Do you need to improvise to be a virtuoso?

Question: In other words, how deeply connected with music do you have to be to be a virtuoso? Is mechanistic perfection sufficient or do you have to have proficiency in all aspects of music, imrovisation, composition?
Comment: As far as I know, all it takes to be a virtuoso is for someone that people listen to to call you a virtuoso in public. It's just a word, not an actual accomplishment.
Comment: Since defining who is or is not "a virtuoso" is subjective, and different "virtuoso" musicians have developed different combinations of skills, this question is unanswerable as written. Perhaps you could add something about what is motivating the question.
Comment: I looked up 'virtuouso' - a person highly skilled in the technique of a fine art, esp. music. It didn't help. Yehudi Menuhin or Stefane Grappelli? Both fantastic players, one reads like a fish, but cannot improvise, the other the opposite. So which is the vituouso?
Comment: @Tim Reads like a fish?
Comment: @JohnBelzaguy - reads like a fish (swims in water). Maybe it's purely English..?
Comment: @Tim seemed like it needed that "swims" in there. Maybe fish do other things besides swim!
Comment: @JohnBelzaguy - they certainly do! That's why I wear a wetsuit or drysuit when I waterski! But it's a phrase I grew up with in different bands (but only reading bands, funnily enough).
Comment: @Tim Au contraire: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3hZHOxBlo08
Comment: @rlms - my guess is that the violin part is written out completely. Do you know differently?
Comment: I'm voting to close this question since it is very vague and ill defined.
Answer: Being a virtuoso implies technical perfection. Some musicians who are fantastic improvisers have a very poor technique. The two skill sets are completely orthogonal.
Comment: If one has very poor technique, the improvisation won't be very successful. Another question - what constitutes 'very good technique'? And why orthogonal?
Comment: @Tim Take for example Chet Baker in his later years. He was fighting to get the notes out, but every note he did play was magical. What good technique is, is an entirely different question.
Answer: If you want to be an improvisation virtuoso, you need to practice improvisation.
If you want to be an composition virtuoso, you need to practice composition.
If you want to be an X virtuoso, you need to practice X.
Et c.
One could also make the case that learning X can be (more or less generalized to) Y. It would be really interesting to see studies of skill in musical proficiencies and how they may/may not correlate with each other. If someone knows this type of research, please chime in.
Answer: No!
A virtuoso is one who is highly skilled in technique.
Technique is mechanical skill in an art. Or a manner of artistic execution in music.
Improvising obviously needs mechanical skill in playing an instrument, otherwise even brilliant ideas won't come out right when played. However, the second definition seems to contradict that - what 'manner' is subjective.
A virtuoso is often seen as a wonderful player. Someone who can deliver a concerto or suchlike impeccably. That player may only know that one piece, and can only play it verbatim the same every time. Unusual, true, but possible. Maybe couldn't improvise to save his life. That's a completely different skill, so the question is probably unanswerable. But I tried...
Comment: It's the player knowing only that one piece that's unusual. Being only able to play it verbatim the same every time - or worse, with mistakes - is much more common, I think. I've heard of very few accomplished concert pianists with even one arrangement or composition under their belt (reasonably modern-day exceptions with at least one: Horowitz, Kissin, Hamelin, Trifonov - I guess Cziffra and Horowitz might be about as modern as each other?).
Comment: @Dekkadeci, this is exactly how yehudi menuhin became a virtuoso at a young age.
Answer: Short version: they all inform each other, but are not prerequisite.
I'm not a professional, but I am reasonably accomplished in improvisation, composition (my university major) and playing memorized piano pieces.
I started improvising because running scale patterns and doing arpeggios all day was too boring-- so I'd run up and down scales, throw in some arpeggios, practice modulating from key to key, and so on.
Having learned theory makes it MUCH easier to learn new pieces, especially classical ones which follow quite predictable harmonic motions.
Playing piano makes it MUCH easier to learn to compose, because you can play all 4 parts of a traditional SATB harmony yourself.
Very many great pianists have one or two really top-notch pieces that they've written for their live performances despite not really being big-C "composers"
And of course, pretty much every great composer since Bach has been an expert keyboardist, with a couple exceptions.
Comment: Can you give me more examples of classical pianists who have one or two really top-notch pieces that they've written for their live performances (regardless of whether they're arrangements or compositions) besides the few I already know: Horowitz, Cziffra, Kissin, Hamelin, and Trifonov? I am still under the impression that accomplished concert pianists who have even one arrangement or composition under their belt are very rare (e.g. pick anyone who's recorded a CD, and I bet most of them have zero arrangements and zero compositions).
Comment: Well, you listed many of the ones I had in mind.  Just off the top of my head, I'd add Clara Schumann, Leopold Godowsky and Josef Hofmann.  I'm kind of cheating on Hofmann, because he actually wrote a fair but under the pseudonym, Michel Dvorsky.   Of course, what constitutes "great" or "one or two top-notch pieces" is very subjective.
Answer: This question is very convoluted and in my opinion self contradictory.
"Do you need to improvise to be a virtuoso?"
"how deeply connected with music do you have to be to be a virtuoso"
"Is mechanistic perfection sufficient or do you have to have proficiency in all aspects of music, imrovisation, composition?"
How are these connected in your mind?
One could argue that you do not need any mechanistic perfection to improv.  So why would one think improv is a criterion for achieving virtuosity?
The answer would depend on the type of music one is discussing.  In the classical world one may achieve virtuoso status by playing straight (no improv).  And I suppose a certain degree of mechanistic perfection is required to perform high level pieces without mistakes and glitches.  But at the end of the day it's the musicality that one listens to.  Even the greatest musicians have squeaks and scrapes in their playing but are still considered a virtuoso.
In some genres of music one learns only by improv.  Mechanical proficiency develops as one needs it.  Within those genres people would be considered a virtuoso by improv skills alone and not merely mechanical proficiency.
There is too little to go on.  But one thing I'd say is that mechanics alone does not make one musical.


How to calculate plaintext from modpower cipher

Question:
Let $a$ be the plaintext message, $e$ be a small prime exponent (such as 11, 13, 17 etc.), $b$ be cipher text and $n$ be a large modulo (non-prime).
Suppose that:
$b \equiv a^e \space mod \space n$
If we know $b$, $e$ and $n$, can we possibly calculate $a$?
Comment: If you know factorization of $n$ this is easy. Otherwise in general cases not.
Comment: If $a$ is among a small known set (e.g. is the name of a classmate on the call roll per some encoding), and $n$, $e$, $b$ are known, then we much likely can find $a$ by trial and error.
Comment: This is related to the RSA cryptosystem https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSA_(cryptosystem)#Key_generation . You can decrypt a message if you can factor the modulus, which is easy to factor if it has only small prime factors. If k is the number of prime factors then the smallest prime factor cannot have more than #bits(n)/k  bits. So k=2 is optimal. The advantage to use a small exponent e is that encryption is very  fast. But does a small e have drawbacks? It seems so: check footnote 8 of the wiki article or paragraph 4 of http://crypto.stanford.edu/~dabo/abstracts/RSAattack-survey.html .
Comment: So I think answers should concentrate on the fact that e is small an not on well known requirements of the RSA.
Answer: It is conjectured to be hard to recover $a$ given only $b$, $e$, and $n$. This is called the RSA assumption. If an efficient factorization algorithm exists, this assumption is false.
However, it is possible that the RSA assumption is false and there exists no efficient factorization algorithm. In other words, the hardness of factoring might not imply the RSA assumption is true.
In your question you merely call $n$ a large non-prime modulus. You have to be a little careful about the primes that make up $n$; there are lots of ways to screw up and accidentally make it easy to factor $n$.
Comment: Note: *"It is conjectured to be hard to recover a **random** $a$ (from the set of all possible $a$s) given only $b,e,n$."* It is trivial to recover $a$ if it is low-entropy.
Comment: If the RSA problem is not reducible to integer factorization, then that would mean one would not necessarily have to factor the modulus to break RSA, correct? Would solving the discrete logarithm problem for composite moduli count?
Comment: Right, there might be some other, faster algorithm than factoring the modulus. I'm not sure I understand what you mean about the discrete log problem for composite moduli.
Answer: It is closed related with the RSA problem, which is defined as follows by the Wikipedia:

The RSA problem is to efficiently compute $P$ given an RSA public key $(N, e)$ and a ciphertext $C \equiv P^e \pmod N$. [...] with N being a large semiprime, $2 < e < N$, and $e$ be coprime to $\phi(N)$

The only two differences are:

You don't require $N$ to be a semiprime, instead, you just require $N$ to be non-prime, which is more general.
You require $e$ to be a prime, and the RSA problem only suppose that $e$ is coprime with $\phi(N)$, a weaker hypothesis.

