Which frames are more suited for PvE?

Question: This question may be based on opinion (and if it is close it, I wont be mad), but I was wondering which battleframes are "clearly" designed more for PvE or PvP. For example, the Nighthawk Recon is better designed for PvE due to its AOE abilities and explosive sniper rifle. I was wondering if the same could be said for all the frame types, one is more for PvE while the other is more for PvP.
Comment: I believe this is rather opinion-based.  An argument could be made for good subjective, though, so long as answerers back up their claims.
Answer: This answer is outdated by a year. Almost everything has changed since then, so it's probably not a good idea to follow anymore.
Some 'frames carry wide area-of-effect abilities that are quite well-suited for onslaughts of enemies common in PvE, while others use hard-to-aim but powerful single-target attacks. Thus, it is reasonable to assume that there some are better in PvE than others, to various degrees.
'frames favouring PvE: Firecat, Nighthawk, Bastion.
'frames favouring PvP: Tigerclaw, Raptor, Electron.
Dreadnought and Biotech 'frames don't seem to have such a pronounced difference.
However, this only applies to stock equipment. Since you can use Accord components on Astrek and ODM 'frames. With this sort of mix-and-matching, it's entirely possible to turn a supposedly PvP 'frame into one that has no problem defending thumpers and fighting the Chosen.
And of course, every 'frame can be played well in PvP. Player skill is the deciding factor here.
Comment: It's just flavour. Astrek 'frames do tend to favour offence, finesse and playing against archetype, while ODM favour defence, power and supporting the archetype. Accord battleframes are balanced. Interesting bit of trivia and insight into the game's lore (possibly Red5's design process as well), doesn't really come up in gameplay.
Comment: @Brian You are right, but those changes have also reduced my interest in the game. And for most of the intervening time, there wasn't even a PvP to worry about. So go ahead and post your own, I suppose.
Comment: See, we already disagree about Recons. I suppose they do about the same in PvE and I just like the Nighthawk better.
Comment: your mention of brands brings up another point. I might save that for another question, but basically. does brand define what it is? (ODM = PvE?)
Comment: This answer should probably be updated. A lot has changed in the last year, including that there are 16 battleframes now.
Comment: @Pvt.Grichmann I haven't played enough to post my own. Hopefully someone who has enough experience with the recent versions of the game will post an updated answer.

Which frames are more suited for PvE?


Can an applicant who has 16 years of education directly apply for PhD admission in electrical engineering at US universities?

Question: Can an applicant who has 16 years of education (BS Electronics Engineering) directly apply for a PhD position in electrical engineering at US universities? Or are they only eligible for admission in masters of electrical engineering?
Comment: Please pay attention to [the answer](https://academia.stackexchange.com/a/176909/546) of the linked question. In particular, "_The applicant is normally expected to hold at least a bachelors degree or be close to completion. There are rare exceptions to both of these._"
Comment: Regarding the issue of Masters vs. Ph.D. admission in the U.S., see [the X = United States answer](https://academia.stackexchange.com/a/176909/49593) to the question *How does the admissions process work for Ph.D. programs in Country X?*
Answer: Anyone can apply for admission to any program with any credentials.  The issue is whether the application has a reasonable chance of success.
Overall, it is very rare that applicants are allowed to bypass the usual admission requirements, but there are cases where this happens based on the unique circumstances of a particular applicant.
A well-known example in physics is John Moffat, who entered a PhD program in Cambridge without any prior education in physics following an exchange of letters with Einstein.
I personally know of two other examples (one an MD, the other a fast food worker) who were admitted into PhDs in Mathematics with no previous training in the field but after they had demonstrated suitable competences.
Personal experience in the field may replace formal academic competence for admission, but I wish to emphasize that this is extremely unusual and that not every department is open making this kind of exception.  If indeed you are admitted outside of the usual requirements, expect to have to take "remedial" courses, and possibly an entire preparatory year, in order clear any condition of your admission.


Dynamically hide table in JasperReports

Question: I have a Report, where i list the invoices & details between a particular date range. I have a table for Charges and i have to display it only for those invoices that have charges details.Otherwise it should not be displayed and the space has to be compacted.
I have tried the solutions given in this thread
I tried applying the "Print-when" condition both on the table and the band, but it is not working for me.
There is a huge space between records, that dont have the charges details.
Should i change it to a subreport instead?
Answer: I don't see why the print when expression on the band would not work.
Example: Print When Expression $F{CHARGES_FIELD_VARIABLE}!=null
This should only display the band if there is a value for charges.
If this does not work could you provide us with your xml?
Answer: I am not sure whether I have understood your question properly. If you do not want to display the records which does not have data for Charges, then I hope you can achieve this simply using a condition in your query to fetch the data.
For example where Charges != null condition in your table query. This should filter the invoices which does not have data for Charges.

Dynamically hide table in JasperReports


"we are not holding below booking any longer "versus " we are no longer holding below booking"

Question: I always have a confusion that which one is right to use between these two sentences.
1.we are not holding below booking any longer.
2.we are no longer holding below booking.
Please help me.Thanks
Answer: Both are correct.  However, in each case it should be "the below booking", or better yet, "the booking shown below".


What's the difference between work in thermodynamics and mechanics?

Question: What is the difference between work in thermodynamics and work in mechanics?
Comment: Hi user35828, and welcome to Physics Stack Exchange! We prefer to have one question per post, so I removed your second question. Feel free to post it separately. (But check if it's already been addressed on the site before. I think it might have been.)
Answer: Actually I think I disagree with the answer by BMS (the group of asymptotic symmetries of asymptotically flat spacetimes?). However I am not sure to have understood BMS'answer completely.
In my opinion, there is no difference between the definition of work in pure mechanics and work in thermodynamics (I stress that I am speaking of thermodynamics and not statistical mechanics). In both cases it is computed by the integral of ${\bf F} \cdot {\bf ds}$, taking all forces acting on the system into account. In the pure mechanical case the theorem of energy conservation says that
$$W = \Delta U + \Delta K\:.\qquad (1)$$
$W$ is the work done on the system by external systems, $K$ its kinetic energy and $U$ the total potential energy of internal forces. When considering situations where the work $W'$ of the system on the external systems  coincides, up to the sign, to the work $W$ done by the external system on the system (and this is not the case discussed by BMS) we can also say that:
$$\Delta U + \Delta K + W' =0\:. \qquad (2)$$
In real physical systems, one has to consider the fact that a system receives energy also in terms of heat, $Q$: that is energy that cannot be described in terms of macroscopic work. In this case  (1) has to be improved as
$$W + Q = \Delta U + \Delta K\:.\qquad (3)\:.$$
Actually, also the definition of $U$ has to be improved in (3), since it has to encompass the thermodynamic internal energy in addition to all types of macroscopic potential energies.
Referring to standard system of thermodynamics (thermal machines), where $\Delta K$ is negligible and the work done by the external system is identical up to the sign to that done by the system, (3) simplifies to
$$\Delta U = Q -W'\:,$$
that is the standard statement of the first principle of thermodynamics for elementary systems. However the general form is (3).
It is worth stressing that  this picture needs a sharp distinction between macroscopic description (essentially done in terms of continuous body mechanics) and microscopic description, completely disregarded but embodied in the notions of heat and internal (thermodynamic) energy. If, instead one considers also the microscopic (molecular) structure of the physical systems,  the distinction between work and heat is more difficult to understand since both are represented in terms of forces. Nevertheless exploiting the statistical approach to Hamiltonian mechanics the said distinction arises quite naturally.
Focusing on the system given by a rigid block discussed by BMS, the absolute value of the work $W$ done by the friction force acting to the block due to the ground (that eventually stops the block), is different  from the absolute value of the  work $W'$ done by the block on the ground. The former amounts to $W= -K$ the latter, instead, is $W' = 0$. The energy equation for the block is:
$$W + Q = \Delta U + \Delta K\:.$$
$Q$ is the non-mechanical energy entering the block during the process, responsible for the increase of its temperature. Since $W= -K$ one can simplify that equation to
$$Q= \Delta U\:.$$
The equation for the ground (for instance a table) is instead simply:
$$Q' = \Delta U'$$
Now $Q' \neq -Q$ and $W'=0 \neq -W$. The fact that $Q+Q' \neq 0$ it is important because it says that there is a heat source between the contact surfaces of the two bodies, and the total heat is not conserved (as conversely was supposed in the original theory of heat, the "flogisto" represented as a fluid verifying a conservation equation).
If referring to the overall system made of the block and the table, since no energy enters it, the equation is
$$\Delta U + \Delta U' + \Delta K =0\:.$$
That is
$$\Delta U + \Delta U' = -\Delta K >0\:.$$
It says that all the initial kinetic energy is finally transformed into internal energy producing the increase of temperature of both the block and the table.
Answer: Here is one issue where thermodynamics and mechanics could differ in the definitions of work.
In mechanics, a non-careful, ambiguous, but common definition for the work done by a force $\vec{F}$ is $\int\vec{F}\cdot d\vec{s}$. The problem with this is that we're not told which infinitesimal displacement $d\vec{s}$ to use; one could use (1) the infinitesimal displacement of the center of mass of the system of interest, or (2) that of the point of application of the force. Thermodynamic work is more consistent with the second choice. Let's look at consequences of both choices in the context of mechanics. Afterward, we'll go back to thermodynamics.

