacert.cert"
SSLCertificateKeyFile "C:/wamp/bin/apache/apache2.4.9/conf/demoCA/private/cacert.key"
CustomLog "C:/wamp/logs/ssl_request.log" \

Now test your Apache installation by calling httpd -t.
If you get the following error "SSLSessionCache: 'shmcb' session cache not supported (known names: ). Maybe you need to load the appropriate socache module (mod_socache_shmcb?)." enable the following entry "LoadModule socache_shmcb_module modules/mod_socache_shmcb.so" in httpd.conf
Wamp is now configured with https support :-)
I've also enabled "LoadModule status_module modules/mod_status.so" using the following configuration in httpd.conf:
<IfModule status_module>

ExtendedStatus On
<Location /server-status>
    SetHandler server-status
</Location>

</IfModule>

You can check now your server status here
https://localhost/server-status/

Apache/2.4.9 (Win64) OpenSSL/1.0.1g PHP/5.5.12 Server at localhost Port 443
Notes:

I've made this tute while trying to get it working on my machine (this was my first attempt in using OpenSSL on windows/wamp).
This guide is not meant for production systems!
You might have to change a few things like names depending on your openssl.cnf
My intention was not to make the best tutorial around but instead to simply note all required changes to get SSL working in WAMP.
Make sure to set the right -days amount for your x509 certificate
I finally know why NSA can easily break into servers with such a complex process :D
Since Wamp bundles apache together with OpenSSL it might be better to separately install it??
Comment: This is awesome - thank you so much! One tiny tweak - you mention a file called prevkey.pem which I don't have ... I assume its not necessary though. Other than that, flawless :)
Comment: Thanks for the post! This should be the answer. I would add that in my case I had to make a couple of minor adjustments. The hardest to become aware of was that I needed to enable LoadModule ssl_module modules/mod_ssl.so
Comment: Excellent, thank you. Change `Perquisite` to `Prerequisite` too :-)
Comment: I've updated my anwer :-)

I don't have that setup anymore but it seems like I've accidentally created it while playing around?

The cacert.pem is the public key file (may contain the private key as well) and the cacert.key is the private key file.

Untested: I guess you could even remove (save away) the cacert.pem and cacert.csr (Certificate Signing Request).
Answer: I have WAMP 2.2E installed.
I ran into the same problem, and after about an hour of searching the internet and trying all sorts of things, I stumbled into discovering that openssl can be enabled by:

Clicking on the WAMP icon in the system tray,
Hovering on "PHP",
Then "PHP extensions",
Then looking very carefully for "php_openssl" in the long list of extensions.
Comment: How about creating the certificates?
Answer: After following the excellent instructions from KAGRAN22, I ran into 2 errors:
AH00526: Syntax error on line 48 of     C:/wamp64/bin/apache/apache2.4.9/conf/extra/httpd-ssl.conf:
Invalid command 'SSLCipherSuite', perhaps misspelled or defined by a module not included in the server configuration

That error is resolved by uncommenting this line
LoadModule ssl_module modules/mod_ssl.so

in httpd.conf.
Next I got this:
AH00526: Syntax error on line 74 of C:/wamp64/bin/apache/apache2.4.9/conf/extra/httpd-ssl.conf:
SSLSessionCache: 'shmcb' session cache not supported (known names: ). Maybe you need to load the appropriate socache module (mod_socache_shmcb?).

Which is resolved by uncommenting this line
LoadModule socache_shmcb_module modules/mod_socache_shmcb.so

in httpd.conf.
It should all work after that.
Comment: Great! That solved my same problem kmw042. Thank you.
Answer: Facts:
It is not possible to configure SSL on WampServer Version 2.4 at least not in reasonable amount of time.
Normal person shouldn't be interested in dealing with this, because this is not practical nor normal way to do things.
SSL on Wamp is basicaly SM machine so if you have some masochistic needs please proceed with this.
Comment: Some 3rd party APIs enforce SSL so unfortunately going through this process on a local dev box is actually required in some circumstances

How to install: OpenSSL + WAMP


Embed PPT in message body of email

Question: Is there anyway that i can embed PPT in message body of email & not send as an attachment
Comment: You want it COMPLETELY inside outlook or other services may help.
Comment: it would be good if COMPLETELY inside outlook, Is there any services that i can use?
Answer: There isn't really an easy way, but, the way I would do this is by clicking File > Save and send > Create Handouts.
This should create a picture of each slide in Microsoft Word.
I would then cut/copy and paste each picture to the body of the email.
Comment: thanks for answer, but i want that it should display as ppt for recipient rather than pictures
Answer: You can use Google Docs or SlideBoom to do the same, either upload it to Google Docs and use embed option to get the HTML code and Insert into the Email (Guides to insert HTML in outlook email below) or If you can host the PPT file somewhere on the internet (Direct link on a NON-secure connection) then You can use the Docs Presentation viewer to do the same with this code <iframe src="http://docs.google.com/gview?url=<ppt file URL here>&embedded=true" style="width:600px; height:500px;" frameborder="0">.
How to insert HTML into outlook Email:
How-to 1
How-to 2
You may also like to read this:
Embed powerpoint web html or flash
Hope this helps.
Answer: I know this is a very old article but you could also try this add-in for PowerPoint that does a "smart" export of slides to an Outlook Email using custom layout and style formatting:
Feature article : http://youpresent.co.uk/exporting-powerpoint-slides-outlook-email/
Add-In : http://youpresent.co.uk/office-add-ins/g-tools/
Disclaimer : the add-in (which has a free trial) is published by the company I work for.
Update 01JUL2015
Further to the add-in solution above, it is possible to manually embed a PowerPoint slide within the body of an email so that it's editable when double clicking the object. Note that non-Outlook recipients are unlikely to be able to view or edit the embedded slide.
To embed a slide:

Open PowerPoint
Select the Slide in the left hand side thumbnail view
Copy it to your clipboard using Ctrl+V
Open Outlook
Create a new email
Put the cursor in the body of the email
In the Outlook ribbon, click the Message tab
In the Clipboard group, click the Paste drop-down menu (bottom half of the button) and select Paste Special. You can also use the shortcut Ctrl+Alt+V
In the dialog that opens, click Microsoft PowerPoint Slide Object
Click OK

The slide will now appear within the email body in view mode and you either resize it or double-click it to switch to edit mode (you may have to accept a security message that begins with "Some objects contain viruses that can be harmful to your computer."). When done, just click anywhere else in the email to exit edit mode.
If there is interest, we may add this feature to our G-Tools add-in above.
Answer: I just had this problem and discovered that if I open the document in Adobe Reader and click on edit then snapshot I can define an area (I selected a whole page) to be copied.  Then I simply went to the open email and clicked on the message area and pasted the image using crt v. The other paste methods worked as well.

Embed PPT in message body of email


Drag end of track in Audacity

Question: How do I drag the end of a track, making it shorter or longer?
When the cursor looks like in this screenshot, I will only move a track (time shift).
Comment: What exactly do you want to achieve? Audacity is a quite simple program. If you want to shorten a clip, you need to cut it. If you want to make it longer... perhaps you should generate a silence clip at the end?
Comment: I want to drag the end resulting either in a shortened or a prolonged track with silence in the prolongation
Answer:
To shorten the clip choose selection tool (F1), select portion of the clip you want to remove and press Del key.
To add silence at the end, move cursor to the end of the clip (Shift+End), select menu Generate > Silence and choose length. If you want, you can then merge the two clips, by selecting the whole track and then: Edit > Clip Boundaries > Join

Drag end of track in Audacity


Are Categorical Imperatives neccessarily deontological?

