Pronunciation vs Spelling of Done

Question: Why is 'Done' pronounced with a short ŏ vowel sound instead of the long ō vowel sound? Rules typically dictate when a word ends with an E, it changes the O to a long vowel sound.  I've tried to find the etymology, but can't really find anything.
Comment: Compare _love_, _glove_, _mother_, _cover_, _Somerset_ - all with sonant consonants following. But I can only think of one other example where the sequence 'one' has the /ʌ/ vowel! Note however that _son_ and _ton_ have that vowel rather than the expected one; and _gone_ and (for some people) _scone_ have a different but also "short" (actually "lax") vowel. Because English spelling.
Comment: Done, gone, cone
Comment: The simplest answer: because English is weird and inconsistent :-)
Answer: Two words: vowels shifted.
In general, there are no perfect rules in English spelling. As this article notes, there are at least three ways to pronounce words ending in -one: bone, gone, done. Similar pairs or trios can be found for any common spelling scheme in Englishes across the globe.
In exploring the applicability of the "magic " or "silent e" rule, the Dictionary of the British English Spelling System (2015) says that the collocation of letters o.e (o, a consonant, and e) generates a long o or /əʊ/ (bone) 95% of the time (p. 453). Combined with similar rules for other vowels, that's a good enough rule for a spelling class. However, two major exceptions occur for this: having a short u or /ʌ/ (done, love) or having the final letter e be pronounced with a long e or /i/ (abalone).
Done (and some other o.e words using /ʌ/) is an exception because of changes in vowel pronunciation between Middle English and today. Here is how the Oxford English Dictionary explains it within its etymology of do, v.:

The Old English past participle shows the -n ending of the strong past
  participle and apparently the same stem vowel as in the present stem
  (usually as prefixed -dōn : see Forms 7α). The rare Old English past
  participle form -dēn (only attested in prefixed form: see Forms 7β)
  apparently shows an i-mutated form of ō (reflecting variation in the
  participial suffix). [Like does], modern standard English done ( Brit. /dʌn/
  ,  U.S. /dən/ ) reflects a shortening of the reflex of Middle English
  long close ō.

The sound change is rather complex, but the first step is traced through step 2 of this chart modeling the Great Vowel Shift:

From here, the /u/ sound shifted further to /ʌ/ via /ʊ/. In common pronunciation terms, we went

from the o sound in bone  (/o/)
to the oo sound in boon  (/u/)
to the oo sound in foot  (/ʊ/)
to the o sound in done.  (/ʌ/)

And if you're American, we stop the last step at the unaccented vowel /ə/:

to the unaccented "uh" vowel in done (/ə/)

In other words, we moved where the vowel was pronounced in the mouth over time, just as we did for thumb and dumb, which had -ome or -oom forms in Middle English:

It's hard to say more because it's hard to explain why the Great Vowel Shift happened, but that's the track done followed.

Pronunciation vs Spelling of Done


Vertices movement keeping view perspective, but not actually moving the vertices

Question: I'm currently making the plate from the donut tutorial available by the blender guru on youtube. Here's the link: https://youtu.be/SBtDix7xGOg?t=733. We are creating a plate from a solidified circle. I'm on the step where you're creating the spot for the tea cup to rest, which involves the movement of a vertices loop in the "z" direction. I pressed "g", then "z" to move the loop similar to what's shown in the second image. If you look at it from a different view, however, it seems like the vertices moved in a manner that would make it seem like the loop moved in the "z" direction, when instead they just smeared on the surface of the plate in 2-D. (First image) Has anyone else experienced this issue?
Comment: you've enabled the snapping option (magnet icon), are you sure it doesn't mess with your G?
Comment: That's what it was! Thank you very much!!! :)
Answer: Disable the Snapping option (magnet icon).
Snapping makes your selection snap to the face.


How to make this effect that the light of lantern being translucent? (Japanese lantern)

Question: I'd like to make this type of Japanese lantern. The modeling is quite easy but texturing is bugging me. Eventually I wish it could be exported to Unreal Engine. I don't know whether it could be done in texturing process or have to be done in UE. Need some help please.
Comment: so is it supposed to work with Cycles or Eevee?
Answer: A simple mix between Diffuse and Translucent seems to work fine in both Eevee and Cycles. Make it a bit more subtle with an Image Texture and Noise nodes etc...
Comment: This looks great, thanks. But it needs to have a light source within the object which gives more impact on performance. I'm thinking is there a way that uses emissive map to achieve the same effect?
Comment: I'm not sure what you mean, could you please elaborate? Maybe edit your question. Also, there's a light in my object
Comment: To my limited knowledge, if a scene has too many lighting sources could cause low fps in real time rendering or taking too long for bake if not real time rendering. So I wish to use emissive map to achieve fake lighting effect (even though I'm not very sure that emissive map does better performance but I did see some articles saying that)
Comment: do you mean you want to put a sphere inside the box that will be emissive? or do you mean that you want the texture of the box itself to be emissive?
Comment: it could be a sphere inside the box or some part of the box being extruded up from bottom being emissive. Thanks to your answer I figured it out it seems only able to work with two materials in blender but probably just one in substance painter. The box simply need to have some "Transmission" value in the Principle BSDF and the inner glowing thing using anther material with Emission BSDF, and change render engine to Cycles(EVEEE doesn't work out).
Comment: probably some pictures will explain better
Answer: I forgot to say that the outer box Principle BSDF needs to change the first value to "Multiscatter GGX" and set the inner emissive object emission strength to a high value.


Is the Christmas tree an Ashera?

Question: Do any poskim equate Christmas trees with the Ashera tree mentioned in the Gemara?
Comment: http://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/16007/jewish/Chapter-10.htm#v=4&showrashi=true
Comment: @Yishai I don't understand. Did you mislink?
Answer: From a strictly halachic basis, no it is not an ashera. An ashera is a tree planted for the purpose of worshipping it. Today's commercial markets mean that big business grow these trees because they look nice and many people will buy them; and most people who buy them today have a pretty secularized version of Christmas anyhow.
Look: we know that many flavors of Christianity brought in some practices from the pagan world, so this may have been a related source at some point; and because the origins are pagan (and not entirely forgotten), it would be prohibited for Jews to put up a Christmas tree, because of "do not follow in their ways." But the average Christmas tree today is not a full-fledged halachic idol. (Nor is your average American family that decorates one "because that's what everyone does", who may or may not even go to church on Christmas, "worshipping idols.")
Suppose someone built a greenhouse specifically to grow "Christmas trees", and then he's moving out of town and wants to sell his greenhouse, which you'd like to buy to grow tomatoes. Would you argue that greenhouse was built specifically to house idols, and therefore you're now prohibited from using the greenhouse? I don't think so. What he had was a business selling nice-looking evergreen trees!
Comment: @DoubleAA but if a building was **built** to house an idol, that building would be prohibited.
Comment: I don't think that's true unless there's an idol inside...
Comment: Your last paragraph is inconclusive because we pasking that הזמנה לאו מילתא

Is the Christmas tree an Ashera?


Access control to Docker with https certs

Question: I have a few machines with docker with tls certs generated by docker-machine using a common CA. I want to give access to one of those instances to another user. How to do this? Do I need a separate CAs for each server to prevent user's access to other machines? What about revoking access?
Answer: You need separate CAs if You do not use an authorization-plugin for all the machines trusting the current CA - or an authorization plugin (which often is anyway useful to enable specific permissions for users and not all or nothing).
A authorization-plugin can decide based on CN of the client certificate whether actions. I don't know wether there is some ready plugin around available for download that does what You need. (Probably You just want to continue with allowing every trusted certs users everything except it has one of the CNs You give to the other users, what is very simple but maybe to simple for any public plugin.)


Quantised energy levels of the nucleus

Question: We know that the atomic energy levels are quantised since the nucleus has a potential of its own and solving the Schrödinger equation we can see that. But in gamma emission we see that the origin of gamma rays is that an excited nucleus sheds its energy of excitation by the emission of gamma rays, by which I infer that the energy states of the nucleus itself are quantised too. I want to know the reason behind the quantisation of the energy states of the nucleus and not the atomic energy levels.
Comment: See here: [Nuclear shell model](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_shell_model)
Comment: There's some helpful info here, and in the questions it links to. https://physics.stackexchange.com/q/323350/
Answer: The nuclei are bound by an interplay of the attraction of the strong force with the repulsion of the electromagnetic. There are effective potentials that describe the energy levels using the Pauli exclusion principle in filling them, which lead to the periodic table of elements, with stable and unstable nuclei. This is the shell model, described here.

In nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry, the nuclear shell model is a model of the atomic nucleus which uses the Pauli exclusion principle to describe the structure of the nucleus in terms of energy level

.....

The shell model is partly analogous to the atomic shell model which describes the arrangement of electrons in an atom, in that a filled shell results in greater stability. When adding nucleons (protons or neutrons) to a nucleus, there are certain points where the binding energy of the next nucleon is significantly less than the last one. This observation, that there are certain magic numbers of nucleons: 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, 126 which are more tightly bound than the next higher number, is the origin of the shell model.

also this :

The electronic shell structure defines the architecture of  the periodic table. An  analogous  effect  leads  to  the so-called  ìmagic  nuclei,î  closed  nucleon  shells  that lead  to  an enhanced binding of the atomic nucleus, that opposes Coulomb repulsion of protons and governs the landscape of the nuclear chart.

So,  yes, there are energy levels.

Quantised energy levels of the nucleus


Wireless ad-hoc network between Ubuntu and MS Windows

Question: I have setup a wireless ad-hoc connection between two laptops: one running ubuntu and the other MS XP. I have assigned static IP to both the laptops and both get connected quite easily. I can access all ubuntu services like ssh, squid, samba from the laptop running MS Windows. But from Ubuntu machine I cannot access any Windows services like shared directories etc. The Windows machine doesn't even respond to ping requests from ubuntu.
Comment: have you configured the windows XP computer to allow sharing? Also check the settings of the connection and ensure that (I think it's called MS Internet client services or something like that, sorry I don't remember offhand) are enabled (right click the connection and click properties).
Comment: Is the firewall running on the Windows XP machine?
Answer: To be honest this sounds like the Windows Firewall is running. You will want to disable the firewall on just the 'adapter' you created to make the ad-hoc connection.
Comment: I have tried turning the firewall off on windows, still it did not work. The shared directories are visible on windows machines but not on ubuntu.
Answer: Actually you dont even need to install any tool.
On the Ubuntu machine sharing an internet connection.