Choosing to use the center of mass can be convenient in mechanics if you want to know how the quantity $\frac{1}{2}Mv_\text{CM}^2$ changes. This is especially convenient if you want to know how the work done by kinetic friction slows a moving mass. For example, consider a block with kinetic energy $K$ that eventually stops due to kinetic friction. After stopping, the relation between work and kinetic energy is $\left|W_\text{fric}^\text{#1}\right|=\mu Nd_\text{CM}=K$. Very handy.
Choosing to use the point of application of the force allows a better sense of how the total energy of the system changes, not just mechanical energy. Consider again the block with kinetic energy $K$. After the block stops, the change in (macroscopic) kinetic energy of the block is $-K$, and the change in thermal energy is $\Delta E_\text{thermal}>0$ since the block will get warm. Thus, the change in total energy is $-K+\Delta E_\text{thermal}$. Comparing this to the work done in number 1 above, we find
$$\left|W_\text{fric}^\text{#2}\right|=K-\Delta E_\text{thermal}<\left|W_\text{fric}^\text{#1}\right|=K$$
The absolute value of the work calculated using choice 2 is apparently less than one would naively expect using the center of mass displacement. Apparently, the effective displacement of the point of application of the kinetic friction force with choice 2 is smaller than the center of mass displacement. This is actually realistic if one examines the microscopic view of friction, which I won't go into here. The reason I bring this up here is that this second choice has the ability to account for changes in non-mechanical energy.

I mentioned that thermodynamic work is more like choice 2 above. How? Consider a sealed cylindrical container with two moveable pistons on either end. Move both pistons inward. The center of mass of your gas didn't move, yet one would always interpret this as positive work done in thermodynamics. The first choice above says no work is done. The second choice above says both pistons do positive work.
In summary, choice #1 above is fundamentally different than work in thermodynamics. Choice #2, however, is actually consistent with thermodynamic work.
Comment: I don't understand the point. The work you find in 1. is the effective work done on the box and you can conclude that from the fact that $W=\Delta K$. In mechanics the work done by a force *on a particle* is defined by $dW=$, the formula for a system of particles follows by extending the definition by additivity.
Comment: The point is that you get different answers depending on the definition of work. In mechanics, I have seen both approaches used, and students very often confuse the two, so it's important to be aware of the difference.
Comment: I see. In the books I have, the work done on an extended body is never defined directly, it's simply the sum of the works done on each particle (I haven't seen a rigorous exposition of this regarding continuous bodies, though) and formulas like $W=F\cdot \Delta r _{CM}$ apply only to special cases as gravitational force, or as approximations since they neglige "rotational work".


How come Turkey and Iran are good friends despite Turkey having substantial Sunni population?

Question: I've seen Iran is being viewed as a rival by practically every Sunni state. So, how come Iran maintains good ties with Turkey despite the latter having a substantial Sunni population?
I would be grateful if you could help explain this, if possible, delineating the reasons. Thank you.
Comment: Can you explain why you consider Turkey and Iran to have friendly relations ? FWIW, they are on opposite sides in the Syrian maelström, even if they share at least one common goal in domestic affairs : repressing Kurd nationalists.
Comment: For Turkey, as a **secular** democracy, it should be very usual to keep national interests above any religion.
Answer: "Good friends" may be an exaggeration, but "the enemy of my enemy is my friend" probably explains some of that. Turkey (or rather Erdogan) sees itself/himself as the leader of the Islamic/Sunni world (and this puts it at odds with Iran somewhat) but even more so with Iran's other Islamic/Sunni enemies, namely Saudi Arabia and the UAE. For example, Turkey and the UAE are engaged in a proxy war in Libya now (on opposite sides). In Egypt, Turkey and Iran backed the same (losing) side [the Muslim brotherhood] against the (winning) side backed by the Saudis and UAE (el-Sisi).
Likewise, Turkey and Iran also have the Kurds as a common enemy. Iran (and its proxies) fought against the Kurds in Iraq fairly recently for example (2017), and Turkey invaded northern Syria for the same reason. Like Turkey, Iran also has a Kurdish minority in its own territory. There's a PKK equivalent/wing in Iran, the PJAK.
There are some counterpoints to all this, namely the Turkey-Iran divergence on Syria's future, but it still seems that their respective proxies have not really fought each other much over there. And officially both are engaged in the Astana peace process (to the exclusion of the SDC/YPG--Syria's main Kurdish party).
Also, prior to the current US sanctions, Iran was single largest supplier of oil to Turkey

Turkey, where the demand for energy is enormous, relies heavily on cheap imports of oil and gas. Its energy requirements have grown faster than any other OECD state since 2002, at 5.5% a year. Iran is one of its main sources, supplying 44.6% of Turkish crude oil imports and 17% of its natural gas imports in 2017.

(Turkey has sent some mixed signals regarding the US sanctions, but  what is more certain is that Iran's overall exports seem to have collapsed.)
Comment: Thank you so much @Fizz. I can't thank you enough for this explanation. Do you mind if I ask you further questions?
why are Kurds hated everywhere? Is it just because they are demanding a nation state for themselves so every regime sees them as a threat in terms of territorial integrity? and why are regimes so hell-bent on not acceding to the demands of nation-state everywhere despite knowing fully well that it follows suppression, brutality, the slaughter of thousands of people and so many other atrocities faced by common people. Is territorial sovereignty so important?
Answer: As an Arab and a Muslim, from the middle east , in simple terms the sunni-shia conflict only exist in the US media and their Allies in English speaking media , I have never heard the term in Arabic media,
so simply, there is no sunni - shia hostility , only propaganda
if you want to know more here is why
the term became popular after the US invasion of Iraq, before that we never asked or cared to know what sect of Islam our neighbors were mixed marriages were common and still in SA and Bahrain people are mixed (As opposite to Iraq were they became segregated )
the US used the "divide and rule" trick to split the Iraqi resistance after the invasion, calming Iraqi shia's are a thread and being sponsored by Iran . the rest
The U.S. Role in Iraqs Sectarian Violence - FPIF
the only countries that might hint to such an issue, Saudi, Bahrain (were the royal density trying to show the popular movement asking for democracy as a shia based revolt, even though the leaders are sunnis )
it is better than saying  The US/Israel and their is followers -allies in political terms -Vs the  US/Israel opposed countries
on Iranian , Turkish , Syrian , Tunisian , Sudan TV channels for example those countries that do not align with the US policy are called ( Resistance Front , Axis of Resistance , Rejectionist Front  )


Add a product to a specific Store Group?

Question: I am trying to save a product programatically. How can i save that product to a particular store group alone. I read in the magento intro, that a storegroup is a collection of products, But i couldn't find any parameter in product model, which restricts a product to a store group.
Answer: You cannot add products to store groups. You can only assign products to websites
<code>$product->setWebsiteIds(array(1,2,3));
</code>
Or set their visibility to a certain value in a store view.
<code>$product->setStoreId(2)->load(15)->setVisibility(1)->save(); //visibility can be from 1 to 4.
</code>


Cryptic link error. Where do I start?

Question: I'm trying to build the basemap toolkit, from source, for matplotlib to run on my MacBook Pro under OS X 10.8. The C and C++ compiler are those included with the latest Xcode package. The package includes the geos-3.3.3 package which needs to be built separately and installed before the main basemap python package is built. When I do this, using the supplied Makefile, I get the following error when the makefile attempts to build the libgeos.dylib library:
<code>Undefined symbols for architecture x86_64:
  "std::auto_ptr<geos::geom::Envelope>::auto_ptr(std::auto_ptr_ref<geos::geom::Envelope>)", referenced from:
      virtual thunk to geos::geom::GeometryCollection::computeEnvelopeInternal() constin libgeom.a(GeometryCollection.o)
  "__ZNSt8auto_ptrIN4geos4geom8EnvelopeEEcvSt12auto_ptr_refIT_EIS2_EEv", referenced from:
      virtual thunk to geos::geom::GeometryCollection::computeEnvelopeInternal() constin libgeom.a(GeometryCollection.o)
ld: symbol(s) not found for architecture x86_64
collect2: ld returned 1 exit status
</code>
On a Fedora 17 machine, with gcc 4.7, this library builds successfully so there is obviously something going on with the Mac compiler/linker.  However, I have no idea how to decode this message. What, for instance, is a "virtual thunk"? Any insight on how I can compile and build this on the Mac?
Answer: I used a different compiler and the problem went away. Try:
make CXX=c++
Worked for me. OSX 10.8.3, XCode 4.6.1.

Cryptic link error. Where do I start?


Is there a concept of soul mate in Hinduism?

Question: I have come across many philosophies in Hinduism with regards to the soul or "atman".
I was just curious if there is any concept of soul mate explained in Hinduism?  Can anyone enlighten?
Comment: I am not sure if I am being off topic here, but there are many examples like Shiva-Shakti, Radha-Krishna etc that come to my mind.
Comment: I think Shiva-Sati is the very first soul mate.
Comment: It seems "[Soul mate](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soulmate)" doesn't just highlight lovers, it could be even best friends. Please edit your question if you want to make it more specific.
Comment: Soul mate concept in Hinduism is not what it is understood commonly in new age spirituality. In Hinduism the love for God is the ultimate thing and he is soul mate of everyone. What we consider as soulmates are simply our past lives acquaintances and may have been attached very strongly in one or many of past lives. Some times two or even more than two people may be attached to each other and they take birth at same time to clear-off each other's karmic debts.
Answer: God's love is pure, true, eternal, irrelevant of one's own character and only love which doesnot expect anything return from you. Almost all religions convey the same message. Atma in course of life cycles, does punya & pap and based on this karma, one's next birth is decided.
As mentioned here, Runanubandha Rupena Pasu(wealth/possessions) Patni(wife) Sutalayaah(children), the worldly relations are form of debt of ours in the previous births.The only person who can enlighten you is God or Guru who is again a form of God, He is the only soul-mate.
One way for salvation or liberation is to give up everything and take Sanyasa-ashram or the other is Gruhastu-ashram. To enter Gruhastu-ashram one should get married and then should strictly observe the dharmic rituals & practices that are suggested. To perform all such duties, one, if has his spouse with a good harmony & understanding with him, he can perform all such duties with ease and comfort. Spouse is only materialistic-mate of this birth. So, Afaik there is no mention of soul-mate for common man in sanathana dharma except of God/Guru!