Question: That if something is categorically imperative, that you have a duty to act from it regardless of convenience?
Comment: Aren't categorical imperatives the definition of something deontological? Isn't that the point? After all, these are moral rules that you must follow, regardless of consequences.
Comment: I believe so, but I came here for affirmation. Thanks for your comment.
Answer: Actually, that's not entirely clear... but it's just a question of how we define "deontological" rather than any deep philosophical thing. Contemporary ethical discussion seem to love the term as a contrast with consequentialist theories or virtue theories. Moreover, Kant could not have used the term because it did not exist until after he was dead.
Yes, the CI is such that it obligates the moral agent to perform its duty and since it relates duty to morality, it is "deontological".
But then if we look carefully,  doing your duty is not enough for Kant, the maxim of the action of your duty must be universalizable and in accordance with pure reason. There's a lot of hoops there, but to say it another way, if my duty were somehow to help an old lady across the street, I only do my duty for Kant when I help the old lady across the street from the motive of duty itself (rather than allowing some emotion or desire for praise to be the source of my duty).
This term is less helpful than the counterpart consequentialism, because different consequentialisms differ not primarily in the methods -- calculating the best consequence given some limitations but in the quantity that matters. Deontologies differ in the way that duty relates to morality at all (is it performance? is it rights-based? Are these duties we contract either through some social contract or as a condition of rational action in a world with multiple moral agents?) In many contexts, the differences in forms matter greatly.
Comment: I have absolutely no idea on that. I'm an expert in German modern philosophy and ethics with AOCs in Chinese philosophy and contemporary continental. I don't know anything about objectivism.
Comment: So could you have a deontology that is based on a hypothetical imperative?
Comment: @Akiva - You can have a deontology that has nothing to do with Kant's idea of a categorical imperative and thus nothing to do with a hypothetical one. I don't especially want venture a guess as to whether you could have one that is both an ethical principle and consistent with what Kant means by hypothetical syllogism. My sense is sure: you could have a duty to make yourself and others happy which would reflect a hypothetical syllogism.
Comment: That almost sounds like Objectivism. What do you think?
Comment: Thank you for your honesty. It is merely topical as I am currently engaged in a debate on the subject. Ayn Rand is somewhat famous for claiming that Immanuel Kant is the most evil man in history, and writes her understanding of his philosophy as antagonizing forces in her books. If you are interested: http://youtu.be/5ex-rVkOFHU?t=8m8s - My personal understandings is that she misunderstood Kant.


How do I add all Tweets to the Mountain Lion Notification Center?

Question: I love the Notification center gesture and would love to be able to glance at my full Twitter stream that way. How can I put all of Twitter into that notification area?
Answer: You can get the home timeline from the Twitter API and display tweets using terminal-notifier.
#!/usr/bin/env ruby -KU -rubygems

require 'twitter'
require 'cgi'

Twitter.configure do |config|
  config.consumer_key = ""
  config.consumer_secret = ""
  config.oauth_token = ""
  config.oauth_token_secret = ""
end

timeline = Twitter.home_timeline
first = timeline.first.id
previous = `defaults read me.lri.scripts nctwitter 2> /dev/null`.chomp
minid = previous == "" ? 0 : previous.to_i + 1
`defaults write me.lri.scripts nctwitter #{first}`

timeline.each do |tweet|
  break if tweet.id <= minid
  system("terminal-notifier", "-message", CGI.unescapeHTML(tweet.text),
  "-title", tweet.user.screen_name)
  # system("/usr/local/bin/growlnotify", "-t", tweet.user.screen_name,
  # "-m", CGI.unescapeHTML(tweet.text))
end

growlnotify would stack multiple notifications and not clip the text in long tweets.
The Twitter library can be installed with sudo gem install twitter.
You can run the script every minute by editing the crontab with EDITOR=nano crontab -e and adding a line like * * * * * ~/bin/nctwitter.

A recent update to Tweetbot added an option to send notifications for all tweets:
Comment: Nice listing! Wondering why you did come up with this when you actually believe it wouldn't make any sense :)
Answer: You can't get your Twitter stream in the Notification Center. Only those tweets that someone sends to you or those of the people you follow are sent to the Notification Center.
Answer: You could also use the Growl app which will show all tweets you are interested in.
Comment: Could you elaborate on your answer more? How would one set up Growl to do this, etc?


Example of execution which is sequentially consistent but not quiescently consistent

Question: In the context of correctness of concurrent programs, Sequential consistency is stronger condition than quiescent consistency according to The art of multiprocessor programming by Maurice Herlihy and Nir Shavit(chapter 3)
Authors also mention in 3.4.1 that there are sequentially consistent executions that are not quiescently consistent. I don't understand how. Could somebody throw a light or provide sample execution ?
Answer: Consider a queue (FIFO) to which you enqueue and dequeue elements.
From this dissertation about concurrency, I read (p.20):

An example of a scenario that is allowed in the sequential consistency
model and disallowed in the quiescent consistency model is shown in
Figure 2.1. Two processes share a concurrent queue data structure. The
first process enqueues x. At some non-overlapping subsequent interval,
a second process enqueues y. Finally the second process performs a
dequeue and receives y. This example is sequentially consistent but is
not quiescently consistent, assuming that the time between enqueue
operations falls outside the quiescence interval.
Figure 2.1:
<code>T1:  --- enq(x) ---------------------------
T2:  ------------- enq(y) ---- deq():y ----
</code>
This history is permitted by sequential consistency, can be either
permitted or forbidden by quiescent consistency, and is forbidden by
linearizable consistency.

If you assume that between the two enqueue the queue was quiescent, then T2 should see the changes from T1, and the dequeue should return x. If you assume there was no quiescent interval between the two enqueues, then two enqueues can be reorderd as you wish, and deq():y is consistent.
Comment: Can the following execution be an example of  "Quiescently consistent but not sequentially consistent"?  T1:--enq(x)---------enq(y)------------________________________________________________ T2:-------deq(y)--------------|----deq(x)-_______________________________________________  This execution is clearly not sequentially consistent. However, if we conveniently take quiescent interval at **|** then, we could reorder two enq()s of T1 and it will be quiescently consistent. @ewernli, Do you think this explanation makes sense ?
Comment: I think so, based on my understanding of quiescence consistency. But that's a novel form of consistency to me as well, I learned it yesterday :)
Comment: @ewernli is the reason this is considered sequential consistency that enq(y) deq():y enq(x) is a possible sequential execution sequence? I.E it is still valid in program order.
Comment: @william - sequential consistency just requires that in the execution, the operations issued by each thread must be in program order - their interleaving is not controlled. Therefore, the example you provide is indeed a valid sequentially consistent execution.
Comment: @ewernli - thank you for posting the example from Spiegel's thesis (and thank you to him as well!). I had to go back to my Herlihy and Shavit book and re-read quiescent consistency. The key is that each quiescence period orders the operations that happened before the period from those that happen after.


When will I encounter UK border control

Question: If I am traveling from NY to Mumbai, via London, what are all the possibilities/reasons that may cause me to go through UK border control? Eg: Changing terminal? Eg: Rechecking luggage? Anything else?
Comment: Changing airport? Flight cancelled with an overnight stay until the next one? Illness?
Answer:
Claiming luggage (but there is an airside luggage check in Terminal 5
if you have additional luggage to check in London)
Changing airport
Flight is cancelled/delayed and you have to leave because the airport
is closing for the night (there is a procedure for this, you will be
allowed out)
Getting arrested (but the border formalities will be skipped, I think, in this instance)

As I said in your other question, you can move between terminals freely without crossing the UK border. You can ride the buses all day if you like.
Comment: @JavaDeveloper I don't think it is public information, perhaps because it could be seen as a way into the UK. You will discuss with the assistance desk if the need arises. If the airport is closing, special procedures will allow you to leave the airport, unless you are considered exceptionally high risk (I have heard of a guy getting locked in a disused office overnight).
Comment: Flight is cancelled/delayed and you have to leave because the airport is closing for the night (there is a procedure for this, you will be allowed out). Thanks ! Can you please append with some hyperlink of the procedure ?
Comment: @Calchas Isn't one of the terminals open overnight? Or has that finished now that T1 has closed?
Comment: There's only about a 4 hour window between the last flight leaving in the evening and the first one getting in.  I once stayed in T4 overnight, because I had an international flight at 5:30 am, so had to be there at 3:30 - and didn't fancy paying for a taxi, so I took the tube arriving to the airport around midnight and headed into T4.  While pretty much everything was closed, I just spent the next few hours on the bench reading or watching videos on the ipad. Once or twice security came over and asked me what I was doing, but nothing more.  And this was landside. Airside must be the same.
Comment: @AleksG Terminal 5 airside is not open overnight.