Furthermore, on practical implementations of the RSA, the $e$ is chosen as a small number.
So, let's call the RSA problem restricted to small values of $e$ as restricted RSA problem.
All that said, if you assume the restricted RSA problem being a hard problem, then yours is also hard. This is why some algorithm to solve your problem could be simply extended to solve the RSA problem.
Assume $A$ is a algorithm that solves your problem, so in order to find $P$ such that $C \equiv P^e (mod N)$ given $N, e$, and $C$, you could factorize $e$ (since it is assumed that $e$ is small, it is feasible) getting $e = e_1 \cdot e_2 \cdots e_k$, and so, you could rewrite the problem as
$$C \equiv ((P^{e_1})^{e_2})\ldots^{e_k} \pmod N$$
thus, calling $P_i = ((P^{e_1})^{e_2})\ldots^{e_i}$, you could use the algorithm $A$ to solve $C \equiv P_{k-1}^{e_k} \pmod N$, finding $P_{k-1}$.
Then, use $A$ to solve $C \equiv P_{k-2}^{e_{k-1}} \mod N$, finding $P_{k-2}$ and so on, until you reach the problem $P_1 \equiv P^{e_1} \pmod N$, on which you could also use $A$ to finally get $P$.
Particular cases
As pointed out in the Raoul722's answer, despite the general problem is hard, there are some particular choices of values for which it is easy to solve. For instance, if you give me a instance of your problem with $N$ being a number easy to factorize, like a product of several small primes, then, I could just calculate $\phi(n)$ and find $e^{-1} \pmod {\phi(n)}$ and recover the ciphertext.
Answer: I suppose your question is related to RSA cryptosystem.
To put it in a nutshell: yes we can possibly calculate $a$, but we can make this harder by fixing some properties on $n$ and $e$.
That's what is done in RSA cryptosystem which is well-known: you can find a lot of documentation about it on the internet.
But to go into further details, to calculate $a$ we need to compute $b^{e^{-1}}$ where $e$ is the modular multiplicative inverse of $e$ modulo $\phi(n)$ (to quote the case of RSA where $e$ admit an inverse modulo $\phi(n)$) where $\phi$ is the Euler's totient function.
But to compute this inverse there exists a famous and effective algorithm which is named extended Euclidean algorithm. This algorithm takes as input $e$ and $\phi(n)$ and returns $e^{-1}$.
In your question, you just define $n$ as a large non-prime number, but despite its length $\phi(n)$ can be fastly computed.
RSA algorithm defines $n$ as a semiprime because in that case, the computation of $\phi(n)$ is as difficult as the factorization $n$.
Comment: Integer factorization is in $NP \cap coNP$, but is not NP-complete.
Comment: @pg1989: Actually, it is not known whether integer factorization is NP-complete (actually, NP-hard).
Comment: @poncho *sigh* yes, technically that's true, but if factoring is NP-complete NP=coNP and the whole bloody polynomial hierarchy collapses, which means it's pretty unlikely that factoring is NP-complete.
Comment: @pg1989: actually, if factoring is NP-hard, then we don't necessarily have a complete hierarchy collapse; it would imply that $NP=coNP$ and that every problem in $NP$ can be solved in subexponential time, but it won't prove (for example) that $P = NP$
Comment: To the uninitiated, $e^-1$ is $d$ such that $(e \times d) \mod \phi(n)=1$.


Linux backup server

Question: I have a small server and want to create a safety backup to my home.
How do I best achieve this?
I read about rsync, however, as far as I understand it may make files in use be inconsistent.
E.g. my mysql data-file may be inconsistent, resulting in the database being useless. This is bad.
How to best make a backup with everything being consistent?
Any tips on what to use and especially whether restoring the backup works fine?
Answer: You need to use 2-step-backup:

Make a MySQL Dump on a remote host.

# mkdir /backups
# mysqldump -A > /backups/all-databases.sql

Make a File Dump on remote host.

# tar -cvpf /backups/fullbackup.tar --directory=/ --exclude=proc --exclude=sys --exclude=dev/pts --exclude=backups .
(You can also exclude /var/lib/mysql, but i dont do this)
You can do all that by the cron and get 2 files all-databases.sql and fullbackup.tar by rsync.
It can not make an inconsistent data.
Comment: Does this mean, that there is no solution to the inherent problem? That I have to make a seperate backup-"hack" for all programs that potentially modify a file?
Comment: Yes, you need to take care of program, that can modify its variable data during making the backup. Often you need do this only with Databases.
Comment: "It can not make an inconsistent data" –  this statement is wrong. You can still get inconsistent data as tar doesn't create a filesystem snapshot. The MySQL dump will be consisntent but other files might have changed in the mean time. If you need consistent data you should have a look at lvm snapshots and similar techniques which increase the likelihood of getting consistent data.

Linux backup server


adding an edge, Is T still a MST to the new graph?

Question: Suppose I have a minimum spanning tree $T$ in a graph $G=(V,E)$ with positive edge weights $w$. Provide an algorithm that after adding a new edge $e$ with a unique weight $w(e)$ to $G$, returns true if $T$ will still be an MST.
Comment: Have you tried something ? Basically, in a tree, there is a unique path between any pair of nodes. Here you add a new potential path between $a$ and $b$. Is it worth replacing any edge of the previous path $a$ to $b$ by this one to reduce the total weight of the tree ?
Answer: Let $n=|V|$ and $e=(x,y)$ be the new edge. Let $P$ be the unique path between $x$ and $y$ in $T$. Clearly $C = P + e$ is a cycle in $G+e$.
Let $f^* = \arg\max_{f \in P}{w(f)}$. $T$ is an MST of $G+e \iff w(e) \ge w(f^*)$.
The $\Rightarrow$ part:
If $w(e) < w(f^*)$ then $T - f^* + e$ is a spanning tree of $G+e$ of cost $w(T) - w(f^*) + w(e) < w(T)$, showing that $T$ cannot be a MST of $G+e$.
The $\Leftarrow$ part:
If $w(e) \ge w(f^*)$ then $e$ is one of the heaviest edges of $C$ and, by the cycle rule, there exists a MST of $G+e$ that does not include $e$. In particular, any MST of $G$ will also be an MST of $G+e$ (the converse is not true in general, but it is in your case since you also know that $w(e) > w(f^*)$ and hence no MST of $G+e$ can contain $e$).
A reasonable representation of $T$ will allow you to find $P$ (and hence $w(f^*)$ in time proportional to $|P| = O(n)$).

If you can preprocess $T$, then you can do better. For example you can build a lowest common ancestor (LCA) oracle in $O(n)$ time to find in constant time the LCA $z$ between $x$ and $y$. Then $w(f^*)$ will be the maximum weight between the two heaviest edges in the unique paths in $T$ from $x$ and $y$ to $z$, respectively.
These edges can be found in $O(\log n)$ time after a $O(n \log n)$ time preprocessing. For each vertex $v$ of the tree, and for each $i=1,\dots,\lceil \log n\rceil$ store:

the farthest vertex $u_v^{i}$ in the path from $v$ to the root of $T$, such that $u$ is at a distance of at most $2^i$ from $v$ in $T$; and
the heaviest edge $e_v^{i}$ in the unique path from $v$ to $u_v^{i}$ in $T$.

To report the edge $M(x,z)$ of maximum weight between a vertex $x$ and an ancestor $z$ of $x$, let $\ell$ be the largest power of $2$ that is smaller than or equal to the distance in $T$ between $x$ and $z$. Return the heaviest edge between $e_v^i$ and $M(u_v^{i}, z)$ (if $u_v^{i} \neq z$). Notice that the distance between $u_v^{i}$ and $z$ is at most half the distance between $v$ and $z$, meaning that you will only need to look at $O(\log n)$ edges.
Comment: what is the cycle rule? that the part i couldn't get in my proof.
Comment: Let $C$ be a cycle of $G$ and let $e$ be and ege of $C$. If $w(e) > \max_{f \in C} w(f)$, then $e$ does not belong to any MST of $G$. (This is the version stated [here](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_spanning_tree#Cycle_property)).
If $w(e) \ge \max_{f \in C} w(f)$, then there exists a MST of $G$ that does not contain $e$.


Single motor driving multiple targets - possible?

Question: I'm a veteran programmer new to the electro/mechanical world and unfamiliar with the terminology and what's already available. I have a single motor that I would like to use to drive a carousel or an elevator (these are very small models measured in inches). I would like to be able to switch between operating either of them so that only one of them is being driven at any time. I have been searching online for the terms "single motor" and "multiple transmission/gears" and other similar terms with no success. Now I have an idea on how to make this happen via swapping gears but I'm pretty sure this must be common so I'm wondering if someone could point me in the right direction; I would hate to reinvent the wheel.
Comment: Model railroad animated scenics, perchance?
Comment: You need some sort of clutch.  Maybe a solenoid with some sort of high friction pad.  You'd find stuff like this in toys- most higher end equipment would simply use another motor.
Comment: @GuySirton : I'm trying to minimize possible point-of-failures and it also seems a waste to use two motors when one will do; at least in my naive mind lol.
Comment: to use single motor for multiple use you can use electro-magnetic clutch, so that you can drive one or two equipment at a time...
Answer: Let me just state the obvious:  Use two motors.  Now hear me out on this one!
There is a saying that "If all you have is a hammer, then everything looks like a nail".  Meaning, people tend to view their problems based on the tools or abilities that they have.  If they have a hammer, then they will hit their problems into submission.  This approach can be both good and bad.
It's good in the sense that you will often find a solution that you have the ability to accomplish.
It is bad in the sense that you asked a mechanical question in an electrical engineering site.  You are going to get answers that prefer electrical engineering solutions.
That being said:  Gears are hard.  Building mechanical systems based on gears is hard.  Building one-off mechanical systems in your basement is super hard.  The reason for this is that mechanical systems are very "tweaky".  You have to factor in things like the flexing of material, the tolerances of your fabrication method, the ability to get parts in the sizes that you need and the price that is reasonable.  Doing any of this with gears brings the level of difficulty higher.  I wouldn't even consider making something like this without a 3-D printer, CNC machine, or laser cutter-- especially if you want it to be small and elegant/unobtrusive.
Even if you can build it, will it work on your first try?  Tenth try?  Is it going to be reliable?  Durable?  Is it going to be noisy?  Electronics are not so hard, especially if you are just driving a simple motor(s).
Which is more difficult:  getting, mounting, and controlling a second motor or making a complex mechanical thing with gears and stuff?
If I were building this, I would use two motors.  According to FedEx, my 3-D printer should arrive here tomorrow and I have been studying gears and stuff for the past month-- and even then I would still use two motors.   But then again, I'm an electrical engineer.
Comment: Plus, using two motors means you have more independent control of the two situations. You could buy a clutch and some gears but you might find you want one of the drives to be lower rpm than what you thought. No question - two motors is the best option given the question asked.
Answer: One possible solution is using 2 gears/sprockets that each only turn one direction (similar to a bicycle sprocket). When the motor turns forward, one gear is turned and the other stays still, and when the motor turns backwards the other gear turns.
Comment: This would be an awesome solution if it weren't for the elevator... I could live with the carousel only going one direction, but the elevator would require both up and down. :( Maybe I can be clever here... need to think!
Answer: Planetary gears are used in electric cars to solve the problem of a gasoline engine and an electric engine driving the same wheels. Regardless of what solution you use, you need a mechanical way to describe how to split the torque between the carousel or the elevator. The easiest way to do that is a second motor. If you need to run only one at a time, you could use a clutch, but I don't see this as any simpler than two motors.
I really see no reason to use one motor. To have enough torque to move both loads you will need a bigger motor and a complex transmission. Two smaller motors should work as well, and your transmission is a pair of wires.
Answer: One of my old VCRs used a single motor to operate everything but the spinning head.  When the motor was driven in one direction, it would rotate a cam that would connect or disconnect other mechanical assemblies; when it was driven in the other direction it would operate the selected assembly.  One could use such an approach to connect the motor to "elevator up", "elevator down", or "carousel spin".


