Why can you not estimate Beta with least squares in logistic regression?

Question: As the title says, why can you not estimate Beta (coefficients) in logistic regression with least-squares? I read in a book that it is not possible and that we use maximum likelihood instead, but I have found no motivation for this anywhere.
Comment: You mean ordinary least squares as a method for estimating parameters, or squared error as loss to minimize?
Comment: Yes, I mean ordinary least squares as a method for estimating the parameters in the model. I'm sorry if I was not clear.
Answer: Linear regression is, as the name suggests, a linear model. This enables us to use linear algebra to find its parameters, this is called ordinary least squares. We cannot use OLS for generalized linear models like logistic regression, because they are non-linear. GLMs are defined in terms of a linear predictor
$$
\eta = \boldsymbol{X} \beta
$$
that is passed through the link function $g$ to obtain the prediction
$$
E(Y\,|\,\boldsymbol{X} ) = \mu = g^{-1}(\eta)
$$
Because the link function is non-linear, we cannot use linear algebra to find the parameters, but we need an optimization algorithm. Since generalized linear models are defined in terms of conditional distributions, we can fit them using maximum likelihood. On another hand, you can fit non-linear curves to the data by minimizing squared error, but because of the non-linearity, to do it you would use an optimization algorithm as well.
Answer: There are two possibilities:

Take the usual $\hat\beta=(X^TX)^{-1}X^Ty$ as your coefficient estimates.

Minimize $\sum (y_i-\hat p_i)^2$ square loss instead of $-\sum \bigg[y_i\log(\hat p_i)+(1-y_i)\log(1-\hat p_i)
\bigg]$ negative log likelihood loss.

($y_i$ is the $i$-th observed binary $0/1$ outcome; $\hat p_i$ is the $i$-th estimated probability of category $1$.)
That these are not equivalent might not be obvious, but they're not.
For the former, logistic regression also involves the nonlinear link function, so there is no reason to believe that the resulting coefficients are close to the right ones on the nonlinear logistic regression. I would encourage you to simulate some data; calculate coefficient estimates this way and using traditional logistic regression (maximum likelihood); and compare estimates. Contrary to what the book says, however, nothing will stop you from calculating such a $\hat\beta$ and asserting it as your estimate of the regression coefficients. (At the same time, a vector of all $1$s is an estimate, even if a silly estimate.)
For the latter, that involves the minimization of one of the good scoring-rules for a logistic regression, known as Brier score in this setting. That this is not the preferred method (due to the efficiency of the likelihood-based method) has not stopped people from using square loss. On Yann LeCun's MNIST page, there is an example that uses square loss.

2-layer NN, 300 hidden units, mean square error

EDIT
I will do an R example demonstrating what happens when you estimate the logistic regression $\beta$ via $\hat\beta=(X^TX)^{-1}X^Ty$. This simulation is based on another Cross Validated answer for how to simulate a logistic regression.
set.seed(2022)
N <- 800
x <- runif(N, -3, 3)
pr <- 1/(1 + exp(-x))
y <- rbinom(N, 1, pr)
L <- glm(y ~ x, family = binomial)

# Now calculate the OLS-style estimate
#
X <- cbind(1, x)
beta_hat <- solve(t(X) %*% X) %*% t(X) %*% y

# Now plot the compared probability predictions
#
plot(
    pr,
    1/(1 + exp(-predict(L))),
    xlim = c(0, 1),
    ylim = c(0, 1),
    xlab = "True Probability",
    ylab = "Estimated Probabilit",
    col = "black"
)
points(
    pr,
    1/(1 + exp(-(beta_hat[1] + beta_hat[2] * x))),
    col = 'red'
)
abline(0, 1)

When you plot this, you see that the standard logistic regression gives close estimates of the true probability values, while the OLS-style estimates give awful estimates of the true probability values. Consequently, it isn't so much that you can't use the OLS-style $\hat\beta=(X^TX)^{-1}X^Ty$, but that it is a terrible estimation method.
If you prefer ggplot2, you can use this code.
d1 <- data.frame(
    true_probability = pr,
    estimated_probability = 1/(1 + exp(-predict(L))),
    method = "Standard Logistic Regression"
)
d2 <- data.frame(
    true_probability = pr,
    estimated_probability = 1/(1 + exp(-(beta_hat[1] + beta_hat[2] * x))),
    method = "OLS-style"