When will I encounter UK border control


Drop voltage in wire

Question: Hi I have hup swich that have converter 5 v 600 mamp in length wire 30 meter it work and shut off but I bring converter 1000 mamp and it work good ,what the drop or lost power ? By the way in utp cat 5 pumped power in
Comment: Welcome to EE.SE, Omar. It appears that English is not your first language. Can you get someone to help you with writing the question? (We can't understand what you are asking.) Use "mA", not "mamp". What is a "hup swich"?
Answer: (I am really juts guessing what you tried to ask there)
Lets assume 0.1 Ohm/m for a good CAT5 cable.
30m x 0.1 Ohm/m = 3 Ohm
Voltage drops:
V = 600mA * 3 Ohm = 1.8V
V = 1000mA * 3 Ohm = 3V
The voltage drop gets just too high for your 5V device to work.
Answer: Correct me if I understood your question wrong: You're powering a network hub with two different 5 V AC/DC converters through 30 meters of wire, one rated at 1000 mA that works fine and a 500 mA one that makes the hub turn off.
Have you considered that the hub simply draws so much current that the DC voltage at the jack drops below the minimum with the weaker adapter? It's not hard to test that with a multimeter.

Drop voltage in wire


Warning: set_error_handler() expects parameter 2 to be integer, string given in bin/magento on line 21

Question: I have ungraded my Magento 2.2.x Store to Magento 2.3. After upgrade everything was working fine. I have observed a new issue in PHP CLI.
Once I run any CLI command I am getting PHP Warning Like below:
bin/magento indexer:reindex
Warning: set_error_handler() expects parameter 2 to be integer, string given in bin/magento on line 21

After that command works properly.
I am using the correct PHP CLI version: PHP 7.2.15 (cli)
I have no idea how this new warning get occurred and how to fix this.
Also I observed that a log file get created on my root folder with php_error log where the above warning is getting appended.
Can someone help me in fixing this issue?
Comment: please check my answer.
Answer: try this command
php56 bin/magento setup:upgrade

php version 5.6 which is required in Magento 2. Hope this would help


Why aren't companies calling their 7%+ notes if interest rates are so low?

Question: Here's an example of a corporate fixed income issue: GOM. General Motors Acceptance is paying 7.375%. It's callable at $25, which is right around where it's trading. (That's par.) Since interest rates are at historic lows, couldn't they find cheaper money? Every month I expect them to call it but they don't. Here's another one: GMA. Paying 7.3% and trading right around par.
Comment: Obviously their credit rating stinks.
Comment: They would be employing the capital to generate a rate of return more than what they have to pay. And to take out all the investment just to repay the loan would be much more costly than paying the interest on the bond.
Answer: GMA would call back the notes provided they are able to find alternative funds at cheaper rates.
Yes you are right the interest rates are at all time low ... however not one would lend me a Billion dollars, people have to trust me that I would be able to return the funds ... even if I am willing to pay 50% interest per annum, I would not get the funds ...
Similarly GMA notes are unsecured notes, not backed by any assets. Further there is history to it ... in short today GMA is not in a position to get a cheaper funds available to them ... the day they get it, they will call in the older notes and maybe issues new notes or get some other form of funding


I would like to unzip as different file name

Question: Ok i need to extract a zip archive named 'example.zip' but i would like to extract it as a different file name, not 'example' being my folder name, how could i extract a zip archive using unzip called 'example.zip' and extract it as the folder name 'examplefold'
Answer: By default, unzip extracts the content of the archive directly into the current directory.
You can specify a different target directory where to extract the files using the -d option:
unzip example.zip -d /path/to/wherever/you/want/the/archive/to/get/extracted

Or if the archive itself contains a folder example which you want to extract to the current directory, but with a different name, you must manually rename it to examplefold afterwards:
unzip example.zip && mv example examplefold

Comment: if there exists a `example` folder already then does this work?
Answer: Assume that you have some zip files with these names:
2.zip, 25.zip, 45.zip, ..., 10352.zip

Also, in each zip file there is a folder which is called tmp. I will write a bash file (say zz.sh) with this content:
for zipName in 2 25 45 65 85 110 264 1000 10352
do
    unzip $zipName.zip
    mv tmp tmp_$zipName
done

Then run the file by:
bash zz.sh


Discolored tomato plant leaves

Question: First off, I'm new here so not exactly sure if I'm adding pictures or adding the description correctly. Some of the leaves on my tomato plants look like they're starting to turn yellow. The back of the leaves look fine to me. This is not affecting all of my leaves just a few on every one of my tomato plants. These plants are planted separately in  5 gallon fabric plant pots. They were initially started indoors but put outside about 1 1/2 months ago. I live in NH and the weather has been rainy without much sun, although they are on my balcony with a roof.
Thank you in advance.
Comment: Are the yellow leaves the lowest ones on the plant? If so, you are not feeding enough, and the plant is "recycling" the lower leaves to feed the tip growth. Either that or it is too cold, which inhibits the roots taking up nutrients from the soil. This cause isn't a "disease" but obviously the plants are not growing as strongly as they could be. Use high-potash feed marketed specifically for tomatoes.
Comment: The yellow leaves aren't really the lowest ones, some are the lowest leaves and some are the middle and the top leaves. It seems like the older leaves are the ones turning yellow and the new ones look beautiful. Hopefully the new ones don't turn yellow also. I will try the high-potash feed, thank you!
Answer: It looks like Magnesium deficiency to me. But it is hard to say without seeing the whole plant. See this link for nutrient deficiencies in tomato plants. Epsom salt can help for a quick dose of Mg.

Discolored tomato plant leaves


Borderlands: share/swap guns with players in co-op?

Question: Is it possible to share or swap guns with other players in borderlands? If one player drops a gun, can another player pick it up?
Answer: Yes, you can share pretty much anything in your inventory except your cash, which is automatically split evenly between players when you pick it up anyway. Loot is not assigned ingame at all.
Note: If you decide to swap items with a friend ingame, make sure you hit a save point before you exit your game if you're not the host, or else it will not be saved in your inventory. If your friend then does hit a save point and the game saves that they do not have the item anymore, it'll be lost in the void and you can't get it back.
Comment: ouch. Don't want to lose guns... thanks for that advice. Might try it with some cheap useless guns before trying to trade anything really good.


Magento 2 - Between "Rest" and "Soap", Which is better then one?

Question: Between "Rest" and "Soap" API, Which is better then one ?
I have some cases below:
1) Apply for mobile app call web-service.
2) Apply for desktop app call web-service.
3) Apply for web app call web-service.
Of course, In magento 2, I need to know:
1) How to config only use only one "Rest" or "Soap"?
2) How to create new web-service ?
Thanks!
Answer: If you use static typed approach than use SOAP. In other cases use Rest.
Currently all services available over Rest and SOAP transport, you cannot configure this.
To create new service you need create service interface and expose it through configuration. See official documentation for it.
Answer: Smaller learning curve => REST
Fast and Adapt to Programings => REST
Answer: There is no definitive answer as to which is better, REST or SOAP, as it ultimately depends on your specific use case and requirements. Here are some points to consider when deciding which to use:
REST (Representational State Transfer) is a simple, lightweight, and flexible architecture that is well-suited for building APIs that expose resources and enable communication over HTTP. REST APIs are easy to understand and use, and they are widely supported by a variety of platforms and languages.

SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) is a more heavy-duty protocol that was designed to support complex, enterprise-level applications. SOAP uses XML to encode its messages, which makes it more verbose and less efficient than REST. However, SOAP has a number of features that make it well-suited for certain use cases, such as its ability to support multiple encoding styles, its built-in error handling, and its support for WS-* (Web Services) extensions.

Here are some considerations for each of your specific use cases:
If you are building a mobile app that needs to call a web service, REST is probably the better choice. REST is simple, lightweight, and easy to use, which makes it well-suited for mobile app development.