Can I use System.Speech from a Metro Style app?

Question: It doesn't seem that I can get to any of the usual namespaces using a Metro Style app template. Am I missing something obvious?
Answer: Metro style applications built on WinRT. While this is currently beta, Microsoft might add some namespaces based on feedback you provide, but you should not expect all namespaces to be available.
Edit: According to .NET for Metro style apps System.Speech isn't currently included nor does it say anything if it will be included.
Answer: Since, at the moment, you don't have a Speech API available for Metro Style Apps, what you could do is record the voice and send it to an online service that will will do what you want. Take a look Media Capture Sample if you want to take this path.
If you want to process the audio locally you could also rely on c++ to process the bits. Take a look at Groove Drum Sequencer - HTML/JS and WinRT C++ where "The sound generation is done by a custom WinRT component implemented in C++ and using XAudio2 for playing audio that is called from Javascript."


Redirect from edit page and prepopulate form

Question: I would like to redirect user from node edit page to node add page but with prepopulated form. So all fields of the form would be pre-filled with copies of values of node edited before. Is there a way how to get these values and fill them in the form?
Answer: You can try using Node Clone module...
Project page says

The module provides two mechanisms to clone current content. The
  default pre-populates the form for adding a new node, but nothing is
  saved to the DB until that form is submitted. With the alternative
  save/edit method, a copy of the current node is saved to the DB, and
  then presented in the edit form. When using the save/edit mode, the
  admin can set whether a confirmation screen is required, and in all
  cases you can set whether to reset the publishing options on a
  per-content-type basis.
Comment: Thanks. I'll have a look at this module. Anyway I would rather somehow alter the node-edit form, if possible.
Answer: The best way i can think of is to create a custom module, hook_form_alter the node-edit form and change the #default_value of the form fields/elements you care about.
So in the defualt_value attribute of this you could implement a custom function that brings the data you need or hardcode the values.
Comment: Thank you for your answer. Yes, this is the way I would like to do it. Can you specify the second paragraph? When I alter node-edit form as you metioned, how do I get this default_value into node-add page?
Answer: Finally I did my own way. I hooked node-edit page so it redirects user to node-add page but adds id of the node into url.
for example: when nid = 3 node-edit page after submit redirects user to node/add/3
Then I check, using current_path(), whether is there the nid after last slash in my node-add form or not. If there is no nid then user creates new node, if there is nid, user came from node-edit page and I load all node's fields by nid and prefil the form.
I was wondering if there aren't some troubles but the only problem I can think of is when I would like to use the url to do something more than just sending this nid.


Sound waves during day and night

Question: A man stands on the ground at a fixed distance from a siren which emits sound of fixed amplitude . The man hears the sound to be louder on a clear night than on a clear day. Why?
Comment: I don't think this is a realistic scenario. In fact I would wager it is usually the other way around. See http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/133198/why-do-i-always-hear-remote-train-horn-at-night/133207#133207
Answer: The speed of sound depends on the square root of temperature, so the refractive index is proportional to $T^{-1/2}$.
Let's assume that the sound is emitted isotropically. During the day, the usual situation is that the temperature decreases with height. Thus the refractive index increases with height. This will tend to make sound waves emitted in the direction of the listener bend upwards into the atmosphere - reducing the amplitude/loudness that they hear.
At night it is quite possible to get a temperature inversion (especially a clear night), such that air near the ground is colder than higher up.
As the refractive index decreases with height it means that sound waves propagating upwards at some angle to the horizontal will be bent back towards the ground. The sound waves at some distance from the source will be more intense than you might expect if the waves propagated isotropically.
So I think the situation would be completely contrary to what you say in your question - and indeed that has been my empirical experience.
Comment: In other words, the acoustic impedance near the ground at night is lower?
Answer: Sound is a longitudinal wave whose amplitude stands for its "loudness".
When sounds travels in medium, it attenuates, i.e. becomes less loud, exponentially, with an exponential coefficient, $\alpha$. So what you're actually interested in is the change in $\alpha$ with temperature.
For newtonian fluid for example, this coefficient is equal to:
$$\alpha = \frac{2 \eta\omega^2}{3\rho V^3}$$
And we also know the influence of temperature on the dynamic viscosity of air:
$$\eta \propto \frac{T^{3/2}}{T+120}$$
Also, $\rho\propto T^{-1}$ and the speed is invertially proportional to the square density $V \propto \frac{1}{\sqrt{\rho}} \propto \sqrt T$ so in total
$$\alpha \propto \frac{\eta}{\rho V^3} \propto \frac{\frac{T^{3/2}}{T+120}}{T^{-1}T^{3/2}} = \frac{T}{T+120}$$
So for a neutonian fluid (such as air) the lower the temperature, the lower the attenuation (graph), i.e. at night the siren is louder, in contrast to what your question suggests.
Comment: Agreed, but I think this is a minor contributor compared to the anisotropy introduced by a changing refractive index with height.
Comment: @RobJeffries, I assumed that the distance between the man and the horn is not that large for the altitude effect to "kick in". Nontheless, the difference in amplitudes would be very small in my approach.
Answer: When sound propagates in the lower atmosphere it can travel through denser or thinner parts of air. This could cause a "portion" of the sound to bend upwards, making it harder to hear.
Factors that could cause the bending are: wind speed and/or temperature that change based on altitude.For more info you can check this link.
Additionally, wind sound can partially mask the siren sound, that is, make it appear less loud than it actually is (or even make it completely inaudible).

In the experiment you describe, night and day would have an effect on both temperature and winds, therefore can potentially cause the sound to be refracted upwards, changing the sound intensity reaching the observer.

Sound waves during day and night


Cutoff in rankings for funding in CS PhD programs

Question: I want to do a PhD in theoretical computer science, though I'm still an undergrad. I know I won't be able to pay for a PhD myself--I need full funding if I'm going to do it. I've heard that the stipend you receive varies from program to program, but it seems to me that in general it must be correct that higher ranking CS PhD programs must pay more. My questions is: what is about the cutoff in graduate CS program rankings where you go from fully funded to needing to pay a significant part of the bill yourself? Obviously there are going to be exceptions, but I'm looking for an estimate.
Comment: What country are you asking about? Funding regimes vary around thew world.
Comment: I don't think such a thing exists
Comment: The amount you get likely depends more on location and cost of living.
Comment: "It seems to me that in general it must be correct that higher ranking CS PhD programs must pay more". Why? I've never heard of such a system. What country are you asking about?
Comment: @BrianTompsett-汤莱恩 The US. Sorry should have mentioned it. Also don't know why I'm getting downvoted. This seems like a perfectly reasonable question given for most people money is the greatest concern.
Answer: I'll assume that you are remaining in the US for grad study so this answer will be relevant only there (I suppose). Foreign students in US may have need for particular visas, I think.
In general, you will get funding adequate to live and do a degree, provided that you get accepted into the program and are able to work either as a TA or (less common) an RA. The same is true in math, as well.
Universities with doctoral programs also teach a lot of undergraduates in those same fields. There is a need for more teaching than the regular faculty can provide without some assistance. Otherwise there would be no time for them to do their own research.
So, full funding with no work requirements might be pretty rare, nowadays, though it was more common in the past.
But some students get funded under research grants of professors. Those students serve as RAs, but it does require time and effort.
Most, however, are probably TAs who start out grading undergraduates and/or holding small "recitation" sections for large classes. For someone wanting an academic career, this is actually a kind of benefit since it gives you an entry into teaching, which is almost always a requirement for any academic job. If you TA for a few years you get some experience, but you may also be given an entry level class of your own to teach (with some supervision).
While the amount of the cost of tuition might sound high at a good university, TAs and RAs seldom have to pay any of that. The pay is low, but the additional "perk" makes it worth while.
This is also the reason that most students in the US take more than (say) four years after undergraduate to earn a doctorate. They are spending up to about half their time as a TA. Hopefully not half, but maybe close.
But the TA experience is, itself, valuable for a future academic, even for those who can self-fund their degree without it. And, to emphasize, universities need you to be a TA or such, just to make the whole system work.
So, the "ranking" you need to worry about are the same as the rankings for admission to a good program. The funding, while small, will be adequate.
Comment: Thanks for the answer! This takes off some stress. I don't think I will mind TAing because like you said, it seems like valuable experience.


Why don't producers of goods with inelastic demand refuse to increase supply?

Question: I'm reading Paul Samuelson's Economics (19th edition, 2009). In page 71, the Paradox of the Bumper Harvest is introduced. According to the paradox, an increase in food supply from a good harvest actually decreases total revenue for farmers. This happens because food is an inelastic good, so demand does not increase with supply in the same rate. If this is the case, why don't farmers refuse to sell excess supply (for example, by burning excess food), to keep prices up?
Comment: This is why subsidies were created. So that a surplus harvest doesn't lead to a bunch of farmers going out of business, then a famine the next year.
Answer: That's because "farmers" as a collective is not a decision maker. Decisions, e.g. on how much food to burn, are made by individual farmers. Now an individual farmer, by her own decision, has only negligible influence on the market price. She simply cannot "keep prices up" on her own. Thus, each individual farmer has a strong incentive not to burn any food but to sell everything she produced. So everybody sells whatever they can, and the market price is low. Sadly for them (but luckily for consumers), the farmers are stuck in a sort of prisoner's dilemma.
Answer:
why don't farmers refuse to sell excess supply (for example, by burning excess food), to keep prices up?