)
d3 <- data.frame(
    true_probability = pr,
    estimated_probability = pr,
    method = "Ideal"
)
d <- rbind(d1, d2, d3)
ggplot2::ggplot(d, ggplot2::aes(x = true_probability, y = estimated_probability, col = method)) +
    ggplot2::geom_line() +
    ggplot2::theme_bw()

Comment: I'm having trouble uploading images, but perhaps someone (even the OP) can run my code and post the resulting images. I'll accept that edit.


What process should follow while doing SharePoint Project estimate

Question: I have new clients requirements. I wanted to estimate for each components. What standard process should I follow.
Answer: Here is a very good explanation, how SharePoint project can be estimated.  There are two approaches:

Expert estimation (this is a nice way of saying that I think about how long it will take to implement something and then come up with an estimation).
Use Cosmic http://www.cosmicon.com/methodV3.asp

Cosmic will solve 1 huge problem for you (as other similar approaches such as FPP, Function Point Analysis do): you won't forget simple tasks as the estimation approach only focuses on the essential stuff the application does (I/O to screen, I/O to data repository). If done consistently a piece of functionality should always cost the same amount of points.
At that point, things become harder. How to decide how much a point is? For asp.net apps, this is relatively easy, you could say: 1 cosmic point = 8 hours dev time + 4 hours testing + 1 hour documentation (or something similar). For SharePoint, this is more difficult for a number of reasons:

A company probably has less experience doing SharePoint projects compared to ASP.NET (as is the case in your company).
A certain type of SharePoint activity has a different cost than another. You can't really compare the cost of the creation of InfoPath forms to web parts to BCS ECTs to claim providers to SSRS reports to custom search extensions to workflows etc. etc. You will have to establish the cost for each type of activity independently.
Although a developer may have extensive experience doing SharePoint projects, SharePoint is huge. It's hard to say something generic as "the typical SharePoint developer will need x hours to complete a feature of y". You'll find your typical SharePoint dev will be comfortable with a range of SharePoint topics, but lacking in others. This will make it really hard to come up with an accurate cost per function point.

So what can you do? Start establishing baselines for each different type of activity and slowly learn from that.
Source of the above information:
Methods for estimation in SharePoint
Agile scrum approach (Modern approach) :
Instead of going with the Waterfall model where estimating the whole project at a time go with and propose to client Agile methodology.
The success ratio of Waterfall model is less compared to Agile scrum model.
In scrum, estimation works based on the sprint basis where we just need to plan and the work just for next two weeks or some cases four weeks. Here, customer and as well as developer has the flexibility about the requirements and change requests.
While planning the scrum, need to estimate the story point of each user story which is calculated based on the task complexities and number of hours of efforts needed for that.
To manage the scrum, we can use devops (vsts) tool, it has very good planning management system,if you explore this product for project estimation -  this will take you to the right direction.
The bottom line of this discussion is, the estimation of SharePoint project is not same as other development project like asp.net projects.
So, while estimating the SharePoint project first flag is we need to check, are we going to use any customization? or just out of the box solution?
Again, while going with the customization need to check what type of customization is needed because based on the customization cost and time will vary. For example, if we customize the list in infopath form and if we develop a new form using SPFx framework, in this case SPFx will be more time and cost effective.


What causes a saw-tooth like trend of a bond?

Question: I'm curious why this bond (and likely many others) has a very regular pattern of vertical increases and decreases at what seems to me starts and ends of trading days. Visually it shows like a saw-tooth trend.

http://www.finanzen.net/fonds/BGF_Euro_Bond_Fund_A2_EUR
Comment: Can you give some other examples where you see this pattern ? This doesn't have this pattern over a period of more than a week, so I am assuming it is more of how the data is plotted rather than a pattern.
Comment: @DumbCoder My quick search found this one: http://www.finanzen.net/fonds/bgf_euro_short_duration_bond . Also a Backrock one and only in the 1-week range.
Answer: The example you provided is a BlackRock fund (or more precisely a SICAV) called BGF Euro Short Duration Bond Fund Class A2 EUR, not a bond.