How do I store marshmallows?

Question: My marshmallows always stick together in a big clump. I keep them in a dry and cool place. This doesn't seem to work. Is there a way to store them so this won't happen?
Comment: Store-bought or homemade marshmallows?
Comment: How well sealed is the container?  I suspect humidity is getting in somehow.
Answer: Your best bet would be to place a desiccant into the container so that it absorbs the moisture which is causing your marshmallows to clump.
Silica gel packets would be fine and are often found in packets of jerky for this same reason. Alternatively some cornstarch would do since it absorbs moisture, but it may be harder to clean off of your marshmallows.

How do I store marshmallows?


Adopted and raised as a Jew. Conversion still needed as an adult who is observant?

Question: Shalom,
I was adopted before my birth, (birth by a non Jewish mother), into a Jewish family with a Jewish Mother, Father and sisters.  I was raised as a Jew, had a Bat Mitzvah and have since become observant.  I am Shabbos observant, eat Kosher (although my kitchen still awaits kashering).  The family laws of purity, (niddah), I have been told don't apply to me as I do not menstruate.
Here's my question:  since my parents raised me as a Jew, but didn't have me immersed in a mikvah, do I still need to "convert?"  What does that entail?  I am heartbroken as my Neshamah has been rising up the ladder to Hashem, only to fall down the rungs of the ladder. Todah, Shirah
Comment: [Welcome to MiYodeya](https://judaism.meta.stackexchange.com/a/3887/11501) Shirah and thanks for bringing your question here. This site doesn't provide personal halachic advice. This is best done through a rabbi who will learn all personal facts and provide personalized advice. If you want you can edit and ask about the halachic sources which apply to adoption of babies not born from Jewish mothers and raised in a Jewish environment. Otherwise this question will likely be closed. Hope to see you around!
Comment: Am I Jewish? https://judaism.stackexchange.com/q/52891/6788
Comment: As others pointed out, you should rather consult a rabbi you trust, than posting at MY. However, I would think a bit that it might not have been by chance that you were raised in a Jewish family. Moreover, as it seems you've already studied a lot and done huge efforts, your conversion might be rather regarded as formality.
Answer: From Shulchan Aruch (Y.D. 268:3) it's apparent that one who was born to a non-Jewish mother, would have to go through a giur process in front of 3 judges in order to become Jewish. This also applies to someone who kept mitzvot till now, as long as they never went through giur.

כָּל עִנְיְנֵי הַגֵּר, בֵּין לְהוֹדִיעוֹ הַמִּצְוֹת לְקַבְּלָם בֵּין הַמִּילָה בֵּין הַטְּבִילָה, צָרִיךְ שֶׁיִּהְיוּ בְּג' הַכְּשֵׁרִים לָדוּן. מִיהוּ דַּוְקָא לְכַתְּחִלָּה, אֲבָל בְּדִיעֲבַד אִם לֹא מָל אוֹ טָבַל אֶלָּא בִּפְנֵי ב' (אוֹ קְרוֹבִים) (הַגָּהוֹת מָרְדְּכַי) וּבַלַּיְלָה, אֲפִלּוּ לֹא טָבַל לְשֵׁם גֵּרוּת, אֶלָּא אִישׁ שֶׁטָּבַל לְקִרְיוֹ וְאִשָּׁה שֶׁטָּבְלָה לְנִדָּתָהּ, הָוֵי גֵּר וּמֻתָּר בְּיִשְׂרְאֵלִית, חוּץ מִקַּבָּלַת הַמִּצְוֹת שֶׁמְּעַכֶּבֶת אִם אֵינָהּ בַּיּוֹם וּבִשְׁלֹשָׁה. וּלְהָרִי''ף וּלְהָרַמְבַּ''ם, אֲפִלּוּ בְּדִיעֲבַד שֶׁטָּבַל אוֹ מָל בִּפְנֵי שְׁנַיִם אוֹ בַּלַּיְלָה, מְעַכֵּב, וְאָסוּר בְּיִשְׂרְאֵלִית, אֲבָל אִם נָשָׂא יִשְׂרְאֵלִית וְהוֹלִיד מִמֶּנָּהּ בֵּן, לֹא פָּסְלִינַן לֵיהּ.
All matters of the convert from making known to them the mitzvot, receiving them, the circumcision and the immersion, it must be with three who are fitting to judge, and during the day. But after the fact if he only was circumcised or immersed at night or in front of [the convert's] relatives [which is invalid], or even if one did not dunk with the intention of conversion, rather a man who dunked for a seminal emission, or a woman who dunked for menstruation, they are still converts and he is permitted to [marry] an Israelite woman. So this all applies to the immersion and the circumcision but it does not apply to receiving the mitzvot, which prevents [conversion] unless it was during the day and in front of three [witnesses]. However, the Rif and the Rambam [say that] even after the fact [one who] immersed or was circumcised before two [witnesses] or at night prevents [conversion], and [marrying] an Israelite woman is forbidden. But, if he is married to an Israelite woman and she has borne him a son, we do not invalidate him [the son].

Important: if the above is something that applies to you in real life, make sure to discuss it with your rabbi instead of following advise from a stranger online.
Comment: Conversion for someone like Shirah would not take long, and a lot of people might actually encourage conversion.


What does "dat 14s drop" mean?

Question: I've found this expression on the Natural Selection 2 fanpage: https://www.facebook.com/NaturalSelection2/posts/10152301360338105
Comment: Can you please add a bit more content?
Answer: jinawee is almost correct.
Rather than referring to a soldier falling down, this is referring a bass drop at 00:14 in the video, where the background music went "wub-wub-wub" for a moment.

In dubstep, the drop involves a heavy full bass line and commonly a "wobble" or "vowel" bass accompanied by a strong shuffling beat.

To add a bit more detail: Each time I've seen the colloquial Internet usage of "dat ___", the ___ has always been a good/desirable example of its-sort-of-thing.
Comment: I only learned about it by asking a friend to explain the joke in the last sentence of "[What if a rainstorm dropped all of its water in a single giant drop?](https://what-if.xkcd.com/12/)"
Comment: I never knew this usage before. It's neat to have a memorable handle for something like that!
Answer: He's just mentioning to notice the soldier falling at 00:14 in the video.
"Dat" should means "that", I've only found this word in colloquial Internet language (such as in "dat ass").
Comment: It actually doesn't really come from the internet and is much older, and has been very popular in regions of the American South for decades.
Comment: @JDong That's correct, of course, but there is a particular slang usage that isn't limited to a particular region, and is used by people who would never otherwise pronounce *that* like *dat*.  It seems fine to me to mention how it's used today as slang online.
Comment: @JDong "Dat" is also common in the Caribbean.
Comment: I liked your answer :) please double "L" this word : "colloquial" .

What does "dat 14s drop" mean?


Distributed game development and security of source code

Question: I think this question has already been asked many times, but I can't find any of them. I have a game project (I'm using Marmalade),and a few trusted developers, but I want to invite more. For adding some functionality, for writing scripts and so on. The question is - how can I don't give them the whole source code (only compiled part of it maybe), and/or give them limited rights to the project for doing them their work, but dont have the opportunity to steal the code?
Comment: Simple don't hire them if you think they are going to steal your code. And do that yourself. That way you can be sure no code will be stolen.
Answer: Rights and capabilities are very different. In fact, legal rights were invented largely because access issues couldn't be solved by enforcing technical capabilities. Sure, we put locks on our cars and houses; but that's really only a first level of defense to deter casual vandalism - a career criminal isn't deterred, and not much hindered either. There is also a layer of legal convention that we rely on, and all things considered, the legal protection is more important: it doesn't prevent individual abuses, but it has the full weight of the state and the community behind it, and when it hits, the perp is going down.
Applied to your question: software law, inconvenient and difficult as it can be, is almost certainly more important for protecting your assets than access control. It's unlikely that you can really separate parts of your application so that others can do useful work on only parts. Overall it is almost certainly better to get a legal agreement in place and hold them to it than try to establish technical controls that are probably either ineffective or hinder their work.
If you're contracting into an area where you don't trust the legal system to protect you, then you're pretty much on your own. In such a situation I would seriously reconsider whether you should be outsourcing at all.
Answer: You'll have to split the code repository (assuming you want to give them access to the repo) or have a SCN that allows you to set access permissions so certain groups cannot read parts of the repo. If you use git, you're stuck with the former - splitting the code into modules and only giving out access to some modules.
You'll have to determine how much of the code is required for their access, if they only need binaries (and headers/wdsl/etc) then you could store binaries and required sources in a new repo (populated automatically by your CI system) and give them access to that.
You'll have to tell more in order to get better answers, without knowing the specific details, your question is a bit 'generic'.
Comment: We are using Visual Studio to design and build the project. We don't see any binary files in debug folder. The question is - how to run the project from other developers on the emulator which is compiled on another computer?
Answer: Have the core of your game engine as a binary, but implement most gameplay-relevant systems and components in form of separately compiled plugins which use a common API to communicate with the core engine. This should enable developers to create plugins with just the binary versions of the core and the other plugins. This architecture can then also be used by modders to create 3rd party add-ons for your game.
However, this will be a lot of work and won't be the most productive way of working for your team members. When you want to be productive, you should just give them access to the source and control them legally through having them sign a non-disclosure agreement. Also remember that you retain the copyright of your code even when you show it to others. So when they really steal your code and you can prove it, you can sue them for copyright violation.


Can someone explain DNA methylation reprogramming in simple terms to me?