They do refuse to sell crops when prices are low.  In that case, they store1 their crops in silos (in the US and Canada, at least) until commodity prices rise.  That's when they sell.
Of course, sometimes prices don't rise, and at some point they have to sell anyway to pay debts due, buy seed for next year, etc.
1Burn??  That stuff cost money to grow.  Money that's got to be paid back.  Even selling at a loss brings in some money.


How To Send Text Message With BlueTooth Keyboard, Instead Of Starting New Line?

Question: I'm not just talking about sending in Whatsapp. I'm talking about the native texting system for andriod phones. I have a MX Key, and for some odd reason. No matter what I do, I can't get "enter" to "send" a text message. Instead, it just starts a new line.
Answer: Wow, this is 8 years old, and nothing has changed. Tech companies can be nasty sometimes. So here is the only 2 correct answers (Also thank you David Metcalfe):
https://android.stackexchange.com/questions/61818/how-can-i-use-enter-to-send-from-a-bluetooth-keyboard

The application may provide an option to use enter as send, but if it doesn't, then I think you can't do much about this...

Press the TAB/right arrow key until the send button of the app is selected. Then hit ENTER. That works for me.
Often, the TAB/right arrow key only needs to pressed once or twice before the send key can be activated using ENTER.


Diagnostics of a parametric Survival Regression in R

Question:
I am doing a Survival Analysis in R with the "survival" package and I don't know how to do any plots of the results for diagnostic purposes.
Here is my model (I have given the variables self-explanatory names, I believe):
my_fit <- survreg(Surv(time, status) ~ feature_1 + feature_2 + feature_3, data = my_data_frame, dist = "loglogistic")
I use summary(my_fit) to see the coefficients and the corresponding p-values together with a couple of other statistical outputs like the Chi^2 of the model. However, with a linear regression model, for example, one can use the plot function to check out the residuals. That can give one a clue about possible nonlinearities. In this case plot(my_fit) gives an error:
"Error in xy.coords(x, y, xlabel, ylabel, log):
'x' is a list, but does not have components 'x' and 'y'"
I know that the survreg function uses the maximum likelihood method, so one doesn't have residuals, but perhaps there is still some useful function for a visual inspection of the fitted model.
Another question is how to compare two different models (i.e. models that differ only in their predictors). I used the anova function but am not sure how to interpret the output and I believe this makes sense only if the models are self-contained. Hence, if one of the models has predictors feature_1, feature_2 and feature_3, and the other one uses predictors feature_1, feature_2 and feature_4, then the anova function does not give a meaningful result. Is that correct?
Comment: You can always expand or try alternative models in various directions to address all the assumptions. Examples include alternative distributions and quadratic x terms. Then compare fits using likelihood based statistics like AIC. You can also compare the models using subject matter - does it make much difference which model you choose?  If there is hardly any practical difference, then choose the simpler model. Ordinary plots are problematic because of the censoring, but it never hurts to look at them, as long as censoring issues are clearly understood.
Comment: reading this paper: https://onlinelibrary-wiley-com.cyber.usask.ca/doi/10.1002/sim.8852, available with https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/share/author/F8DKBTX7IT7UT2WTSZP3?target=10.1002/sim.8852
Answer: Model Diagnostics
With a parametric survival regression model you do have residuals. You just might have to work a bit harder to get them than you do with ordinary least squares.
Chapter 18 of Frank Harrell's course notes and of his book on regression modeling strategies goes into detail about diagnostics for parametric survival models. A parametric model expresses the survival time $T$ as a function of the covariates $X$ (with associated coefficients $\beta$), a scale parameter $\sigma$, and a specific form of an error distribution, $\epsilon$, related to your choice of parametric family:
$$ \log (T) = X \beta + \sigma \epsilon$$
Thus for each event time you can calculate a residual from the parameter values estimated from your model fit:
$$\frac {\log(T)-X \beta} {\sigma} $$
and check whether the residuals have the assumed form. You also can check whether the covariates have the assumed linear relationship with $\log(T)$. Chapter 19 of Harrell's notes and book works through a detailed example with a log-normal model, with principles readily applied to your log-logistic model.
Model comparison
You are correct that anova() comparisons can't be used for non-nested models. I'm reluctant to recommend comparison of non-nested survival models, given the risk of omitted-variable bias when you omit any predictor associated with survival from a model.* It's generally best to include as many predictors associated with survival as you can, without overfitting. You might consider Akaike's An Information Criterion (AIC) for such non-nested comparisons, but please read this discussion before you do. You also could examine which model has the best predictive performance, for example repeating both models on multiple bootstrapped samples of your data and evaluating the competing models against the full data set.

*Unlike ordinary linear regression, but similar to logistic regression,you can have such bias even if the omitted variable isn't correlated with the included variables.


Dynamic creation of VS Project

Question: I have a project where I create WiX (Windows Installer for XML) files, when they are not already present.  It is working perfectly. Now I want to expand it to add more functionality. I was wondering if there is a way to create a Visual Studio project programmatically?  This project is run as part of our nightly build process, and when a new wix file is needed it is created, but I want to have everything in place when the build is finished so if necessary you can just open the project in Visual Studio and start editing.  Am I dreaming outside the realm of possibility or no? Any nudge in the right direction will be greatly appreciated.
Answer: Project files are xml, so there is no reason why you couldn't (the hard way)
There are Visual Studio APIs available for creating projects How to: Programatically Create Projects
Comment: Thanks for the overly quick response. I have no doubt that is the perfect answer to my question, sadly I think that is taking me far in over my head.
Answer: In general, I don't believe this is a good idea.  While I'm in favor of full end to end build automation,  the installer is source and any changes to it should be done intentionally.  I don't like the face that files blip in and blip out of the install.  If a product adds a file, it should be explicitly added to the installer and if a file is removed it should be explicitly removed from the installer.  Any change to this baseline without a corrosponding change should raise a build break.
This is, IMO, the only way to be 100% certain that what goes into an install is intentional and accurate.

Dynamic creation of VS Project


Can anyone tell me why the answer to this question is D?

Question:
I think the current will go through earth wire but my physics teacher told us the current will continue to flow through the circuit.
Comment: Hi Qiao and welcome to the Physics SE! Please note that we don't answer homework or worked example type questions. Please see [this page in the site help](https://physics.stackexchange.com/help/on-topic) for more on what topics you can ask about here.
Comment: Does D says the potential becomes negative?
Comment: No it doesn't. How much do you know about electrostatics. Did your physics teacher explain in details what an electric potential means and how it works?
Comment: the potential at earth wire is 0
Comment: For me to answer this question, you have to rephrase the question conceptually so it doesn't seem like you're asking us to solve your homework for you.
Comment: If the potential at earth wire is zero, why do you think the current will prefer going down a zero potential path than a negative potential path? Picture this: if your body is so hot (about 45°C) and you have just a spec of time left before your body give in and you have the option to jump into a water 0°C and a water -45°C, which will you choose pal?
Comment: Also consider writing more descriptive question titles.
Comment: I've deleted some comments that were more like answers to the question than like suggestions for improvements to it.
Answer: Current in a circuit is driven by voltage differences. Imagine you would disconnect the point Q from ground. Then it is clear that the battery drives a current $I = 0.5$ A from "+" to "-" through the resistors, and there is a voltage drop $\Delta U = R\times I$ across each resistor in the circuit. However, in this setting, it is undefined, what the potential difference between point Q and ground is. It could be any arbitrary value.
When you connect Q to ground, then you define the potential difference between this point and ground to be zero. This will not affect the voltage difference between "+" and "-" of the battery, hence the current in the circuit stays the same. But it defines the potential between "+" and ground, and between "-" and ground. For example, without the ground connection the voltage between "+" (point P) and ground could be 110 V, and that between "-" (point S) and ground could be 100 V. With the ground connection, the voltage between "+" (point P) and ground is +2 V, and the voltage between "-" (point S) and ground it is -8 V, such that the voltage between point Q and ground is zero.
Comment: and then, because the voltage between point Q and the ground is zero, no current flows along that wire.
Comment: @RogerJBarlow: well, I did not want to say that, because it may be misleading. If you take a point slightly left of Q and one slightly right of Q, there is also no voltage, but there is still a finite current.
Comment: Yes, you're right, I was trying to be helpful but didn't appreciate the subtlety
Answer: I think this is an exercise in high school.
Your question is why does not the current leave the circuit and enter the ground. And the answer is that the current will continue to flow through the circuit.
If we ignore how the battery works and treated it as a device that keeps an invariant potential difference between these two ends. Then there is a static electric field near the battery, no matter if there is the circuit. Then you can imagine that put the circuit to connect two ends of the battery, together with the earth connected with the Q point. We know that there are "free" electrons in the circuit (metal wire) and the earth. They will be driven by the electric field of battery, so the current has been constructed. The system will arrive at the "equilibrium" (in fact static) state, if there is current that is no zero in the circuit, it should be continuous, that is to say in any time interval, the number of electrons who leave the battery is equal to the number of electrons who enter it. So there are only two possible states, the current is zero in the whole circuit or circuit does not leave the circuit and enter the earth. We consider these two states now:

No current in the circuit means any two points on the wire are at the same potential because it is a conductor. But we know that it is impossible for there is a fixed 10V difference between the two points of the battery.
This is the only possible state the circuit should be at. And is the answer to this exercise.