A SICAV is a type of open-ended investment fund in which the amount of capital in the fund varies according to the number of investors. Shares in the fund are bought and sold based on the fund's current net asset value. SICAV funds are some of the most common investment vehicles in Europe.

Per the factsheet:

FUND OVERVIEW
The Fund aims to maximise the return on your investment through a combination of capital
growth and income on the Fund's assets. The Fund invests at least 80% of its total assets in
fixed income (FI) securities. The FI securities may be issued by governments and government
agencies of, and companies and supranationals domiciled in countries inside or outside of the
Eurozone.

The pattern is probably due to the fact that its NAV and price/share are only calculated once a day, after the market closes.


What are the natural life sustaining resources available in the Jovian moon system?

Question: Hard science fiction writing question.  Premise: what natural resources are present in the Jovian system that would be necessary and desireable to an autonomous, self-sustaining human community?  Water on Europa, for example.  What else? Would like to keep this plausible without a lot of speculation.  Thank you.
Answer: The moons Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto all have substantial amounts of water ice on their surfaces, and for the latter two, also silicate rocks. There is also some CO2 in the ice as well as ammonia and methane. These give potential sources of carbon and nitrogen, and with enough energy you could make glucose and amino acids - Food.
Io is a crazy place, with lava flows, and sulphur covering the surface. Its not an easy place to mine
One potential source of energy is ${}^3\mathrm{He}$ This is a potentially useful fuel for a fusion reactor. It is found (in very low concentrations) in shaded parts of the moon. It may also be found on Jupiter's moons.
The minor moon Carme may have originated in the Kuiper belt (long ago) and have an interesting combination of carbon based substances. Amalthea has an interesting red colour - maybe carbon compounds again. There are quite a few moons that began as captured asteroids, but none seem to have been metallic.
There are lots of problems with life on Jupiter's moons: Cold - No air - radiation - etc
Comment: This is excellent information, thank you.  I'm building the environmental harshness into the foundation of the premise, from a post-civilization point of view.  For this project, it will be a short story so there won't be time to detail how things like radiation is endured, etc., but I'd like to include some mention of how that is handled as well.    3He is an interesting idea, I might use that.


How to use PuttyGen.exe when moving key(s) from old machine to a new machine?

Question: I've only generated the public/private key pair in PuttyGen.exe once.  This was the first time I've ever used this tool.  Rather than having the folks hosting the server that I'm connecting to, who installed the public key, how can I avoid that, and just move things to Putty.exe on my new machine?
The first time I used this tool, I simply clicked the "Generate" button, and keep moving my mouse in the white space below the progress bar so the key pair was generated with random values (perhaps from the mouse movements?).  Then emailed the public key to the folks hosting the server I'm connecting to with Putty.  And I moved the private key into Putty for my connection to that server, under Connection > SSH > Auth (in Putty)
Then I changed the port and destination under Connection > SSH > Tunnels (in Putty) and clicked "Add".  I think I also entered my user name into Connection > Data (in Putty) before all of this.
https://linhost.info/2010/12/windows-generate-ssh-key-pairs-with-puttygen/
Do I need to use the "Load an existing private key file" "Load" button in this tool somehow?  (by just using the old key pair from my old machine?)  What other steps are needed?
Answer: I didn't have to use this tool again.  I simply loaded the old private key into Connection > SSH > Auth > Browse, in a brand new Putty session on my new machine.