Question: From what I understand, one of the challenges of cloning is that the DNA methylation that is supposed to occur during embryonic development does not occur normally and this prevents natural gene expression in the cloned zygote. However, the typical descriptions of these processes are highly technical and beyond my monkey-level intelligence. I was wondering if someone could explain in simple terms why DNA methylation does not occur normally in naive cloning processes.
Answer: Your description sounds a bit confused. Perhaps the best way to think about it is that a natural zygote's DNA has undergone epigenetic "programming" that places different genes in different expression states appropriate for that stage of development (for example, you wouldn't want to turn the cell into a cartilage cell at that point, so those genes should be off). DNA methylation is one method of such programming, there are others known, and likely additional unknown ones as well.
If you replace the nucleus of a zygote with a non-zygote nucleus, much of the programming won't be appropriate for the zygotic stage and development won't proceed properly.  Cloning technology involves developing processes and reagents to reprogram the nucleus into a state that is compatible with normal development once it is inserted into a zygote.


Device won't boot

Question: I have an HTC Desire 626s. Next month will be a year since I got it, I bought it brand new from Verizon. The battery wouldn't charge so I bought a new one and replaced it.  The phone came on just fine. When I plugged it into a charger the phone got hot and now it won't do anything. I've even tried hard reset with the hardware keys but still nothing.
Comment: A fault like this is pretty difficult to diagnose without access to the device. If it's under a year old shouldn't it still be under warranty? I'd personally get in touch with Verizon about getting a replacement / repair.
Answer: It's possible, that your charger is to blame. I suggest you take it to the shop.
Answer: A year old phone's battery really shouldn't need to be replaced unless it has extremely heavy usage. Therefore, I suspect something else is to blame.
The most likely suspect is the USB cable you're using to charge it. It may be damaged or completely non-functional.
The second suspect could be the AC adapter, better known as "the brick" that you plug into the wall with a USB port on it. It may no longer be putting out any power, and your phone wouldn't charge even if the phone is plugged in.
Lastly, and unfortunelty most drastic, is that something has happened to the charging hardware within the phone. There is a system within nearly every rechargable electronic device that regulates the process of charging the battery. If it is damaged, your phone will never be able to charge again.
To diagnose the actual issue, try a different AC adapter and/or a different USB cable. If your phone begins to charge, then those are broken. If using both a different AC adapter and USB cable and the phone still won't charge, it's likely that the phone has taken internal damage to the charging mechanism. This isn't a cheap fix, and you'd be better off just replacing the entire phone.

Device won't boot


Is it possible to simultaneously scroll horizontaly two windows?

Question: Emacs 27.1
If I want to simultaneously scroll vertically two windows I use
M-x scroll-all-mode

OK. But this scrolls windows vertically.
But I need to scroll both windows horizontally. Is it possible?
Comment: you might easily add such functionality to master-mode? https://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/master.el
Answer: If you inspect the definition of scroll-all-mode, you will find that it simply adds a post-command-hook that calls scroll-all-check-to-scroll.
Inspecting the scroll-all-check-to-scroll, we find that it simply dispatches to a 'scroll-all' version of the 'current command'.
So we can simply add sroll-all versions of the horizontal scrolling functions and extend the scroll-all-check-to-scroll to dispatch for those commands also.
Here follows an example for how to extend scroll-all functionality with forward-char:
(with-eval-after-load 'scroll-all
  (defun scroll-forward-all (arg)
    "Forward char in all visible windows.
ARG is like in `end-of-buffer'."
    (interactive "P")
    (scroll-all-function-all 'forward-char arg))

  (defun scroll-all-check-to-scroll ()
    "Check `this-command' to see if a scroll is to be done."
    (cond ((eq this-command 'next-line)
           (call-interactively 'scroll-all-scroll-down-all))
          ((eq this-command 'previous-line)
           (call-interactively 'scroll-all-scroll-up-all))
          ((memq this-command '(scroll-up scroll-up-command))
           (call-interactively 'scroll-all-page-down-all))
          ((memq this-command '(scroll-down scroll-down-command))
           (call-interactively 'scroll-all-page-up-all))
          ((eq this-command 'beginning-of-buffer)
           (call-interactively 'scroll-all-beginning-of-buffer-all))
          ((eq this-command 'end-of-buffer)
           (call-interactively 'scroll-all-end-of-buffer-all))
          ((eq this-command 'forward-char)
           (call-interactively 'scroll-forward-all)))))

You can extend for other scrolling functions in a similar way.
You can use C-h k to lookup the command bound to a key.
Comment: It's cool. Emacs 4ever :-)


Is there anything material I might own (aside from a house) that would increase in value?

Question: Say, for instance, diamonds, or gold?  Watches?
Answer: Wine is often invested, as is whisky and some other spirits And fortified wines that have particular vintages, such as port. You need to be particular about which ones to invest in though.
Top vintages of wine and port can rocket in value, to make the big profits you need to buy the new vintage before everyone realises it is going to be a top year and sell it some years later when it is approaching its peak. This is obviously quite tricky to do.
It is fairly common to buy a share in a particular batch of whisky (proper Scottish single malt), then after 12-18 years when it is matured you can take your share in bottles or cash.
Comment: +1 and here all these years I've been drinking it instead of saving it :-)
Comment: Does that mean you're not going to share that whisky you were telling us about?  :-(
Comment: Sadly my "investments" in whisky are usually one optic at a time
Answer: I think you would be better asking about what things COULD increase in value. Even the given example (houses) are not certain to increase in value. In fact, one of the key causal factors of this recession IMHO is that no one realized that partly because there have been few recent housing busts, and also the illusory effect of inflation that made it seem like houses always increase in value.
I once heard it described that rich people tend to get richer because they spend more of their money on things that are more likely to hold their value or appreciate (houses, art, etc.) as opposed to poor people who spend the majority of their money on consumables like rent, utilities, food, cars, etc.
Comment: Welcome!  And +1, especially for "illusory effect of inflation."
Answer:
A truly classic automobile.
Art or antiques
Sports cards (and some trading cards)

There are lots of thing that people will pay for if you wait long enough.  I don't know that I would consider them investments, but they go up in value.
Comment: +1.  i.e. *collectibles*, but not (necessarily) *investments*.
Comment: +1 on trading cards, I still have several complete sets of Pokemon cards all filed away, hoping they obtain some value in 20 years or so ;)
Answer: In the US, the "first class forever" postage stamps.  The post office has never lowered the cost of a stamp, but has raise it several times recently.  Given that the gov't has bailed out everyone else, I believe it is a safe bet that they would bail out the post office if it financially fell apart.
And you can always use them to send a letter.
They aren't very liquid, and it would probably be difficult to invest in them in large quantities.  Although, when the post office does raise rates, you could sell yours off on ebay or something.
Answer: For an investment to appreciate in value, one of two things needs to happen:
1) Demand for that particular item needs to increase.
2) The supply of that item needs to decrease.
Houses are good because everyone needs a place to live, but there is a finite amount of land.  No matter how much you invest in Manhatten real estate, Manhatten ain't growin'.  The trick there is to find an area that people are going to want to live in when you're ready to sell.  Specific vintages of wines and spirits are another good example, because it's literally impossible to create more of that vintage.
Cars, and most consumer goods, usually don't appreciate because they don't last long enough.  Most cars are resold within three to five years after the initial purchase.  This is also why jewelry is a good investment; properly cared for, it can last centuries without wearing out.
So, look for something durable that has a limited supply.
Answer: All of the above mentioned items might appreciate in value (gold, wine, art). However your house is still the only asset that can appreciate TAX-FREE (no capital gains tax to pay when you sell your principal residence).
Comment: Canada-centric answer?


Tucking in Tekheles

Question: I've heard it said by some chaverim of mine, that if one is to wear tekheles on their tzizits, they should tuck it in. They say many poskim rule this way, and that the gemara brings down something about "doing things out of arrogance", and the gemara brings down someone who wears black shoelaces for the churban beis hamikdash, when at the time wearing black shoelaces wasn't the Minhag. And even though I wear tekheles, I know it's not the minhag for klal yisrael today. Any clarification would be nice.
Comment: I don't understand what you are asking.
Comment: FWIW, I've seen people with techeilet tzitzit hanging out.
Answer: Rav Hershel Schachter in this shuir at 29:30 says that some are afraid to wear techelis because of mechzei kyuhara,but he explains that is only talking about a  middas chassidus not trying to fulfill a positive commandment. Whether one agrees with the idea of wearing techeiles or not if one wants to wear it the idea of mechzei kyuhara should not apply. The shuir itself is on wearing techeiles and Rav Schacters opinon.

Tucking in Tekheles


What are some Innovative custom templates for Lightning?

Question: Now that we have the lightning:appHomeTemplate, lightning:recordHomeTemplate, and lightning:homeTemplate interfaces, what are some of the innovative templates that we can create for Lightning Experience to really push the envelope of customizable user experiences?
Comment: So, your question didn't strike me immediately as meeting the appropriate format we expect here for Q&A (see [ask]), but I think it's in the spirit of what we try to do here. As such, I went ahead and put the question into the question area, and your answer as a Community Wiki so it can indeed be a "mega-list" of potentially useful information. I hope I didn't go too far off-base, though, so please review my edit and make any additional changes you'd like.
Comment: Seems fair. I would still include the part about mentioning any other collections that are found. Obviously as a bleeding edge new feature there aren't many in the wild yet. But I'm sure there will be soon enough.
Answer: The expandable template from the "Pure Aloe" demo app used at Dreamforce '17 is a 2-column template with an "expand" button that hides the right pane and expands the left.
https://github.com/dreamforce17/purealoe/tree/master/force-app/main/default/aura/expandTemplate
Comment: Has anyone else seen interesting templates since Dreamforce? It would be great if there were a whole library of them or such. Or even just examples that imitate the existing standard layouts so you can play and adapt them to your needs.