Go to Network Connections
Then Wireless Connections
Then Add
Enter a SSID, choose mode : Ad-Hoc
IPv4 Settings choose as a method : shared to other computers
(you may want to establish a wireless security)
Connect to the network (if you do not see it, you may disable and then enable your network manager)

On the Windows machine after the ubuntu machine is connected to the Ad-Hoc Network

See the Wireless Networks and connect to the wireless network.

Thats it. You should now be able to use the internet connection provided by the ubuntu machine.
Good luck
Answer: First, it won't respond to a ping... open up Network Connections, then right-click on your Ad-Hoc adapter and click Properties. Go to the Advanced tab, and click Settings under ICMP. You want to make sure "Allow incoming echo requests" is checked here. If it is, then Windows probably isn't explicitly blocking the ping.
Just to rule it out, what are you using for a gateway address in your Static IP setup? Presumably it should be the static IP of the Windows laptop.
Do you have any other Windows boxes you could connect to the ad-hoc network? It might be worth testing their ability to see the network shares of the XP machine.
Comment: I have left gateway option blank. Windows xp machines sea each other perfectly well.
Comment: Try setting the gateway on the Ubuntu machine to the static IP of the Windows machine.
Answer: install and configure firestarter tool, when finised, create ad-hoc connection then change the IPv4 method to "shared to other computer".


Package 'ros-indigo-urdfdom-headers' has no installation candidate

Question:
Hi
I'm having trouble installting ros indigo on Ubuntu 14.04. I've followed all of the instructions on this page, but when I run sudo apt-get install ros-indigo-desktop-full I get the following errors:
sudo apt-get install ros-indigo-desktop-full
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
Some packages could not be installed. This may mean that you have
requested an impossible situation or if you are using the unstable
distribution that some required packages have not yet been created
or been moved out of Incoming.
The following information may help to resolve the situation:

The following packages have unmet dependencies:
 ros-indigo-desktop-full : Depends: ros-indigo-desktop but it is not going to be installed
                           Depends: ros-indigo-simulators but it is not going to be installed
E: Unable to correct problems, you have held broken packages.

I've narrowed the problem down, it won't install because it can't find the package ros-indigo-urdfdom-headers:
user@computer:/etc/apt$ sudo apt-get install ros-indigo-urdfdom-headers
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
Package ros-indigo-urdfdom-headers is not available, but is referred to by another package.
This may mean that the package is missing, has been obsoleted, or
is only available from another source

E: Package 'ros-indigo-urdfdom-headers' has no installation candidate

Is there a solution to this?
Thanks
Jamie

Originally posted by James Diprose on ROS Answers with karma: 123 on 2014-07-09
Post score: 1

Original comments
Comment by syrnick on 2014-07-09:
I'm seeing the same issue when re-provisioning my VM (https://github.com/ros-chef/ros-web-dev-vm, see the quickstart section to reproduce).
Comment by tfoote on 2014-07-09:
What are your apt sources?
Comment by syrnick on 2014-07-09:\

vagrant@ros-web-dev:~$ sudo cat /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ros-indigo.list
deb     http://packages.ros.org/ros/ubuntu trusty main
Answer:
I'm not sure of a solution, but this might be related to rosdistro/issue/4633.

Originally posted by gvdhoorn with karma: 86574 on 2014-07-09
This answer was NOT ACCEPTED on the original site
Post score: 1

Original comments
Comment by tfoote on 2014-07-09:
There appears to have been in issue with the ftp mirror syncing. I'm looking into it now. I'll track it on the above ticket.
Comment by fergs on 2014-07-09:
There isn't even a folder for http://packages.ros.org/ros/ubuntu/pool/main/r/ros-indigo-urdfdom -- it looks like urdfdom and headers are gone from public as well.
Answer:
I had the same problem and found out that it's due to manual installation of Gazebo before ros installation.
So i tried
sudo apt-get remove gazebo-* sdformat-*

and it helped.

Originally posted by zakieh with karma: 11 on 2014-09-30
This answer was NOT ACCEPTED on the original site
Post score: 1

Original comments
Comment by petermitrano on 2014-12-28:
Seems you need to run this if you installed gazebo 4 before, then realized you need to remove it to install ROS. I ran this after running sudo apt-get remove gazebo4 and it allowed me install ros.
Thanks!


problem for cross plateform rhodes

Question: i have made setup for the rhodes (cross platform) very well and i got the success in setup itself.with the "$rake run:iphone" command i can get the successful execution of demo project.Now i want to handle some issues like i want to do arithmatic calculations in one screen and i want to show the answer in next screen.
How would i get that? give the suggestions please?
Answer: I know that it is some time since you posted this, but I hope it helps or that others may find it helpfull.
Assuming that you know how to make the calculations on the first page, lets call it the index-page (as it is properly named in rhodes), you can do it as follows:
Before you begin make sure that you store the result of your calculations in a variable, for these instructions lets call it $result.
1) Create a new .erb file which you want to represent the result page (if you created a model, you already have a .erb file called "show" and could just as easily modify and use that). In this example - lets call the page "result".
2) Create a new def in your controller - lets call it "calculate". This could look something like this:
def calculate
[do any calulations you should desire]
$result = [result of calculations]
render :action => :result, :back => url_for(:action => :index)
end
This line:
render :action => :result, :back => url_for(:action => :index)
will send you to your result page and define the action for the smartphone's backbutton to navigate back to your index-page.
3) Make sure that your "get-result-button" on your index-page invokes your new def. For a simple link this could for example look something like this:
<a href="<%= url_for :action => :calculate %>">get result
4) Display the result in the result page.
Your variable from your index-page is still available in the result-page, so you can show the result by adding the following line to your result-page (result.erb):
<%= $result.to_s %> (this will insert your result as a string).

problem for cross plateform rhodes


Where can I find a large unprocessed dataset?

Question: I am looking for a large dataset (greater than 100MB), preferably CSV, which is raw and unprocessed, with missing values. It is for a data preprocessing assignment as part of my college course on Big Data Analytics. I have to demonstrate data preprocessing in R or Python which I will work on. However, I am having a hard time finding a good dataset. On Kaggle, the datasets I looked at did not have missing values.
The dataset I have been considering is one from the New Zealand 2018 Census from https://www.stats.govt.nz/large-datasets/csv-files-for-download/. The one I have selected is the Age and sex by ethnic group (grouped total responses), for census usually resident population counts, 2006, 2013, and 2018 Censuses (RC, TA, SA2, DHB). It seems to be a good dataset for this purpose. It has around 34 million rows:

However, the problem here is 18M out of those 34M records have a non-numeric value called "..C" for the count column which I'm not exactly sure what it means. I thought about considering them as "missing values" but that is more than 50% of the entire dataset:

Any help regarding finding a good dataset or further information on the above dataset would help!
Update: The above dataset seems to have a lot of outliers. So I would prefer a recommendation for a new dataset instead.
Comment: It seems odd that your instructor would make finding an appropriate dataset part of the assignment. It seems like a waste of the students' time without any educational benefit. Just sayin' ...
Answer: Japanese Trade Stats
This seems to satisfy your request.
There are other data sets on that site if your find this particular one doesn't.


How do I time a specific command?

Question: (The linux equivalent of TimeThis.exe)
Something like:
timethis wget foo.com
Receiving foo.com
...

wget foo.com took 3 seconds.

Answer: Try just time instead of timethis.
Although be aware that there's often a shell builtin version of time and a binary version, which will give results in different formats:
$ time wget -q -O /dev/null https://unix.stackexchange.com/

real    0m0.178s
user    0m0.003s
sys     0m0.005s

vs
$ \time wget -q -O /dev/null https://unix.stackexchange.com/
0.00user 0.00system 0:00.17elapsed 4%CPU (0avgtext+0avgdata 0maxresident)k
0inputs+0outputs (0major+613minor)pagefaults 0swaps

Unlike your "timethis" program, you get three values back. That's broken down in What is "system time" when using "time" in command line, but in short: real means "wall-clock time", while user and sys show CPU clock time, split between regular code and system calls.
Answer: By using the executable time instead of the shell builtin, you can specify the output format and values. E.g. get the real elapsed time together with the command name and parameters
/usr/bin/time --format='%C took %e seconds' sleep 3
sleep 3 took 3.00 seconds

Note that you must specify the path for time, else you will default to using the shell built-in. You can also use command time or \time to execute the utility instead of the build-in.
Comment: notice that: the path is important. Don't just use 'time' in bash.  Instead, use /usr/bin/time
Comment: what's the difference if `/usr/bin` is in their PATH?
Comment: @galois The difference is that without the explicit path, the shell's built-in `time` utility will be used.
Answer: @galois :
The various shells have a handful of "built-in" commands which take precedence over anything in the path.  Normally this is advantageous; the built-ins will tend to run faster (because not calling an external file) and typically give the desired result (i.e., in the case of time command you normally do not care which version you are using, unless you want to use the "--format" flag).
So "time" without any special characters (like /) to make it look like a path will end up running the built-in, regardless of what your PATH looks like.
To force the shell to use the external time command, you must provide the path

How do I time a specific command?


Phusion passenger spawner rails app causing high cpu usage

Question: I have Asterisk and Rails app running on the same server. All inbound calls via Asterisk triggers a "curl" to the rails app's controller to initiate a juggernaut publish, enabling real-time push of inbound calls to the individual logged in user (Pop-up dialog showing caller profile details).
The problem is, the Passenger Spawner of the rails app is running at almost 100% CPU usage when ever calls starts coming in. Each inbound phone call will run:

/usr/bin/curl http://parlo.local/asterisk/inbound_call?exten=8405&src_num=921187888&recordingfilename=q70001-20

In asterisk controller:
<code>def inbound_call
  if params[:src_num].length > 6
    extension = AsteriskUserextension.find_by_extension(params[:exten])
    if extension.present? && extension.user.present?
      @user = extension.user
      customer = Customer.first_match(params[:src_num]).first
      customer_name = customer.present? ? customer.full_name : "Unknown Caller"
      queue = AsteriskQueue.find_by_name(params[:queue])
      @result = Asterisk::Action.response_factory("asterisk_inbound","#{queue.try(:title)}","OK",customer.try(:id))
      publish
    end
  end
  render :nothing => true, :status => :created
end
</code>
I believe the high inbound call rate is causing the high CPU usage. What is the best way to remedy this situation? Will pushing all the work to RESQUE help?
Thanks for any guidance!
Answer: You need use FastCGI technology.
Also you need in asterisk use CURL function instead of System application.
Every call to System create shell and fork new proccess.
Also it can be nice idea check asterisk events via AMI instead of dooign CURL.


