Why there are still no keys longer than 256 bit?

Question: AES uses 256 bit keys. Newer symmetric ciphers like Salsa20 still use at most 256 bit keys. But everyone talks about the security level after quantum computers so they say 128 bit key will provide 64 bit key, 256 bit will be 128 bit. So in the post quantum world we'll have no longer 256 bit security, right? So why don't these latest symmetric ciphers have longer keys like a Salsa20 with 512 bit key? Wouldn't it be more secure for post quantum world and for a very very long time?
Comment: [After 20 years of AES, what are the retrospective changes that should have been made?](https://crypto.stackexchange.com/q/87604/18298)
Answer: If quantum operation is as cheap as a classical operation (that's a very big "if"), then 256-bit AES keys will be effectively reduced to 128 bits of security. Not only does Grover's algorithm really not parallelize very well, but quantum operations are currently quite slow.
In theory, a 128-bit block cipher used in certain ways can be vulnerable to a multi-target attack where an adversary needs only to find some keys and has access to a tremendous amount of known-plaintext encrypted under different keys. The problem stems from the fact that an adversary can try different keys against the entire batch of targets at once. This can be an issue with block ciphers in CTR mode with a fixed nonce. In such a situation, 128 bits of security may be insufficient.
A 256-bit key would only be insecure assuming:

A multi-target attack is relevant, and
Quantum operations are as cheap as classical operations.

All things considered, 256-bit security is still enough and will be for the foreseeable future.
Comment: Actually, I would posit that even if we had a multi-target attack, and quantum operations were as cheap as classical operations are currently, it would still be infeasible to attack.  If we assumed the attacker had $2^{32}$ targets, then Grover's (without parallelization) would require circa $2^{112}$ cipher evaluations, which is still more than what we can do classically (and that's not taking into account that $2^{112}$ sequential operations is infeasible and adding parallelization would increase the total amount of computation
Comment: @poncho Hence "A multi-target attack is relevant". You need a _lot_ of targets and a _lot_ of computing power to pull that off, even when you can parallelize easily.
Answer: We currently believe that 128-bit security is sufficient for all current and future computing needs.  For example, using the theoretical minimum amount of energy, storing $ 2^{128} $ bits would require more energy than boiling the world's oceans.  As such, providing 128 bits of security with a 256-bit key after quantum computing should be secure since an attacker is not typically expected to practically harness the energy resources of multiple celestial bodies.
It is the case that in certain situation, such as with block ciphers in CTR mode, you can be vulnerable to multitarget attacks where the attacker can attack many keys at once with the same input block at the same time.  This is one case in which 128-bit security isn't ideal.  However, this is easily avoided in many cases by deriving the IV and the key using a KDF, which many protocols do already, so it's not a serious risk in most cases.
It may in the future be such that we would like to hedge against future advances and build symmetric algorithms with 512-bit keys, but at this point, it doesn't seem practically necessary.
Comment: I have to disagree with this because it neglects to mention multitarget attacks which _can_ be used against 128-bit keys in certain circumstances (e.g. CTR mode with a fixed nonce) and can recover a non-negligible number of them.
Comment: While that's true, it's easy to avoid multitarget attacks by just using a KDF to generate both the key and IV.  AES-CTR isn't suitable for use with random nonces anyway, so this is often a thing you'd want to do.
Comment: Yeah, it is easy to avoid. I think it would be worthwhile if you edited your answer to point that out, since otherwise one could naïvely assume that 128 bits is safe in _all_ contexts.
Comment: whats the effect of quantum computers on block size of symmetric ciphers? do we need a larger block size too?
Answer: Because even 128 bits of security can't broken by brute force in any reasonable amount of time.
From 128 or 256 bit Encryption: Which Should I Use?

However, while this seems significant, it doesn't break either
algorithm. With the right quantum computer, AES-128 would take about
2.6110^12 years to crack, while AES-256 would take 2.2910^32 years. For reference, the universe is currently about 1.38×10^10 years old,
so cracking AES-128 with a quantum computer would take about 200 times
longer than the universe has existed.

Instead we hear a lot about side-channel attacks where the additional key size doesn't help nearly as much.
Comment: "AES-128 would take about 2.6110^12 years to crack"; that sounds wrong; to come up with such a figure, we would need to assume that the Quantum Computer would need circa 5 seconds to compute an entangled AES.  IMHO, it would appear to be plausible that a CRQC might just be considerably faster than that (not to mention the possibility of speeding things up by using multiple in parallel; that dilutes the squareroot speed-up you get with Grover's, but it does speed things up)
Answer: Remember that crypto schemes always create an overhead on user experiences. Maybe, if Google takes five minutes in the name of security to open your inbox, you will search for an alternative tomorrow. Based on the underlined application, it is always tried to find an optimal balance between security cost and performance.
Now, coming to your question, below three justifications should justify your query,

First, practical Quantum computers are still in science fictions and decades away.
In speculated Quantum world, a 256-bit key would give at least 128-bit of security. Even if we assume that quantum operations are as cheap and fast as classical bit operations, brute force $2^{128}$ will take thousands of years. Here we assume the underline security algorithm has no potential vulnerability for key recovery.
Larger keyed ciphers generally need more encryption rounds and are slower, which may potentially impact the user experience. Moreover, larger keys make key management immensely harder. On-chip key provisioning, key agreement, key table storing, and maintenance become very difficult. We can see that all the potential candidates of Post Quantum Cryptography (PQC) candidates have a key size in megabytes!

Adaptation of asymmetric key PQC algorithms and larger symmetric keys in resource (time, memory, area) constrained devices will create a lot of challenges!
Answer: Theoretically, there is nothing stopping us from utilizing a more vast key space. Practically, this would be a waste of resources. 128 key spaces are already very secure, and will be in the foreseeable future. While scaremongers have been claiming that Quantum Computers will decrease the key space to 128, this is still not a large enough concern. 128 is far from being insecure, which is why many websites and web browsers that use the HTTPS protocol still use it.
You may be wondering why we do not use RSA which has a 4096 bit key space. The answer is that not only is RSA slow that encrypting data with it directly is frustrating, the key space is vulnerable to Shor's algorithm on Quantum Computers, but is also somewhat vulnerable to the General Field Number Sieve, which has brute-forced up to 829 bits.
This 829 Bit brute-force by no means means that 128 and 256 AES are insecure. RSA uses prime number factorization as its main security method while AES does not utilize prime factorization as its main security function.


extending urlize in django

Question: the urlize function from django.utils.html converts urls to clickable links. My problem is that I want to append a target="_blank" into the "< href..>", so that I open this link in a new tab. Is there any way that I can extend the urlize function to receive an extra argument? or should I make a custom filter using regexes to do this stuff? Is this efficient?
Answer: You can add a custom filter, as described here:
I used this one:
# <app name>/templatetags/url_target_blank.py

from django import template
register = template.Library()

def url_target_blank(text):
    return text.replace('<a ', '<a target="_blank" ')

url_target_blank = register.filter(url_target_blank, is_safe = True)

Example of usage:
{% load url_target_blank %}
...
{{ post_body|urlize|url_target_blank }}

Works fine for me :)
Comment: I had to add: url_target_blank.is_safe = True  to prevent django escaping the link.
Comment: This is a beautiful answer, this should have been the accepted answer
Comment: To allow broader use of url_target_blank and to make it slightly tighter: I would use a regular expresion in the return line:
def url_target_blank(value):
   return re.sub("]+)(?",'',value)
Comment: I would also use a regexp as replacing every "<a " is a bit too generic for my taste. You should also set url_target_blank.is_safe = True.
Comment: @GrahamKing could you edit the answer to show where this needs to be added?
Comment: If automatically parsing user-entered text, you'll also want to set `rel="noopener"` to prevent some vulnerabilities ([as described here](https://mathiasbynens.github.io/rel-noopener/))
Comment: Good suggestion by Boaz, but for the uninitiated, do remember that `re.sub` will perform around 10x slower than `replace()` in many cases (I've personally benchmarked it). However the former's accuracy advantage over the latter cannot be denied.
Answer: Shortest version, that I use in my projects. Create a new filter, that extends the default filter of Django:
from django import template
from django.template.defaultfilters import stringfilter
from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe
from django.utils.html import urlize as urlize_impl

register = template.Library()

@register.filter(is_safe=True, needs_autoescape=True)
@stringfilter
def urlize_target_blank(value, limit, autoescape=None):
    return mark_safe(urlize_impl(value, trim_url_limit=int(limit), nofollow=True, autoescape=autoescape).replace('<a', '<a target="_blank"'))

Comment: You also need `from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe`
Comment: oh so you can indeed extend the builtin templatetag?
Comment: `urlize` has trim_url_limit=None. So I added None as the default: `urlize_target_blank(value, limit=None, autoescape=None)`
Answer: There is no capability in the built-in urlize() to do this. Due to Django's license you can copy the code of django.utils.html.urlize and django.template.defaultfilters.urlize into your project or into a separate app and use the new definitions instead.
Answer: You shouldn't add target="_blank" to your links, it's deprecated. Users should decide themselves if where they want to open a link.
You can still open the link with unobtrusive JavaScript like so (using jQuery):
$('.container a').click(function(e){e.preventDefault();window.open(this.href);});

That said, you could write your own filter, but you'd have to copy a lot of code from django.utils.html.urlize, not really DRY.
Comment: Not deprecated anymore in HTML5.
Comment: You are right on w3schools. Here's a source that deserves trust: http://www.w3.org/TR/html-markup/a.html#a
`The target attribute on the a element was deprecated in a previous version of HTML, but is no longer deprecated, as it useful in Web applications, particularly in combination with the iframe element.`
Comment: @ stefanw ... I would argue exactly opposite of what you are proposing. There is no reason to choose a JavaScript method when there is a non-JS method that is better... I'd actually say that in a non-JS web app (a web site in HTML, PHP, Python, etc), you shouldn't use JavaScript unless you have to ( [progressive enhancement](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_enhancement) )...
Comment: "Not deprecated anymore in HTML5" That's true. W3Schools says [HTML5 Tag A](http://www.w3schools.com/html5/tag_a.asp) and another article says [XHTML deprecated A target tag](http://www.infranet.com/_blog/Complete_Website_Optimization_Blog/post/Replacing_the_XHTML_deprecated_a_target_tag/)
Comment: W3Schools is not a good source. Rather directly go to the spec.

extending urlize in django


Bluetooth/WiFi cannot be turned off in control Center on iOS 13.4.1

Question: I don't know if this has been talked about in the past, but I'm new to the iPhone, so I'm not sure how this works. When I toggle the WiFi or Bluetooth off on the control Center, it shows a message that says: turning off Bluetooth WiFi communications until tomorrow. Does this mean that it's just not turning off at all? Turning it off from the settings seems to help, but doing it from control Center simply does nothing.
Answer: Turning it off from the control center should give you the message you mentioned, but turning it back on writes a message to the iphone Control Center Screen. Maybe when you tried it in Control Center you were turning it back on. I'd try it again from Control Center and press the bluetooth button twice to make sure you get it off and on. After pressing be sure to check the top of the Control Center screen.