In "multi hop" network, is computer => computer 0 hop or 1 hop?

Question: Would this here, a computer sending information directly to another computer, count as 0 hops or 1 hop?
Answer: As stated on this site:

A hop is a computer networking term that refers to the number of routers that a packet (a portion of data) passes through from its source to its destination. Sometimes a hop is counted when a packet passes through other hardware on a network, like switches, access points, and repeaters. This isn't always the case and it depends on what role those devices are playing on the network and how they're configured.

So as there are no routers showed between the two workstations, I'd say this is a point-to-point connection (layer 2 link with only two devices) with no hops in between.


equivalent measures, can be one finite and one not?

Question: Let $\mu$ be a non-negative and Borel-finite measure on $\mathbb{R}$ and $\nu$ a non-negative measure on $\mathbb{R}$. If $\mu$ and $\nu$ are equivalent (one absolutely continuous with respect to the other) is it true that even $\nu$ is Borel-finite.
Answer: The other often-seen example.  Lebesgue measure on the real line, and the normalized Gaussian measure
$$
\gamma(E) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}}\int_E \exp(-x^2/2)\;dx
$$
These two measures are mutually absolutely continuous.
Answer: Take a convergent series of positive numbers. You can turn this into a measure on the powerset of the natural numbers that is equivalent with counting measure. Both measures can easily be extended to all of $\mathbb{R}$ with the Borel $\sigma$-algebra.


Spectral clustering of graph

Question: I am trying to cluster a graph using spectral clustering. However I am unaware of the number of classes that exist in the data.
Would it be a good idea to apply PCA on the adjacency matrix of the graph to find the actual number of clusters in the data set?
Are there any other options?
Answer: The problem of finding the correct number of classes is unsolved and there are many approaches that deal with this problem. For general approaches, you can have a look at the problem of finding k in a k-means.
When performing spectral analysis, you can use the eigengap method to find a good approximation of the number of classes. It consists in computing the differences between the consecutive ordered eigenvalues of the graph Laplacian.
If the difference between say, the 4th and the 5th eigenvalues is large compared to the other differences, then it is likely that there will be 4 classes in the graph. Note however that there is no perfect method to say whether a difference is large enough or not. In particular, just considering the largest difference might not lead to the best partition.
A common technique is to consider several numbers of classes and perform several k-means (or any other clustering). Then, keep the partition having the highest quality according to some external measure.
Answer: If you're using R or Python (or even C), you can have a look at the excellent igraph package. Especially, look at the various community detection algorithms that this package implements. What you discuss is closely related to the leading eigenvector algorithm of Newman (2006). Here is the paper introducing this algorithm, it is a very interesting read.
A good strategy is to implement several community detection algorithms and aggregate the results. This leads to algorithm-independent, more stable and significant results. Here is a link to a function that I wrote for that purpose. One "external measure" (as mentioned by P.-N. Mougel above) that you can use is the modularity.

Spectral clustering of graph


Page preferences dialog in WPF

Question: I'm fiddling with adding the ability to output from a program I'm working on to both PDF and XPS. Initially both were just done via printers (pdf printer/xps writer) but I'd like to do it a little more directly.
The issue I've run into is that there doesn't seem to be a page preferences dialog for WPF. Is there one and I just can't find it, or does something like this have to be custom built in WPF?
I can display the print dialog and then just not actually call PrintDialog.Print, but that's not really any better than just having the user print using a PDF printer. I can retrieve all the page settings from the print dialog, but the user would actually be setting those settings for whichever printer was currently selected.
I just need a dialog with all the standard printer preference options, like page size, margins, copies, etc. Not difficult to create, but I'm surprised I can't find one...
Answer: My answer to this question should help you. What are the chances... I just answered it, and I stumble across your question :)
Hope this helps you!!

Page preferences dialog in WPF


Ubuntu 14.04: Videos refusing to go fullscreen and freeze on Firefox

Question: In Firefox on Ubuntu 14.04, just upgraded from 13.10, I can't make any video full screen without issues.  When I tried it usual do this: video freezes, and sometimes you can hear the audio, but not always.
Answer: I have the same issue with Ubuntu Gnome 14.04 but I can specify it a little bit. I can have fullscreen once, once I come back by hitting the Esc key or clicking the button, this error occurs. Killing the "plugin-container" process lets the flash-plugin crash and after reload you can give it another try.
For Youtube there is a workaround by switching to HTML5 instead of Flash. Go to https://www.youtube.com/html5 and mark that you want to use HTML5 whenever possible. To get the H.264 codec working in 14.04, you have to use a PPA as the package is not (yet?) available in the official repositories. Once you managed that at least Youtube will work fullscreen.
Answer: This is not a "fix", but a workaround. I found it on the Arch Linux Wiki (where they also have solutions for other browsers). That said, it worked flawlessly for me.

One-time Setup:
Install the devilspie package (you'll need to have Universe enabled):
sudo apt-get install devilspie

Create a folder called .devilspie inside your user directory, and a configuration file named flash-fullscreen-firefox.ds in there:
mkdir ~/.devilspie
nano flash-fullscreen-firefox.ds

Then add the following content to that file and save it:
(if
(is (application_name) "plugin-container")
(begin
(focus)
)
)

To make it work NOW:
Run devilspie. Press Alt-F2 then type /usr/bin/devilspie followed by Enter.
To make it work upon login to your system:

Press Alt+F2 and type: gnome-session-properties followed by Enter.
Press the Add button and insert Devilspie inside the field name, and /usr/bin/devilspie inside the command field.
Press Add, then close Startup Application Preferences.
There is no step 4, you're done!


Connection between GANs and adversarial learning

Question: Is there a connection between: "Adversarial Learning" (AL) and "Generative Adversarial Networks" (GANs)? Is it valid to say that GANs employ AL?
Answer: From Wikipedia,

Adversarial machine learning is a machine learning technique that attempts to exploit models by taking advantage of obtainable model information and using it to create malicious attacks. The most common reason is to cause a malfunction in a machine learning model.

Adversarial machine learning is a technique used in machine learning to fool or misguide a model with malicious input. While adversarial machine learning can be used in a variety of applications, this technique is most commonly used to execute an attack or cause a malfunction in a machine learning system.
Generative adversarial networks (GANs) are algorithmic architectures that use two neural networks, pitting one against the other (thus the "adversarial") in order to generate new, synthetic instances of data that can pass for real data. They are used widely in image generation, video generation and voice generation.
Generative adversarial networks are based on a game-theoretic scenario in which the generator network must compete against an adversary. The generator network directly produces samples. Its adversary, the discriminator network, attempts to distinguish between samples drawn from the training data and samples drawn from the generator.
— Page 699, Deep Learning, 2016.
From Machinelearningmastery

We can think of the generator as being like a counterfeiter, trying to make fake money, and the discriminator as being like police, trying to allow legitimate money and catch counterfeit money. To succeed in this game, the counterfeiter must learn to make money that is indistinguishable from genuine money, and the generator network must learn to create samples that are drawn from the same distribution as the training data.

NIPS 2016 Tutorial: Generative Adversarial Networks, 2016.
In this way, the two models are competing against each other, they are adversarial in the game theory sense, and are playing a zero-sum game.

Because the GAN framework can naturally be analyzed with the tools of game theory, we call GANs "adversarial".

NIPS 2016 Tutorial: Generative Adversarial Networks, 2016.


What is short-range antiferromagnetic order?

Question: I know what anti-ferromagnetism is. But in a paper I came across "short-range antiferromagnetic order". Can someone please explain to me what it is.
Comment: Can you link to the paper so we can see the context?
Answer: As far as I have seen, the term "short-range antiferromagnetic order" is not necessarily very well defined. It would most likely refer to the staggered spin correlations $C_s = (-1)^r \vec S_i \cdot \vec S_{i+r}$ decaying with an exponential. $C_s \propto e^{-r/\xi}$. It's definitely not long range order (where $C_s(r\to \infty) \neq 0$ nor is it quasi-long-range order $C_s \propto r^{-b}$.
Short-range order on Wikipedia
My qualifications: I'm a computational physicist studying quantum (antiferro)magnetism.
Answer: Magnetic ordering is usually measured using a spin-spin correlation function, like $S_{i,j} = \langle S_z(r_i) s_z(r_j) \rangle$. If the system has antiferromagnetic order, the Fourier transform of this correlator will have a peak of $k = \pi$ for a a one-dimensional system, or at $(\pi, \pi )$ in two dimensions etc. If the system is perfectly ordered, this peak will be a $\delta$-function. If the ordering reduces with the separation $| r_i - r_j |$, however, the peak will be broadened. If the correlator decays as a power-law of the separation - one of the best-known examples is the Kosterlitz-Thouless transition - the ordering is often called "quasi-long range order". However, if the decay is exponential, there is only antiferromagnetic order over separations comparable to the length-scale of the exponential, and this is called "short-range ordering".
Comment: So if we have a one dimensional spin chain of consecutive spin-up (say it is represented by 1 ) and spin-down (say it is represented by 0 ) and if the system is perfectly  ordered  then the spin chain will look like 1010101010101010101010 and this pattern will continue up to infinity. right...?    And if the system has short-order ordering , then we will have 010101010 only upto a certain finite distance.
Comment: Can you suggest me a book?
Comment: Thanks for pointing out the typo in my answer. Yes, ...10101010... is an example of a perfectly ordered AF state. For a book, what type of system do you have in mind?
Comment: About the book... I just wanted to study what you mentioned in your answer in detail.
Comment: Almost any condensed matter textbook will discuss correlation functions. You can take a look at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation_function_(statistical_mechanics) to see the difference between ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic correlation functions, and then look at the page's "Further reding".