If you are building a desktop app that needs to call a web service, either REST or SOAP could be a good choice, depending on your specific requirements. If you need a more feature-rich and complex API, SOAP might be the better choice. If you need a simple, lightweight API, REST might be a better fit.

If you are building a web app that needs to call a web service, either REST or SOAP could be a good choice, depending on your specific requirements. Again, if you need a more feature-rich and complex API, SOAP might be the better choice. If you need a simple, lightweight API, REST might be a better fit.

As for configuring Magento 2 to use only one type of API (either REST or SOAP), you can follow these steps:
In the Magento admin panel, go to Stores > Settings > Configuration.
In the left-hand menu, expand the Services section and click on SOAP/XML-RPC Roles.
In the API Roles Settings section, set the "API Role Resources" field to either "All" or "Custom".
If you set the field to "Custom", you can then use the checkboxes to select which API resources should be available.
Click on the Save Config button to save your changes.

To create a new web service in Magento 2, you can follow these steps:
In the Magento admin panel, go to System > Web Services > SOAP/XML-RPC - Roles.
Click on the Add New Role button.
Enter a name for the role and a description (optional).
In the Role Resources section, use the checkboxes to select the resources that should be available to the role.
Click on the Save Role button to save the new role.

I hope this helps!
Answer: Comparing SOAP vs REST API, SOAP only works with XML formats whereas REST work with plain text, XML, HTML and JSON.

SOAP needs more bandwidth for its usage whereas REST doesn't need much bandwidth

(Dis-)advantages of SOAP:

well-defined web-service
has pre-built standards (SOAPv1, SOAPv2, SOAPv2 WS-I)
works well in enterprise environments (due to standards)
some tools can be automated by using the WSDL
heavyweight compared to REST.

(Dis-)advantages of REST:

easier to use
more flexible
smaller learning curve
effictient/lightweight compared to SOAP
no defined web-service structure (no WSDL)
Answer: When to use REST?
One of the most highly debatable topics is when REST should be used or when to use SOAP while designing web services. Below are some of the key factors that determine when REST and SOAP API technology should be used for web services REST services should be used in the following instances,

Limited resources and bandwidth – Since SOAP messages are heavier in
content and consume a far greater bandwidth, REST should be used in
instances where network bandwidth is a constraint.
Statelessness – If there is no need to maintain a state of
information from one request to another then REST should be used. If
you need a proper information flow wherein some information from one
request needs to flow into another then SOAP is more suited for that
purpose. We can take the example of any online purchasing site.
These sites normally need the user first to add items which need to
be purchased to a cart. All of the cart items are then transferred
to the payment page in order to complete the purchase. This is an
example of an application which needs the state feature. The state
of the cart items needs to be transferred to the payment page for
further processing.
Caching – If there is a need to cache a lot of requests then REST is
the perfect solution. At times, clients could request for the same
resource multiple times. This can increase the number of requests
which are sent to the server. By implementing a cache, the most
frequent queries results can be stored in an intermediate location.
So whenever the client requests for a resource, it will first check
the cache. If the resources exist then, it will not proceed to the
server. So caching can help in minimizing the amount of trips which
are made to the web server.
Ease of coding – Coding REST Services and subsequent implementation
is far easier than SOAP. So if a quick win solution is required for
web services, then REST is the way to go.

When to use SOAP?

SOAP should be used in the following instances, Asynchronous
processing and subsequent invocation – if there is a requirement
that the client needs a guaranteed level of reliability and security
then the new SOAP standard of SOAP 1.2 provides a lot of additional
features, especially when it comes to security.
A Formal means of communication – if both the client and server have
an agreement on the exchange format then SOAP 1.2 gives the rigid
specifications for this type of interaction. An example is an online
purchasing site in which users add items to a cart before the
payment is made. Let's assume we have a web service that does the
final payment. There can be a firm agreement that the web service
will only accept the cart item name, unit price, and quantity. If
such a scenario exists then, it's always better to use the SOAP
protocol.
Stateful operations – if the application has a requirement that
state needs to be maintained from one request to another, then the
SOAP 1.2 standard provides the WS* structure to support such
requirements.

Challenges(Limitation with the SOAP API)

WSDL file – One of the key challenges of the SOAP API is the WSDL
document itself. The WSDL document is what tells the client of all
the operations that can be performed by the web service. The WSDL
document will contain all information such as the data types being
used in the SOAP messages and what all operations are available via
the web service. The below code snippet is just part of a sample
WSDL file.
Document size – The other key challenge is the size of the SOAP
messages which get transferred from the client to the server.
Because of the large messages, using SOAP in places where bandwidth
is a constraint can be a big issue.

Challenges in REST API

Lack of Security – REST does not impose any sort of security like
SOAP. This is why REST is very appropriate for public available
URL's, but when it comes down to confidential data being passed
between the client and the server, REST is the worst mechanism to be
used for web services.
Lack of state – Most web applications require a stateful mechanism.
For example, if you had a purchasing site which had the mechanism of
having a shopping cart, it is required to know the number of items
in the shopping cart before the actual purchase is made.
Unfortunately, the burden of maintaining this state lies with the
client, which just makes the client application heavier and
difficult to maintain.


Is Hann-windowing applicable when calculating a DTFT?

Question: I have read that people often use a zero-padded DFT with Hann-windowing to get the amplitude+phase information at one frequency (where the Hann window is used to reduce the effect of a small/finite sample size). Does it make sense to use this kind of windowing if I just do a DTFT at the frequency of interest? I want to use a DTFT because it doesn't do unnecessary computations for frequencies that I am not interested in.
Comment: Why do you need a continuous-frequency result (which is what the DTFT gives you)? The [Goertzel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goertzel_algorithm) algorithm and this [answer](https://dsp.stackexchange.com/a/34216/63763) might be of particular interest to you.
Comment: I stated this in the description. The DFT calculates information about other frequencies as well, which I am not interested in. I am using the DTFT for efficient computation and less memory usage.
Answer: Yes and no.
Windows are typically used to manage truncation or periodic discontinuities. In theory, the DTFT doesn't have these problems since you are summing from $-\infty$ to $+\infty$ so you have infinite frequency resolution.
However, in practice you can't calculate an infinite sum though. If your input signal has infinite support, than you need to truncate it somehow (in which case a window could be helpful). If it has finite support, than it has infinite bandwidth and you can's sample it without aliasing. Pick your poison.
The only exceptions are signal that have infinite support and are periodic. That's exactly what the DFT is all about.
Comment: Any signal I will work with is a sampled (finite-length) time series. In my case the underlying measurand is periodic. Will Hann-windowing when calculated a DTFT in this case bias the phase information in the signal?
Comment: Of course different windows are different.  So they will affect the DTFT result differently.  But I would say, off hand, that there is no reason why a Hann window or any other decent, even-symmetry window ***centered at*** $x[0]$ should affect the phase of your sinusoid adversely.


What does align edges option do in different shapes tool in Photoshop?

Question: When we select any shape tool say rounded rectangle tool then we get an option to align edges. My question is what does that option do?
Comment: Welcome Hitesh! Thanks for posting your question. Unfortunately, GD.SE is not designed to handle issues regarding technical support or basic software education. If you are seeking technical assistance with an application, please try the application manufacture's web site. If you are seeking to learn how to accomplish something within an application, please review the application help files or try an internet search with your question or an internet search for a tutorial. We are confident you will find answers.
Answer: This is to align or distribute your shape with other shapes on different layers. Create 3 shapes, select all, and click on the various align tools to understand what they do. you can align to the document or relative to shapes/layers.


How Was This Isometric Vector-looking Video Made?