What is the origin of the word "wog"?

Question: Some friend of mine told me it was an acronym for "western oriental gentleman" and was a form of sarcastic politeness. Is this true, and is it offensive to use this word?
Comment: Hah! My first ["protected question!"](http://meta.english.stackexchange.com/questions/3164/is-the-protected-question-tool-overused). Apologies to anyone with less than 10 rep points who wants to post a useful answer.
Comment: Checked Wikipedia? It seems to have most of your answers: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wog
Answer: Etymonline gives its derivation as:

wog
  c.1920, "a lower-class babu shipping clerk" [Partridge]; later World War II British armed forces slang for "native of India" (especially as a servant or laborer), possibly shortened from golliwog. Many acronym origins have been proposed, none found satisfactory.

So the acronyms may be folk etymology.
Comment: And if a word pre-dates WWII, chances are it's [not an acronym](http://www.etymonline.com/baloney.php).
Answer: In the UK it is a "racially offensive slang word referring to a dark-skinned or yellow person from Africa or Asia." (link: "wog")
In Australia it was a slang term used to describe common illnesses, such as the cold or flu. It then became a derogatory term, as above. Recently, beginning in early 1990's, it became a backronym for "Worthy Oriental Gentleman", embraced by those who the term was used to describe; now used more affectionately (could possibly be considered "sarcastic politeness").
It can be an acronym for several other things:

"Whole Of Government. Used to describe Australian Government-wide outsourcing contracts"
"Working On Government Service, referring to Indians working for the British Raj, or referring to Egyptian labourers working on the Suez Canal during the British Occupation in the early 20th Century."
"Western/Westernized/Wild/Wily/Worthy Oriental Gentleman."

Primary Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wog
Comment: I'm Australian, grew up in the suburbs of Melbourne in the 1970s and 1980s and never heard "wog" in reference to people from Africa or Asia. Rather it was used in reference to people from the Mediterranean countries, chiefly Italians and Greeks. I can verify the cold/flu sense though.
Comment: If you're going to copy and paste from Wikipedia, you should source it.
Comment: No, no.  Dark-skinned people from Africa or Asia are niggers, while wogs begin at Calais. (see the drunken Major from Fawlty Towers and others: up to the 1940s I believe people actually did draw a distinction)
Comment: I'm caucasian, in the UK, and I don't recall there being any ethnic minorities in my primary school many decades ago. But the other kids nicknamed me "wog" as a derogatory epithet, for no particular reason that I've ever been aware of. I suspect many of those kids didn't even know what it was supposed to mean - it was just an insulting term that didn't bring down the wrath of any teacher that might have overheard. Today's schoolkids would probably be punished far more for calling someone a "wog" than a "f**king c*nt" in the playground.
Answer: 'Wog' is a word first applied to local inhabitants (Chinese) by British troops stationed in Hong Kong, B.C.C. The British High Commissioner issued a bulletin to all British troops to refrain from using racial slurs when referring to the Chinese and Indian inhabitants. Such slurs were 'babu', 'chink', etc. The High Commissioner further required the troops to refer to the Chinese and Indians in Hong Kong as 'Worthy Oriental Gentleman'. The British troops turned it around and began to call the local population 'WOGs' (just as pejorative as the other names for the locals). Since that time 'WOG' has been extended to mean Europeans from southern Europe and natives of the middle eastern countries. 'WOG' was also applied later to any racially distinct people on the continent--still later, in jest, to any people who were not English. It was said of Winston Churchill that he believed the WOGs begin at Calais. Of course, the word WOG is not applied to Americans since they are not a 'volk', a racially distinct people.
Comment: This answer partly overlaps with, partly differs from previous answers. But the previous answers supplied sources.
Comment: I am bold enough to declare myself as the source, having worked as proof-reader and copyreader at the China Mail newspaper (the tabloid publication of the South China Morning Post) in Hong Kong where I came across these titbits of Woggish information from Englishman on the staff. I am American. If this source isn't good enough for your high scholarly standards, go fish!
Comment: People supplying answers are supposed to do their own fishing.
Comment: brilliant riposte.

What is the origin of the word "wog"?


Retrieving an addresses' public key from Pkscript/sigscript/witness

Question: Let's use this transaction as an example. In the transcation, address 3GGoy8NoCF62TCAPGidWMU3u1ZrgwmasFt has a pkscript, a sigscript and a witness. It is possible to use any one of these, or some combination of them to retrieve that address' public key?
Answer: The output script (typically referred to as the scriptPubKey, but for some reason blockchain.com is calling it pkscript) tells you where to find the public key(s). It depends on the output script used. The public key(s) could be found in any of the three places.
In your example, the output script is a Pay to Script Hash (P2SH) script. This tells us that the script that is actually being executed is found in the input script (typically referred to as the scriptSIg, but for some reason blockchain.com is calling it sigscript). P2SH stipulates that the first item in the scriptSig is another script. In this example, there is only one item in the scriptSig, and that item is a script. This script is a Pay to Witness Pubkey Hash script (P2WPKH). This tells us that in the witness for this input, we should find a signature, followed by the public key. If you look at the witness section, you will see two items, the first is the signature, the second is the public key.
So in your example, the public key is found in the witness. However this is not always the case. It all depends on the various script types. If the output script were a Pay to Pubkey (P2PK) script, then the public key would be found in the output script. If it were a Pay to Public Key Hash (P2PKH) script, it would be found scriptSig. The address could also refer to a more complicated script that has multiple public keys, or no public keys at all. It all depends on the scripts.
Comment: Thank you. How can you tell which script type are the output and the input scripts? And where in the witness can the public key be found?
Comment: There are a set of standard script templates so you can just match the scripts against the templates to determine the script type. Most of these templates also match to an address type. For example, addresses beginning with a 3 correspond to P2SH output scripts. In your example, the public key is `03ac7d8d505d09082033ec04ce1e6dd5ff3e1bf4c2788f6588da38f39460772210`. It's the second thing listed in the witness section.


How to search two different things in two different fields?

Question: I am using NUTCH 1.4 and SOLR 3.3.0 to crawl and index my website. On the front-end I use the php API SOLARIUM to query to SOLR. I have the following fields that I search in by default:
content -> of type Text

title -> of type Text

ur-> of type url

I want to search for a keyword but at the same time I want to exclude some of the results based on some URL pattern without affecting the total number of results return. (For example I always want to show 20 results.)
If anyone knows a way of doing this with SOLARIUM it would be really nice. But if not I am curious how this can be done in SOLR.
I have already looked at faceted search but I couldn't wrap my head around it. If someone can explain in details I would really appreciate it.
Comment: What do you mean by "without affecting the total number of results return"? If you're excluding documents they won't be returned...What am I missing?
Answer: I can't help you with Solarium, but your Solr query should be relatively straightforward:
q=+keyword -ur:exclude&rows=20

Answer: http://{url_endpoint}/?wt=json&rows=20&start=0&q=content:contentText OR title:titleText OR ur:url

wt=json      result will be in json format
rows=20      result will be paginated by 20 records per page
start=0      page to start displaying results
q=           query to run search (make sure to properly escape inputs also * wildcard to look for anything before and after)

In php using curl.
$solr_end_point = '';   //enter endpoint
$search_term = '';
$url_type = '';
$start = 0;
$ch = curl_init();
$query = urlencode("content:*{$search_term}* OR title:*{$search_term}* OR ur:*{$url_type}*");
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL, "http://{$solr_end_point}/?wt=json&rows=30&start={$start}&q={$query}");
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HEADER, false);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, true);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_TIMEOUT, 2);
$result = curl_exec($ch);
curl_close($ch);
print_r($result);   //output result (json)
$json_result = json_decode($result,true);
print_r($json_result);  //output result as an array
exit();


Is this passive induction of suicide?