Is there a standard for wire type in conduit?

Question: Should I use solid or stranded 14 AWG wire in conduit for lighting?
Comment: I would not say it's an opinion.  the industry standard is stranded in conduit. Why just try to pull solid not only as it doesn't uncoil as easy and going around bends it tougher. Stranded is much easier and well there is no solid wire above 10Awg. So stranded is not an opinion it is an industry standard.
Comment: The last time I used 14 gauge wire in lighting, I was installing runway lights. Can you be a bit more specific about what you want to use it for and where? Not just the rules, but also the grid voltage varies in different countries, validating some arguments in some places, while making them irrelevant. elsewhere.
Answer: Whichever you find more convenient.
It doesn't matter to the wires.  Stranded is certainly more pleasant to work with, it pulls easier and is more resistant to kinking or snagging.
However, stranded wire is not allowed in "backstab" connections (which we strongly recommend you not use anyway).  It is allowed on side screws but is quite a challenge to keep from unraveling and "birdcaging" when you tighten the screw - not allowed and you'd have to comb it out, re-twist and refine your technique.  It works best on "screw-and-clamp" as found on spec-grade receptacles and switches, but those are more money.
However, it works absolutely great in wire-nuts and even better in Wago Lever-nuts.  So you can always "pigtail" to screw terminals with solid wire.  Extend the stranded wire a little bit taller when joining the wires, so they come out even when twisted.
Comment: For screw-and-clamp if you have stranded coming in you should use stranded for everything.  Don't mix stranded and solid *in a single clamp* (most clamps allow two wires) because the stranded will work its way out.  If you want to transition, do it with a lever nut as described above for screw-only.
Comment: Could you tin solder the ends of stranded #14 and #12?
Comment: @Jim I suppose you could. Solder doesn't have nearly the conductivity of copper, but the proper screw torque is going to make the solder spread (more contact) and squish mostly out of the way.
Comment: Whichever one *you're competent in making the connections for*; I hate working with stranded but the best splice and connection I've ever seen in my life was. The connections were done as if in-line; they stripped the insulation but didn't pull it all the way off which keeps the strands together. And there was 6" of completely twisted together wires, obviously done with a linesmen once the nut came off, which on a connection that well done, did little more than provide insulation.
Comment: [How do I properly prepare stranded wire for a screw down connection?](https://diy.stackexchange.com/questions/244526/how-do-i-properly-prepare-stranded-wire-for-a-screw-down-connection)
Answer: You should check your local code.
Problem with stranded wire in screw connections is that the screw will usually not clamp the whole wire, only whatever strands it happens to catch, which makes a worse connection. Also stranded wire is much more flexible (that's the point) so sometimes it can wiggle out, leaving only a few strands to make contact, which means high resistance and therefore localized overheating and fire.
Best connectors are Wago 221.
If you use stranded, I would strongly recommend getting an hexagonal crimper (about €20 off the internet):

And some non-isolated crimp ferrules:

These are very easy to apply and you get a neat termination on your wire, without any stray strands making a mess. That works wonders with any type of termination that uses screws. It will also work with backstabs, but only the ones with a lever to open the jaws. If there is no lever to open the jaws, you won't be able to insert it, and even if you do, you'll never be able to pull it out if needed.
Also available with insulation (below) but I find these less useful because the extra thickness gets in the way when trying to fit two wires in the same screw terminal.

Note
Being French I am specifically referring to euro-style screw terminals where the tip of the screw squeezes the wire directly. These have fallen out of fashion due to unreliability, especially with stranded wires. They've been obsoleted by wagos. Also there is no way to look into the thing to make sure it is properly connected, and mixing solid with stranded in the same hole is a recipe for disaster. These terminals used to be common in sockets, with the same problems. Pic source.

The terminals where the screw uses a washer to squeeze the wire have much less problems. Code still mandates a ferrule, though.
Comment: This answer seems to have a somewhat Euopean perspective, while the asker appearsto be American. Americans don't tend to use the types of terminals where ferrules are appropriate much. Also ferrules are really designed for fine stranded flexible conductors, so using them on coarse-stranded conduit wires is somewhat controversial.
Comment: TBF, this answer does start with "You should check your local code". This probably does _not_ apply to the US, while it does apply to many (most? all?) places in the EU.
Comment: Not just European, for all the internet only electricians many industrial panels have ferrules and are required by FM without insurance doors would close, why not use solid ? It tends to break at the insulation strip point even if the wire was not nicked. Stranded in a ferrule no problem.
Comment: If the wire squishes out under a screw connection, and less than all wires make contact, that is incompetent installation and must be re-done.  An installer who declares this to be the normal state of affairs has a falsely high self-opinion, effectively "blaming the equipment" and refusing to refine their technique.  If the screw wiggles out, that is a torque setting problem, which causes bad connections, and is why North America now requires torque drivers.  Spec torques are rather higher than you'd expect.
Comment: So is it the case that most local electrical permitting authorities in the US don't allow these ferrules? Can these be used to terminate aluminum, either solid or stranded? I have stranded aluminum for a clothes dryer (30 A breaker) and electric range (50 A breaker).
Comment: From a UK perspective, I've never seen this aglet-style 'ferrule' on anything except pre-made cables. I'd never dream of using one as an alternative to bare-wire screw-terminals. It smacks of 'hokey' & 'too much margin for error'.
Comment: @Harper-ReinstateMonica Around here (France) code forbids using flexible stranded conductors for installation wiring unless terminated with crimp ferrules, so yeah, it's the normal state of affairs. Doesn't apply to rigid stranded wire (big gauge with few strands) or Wagos with levers. I guess the explanation is different screw terminals.
Answer: Stranded: it's easier to pull, easier to remove, does not break if bent.
Here (Italy) you can't even find solid wire on the market since, I think at least 30 years (the only exception is telecommunication wire)
Also many electricians tend to replace it when found (understandably, given it's 40years old or more) even if it's still in safe conditions.
Comment: So in Italy do they use ferrules to terminate the stranded wire or do they clamp the stranded wire ends as is?
Comment: It depends on the fitting: if it's designed for stranded often usually it is connected as is, ferrules are used if the connection requires it and sometimes just to keep the wiring better-looking.
Answer: Stranded is flexible, solid is not; It does not need to be flexible in conduit so stranded is not necessary. Stranded is used for appliances, extension cords, etc, where flexibility is needed. The finer the wire, the more flexible. Welding cables have (many) fine wires to make them more flexible for the operators comfort.
Comment: The flexibility isn't _needed_ in conduit, but it does make pulling easier.
Comment: I have never seen an oven element connected with solid wire, no flexibility there but as far as I know high temp fixture wire only comes in stranded.
Answer: Electric connections design has suffered massively under the stress of economy over the years, making them minimalistically engineered calculation designed components, rather than the reliably dimensioned product of hands-on practice.  Properly screwed in wire connections demand forcing the wire out of shape, which is harder to do on solid wire than on stranded wire. That is why in lamps stranded wire is to be preferred over solid wire. The screw connections in modern lamps, more often than not, simply can't handle the required force.
The way I learned to prepare for and execute stranded wire screw connections some fifty years ago, goes as follows:
Turn up the screw so it no longer obstructs any part of the wire hole.
Strip the wire to twice the length of the depth of the hole.
Twist the strands to form a single firm cable.
Bend the cable until the top half points backwards towards the isolation and squeeze it to a sharp tight turn.
Slide the cable turn into the hole without deforming it at all, until no more blank metal is visible.
Tighten the screw as tight as the connection allows and Bob's your uncle.
I frequently lift my hand tools by the cable. I pull straight plugs out of wall sockets by the cable. I even whip them out if necessary, but I have never had a screwed-in stranded wire connection fail on me.  Then again, I don't go for cheap, I don't go for easy and I don't go for fast.


Why was the ice age more severe in North America than in Eurasia?

Question: I've been looking at reconstructions of the extent of ice at the last glacial maximum, while each map differs slightly (two shown below), most show a massive North American ice sheet, extending as far south as present-day New York. In western and central Europe, the ice sheets don't extend quite as far south. This isn't surprising, as western Europe is generally warmer than North America on the same latitude - a fact that is typically attributed to the action of the Gulf Stream.  What's really perplexing is Siberia and the rest of east Eurasia. These areas seem to have virtually no ice sheets, despite being much further north than comparable areas in North America or Eurasia. Additionally, they're far enough east that I can't imagine they'd be strongly affected by the gulf stream.  What would explain the differences?
Answer: For ice sheet formation you need both cold conditions and precipitation, if it's cold but dry you will get permafrost, but not enough snow to build up glaciers.
This map of precipitation during the last age suggests eastern Eurasia was particularly dry in the north:

Source: Wikimedia.org
Comment: Thanks for the answer, but based on your map it seems like Canada was similarly dry during this time period - yet had a huge ice sheet; this seems to suggest another factor might be at play.
Answer: To add more detail to @Andy M's answer and your subsequent question in the comment:
Canada is much closer to the wet USA and there is no ocean in between. Ice doesn't have to correlate with the precipitation. Areas where there is precipitation will form the ice. When it gets thick enough the ice will flow under its own weight outwards from the centre, perhaps a long distance (this is the definition of a ice sheet/ice cap). A deep sea will interrupt the process as floating ice shelves act differently to land-supported ice.
Comment: The first question I can answer quickly: areas with solid precipitation correlate with the 'accumulation zone' of the ice sheet. i.e. where the ice is forming and getting thicker. This ice can then flow/deform under its own weight/force to areas that don't have enough precipitation to form ice. Eventually it will reach an area where it is melting or 'calving' into the sea, the 'ablation zone' . When the rate of ice loss equals the rate of ice gain the ice sheet then and only then remain a constant size. This is called bring in 'mass balance'. You should be able to Google the terms in 'quotes'
Comment: I'll have to look at second part of your question when I have more than just a phone with me, as I can't just answer without looking things up.
Comment: Thanks for the answer, this was insightful! You've said both that ice doesn't correlate with precipitation and that areas with rainfall are the ones that form the ice.  This is a bit confusing, could you clarify?  Additionally, you're correct that the USA is wet during this time (especially the great planes and NE).  However, it seems (from @Andy M's map) that there is a similarly large, wet area in east asia at the same latitude - namely present-day Manchuria and even extending into Mongolia. I hate to ask - but could you clarify further?