Identify an Aromatic Plant

Question: Can anyone help to identify this plant? It is very fragrant when touched (strong sweet scent). Edges of leaves are smooth. Stems and undersides of leaves have downy soft white hair/fuzz. Leaves are very soft to touch (not stiff). Stems are round.
Comment: Does it have a square or rounded stem?  Where do you live?
Comment: Can you tell us about the flowers?
Answer: I think its common sage (salvia officianalis) See here for a picture.
It's edible, of course  - as in "parsley, sage, rosemary and thyme..." It is the only seasoning used (in industrial quantities) in traditional Lincolnshire pork sausages in the UK - a proper Lincolnshire sausage should look green, not pink, because the quantity of sage in it! If your want to try cooking with it, beware that it does have quite a strong and unusual taste, though.
Comment: It isn't Salvia officinalis - that has slightly furry leaves and is greyer - I grow it and it doesn't look like this. Dunno what it actually is though...
Comment: Thanks for the responses. Yes, this is definitely not sage. The smell reminds me of what stevia tastes like if that makes sense. I know it may not be edible, but I tried a very small nibble on a leaf and the taste is very mild (not bitter, just a hint of flavor, but definitely not sweet like stevia). I tried a handful of plant identification apps and none recognizes it. It smells so good, it must be known by someone.
Comment: @Kindah: if you think it is a wild plant, you should tell us (editing the question) in which region are you. I do not agree with Bamboo characteristic of Salvia: There are mow so many varieties, some not so whitish. But in any case that picture do not hit me on Salvia. I'll bet on Asteraceae.
Comment: The pictured plant has alternate leaves so it is probably not in the mint family (Lamiaceae) as that family usually has opposite leaves. A huge portion of aromatic herbs are in that family, so that excludes a large number of plants, including all *Salvia* species.

Identify an Aromatic Plant


Display a Sharepoint Calendar in Outlook Web Acces (not Outlook client)

Question: I need to add a Sharepoint Calendard in OWA.
I clicked on "add a calendar from the internet". I am able to enter the URL to my calendar, but not events are showing.
Any idea?
Answer: From this article: Import or subscribe to a calendar in Outlook on the web, SharePoint calendar seems to be not supported in Outlook on the web.

In Outlook on the web, you can import events from an .ics file to your
existing calendar or subscribe to a calendar online and receive
automatic updates (known as an ICS subscription or an iCal
subscription). You can import calendars from websites or calendar
programs that support the .ics file format, such as Apple iCal, Google
Calendar, and Mozilla Lightning.
Comment: That's also the conclusion I came to when doing some research. Thanks for confirming it.


Is there a word for the stopping of a downward movement specifically.?

Question: Is there a word for something that means the stopping of a downward movement or feeling or movement specifically.  Like a word that's definition is to prevent from going downward, specifically?
Comment: The verb "arrest" (as in "the safety net arrested his fall") is often used to refer to the stopping of some undesired motion, but it's not always downward.  And of course it also has a legal/criminal sense.
Comment: arrest and stop a fall mean the same thing, though. What's wrong with stop anyway? stop a movement, halt a movement, arrest a movement, none mean downwards necessarily.
Comment: 'Catch' 'cushion' 'capture' but none are specific to 'downwards'. Even if something is grounded it still has potential energy. The mass of the earth is still attracting it _downwards_.
Answer: buoy

buoy
  1. To keep afloat or aloft: a glider buoyed by air currents.
  2. a. To maintain at a high level; support: "the persistent ... takeover speculation, which has buoyed up the shares of banks"
  (Financial Times). American Heritage Dictionary
vb
  1. (usually foll by: up) to prevent from sinking: the belt buoyed him up.
  2. (usually foll by: up) to raise the spirits of; hearten
  4. (intr) to rise to the surface Collins English Dictionary
buoyant adj
  2. (General Physics) (of a liquid or gas) able to keep a body afloat or cause it to rise Collins English Dictionary

My example sentences:

The balloon was buoyed by the helium gas.
The prices were kept buoyed by the persistent consumer demand.
Though his wife had left him recently, his preoccupation with his hobby kept his spirits buoyant.
The buoyancy of an object prevents its descent on the condition that its density is lower than that of its surrounding physical medium.
Comment: To me buoy conveys the idea of 'keeping something up' eventually higher than it should be or higher than average. Or to prevent something from sinking.
Comment: I was about to draft an answer with "cushion," but couldn't escape the notion that "cushion" is just a lesser "buoy." Well done.
Comment: I don't know that I see a distinction between "keeping something up" and "preventing it from falling". Other words I thought of like "arrest" and "brake" do imply deceleration, just not in an up/down direction. The only word I could think of to describe this is "buoy". When the OP says downward, it's important to remember "downward" is relative.  Buoyancy is essentially something's relative density, in any medium, water, air etc. I assume downward is generally seen as being toward the Earth's centre of mass, however even metaphorically buoyancy simply means up/down.
Answer: "when you all of a sudden feel a sense of safety"