Question: Today we were arguing about induction of suicide, the theme was the following: if you pretend to commit suicide and your girlfriend\boyfriend didn't know it was fake and consequently commits suicide themselves, are you liable for any legal penalties?
Comment: Something tells me that the jurisdiction was Italy, that the suicide was not faked with an intent to drive the boyfriend to suicide, and that it could very well have been negligent to overlook the impact that it might have on the boyfriend (whose name might just start with an "R"), but that the folks who facilitated the fake suicide ought to bear some of the blame too and that what you should have known in the throes of young love might be different than what an ordinary person should know. But, the questions do have answers and deserve them.
Comment: (1) Specify a jurisdiction.  (2) Did you fake the suicide intending that it should drive the boyfriend to suicide?  If not, what was your intention?  (3) Did you know, or should you have known, that there was a risk your fake suicide would result in the the boyfriend's death?
Answer: Generally speaking, taking an action which causes someone to commit suicide does not give rise to civil or criminal liability unless it was intended to cause someone's death.
For example, in Colorado, "a person commits manslaughter if: . . . (b) such person intentionally causes or aids another person to commit suicide." Colo. Rev. Stat. § 18-3-104(1) (in the pertinent part). The same statute has an exception for palliative care and for assisted suicide in circumstances where it is authorized by a citizen enacted statute. Ordinarily, manslaughter would involve merely recklessly causing the death of another.
There is generally no criminal liability for recklessly or negligently causing a suicide, nor is there civil liability for doing so, although in a civil lawsuit, one can be sued for "intentional infliction of emotional distress" that is so extreme as to go beyond the bounds of human decency even if the tortfeasor does not personally inflict any physical harm upon the distressed person.
There can be civil liability for emotional distress that a person suffers as a result of a tortfeasor's negligence as well, but that  is generally possible only in circumstances where the emotional distress is a side effect of a personal physical injury.
So, Juliet would probably not face either criminal or civil liability for the death of Romeo caused by his discovery of her fake suicide, not that it matters, because she punishes herself far more severely anyway.
Comment: Couldn't civil liability for "wrongful death" apply to the scenario?
Comment: @feetwet Wrongful death liability only exists when you actually physically cause the death through negligence or worse, not when you cause someone else to suffer emotional distress and that in turn leads to their death.
Comment: Since the (greatest) victim of the "infliction of emotional distress" in this scenario is now dead (by suicide), does his estate have standing to make a civil claim for that tort on his behalf?
Comment: @feetwet Answer varies. The tort claims of a decedent didn't survive death at common law, but many jurisdictions reformed that rule. Wrongful death claims are generally a creature of statute and don't belong to the estate as they would if they survived death.

Is this passive induction of suicide?


Is there a term similar to "hypochondriac" except more externally based?

Question: By "external" I mean a person who has a fear or worry of things that could cause serious illness, rather than the fear of already having a serious illness itself. For example, say you worry about things like contaminants in your drinking water, or lead in the products you own or buy that were made in China, and so on. Is there a term for such hypochondriac-ish people like that?
Comment: Adrian Monk. ;)
Answer: A mysophobe (or germaphobe) is someone who has a a pathological fear of contamination and germs.
Comment: Since Google didn't like the term toxicophobe (tried to correct it to toxicophore) and mysophobe had a Wikipedia entry, this is the valid answer. And yes, I was already aware of "germaphobe" but that's not so relevant to chemical contaminants. Mysophobia works for more than just germs though, so that works.
Answer: That would be covered by germaphobe in the case of being afraid of germs everywhere and toxicophobe in the case of chemical contaminants.
Comment: You expect me to spell well too? Updating...
Comment: Google asks "Did you mean: toxicophore/tocophobia?" :)
Answer: Panthophobia is a fear of disease; nosophobia is closer, being a fear of becoming ill: but considering the number of things that can hurt or damage a person, pantophobia or panphobia (fear of everything) seems more appropriate.
More seriously, you may be looking for a word meaning 'fear of harm'.  There simply isn't one, at least in normal usage.  "Fear of harm" itself has some currency in medical journals, but I suspect a phobia is irrational and fear of harm is rational (at least to a doctor).
Answer: Pathophobia - fear of disease. (Root "path" as in "pathogen", "pathological"). This would include any cause of disease whether biological, chemical, psychological etc.


How to interpret risk premium

Question: I do not understand the notion risk premium. Let us suppose that John goes to the city by car, but he is thinking about not paying for the parking. If he is caught in the act he must pay the fine. How to interpret the risk premium for this game (not paying the parking)?
Answer: Let $\pi$ be the fine that needs to be paid besides the parking fee (say, $\phi$) if he gets caught. Further, he may or may not get caught for not paying. So let $p$ be the probability perceived by John about whether he will be caught. Let $u(x)$ be utility function of paying for amount $x$, with $u(0)=0$, $u'(x)<0$.
If he pays the parking fee $\phi$ he has the assured utility of $u(\phi)$. However, if does not pay for parking, his expected utility is $p \cdot u(\phi+\pi)$
Now risk premium is defined as the minimum amount by which the return on risky choice must exceed the risk free choice to make the individual indifferent between the two choices. Let $\pi_m$ be such that: $$u(\phi) = p\cdot u(\phi+\pi_m)$$
So, for John, $\pi_m$ becomes the risk premium for this game. If $\pi>\pi_m$ then $u(\phi) = u(\phi+\pi_m)>u(\phi+\pi)$ and it would be irrational for him to not pay for parking and risk getting caught. If opposite, he takes decides to not pay for parking and risk getting caught.
Comment: Well, I know how to calculete the risk premium, but I am not able to say it in general words, without maths for somebody who does not study maths. Let us say that I will use the formula and after calculating I get the result that the risk premium is number x. How can I interpret this result? What does it mean ?
Comment: @Laura: It means that $x$ the minimum amount of fine that should be imposed by authorities to induce him to pay for parking. If the fine is negligible (very small x) then no-one would be willing to pay for parking. If the individual is extremely risk averse even small $x$ is enough to induce him to pay for parking
Comment: Thanks, I understand now.

How to interpret risk premium


Relationship between 3 variables confused

Question: I am working on analyzing some data for my master's thesis, and I am not exactly sure how to interpret my results. Let's call my variables A, B, and C. Variable A is negatively correlated with variable B, and variable A is positively correlated with variable C. There is no significant relationship between variables B and C. I can't seem to make sense of why this would be the case. I have tried some other analyses as well. When entering B and C into a regression model together, neither remains significant for predicting A. When entering A and C into a model together, neither remains significant for predicting B. Does anyone have any insight into what this means or further analyses I should run?
Comment: In light of the answer that's already been posted, I have to ask: how are you determining whether a relationship is "significant"?
Answer: This is a somewhat odd set of observations! They'd actually be impossible with a sufficiently large sample: it's impossible that the true individual correlations are nonzero but the true regression coefficients are all zero. However, it's possible to observe it in a finite sample, if your power is high enough to detect some correlations but not others. Here's an example model:

Suppose there's some hidden factor D, that's positively related to A, B and negatively to C.
Suppose that A has a low amount of noise compared to the signal from D, but B and C have a high amount of noise.
Then your study might be powered highly enough to detect a correlation between A and B or between A and C, but not between B and C (because there's more noise).
Furthermore, when you include both C and B in a regression on A, it makes the correlation of each one individually look smaller! That's because adding C doesn't give you very much additional information about A once you have B, but it makes the information that's already there look like it came from two features, so the true regression coefficients are smaller than the individual correlations, and you may not have enough power to detect them reliably.

Here's some Python code that reproduces your problem:
import statsmodels.formula.api as smf
import pandas as pd
import scipy.stats as st

np.random.seed(1)

n = 1.6
A_D = 1.0 / n
B_D = 0.2 / n
C_D = 0.4 / n

d = np.random.normal(size=100)
a = np.random.normal(size=100) + A_D * d
b = np.random.normal(size=100) + B_D * d
c = np.random.normal(size=100) - C_D * d

df = pd.DataFrame({'a':a,'b':b,'c':c,'d':d})

print 'r(a,b)', st.pearsonr(a, b)
print 'r(a,c)', st.pearsonr(a, c)
print 'r(b,c):', st.pearsonr(b, c)
for formula in ['a ~ b + c', 'b ~ a + c', 'c ~ a + b']:
    print '=====', formula, '====='
    print smf.ols(formula=formula, data=df).fit().pvalues

This prints:
r(a,b) (0.20767110684292975, 0.038147895523320687)
r(a,c) (-0.20126337417899448, 0.044651098353283673)
r(b,c): (-0.074606935674748215, 0.46068557184760595)
===== a ~ b + c =====
Intercept    0.104334
b            0.050376
c            0.059011
dtype: float64
===== b ~ a + c =====
Intercept    0.859879
a            0.050376
c            0.736510
dtype: float64
===== c ~ a + b =====
Intercept    0.989280
a            0.059011
b            0.736510
dtype: float64

Unfortunately, I don't have any great advice for further analyses--I think you may need more power/a larger sample to resolve your confusion!
Comment: Thank you so much for answering my question. We had 45 participants in this study, so I was hoping power wouldn't be an issue, but if that is the best explanation, it works for me. I looked at the scatterplots for each of these, and noticed that the relationship between B and C is just a lot more variable than the relationship between A and B or A and C, so that seems to fit with what you are saying. This helped a lot! Thanks!


Delete all the points of a mesh excepting N random ones using Geometry Nodes

Question: I would like to, given a mesh, delete all the points of it excepting a number N of them (N any integer smaller than the number of vertices of the mesh).
(Using Geometry Nodes in Blender 3.1)
Comment: if the mesh exists, not GN generated, then Mesh > Sort Elements > Randomize would be enough to then simply select by index with a single node... porting that 'sort elements' operator would make a very useful node to have
Answer: This is the easiest way I know of to delete a certain percentage of a geometry, in this case a Suzanne with faces and edges already removed:

Maybe that's already enough for your use case. If not, thinking about how to tie that probability value to a more precise number of points to keep (not delete), I moved towards something like this:

Here's a link to its bigger static image. What it's doing:

Getting the geometry's number of points using an Attribute Statistic node, fed with its index number (adding +1 to it since index numbers start with 0).
Subtracting from that number the amount of vertices we'd like to keep, so we get the number of points to delete. This is linked to the Group Input so we can control it from the modifier tab. If we wanted to control the number of vertices to delete instead, we'd skip this part.
Divide the number of points to delete by the current number of vertices to calculate the percentage of it to feed into the the Random Value node's probability so only that much is selected for deletion.

This largely works, but there's a problem: we limit it to around the numbers we want, but it's still a probability. If we have 100 points and we use a Random Value probability of %50 (0.5), it's not a guarantee that exactly 50 points get deleted. Sometimes it's 49, sometimes 55... so it's not perfectly precise. One workaround would be to play with the seed number until we get the exact number we want case by case, though admittedly not a very elegant solution. I'll keep looking to see if there's a way.
Comment: This is the provisional solution that I'm using, but, as you said, the number of points will fluctuate around the desire number.
Comment: One could instead of Delete Geometry, use a Separate Geometry and add or remove elements from either outputs depending on the case afterwards, counting the elements with an attribute statistic node
Comment: @Gorgious I thought about doing something like that, but since we're doing the "add or remove elements" part randomly, we're still limited by the imprecise nature of the probability slider so we don't know how many times we have to do that, no? If we had loops, that'd be easier—count and remove/add until you inevitably get to number N, but we don't. Or did I misunderstand you?
Answer: I found a good (perfect?) solution by using a pseudo random value to randomize the index (through multiply+modulo)
It is important to use a prime number as multiplier, else the module will have the same result for multiple inputs.