Can I use multiple partition external HDD connected to Apple Airport Extreme for Backups from both Mac and Windows PC

Question: I have a 6TB external drive partitioned into two equal partitions.  One is NTFS and the other is compatible with Time Machine backups.  The drive is then connected to the Airport Extreme via USB.  The Mac can see the Time Machine formatted drive.  Neither the PC or the Mac see the NTFS partition.
Answer: According to the Apple support article
https://support.apple.com/en-ca/HT202807

The disk must be formatted as Mac OS Extended, FAT16, or FAT32.
...
AirPort base stations don't support encrypted formats or disks formatted as APFS, ExFAT, or NTFS.

So, unfortunately, it seems like the the answer to your title is no, at least for the Windows / NTFS portion. However, since Time Capsule and AirPort share HFS+ over SMB - any client can write to the disk if you just format all of it using one of the supported file systems (Mac OS Extended, FAT16, or FAT32).
Comment: I went in and enabled SMB1 Client and can now see the MAC OS Extended partition that is intended for Time Machine backups.  So from what you have stated I can change the other partition to a AIrport supported file system but would unlikely be able to write my Acronis backups to it from the Windows 10 PC?
Comment: @Michael It would need Acronis to support SMB - you could surely ask that on superuser.com if Acronis doesn't list what SMB versions they support if they do. In the past, I recall needing a physical connection for Acronis - but it's quite possible they can support other connection methods. Just be sure you have a backup of all data on the drive before you erase or change format on either of the sides. I'd hate for you to lose any backups that exist already.


How do I fill out a W-2 when applying for an ITIN?

Question: When applying for an ITIN I'm sending a passport w-7 form and a 1040 form but in the 1040 form in the income section 7 they tell me to attach a w-2 form but I'm not a us citizen so I don't have either an SSN nor an ITIN/EIN so how I'm I suppose to fill out a w-2 form? What do I do, do I just leave it blank? Thanks.
Comment: If you are not eligible for SSN, you are not eligible for employment in the US - hence you have no W-2 form. If this is a joint return, and your spouse is employed, then he/she would attach his/her W-2.
Answer: The W-2 form is not something you fill out yourself. You are given a W-2 by your employer, and this form shows how much you were paid and how much tax was withheld from your paycheck. You include a copy of your W-2 with your tax return as "proof" that you have already paid some tax.
If you haven't yet been an employee of a U.S. company with tax withheld from your paycheck and you haven't received a W-2 from an employer, then you don't need to include one with your tax return.


What happens if PID loop is too fast?

Question: I have a PID loop running at 100Hz and is working reasonably well, for now. However, if I double the speed to 200Hz it no longer works, which isn't much of a surprise. The question is, what changes should be made to the PID values to get it to work at 200Hz? Is it a linear change in values? Can it be calculated? What is the relationship between stability and loop speed?
Comment: You need to adjust your `I` and `D` coefficients. Obviously `I` will now integrate *faster*, therefore the integral term will accumulate faster. On the other hand, the `D` term will now be smaller, because you differentiate over a shorter delta-t (unless you are already taking it in account). But this is a theory. The best thing is to re-tune it from scratch, because these might be not the only factors.
Comment: It could be linear or otherwise mappable/fittable or it could require calibration data for every operating point, can't tell without knowledge of the system being driven, it's not a PID generic thing.
Comment: Please mention the calculations / expressions you use to find the integral and derivative. If the derivative part directly comes from a dedicated rate sensor (say, a tacho generator), then D gain can also be kept same. It would be good if you could add more details of the setup.
Comment: How does the loop time compare to the process time constant? If you sample far too fast, the measurement noise might become bigger than real process changes.
Comment: Not sure what the process time constant is for a wobbling balance. I have measured it under some circumstances as being 16Hz
Answer: When you execute a PID with higher sampling rate you can encounter two things:

The integrator may not work properly if the new delta is very tiny. This is due to the final resolution of floating point number. Using a double precision float numbers significantly improves this problem until certain point (sampling frequency).

The differentiator increases its output due to the input noise (also quantization noise). The output follows \$\dfrac{d\varepsilon}{dt}\$ so shorter sample time (higher freq.) means higher output for the same step change (quantization). A way to solve this phenomena is to use 1st order low pass filter on the D-part. However large filter times would also make the D-part unresponsive at high dynamics - right the opposite for what the D-Part is used for. Another countermeasure is to use a dead band on D-part input - a small change in the input signal is therefore neglected ( a good way to eliminate quantization noise)

Let we define a PID function as:
$$y=K_p \cdot(\varepsilon+\dfrac{1}{T_i}\int\varepsilon dt+ T_d \dfrac{d\varepsilon}{dt})$$
Then discrete form:
$$y=K_p\cdot(\varepsilon + \dfrac{\Delta T}{T_i}\Sigma\varepsilon + T_d\dfrac{\Delta\varepsilon}{\Delta T} )$$
Often is written also in this form:
$$y=k_p\varepsilon + k_i\Sigma\varepsilon + k_d\Delta\varepsilon$$
If your PID routine uses last form, you should re-calcuate ki,kd at every change of kp or sample time.
Comment: More important than the resolution of the floats is that the integrator will accumulate twice as fast. Thus the I-gain needs to be devided by two
Comment: @SimSon If \$k_i=K_p\cdot\dfrac{ T_{sample} }{T_i}\$ then with a new sampling time, which is half of the older, the ki also has to be only the half of the older. I hope that this is understandable from the equations I wrote.

What happens if PID loop is too fast?


Sitemap of a Website versus Mobile App

Question: I noticed that sitemap is usually created for a website. Is it also applicable to a mobile application?
Answer: As with many things "it depends". What's the purpose of a sitemap? what would be the purpose of a similar process for an app?
I'd argue that both are likely an artefact to model your information architecture, spot issues, like imbalance, orphans etc.
Both can be used to help inform a navigation system so can be equally valid.
Answer: A site map serves two main purposes.
1: The site is more navigable with a site map. A user can immediately get where they want to go without going through any intermediary pages. This can, of course, be better handled with good information architecture and good navigation design based on real user journeys and user feedback.
2: SEO. This is generally regarded as the main use for site maps on well-designed modern sites. The page is essentially a list of links to various parts of your product. Search engines see this as a way to understand your product and offer various parts of it in more refined results with greater relevance to the user. This is an opportunity for the product owners to display everything they have to offer and capture more of the market. For more information about fine-tuning a site map, you should look for SEO discussions.
Answer: Yes, they can be referred as application maps and can look something like this:

Comment: I don't think Website sitemap has same purpose as this "User flow screens".

Sitemap of a Website versus Mobile App


Calculation of a Gravity Resonance Keyhole

Question: Can anyone describe the mathematics behind the calculation of a resonance keyhole (for a two-body model)?  It seems like the size and position of the keyhole should be a function only of mass and relative velocity, but I'm having difficulty deriving a formulaic solution.
Answer: I don't think that a two-body system would have a gravitational keyhole: you need to change the angular momentum of one object relative to its orbit with the other, in order to generate the possibility of a "future collision". The only way you can do that is with a non-central force, which I believe implies the presence of a third body.


Google Maps label a marker with KML

Question: I was wondering, say I've got a KML file of points at locations.
When I upload the KML and direct google maps to the file, it will show the points.
Now is is possible in the KML file to label that point,  Just like Google Maps does when I search for airports or plumbers?
Example like this: http://localhostr.com/files/boNhHEB/capture.png
I want to do the markers with Numbers instead of letters.
Is this possible just using KML? or would I have to script this?
Answer: Yes you can using styles and adding a <styleurl> to each placemark
See: http://code.google.com/intl/nl-NL/apis/kml/documentation/kml_tut.html#custom_styles or http://econym.org.uk/gmap/kml.htm
If you want to show a number in each placemark you will however have to create a custom image (and style) for each one.
Answer: The link you reported (http://code.google.com/intl/nl-NL/apis/kml/documentation/kml_tut.html#custom_styles) describes the usage of style to specifiy a placemark at a specific location represented using an image. For example:
<code><Style id="highlightPlacemark">
    <IconStyle>
        <Icon>
            <href>http://maps.google.com/mapfiles/kml/paddle/red-stars.png</href>
        </Icon>
    </IconStyle>
</Style>
</code>
here there is specified only the .png image that must be used to represent the placemark. What about the label text? What are the tags do define a text? And how to use it?
Another question: what if I would like to add text in my kml not inside a baloon placemark but freely in a zone without a placemarker with an icon?
Comment: As a further hint, I report you this example found here: https://developers.google.com/kml/documentation/kmlreference#labelstyle

The usage of  should do the trick.

Google Maps label a marker with KML


Food safety after rodent issue

Question: Can we still eat our corn if the rats just ate the silk part? Rats ate into some of the cobs. I do still have corn that they didn't eat. Can I consume this corn? If so, what is the best way to proceed?
Answer: It is not just the food that the rat has eaten that is of concern, any cross-contamination on food due to rat urine or faeces is also a major health risk factor.
Leptospirosis and Listeriosis, while not generally fatal, do carry a wide range of risks from flu-like symptoms to meningitis and organ failure.
If you were a restaurant or cafe, most health inspectors in the UK or Europe would seriously consider closing down your operation until the rodent problem was properly dealt with. As an individual though, obviously you have more latitude and choice in the matter. Provided the outer layers are not damaged or stained I would inspect the remaining corn with an ultra-violet torch (to check for any  protein staining from the rat urine) and then dispose of those cobs. I would also spray the remaining "clean" cobs (once the outer leaves are removed) in a undiluted vinegar solution followed by a 3% Hydrogen Peroxide solution, let sit for 10 minutes, then gently scrub under running water to remove the solution.
To be honest though, unless you have a large quantity of corn, I'd err on the side of caution and skip on the corn this once. I personally would not feel comfortable serving it to family or friends unless I was sure there was absolutely no risk of infection.
References:
http://www.grubstreet.com/2014/04/possible-effects-of-eating-rat-and-mouse-tainted-food.html
https://clearandwell.com/diy-fruit-vegetable-wash-remove-dirt-bacteria-pesticides/

Food safety after rodent issue


How to update Samsung Galaxy SII SHW-250K from ICS to jelly bean?