RELIEF
2a. removal or lightening of something oppressive, painful, or
distressing

Merriam Webster
Comment: @GinaV You should avoid changing the Q to something completely different, especially when it makes existing valid answers invalid.
Comment: I guess I meant a world for something that means the stopping of a downward movement or feeling or movement specifically.  Like a word that's definition is to prevent from going downward (specifically).
Comment: Any chance to provide us with the context or the full phrase, please.
Comment: Tidied up your link for you to show you how it's done. Undo if you wish.
Comment: @johann_ka "It's such a relief to hear that we won"
Answer: To 'ground' something is to bring it to rest so that it can go no further downwards.

d. intr. To alight on the ground; to come to or strike the ground.

OED

1908   H. G. Wells War in Air viii. 258   The Zeppelin..circled down and grounded in Prospect Park, in order to land the wounded.
1793   J. Smeaton Narr. Edystone Lighthouse (ed. 2) §143   We proceeded lowering till our anchor was grounded.
2016   Sunday Times (Nexis) 28 Feb. (Sport section) 2   Ireland were grossly unlucky not to be awarded a try when Josh van der Flier almost certainly grounded the ball over the line but there was no angle for the TMO to confirm it.


choosing the right housekeeping gene for Western Blotting analysis for liver lysates

Question: B- actin is used a great deal for quantitation of liver lysates. What other alternatives are there for WB analysis? should we opt for GAPDH or tubulin?
Comment: This is *totally* up to you, and the antibodies you have on hand. The quality of the antibodies helps as well. There are many so-called "housekeeping" genes whose expression is not necessarily greatly affected by various conditions. Beta-actin, alpha- and beta-tubulin, GAPDH, COX IV, Histone H3... all work well, and some are better in some scenarios than others. For example, H3 would likely be a much better loading control for nuclear lysates than actin or tubulin (even though both do occur in the nucleus in some circumstances), due to its much higher and more stable expression.
Comment: So, test what you have, and ensure that it truly isn't affected by your treatment or disease conditions. Also, make sure that the signal isn't saturated, otherwise you can't quantitate results and draw meaningful conclusions about your data.
Comment: I'm not posting an answer as I've voted to close this question as opinion-based. This is not a discussion forum; rather it is a Q&A site for biology researchers, academics, and students where *specific* objective questions relating to biology get *specific* objective answers. Please take the [tour] and carefully read through the [help] to learn more about the site, including [what is on-topic](https://biology.stackexchange.com/help/on-topic) and [what is not](https://biology.stackexchange.com/help/dont-ask), and how to [ask a good question](https://biology.stackexchange.com/help/how-to-ask).
Comment: @MattDMo, I think there's an objective answer to the question "What other alternatives are there for WB analysis? ".
Answer: Use a total protein stain. Irrespective of tissue type, normalising your immunoblot signal using a total protein stain is a good, probably superior, approach (ref1, ref2, ref3). Many journal guidelines now strongly encourage the practice;

Normalize signal intensity to total protein loading (assessed by
staining membranes for total protein) whenever possible.
"House-keeping" proteins should not be used for normalization without
evidence that the experimental manipulations do not affect expression.

If you really need to use single protein loading control, confirm that it's stable in your hands; the abundance of any given protein in a tissue could still be perturbed by your experimental conditions.
Confirming consistent loading of your lanes using a total protein stain can help to confirm that your loading control is consistent in your experiment. I generally collect both total protein signal and a loading control but will only use the latter if a reviewer is being difficult.


SSH connection status indication through GPIO LED

Question: I am looking to implement this feature where an LED connected to Pi GPIO should turn on whenever the Pi is successfully connected to a PC by SSH and turn off otherwise.
Appreciate any help in implementing this
Answer: Add this to your ~/.profile file, where <pin> refers to the pin number where the LED is connected:
if [[ -n $SSH_TTY ]] ; then
    gpio mode <pin> out
    trap 'gpio write <pin> 0' EXIT
    gpio write <pin> 1
fi

The $SSH_TTY is set only in SSH sessions, so the whole block will be executed when you login via SSH, but not locally. trap executes a command when the session ends. Assuming that setting the GPIO pin to 1 turns the LED on and 0 turns it off, it should remain lit while the SSH session is active.
Note that this will not work with several simultaneous sessions. If you need that, you could write a script which lights the LED up repeatedly in a loop so that it would remain lit if one of multiple session ends.
Comment: Thanks for ur response.