Question: I'm dying to find out how this beautiful video was made - what program produces these semi-3D animated marketing pieces?  There are flat lines curving around text content in a fixed camera view...it looks very unlike 3D Studio Max or something, that would be using lighting and moving camera angles etc.
http://vimeo.com/92630207
Answer: As this is mostly hand drawn animated vector graphics you could do these kind of videos in most 2D animation software. Lighting in this case isn't rendered by the program but painted by the artist.
In most cases this would be done in Adobe After Effects as it offer very sophisticated timeline animation tools and works very well with vector graphics. There are also still quite a few people using Adobe Flash for these kind of animations.
You are not limited to these two software options though, you can definitely do this in Apple Motion or Sony Vegas aswell.
An artist would draw the single elements for the video in a vector graphics program like Illustrator or Inkscape and then these would be animated in a 2D animation software package like mentioned above.
You might want to have a look at this article from the maker of this specific video, it explains the design process quite well: https://www.behance.net/gallery/CBRE-Animated-Infographics/15921655
Comment: It is also possible that some of the parts could be using the basic 3d capabilities of After Effects itself, but I concur that it is most likely AE.
Comment: Sure it might animate in 3D space. Though the animated footage is definitely 2D.
Comment: Thank you for the detailed answer.  The article you linked to is where I initially found the video.  He does describe some of the process, but not his tools or workflow.  You can see my comment in there asking how he did it, but I received no answer :)  Well that does it, time to learn me some After Effects!!!  Thanks again guys.


Converting a frozen production symfony project back to development project

Question: I need some advice on going about converting a production version of a symfony project which is in frozen state back to a development state so I can work on the project locally. I need to do this because I'm having to download the latest working copy from the server down onto my personal macbook so that I can work on some files over this evening and the SVN is currently not to the latest revision and I don't have the latest copy on here!
Thanks in advance to all who help.
Answer: presumly ./symfony project:unfreeze doesn't help? I've not used freeze, so not fully familiar with what it does.


boot loop with complete(write) faliure

Question: My phone has been rooted with custom ROM resurrection remix 5.8.4. it is a samsung galaxy s4 mini gt 19190. it is stuck in a boot loop in both normal and in twrp recovery mode. i tried changing my recover and my firmware but they show this complete(write) faliure
Comment: This isn't really a question, more of a statement of facts as you understand them... what are you asking, how it happened, how to restore it to stock, how to boot TWRP, or something else?
Comment: Most likely, you will need to restore to stock with ODIN/Heimdall, and if that doesn't work then the device's internal storage chip has likely failed and the handset will need to be retired/replaced or have the mainboard replaced (which is often more expensive or difficult than replacing the device, especially on of this age).
Answer: Go to Recovery and do "Wipe" or "Factory Reset"
it should solve the problem

boot loop with complete(write) faliure


Android proper clean up/disposing

Question: Is there a way to "clean up" objects and other variables you create? Or are they automatically disposed of or do I have this whole concept wrong? What is the proper way to go about doing this? I am trying to avoid the GC as much as possible.
Answer: The only way to cleanup in an GC language with no memory management is the GC . You can force GC but its not recommended , the GC is pretty good , to be more proactive set objects to null for the GC to clean up.
Addition:
Also try to make objects as local as possible , that way they are GCed as they scope out.
Answer: Calling System.gc() will force Garbage Collection to happen.
There is a system counting references to objects you create. If you are looping a lot and creating lots of objects you will create periods of time where they pile up. The system will collect the garbage when your processor is not doing anything, or it will wait till you need more free memory before collection occurs. If you have been processing for some time, you will experience hiccups in your performance due to Garbage Collection happening during your processes.
Please view this page and search for "Garbage Collection"
http://developer.android.com/guide/practices/design/performance.html
NOTE: Anything created with an Application Context will live until the end of the application execution. Anything created with an Activity Context will live until the end of the activity. This two situations can cause memory leaks!
Answer: For a more complete answer specific to Android:
Make sure you review the application lifecycle for android.  It will help you avoid activity leaks in Android.
Answer: For the most part they are cleaned up as long as you do not maintain a reference to the object (variable). Something's like cursor's and bitmap's though need to be closed before they can be deleted to prevent memory leaks.
I don't think you have to worry about the GC as long as your object creation is not over the top. Note: GC is a part of java. You can't avoid it.
Addendum 1: If you really are that worried about it, you could reuse variables. That way you keep object creation to a minimum, but in so doing you will lose that variable and will be unable to store a wide range of data.
Answer: Android's activities have onDestroy() method. You can use this method to close open connections or dialogs or close some pending tasks.
You could also read about Java GC to get a more proper understanding of it. I would recommend SCJP book, Garbage collection chapter. It explains well when an object becomes eligible for garbage collection.
Comment: I believe OP is talking about objects ont activities. As a general rule, you shouln NOT call your activities onDestroy() method. Just let the OS handle it.

Android proper clean up/disposing


Email Alerts to Customers using Work Flow processes

Question: Creating a work flow email alert. Would like to send out to customers email found in opportunity under contact roles. Currently, the only options are to select from drop down recipient type. Is there a way to do this by selecting "role" or would custom coding need to be written?
Answer: The Opportunity Contacts aren't available for Workflow Rules, BUT you could create a flow send an email to each contact that is listed in the roles and have it record as an activity on the Opp (Email Alerts do not have tracking visibility).  If that might work for you, depending on the criteria for the email to be sent I would try the following:
Create a flow with the following:

sObject variable (var) for the Opporutnity (ref as: thisOpp) sObject
Collection var for the Opportunity Contact Role records OppContacts
sObject var for the Contact record we are emailing Contact2Email
sObject Collection for the emailed contacts EmailedContacts Text
Template for the EMail Body (this can have formatting), EmailBody
Text Template for Email Subject, EmailSubject
Text Template for Fault Email, FaultEmail
Text Template for Fault Subject, FaultSubject

Creating the flow

Create a Loop Record to lookup the opportunity that has the Contacts associated with it that we need to contact.  I will reference this variable as  thisOpp. On the Record Lookup, select the field values of the Opp that you will want to reference in your flow or templates, at a minimum you need the Id
Now lookup the OpportunityContactRole record where the Opp Id = thisOpp and add them to the OppContacts sObject Colleciton with the OppId, ContactId, and any fields necessary
Use the decision element to decide whether or not there are OppContacts in our collection
If there are, go to a Loop, where you will be looping through the OppContacts to create a Contact2Email sObject
Now lookup the contacts that have the Id = the Contact2Email's ContactId
When emailing a collection, only 5 people can be emailed at a time.  Now seeing as there is no limit on the # of Contact roles I would use the Send Email here, emailingh individual contacts using "Send Email".  Use the text template EMailBody for the body and EmailSubject for the Subject
Add an Assignment element to assign the contact that was in the email to a Collection called EmailedContact
Then connect back to the Loop to complete the circle and loop through & email the other records
Before saving and exiting your flow, make sure you create a "Send Email" and connect all of your lookup elements to it with the text templates FaultEmail and FaultSubject so if a fault occurs, you are notified

Create Process

In setup under workflow rules go to process Start the Process on the
opp to only go through the process 1x
Set your criteria for what on an Opp qualifies for the email send
For your action, launch the flow you just made

and there you go, although I have not had the chance to test, this might at least get you started on options to email the Opportunity Contact Role Contacts with workflow.  I made a mockup for you in my dev org to give you a visual of my idea.
Answer: Unless OpportunityContactRole shows up for you, which is something I've never seen, the answer would be no. Roles generally refer to User. Instead, I'd expect to see what you're looking for under Related Contacts.
I don't have access to a production org right now with Opportunities in it to check for you, but that's where what you're looking for should be. Otherwise, you'd have to specify a specific Email Address which is obviously not what you want.