However, you may ask, why the current should be continuous when the system get static? That is because if it does not, the battery will accumulate the charge by time or lose charge. If it accumulates the charge and gets a higher potential than other parts, the electron (with the negative charge) will be attracted to the battery (Coulomb interaction) and then it cannot gather more charge, vice versa. This looks like the current is continuous in macroscopic.
You may also ask, why the system must get the static state. And the answer is similar to the one to the question above, there is a negative feedback in the system because of the electric interaction. The point is that in metal (in fact the conductor), the electric field will drive the electrons move. In the classical view, electrons meet the ions and the interaction between them is similar to the damping of the water flow. The electric field driving and the damping force lead the system to static at last. It is similar to the behavior of 2nd order equation: $x''=F-x'$ , or the motion of an object under wind resistance.
Finally, why there should be earth connects to the point Q? In high school exam or homework, it performs the reference level of the potential: 0V. Sometimes it is also an infinity charge pool. You may meet such exercise in the future study and it should not bother you.
Comment: I'm sorry to bother but your answer is a bit of a jumble and I don't feel good down voting. Where does the static come from? There are some of your statements that are right, but overall, it's not.
Comment: Sorry I did not explain how the system gets static detailly enough but skip it with the word "negative feedback". I edit it to show it better in the answer!
Comment: By static you mean the battery is emptied and current doesn't flow anymore?
Comment: No I mean the current is not dependent on time. Maybe I should use the word "steady".
Comment: Does that relate in any way to the question? The question, from my comprehension, is based on potential of Q relative to the negative terminal of the battery, how does that have to do with time, steadiness, or "static".
Comment: Yeah of course. I tried to explain how the current field is constructed by the "battery", so that the asker could get clear about this and know why the current will not go into the earth.
Comment: I believe basically the reason is that the electrostatic negativity of the negative terminal of the battery is way more than that of ground which is approximately 0. Why do you have to go all the way to mount. Everest to bring water.
Answer: It appears that you are asking why it is that the answer is not option $C$ on the assumption that if the current starts at the positive terminal of the battery (node $P$) it then flows through the $4\,\Omega$ resistor and out through the earth contact at node $Q$ so no current flows through the other two resistors?
This logic is flawed.
If this is a conventional circuit then the current is actually a flow of electrons coming out of the negative terminal of the battery and flow from right to left through the resistors.
Using your logic there would be no current through the $4\,\Omega$ resistor!
However it is the conservation of charge (Kirchhoff's first law) which gives the simple answer.
The current out of the positive terminal of the battery must equal the current in to the negative terminal of the battery as there can be no accumulation or loss of charge within the battery.
If some current leaks out of the circuit through the earth connection at node $Q$ how does that current get back into the circuit to make sure that the currents in and out of the battery are the same?
In this problem the purpose of the earth label at node $Q$ is to give you a value for the potential of node $Q$ so that then the potentials of the other nodes can be assigned.


Laravel How to store payment gateway response url data value in database

Question: Currently, i'm integrating a new payment gateway in laravel.
In response url, I am getting a datastring from the payment gateway like:
<code>http://www.example.com/payment/response?txn_status=00&txn_msg=success&txn_err_msg=NA&clnt_txn_ref=000000&tpsl_txn_id=000000&txn_amt=1.00&hash=0000000000000000000
</code>
I want to store the url datastring value into a database
How should I able to do it in laravel?
Answer: As url string contains the get parameters, so your route will be 'get'. Then you have to write this:
<code>$GetData = Input::get();

//To print
echo "<pre>";
print_r($GetData);

//To log the response
Log::info("Payment response : ".print_r($GetData, true));
</code>
Now, to insert this response, use laravel eloquent or the simple query.


When can one extend a function on the unit circle to an analytic function?

Question: Suppose I have a function $f$ defined on the unit circle. Under what conditions can I define a new function $g$ defined on a subset of the complex plane containing the unit disk such that $f = g$ on the unit circle?
Comment: does your function take values on the circle, or just in $\mathbb C$?
Comment: $f: \mathbb{T} \to \mathbb{C}$
Answer: A necessary condition would be that $f$ is analytic, in the sense that $f(e^{it})=e^{iF(t)}$, where $F(t)=\sum_{n \geq 0} a_n t^n$ and $F: \mathbb R \to \mathbb C$ satisfies $F(t+2\pi)=F(t)+2k\pi$ for some integer constant $k$.
Additionnally, since you want your extension to be defined near the unit disk (and not just near the unit circle), you'll want $F$ to extend to a holomorphic function on the upper half-plane. That condition is also clearly sufficient.
Off the top of my head, I don't see any simple necessary and sufficient condition on the $a_n$ to ensure this condition; for example, it is clearly sufficient that $F$ is entire.
Answer: If $f:\>S^1\to{\mathbb C}$ is a reasonable function then
$$f(e^{it})=\sum_{k=-\infty}^\infty c_k e^{ikt}\ ,$$
whereby this series is convergent in some sense. On the other hand, if $$g:\quad\bar D\to{\mathbb C},\quad z\mapsto \sum_{k=0}^\infty a_kz^k$$
is analytic in a neighborhood of $\bar D$ then
$$g(e^{it})=\sum_{k=0}^\infty a_k e^{ik t}\ .$$
It follows that for $f=g\restriction\partial D$ it is necessary all Fourier coefficients $$c_k={1\over2\pi}\int_0^{2\pi} f(t)e^{-ikt}\>dt\qquad(k<0)$$  are zero. When $f$ is sufficiently smooth this is also sufficient.
See also this answer:  Connection between Fourier transform and Taylor series


How to check sharepoint 2013 Online Logs

Question: Hi I am trying to connect to Sharepoint 2013 online I used basic authentication but the response failed.I want to check the sharpoint 2013 online logs.Kindly suggest me an idea or resource how to check sharepoint online logs.
Answer: You can't - ULS logs will be in the server file systems and you don't have any access to the SharePoint Online servers.
You can send the correlation ID to the support desk and they will help you with that.
As a work around, you can make use of the Windows PowerShell for SharePoint Online cmdlets - Get-SPOAppErrors to get the application monitoring errors.
Hope this helps you.


Set different languages for different users

Question: I'd like to set different languages per user in my nexus 7 (Android 4.2), but the only option I've found for changing the language is system-wide, and applies to all the users. Is there any way I can do that?
Comment: Perhaps a Tasker script might work... Hope a Tasker guru responds.
Answer: This is not possible from Android directly. A Google code issue has been opened to ask for this, but the issue has been tagged obsolete. Google code ticket.
If you have Tasker installed, the Secure Settings plugin lets you trigger a system language change.
Ps: Marking as wiki because I don't have enough karma to comment the question.


Is "méndigo" considered offensive?

Question: I've heard "méndigo" (used in Mexico) but I'm not sure if it's an appropriate word to use. Is it offensive, and if so, does it have this connotation in all countries?
Comment: Yes, pleas put the word in context, specially because of the accentuation, and clarify if what you feel strange is precisely that (accentuation) or some other aspect of the word like its use for instance.
Comment: Welcome to the site.  Unfortunately, I must vote to close your question because it is not well posed.  Please, tell us what you think the word means, and tell us how you got that idea.  Also, please include a dictionary definition, with a link.  This could be an interesting question -- but as it stands, it's too skeletal.  Please help us help you.
Comment: The question is plain enough to me, but it's true that offensiveness depends on context. If I call someone a méndigo in anger, that might offend them even if it's true.  But if I tell a victim that they person who hurt them is a méndigo, who would be offended?
Comment: Please use a good dictionary before posting here.
Answer: The word "mendigo" without an accent is used commonly in Spain to refer to a person that asks for money in the street. It is a standard word and not inappropriate.
The word "méndigo", with an accent, meaning "infamous, very bad", seems to only be used in Mexico according to DLE. We do not use it in Spain.
Comment: @aparente001 I do not really understand the problem. This is a question about the word "méndigo", so I explained the only meaning of that word accepted by RAE. The question asks if it is used elsewhere, so I said "no, according to RAE and my experience". I also included the information about "mendigo", because other visitors of the site might confuse the two words if they are not familiar with "méndigo". I cannot think of any interpretation of the question that is **not** answered by this answer, so I would not see the point of not writing the answer. The question is short but not ill-posed.
Comment: @aparente001 I don't see the issue. If op is asking about "méndigo", then this post answers that...if op is asking about "mendigo", then this also answers it
Comment: @wimi I think it is extremely helpful to note a minimal pair based on the presence or absence of accent -- or indeed any other very small change -- and especially so if one of the words is offensive.
Comment: @aparente001 But I will be happy to delete or edit the answer if it turns out to be *not an answer to the question* after the OP has added clarification. Feel free to ping me if this happens and I do not get notified otherwise.
Comment: @aparente001 I meant, feel free to ping me (by commenting here) if the **question** is edited (invalidating my answer) and I do not get notified. I think the question is about "méndigo" with an accent. But it might theoretically be the case that even the OP does not know about the existence of both words.
Comment: It's laudable to want to help people -- but let's not rush in to write an answer when it's not well posed.  We can request clarification, or explain how to write a well-posed question, via comments.
Comment: Well, first, about pinging -- it's my understanding that you get notified automatically if I write a comment below a post authored by you. // I'm now confused about whether or not we are confused!  That is, do we feel fairly confident that the OP is asking about the word that has the accent?  (And in this case, perhaps your material about the word without an accent could go in parentheses?)  Or are we still feeling shaky about what exactly OP is asking?
Answer:
méndigo, -a.
I.  1.  adj/sust. Mx, Gu, ES. Referido a persona, infame, muy mala y vil. pop + cult → espon ^ desp.

sust/adj. Mx. Cosa despreciable. pop + cult → espon.