Multiple GPUs machine with more than one PSU

Question: Does anyone have experience with using a machine for training Deep Learning models (R-CNNs for semantic segmentation), using multiple GPUs and powering it with more that one PSU? E.g. one PSU for motherboard and one GPU only, and another PSU for a second (and more?) GPU connected to the same motherboard.
Comment: This is certainly possible. Are you looking for something professional like what you'd find in a rendering server, or something "hacky" that could be done with normal desktop PSUs?
Comment: I will definitely start with something hacky!
I may even go for an "open box", just a frame without enclosing walls.
Answer: for consumer home pc style ATX power supplies, you would not use more than one to a motherboard.  They have the 24-pin ATX motherboard connector, for connecting to only one motherboard.  If this is the kind of rig you are looking to do multiple gpu's you simply buy a 1000w or 1200w psu that supplies 4 pcie 6 or 8 pin power connectors for gpu's.
There is the enterprise route that uses rack mount type chassis and rack mount power supplies.  For example a Dell R940xa, 4U in height, has 4 x 1600w power supplies; it runs on 208/240v power.  They along with Supermicro you can peruse their websites to look at their offerings to get an idea of how it's done, where they can support I think up to 10  nvidia-V100 type gpgpu's (double width, like a consumer grade RTX3090, having 1x or 2x 6 or 8 pin power connectors per card)
a home built pc, using a full size tower with an ATX or extended ATX size motherboard, will accomodate 2 typical RTX-3090 cards, you just need a common ATX power supply in the 800w plus range that will provide the necessary pcie power cables to the graphics card(s).  you would never use 2 psu's on one motherboard for a home pc type rig, you would get one PSU providing enough power for the hardware to be used.


Modal Response Spectrum analysis

Question: Is "Modal Response Spectrum Analysis" the same as response spectrum analysis? How about modal superposition analysis? This is the same or different? Or all are same?
Comment: Model Response Spectrum Analysis and Response Spectrum Analysis are the same. I think the last one should be the "Modal Analysis - mode superposition method".
Answer: A building with several degrees of freedom under a certain dynamic vibration, such as earthquake ground motion, will vibrate in several mode shapes. Each with a different frequency.
Modal response spectrum design involves imposing the predetermined response spectra of that particular frequency to that mode and after calculating the mass participation factor of individual modes add them together with as many modes as it takes to have at least 90% or either what the code requires mass participation.
There are several ways to add these modes together.
One is the square root of the sum of the squares SRSS method, there are other methods as well.
These are linear dynamic methods, ie, structure assumed never go beyond elastic range.
If we want to allow the structure to deform beyond yield stress into the plastic range we have to use complicated nonlinear methods.
Harvard University link
Comment: Thanks, good information, which I benefitted, but my question was simpler, I only asked if "Modal Response Spectrum Analysis" the same as "Response Spectrum Analysis?".Are these two the same thing? Only different ways of calling the same method?
Comment: Response spectrum analysis can be done with one DOF. In simplified version with no mode shapes to add.

Modal Response Spectrum analysis


How to Automatically Tell What is Not Tested

Question: I feel like I've heard the phrase "Automated Test Coverage" but not really sure what it means. I am wondering if there is a way to do some sort of program analysis that will tell you which parts of your code are untested. In this way, figure out what is left to test to build a robust system.
Answer: The answer depends on your programming language, but what are are looking for is a code coverage tool Just run it on your tests.
https://stackify.com/code-coverage-tools/
Comment: Note: code coverage tools tell you what code is executed. If you use a code coverage tool during your tests, it tells you which code was executed by your tests. It does *not* tell you which code was *tested* by your tests. It can only tell you what code was *definitely not* tested, namely the one that wasn't even executed. Simple proof: take a test suite with 100% code coverage. Remove all assertions, otherwise keep the tests as is. Run again: still 100% code coverage but *nothing* is tested.
Comment: There are also tools that match code changes in a particular pull request with coverage output, showing what's in the new / changed code is tested or not.


Eclipse IDE: install set of plugins

Question: I have a set of favorite Eclipse plugins, that I need to install every time I install new Eclipse. I would also like to have a way to install all those plugins in [semi-]automated way for my team Eclipse. Or give them recommended Eclipse plugins list, and let them do two-clicks installation on when-needed basis.
How to install set of plugins (with different update sites) quickly?
UPDATE: There are a lot of ways doing that, and I want to aggregate knowledge. There were at least 2 similar questions on stackoverflow.com with different suggestions. And it was 2-3 years ago.
How does one automate configuration of Eclipse?
Boostrapping new Eclipse machines with all the Plugins
Now the best solution seems to be proposed by Bananeweizen at 2013-3-20 (File -> Export -> Install -> Software Items to file)
Comment: Use File -> Export -> Install -> Software Items to file. That creates your favorite plugins list. Use the the corresponding import menu on new installations. Done.
Comment: Also similar to http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5129165/boostrapping-new-eclipse-machines-with-all-the-plugins
Comment: @PaulV I would vote for reopening but this is not duplicated already?
Comment: Well, technically it is. And so is one of those questions I reference (but it was not marked as duplicate.) So this is aggregation of previous knowledge and attempt to find out solution in year 2013.
Answer: As said by Bananeweizen at 2013-3-20
Use (File -> Export -> Install -> Software Items to file) to prepare plugin list file (*.p2f), then
(File -> Import -> Install Software Items from File)
I have assembled Eclipse Node.js IDE this way, see Enide - Eclipse Node.JS IDE

UPDATE: This however ran into bug in Eclipse Kepler
WARNING: Not so good in Kepler:
There are 2 bug in Eclipse 4.3 Kepler, that may make "File -> Import \ Install" usage not comfortable.
Please help to get Kepler bugs fixed by voting on these 2 bugs (you should be registered on dev.eclipse.org and logged in).

Bug 409685 - [Remediation] Eclipse 4.3 Kepler - Installation Remediation fails; no opt-out
https://bugs.eclipse.org/bugs/show_bug.cgi?id=409685
Bug 409802 - [import/export] Installation Remediation DOES NOT respect selected item in File-> Import .. -> Install Software Items from File "Import Software Configuration" Dialog
https://bugs.eclipse.org/bugs/show_bug.cgi?id=409802
Answer: Follow these steps.

Unzip Eclipse into a working directory.
Install plug-ins, one at a time, testing to make sure a plug-in hasn't corrupted your Eclipse.
When you've finished installing and testing, zip your working directory into a new Eclipse zip file.
Distribute your new Eclipse zip file.
Answer: You can use a dropins directory to maintain plugins for your eclipse distribution.

The Eclipse platform ships with a default watched directory called
  dropins. The dropins folder is configured to be scanned during
  startup. Thus the dropins folder can be used much like the plugins
  directory was used in the past.

With this method every plugin can be maintained separately, and without modifying the original eclipse distribution:

If you have various different components being dropped in, and you
  want to keep them separate, you can add an additional layer of folders
  immediately below the dropins folder that contain traditional Eclipse
  extensions:

 eclipse/
   dropins/
     emf/
       eclipse/
         features/
         plugins/
     gef/
       eclipse/
         features/
         plugins/
     ... etc ...

where emf and gef may represent usual plugin structures.
There is also a way with which everyone in a group can refer to plugins stored in just one shared location.
This is using .link files placed in the dropins directory. The files contain path to the directory where a plugin is located. Look at this link.
Answer: if I understand your question right, copying the plugin directory in an other eclipse plugin directory should work.
You can install all your favorite plugins in your own eclipse, then zip your plugin folder under your eclipse installation directory.By unzipping it under any eclipse directory you can instal all your favorite plugins at once.

Eclipse IDE: install set of plugins


Dataset size limit as an xml file

Question: We are currently using DataSet for loading and saving our data to an xml file using Dataset and there is a good possibility that the size of the xml file could get very huge.
Either way we are wondering if there is any limit on the size for an xml file so the Dataset would not run into any issues in the future due to the size of it. Please advise.
Thanks
N
Answer: well, OS max file size in one thing to consider.
(although modern os won't have this problem).
old OS support only 2 GB per file if I recall right.
also - the time that you will need to waist on updating the file is enourmouse.
if you're going for a very very large file, use a small DB (mysql or sqlexpress or sqLite)
Answer: DataSets are stored in memory so the limit should be somewhere around the amount of memory the OS can address for custom processes.
Answer: While doing work for a prior client of reading and parsing large XML files over 2 gig per XML file, the system choked while trying to use an XML reader.  While working w/Microsoft, we ultimately were passed on to the person who wrote the XML engine.  His recommendation was for us to read and process it in smaller chunks, that it couldn't handle loading the entire thing into memory at one time.  However, if you are trying to WRITE XML as a stream to a final output .XML file, you should be good to go on most current OS that support over 2 gig.
Comment: DRapp
Thanks for your input, could you provide an example/snippet of writing xml as a stream.
Also, currently after loading the dataset we cache it in a static variable and every 1 minute we are saving/writing it back to the file so the performance is faster. Would you have any recomendation/suggestions on this if this is ok.
Thanks
N

Dataset size limit as an xml file


How do play a video file in a ruby project?