Data about olive fruits, oil, pomace

Question: I would like to get the large data set of polyphenols content and antioxidant activity in olive fruits, oil and pomace. Ideally from different countries. Is anyone aware if such data is available?
Answer: Have you looked into the USDA Food Composition Database (https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/) and The Canadian Nutrient File (http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/nutrition/fiche-nutri-data/index-eng.php)? Both contain nutrient data about many foods, and it's likely that the ones you are looking for are represented there in some form.
Comment: Thank you. This are good resources. There are displayed data of content of compounds as one averaged  number and I would like to have a diversity by countries.
Comment: Please share if you find similar datasets for other countries - would be useful to know where it is :-)

Data about olive fruits, oil, pomace


Gauging discrete symmetries

Question: I read somewhere what performing an orbifolding (i.e. imposing a discrete symmetry on what would otherwise be a compactification torus) is equivalent to "gauging the discrete symmetry". Can anybody clarify this statement in any way? In particular what does it mean to gauge a discrete symmetry if no gauge bosons and no covariant derivatives are introduced?
Answer: I think I got the answer now. The main idea is this: When we gauge continuous symmetries we identify all the states  $$A^\mu=A^\mu+\partial^\mu\chi$$ (which are continuously many) as a unique physical state.
When we gauge a discrete symmetry (let's assume it's generated by $\theta$) we identify all the states
$$|\Psi\rangle=\theta^n|\Psi\rangle$$
where $n=1,\ldots N-1$ and $N$ is the order of the discrete symmetry group. So we identify a finite number of states as a unique physical state. This is exactly what we do when we are orbifolding.
Comment: Gauging a discrete symmetry means you only keep the states that are invariant under the discrete group. The ones which are not invariant, you throw them out.

Gauging discrete symmetries


Why does having more coils in a wire increase the current?

Question: When electricity is passed in a solenoid it makes an electromagnet. But the more current you want the solenoid has to have more coils have to be there. But we know that more coils increase resistance. So how can this resistant wire coil let more current flow?
Comment: Are you talking about mutual inductance? Your question is unclear.
Comment: Having more coils **does not** increase current. It increases the magnetic field.
Answer: To increase the current flowing through the electromagnet you would simply increase output voltage of your PSU.
However I suspect this is not what you are talking about in your question.
One could say that magnetic field of a solenoid depends on two parameters - electric current $I$ and the number of wire turns per unit length $n$:
$$B = \mu n I$$
I think you really are talking about the product $n I$, which corresponds to electric current flowing through the solenoid per unit length.
Perhaps an example could help.
Let's assume you have made a $10cm$ long solenoid by winding a copper wire around a cylinder in a single layer.
If you took a $1mm$ wire, the solenoid would have approximately 100 turns with turn density 10 turns per cm.
Your have a current source in your disposal, which outputs $I_0 = 1A$ at all times.
If you hook it up to the solenoid, $I=1A$ will flow through the wire.
In terms of current per unit length it equals 10 Amperes per cm.
You can calculate the magnetic field inside the solenoid using the formula above.
What would happen if you took another piece of the same wire and added another layer of turns to the solenoid, then connected it in series with the original solenoid? Your current source would still manage to push $I=1A$
 though the winding, roughly at 2 times higher voltage then before.
The linear density of electric current ($\frac{A}{cm}$) would have increased by a factor of 2, since now you have 20 turns of wire per length cm: electric current flowing through that 1cm of solenoid is now $20\times 1A$ instead of $10 A$ in the previous case.
Now the magnetic field inside your solenoid has also increased by a factor of 2.
I hope the above makes some sense to you.
Edit: It is imperative that you add another layer of turns to the solenoid, not increase its length.
Additional turns at the end of the solenoid will only significantly increase the field of a short but wide coil, not that of a rather long solenoid.
Answer: It is true that resistance increases with wire length, but the resistance of a conducting wire is usually very small so as to make this increase in resistance negligible.  Even accounting for this, a conductor in a circuit will always allows current to flow, so adding more turns to the coil results in a proportional increase in the number of current loops contributing to the net magnetic field.  The coil may heat a little more because if the added resistance, but this is never an obstacle to increasing the magnetic field.
Comment: How does increasing the number of coils increase the current? You wrote that increasing the length of wire increases resistance, which reduces current.
Comment: @sammygerbil clarified my answer (I hope) following your comment.
Comment: How is it that the resistance of a conducting wire is usually very small so as to make this increase in resistance negligible. When we know that inside a incandescent light bulb the tungsten wire is coiled up and this resistance is so much that it is used to create heat and light in the bulb.
Comment: This is an interesting observation.  However, the wiring inside an incandescent bulb is designed to become very hot as to glow, whereas normal wiring does not (otherwise houses would immediately be set on fire by the electrical wiring).   Hopefully when you buy longer wires (to connect the speakers of your hifi system or for cabling your DVD player) you do not see glowing wires or a significant decrease in the quality of the signal, illustrating the difference between the use of wires to transmit currents or generate magnetic fields, and the use of wires as part of an incandescent bulb.
Answer: I think I have the answer. As the number of coils are increased the magnetic field will become stronger, because each coil has its own magnetic field, so the more coils there are the more field lines there are which means it would be a stronger electromagnet. The electromagnet will become stronger if we add more coils because there are more field lines in a loop then there is in a straight piece of wire. In a solenoid there are a lot of loops and they are concentrated in the middle, as more loops are added the field lines get larger, therefore making the electromagnet stronger. The magnetic field becomes stronger because the magnetic field around a wire is circular and vertical to the wire, but the magnet fields from each of the turns in the coil add together, so the total magnetic field is much stronger. The magnetic field around a solenoid is much stronger than a bar magnets because each coil acts like a magnet when a current is passed through it, when the coils are repeated several times it is like having several mini magnets in a row, making it more stronger than bar magnet.
I cant take credit for this answer, so here is the link http://www.markedbyteachers.com/as-and-a-level/science/how-does-the-number-of-coils-on-an-electromagnet-affect-its-strength-1.html


Need some help in bit error rate calculation for QPSK when using Gray coding

Question: Why is Probability of Bit Error = 2 times the Probability of Symbol Error in QPSK with Gray Coding. Is it because one bit error has the potential to cause two symbol errors (2 symbols where they differ by 1 bit from the original symbol being sent) ? Or there is a more rigorous mathematical proof ?
Answer: No, it's because one channel symbol affects two adjacent payload bits.


Dynamic stops when shorten section

Question: When I shorten the sections so I can get the input (slider bar) and out put on the page, Dynamic no longer works. Dynamic only works if you keep all the sections open. Is this a bug or is this supposed to happen?
Comment: It's supposed to, Dynamic is only taken care of if it is visible.
Answer: I thought this info is somewhere on top of tutorials or a Dynamic documentation, it isn't so let me add this answer:
tutorial / AdvancedDynamicFunctionality / Automatic Updates of Dynamic Objects

[...]
Dynamic outputs are only updated when they are visible on screen.
[...]
Outputs that are scrolled off-screen, above or below the current document position, will be left unexamined until the next time they are scrolled on-screen, at which point they are updated before being displayed.
(Thus the fact that they stopped updating is not normally apparent, unless they have side effects, which is discouraged in general.)

The last sentence means that it is discouraged to do something like
Dynamic[calculations and result]

You should design your GUI such way that you only have Dynamic[result] while calculations are triggered by something stable, like events in EventHandler, Buttons or other controllers. Or even NotebookDynamicExpressions.
Answer: Try to shorten the input only by double-clicking on the output, NOT input, "cell designator" or whatever those lines on the right are called. Make sure you double-click on the leftmost one, i.e. the output cell designator. I think, this way, your Dynamic stays active.
Comment: I see, let me see if I can figure out how to keep it activated. I think they might have an option for it.

Dynamic stops when shorten section


Is rudder deflection sufficient to maintain directional control on the runway at high speed, or is nose wheel steering needed?