So it appears it is used with this despective connotation in Mexico, Guatemala, and El Salvador.
Comment: Yes, it is heard now and then here in Guatemala. (With accent) It's like saying something matters few to nothing. An approximation could be: "shitty phone" ~= "méndigo teléfono"... Although shitty is a little bit "stronger" that méndigo, so to say. This is a word one should be careful on how and when to use
Answer: My husband is a Mexican from the state of Mexico. As far as they're concerned the difference is considerable and if pronounced méndigo, serious offence will be taken. There's nothing considered dishonorable about being a mendigo, but no one wants to be referred to as a méndigo.
Answer: Mendigo es el que pide y méndigo el que no da
Comment: The expression Juan Flores quotes seems to be an accepted way to differentiate, and I find it helpful.  https://opinion.cooperativa.cl/opinion/politica/mendigo-y-mendigo/2021-04-21/193714.html#:~:text=Hay%20una%20palabra%20para%20el,el%20que%20no%20la%20da%22.
Comment: This does not provide an answer to the question. Once you have sufficient [reputation](https://spanish.stackexchange.com/help/whats-reputation) you will be able to [comment on any post](https://spanish.stackexchange.com/help/privileges/comment); instead, [provide answers that don't require clarification from the asker](https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/214173/why-do-i-need-50-reputation-to-comment-what-can-i-do-instead). - [From Review](/review/late-answers/25936)
Comment: ¡Bienvenido a [Spanish.SE]! Gracias por su respuesta, seria bueno si tiene una referencia, o simplemente decir que esta es tu experiencia personal.

Is "méndigo" considered offensive?


Does the resolution of my PC monitor affect performance on Steam Link?

Question: I have a Steam Link connected to my TV which is 1080p. The Steam Link is connected via ethernet cables to my PC, and my PC has two monitors, one with 1920x1200 resolution and one with 2560x1440. As the Steam Link works by sending the picture from my PC to the TV, does the resolution of my PC monitors affect the performance? Does it render the game in 1440p on my PC, then send and downscale it to 1080p for the Steam Link? Would I be better off setting the resolution on my main monitor to 1920x1080 instead of 2560x1440 when playing through Steam Link?
Comment: What you are calling the resolution of your monitor is actually the resolution setting of your video card.  Be careful.  People may answer the literal question rather than the question you are actually trying to ask.
Answer: Your desktop resolution shouldn't matter, but your in-game resolution will affect the performance.
Steam link scales whatever resolution to 1080p, but your PC still has to render the games at whatever resolution you have it set to, so, a higher resolution will look better, but at the cost of performance, just like it would if you were playing directly on the PC.


How to integrate Netsuite in ios

Question: I am using RESTlet script which is given in Netsuite help center and follow same procedure as describe by them. I have login credentials and also able to upload JS file to Netsuite File cabinet but I don't know how to pass GET or POST method for Netsuite.Please provide me sample code for this to create GET and POST method in JS and how to call them. Can anyone help me out to solve out this problem. Thanks in advance
Comment: Is there anyone to overcome here....?
Comment: Please help me about this problem.I will be very thankful to you
Answer: Currently the restlets are not accessable via client side JS scripting.  We've spent many hours on this with no ability to connect.  You will have to use a server-side script to accomplish this or an externally available suitelet.
Comment: ok. But whats about what they said in this link      (http://stackoverflow.com/questions/11867589/does-netsuite-have-a-restful-api)
Comment: Please help me what should i have to do.
Answer: I would like to ad NETSUITE sucks as bad as Magento in terms of community support. There seem to be few NetSuite experts who share their ideas online and zilch useful code to get a beginner started.
I have a similar problem looking to post data from a website form to a restlet or suitelet and a complete DIY with working code is nowhere to be found. What gives with this community? The company is pathetic in providing answers. They just point you to the user manual and say "good luck"!
Answer: I've done a bunch of large scale NetSuite integration projects and I would recommend NOT using NetSuite's RESTlets as an API to NetSuite.
The best method I've found to integrate with NetSuite is to use their SOAP API using the netsuite and netsuite_rails ruby gems. Create a rails/sinatra app that sits in between your iOS app and NetSuite and handle all of the NetSuite complexity in the Rails/Sinatra application instead of in a Suitelet or your iOS application.
The development tools for developing Suitelets are very poor and it'll end up taking longer to develop, debug, and maintain your NetSuite integration via Suitelets than creating a separate application that acts as a simplified interface to NetSuite (it'll also allow you to write unit tests for your business logic fairly easily).
Answer: You need to have knowledge on Suitescript API. From there you can build your own REST using Netsuite Restlets (No built-in restful service, you have to create it yourself). All you need is the URL from the created Restlet so you can consume it in the any application, as long as the credentials needed are set in the header correctly.
Answer: Yes, I have done this. I have user restlets API of netsuite which are described in netsuite help section. I have made some some javascript file and upload them to netsuite server and it works great for me.

How to integrate Netsuite in ios


Is it possible to travel into / interact with NPCs in enemy faction territories?

Question: A friend and I want to venture into Daggerfall/Ebonheart territory, and ideally be able to do quests there. Is this possible?
Answer: While Bunyip's answer is basically correct, it isn't 100% complete:
You can't enter other alliances' territory through Cyrodiil.
The gates leading to their provinces (High Rock, Morrowind, and Elsweyr) are considered safe zones where players can spawn, organize etc. They're walled off (with one way doors back only usable by the owning alliance) and heavily guarded as well.
Once you've reached level 50 and completed your main quest storyline as well as your alliance's storyline, you'll be presented with the option to play one of the other remaining alliances as veteran content (often referred to as 50+).
This will allow you to play all of that chosen alliance's content with your existing character while having everything upscaled to level 50 (so it's still challenging and you're not just breezing through heaps of low level enemies).
Once you've finished your second alliance playthrough as well, you'll be presented with the option to play the last remaining alliance's content as 50++ which will once again allow you to enjoy the content with raised level/difficulty to accomodate your more experienced character.
As a side note: I haven't heard of any rumors changing this, simply because of the fact that it wouldn't fit well with the storylines (and the content is accessible already). Take the Ebonheart Pact storyline as an example. Without spoiling anything significant, it starts off with an invasion of Daggerfall Covenant forces in Skyrim and Morrowind. Why would they allow any member of the Daggerfall Covenant to join their ranks driving them back? This doesn't make any sense.
Comment: No, consider all zones existing at least three times (due to how phasing/layering works, there'll be even more copies). So, for example, everyone from *Ebonheart Pact* who starts the *Aldmeri Dominion* story will still play with other players from the *Ebonheart Pact* in higher-level copies of the same zones *Aldmeri Dominion* players experience immediately.
Comment: (switches best answer) :3

But a question -- does this mean at 50+ you can LITERALLY be in another factions territory in the real world, with other players seeing you there? Can they not attack you and vice versa in such circumstances? i.e. is this "Playthrough" the same as what they experience on the other faction?
Comment: Everquest 2 let you change faction by way of a long and difficult "Betrayal" quest line, that did make a lot of sense lore wise (you were basically betraying your allegiance, and there was a phase where as a result neither side trusted you until you had proven yourself not to be a nasty double agent).
Answer: At the moment, you are only allowed to stay in your own faction's zone (with the exception or Cyrodiil, which is a huge battleground). You cannot enter into or interact with NPC's in other factions' territories.
Comment: which is very disappointing
Comment: @khanahk Many players agree, and there is rumor that they might be changing this.
Comment: @khanahk If you're really particular about this answer/topic, then this answer is not correct. You can't get to the other territories immediately, but in the end you're indeed able to do so.
Answer: Well apparently you can now.  I know this reply is old... but I'm Daggerfall Covenant and accidentally found my way into an obvious Ebonpact land.  Strangely, the Daggerfall soldiers in that land are all red to me and will attack me now so I guess there is not really any faction in the usual meaning of the term.
Comment: Is this meant to address the accepted answer?


Tribe of Dan Spartans?

Question: Northern Israel fell to Assyrians 740 BC.  Sparta, Greece conquered at the approximate time.  When Samson died the Tribe of Dan conquered people in Northern Israel naming the new city Dan.  When the city of Dan fell did the Danites then moved to Sparta conquering the natives?  Research has shown Israelite graves in Sparta leading to treaties with Rome and Judea during the Maccabees.
Comment: The Assyrians didn't give anyone the option of where to move, or the ability to conquer. So no.
Comment: Please provide references...like a ton of them. As far as I know, Dan is in modern day Afghanistan.
Comment: Related: https://judaism.stackexchange.com/questions/12310/how-are-spartans-the-son-of-abraham?r=SearchResults&s=2%7C33.5072
Comment: I certainly hope not considering what spartan culture was like
Answer: I edited your question a little so it'd fit the site's format. Originally your question was whether they could have. Yes, technically anything is possible, so they could have. But is it plausible? Significantly less-so, and I'll explain:
While we cannot say with utmost certainty that we have found every ancient record from that time period, we don't currently have any clear, straightforward sources that state that the Danites invaded Greece and took over Sparta (personally, I'm not entirely sure why you suggested the Danites of all tribes. I would have put it to the Zebulunites or the Asherites, who were more likely to have been actual sea-faring tribes).1
There is a teeny bit of evidence from Tanach:

Joel 4:6 mentions that people from the Kingdom of Judah had been sold to יונים. Sefaria translates that word as Ionians. Whether this is the correct identification of the group is of course debatable, because יונים are commonly identified with the Grecian people as a whole. But in any case, neither is this a full-blown invasion nor is it by the Danites, or anyone from the Kingdom of Israel, for that matter.

Ezekiel 27:19 states "וְדָן וְיָוָן מְאוּזָּל, בְּעִזְבוֹנַיִךְ נָתָנּוּ; בַּרְזֶל עָשׁוֹת קִדָּה וְקָנֶה, בְּמַעֲרָבֵךְ הָיָה". On the face of things, it seems that the Danites (ודן; and Dan) are mentioned here, trading alongside Greece (יון). However, in context this interpretation doesn't make much sense because all the other names are place-names. The distinctions between ethnic groups and places is made by usage of terms such as 'nesi'ay' (princes of) or 'bnei' (sons of). It's possible that this is a reference to the City of Dan in northern Israel, but then why would Dan be paired with Greece? All pairs mentioned in the chapter are places that neighbored one another. For these reasons, I think the verse was interpreted both by Sefaria's translation and some commentators as referring to a place called ודן, "Vedan".2 By the way, trading ties between the Levant and Greece during the Late Assyrian and Babylonian periods are also evidenced in archeological. See here for example.