Explaination:
The bottom Domain Size gives the upper limit for your points.
The index of the larger point cloud is scrambled and every index still exists only once.
When the "upper" part of the indexes is truncated, it will not take exact 200-400, but 200 random values between 0 and 400
Answer: I am not sure whether this is possible by a "vanilla" geometry nodes solution. So i had to use python to get a random list of vertex weights.
What you need:

an object

add a vertex group, add all vertices to that group

select that object, run script

Be careful - the script is NOT bullet proof. It just takes the vertices from the active vertex group.
import bpy
import random

dict = {}
ob = bpy.context.active_object #any object will do

index = 0

shuffleList = []

for i in range(len(ob.data.vertices)):
    shuffleList.append(i)

print (shuffleList)

random.shuffle(shuffleList)

print ("shuffled:",shuffleList)

index = 0

for v in range(len(ob.data.vertices)):
    try:
        dict[v] = ob.vertex_groups.active.weight(v)
    except RuntimeError:
        dict[v] = 0

print("dict before:")
print(dict)

index = 0

for v in range(len(ob.data.vertices)):
    ob.vertex_groups.active.add([index], shuffleList[index] / len(ob.data.vertices), 'REPLACE')

    index += 1

for v in range(len(ob.data.vertices)):
    try:
        dict[v] = ob.vertex_groups.active.weight(v)
    except RuntimeError:
        dict[v] = 0

print("dict after:")
print(dict)

add the geometry nodes modifier with this node setup:

The script just creates random weights on the vertices from 0 to (1 / numberOfVertices).
The geometry nodes modifier just "cuts" that vertices with these weights "out".
result:


Is it possible to make this topology into a rectangle shape

Question: Is it possible to make this topology into a square without twisting, rotating the vertices to get a perfect square? I know my mesh because of the circle in the middle has gone into a circular topology, but some parts I need them to be rectangle shape. So if there's an easier method I'd like to know, thanks.
Answer: You have such topology just a bit outter :)

So you can delete few unnecessary loops and reposition the square.
Straighten with S, x or Y, zero if needed (as already mentioned).
Answer: If at all possible, I would work the other way round, without the circular topo.. It's easier to make a square region circular, than to make a quarter-circle square.

Grid
Inset squares (you could make them bigger first, if wanted)
Scale out a region to accommodate a circle
Shipped add-on: Loop Tools > Circle the inner region, and inset the circle.

If you needed supporting loops for extrusion and subdivision, or other hand work, you could work under a Mirror in X and Y
Answer: First rotate your whole geometry by 45°:

Then scale the side edges by 0 along y and x accordingly to straighten them up:

Finally rotate the whole geometry back:
Answer: You can do this with custom transform orientations.
Select one of the edges pointing towards the circle's center. Above the viewport (a dropdown that says "Global") add a new orientation with a "+" button. The Y axis is now pointed along the selected edge. So now select the edges you want to be perpendicular to it, and flatten them along the new orientation's Y (press S, then Y, then 0, then Enter).
Now that you've flattened the perpendicular sides, you can use them as a second new transform orientation. So again click "+", and now flatten the other two sides along the new Y.
If you want a perfect square, you can do a two-segment vertex bevel, but you'll need right angles between edges at the vertex.
Comment: Wow, all great solutions, which one can I really mark as correct. They all worked well to solve my problem.


Get column-property mapping relationship in MyBatis

Question: I need to do some dynamic sql mapping in the MyBatis, in order to let it do something like below for each column:
switch (filter.FilterType)
        {
            case FilterType.BeginsWith:
                operatorStr = "UPPER({0}) LIKE '{1}%' ";
                value = filter.Value.ToUpper();
                break;
            case FilterType.Contains:
                operatorStr = "UPPER({0}) LIKE '%{1}%' ";
                value = filter.Value.ToUpper();
                break;
            case FilterType.GreaterThan:
                operatorStr = " {0} > {1} ";
                break;
            case FilterType.GreaterThanOrEqual:
                operatorStr = " {0} >= {1} ";
                break;
            case FilterType.LessThan:
                operatorStr = " {0} < {1} ";
                break;
            case FilterType.LessThanOrEqual:
                operatorStr = " {0} <= {1} ";
                break;
        }

The reason I need to have a filter like this, is I have a web page where it shows a table's data as grid, and each column is searchable/sortable. I don't want to write if-else clause for each column, so trying to see if the column-property mapping in the Mybatis could help in this work.
I would like to have a way to let the Mybatis know which column I want it to point to be effective in the filter. I know I can use the simple dynamic way to achieve this by figure out dynamically in my own custom code of which actual column I want to filter. But I don't want to mix the actual table column names in the programming source code. The way I think it would be more sensible to do this is to pass a class property name into the Mybatis's API, then let it figure out which actual column that maps to the class's property name passed in.
Do anyone have ideas of how to do this? Is there an API in the Mybatis to provide this column-property mapping relationship function, eg. it could act like a dictionary, which I pass in the property name then it give me the actual column name?
Thanks in advance!
Answer: Switch is not supported by mybatis so you can use  to achieve this
<choose>
            <when test=""></when>
            <when test=""></when>
            <when test=""></when>
            <when test=""></when>
            <otherwise></otherwise>
        </choose>

u can pass filter type as parameter and then verify it.


What's the difference between Ethereum blockchain and Ethereum Classic blockchain?

Question: One project specifically was born after a hard-fork (Ethereum Classic) and the other one still having value but, what differences can we find between these two project concerning the blockchain?
Comment: i invite you to read this document : https://ethereumclassic.github.io/assets/Ethereum_Classic_-_The_New_Original_Innovator.pdf
Comment: @BadrBellaj please don't link opinion/advertising type content.  The approach of the duplicated question (simply identifying clear technical differences) is the appropriate on-topic mode for a stack exchange site.
Comment: @JeffColeman in my opinion the document is not an ad, they present what they are planing different from ETH in the technical level . check slides 20 -25.
Comment: I agree there is technical content in there, but it's not exactly wikipedia-style neutral point of view.  In those situations I would usually extract the relevant content and then link back to the document as a source so that random passers-by don't have to sort through and figure out what is opinion and what is fact (since being linked from stack exchange without specific content being extracted is effectively an endorsement).
Answer: Technically the two are almost identical. Ethereum Classic is Ethereum but without the one-off state change that reallocated funds held by the DAO attacker's contract to contracts where they could be returned to their original owners.
The main difference is in the social layer: Ethereum Classic implicitly has a social contract based on the principle that code is law and the rules should not be changed.
In future it seems likely that they will diverge technically; For example, if and when Ethereum moves to proof-of-stake, Ethereum Classic may decline to adopt this change and stick with proof-of-work. Relatedly, Ethereum Classic has already made a change to remove the "difficulty bomb" which Ethereum developers originally introduced to force the network to accept an upgrade, which was intended to facilitate the transition to proof-of-stake.


Certification - wall-plug power supplies

Question: We manufacture small electronic products that use a wall plug power supply (100-240 International input to 5VDC 15W output - a "wall wart"). We want to change to a 20 watt wall plug power supply. Both power supplies have full International certifications as does our products. Do we need to re-certify anything when switching to the 20 watt supply?
Comment: The internationally recognized universal supply range is 85 volts to 265 volts.
Answer: You will probably want/need to recheck your EMC compliance, as I've seen different PSUs generate radically different levels of noise, and depending on your equipment design this may well impact emissions.
In terms of safety certs, it depends on how the existing kit is specified.
With an external PSU, which can be separated by the end-user, you pretty much have to have separate certs for the PSU and powered equipment.  In that case changing the PSU should not require recert of the main equipment.  However, if the increased power supply is because of changes inside the equipment, you might need to revisit both.


Is encryption possible without secure random numbers?

Question: All cryptographic algorithms I know of that satisfy Kerckhoffs's principle rely upon secure random number generation. Assuming the existence of a 'numerical oracle' capable of perfectly predicting the outcome of any random number generator, is a Kerckhoff-compliant algorithm possible?
Comment: Would passphrases be allowed, or is there some kind of oracle present inside my head as well? I haven't noticed it before, that's for sure.
Comment: Why not just say "assuming all algorithms are deterministic"? Also, Kerchoff's principle is mostly irrelevant to modern cryptography, since it is implicit in every security definition.
Answer: All secure cryptography requires a secrete key, it can be a symmetric shared secret or an asymmetric key pair with secret private key.
The question is how do you get a secret if there are no secure random number sources.
Note there are natural sources of random numbers which don't rely on cryptography for their security, but the question said the oracle can predict any RNG including predicting radioactive decay and cosmic rays, and the number I'm thinking of. That is an impressive oracle you have there.
If there is no initial secret, and anything we do to try to create an initial secret is detectable by the oracle then anything the legitimate user can do so can the attacker.
A secret is how we differentiate between legitimate users and attacker, the attacker is assumed to not know the secret.
With all secrets given up by the Oracle there is no difference between legitimate and attacker and no secure cryptography.
Answer: As Meir Maor notes, generating a cryptographic key that cannot be guessed by an attacker necessarily requires some randomness.  One you have a secret key, though, most modern crypto can in fact be done securely without needing any additional randomness.
In particular, most modern symmetric-key authenticated encryption schemes only require each message to be tagged with a nonce.  While this nonce value can be chosen at random, the only real requirement is that it needs to be unique for each message encrypted with the same key.  Thus, it's perfectly possibly to use e.g. a sequential message ID or even a sufficiently high-resolution timestamp as the nonce.
Also, there are even schemes such as SIV mode that provide nearly perfect authenticated encryption even when used without a nonce.  The only thing such "deterministic authenticated encryption" schemes leak (besides the message length, which all general-purpose encryption schemes reveal to some extent) is whether or not two messages encrypted with the same key and the same associated metadata are exactly identical.
For public-key encryption, the need for randomness is more critical.  For example, if one were to encrypt a message with a public key without randomizing it in any way, then an attacker could simply guess a possible value for the message, encrypt it in the same way using the same public key and compare the results to see in they match.
However, as long as each user of the encryption system has some (not necessarily shared) secret key of their own that is not known to potential attackers, they can use it to seed a cryptographic pseudorandom number generator and use its output as a substitute for true randomness.  As long as the generator is secure, and sufficient care is taken to ensure that its output is never reused, this is just as good in practice as true randomness.