Question: I found a rvideo library but manual very small and I'm learning ruby one day.
I need play a video in window. How have me done it? There is possibility cause the video player from a ruby code? or have any other way done my task?
Comment: Are you trying to play a video in a web browser,OS defualt video player, or within your own ruby GUI app
Comment: Target OS android(jruby, rubuto). Now I'm doing in a ruby in a debian. `system( "dragon /home/knowill/work/r/input.mp4" )`
trying `gem install hornetseye-frame` but get error `ERROR: Failed to build gem native extension.`
Answer: Ok, first thing I would do is install RVM and follow the instructions which should tell you what other packages you need to install, the error you received is cause you don't have the build-essential installed.  per rvm  you need to install

rvm requirements
  ...
For Ruby / Ruby HEAD (MRI, Rubinius, & REE), install the following:
ruby: /usr/bin/apt-get install build-essential openssl libreadline6 libreadline6-dev
  curl git-core zlib1g zlib1g-dev libssl-dev libyaml-dev libsqlite3-dev sqlite3 libxml2-dev
  libxslt-dev autoconf libc6-dev ncurses-dev automake libtool bison subversion pkgconfig

After RVM is installed with the packages you need, go ahead and install the flavors or Ruby you need.
Unfortunately Rubuto isn't a subsitute for learning the andriod API, the revelevent API that you need is here http://developer.android.com/guide/topics/media/mediaplayer.html you will just need to make the right API calls and references in your Rubuto/JRUBY project


Wifi disconnects instantly

Question: Hi I installed qubes on the x220 I bought on Ebay.
Now I got the problem that wifi is not connecting.
Qubes uses the sys-net VM to for internet connection based on fedora 29. It uses networkmanager for the connections though wpa_supplicant is installed as well.
Ethernet works fine with LAN-cable but the issue is that wifi does not connect or disconnects instantly. The Adapter is Centrino Advanced-N 6205.
I am able to connect to the wifi using wpa_supplicant + dhclient as explained here https://www.linuxbabe.com/command-line/ubuntu-server-16-04-wifi-wpa-supplicant
The other qubes cannot use this connection however and I also do not want to use wpa_supplicant but rather NetworkManager. Maybe someone here can help me figure out what is causing NetworkManager refusing to stay connected.
I have tried following this suggestion changing the DHCPlient to dhclient https://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/slackware-14/networking-connects-then-disconnects-with-14-2-ar9285-4175583671/ and here https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/NetworkManager.
But however that did not help as well. I don't know if it is because of the qubes environment so the settings differ.
I have also put IPv6 settings to ignore and connect only via IPv4 - did not help as well as the other way around.
I am able to connect to the wifi when I am "disabling" IPv4 and also putting IPv6 to "ignore" in the networkmanager-settings but however the CPU is used very much and obviously I do not have a working internet connection.
That's part of the output of dmesg:
<code>[    5.542197] IPv6: ADDRCONF(NETDEV_UP): wls7: link is not ready
[    7.941038] fuse init (API version 7.26)
[    8.794429] iwlwifi 0000:00:07.0: Radio type=0x1-0x2-0x0
[    9.097792] iwlwifi 0000:00:07.0: Radio type=0x1-0x2-0x0
[    9.184467] IPv6: ADDRCONF(NETDEV_UP): wls7: link is not ready
[   12.437164] wls7: authenticate with 94:4a:0c:a2:c4:3a
[   12.449079] wls7: send auth to 94:4a:0c:a2:c4:3a (try 1/3)
[   12.521838] wls7: authenticated
[   12.523237] wls7: associate with 94:4a:0c:a2:c4:3a (try 1/3)
[   12.524847] wls7: RX AssocResp from 94:4a:0c:a2:c4:3a (capab=0x11 status=0 aid=2)
[   12.549671] wls7: associated
[   12.623230] wls7: Limiting TX power to 23 (23 - 0) dBm as advertised by 94:4a:0c:a2:c4:3a
[   12.659060] IPv6: ADDRCONF(NETDEV_CHANGE): wls7: link becomes ready
[   12.660467] wls7: deauthenticating from 94:4a:0c:a2:c4:3a by local choice (Reason: 1=UNSPECIFIED)
[   12.743637] IPv6: ADDRCONF(NETDEV_UP): wls7: link is not ready
[   12.844874] wls7: authenticate with 94:4a:0c:a2:c4:38
[   12.857316] wls7: send auth to 94:4a:0c:a2:c4:38 (try 1/3)
[   12.871455] wls7: authenticated
[   12.872100] wls7: associate with 94:4a:0c:a2:c4:38 (try 1/3)
[   12.875869] wls7: RX AssocResp from 94:4a:0c:a2:c4:38 (capab=0x411 status=0 aid=3)
[   12.905062] wls7: associated
[   12.920569] IPv6: ADDRCONF(NETDEV_CHANGE): wls7: link becomes ready
[   12.922015] wls7: deauthenticating from 94:4a:0c:a2:c4:38 by local choice (Reason: 1=UNSPECIFIED)
</code>
Answer: I found a solution.
The remedy apparently was to update the fedora template.
But maybe someone searching to that needs to change /etc/NetworkManager/conf.d/dhcp-client.conf to
<code>[main] dhcp=dhclient</code>
as described here:
https://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/slackware-14/networking-connects-then-disconnects-with-14-2-ar9285-4175583671/
https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/NetworkManager

Wifi disconnects instantly


Can reality be explained in 2 dimensions?

Question: First, I apologize if this question is too long or too incoherent to respond to on your website.
   Second, I am no mathematician or physicist, only a thinker.
   Third, what follows is all part of my question, I am unable to summarize any farther.
Lately I have been trying to puzzle out why?!  If inertia is a property of the matter form of mass-energy, and it is a property that allows for the transfer of energy, then why doesn't the energy dissapate in a vacuum, as does applied radiant/free energy?
   The only conclusion I can come to is that inertia, like gravity, is a result of a mass-energy/space-time interaction.

From there I began to question our entire concept of movement.  If inertia and gravity are both mass-energy/space-time interactions, and gravity is matter's action upon space-time, then maybe inertia is space-time's action upon matter.
     This is where I feel I have lost even myself.
   I began to suspect that we do not live in a 3 dimensional universe with a 4th dimension, time.
   We live in a 2 dimensional universe in which the only reality is time, but not in our traditional sense.
   A single dimension was acted upon by what we perceive as time (2nd dimension).  It, time, simultaneously expanded, and began "pulling" , in its entirety, this 2 dimensional creation.
   I find that in reality there is no motion possible. The "pressure" which causes what we perceive as the forward flow of time is also what causes what we perceive as "motion".
   Space-time, mass-energy, our perception of time and movement all spring from the interaction of these 2 dimensions.
   In my opinion this also explains the expansion of the universe and may also shine a light on the dark matter/ dark energy problem.
   If $E = mc^2$ then the moment of the creation of the universe is still          "present/happening" at the edge of our expanding universe.  Therefore the "place/moment" of that creation would contain a large enough "energy" in a small enough "space" to create a large matter like reaction on space-time.  In other words the energy pushing on the edge of the universe has both high inertia and high gravity.
I don't know if any of this is mathematically provable/disprovable but I would appreciate some sort of response.
Thanks for your time.
:)
Comment: People commonly mistake time to be a 4th dimension, but it cannot be because it exists in all dimensions, so it has to exist independently of them.
Answer: "If inertia is a property of the matter form of mass-energy, and it is a property that allows for the transfer of energy, then why doesn't the energy dissipated in a vacuum, as does applied radiant/free energy"
The problem with your logic is that is flawed. It is equivalent to "some fruits are apples; oranges are fruits: why do not oranges taste like apples?"
Other than that, it is also true that there is something called the holographic principle, which agrees with your idea that there is a description of physics in which we live in two spatial dimensions.
Comment: Perhaps you do not fully understand the underlying reality of the Apple/ orange


How to import Yahoo Mail contacts into Google?

Question: I need help with importing my Yahoo Mail email addresses to my Gmail contacts list, using a Samsung Galaxy S4. Whenever I try to email anyone from my Gmail contacts list, I can't because they aren't imported from my Yahoo Mail account.
Comment: Use the second method suggested by Chank. Exporting Yahoo contacts as .csv file is very easy.
Answer: If you install the Yahoo mail app from the Play Store, it will synchronize your contacts to your phone's address book, and pull them up in any app, including Gmail.  The advantage of this method is that you will have an ongoing sync, meaning any contacts you add via Yahoo website will automatically appear on your phone, and vice-verse.
If you don't want to install the Yahoo mail app, you will need to use a computer.  First, export contacts on Yahoo website as a CSV file as described in this walk-through:

Go to Yahoo mail website on your computer.
Click on the "Contacts" button, and then go to Actions -> Export...
Select the "Yahoo CSV" option, click the "Export Now" button, select somewhere on your computer where to save this file, and click "OK".

Then you import the CSV file into your Google account as described here:

Sign into Gmail.
Click Gmail at the top-left corner of your Gmail page, then choose Contacts.
Click the More button above the contacts list and select "Import..."
Click the Choose File button.
Select the CSV file you generated from Yahoo, and click the Import button.

This method is a one-time import, and any modifications you make to your contacts via Yahoo website will not propagate to your phone.  Instead, your contacts will appear in your Google account.


Wiring receptacles to light switch

Question: I am wanting to install 4 receptacles that are controlled by a switch.  I am running 12/2 wire lights are (4) 4 ft led lights this is all that will be plugged into the receptacles. The breaker box is at back of shop so wire will run from back of shop to front door where light switch will be. Using 12/2 wire can this be done or would I have to run aditional wire.
Comment: You might want to run 12/3 just so you have the option of each receptacle having always on _and_ switched power.
Comment: Those LED fixtures use like 15 watts each for a grand total of 60 watts.  If you want the wiring to be easier to work with and won't be putting in any other loads, go ahead and use 14/2 wire.  Be sure to use a 15 amp breaker for it though.
Answer: If you take one long 12/2 wire directly from the source to the switch and then connect from there to every receptacle, then it can all be done with 12/2. However, if you plan to take the wire from the breaker to an outlet first and then eventually the switch, you'd have to run 12/3 between everything but to the breaker and wire nut the hot together all the way until the switch.
You can do this all with 12/2.
Answer: You can get away with running 12/2 and accomplish what you want to.  Depending on the voltage current requirements of the lighting fixtures you might even be able to get away with 14/2.  The biggest problem (as long as the lights don't draw more than 10-15 amps) is the voltage drop that can happen over long runs of wire.
If you've already got the 12/2, go with it.  It will work.
Here's a quick diagram of how I would wire this up.  Please forgive my childish sketches - MS Word was the only program I have available to draw in right now.