Question: If a fighter jet veers off the runaway, is nosewheel steering needed to counter, or can directional control be maintained with the rudder deflection alone?  Is there a chance that the rudder deflection alone won't be enough to change the aircraft direction?  Is there a speed zone or gap were the rudder deflection is not aerodynamically available, while at the same time steering of the front landing gear is ineffective due to loss of friction?  Or does the max speed for nosewheel steering and minimum speed for rudder effectiveness overlap each other?
Comment: I just made some pretty major edits to capture what I think you are asking, because I think it is a good question, (as I interpreted it...) and doesn't deserve to be closed.  George, I realize that English is your second language, but you should really try to get some help with your basic grammar before making a public post on an English language site.  It can be very difficult sometimes to figure out what you are asking.
Comment: Are you asking of rudder authority vs directional wheel authority during taxi, takeoff or landing rolls?
Comment: Exactly ,and if dead zones are between this two.
Comment: you could include relevant terms in the question (rudder authority, steering wheel authority, take off roll, taxi, and/or landing roll).
Answer: There is some overlap in effectiveness, and therefore no real magic number, but most aircraft that don't have full time nosewheel steering will have some published airspeed at which one will be favored over the other.  For example, in the EA-6B it was 80 KIAS.  On take off roll you would hold the nosewheel steering button on the control stick down to maintain directional control with the nose wheel.  Accellerating through 80 KIAS it was a call-out to release the NWS button and rely on the rudder effectiveness to keep control up to rotation at around 145 KIAS.  The reason for this was not because the nosewheel was less effective due to less friction, (traction) but rather there was a risk of overcontrolling steering at higher speeds.
Comment: There's no single correct answer because it depends on the airplane and amount of crosswind, but I have never had to use differential braking because neither NWS nor rudder were enough.
Comment: Thanks for your time , now if the crosswind  comes in to play have the rudder deflection the power to overcome that ,or the differential brake control the aircraft ?
Comment: That's a good idea for me to work with.
Comment: @Michael Hall: While my experience is limited to single-engine propellor planes, I'd have to wonder if that's really even an answerable question.  I mean I don't actually think about what I'm doing, I just do it.  Like riding a bike...
Comment: @jamesqf, yes, with full time NWS it really doesn't matter - you simply react with your feet appropriately while deflecting both rudder and nosewheel.  You really don't know or care which on is having the greater effect.  However, in a jet the sensitivity needed to turn sharply at slow taxi speeds is way to much for the much faster take off and landing speeds.  For this reason, the switch is generally springloaded to the disengaged position and must be held down to engage steering.  So I think the question is answerable.  As I interpreted it...
Answer: Yes, the steerable nosewheel and the rudder always work together.  They both contribute a yaw torque in the same direction.  As to your question about a speed regime where neither is effective-- I can't really answer that from first-hand knowledge across the entire aircraft design spectrum but it seems that the answer must be "no" in most cases or else the aircraft in question would not survive for long.


Unable to create sharing rules on Adoption Request object

Question: Salesforce showing like mentioned in picture.
Answer: I assume that is a custom object of yours? In the section above your highlighted area, it says that the OWD's are "Controlled by Parent". That is why you cannot set sharing rules: whoever can see the parent record will be able to see the children adoption request records (provided they have access to the adoption request object).
What is it exactly that you want to do? What does the adoption request object represent? What is it a child of?


Where to begin in game developing?

Question: I have no experience with development, I have played many games and have great ideas but don't know where to start other then storyboards and ideas. I want to know what I'll need and how to start learning so one day I can make a game that I can be proud of.
Comment: This question is *extremely* lazy as you have done no research at all. If you were even remotely serious on becoming a game developer, you would be doing your own research right now, instead of asking questions like this. You won't go very far with this mentality.
Comment: Do you know any programming or graphic design at all? If no, you either need lots of time to learn it or lots of cash to hire people.
Comment: You can start right here, on stackexchange.
Then you have plenty of tutorials. Pick up a game engine / framework and platform. Then start watching basic tutorials.
Answer: Learn about games. Play games you enjoyed again and try to figure out how they work and how they do what they do and why. Many game developers have blogs and web sites and Twitter streams. Subscribe to those and read what they've written in the past years. Search StackExchange here and just read any topic that talks about things you will need for whatever the simplest game idea you've had so far would need. Use your favorite web search engine and just type in any questions you have and see what interesting stuff you find.
This will give you a better idea of how game developers out there work, what tools they use etc. Then learn about those tools. Depending on what parts of game design you want to do, learn those disciplines (there are lots of non-game-development resources and tutorials about programming, graphics design, animation, sound design, UI design etc.).
There are also books about lots of game design topics.
In the end, it's not important where you start, just that you start. Find out how to program your computer or how to install a development environment specific to games and start doing a few simple games, and keep trying things out, keep learning. Build a few to throw away, and thereby learn on the go.

Where to begin in game developing?


Should melody avoid nonchord tones since they are disonant?

Question: Should nonchord tones be avoided since they are "dissonant"?
Comment: If you sing the tone loud and clear, then it sort of becomes a chord tone of a new chord. And even a written chord itself can be dissonant. And dissonance is not necessarily bad in any way.
Comment: If you want a window into how dissonance is **good** for a melody, one place to look is Rick Beato's YouTube video "What Makes This Song Great: Pink Floyd" - https://youtu.be/5-gF-tmblA8
Comment: You don't give a context for your question. If the context is "In a music theory homework assignment on species counterpoint," then there certainly might be some restrictions.
Comment: Take this song: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gus4dnQuiGk Fantaisie Impromptu by Chopin. The first four notes of the melody by the right hand total to be 3 consecutive half steps, while the left hand is a C# minor chord.
Answer: The WHOLE point in melodies is to produce tension and release. How do you expect to produce any tension when the notes are all consonant - as in they all fit nicely? By using notes that ARE dissonant, the tension is made. The listener squirms a little, until the dissonance is resolved with consonance.
Making everything consonant, where's the tension? 'Nuff said.
Comment: Even better: using only chord tones at vii°7 chords still sounds dissonant (at least IMO).
Comment: But if using chord tones while playing the V there is tension without the use of nonchord tones (dissonance).
Comment: For an example of producing tension with only consonant (chord) tones: the start of Haydn's 'Surprise' Symphony!  (But yes, that's very much the exception.)
Answer: No.  Dissonance is good.  It allows us to resolve to consonance. Or not.  An unresolved dissonance can sound interesting.
'Theory' describes what you've done.  It doesn't tell you WHAT to do.  (Well, it can make some pretty strong suggestions!  But you carry on writing what you think sounds good.  Theory will be able to cope with it.)
Answer: Any tone (chromatic, also) can be used in a melody. Dissonant notes do have a different effect if accented than if unaccented. For example, against a C chord, a melody proceeding C-D-E with the C and D accented makes for a smooth melodic movement from E to C. If one played C-D-E with the D accented makes for a more angular sound. Neither of these is wrong; you choose which sounds better. An accented dissonance calls attention to itself; one often uses these at cadence points (or any other point that needs the listener to pay a bit more attention to.)
Answer: The proposition in your question title rules out the majority music that has harmonic accompaniment. If a melody cannot have non-chord notes, it is restricted to arpeggios of the chord. If you sing "mary had a little lamb" in C while playing that chord, that has D in it which is not in the chord: EDCDEEE.
In the Blues, you often hear combinations like a solo in a minor pentatonic scale, with a tritone, and micro-tonal note bends, over a V7 chord at the same root. Half the notes are not in the chord. The root, fifth and minor seventh degrees of the scale are in the chord, but the minor third and fourth are not, and neither is the tritone nor any additional microtonal pitches.


Concrete or gravel for deck post?

Question: I am building a deck and keep getting some conflicting messages when it comes to backfilling the holes.  Already dug down 24", added gravel for drainage and 4-6" of concrete (hole día approx 12-15"). I am well below the frost line.  Is it ok to just backfill with concrete for additional strength or is gravel/material removed the best way to go?
Comment: As this is an opinion I will leave a comment. I find the soil conditions / hill or not. It sounds like you have a hole that will support either method. Remember many decks just have a pier block(s) as a support, next would be the spacing of supports and weight of the deck. Concrete will provide a better support but with gravel packed in the bottom it may not be necessary remember concrete also binds to the sides so that additional area with a wider area at the top the post will be very solid. Filling with crushed rock will support but may sink over time if in clay so if in Rocky soil use rock
Answer: I would be on the safe side and use concrete.

Concrete or gravel for deck post?


What is ment by: "parallel transport preserves orientation"?