Hotmail sometimes sends a page with an error on it, so I cannot access anything. How to fix?

Question: I need to use a public computer sometime and Hotmail sends a page with an error on it, so I cannot access anything on the page. It says, "Error on the page"' but I cannot get this to change no matter how many times I log in or out. How can I fix this? Why is it happening?
Comment: That answers none of my questions. :(
Comment: What browser are you using? Is this an error that Hotmail gives you or does it look like a browser error? Have you tried a different browser to see if that works?
Comment: The browser works on everyother url including another "live" address that I have.
Comment: I am using Chrome. It looks like a Hotmail error. THe public computer does not allow other browsers. It uses IE.
Answer: This may be an issue with the public computer's browser or plugins. If so, it would be difficult to fix the issue without proper privileges. One thing you could try is PortableApps.com and use the following:

Firefox Portable or Google Chrome Portable
jPortable for Java VM support.
Comment: +1 for the answer, thanks. The public computer I was using blocked the portable app so no joy.
Answer: Is there any other information displayed in your browser other than "Error on the page" ??
Have you tried visting Hotmail or the other sites from another Browser on the same Computer ?
If another browser works, then its certainly a problem with browser that you used..
Either switch to the working one, or try re-installing your standardly used browser to see if that fixes it.
If however other browser's also do not work, then it could be an issue with that computer or the Network..
You said it was a public computer, Would you be able to reach out to the Administrator or Owner of that system ? Maybe they are aware of the problem or its some computer/network/firewall setting that they may be able to fix..
Comment: No other info. See my other comments for answers to your other questions.


Retrieve user's cell/mobile number (iPhone)

Question: Is it possible to retrieve the user's cell/mobile number directly from the user's phone?
If so, will this number always be valid? (will be able to determine it is the user's actual cell/mobile number)

:( seems like its not possible.
Answer: Not programmatically. This is sort of seriously against user privacy constraints! But if your application wants this legitimately, you can always ask the user for it it directly.


Is it sets per muscle or sets per exercise?

Question: When doing an exercise with the goal in mind of doing 5 sets per exercise, are those 5 sets for the muscle or for the exercise? Meaning as follows; if i want to do both flat and incline bench presses do I have to divide them so that they equal to 5 sets, or can I do 5 sets per EXERCISE which would result in 10 sets for the muscle?
Answer: I'll assume your goal is to gain strength, and that each set is 5 reps (a reasonable number of reps when focusing on strength gains).
If you do 5 sets of 5 reps each on the bench press at a weight that lets you do another 5 sets of 5 reps each on the incline bench press, you're not lifting heavy enough to stimulate the quickest strength gains. You'd get more out of your time at the gym, and make quicker strength gains by lifting with heavier weights, such that you can just barely finish 5 sets of 5 reps of the bench press, and that's it. (Some programs say lift even heavier so that you can only do 3 sets of 5 reps, and leave it at that.)
3-5 sets of 5 reps on bench press is sufficient stress to stimulate adaptation so that when you do it again approximately 4 days later, you will be able to lift a few more pounds.
When people talk about sets, they're talking about sets per exercise. But, when you set up your program, that should be synonymous with sets per muscle group, but don't split those sets between two exercises that are so close to each other as the bench and incline bench. Rather, pick the bench as your main chest lift, make sure you also include overhead press in your programming for your shoulders (on workouts alternating with your bench press workouts), and only do the incline bench press if it's really necessary as an occasional light assistance exercise (since all the muscles worked by the incline bench press are worked sufficiently by the bench press and overhead press).
Comment: I mentioned overhead press because it works shoulders and upper pecs, which is what I assumed you were trying to target with the incline bench press. Overhead press is a better way to target those muscle groups without being redundant to the bench press.
Comment: You were right about my goal being strength. One thing I however don't understand. Why did you include the overhead press doesn't that work on the shoulders? Otherwise thanks for the answer.
Comment: oh ok i didnt realize that the overhead press also targets the upper pecs like the incline press.
Answer: When describing exercise routines, people are referring to sets per exercise.
But flat and incline bench have enormous amounts of overlap, so doing sets of five for both will mean that you are almost certainly shorting one or both of them with regards to maximal weight, meaning you will build bigger muscles but get strong less quickly. Picking one or the other--and perhaps alternating it with overhead press--would be superior for the goal of strength.
Comment: A agree with this. When people talk about sets, they talk about sets per exercise. My answer said sets per muscle because I was thinking he was asking how you should set up your program... I can clarify that.


ArcGIS Online vs JS rendering differences

Question: I am experiencing some issues working with ArcGIS JS API v4.9. I created a map on my offline software that I imported into ArcGIS Online. The map contains polygons with labels inside them and some arrows. In ArcGIS Online they are rendered correctly.
Now, when I use this map inside JS API, some of the labels are placed incorrectly (they are far from the center, sometimes they are rendered outside their polygon). Arrows have the issue where the arrowheads are not rendered at all, only the base line that marks the direction of the whole arrow. There are no error messages in the console, so I have a hard time debugging this issue.
WebGL for Feature Layers is enabled. I initiate my WebMap like this:
let webmap = new Webmap({
    portalItem: {
        id: "id-of-map-hosted-in-arcgis-online"
    }
});

And my view like this:
let view = new MapView({
    container: "viewDiv",
    map: webmap,
    center: [...],
    zoom: 18,
    higlightOptions: {...},
    showLabels: true
});

I would like to know the source of my issues.
Why is it rendered differently in ArcGIS Online and when using ArcGIS-JS-API 4.9?
Answer: The render is different because ArcGIS Online uses the ArcGIS-JS-API 3.27, and you are using the Verison 4.9 in your code.


Why am I getting this result in modeling a Pareto Type II distribution in Excel?

Question: In Excel for a project I'm trying to model the density, distribution and survival function ($1-F(X)$) and I can't get the density to sum to one and I can't get the distribution to go to one. For the parameters I'm using $\alpha=3$ and $\theta=10$. I'm getting extremely strange results such that halfway through the distribution it levels of at $.36366$ until the end. The density function is summing to $1.15...$. After checking the formula that I input, I know it's right, but is there something I should know about modeling this in excel that maybe the program is picky about? I'm not sure if this is enough information, if not comment on what you need to know and I'll get back to you.
Comment: Can you explain more about what calculations you're actually doing?
Comment: @Kyle it would be better if you could find a way to edit your question that reflects what you didn't understand more clearly. The point of answering isn't just to resolve *your* particular issue, it's to solve the problems of future readers with similar issues. If you can edit to ask the kind of question that you would have asked if you'd known better how to put it, *you* can then supply an answer that would have been useful to the you that asked the original Q, and which may help the next person.
Comment: The Pareto Type II distribution is continuous, but you are summing... you should be integrating.  If you can't integrate, pick a fine grid with interval, say, 0.1, and lower and upper bounds (0, 100)  (I choose this because of your parameter values).  Calculate the density over that grid, and sum.  You should get something very close to 10 (1/0.1).  If you make the grid finer, e.g., 0.01-width intervals the result will be closer to 100, relatively speaking, and so on.
Comment: This is insufficient information. If you would like specific help, please share the formula you are using.
Comment: Sorry in the light of the moment I suppose I wasn't exactly sure how to word correctly what I needed help with. I have a solution now and I voted to close this since the question really didn't make too much sense.
Comment: @Glen_b I would but the problem resided in my error of inputing my formula into Excel. It can be very picky of what it wants in the cell for a formula.
Answer: Just to be sure, in order to "mimick" integration cell-by-cell in Excel, you need to go at it in true Riemannian style. Namely, pick an equally spaced fine grid as @jbowman says, $\{x_1,...,x_n\}$ with the minimum and maximum values small and large enough so as not to leave out any serious probability mass (Pareto has of course a finite minimum value in its support). Call the step, $x_{i} -x_{i-1}=h$. Calculate the density values $f_X(x_i)$. Then approximate probability mass at each interval by
$$P\Big(X\in [x_{i-1},x_i]\Big) \approx  h \cdot \frac {f_X(x_{i-1}) + f_X(x_i)}{2} $$
Then
$$P\Big(X\in [x_1,x_n]\Big) \approx  \sum_{i=2}^{n}h \cdot \frac {f_X(x_{i-1}) + f_X(x_i)}{2} $$
$$= \frac {h}{2}\Big(f_X(x_{1}) + f_X(x_n)\Big) + h \sum_{i=2}^{n-1}f_X(x_{i}) $$
Is this what you are calculating?


Iron nomenclature differences between Iron(III) and Ferric

Question: As I was doing my Ap Chem homework, sometimes the question would use Iron(III) and sometimes it would use Ferric.  What's the difference in usage?  Also, what's the difference between Iron(II) and Ferrous?
Comment: Hi Just, While this is an important question (and you've gotten some answers that nailed it right on the head), I think that's it's found quite readily by searching online.
Answer: There is no difference, in both the examples you cite.  The forms Iron(II) and Iron(III) are preferred today, versus the older forms ferric and ferrous, respectively, because they more explicitly give the oxidation states of Fe, +2 and +3 in this example.
Answer: The difference in usage is simply a choice.  The usage of the Roman numerals to indicate oxidation state is known as Stock nomenclature, devised by Alfred Stock in 1919.
The other method, using the -ic and -ous suffixes is derived from Latin.  The -ic suffix is used for the higher oxidation state of the metal, while the -ous suffix is used for the lower oxidation state of the metal.
However, the use of the Latin suffixes is no longer recommended for indication of oxidation state, but it may be used for metals exhibiting not more than two valences.
From IUPAC:

The following systems are in use but not recommended:
The system of indicating valence by means of the suffixes -ous and -ic added to the root of the name of the cation may be retained for elements exhibiting not more than two valences.