The strongest basis for an ethnic connection between Sparta and the Nation of Israel comes from the story of the attempted treaty between the Maccabees and the Spartans during the 2nd century BCE. The story is brought both in Maccabees 1 and Antiquities of the Jews. The Spartans had first reached out for a treaty during the time of the High Priest Chonyo (Onias) some decades prior:

"King Arius of Sparta to Onias the High Priest, greetings. We have found a document about the Spartans and the Jews indicating that we are related and that both of our nations are descended from Abraham. Now that we have discovered this, please send us a report about your situation. In reply, we will send you a letter indicating that we are willing to share our possessions, including cattle and property, if you will do the same. We have given orders to our ambassadors to give you a full report about these matters." (Maccabees 1:12:20-23)

This is a very interesting claim, discussed a bit further in the various answers brought to this question.3 With that said, we must ask: If the Spartans were actually Danites, shouldn't they have leaned on that as basis for a treaty with Judah? Why claim cousinship via Abraham if you can claim brotherhood via Israel? The Jewish reply, likewise, makes no mention of such brotherly-tribal connections. So it seems that neither group, during the 2nd century BCE, was aware of this hypothetical closer connection.
On to archeological evidence: The City of Dan was most prominently excavated by the late Avraham Biran. Currently Yifat Thareani is in the process of continuing and publishing his work. She believes that though the city was destroyed during the initial Assyrian conquest, it was subsequently rebuilt as an Assyrian governmental center. Further archeological evidence shows that the people of Dan and neighboring sites were not exiled. This falls in line with Dan's lack of mention in the list of places in the Galilee exiled by the Assyrians (Kings 2:15:29) (see here and here for example). I believe it goes without saying that neither is there evidence that the people of Dan simply up and left, moving westward towards the sea and from there towards Greece.
On the Grecian end (i.e., in Greece itself), there is evidence for ties between Grecian peoples and the Phoenicians (for example), but nothing, from what I can tell, of Israelites and Greeks.
So, in short, I don't think this thoery is really plausible at the moment. Perhaps one day we may yet uncover a strong piece of evidence for it, but that seems unlikely at the moment, from the sheer lack of evidence anywhere.
Side-note: It would be helpful if you could provide the sources you refer to in your question, as I did not manage to find any info on Israelite tombs in Sparta.

1 I am familiar with the conspiracy theory that the Danites were originally Greek before journeying to the Land of Israel in the Bronze Age or early Iron Age. Other than a single etymological connection (Dan-Danoi) there isn't any hardcore evidence for this. If it's because of the verse ודן למה יגור אוניות (Judges 5:17), a much more plausible understanding of the term יגור is fear; "why does Dan fear the ships?". See this post I wrote on the matter.
2 Ho'il Moshe seems to understand also Uzal (אוזל) as a place-name (per Genesis 10:27), though this complicates the meaning of ודן ויון. But unfortunately he doesn't clarify further.
3 On the other, people don't always wonder why the Spartans even approached the Jews in the first place. We're talking about supposed genealogical relations that had branched out and separated thousands of years prior. Some scholars believe this letter was a forgery (for example).

Tribe of Dan Spartans?


How cooperative or competitive is the mining process?

Question: As each miner works out which nonces it has tried, does it notify the network so that energy isn't wasted on re-processing the same thing by each node? Or is it totally competitive with everyone for themselves?
Answer: Miners that aren't cooperating will never replicate work because they each want to get a different block as the next official block. If nothing else, the account the mining fee is paid to will be different. (And this ripples up to the header.)
For miners that are cooperating, work units are assigned by the mining pool. The pool will typically embed a different coinbase in the work units it assigns to each miner. When a miner finishes processing a work unit, it requests a new work unit (with a new coinbase) from the mining pool.
So there should never be any replicated work.
Comment: @Lohoris: They are fully cooperating. They're all trying different ways to solve the same problem, and as soon as one person solves it, they all move on to something else. How could they cooperate more than that?
Comment: This is misleading. While there is no *exact* replicated work, the effort of every miner doing his block *is* wasted work when they could cooperate instead.
Comment: David, could you elaborate a little on what a "coinbase" is? Thanks
Comment: The term "coinbase" is used to mean two different things. The "[coinbase transaction](http://blockexplorer.com/rawtx/b955eaa2cf8e79f2e4cd09321171af1dbb90b53293d9fa9d4a9f3dc41fe51aa1)" is the transaction in the block that pays the miner his (currently) 50 bitcoins for mining the block. It also specifies where the transaction fees go. Inside the "coinbase transaction" there's an 'in' part that normally specifies where the coins come from. It has a field called the "coinbase field" that can contain any value at all. So miners can use it as an extra nonce (and it sometimes called 'extra nonce').
Answer: Every miner is working on a slightly different block because each block pays out the block reward to a different address. There's almost no chance of the network hashing the same thing twice.
Comment: When you say "slightly different block", it's still trying to fit the next block in the chain, correct? I forgot that the address is hashed in there too, and probably contains different groups of transactions? So everybody would be hashing something different anyway and there's no way to cooperate: do I understand that correctly?
Comment: Yeah, everyone's trying to make their version of the next block the "official version". Blocks may differ in a variety of ways, though most of the entropy comes from the separate payout addresses. Obviously pools are able to create cooperation, though pools do need to prevent their miners from hashing the same data.
Answer: Solo miners and mining pools as a whole compete against one another to find the correct hash to solve the block first. As they each want a different address to be a part of the solution (so they can earn coins with their Bitcoin address), there is no overlapping per se. It's just a race to find a solution to your problem under common rules.
Pooled miners, that is the miners that mine together in a pool on the other hand work together to solve the same problem, each being assigned a range of possible solutions to check. Since the pools want to maximize their profits, they shouldn't assign the same work to more than one miner, unless they want to double check that it was solved correctly (and the miner wasn't cheating).
Answer: But if miners are competing each other, actually a frauder doesn't need to have more computational power than all the integrate nodes, he only needs to have more computational power than the best of the integrate ones.
And more, the system can not be used for large amount of transactions, if one transaction involves billions of usd, I may prepare a huge farm of computer pool, to revise the blockchain.
Comment: I've downvoted this, because it is partially wrong and partially too vague to be useful. – "he only needs to have more computational power than the best of the integrate ones" → That's false: [Why doesn't the same miner always win?](http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/36192/5406). –– "to revise the blockchain" → Please read: [What can an attacker with 51% of hash power do?](http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/658/5406).


Cutting paths with paths in Sketch.app

Question: Goal: To come up with a set of curves on different scales to reproduce the typical "metro map" look. Also to learn what this kind of curve is called (not bezier, not rational?)
Given the following circular path, I would like to "cut" it along the lines shown in order to yield eight segments. I would repeat this process for various sized circles so that they nest as in the London tube map screenshot lower in the post.
In the end, I would remove the "fill" (the resulting paths would be "open" anyway, so unfilled anyway) and outfit it with a thick "line" to make the "tracks" of my would-be metro map.

I tried every variation I could think of, with the circle and line on "top", using intersections and masking, perhaps I'm simply doing something wrong, I never used Sketch to modify shapes before.
Any option, including using the intersection points to add additional control points to the circle (so that I could select, and duplicate just two control points to get a 1/8 or 1/4 radius would work for me.
My alternative would be to learn enough geometry to write this as script for Sketch (luckily I'm a software engineer) and "program" out paths with the correct curvature, but I'm quite sure that turns out to be more difficult that it appears, not to mention my knowing nothing about geometry to calculate where the line 1000,0|1000,0 intersects the circle at north-east on it's face.
If I would have the luxury of using Illustrator I suppose I could use the "Pathfinder" tool to "outline" my shapes, according to this page:
Answer: I suggest a different solution where you draw the metro lines without curves to start.

Show the grid.
Draw the metro lines as lines with sharp corners that are color coded and accurate relative to each other and the underlying map.
Have your circle/pie handy for using as a guide when you make curves
Position the circle under your curve
Add symmetrical bezier points on either side of the corner
get rid of the middle corner point and adjust those new bezier points to match the guide circle.

Those are the steps I might use with Sketch. I think you were hoping for something less labor intensive and more precise, but this will work.
(If I were doing it in Illustrator I might use the pathfinder operations. As alluded to by @plainclothes)
Also, it looks like you will need more than one circle, you'll need a series of concentric circles to use as guides.
Answer: I'm not sure if you can do this with a quick and easy boolean operator (think pathfinder).
A reasonably quick solution:

Set up your orthogonals as a guide.
Use the Scissors tool to trim the circle down to a single section.
Rotate and dupe the section to create the rest.

Elegant? No.
Functional? Yes.

Cutting paths with paths in Sketch.app


How do I merge two Git branches, with specific commit ids, into one branch?

Question: I have two commits:
[branch]: [commit_id]
justin: 94943b74ba273a9f4009
jzbranch: 6070aada7b8a690d410b

How do I merge the two branches, into jzbranch, and resolve any differences between the two?
Answer:
How do I merge two Git branches, with specific commit ids, into one
  branch?

git checkout jzbranch

git merge [commit_id] jzbranch

or
git merge [commit_id] 6070aada7b8a690d410b

because git allows to merge several branches/commits to one.
Then run git mergetool or simple git status (in second case you only will see conflict files and then you would open these files with any editor you like). I prefer second way.
After that mandatory make new commit
Answer:
Checkout the jzbranch branch
git checkout jzbranch
Merge in justin
git merge justin
If there are any conflicts, run git mergetool after git mergetool runs, use git commit to commit the final merge.
Answer: git branch newbranch 6070aada7b8a690d410b
git checkout newbranch
git merge 94943b74ba273a9f4009


How to import OSM ways, without tags, into PostgreSQL using osm2pgsql?