Question: How can I update Samsung Galaxy SII SHW-250K from ICS (4.0.4) to jelly bean?
I tried using samsung kies but it shows that
"SHW-250K does not support initialising".
Answer: You can simply flash win Odin GT-I9100 firmware.
Firmwares you can get from sammobile
Odin you can get from http://web.djodjo.org/?a=download:android:tools:win:bootloadertools
get Odin307
You can also check this tutorial for flashing with Odin.


Shape Keys export to FBX (for 3Ds Max)

Question: There are many shape keys in a blender file. I'm trying to export all of these as a single FBX. When I export as FBX, the morpher modifier appears in 3ds MAX. All good so far. But none of the morphers are working. For example; When I change the "Joy" value, nothing changes in the 3d model. When I extract the "joy" mesh from the Morpher channel, I get a broken mesh. How can I solve this problem? Is there a script for that? I would be very happy if you could help.
Answer: I solved the problem...
To export shape keys from Blender file as FBX:
1- Select the objects you want to export and go to the export menu and choose Collada (.dae). Check "Include Shape Keys" and start export.
2- Start a new Blender
3- Import Collada into blender

Export the imported model as FBX again.

Import this fbx in 3Ds Max.

You will see the Morpher modifier running.
I hope it will be a useful solution for those who have this problem. I've been trying to fix this problem for days and by chance I found the solution.

Shape Keys export to FBX (for 3Ds Max)


What is the difference between `a[bc]d` (brackets) and `a{b,c}d` (braces)?

Question: What is the difference between a[bc]d and a{b,c}d? Why do people use a{b,c}d when there is already a[bc]d?
Comment: I guess I just don't understand how the confusion between the two happened.
Comment: It certainly has its uses if one understands it correctly.
Comment: Who told you to use `command a[bc]d`?
Comment: I have been explicitly asked by a coworker less familiar with Linux on this, although not recently.
Comment: @Jesse_b If you only ever try them with operations on files like `ls` and you only ever try single characters, they would appear to work the same.
Answer: The two are quite different.
a[bc]d is a filename pattern (in shells other than fish). It will expand to the two filenames abd and acd if those are names of existing files in the current directory.

The [...] part is a bracketed expression that matches a single character out of the ones listed (or collating elements when ranges are included).  To match the pattern a[bc]d, the character between the strings a and d in a filename must be either a b or a c.
If abd exists, but acd does not, then it would only expand to abd, and vice versa.
If neither abd, nor acd exist, depending on the shell and the options, it would trigger an error (original Unix sh, (t)csh, zsh, fish, bash -O failglob) and possibly exit the shell, or leave the pattern unexpanded¹ (Bourne-like and rc-like shells) or expand to nothing (bash/zsh/yash -o nullglob, some older versions of fish, original Unix sh and (t)csh if there are other matching globs in the same command).

a{b,c}d is a brace expansion (in shells that support these).  It will expand to the two strings abd and acd.

The {...} part is a comma-delimited set of strings (in this example; in some shell, it may also be a range such as a..k or 20..25 or more advanced ones like 00..20..2 or 0..20..2%02d), and the expansion is computed by combining each of these strings with the flanking strings a and d.  These strings could be longer than a single character and could also be brace expansions themselves.
The expansion happens regardless of whether these strings corresponds to existing filenames or not.

If you are constructing strings, use a brace expansion.  If you are matching filenames, use a filename pattern.

¹ In this particular case, a[bc]d could happen to be the name of an existing file which is why it's potentially dangerous to use things like rm -f ./*.[ch] in those shells and rm -f ./*.{c,h} is less of a problem.
Comment: Another crucial difference is that in `a{b,c}d`, the `b` and `c` parts don't need to be single letters; e.g. `ex{ten,ci}sion`. While `ex[tenci]sion` or whatever will only match _one_ of these letters.
Comment: Thank you for clarifying "If abd exists, but acd does not, then it would only expand to abd". I guess that is what is missing from my answer.
Answer: a[bc]d is pattern-matching, and is part of the POSIX standard. In POSIX, this is introduced as the "pattern bracket expression". It is documented in section 2.13 of the manual

When unquoted and outside a bracket expression, the following three
  characters shall have special meaning in the specification of
  patterns:
  ?
  A question-mark is a pattern that shall match any character.
  *
  An asterisk is a pattern that shall match multiple characters, as
  described in Patterns Matching Multiple Characters.
  [
  The open bracket shall introduce a pattern bracket expression.

Section 2.13.3 also mentions something that it behaves differently from what one would expect for usual regexs when it is used for filename expansion (emphasis by me)

The rules described so far in Patterns Matching a Single Character and
  Patterns Matching Multiple Characters are qualified by the following
  rules that apply when pattern matching notation is used for filename
  expansion:
The slash character in a pathname shall be explicitly matched by using
  one or more slashes in the pattern; it shall neither be matched by the
  asterisk or question-mark special characters nor by a bracket
  expression. Slashes in the pattern shall be identified before bracket
  expressions; thus, a slash cannot be included in a pattern bracket
  expression used for filename expansion. If a slash character is found
  following an unescaped open square bracket character before a
  corresponding closing square bracket is found, the open bracket shall
  be treated as an ordinary character. For example, the pattern
  "a[b/c]d" does not match such pathnames as abd or a/d.
  It only matches a pathname of literally a[b/c]d.

a{b,c}d is braces expansion, it is not in the specification by POSIX. Here is the corresponding part from the bash manual (emphasis by me):

Brace expansion is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be
  generated. This mechanism is similar to filename expansion (see
  Filename Expansion), but the filenames generated need not exist.
  Patterns to be brace expanded take the form of an optional preamble,
  followed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a sequence
  expression between a pair of braces, followed by an optional
  postscript. The preamble is prefixed to each string contained within
  the braces, and the postscript is then appended to each resulting
  string, expanding left to right.

According to the comment by @mosvy, this first appeared from csh but the behavior in bash is different from csh and other shells. This type of braces expansion is also present in glob(3).
There is another type of braces expansion {a..z} that only appeared after bash 3.0, and there are more added in bash 4.0.
In a shell where globbing is turned on, execute in a empty folder, the following result is returned
$ echo a[bc]d
a[bc]d
$ echo a{b,c}d
abd acd

In response to @Jesse_b's comment, if you are in an interactive shell and both of them applies, a[bc]d is less trouble typing. For example grep pattern [ab][12].txt.
Comment: The brace expansion is not a "bashism"; it first appeared in `csh`, long before `bash`. It's also present in the glob(3) library function. The difference is that in `bash` it's performed before other expansions: `a=A; ab=A/B; ac=A/C; echo $a{b,c}` will work in bash differently from any other shell.
Comment: Thank you. I will update the answer.


What is "Unlock keyring" and how do I get rid of it?

Question:
(In my case this message never appeared before installing Ubuntu One - see this question). Can I use Ubuntu One and avoid being prompted each time like this? I use Lubuntu 12.04.
Edit: After exchanging comments I add the supplementary info:

I am asked for password and to select session if I log out and in (auto-login is NOT set).
Ubuntu One is installed but set NOT to start with session.
Keyring appears nonetheless.
Before installing Ubuntu One this didn't happen.

Also, following the advice of con-f-use, I have entered ps -A | grep -i [u]buntu in terminal, and got  2346 ? 00:00:01 ubuntuone-syncd, which means that ubuntuone is running when it was not supposed to.
Comment: For that, see my comment in the other question. Now on topic and to recap: You don't have auto-login enabled, when you reboot your Lubuntu you are prompted for your Lubuntu-password before you can do anything. After you installed Ubuntu One the keyring dialogue keeps popping up eventhough Ubuntu One is not started automatically. Is that correct?
Comment: exactly. added that info in question
Answer: The keyring can store passwords and encryption keys for you. They are protected with your login password and stored safely via encryption. It's like putting all your keys in a safe that just has one key. Every time you use an application (like e.g. Ubuntu One) for which you have stored a password for in the key ring, the key ring enters it for you. Beside the comfort factor that helps to counteract key-loggers and the like, as they need physical access to your key-ring data and your account password.
Normally, if you don't have auto-login activated, the keyring is unlocked, when you login to L/Uubuntu using your account's regular password. Since you seem to have enabled auto-login on start-up (just a guess), the keyring has to be unlocked manually with your accounts password (once on first use for each session) .
What you can try:
Auto unlock option
Usually there is an option to "Automatically unlock this keyring when I log in":

Unset keyring password
For obvious reasons this is very insecure. If no one but you has physical access to your computer this could be the way to go.
In Lubuntu you might not have already installed "Passwords and Keys" (seahorse). To install:
sudo apt-get install seahorse

or https://apps.ubuntu.com/cat/applications/seahorse/

Open the "Passwords and Keys" (in Menu/Preferences, or Alt-F2: seahorse)
On the appropriate folder corresponding to your user account click right
In the popup menu click "Change Passwords"
In the resulting dialogue enter your old account password and leave the new password blank

Sudoers file
You can try to edit your /etc/sudoers file like this:

Run sudo VISUAL=/usr/bin/gedit visudo

At the bottom of this file add the line
cipricus ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: /usr/bin/ubuntuone

Assuming "cipricus" is your account's username under Lubuntu.