Note though, as someone else said in the comments, that the way this is wired, switching off the light switch would kill all power to the outlets.  Save yourself some money and don't bother installing outlets if you can direct wire the lights (instead of plugging them into the outlets). Depending on the type of enclosure that the lights are in, you might be able to utilize the enclosures as junction boxes themselves.
Hope this helps.
Comment: My thought was you could go from the breaker box and run black straight to light switch but the white go in one side of plugin then connect white to other side of plugin then it would go to the other plugin and continue like that for other two receptacles then take the black to the switch and the white from the plugin to switch. That's what the old Time Life book shows anyway lol would that work. If that is confusing you ill try to get it drawn out.
Comment: There are a number of ways in which you could feasibly wire the circuit, and what you're trying to describe could possibly work, but I'm struggling a little to understand your description. A sketch would be helpful.

Wiring receptacles to light switch


"Contractor" and "Orderer" in a contract about computer software

Question: I'm recently decided to draw up an agreement with an American company and found formal word choice quite challenging. My biggest problem right now is related to naming parties in the agreement. Right now, I refer to the person that develops the software (myself actually) as to the "contractor" and the person who ordered the software as "orderer". Are there any more suitable terms that could be useful in the context of this contract?
Answer: Client would be a better word, or possibly client company, instead of the rather clumsy "orderer".
Answer: From my (admittedly limited) experience here, "Contractor" for you, and "Company" for the company you are going to undertake work for would be the typical terms used to name the parties involved.
FWIW, compare also Wikipedia's Independent Contractor article, and also a sample contract.
Answer: You could be the "contractor" or "developer" or "provider" and the company could be the "buyer" or "purchaser" or "customer." It is best in the first paragraph to fully identify the parties followed by the word you will use to describe them in the remainder of the document:  John Smith ("Developer") and XYZ Company, Inc., ("Purchaser.")


Are calls to international numbers charged at international rates if the caller is in the same country?

Question: Suppose I take my phone on roaming from one country (say Australia) to another (say Belgium).
How do these plans typically work? Will somebody else in Belgium have to pay international rates to call me, given that they would have to call me using the international prefix? Will I have to pay a roaming fee to receive the call?
Answer: The person calling you will be calling your Australian number, so they will be charged whatever they normally pay for a call to Australia.  As you are roaming, you will be charged for receiving the call at whatever your roaming rate is.
In most cases, the call itself will actually route via Australia and back to wherever you are!  It's possible that if your phone is roaming onto the same network as the person that's calling you is on that the call will route locally, but there's no guarantee.
The reverse case is very different.  If you call a number in the country that you are in then you will normally pay a lower rate to make the call than it costs for you to receive a call, and the person you call will only pay their standard rate for an incoming call (which is free is many/most countries). Obviously the exact costs will depend upon your provider and what they charge for calls whilst roaming, but in most cases it'll be cheaper for you to call someone in-country than for them to call you.
Depending on how long you're going to be there, the best option is often to buy a pre-paid SIM in the country your visiting.  You'll get a local country number that people can call you on, and you won't pay high roaming costs for calls that you make.
Comment: In my experience people calling me while I was roaming abroad have never had to pay as if they were making international calls when calling me. Maybe it depends on the carrier, but I have never seen it. It wouldn't make sense.
Comment: @Phong: I suppose the problem with reducing the rate when you are in the same country is that they would be charged significantly more if you left the country without their knowledge. I wonder whether you or Doc are right and if it varies by carrier.
Comment: Not really at least in the EU privacy laws prevent operators to exposing you as being roaming. So technically you might be on the same network the bills will show that your belgium friends did call to Australia.
Comment: @andra that's interesting. In my experience the 'calling' tone normally varies to the country where the *callee* is, so that might be an easy way to at least narrow it down.
Comment: What about calling to the original country? (continuing with the OP example: phone from Australia, while in Belgium, call to Australia)
Answer: I used to work in mobile phone billing, but that was a long time ago (15 years or so). At the times the rules were simple: Outgoing calls were billed at the rate of the roaming provider + roaming charges. Incoming calls were charged to the person calling you at his local rate to call you at your current location + roaming charges charged to you + international rates from your home country to your current location charged to you.
In your situation, you and the caller being in Belgium with your phone having an Australian SIM, this would mean the person calling you pays the same as if you had a Belgian SIM, but you pay international charges from Australia to Belgium as well as the roaming charges applicable between your Australian network provider and the network provider you're connecting to in Belgium.
As you can imagine, this can get very expensive very quickly, and many users never know this system is in place until they receive cellphone bills to the amount of thousands of Euros.

By now all this may well have changed of course, but at the time it was pretty much standard between operators to charge in this way.
Comment: So if you call a user roaming in another country, both parties end up paying international call rates!


no username on login screen

Question: When I get to the login screen for Ubuntu 12.10, it asks for me to type in my username which I thought I knew but apparently its wrong. When I log into quest, everything is fine except I need a password for authentication. I cant recover my password without username either.
Answer: It's a bit of a hack; but if you switch to recovery mode and go into the shell (NOT THE BOOT SHELL), you can run:
<code>
cat /etc/passwd | grep home
</code>
and get the users that have a home directory. You should be one of them; look for something familiar. This happened to me and that's how I solved it.

no username on login screen


How to get what application is connected to the topmost window?

Question: My VB.NET application is suposed to monitor what application currently is running in the topmost window. I have tried the following approach using a timer:
<code>Declare Function GetActiveWindow Lib "user32" () As System.IntPtr
Declare Function GetForegroundWindow Lib "user32" () As System.IntPtr
Public Declare Auto Function GetWindowText Lib "user32" _
(ByVal hWnd As System.IntPtr, _
ByVal lpString As System.Text.StringBuilder, _
ByVal cch As Integer) As Integer

Private Sub Timer1_Tick(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles Timer1.Tick
   Dim Caption As New System.Text.StringBuilder(256)
   Dim hWnd As IntPtr = GetForegroundWindow()
   GetWindowText(hWnd, Caption, Caption.Capacity)
   'Caption now holds the title of the topmost window
End Sub
</code>
By this I can see that for example Outlook or Internet Explorer is the topmost window as the name is in Window's title bar. However, if the user crates a new mail in Outlook the title of the window is "Untitled message" givning no hint of what application is running in the the window.
How do I get what application is connected to the topmost window?p>
Help is appreciated!
Answer: You need to pinvoke GetWindowThreadProcessId().  That gets you the ID of the process that owns the window.  Back to managed code, Process.GetProcessById() gives you details of the process.


Question about probability of being a heterozygous carrier

Question: A 26-year-old woman of Norwegian descent seeks genetic counseling. Her brother died at age eight of documented cystic fibrosis. Both of their parents are deceased. The woman undergoes DNA testing for 70 CF mutations which collectively detects approximately 90% of CF carriers of northern European descent. Testing reveals that she is negative for all 70 mutations. What is the probability that she is a heterozygous carrier of CF?
Comment: Welcome to Biology.SE! Please take the [tour] and then go through the help pages starting with [Ask] questions effectively on this site. In general, we expect you to do some research on your own and then, informed by what you have learned, ask any questions you still have (ideally with references to reliable sources). For ["homework"](https://biology.stackexchange.com/help/homework) questions, you are **required** to show your attempt to answer the question and to use the "homework" tag. (Note that "homework" can apply to questions even if they are not assigned as homework.) Thanks!
Comment: Hi, So I have tried solving this by myself. I figured that in order for her to be heterozygous carrier, she has a 2/3 chance x by the 10% of catching a rare form of CF mutation that wasn't detected. I got a 1/15 chance, however the correct answer was 1/6, so I'm not sure what I'm missing here
Comment: Please [edit] that information into your post and include your reasoning for each step (e.g. where the 2/3 came from) — comments are ephemeral and often ignored so they can not be used to convey essential information. Please also check out the links from my first comment.
Answer: I recommend to read on Bayes theorem or maybe watch one of many videos on the subject.

I figured that in order for her to be heterozygous carrier, she has a 2/3 chance x by the 10% of catching a rare form of CF mutation that wasn't detected

Based on your comment I am guessing you have correctly identified, the correct (2/3) probability of her being a carrier prior to learning the test result. Also you have correctly identified the probability of her carrying rare CF mutation prior to learning the test result.
Now you can draw a table:
<code>She is a carrier     She is not a carrier
c                    d                      test came out positive
e                    f                      test came out negative
</code>
In this table c, d, e and f are probabilities prior to knowing the test result. So far you have calculated the e = 2/3*10% = 1/15. I will leave to you to calculate the rest of the fields in the table.
After learning the negative test result we can cross out the fields c and d. The list of all possible options has shrunk to e and f. The new probability of her being a carrier given the test came out negative is:
probability of carrying a rare mutation / (probability of carrying a rare mutation + probability of her not being a carrier) = e / (e + f)
Answer: There are 4 possibilities:
Family has rare allele,   person is a carrier
family has rare allele,   person is not a carrier
family has common allele, person is a carrier
family has common allele, person is not a carrier
Work out all these so that they add up to 100%.  The testing allows you to eliminate one of those options, so then recalculate.