Pepper plant top leaves deforming

Question: I have used municipal compost 2: river sand 3 pot mix. Chilly planted (2 weeks old) drip irrigation done on a poly tunnel. For the first two weeks growth was really good. But after that, sudden deformation of leaves appears on some plants. First new leaves becomes yellowish, then it grows in length only.  Older leaves remain healthy.  Flowering normally with no deformation. checked ec and ph (Ec .8 DS-m PH 8.4)
enter image description here
Started flushing the pots. Not recovering yet. Checked for mites. Aphids. And trips but no issues
Please help
Answer: visually this seems like a copper or zinc deficiency. Might be due to the high pH as can be seen on the ph nutrient availability charts online (zinc and copper have low availability at high pHs which corresponds to visual assessment). Maybe a virus.
Comment: Thanks.  I checked for the virus with our government institution and result is negative. So most probably nutrient deficiency
Comment: @SameeraSL Which virus or viruses did they test for? That's awesome that they did that.
Answer: To me, this looks like one of two things:

Herbicide damage (or damage from some harmful chemical)
A viral infection (as icemachine already suggested)

Both can cause deformations of the new growth that look similar to this. Whether they cause deformity can depend on the herbicide or the virus.
Calcium-deficiency (and cool weather) can also cause deformations, but those look a lot different than yours.
Here's a link with a picture of a pepper with 2,4-D/dicamba herbicide damage. I've seen pictures of herbicide-damaged plants that look even closer to yours, though, I believe.
Broad mites can also make pepper leaves longer and thinner, but I don't think it's broad mites (I could be wrong).
Here's a link with a picture of a pepper with cucumber mosaic virus.
You might also suspect the compost. Here's a similar question with a similar problem, where they also may have used municipal compost. I wouldn't trust it to be free of herbicides, harmful chemicals, plant viruses, etc. However, dicamba can drift a long ways.

Pepper plant top leaves deforming


Text classification into thousands of classes

Question: Could somebody point me to a paper or code that is about classifying texts into potentially thousands of categories (topics)? I do have data based on Wikipedia and the number of categories is really big (thousands), so looking for some solutions that should work.
Comment: what did you try so far?
Answer: In general this doesn't work well, since it's almost unavoidable that the classifier won't be able to distinguish all the categories from each other. I'd suggest tying to reduce the number of categories (for instance discard the least common ones).
In any case I'm not aware of any specific model to deal with a high number of classes, it's regular text classification. I'd suggest to start with a robust method such as decision trees, but there are many options.
Answer: Currently BERT is the preferred method for many NLP tasks. GRUs are also used.
https://medium.com/huggingface/multi-label-text-classification-using-bert-the-mighty-transformer-69714fa3fb3d
There are some other methods that have been discussed which I haven't tried.
https://paperswithcode.com/task/text-classification
About the issue of a classifier being unable to determine a certain class, might be true to some extent. This often happens when you have a class that has significantly fewer instances than the rest of classes.
Text classification with thousands of output classes in Keras
It all depends on the quality of data you are working with and the amount of processing power available.


Will radio waves bend to reach receiver?

Question: I was wondering if receivers just catch the radio waves that pass through, or if they actually attract the waves like a magnet. In other words, will a radio wave moving in a straight line bend in order to reach a receiver if it is close enough?
Answer: A radio wave may "bend" due to diffraction or scattering off objects, but it will not "bend" just because a receiving antenna exists.
Comment: But a receiving antenna _is_ a scattering object...
Answer: When a receiving antenna picks up a signal, a current flows. This current acts as a secondary "transmission", and this will partially cancel out the electromagnetic field that is incident - this is how you get power from the EM field into the antenna. If you look "slightly downstream" from the antenna, you will see a reduction in the EM field (assuming for a moment that a plane wave was incident). And this dip in the field isn't exactly in the shape of the antenna (in the case of a simple dipole antenna, you would expect the dip to be in the exact shape of the antenna, but that is not the case - it covers a larger area).
If you just looked at the field downstream from the antenna, you would conclude that the waves must have been "sucked into" the antenna. With the induced currents doing the sucking.
So yes - there is some apparent bending going on. The higher the Q of the antenna, the greater the bending.
I found a diagram that illustrates some of this:

Which is part of an article that attempts to do some analysis on resonant power transfer. You may not agree with everything in the analysis, but some of the basics are sound, and in line with what I said above.
A better reference - this is the pattern of radiation seen in the vicinity of a (receiving) Yagi antenna. Again, you can see that the waves are "bending towards" the antenna, and that you therefore harvest energy from a larger area.

This could be considered "diffraction" of the beams, because as the first element causes a disturbance in the field, it affects propagation of the further-out waves. But it works - antennas like this have directional properties, and this is precisely because, when pointed in the right direction, they "suck power" from the incident wave over a large area.
Comment: So in the case of smartphones using earphone wires as antenna, assuming the wires are bent and not coiled around itself, the "sucking" effect would be very small as there isn't much forward distance for the wave to diffract, is that correct?


How can I set Triggered Send Priority through REST API?

Question: I have some time sensitive emails I am triggering through the REST API messageDefinitionSends resource. however, I have noticed they linger around in the queue for a while before sending. I saw with the SOAP API you can set the priority. Is there a way to do that through the REST API or somewhere else in the interaction or email?
Answer: Trigger Priority is an additional per-email charge that has to be provisioned.  You'll need to contact your SFMC rep.
Reference: Triggered Emails Guide -> Priority
Answer: So when you pay for priority sends, and it is activated in your account, it auto-magically shows up in the Triggered Send definition UI.  Now that wasn't so difficult was it? :)
Comment: Is this actually supposed to be an answer?
Comment: you are correct...the answer is you can't. Instead you set it in the UI of the triggered send, and then all messages triggered through the API to that specific triggered send is at that priority


How to send emails to the subscriber?

Question: I have two content types movie types(say comedy, horror, action are node titles) and movies. where I am using movie types node titles as a node reference in the movies content type. here user can subscribe to the movie types and can watch all the movies under the type. Now where i am stuck is to send a mail to the subscriber when new movie is uploaded under the type he/she subscribed. Please help me to sort out this issue.
Answer: Check out Subscriptions.

This module enables users to subscribe to be notified of changes to nodes or taxonomies, such as new comments in specific forums, or additions to some category of blog. Once enabled, all nodes will have an additional link that allows the user to change their subscriptions. Users have tab on their user screen to manage their own subscriptions. Users can also set an auto-subscribe function which notifies the user if anyone comments on posts they have made. Admins can turn this on by default.

It provides a very powerful and flexible subscription framework, and there are many ways to configure subscriptions with this module.
One that probably will match your use case is to use taxonomy terms for the type of movie (comedy, horror, action, etc.) and let the users subscribe to the type of movie they're interested in by taxonomy term.
Comment: Thanks, But I want the creator who can create his/her own channel and can upload videos under which. When creator creates a channel it automatically should be appended to the node reference list in movie content type. And I want to do this task with the help of flags and rules. so that i can make minimal use of modules. Thanks,
Comment: If this is what you want, then that should have been stated so in your question.  To get an answer that suits your requirements, you need to be specific about what you require.

How to send emails to the subscriber?


Wifi gets disconnected when connecting to VPN via Cisco AnyConnect Client

Question: I have a Macbook Pro 2017 model. Whenever I try to connect to VPN via Cisco AnyConnect Client, my wifi gets disconnected. I have to again restart my router and try with the Cisco client again. In 2-3 attempts I do get connected to the VPN. But till I get connected, I have to retry the steps and manually restart my router. How I can resolve this issue?
Comment: Hello. I have a Cisco ASA installed at my site and I'm using the Cisco AnyConnect Mac client (4.9.06037, the last version for today). And I noticed that my Macbook gets reconnects to WiFi from time to time. This only happens if AnyConnect is connected. In the case of another VPN client (native IKEv2) that isn't reproduced. I thought it was WiFi (I'm sitting right under the AP), but it looks like this is not the case. Do you have any new discoveries in this matter? MacBook Pro 2018, macOS Catalina 10.15.7.
Answer: I had several clients that this problem.  Cisco AnyConnect can fail to connect if your router is misconfigured. The only way this was cured was by contacting the Internet Service Provider and having them reconfigure the router from their end to enable VPN connections to succeed.