Make sure everything is correct, close geidt, then run Run sudo -K to update your sudoers session.
Comment: Either the bug is, that after installing Ubuntu One you are prompted to unlock the key ring, although Ubuntu One is not running or that the keyring should automatically unlock itself when you log in to Lubuntu and never ask you again for a password as long as the session is running. To know which of the two, you have to confirm that Ubuntu One is not running in the background, e.g. by `ps -A | grep -i ubunt[u]`. If you choose to report a bug, please include a link to the launchpad-bug here for others that encounter your problem.
Comment: i am in lubuntu, not unity. i have settings to ask me for password before login (when selecting session). once in my session i do not understand why keyring appears. ubuntu-one is set not to start with the session. the message appears nonetheless only because i installed ubuntu-one.
Comment: Hmm... should've said so before. This seems to be a bug then. Have you considered [reporting a bug](http://askubuntu.com/q/5121/17789)?
Comment: i'll do that. but what should i say? that: "after entering my pass before session login the normal way i should not be asked again for pass by the keyring, and that is what happens after installing ubuntuone". is this the bug?
Comment: running `ps -A | grep -i ubunt[u]` i get `2346 ?        00:00:01 ubuntuone-syncd`. does that mean that it is running? i guess so (although ubuntuone is not visible in task manager). that's the bug then?
Comment: Yes, it means, that Ubuntu One is in fact running. The bug than is, that the keyring doesn't get unlocked, when your first enter a desktop session, i.e. when you log in. As a temporary fix, you could `kill ubuntuone-syncd` at startup.
Answer: For "What is Keyring" and how do you generally get rid of the Dialog, you can read con-f-use's answer.
Ubuntu One specific
I have uninstalled Ubuntu One in Lubuntu Software Center and rebooted. After that ps -A | grep -i [u]buntuone would show that Ubuntu One is still running. Checking the Synaptic Manager, a lot of the related packages were still there. After uninstalling all of them and after logout/login finally no keyring popped up.
Comment: So the whole problem was, that the sync daemon was still running in the background asking for access to your keyring? That could still be a but, since the keyring is supposed to be unlocked by the time you start a session. But if purging everything Ubuntu One related helped you, I'm glad and it's probably not worth looking further into the matter.
Answer: Try logging into Ubuntu one and un-tick box that says start at login. It worked for me :)
Comment: Where is that box?


Is a space where only finite subsets are compact sets always discrete?

Question: If in a topological space only finite subsets are compact sets, is it then the discrete topological space?
Thank you.
Comment: A finite indiscrete space is a counterexample.  Do you want to add the assumption that the space is infinite?
Comment: @JonasMeyer Infinite isn't enough; the sum of an infinite discrete space and a finite indiscrete space is a counterexample. I believe I've heard spaces with the property "all compact sets are finite" called "anticompact" spaces.
Answer: A topological space is anticompact if all compact sets are finite. In this answer Stefan H pointed out that an uncountable set with the cocountable topology is an example of an anticompact $T_1$-space which is not discrete. The real line, with the topology generated by the usual open sets and the cocountable sets, is an example of an anticompact Hausdorff space which is not discrete.
The set $\mathbb N$ of natural numbers, with the topology consisting of the sets not containing $1$ and the sets of asymptotic density $1$, is an example of a countable zero-dimensional Hausdorff space which is anticompact but not discrete. This is the Appert space.
P.S. In the last example, instead of taking the sets of asymptotic density $1$ as neighborhoods of the point $1$, we could take the sets $U$ such that $\sum_{n\notin U}\frac1n\lt\infty$; maybe this example is slightly easier or more familiar.
Answer: The examples given by bof are quite nice.
On the other hand, for $T_1$ and first countable spaces, being "anticompact" is equivalent to being discrete. (If you require compact spaces to be Hausdorff, as Bourbaki does, then "$T_1$" should be replaced by "Hausdorff").
Indeed, assume that $X$ is a $T_1$, first-countable and anticompact space. To show that $X$ is discrete, it is enough to show that any point $x\in X$ has a finite neighbourhood (then, since $X$ is $T_1$,  it follows that in fact every point is isolated).
Assume that some point $x\in X$ has the property that every neighbourhood of $x$ is infinite. Let $(V_n)_{n\in\mathbb N}$ be a countable basis of neighbourhoods for $x$. Since each $V_n$ is infinite, one can construct a sequence $(x_n)\subset X$ such that the $x_n$ are pairwise distinct and $x_n\in V_n$ for all $n$. Then the sequence $(x_n)$ converges to $x$, so $K=\{ x\}\cup\{ x_n;\;n\in\mathbb N\}$ is compact. This contradicts the anticompactness of $X$.
Comment: More generally, we can replace "first countable" with "[sequential](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequential_space)": every anticompact sequential $T_1$-space is discrete.
Comment: @bof Thanks for the typo, and the second comment!
Answer: Just for the record, here is a proof of the proposition mentioned by bof in his comment to the answer by Etienne.

Proposition: Every anticompact sequential $T_1$ space is discrete.

Proof: Given an arbitrary point $x$ in an anticompact sequential $T_1$ space $X$, the complement $X\setminus\{x\}$ is sequentially closed.  Otherwise there would be a sequence $(x_n)$ converging to $x$ with each $x_n\ne x$.  By the $T_1$ property, such a sequence must contain infinitely many different points, so the set of all those points together with $x$ would form a compact infinite set, contradicting the anticompactness property.  Therefore, by the sequential property, $X\setminus\{x\}$ is closed and its complement $\{x\}$ is open.


Why Android Studio rebuilds project so slow even when no changes in sources?

Question: When I make some changes in source code, Android Studio (actually gradle) needs to rebuild the project. It's obvious.
Why the second build takes almost the same amount of time like the first build, even if I haven't made any changes in the project?
When I look into GradleConsole it waits on "assembleDubug" task. I think gradle should be aware there're no changes and shouldn't waste so much time on it.
Answer: Finally, I found the solution: turn on Offline work for gradle.

or using CLI:
./gradlew --offline assembleDebugOrWhatever
Answer: Does the gradle console say
:app:assemeble UP-TO-DATE ?
If you take a look at the run configuration, you might notice at the very bottom Before Launch: Gradle-aware Make
This is just telling it to recompile(if necessary) before running, but that detection is delegated to Gradle.  Gradle will only actually recompile if it detects that it needs to, but the assemble task must still attempt to run to detect UP-TO-DATEness.  So it says it's running it, but its not actually doing anything.  When I run it two times in a row, the first time it takes a while to do everything, BUT the second time it just runs through the task list pretty quickly (with a bunch of UP-TO-DATEs) and deploys to phone/emulator.
Comment: I hope gradle won't keep showing that repeating yellow UP-TO-DATE since I did supplied --offline
Answer: To avoid rebuild EACH TIME, i'm going to my module project settings -> Dependencies and up or down one of my library item -> Apply -> Ok -> Make regenerating R.java.
You could also try unchecking "Use external build" in compiler settings:
File -> Settings (Ctrl+Alt+S) -> Compiler -> Uncheck "Use external build"
Comment: Does it still exist on version 3 ? (couldn't find it)
Comment: Does it still exist on version 3 ? (couldn't find it)
Answer: This isn't a problem per se. And it has nothing to do with Android Studio since Gradle is just an Android Plugin that helps you build your projects. You need to fully understand what gradle does to know why Android Studio uses it whenever you run your apps. Take a look at this nice SO question on gradle and the android developer website's article on it. Finally, from my personal experience,when it comes to dealing with Android Studio and Eclipse for Android development, you need to be a little patient. Hope this helps in some way.


How do I remove all the tags at once from the Finder sidebar?

Question: I have nearly 1,500 tags. Somehow, they are all marked to appear in the sidebar. My MacBook Pro is 2.8 GHz Intel Core i7 with 16GB of memory, but it still takes 7 seconds for Finder to remove just one of them via Finder Preferences. Is there anyway to remove all of the tags from the sidebar using Terminal or by some other means? I do not want to delete them, just remove them from the sidebar. Thanks!
Answer: To remove all Tags at once, from the Sidebar in Finder, uncheck Recent Tags under Tags in the Sidebar preferences in Finder:
Finder > Preferences... > Sidebar > Tags > uncheck Recent Tags
This stops Tags from appearing in the Sidebar in Finder without deleting the Tags that have been set.
Comment: Thanks for your response. I had not seen that option. The problem is that I wanted about a dozen tags to appear but not all 1470 tags. That meant unchecking the other 1400+ tags one by one. (I'm not sure how they all got checked in the first place!) Anyway, I set up a loop in Keyboard Maestro. It eventually finished the job.
Answer: Yes, put the cursor on the Tags heading in the sidebar. To the right of this the word Hide should appear. Just click Hide.


Liquidity Pool Addresses

Question: I am looking to run some analytics on different liquidity pools in Curve, Uniswap and AAVE and for that I need their addresses. Is there any way I can get the list of pools and their contract addresses?
Answer: You should consult with their documentations for the latest updates on deployment addresses should there be any change.
For example, you can find deployment addresses in Uniswap documentation.

Liquidity Pool Addresses


Android Camera Intent and Geotag

Question: Programmatically I turn on the GPS to get lat/lon and I want to use default android camera Intent to take geotagged photos.
Is there any extra param to pass to the default image capture Intent to enable geotag?
Thanks in advance.
Answer: I've solved the problem simply by getting the image and later programmatically editing the exif datas of the image.

Android Camera Intent and Geotag


how to increase "Atom feed for all" default value

Question: Inside any Jenkins job, I have the button "Atom feed for all" at the bottom of the page.
It gives an XML with details about the last 10 builds.
I need to increase it somehow to get more than 10.
Is it possible?
Do I require admin user for that?
Answer: The behavior is hardcoded; you cannot change or configure it in vanilla Jenkins (you could conceivably configure this behavior by writing your own plugin).  Specifically, the behavior is: as long as there are at least 10 completed builds in your job, the feed should always contain at least 10 builds.  There will only be more than 10 builds in the feed if there have been more than 10 completed builds in the past 7 days.
From the source code, the rssAll page fetches all new builds using the newBuilds() method:
    public void doRssAll(StaplerRequest req, StaplerResponse rsp)
            throws IOException, ServletException {
        RSS.rss(req, rsp, "Jenkins:" + getDisplayName() + " (all builds)", getUrl(), getBuilds().newBuilds());
    }

and the newBuilds() method returns all completed builds from the past 7 days,  or the 10 most recent builds if there are fewer than 10 builds in the past 7 days:
    /**
     * Reduce the size of the list by only leaving relatively new ones.
     * This also removes on-going builds, as RSS cannot be used to publish information
     * if it changes.
     * Warning: this method mutates the original list and then returns it.
     */
    public RunList<R> newBuilds() {
        GregorianCalendar cal = new GregorianCalendar();
        cal.add(Calendar.DAY_OF_YEAR, -7);
        final long t = cal.getTimeInMillis();

        // can't publish on-going builds
        return filter((Predicate<R>) r -> !r.isBuilding())
        // put at least 10 builds, but otherwise ignore old builds
        .limit(new CountingPredicate<R>() {
            @Override
            public boolean apply(int index, R r) {
                return index < 10 || r.getTimeInMillis() >= t;
            }
        });
    }

Comment: It was not always like this. The change (regression IMHO) came starting from version 2.215. See the bug: https://issues.jenkins.io/browse/JENKINS-39207 and vote it. I also don't like new behavior and I commented it there.