I added the above lines to `/home/pi/.profile` as follows:

`if [[ -n $SSH_TTY ]] ; then
gpio mode 16 out
trap 'gpio write 16 0' EXIT
gpio write 16 1
fi `

LED is connected to Pi Pin no. 16 (physical pin).  Sending 1 to the pin turns ON the LED.
My Pi is connected to Putty through SSH.
However, the LED didn't get turned ON.
Pl. let me know if any further settings are to be made to implement the above feature.

Thank u.
Comment: @RaghavanK I would start by keeping a single line, `gpio write 16 1`, and progressively adding code to see what is not working. If even this line doesn't work, it would mean you either didn't test it on the command line (it could be that you tested it with `sudo` which you forgot to add to the code), or your system is set up to use a different startup file, not `/home/pi/.profile`.
Comment: I'm curious: The OP *seems* to be asking for a solution that will illuminate an LED when **any** user makes an SSH connection to the Pi. If your code is in `~/.profile`, doesn't that limit it to working only for that one user?
Answer: Here's how to do it w/ multiple SSH sessions:
Your question is a bit vague in some respects, but it seems to me that you'll want to know if anyone has an open SSH connection - not necessarily one specific user. The solution proposed here allows you to filter for certain users if that's what you want - or if any user has an ssh connection.
We'll develop a script to get the data we need, and turn the LED ON or OFF depending upon that data. The data on SSH connections will be provided by the command w. The LED will be controlled using the gpio-led overlay. Finally, this script will need to be a daemon of sorts - i.e. it will run in the background, even if no one is logged on. Otherwise, the LED would always be ON!
The script:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
# Consult 'w' for active SSH sessions - indicated by use of a pseudo-terminal/pts
# turn LED ON or OFF depending on number of pts

REFCYCLE=5
# put w in infinite loop w REFCYCLE sleep interval

do
   PTS_CT=$(w | awk '/pi/ && /pts/ {count++} END{print count}')

#  until PTS_CT has a value assigned, set it to 0; it's a cron thing
   if ! [[ $PTS_CT =~ ^[0-9]+$ ]]
   then
      PTS_CT=0
   fi

# BEGIN GPIO/LED CONTROL CODE

   if [ $PTS_CT -gt 0 ]
   then
      echo 1 > /sys/class/leds/mysshled/brightness
   else
      echo 0 > /sys/class/leds/mysshled/brightness
   fi

# END GPIO/LED CONTROL CODE

   sleep $REFCYCLE

done
exit

The crontab entry:
You can run this script from the root crontab (privileges required for writing to sysfs) as follows:
$ sudo crontab -e
# edit the crontab; add the following line:

@reboot /home/pi/ssh-stats-w.sh >> /home/pi/ssh-stats-w.log 2>&1

# save file & close editor to install new crontab

If we add a line to /boot/config.txt, we'll have a label assigned to the GPIO we want to use (makes our script easier):
$ sudo nano /boot/config.txt
# edit the file; add one line:

dtoverlay=gpio-led,gpio=25,label='mysshled'

# save the file & exit the editor

And that's it - assuming you have an LED wired in properly.
If not, here's how to wire the LED:
Connect your LED & a resistor in the range of 100 - 220 ohms between (physical pin numbers) 20 and 22 your RPi - see pinout reference for further details if needed.

Ground at Pin 20 --> 100 R --> Cathode|LED|Anode --> GPIO25 at pin 22

The Moment of Truth
With all of the pieces above in place, simply reboot to run the script from cron.
Shortly after logging in (via SSH of course) to your freshly-booted RPi, the LED should illuminate. With ssh-stats-w.sh running in the background & independent of your shell, you can now logout to extinguish the LED (assuming it's your only login). Before issuing the logout command, run w from the command prompt to verify you're the only user connected via SSH. If you're alone, a logout will extinguish the LED until you log in again.
Alternatively, start the script from the CLI as follows:
$ sudo su
# nohup ./ssh-stats-w.sh &
[1] 1406

Explanation of command line sequence:
The script must be run as the root user as it needs permissions to write to sysfs, but running nohup from sudo is a bit tetchy. Therefore we use sudo su to become root & run nohup from a root shell. The output 1406 is the PID number assigned to ssh-stats-w.sh. Also note that the process is run in the background & so that our terminal is freed for other activity.