Rails 3 in production mode (apache and thin) can't find rubygems

Question: I apologize in advance if this question is a duplicate, but I've done a lot of searching and I haven't found any answers that help with my issue. I'm running a Rails 3 app on an Ubuntu server with Apache proxying to thin. I can run a single instance of thin or WebBrick, and my application loads on port 3000. I am using the instructions from Slicehost on how to do Apache and Thin to serve Rails (which I had working in the past), but whenever I try to start the daemonized thin processes, the logs for each thin server look like this:
<code>/[ my application's location]/config/boot.rb:2:in `require': no such file to load -- rubygems (LoadError)
        from /home/geoff/ldb/doubleday/config/boot.rb:2
        from /home/geoff/ldb/doubleday/config/application.rb:1:in `require'
        from /home/geoff/ldb/doubleday/config/application.rb:1
        from /home/geoff/ldb/doubleday/config/environment.rb:2:in `require'
        from /home/geoff/ldb/doubleday/config/environment.rb:2
        from /usr/lib/ruby/1.8/rack/adapter/rails.rb:43:in `require'
        from /usr/lib/ruby/1.8/rack/adapter/rails.rb:43:in `load_application'
        from /usr/lib/ruby/1.8/rack/adapter/rails.rb:23:in `initialize'
        from /usr/lib/ruby/1.8/rack/adapter/loader.rb:36:in `new'
        from /usr/lib/ruby/1.8/rack/adapter/loader.rb:36:in `for'
        from /usr/lib/ruby/1.8/thin/controllers/controller.rb:163:in `load_adapter'
        from /usr/lib/ruby/1.8/thin/controllers/controller.rb:67:in `start'
        from /usr/lib/ruby/1.8/thin/runner.rb:174:in `send'
        from /usr/lib/ruby/1.8/thin/runner.rb:174:in `run_command'
        from /usr/lib/ruby/1.8/thin/runner.rb:140:in `run!'
        from /usr/bin/thin1.8:6
</code>
I'm running Ruby 1.9.2, RubyGems 1.5.0, and RVM. I can start the rails app as a non-daemonized process in the shell as root, myself, or www-data. It seems that whenever I try to run this as a daemon, it doesn't load paths properly. I've tried inserting environment variables into some files to help rails find Rubygems, but that doesn't seem to work. Any ideas as to how to help Rails find Rubygems when it's started by a daemon?
Thanks,
Geoff
Comment: is the RVM insatlled system wide? you are using 1.9.2 rvm but errors are all 1.8 ubuntu-ruby.
Answer: This looks like an RVM error.  You should check how you're loading your thin server, it'll need to use an RVM wrapper or something similar to configure the right binaries and gemsets.


How to make Ubuntu Server fit into a VMware window?

Question: I installed Ubuntu Server edition in VMware 7.0.1. I am using latest version  of Ubuntu.
Ubuntu is not filling into complete VMware window. How can I fix this?
Answer: Go through the menus to the Ubuntu server video preferences and increase the screen resolution to the same as your VMware window is. If you are using VMware full-screen, this is the same resolution as you have your monitor at.
If your Ubuntu server video resolutions don't go up that high in the preferences, you probably haven't given the virtual machine enough video ram. You can increase this in the VMware preferences for that virtual machine instance, but not while it is running, so you will need to turn off that VM to change the video ram settings.


can't set iPhone 6+ headphones to max or full volume when playing music

Question: When I'm playing music in Spotify or any app with Apple earphones or auxiliary cable in my car, I can't turn music up to full volume. It goes as far as yellow indicator and 'High Volume' but won't go into the red. I wanna go up to 11 baby! Strange thing is it used to work a month ago, it used to go to the red. I didn't upgrade iOS or anything, I'm on jailbroken 8.1.1. I also have volume limit turned off in Music settings. I checked the earphone jack for lint and it seems clean.
I've Googled for days here and at a loss. Unless I'm using the Googles wrong, it seems I'm in the minority with this problem.
Comment: Any jailbreak-apps that could do this maybe?
Comment: @KevinGrabher you were right, it was the Activator tweak from ryan petrich
Answer: Turns out it was the jailbreak Activator tweak from Ryan Petrich. When I uninstalled it, I can go to full volume again.


VAR and Granger causality test

Question: Is it necessary to calculate VAR before Granger causality test so that we can have the lag length to be used in Granger causality test
Answer: Granger Causality can be defined as:
"X is said to Granger-cause Y if Y can be better predicted using the histories of both X and Y than it can by using the history of Y alone." 1
or in other words:
"A time series X is said to Granger-cause Y if it can be shown, usually through a series of t-tests and F-tests on lagged values of X (and with lagged values of Y also included), that those X values provide statistically significant information about future values of Y."
Wikipedia
This is essentially what a vector autoregression model does.
Also wikipedia says: "Multivariate Granger causality analysis is usually performed by fitting a vector autoregressive model (VAR) to the time series."
Granger causality is therefore more a form of structurally summarizing VAR models.
For some more information: here
Answer: No need.From varGranger causality test  unidirectional  or bidirectional causality can be found out which fullfills the purpose of causality test.

VAR and Granger causality test


How to change ToggleButton property IsEnabled from codebehind?

Question: I want to set property IsEnabled to False for some ToggleButton after user click on ConfirmButton. I would like to do it from codebehind in OnMarkTakenSeatsClick action.
Some of my ToggleButtons look like that:
<ToggleButton Style="{DynamicResource Seat}" x:Name="A10" Content="10" Click="OnSeatButtonClick" HorizontalAlignment="Left" Height="28.404" Margin="594.623,219.36,0,0" VerticalAlignment="Top" Width="29.145"/>

I have list of objects (seats) that have ToggleButtons names that should be disabled. My Click action from ConfirmButton looks like that:
void OnMarkTakenSeatsClick(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
        {
            foreach (Seat addedSeat in seats)
            {
                if (addedSeat.IsSelected)
                {

                }
            }
        }

Any help here much appreciated!
Answer: This is why i said that it would be good to have respective properties on your seats in your other question, then you can just bind the IsEnabled of the button to that and in your handler logic you do not need any reference to the ui at all, just set the property to false and that is it.
Answer: I am using you have name in a String inside some property of Seat object. You can use algorithm given here to find any control via name. Once you have the control you can disable it easily by setting IsEnabled = false


How to make a citizen take a certain job

Question: I want to make a certain citizen take the open doctor job at a clinic, in which I fire her at her current job (farmer), but she always goes to being a teamster/farmer. I checked her education and she qualifies (college) but she wont go become a doctor at the clinic. I actually have two clinics (3/4 slots open). Clinic salary is also > than teamster/farmer salary. I wish there is a way to "drag" citizens to open work slots at certain buildings (think: dragging actors in the game The Movies). Or is there a way of doing this and I just havnt encountered it yet? Also, if there are no ways of doing this, does location of current house of the citizen affect her job choice?
Comment: Location of the house does certainly influence it, since Tropicans always take a job close to their home. You can see that if you delete houses next to a farm with no others in the vicinity, they will start building shags, even though there are enough free housing positions.
Answer: Clinics/Hospitals, require College educated Men, to fill their open job slots. Certain jobs in Tropico have gender requirements make sure you read what is required in the job description in the building details pane.
Answer: In your case, Sam is spot on - Tropico makes it technically impossible to have a women be a doctor.
In general, there is no way to force your people to take certain jobs. You can only influence their decision.
But just slightly higher salary is far from enough.

Salary has to be noticably higher
Work and home should to be close together
The area should be nice

The job quality indicator can be raised a lot by offering very high salaries. Try to increase by more than just a couple dollars, and work on the other points, and the citizen will certainly go for it after some time.


How do you find out your Ishta-Deva (personal deity)?

Question: I've heard that the Ishta-Deva is pre-decided for each person.
How do you know who your Ishta-Deva is?
Comment: Your guru can tell you who your Ishta is. No one else, not can the stars, not the planets.
Comment: Is it really predetermined? Someone might ask that too.
Answer: The key role in revealing one's Ishta Devata plays the Atma Karaka. Atma Karaka is the planet that has the highest longitude. To find one's Ishta Devata we have to look at the Atma Karaka in Navamsa, since the Navamsa shows blessings of God onto the native and the way in which the native communicates with God.
Atma Karaka in Navamsa is called the "Karakamsa". The 12th from the Karakamsa determines the "Istha Devata". The 12th house from the karakamsa is called the "Jivanmuktamsa". This is the house signifying the emancipation of the soul and we have to examine this house in order to find one's Ishta Devata. If there is a graha in the Jivanmuktamsa, it signifies the Devata. If there are more grahas than one, we choose the strongest. If there is no graha in the Jivanmuktamsa, you can see whether any Grahas are aspecting the 12th. If no Grahas aspect it, you can take the 12th Lord as Ishta Devata.

The deities are worshipped based on the planets in the 12th from kaarakaamsha. Here are >the presiding deities for each planet who will be your Ishta Devata as per your horoscope.

Sun~ Vishnu/ Rama/ Shiva
Moon ~ Krishna/Parvati
Mars ~ Hanuman/ Subramanya/ Sri Narasimha
Mercury ~ Vishnu
Jupiter ~ Vishnu/ Sri Vamana/ Dattatreya/ Sai Baba
Venus ~ Mahalakshmi/ Parashurama
Saturn ~ ShaniDev/ Hanuman/ Kurma
Rahu ~ Durga/ Varaha
Ketu ~ Ganesh/ Matsya
Ascendent ~ Kalki

For example: Sun in 12th from Atma Karaka shows a worshipper of Shiva and Moon in 12th from Atma Karaka shows a worshipper of Gouri.
Source : Ishta Deva
Source 2: Brihat Parashara Hora Shastra: Chapter 33, Verse 63-74
Comment: "Jupiter ~ Vishnu/ Sri Vamana/ Dattatreya/ Sai Baba" Sai Baba? This list is of course made up in this century.
Comment: nice one.... :) I was finding this knowledge from a long time. Thank You both of you. Questioner and Answerer.
Comment: Here is one more alternative source , I have submitted an edit based on this
https://ashtakvargajyoti.wordpress.com/2015/01/22/know-your-ishta-devta/
Answer: I am answering based on Jaimini Sutras. Here, we found what particular celestial configurations result into devotion to a particular diety. From Ch1, Pada 2,

Sutra 72- We find if the Sun and Ketu is present in Karakamsha, the native becomes Shaivite or devotee of Shiva.
Sutra 73- If Moon is present in Karakamsha, the native worships Gouri, wife of Shiva.
Sutra 74- If Shukra/Venus joins Karakamsha, the native worships Lakshmi.
Sutra 75- If Mars occupies Karakamsha, the native worships Skanda.
Sutra 76- If Mercury and Saturn joins Karakamsha, the native worships Vishnu.
Sutra 77- If Jupiter joins Karakamsha, the native worships Sambashiva (i.e, Worships combined formless form of Shiva with Shakti)
Sutra 78- If Rahu joins Karakamsha, the native worships either Durga or evil spirits.
Sutra 79- If Ketu joins Karakamsha, the native worships Ganesha.