Multilingual site in sharepoint server 2016

Question: I want to create a multilingual site in sharepoint with one language as English and other language as Arabic. Now I my feeling I will have to use two master pages one for Arabic and other for English.

Now my question is , is it possible to have two masterpages or is there any other solution that I cap opt for.
Answer: You dont need to create multiple master page, rather you have to SharePoint Multilingual Site feature. following thing you get with it:

Create, manage, and read content in different languages.
Navigate a site in a preferred language.
Collaborate with people in different regions, in different languages,
in the same application.
Manage personal sites by using a preferred language.
Search and browse content across a company by using a preferred
language.

read more about it: Plan for multilingual sites in SharePoint Server and also read this: Create a multi-language website
one of the main requirement is, you have to install the desired language pack on all SharePoint servers.


Converting xlsx to xls using Microsoft Office Compitablity Pack's excelcnv

Question: The internet says that you can convert xlsx files to xls files using Microsoft Office Compitablity like this:
"C:\Program Files\Microsoft Office\Office14\excelcnv" -nme -oice D:\test\new.xlsx D:\test\old.xls
However, this works backwards - it converts xls files to xlsx files. Does anyone know the excelcnv switches to convert xlsx to xls?
Comment: [citation needed]. The [first source I found](http://social.msdn.microsoft.com/Forums/en-US/innovateonoffice/thread/daa3b45c-5c4b-44c1-bb35-a108b8dc13f8) via a quick search that deals with this notes that this isn't possible using `excelcnv`.
Comment: Is there another free command line tool that can do it?
Answer: For me, using the compatibility (conversion) pack for Office 2003, simply switching the places of the parameters in the example you cite works; e.g. if this also works for ~\Office14 (which I assume and hope it does), change the command this way:
"C:\Program Files\Microsoft Office\Office14\excelcnv" -nme -oice D:\test\old.xls D:\test\new.xlsx

In my case, the particular command that gets it to work, which I found yonder (and simply reversed the parameters like so), is this:
"C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Office\Office12\excelcnv.exe" -oice "C:\scripts\test1.xls" "C:\scripts\test1.xlsx"

Comment: Well, I'm no longer working with Office, and nowadays I try to stay as far away from Windows as possible - so I can't verify the answer. I'll simply accept it.
Answer: I came across this question whilst looking for a way to convert XLSX to XLS using the command line.  I couldn't get the solution presented here to work, but I managed to find a solution by installing Libre Office 5 then using the command:
"C:\Program Files\libreoffice 5\program\soffice.exe" --convert-to xls "original-file.xlsx"

This outputted the file as "original-file.xls"


What are the merges and vocab files used for in BERT-based models?

Question: The title says it all. I see plenty online about how to initialize RoBERTa with a merges and vocab file, but what is the point of these files? What exactly are they used for?
Answer: The vocab file contains a mapping from vocabulary strings and indices used for embedding lookup in the model.
The merges say how to split the input string into subword units. The algorithm is as follows: At the beginning of merging, a word split into characters and then you greedily search for neighboring symbols that can be merged (i.e., are in a list of allowed merges), you stop when there is nothing to merge and this is the subword segmentation.
Comment: Okay so I input some text, the merges file is used to break the text down and merge it into some "subword" pieces (maybe, but not necessarily, back into the original text), and then the vocab file is used to encode those pieces as integers?


Printer driver for windows 7

Question: I just installed windows 7 ultimate, but i cannot get my HP 3015 Laserjet all in one to work. Are there any drivers available, the driver given on the HP website does not work. Please, help.
Comment: Which driver did you use? What did not work exactly? Did the installation procedure fail? Could it detect the printer? Provide more details, otherwise no one can help.
Answer: I had similar issues with HP 1010, the driver was simply never made for Win7. I used the driver for another HP LaserJet, the HP 3055 instead original one and it kind of worked but I had issues connecting other machines to it through LAN.
Anyway, the solution was to use the "HP Universal printing PCL 5" driver for windows 7, found on: HP driver site - universal driver
With that, it works best so far. There is still an issue after each 10-15 or so pages are printed, with printer just printing the "unsupported personality pcl" or something like that, but I can live with that.
BTW, I installed this HP1010 with universal printer at Win7 64bit and also made it work as shared printer at remote Win7 32bit machines (by including x86 drivers too in 64bit driver).
Answer: Do you mean you're having problems with the default Windows 7 driver for the 3015?  Or that a driver for the 3015 isn't included by default?
For my LaserJet 3200, I seem to recall that the 3200 wasn't included out of the box with Win7.  I tried drivers from HP's website, then finally found this simple procedure worked:
<code>-Start
-Devices and Printers
-Add a printer
-Add a local printer
-Use an existing port
-Click on Windows Update (wait a minute or two for it to update)
-Check the list to see if the 3015 is now there (in my case it wasn't there originally and then appeared after the update)
-Add it as you normally would.
</code>

Printer driver for windows 7


Does This Qualify As A Split Pot?

Question: My partner and I are fighting about this.
I had 10 and something, don't remember and he had 3 and 2.
On the table : 10 J Q K A.
I think I win with my 10 completing my straight but he said we had to split cause it was straight in the table.
Who is right in this case guys?
Thank you!
Comment: Unless one of you has a flush, the pot is split. He's got a 10 is his hand too--right there on the board.
Answer: It's a split.
In short, the best 5 card hand that you can make wins. In this case, you're both playing the board.
There is a similar question here, What is the"Top Five Cards" rule and how does it apply to splitting pots?, explaining the scenario in more detail.
Comment: Community cards can be used by all players, thus your connection doesn't matter. Only the relative ranking of a players qualifying hand. As for the logic of it all, it's a man-made game, so if anything, the rules are arbitrary.
Comment: @Anna The rules say the best 5 card hand is played. The fact that you have an extra 10 is immaterial by rule. The term counterfeited often applies in these cases where you have a made hand and cards come that nullify cards in your hand.
Comment: Why should I split if I have a connection and he doesn't? For my logic it's wrong.
Comment: I already read it but it's not the same.
Comment: Basically you both have 7 cards of which to make the best 5 card hand. Thats 2 personal cards and 5 common cards. In this case the best hand possibly consisted of all 5 common cards (the 2 cards in each of your hands could be ripped up and thrown away), thus its a split pot.
If your card made it a royal flush then you would win, however I guess that was not the case, so it was a draw.

Does This Qualify As A Split Pot?


If A, B, C, and D are sets, can I proof that (A-B)-(C-D)=(A-C)-(B-D) with membership table?

Question: I tried to figure the problem out with membership table that, A-B=A $\cap$ ~B, but it wasn't proved that (A-B)-(C-D)=(A-C)-(B-D).
Answer: $$(A-B)-(C-D)=(A\cap B^{\complement})\cap(C\cap D^{\complement})^{\complement}=(A\cap B^{\complement})\cap (C^{\complement}\cup D)=$$$$(A\cap B^{\complement}\cap C^{\complement})\cup(A\cap B^{\complement}\cap D)$$
Interchanging $B$ and $C$ in this result tells us that:
$$(A-C)-(B-D)=(A\cap C^{\complement}\cap B^{\complement})\cup(A\cap C^{\complement}\cap D)$$
This shows that the sets are not equal, unless $A\cap B^{\complement}\cap D=A\cap C^{\complement}\cap D$
Answer: Let, A∩C=Ø ∧ B∩D≠Ø ∧ A∩B=Ø ∧ C≠B-D.
Now, A-C≠A-(B-D).
Therefore, the equality is not true. In essence, the 4 relations are your counterexample. Now create sets A,B,C, and D such that the 4 relations hold and you will disprove the equality.


What is acmsoda running on port 6969?

Question: When I scanned a web application for open ports using built in nmap command, it showed me that there is a closed port 6969 in which a service is running named acmsoda. When I did some googling on this, I found that it is the standard port run by BitTorrent client. What is actually this service acmsoda do? Is that a security threat to open this port?
Comment: Please dont post same questions, http://security.stackexchange.com/questions/68622/what-is-acmsoda-running-on-port-6969
Answer: 6969 is the default port for some bittorrent clients and acmsoda is the service name which is using that port.
& acmsoda is a seeding service from Bit Torrent clients.
No its not a security threat and its a Bandwidth matter , you know over seeding will.
Answer: For security, it is important to know which process opens which port.
Run these commands to get information about processes and their ports:
<code>sudo netstat -ltup
sudo lsof -i
</code>
6969 is the default port for the most famous bittorrent tracker software.
http://erdgeist.org/arts/software/opentracker/
Answer: According to this link, it can be a backdoor for attackers.
Backdoor assassin trojans may open the port 6969 to listen for the attacker. These malwares may enter the system through any infected likes applications or torrents.
Answer: In spain we have a fedicom server that listens to this port
Fedicom is a protocol that is used to send orders between pharmacy

What is acmsoda running on port 6969?


What was the entity/particle/state at the time of the Big bang?