Question: In my text its written that parallel transport on a Riemannian manifold preserves orientation. Can someone clarify what does that mean? I am confused about this notion.
Answer: Orientation is defined by a non-vanishing volume form on a manifold. What this means is that given a set of $n$-tangent vectors you either get a positive value and you can say the vectors are positive oriented, or you get a negative value and the set of $n$-vectors is negatively oriented. For example, on $\mathbb{R}^3$ the volume form $dx \wedge dy \wedge dz$ acting on $(u,v,w)$ is given by
$$ (dx \wedge dy \wedge dz)(u,v,w) = det(u|v|w) $$
This is positive if the vectors are a right-handed triple. This means that the ordered set of vectors $\{ u,v,w \}$ are given such that the third vector is on the same side of the plane spanned by $u,v$ as the cross-product $u \times v$.
For a Riemannian manifold, parallel transport is defined such that the length and angles between vectors is constant along the transport. Hence, given a $n$-tuple of $n$-vectors the original volume defined by the set of vectors will be the same as the volume determined by the transported set. Moreover, their relative angular separations will likewise be preserved. It follows that the orientation of the vectors is preserved. Alternatively, you can prove that the volume form as defined in terms of the metric is constant since the metric is constant under parallel transport.
Comment: Something in your argument bothers me . It souns like you say every isometry between two oriented inner products spaces must also preserve the orientation. But if we take $-Id:V \mapsto V$, then it is clearly an isometry but it reverses orintation if the dimension isn odd.
Comment: @AsafShachar I agree that $-I$ defines an isometry on an odd-dimensional inner product space $V$ which does not preserve the orientation. However, the first paragraph is makes no claim that every isometry preserves volume. Really, I'm just trying to get across the idea of the orientation tell us which way is up given a co-dimension 1 object (like a plane in three dimensions) and that we can either take a frame (a set of $n$-ordered vectors) or an $n$-form to describe the orientation...
Comment: @AsafShachar For the second paragraph, notice we are given in the problem statement (and this is perhaps a subtle point) that the manifold is oriented. So, obtaining $-I$ in the transport from one tangent space to another is forbidden as that would imply the orientation form changed sign somewhere, and as it is continuous, it follows it is somewhere zero. This contradicts the assumed fact that the manifold is oriented. It follows that the determinant of the isometries implicit within the transport are one (since otherwise we'd spoil the orientation)


Children animation is wrong

Question: I have two objects one Parent and one Children. I have translate animation on parent, but when I add keyframe to children, children jump to another position in playback. What I am doing wrong? In Blender I can not animate children??
Comment: Can you post the `.blend` or a screenshot and tell us what version of Blender you're using? I'm not having this issue in the latest build of Blender with two parented cubes.
Comment: I found it ! :) I had turn on Visual Keying in Preferences under Editing. Is it normal behaviour with this ON?
Comment: Yep. It can sometimes cause a bunch of issues with constraints and parents.
Comment: From manual: Visual Keying
When an object is using constraints, the objects property value doesnt actually change.
Visual Keying will add keyframes to the object property, with a value based on the visual transformation from the constraint. ... but I still dont understand what does it mean :) Have I report bug with my children parent behaviour? Why there is not any exception.
Comment: I think it has something to do with the parent position affecting the child position, and the child position is relative to the parent position somehow.
Answer: If I disabled Visual Keying under Editing in User Preferences, problem was solved.

Children animation is wrong


Introductory book on time-frequency analysis?

Question: I'm looking for an introductory book to time-frequency analysis. The book should be practical in nature and not mathematics heavy. Suggestions?
Comment: What exactly do you need to learn? Every book on time-frequency analysis I've ever seen is quite mathematical.
Answer: I recommend this book:
Understanding Digital Signal Processing, Richard G. Lyons
This book explains the basics concepts of digital signal processing, which includes time-frequency analysis, in a very intuitive way.
Answer: To be frank, time-frequency analysis is mathematical in nature. So there will always be some mathematics involved.
I've read a few DSP books over the years, none of them comes even close to the clarity of explanation in the following book, which is available for free online:
The Scientist and Engineer's Guide to Digital Signal Processing.
You would though, have to take it step at a time (I guess you can stop reading at chapter 8). These concepts don't really have a 'quick fix' type of explanations.
Answer: I would recommend "An Introduction to Time-Frequency and Wavelet Transforms" by Shie Qian. It covers Fourier, Gabor, Wavlet and Quadratic representations. It does not go into each area very deeply - but gives you and idea and you can then go into each area as you see fit. It does contain some mathematics, but not overly so.
Having some foundation in linear algebra principles i.e. bases, orthogonality etc, will be useful. Wavelets are usually approached through multi-rate techniques (decimation and interpolation).
There are also some tutorial like articles in the IEEE publications. Qian has one in the IEEE Signal Processing Magazine. Leonard Cohen has one in the Proceedings that focuses on linear and quadratic (STFT, Wigner-Ville) representations.
Another text is :
"Fundamentals of Wavelets" by Goswani and Chan. While it is geared towards Wavelets, it covers STFT, Gabor and Wigner-Ville as well. The first chapter covers the basic linear algebra and vector space concepts you'll need to know.
Answer: I have recommended Signal Analysis Time, Frequency, Scale and Structure by
Ronald L. Allen and Duncan W. Mills
I read this book.


Chev Spark 1.2 using water , no leaks evident. Car runs fine and driving in 30° c heat.hecked all over. Car runs fine

Question: Cooling system using liquid daily. No leaks evident n car runs fine.
Comment: How much coolant is being lost each day?  Coolant has to go somewhere.  A couple of easy things you can check. With the car running is there an abundance of white smoke coming from your tailpipe?  Have you checked your engine oil dipstick to see if it looks like a milkshake which would indicate coolant has mixed with your oil.  You can also take it to your local mechanic and he can pressure test your coolant system and likely identify the leak pretty quickly.
Comment: Please clarify your specific problem or provide additional details to highlight exactly what you need. As it's currently written, it's hard to tell exactly what you're asking.
Answer: The usual cause of this is a blown head gasket that is allowing coolant to pass from the cooling system and into the combustion chamber and then out the tailpipe.
Other possible causes are a warped or cracked cylinder head or a cracked block.


LaTeX non-backslash symbol aliases

Question: Reading the Comprehensive Latex Symbol List (30 November 2015), I find on page 29 that * corresponds to \ast - at least as a glyph. Which are the other non-backslash (mathematical) symbols which correspond to a backslash symbol name in Latex, and what do they correspond to? For example, I would expect +, - and / to have corresponding backslash-names.
Comment: the don't by default, you can of course define command names if you wish.
Comment: So for example +, -, and / are their own symbols, not aliases? What would be a comprehensive list of all such non-backslash symbols?
Comment: `*` and `\ast` are not really aliases either, they are defined separately but with the same definition, one is not defined in terms of the other. _every_ character in math mode is such a symbol so for example `a` is defined to come from the math italic font but `1` is defined to come from the upright roman font.
Answer: The complete list should be
* \ast
[ \lbrack
] \rbrack
| \vert
= \Relbar

and you can maybe add
\{ \lbrace
\} \rbrace
   \backslash

Note that \mid produces the same symbol as | or \vert, but with the type "relation"; similarly \colon produces a colon, but with a different spacing from :.
There is also \slash, that produces / but with a line break allowed after it.
I'm not sure why \ast has been defined in plain TeX (possibly because Knuth sometimes needed * with a different meaning). The reason for \lbrack is for providing [ in a context where the latter cannot be used because it could be mistaken for the start of an optional argument; \rbrack is there for symmetry. For sure, Knuth needed | for his own purposes, so he provided \vert as an alias.
With amsmath the same symbol as | is produced by \lvert and \rvert, but with the types "opening" and "closing" respectively.
The reason for \Relbar is because the equals sign is used as extender for long double arrows; in some fonts a different symbol might be used, so \Relbar is by default defined as =, but can be redefined without the need to modify the definitions for \Longrightarrow and \Longleftarrow needn't be.
\lbrace and \rbrace are useful in order to fool smart editors that like to pair delimiters.
There is no alias for + and -, but they can be easily defined.
A reversed situation happens for < and \langle (and similarly for > and \rangle): the constructions \bigl< or \left< are shorthands for \bigl\langle and \left\langle, but < should never be used alone for denoting an angle bracket.
Comment: @DavidCarlisle They're reversed: `\left<` is a synonym for `\left\langle`, but the symbol produced is not `<`.

LaTeX non-backslash symbol aliases