There are other predictions as well when one worships evil spirits. One should note that if one has more messy configuration then other aspects need to be taken into consideration.
Comment: Can you also add the necessary steps and calculations required to arrive at Karakamsha? For example, posting someone's Navamsa chart and then explaining how to arrive at the final result?
Comment: @ChinmaySarupria Okay, I will update after few days. It will take time to explain thoroughly those things. But if you want to know yours, I can tell you...
Answer: There are two possible ways, in my opinion, that Ishta Devata is chosen by a spiritual aspirant. These two ways are:
(1) A spiritual aspirant becomes attracted to a particular Deity after reading through different spiritual literature and accepts that Deity his Ishta Devata; and
(2) The Guru of the spiritual aspirant meditates and finds out about the person's Ishta Devata.

MASTER:..(To Ram and the other devotees) "If you asked me which form
of God you should meditate upon, I should say: Fix your attention on
that form which appeals to you most; but know for certain that all
forms are the forms of one God alone."

The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna, Chapter 8, The Master's Birthday Celebration at Dakshineswar
Comment: Generally these are the ways and most find their *ishta deva* through these means. But also from the birth chart of a person the *ishta deva* can be determined. So that is also another way.
Comment: @Pradip Sir, How does a guru find ishta devata??
Comment: I stated in point 3 that a Guru finds out about Ishta Devata of the sishya through meditation.
Answer: Ishta comes from the word Ish - to desire. The Ishta (Chosen Ideal) is the form of God that the aspirant desires.
Ramakrishna Paramahamsa says (Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna, Chapter 8, also here: http://www.belurmath.org/gospel/chapter08.htm)

MR.  CHOUDHURY: "Sir, is it not possible to have the vision of God without the help of a guru?"
MASTER: "Satchidananda Himself is the Guru.  At the end of the Shavasadhana, just when the vision of the Ishta is about to take place, the guru appears before the aspirant and says to him, 'Behold! There is your Ishta.' Saying this, the guru merges in the Ishta.  He who is the guru is also the Ishta.  The guru is the thread that leads to God.  Women perform a ritualistic worship known as the 'Ananta-vrata', the object of worship being the Infinite.  But actually the Deity worshipped is Vishnu.  In Him are the 'infinite' forms of God.
(To Ram and the other devotees) "If you asked me which form of God you should meditate upon, I should say: Fix your attention on that form which appeals to you most; but know for certain that all forms are the forms of one God alone.

Your Ishta is the form that appeals to you most; if you are not sure your guru can confirm who your ideal is.
Swami Vivekananda says (Complete Works, V4, Addresses on Bhakti Yoga, The Ishta, also here: http://cwsv.belurmath.org/volume_4/vol_4_frame.htm):

This theory of Ishta, therefore, means allowing a man to choose his own religion. One man should not force another to worship what he worships...
So in religion — more so — I must teach myself religion. What right has my father to put all sorts of nonsense into my head? What right has my master or society to put things into my head? Perhaps they are good, but they may not be my way. Think of the appalling evil that is in the world today, of the millions and millions of innocent children perverted by wrong ways of teaching. How many beautiful things which would have become wonderful spiritual truths have been nipped in the bud by this horrible idea of a family religion, a social religion, a national religion, and so forth. Think of what a mass of superstition is in your head just now about your childhood's religion, or your country's religion, and what an amount of evil it does, or can do. Man does not know what a potent power lies behind each thought and action. The old saying is true that, "Fools rush in where angels fear to tread." This should be kept in view from the very first. How? By this belief in Ishta. There are so many ideals; I have no right to say what shall be your ideal, to force any ideal on you. My duty should be to lay before you all the ideals I know of and enable you to see by your own constitution what you like best, and which is most fitted to you. Take up that one which suits you best and persevere in it. This is your Ishta, your special ideal.
Answer: Ishta Deva can be found using 12th house of Swamsa chart or Karakamsha chart as explained in Brihat Prashara Hora Shastra as follows
Effects of Karakamsha

If the 12th from Karakamsa has a benefic, the expenses will be on good
  account while a malefic will cause bad expenses. If the said 12th be
  vacant then also good effects (in respect of expenses) will follow. If
  there be a benefic planet in exaltation or in own house in the 12th
  from Karakamsa or if Ketu is so placed and aspected by or conjunct a
  benefic one will attain heavens after death. One will attain final
  emancipation if Ketu is in the 12th (from Karakamsa) identical with
  Aries/Sagittarius and is aspected by a benefic. If Ketu is in the 12th
  from Karakamsa and be with aspect/conjunction of a malefic one will
  not attain final emancipation.
If the Sun and Ketu are in the said 12th the native will worship Lord
  Shiva. The Moon and Ketu in the said 12th denotes a worshipper of
  Gauri (a consort of Lord Siva). Venus and Ketu in the said 12th
  denotes a worshipper of Lakshmi (a consort of Lord Vishnu) and a
  wealthy person. Mars and Ketu in the said 12th denotes a worshipper of
  Lord Subramanya (an offspring of Lord Siva). Rahu in the 12th from
  Karakamsa will make one worship Durga or some mean diety. Ketu alone
  in the said 12th house denotes Subramanya's or Ganesa's worshipper. If
  Saturn is in the said 12th in a malefic's sign one will worship mean
  deities. Venus and Saturn in the said 12th in a malefic's sign will
  also make one worship mean deities. Similar inferences can be drawn
  from the 6th Navamsa counted from Amatya Karaka's Navamsa.

Ketu in/with Benefics(Moon, Jupiter, Venus and Mercury, rest are natural malefics) in 12th house of Svamsa Karakamsa can be seen in the horoscopes of sages Ramana Maharshi, Paramhansa Yogananda signifying they were in liberated state and ascended to higher realms eventually.
Comment: What is meant by "mean" deity?
Answer: Best way is to know by ancestral lineage Gotra, who is your KulBhairav, KulBhairavi providing quick benefits as Lord Krishna provided to Arjuna by conveying BHAGWAD GITA, as does Sri Ramchandraji pleases devotee Hanumanji being his Istadevta.
Visit your native to know from the aged people whom your late Grandfather's or beyond used to worship as Istadev,Istadevi. It will be helpful.
Lifelong worship of Istadevta is very important in life-
https://www.google.com/amp/s/m-hindi.webdunia.com/sanatan-dharma-parmatma/kuldevi-devta-118092000045_1.html%3famp=1
For astrology upaay remedies, occasional totka refer below link:
https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.speakingtree.in/allslides/god-to-worship-as-per-sun-sign/m-lite
Answer: Istadevta is the one whom your family ancestry worshipped who knows about your last 10 lineage and upcoming 10 lineage as well-they can be easily found if on planned vacation leaves, if you can visit your native place, sit, spend time and talk sometime to ask the very old people about which deity your grandfather worshipped ritualistically and also, repeat the same thing for your maternal grandfather's side. The deity is the one responsible for your lineage's continuity and accepts special worship just as Lord Hanumanji does special worship of his Istadevta Sri Ramchandraji as he's Lord Shiva's Anshavtar on earth was for special premium worship for his Istadevta God Sri Ramchandraji and not other deities. He accepted Lord Surya as Gurudev but his worshipped Istadevta forever is Sri Ramchandraji.
Note: God Hanumanji is seen recognising easily other forms of God and doing good, beneficiary tasks always, but primarily he is focussed and samarpan is towards Istadevta SriRamchandraji, as his memory is way powerful and he can't forget his purpose of Life as we ignorants usually do: Similarly, the deity asking your worship is your Istadevta and leaving all tasks aside one should worship his Istadevta daily even for small affordable duration is fine because your all benefactor Istadeity gets readily pleased on your prayers. There are special deities for each Gotra in Hinduism but best you can ask your surving past generation to get accurate and precise details.
Answer: Regarding the twelfth Bhava from Karakamsha, about which so much has been written here.
This technique of determining Ishta-Devata is from Jaimini astrology. The fact is that for some reason modern editions of the BPHS include chapters 6, 31-35 (and inclusions in chapters 8, 9, 41-42, 44), they are dedicated specifically to Jaimini astrology - https://shyamasundaradasa.com/jyotish/resources/articles/bphs.html
Rishi Parashara used a completely different method of determining Ishta-Deva, which is also found in BPHS.


how to dump all users hashs for active directory

Question: I want dump all users hashs for  active directory. Can do it?
If I can, can you give me a tools or code?
Can I find username belong to which a IP in network?
Answer: You could use the Windows Password Recovery Tool to dump hashes from Active Directory. The question is why would you want to dump Active Directory hashes? (There are very few legitimate reasons to dump AD hashes.)


Holding on to a bar (a horizontal pull up one obviously) thicker

Question: There is a challenge at a beach I go to. Pay 2.5 euros for the opportunity to try and hold on to a bar for longer than 2 minutes. The bar is not fixed, meaning it can rotate. On a fixed bar I can hold on for a minute that isnt too thick. How much does this non fixed component act on your result? If I were to hold the bar with a pronated grip with thumbs over the bar , I would think that it is the same thing. Thoughts on this? Does anyone now the record for longest time holding on to a bar?
Comment: Rotate how? Are you able to grab with a hand on either side (much like you would a pole vault pole)?
Comment: Nope, only holding it traditionally like doing a normal pullup is allowed.
Comment: Or a chinup, that grip is for example
Comment: By rotate i mean like if you were to try to rotate a fixed bar in the motion of ramping up a motorcycle while  holding the bar, it would be easy to do with this unfixed bar.
Comment: Is there any sort of lofty prize for holding onto the bar for more than 2 minutes?
Comment: The fact that it rotates won't make very much difference. With a pronated grip you should be pretty balanced normally and if not you'll rotate a few degrees in order to be balanced.
Answer: Overhand grip will focus on your forarms more than a underhand grip. Most people will be better at a overhand grip. Ref: http://www.umich.edu/~mvs330/f00/domination/main.html
Optimal position for your hands on the bar depends entirely on how your body is built. Someone with strong arms can do a vertical hang (narrow grip) easily and someone with strong back will excel at a wide grip hold.
Optimal would be a over and under grip (same as a deadlift) at slightly wider than shoulder width.