Question: I have a particular problem when importing OSM Data with osm2pgsql.
I have been searching for days on how to import ways, which do not have any tag, but which are part of a relation (which itself has tags), into PostgreSQL.
Take the following way for example: http://www.openstreetmap.org/way/50126690
As you can see it does not have any tags, but is part of the relation, http://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/2648656#map=15/47.6481/12.3246 which is tagged as a cross country slope.
When I import the data into postgresql, the way 50126690 is not imported. Even when I use hstore option, which should keep all objects, (if you believe documentation on http://www.volkerschatz.com/net/osm/osm2pgsql-usage.html) the way will not be imported into planet_osm_line table.
My default.style looks like the snippet at the bottom.
Can anybody point me into the right direction on how to import those ways?
OsmType    Tag          DataType     Flags
node,way   access       text         linear
node,way   addr:housename      text  linear
node,way   addr:housenumber    text  linear
node,way   addr:interpolation  text  linear
node,way   admin_level  text         linear
node,way   aerialway    text         linear
node,way   aeroway      text         polygon
node,way   amenity      text         polygon
node,way   area         text         polygon # hard coded support for area=1/yes => polygon is in osm2pgsql
node,way   barrier      text         linear
node,way   bicycle      text         linear
node,way   brand        text         linear
node,way   bridge       text         linear
node,way   boundary     text         linear
node,way   building     text         polygon
node       capital      text         linear
node,way   construction text         linear
node,way   covered      text         linear
node,way   culvert      text         linear
node,way   cutting      text         linear
node,way   denomination text         linear
node,way   disused      text         linear
node       ele          text         linear
node,way   embankment   text         linear
node,way   foot         text         linear
node,way   generator:source    text  linear
node,way   harbour      text         polygon
node,way   highway      text         linear
node,way   historic     text         polygon
node,way   horse        text         linear
node,way   intermittent text         linear
node,way   junction     text         linear
node,way   landuse      text         polygon
node,way   layer        text         linear
node,way   leisure      text         polygon
node,way   lock         text         linear
node,way   man_made     text         polygon
node,way   military     text         polygon
node,way   motorcar     text         linear
node,way   name         text         linear
node,way   natural      text         polygon  # natural=coastline tags are discarded by a hard coded rule in osm2pgsql
node,way   office       text         polygon
node,way   oneway       text         linear
node,way   operator     text         linear
node,way   place        text         polygon
node       poi          text         linear
node,way   population   text         linear
node,way   power        text         polygon
node,way   power_source text         linear
node,way   public_transport text     polygon
node,way   railway      text         linear
node,way   ref          text         linear
node,way   religion     text         linear
node,way   route        text         linear
node,way   service      text         linear
node,way   shop         text         polygon
node,way   sport        text         polygon
node,way   surface      text         linear
node,way   toll         text         linear
node,way   tourism      text         polygon
node,way   tower:type   text         linear
way        tracktype    text         linear
node,way   tunnel       text         linear
node,way   water        text         polygon
node,way   waterway     text         polygon
node,way   wetland      text         polygon
node,way   width        text         linear
node,way   wood         text         linear
node,way   z_order      int4         linear # This is calculated during import
way        way_area     real         linear # This is calculated during import

Area tags
We don't make columns for these tags, but objects with them are areas.
Mainly for use with hstore
way         abandoned:aeroway       text    phstore
way         abandoned:amenity       text    phstore
way         abandoned:building      text    phstore
way         abandoned:landuse       text    phstore
way         abandoned:power         text    phstore
way         area:highway            text    phstore

Deleted tags
These are tags that are generally regarded as useless for most rendering.
Most of them are from imports or intended as internal information for mappers
Some of them are automatically deleted by editors.
If you want some of them, perhaps for a debugging layer, just delete the lines.
These tags are used by mappers to keep track of data.
They aren't very useful for rendering.
node,way    note                    text    delete
node,way    note:*                  text    delete
node,way    source                  text    delete
node,way    source_ref              text    delete
node,way    source:*                text    delete
node,way    attribution             text    delete
node,way    comment                 text    delete
node,way    fixme                   text    delete

Tags generally dropped by editors, not otherwise covered
node,way    created_by              text    delete
node,way    odbl                    text    delete
node,way    odbl:note               text    delete
node,way    SK53_bulk:load          text    delete

Lots of import tags
TIGER (US)
node,way    tiger:*                 text    delete

NHD (US)
NHD has been converted every way imaginable
node,way    NHD:*                   text    delete
node,way    nhd:*                   text    delete

GNIS (US)
node,way    gnis:*                  text    delete

Geobase (CA)
node,way    geobase:*               text    delete

NHN (CA)
node,way    accuracy:meters         text    delete
node,way    sub_sea:type            text    delete
node,way    waterway:type           text    delete

KSJ2 (JA)
See also note:ja and source_ref above
node,way    KSJ2:*                  text    delete

Yahoo/ALPS (JA)
node,way    yh:*                    text    delete

osak (DK)
node,way    osak:*                  text    delete

kms (DK)
node,way    kms:*                   text    delete

ngbe (ES)
See also note:es and source:file above
node,way    ngbe:*                  text    delete

naptan (UK)
node,way    naptan:*                text    delete

Corine (CLC) (Europe)
node,way    CLC:*                   text    delete

misc
node,way    3dshapes:ggmodelk       text    delete
node,way    AND_nosr_r              text    delete
node,way    import                  text    delete
node,way    it:fvg:*                text    delete

OpenPisteMap data activated
way piste:lift      text    linear
way piste:lift:occupancy    text    linear
way piste:lift:capacity text    linear
way piste:lift:duration text    linear
way piste:type      text    linear
way piste:difficulty    text    linear
way     piste:grooming          text    linear
way     piste:ref               text    linear
way     lit                     text    linear
way     aerialway:capacity      text    linear
way     aerialway:duration      text    linear
way     aerialway:heating       text    linear
way     aerialway:bubble        text    linear
way     aerialway:occupancy     text    linear
node,way information            text    linear
way     sac_scale               text    linear

If you're interested in bicycle routes, you may want the following fields
To make these work you need slim mode or the necessary data won't be remembered.
way       lcn_ref      text     linear
way       rcn_ref      text     linear
way       ncn_ref      text     linear
way       lcn          text     linear
way       rcn          text     linear
way       ncn          text     linear
way       lwn_ref      text     linear
way       rwn_ref      text     linear
way       nwn_ref          text     linear
way       lwn              text     linear
way       rwn              text     linear
way       nwn              text     linear
way       route_pref_color text     linear
way       route_name       text     linear
way       loc_ref      text     linear
way       usage      text     linear

Answer: Way 50126690 should be imported as a part of the route relation, even not as an independent linestring because as you noticed it as no normal tags which you could select with the default.style. All ways have still some technical tags and I would guess that your way would be imported into osm_lines if you add for example the osm_user tag into your default.style https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Osm2pgsql.
Comment: Besides adding the line in the style file, you need to add `--extra-attributes` to your command line, see http://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Osm2pgsql#Special_.27tags.27


Looking for a gender neutral equivalent for "dairyman"

Question: What would be the gender-neutral version of the term "dairyman"?
Comment: **dairyperson**
Comment: There is a closely related question "[Gender-neutral Forms](http://english.stackexchange.com/q/76147/14073)" that addresses gender neutral terms in general.
Answer: I would suggest "dairy farmer" if you mean the owner of the dairy farm. And "dairy farm worker" if you mean the general worker. These are the official occupations (at least in most of the English speaking countries)
Also, the business is called dairy farming.

dairyman:

1. A man who owns or manages a dairy.
2. A man who works in a dairy.

dairy farmer: the owner or manager of a dairy

There are even dairy farmers associations in different countries:

Dairy Farmers of Canada
Dairy Farmers of America
Royal Association of British Dairy Farmers

Here is a list of dairy occupations (from the book "Modern Livestock & Poultry Production" By James Gillespie, Frank Flanders):
Dairy Occupations
Cheesemaker
 - cheese cooker
Dairy barnman
Dairy cattle herder
Dairy choreman
Dairy cow washer
Dairy farm worker
Dairy farmer
  - laborer, dairy farm
Dairy helper
Dairy herdsman
Dairy herd supervisor (DHIA)
Dairy management specialist
Dairy nutrition specialist
Dairy sanitarian
Dairy scientist
Dairy technologist
Dairy tester
Field contact technician, dairy
Manager, dairy farm
Milk plant supervisor
Milk sampler
Milker, machine
 - milking machine operator
 - sampler
Supervisor, dairy processing
 - butter production supervisor
 - cheese production
Comment: Dairy barman? That sounds cool!
Answer: How about dairy worker or dairy keeper, depending upon the employment status of the individual concerned?
Answer: Depending on context, consider:
dairy hand
dairy helper
dairy operative
dairy peddler
dairy deliverer
dairy merchant
dairy dealer
dairy rancher
and dairy operator


Why are grey lines on the left, right, bottom and the top of my PNG file exported from Illustrator?

Question: So I made an event card in Illustrator and then exported it, but the PNG file Illustrator has created has some grey lines at the top, the bottom, the right and the left of the card. I uploaded the event card on Facebook to see if they are still there, but they are, and I don't know what are those lines.
Could you guys help me?
(Sorry for my english, just learning the language.)
Answer: You should be able to eliminate this by making sure your artboard coordinates (red) and dimensions (green) are whole pixel numbers (no decimals).
Answer: Apparently, the objects that make up your background don't fully reach to the border of the artboard you've exported into your png. To reflect what it sees as a tiny gap, Illustrator anti-aliases your coloured backdrop over its white background, yielding a grey pinstripe.
Try and make your backdrop larger than the artboard. That way, Illustrator will see colour all the way to the edge, see no need to anti-alias and make a proper png.