Question: At the time of the big bang if there was an original entity, what were it's attributes(if applicable) - mass, electric charge, color charge or spin? Can the current matter and dark energy together account for the original entity or was some of the original stuff lost?
Comment: No theories and few hypotheses go back to $t=0$. We have a pretty good idea what were the constituents of the Universe down to $t\sim10^{-12}$ s or so (because we can actually recreate these conditions in accelerators), and we have plenty of more or less well-backed up hypotheses down to a Planck time after $t=0$, but what happened before, we don't know. I think this [graphical timeline of the Big Bang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_timeline_of_the_Big_Bang) sums it up.
Comment: Original mass/energy of big bang, when time formed, may have been as low as 100kg. Rest of the stuff showed up as the initial instability propagated through the false vacuum. Likely way out of date by now, but a decent explanation by the guy who came up with the story: https://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Guth/Guth3.html
Comment: @pela Thank you for your reply. Is there any models from t-minus available rather than t=0?
Comment: @Wayfaring Stranger False vacuum theory - interesting. I need to read up on that. thank you.
Comment: @signsgeek: I wouldn't be surprised if there _were_ such models, but I wouldn't take them too seriously. We (still) have no way of testing them…
Answer: The notions of today's universe don't make much sense for the (hypothetical) pre-Planck epoch of the universe. All four known fundamental forces should have been united. Matter didn't exist. It can form only in cooler conditions. Even cause and effect don't work well below Planck scales.
The structure you eventually get can be treated in terms of a groupoid, as described e.g. in this paper. Groupoids are related to groups (algebra). Groups actually are - in some sense - very simple groupoids. You may construct some groupoids from disjoint groups by connecting them via isomorphisms. So you get kind of a network of abstract entities.
Now try to adjust quantum mechanics and General Relativity, such that it fits with these structures, meaning without the smooth space and time, as usually assumed for standard physics. Let known or extrapolated physics of the Planck- and GUT (grand unified theory) epoch emerge from the pre-Planck physics to start the actual Big Bang.
It's possible to construct physical theories for a pre-Planck era. But it's very hard to find observational or experimental evidence to test these theories with respect to actual physics.
Those pre-Planck groupoid theories can be defined in a way that they don't need a predecessor epoch, e.g. by eliminating the macroscopic cause and effect paradigm, which is based on a notion of an arrow of time.
Causality and a concept of before/after on isomorphic entities doesn't make much sense.
Although, there should be some mechanism which eventually disrupted a strictly non-local pre-Planck configuration.
Comment: Thanks for your reply. That sums up the complexity of a hypothesis with provable/observable phenomena with current frameworks. Maybe the next paradigm shift similar to quantum mechanics or general relativity can help. I get a better sense of the challenges that Theoretical and Particle Physicists are facing from your explanation.


How to write in Telugu language in Ubuntu without using Google input tools extension?

Question: I have been using Ubuntu 16.04. I want to write in Telugu language in gedit or some other text editors.
Somehow writing in the browser using google input tools extension and then copying whole text into the text editor is tedious.
Is there any way I could write Telugu language in Ubuntu itself without using chrome extension?
Answer: Search for "Language Support" from the dash and this window will open:

Click on "Install/Remove Languages" and add Telugu as shown below

Now go to Languages within Settings and press the add button to add a language. Select telugu and your preferred form of input

After you add it, there'll be a language selector on the top right, allowing you to type in whichever language you want anywhere on Ubuntu


Does low free-disk space on HDD cripple computer performance?

Question: I have 320 GB HDD on my computer. All drives are pretty full. The C drive has just 1.5 GB free space. Other drives have around 5-6 GB free space. Can this be the reason why my computer runs slow? I can make space in drives except for C drive because its just 36 GB and windows 7 occupies about 20 GB. I think I can increase the size of partition but since my computer is 5 year old I am worried that playing around with it might cause damage.
Answer: Yes, it might be the reason for a slow response on your computer. By default the page file resides on the C: drive and since the free space is less it imposes certain restrictions on the storage location of new files. Hence the computer becomes slow.
There is an impending danger of losing your hard disk if you do not keep ample free space. I had a similar case before and to free space I tried to move some files from C to D drive whilst a download was going on to D drive. This actually caused my hard disk to get damaged due to space limitations and overloading.
My suggestions are:
1. Till you have ample space on the drives do not overload the hard disk. Eg: Multiple copy/paste operations
2. Delete all unnecessary files from all partitions on the computer and uninstall all unused applications. Tools such as CCleaner will help you recover a lot of unused space.
3. Move the files from your personal folders (My Documents, etc) to one of the other partitions.
4. Install new applications in a different partition since the diskspace is less on C drive. If possible, reinstall some of the existing applications on a separate partition.
Ideally you should provide atleast 50GB of diskspace to the C: drive which hosts the Windows OS. It holds the OS files, page file and the application data. If you plan to install applications requiring very high diskspace I would recommend to install them on a separate partition.
Comment: Just 2 remarks: 1) You can't physically damage the disk by this. But as programs (including Explorer) run out of free diskspace they may get confused and mess up the files they are working on. 2) You should keep at least 2x the size of your physical RAM free on drive C: as a safety margin. If you never use the hibernate function you can disable hibernate altogether which will free up some more space on C:. (Run "powercfg -h off" in a command-line started with admin-rights to disable.)
Comment: The OS will complain when free space is too low (<10%), only because it's harder to manage the space that's left. Modern Windows won't even defrag when you get this low. However, you can't physically fit more bits on a drive than the drive can hold, so there's no danger of physical damage. You'll just find that OS performance will suffer until you clear the low-space condition. I regularly had to resize/move/delete partitions as part of my college degree in CIS, and I never once had a failed drive.
Comment: Are you sure shrinking E drive and increasing C wont mess HDD up?
Comment: @phyrfox thanks. I am gonna increase C drive partition today itself.
Answer: Never let your hard drive get more than 70% full.  If you study queuing theory, under most conditions, the wait time vs service load curve has a knee in the curve that skyrockets to long wait times when the load factor reaches the neighborhood of 70%.
Answer: Also move your page file to another drive should help.

Right Click Computer | Choose Properties
Click Advanced System Settings
Performance Tab | Click Settings
Advanced Settings Tab | Virtual Memory | Click Change
Uncheck Automaticaly manage page file
Clicking on disk will allow you to set paging file where you want


Can we say "in common sense way"?

Question: "To understand this principle in common-sense way...." I heard a German teacher using "common-sense" this way, I think it is a little bit odd. Suppose I want to retain his idea, and modify the sentence, how should I say. "To understand XX from the perspective of common-sense"; "To understand XX from the point of view of common-sense"?
I think "from the perspective of an Asian/.." is good, as long as it is of people, "from the perspective of.." will be fine. Also, suppose man have normally different ways of viewing things, they might feel, argue, contemplate. These can be perspectives. So we can also say "from perspective of reason, psychology, motivation..." Psychology, motivation.. are immanate attibute of men. So, either from the perspective of people, or from the perspective of their common ways to know things.
Therefore I think "To understand XX from the perspective of common-sense" is odd as well. Maybe we should say "to understand it by common-sense, with common-sense"?
Answer: Perspective of common-sense sounds odd, if not wrong.
I'd say, 'to understand it using common sense'.

Can we say "in common sense way"?


Gimp tool options tab shows only GEGL editing

Question: I'm relatively new to GIMP and now having the following problem. As of today, my tool options tab is only showing GEGL-editing. Out of everthing I've tried so far (including reinstalling GIMP) nothing seems to help. I'd really like my old tab (with opacity, size etc) back! Any ideas on how to solve this?
Comment: ***Welcome*** to **GD.SE** - Please look through [tour] to get a sense of our community – who we are and what we're about. Then look over [ask] and [answer] a question to see what makes a good query here, and how best to frame it. As currently framed, your question seems off-topic because it's essentially a tech support question, as it would require access to an individual file or machine. You might be able to [edit] your question to better fit our guidelines - *please* first read our [help/on-topic] page on what topics are appropriate here - thanks!
Answer: Reinstalling the software won't fix this. What you're describing is normal behaviour. There's nothing wrong.
After you've used a GEGL filter* and applied it, and before you continue editing, choose another Tool in the toolbox, such as the Paint Brush or the Move Tool, etc, and the tool options will revert to normal for the selected tool.
*Note: GEGL filters and operations appear in GIMP's menus with a large letter G icon before them.


How to extract impervious areas from Landsat data?

Question: I'm working with multi-temporal datasets from Landsat (Landsat 8 & Landsat 7 & Landsat 5) and I tried to extract impervious areas, more exactly urban areas, but I can't obtained results very close to reality (accuracy was approximately 80 % by using reference point in Google Earth).
I used supervised  classification: SAM & Maximum Likelihood, then logical classification (between SAVI + MNDWI + NDBI) but I can't obtained very good results. I used bands: Red, Green, Blue, NIR, MIR, SWIR 2.
How I can extract urban areas from different Landsat image? What methods would you me recommend ?
Comment: Welcome to GIS.SE! Can you edit your question to include which software suites you would like to use?
Answer: Classifying urban areas from Landsat data is a common practice and usually yields accurate results.  To improve your accuracy I would reassess your training data.  As a rule-of-thumb: 1) the more samples the better, 2) samples should be distributed evenly throughout the scene.  There are numerous studies on just this topic:

Extraction of urban built-up land features from Landsat
imagery...
An assessment of landsat MSS and TM data for urban and near-urban
land-cover digital classification
Land cover classification and change analysis of the Twin Cities
(Minnesota) Metropolitan Area by multitemporal Landsat remote
sensing
Urban classification using full spectral information of Landsat
ETM+ imagery in Marion County, Indiana
Use of impervious surface in urban land-use classification


Notice from Openfire Server to android user

Question: I am developing an application in android using XMPP with openfire server..I want to develop a notice board application in android client side...And in the notice board all the data are retrieve from the server post by the administrator from openfire server. Can it be possible to post the data from openfire server so that we can receive notice in client. Though there is the feature to send message to all online users but I want to built like a notice so that admin can post something in the notice board and user can click on notice heading to read the full news.
I am sorry if there is any plugin to do this one..
Answer: The Publish Subscribe extension sounds like an ideal candidate: http://xmpp.org/extensions/xep-0060.html
It allows clients to subscribe to a feed (in this case the server notice board) and get notified when new items are posted. Depending on how you've configured it (there are a lot of options both in the client and Openfire, it's worth taking a look) the client will either receive a notification of a new entry and then need to request the full story from the server, or receive the full payload in the notification.