Hanging Justification / indent after line break ?

Question: I am building a site with WordPress, and a lot of content is in verse. If a given line of verse breaks the line, it should be indented. Every line of verse gets a break, obviously, but since content needs to be responsive cannot insert breaks and spacing within any given line.
I was originally using
 for the line breaks within a verse, and each verse was within its own
. However, text-indent only works on the first line of text. The solution I determined was to create a class like this:
.Verse {
    padding-left: 2em;
    text-indent: -2em;
    margin: 0;
        }

and then I would input the HTML as

Verse Line 1

Verse Line 2

Verse Line 3

Verse Line 4

Verse 2 Line 1...(etc)

With that extra
 after each verse to deal with the 0 margin. This solution displays fine, so one would hope my search is over. But it isn't.
Due to factors that, as of right now, are our of my control, I cannot separate each line with a
. The reason is that I am using a plug-in that allows visitors to export any given page as a PDF, ePub, or mobi, and that plug-in does not seem to read the paragraph styling. So when it exports something coded as I have done above it ignores the margin 0; which results in, as you would expect, large amounts of white space between every line of any given verse, and no distinction between verses.
So what can I do that would allow me to instead code it with
 between lines

Verse Line 1

Verse Line 2

Verse Line 3

Verse Line 4

Verse 2 Line 1...(etc)

Which would allow the plug-in doing the exporting to maintain proper line spacing? Since
 isn't an element I cannot control style using it, but I need to do something to get the indent of -2em to adjust the line and compensate for the padding.
I thought it might be possible to create a span which has text-indent of -2em and I apply it to the first word of every line after the
, and have it work inline so whatever text comes after it follows immediately... But I couldn't figure out exactly how to make that work, even if it will. So any advice would be appreciated. Thanks!
(I have poked around in the plugin to try and figure out if I can force it to take the paragraph formatting, and also to embed the fonts, for that matter, but I do not know Javascript and can't make any sense of it, and the plugin author does not seem to respond to requests).
Comment: What plugin are you using?
Comment: I am using the plugin "Read Offline"
Answer: OK, after posting that question I did figure out a solution using a span style:
CSS
.Verse {
    padding-left: 2em;
    text-indent: -2em;
        }

.vspace {
    margin-left: -2em;
}

HTML

Verse Line 1

Verse Line 2

Verse Line 3

Verse Line 4

Verse 2 Line 1...(etc)

and that seems to work. It is a bit of a pain to code it like that, when any given piece I put may have hundreds of lines of verse, but at least it works.
If anyone has better or more streamlined solutions though I would be very interested in them!


Eiffel: EWF_APP_EXECUTION (EWF application) exit function

Question: As there is an initialize function, is there an exit/on_exit function such as I can close my database connection into it?
Answer: I would suggest to handle this at the request level to be fully portable among various EiffelWeb connectors.
Now, could you tell us which solution you are using ? EiffelWeb standalone connector, or rather libfcgi with apache for instance? or else?
For standalone, you can redefine the "launch" procedure, in order to perform cleanup task when you exit the application (which is also the server).
For libfcgi, the C API may provide such facility, but so far, the Eiffel libfcgi library does not wrap it. If needed this may be possible to implement it.
Comment: Honestly, I need to check the libfcgi implementation to see how the FCGI server is terminating.
For standalone, yes, you can redefine the launch, to have post execution operations.
I guess we need to provide this with a "on_exit" procedure, so app could hook cleanup operation.
Comment: Thx, I'm using the standalone for the moment, but I think the question is beyond the connector, what is the mecanism which as you said well permits me to handle @ request level a database resource. I think it should have a connector independent answer to that question. Is it the launch procedure?
Comment: Doesn't it make sense to redefine the `clean` procedure of WSF_FILTERED_ROUTED_EXECUTION inherited into the classical EWF_APP_EXECUTION to close the connection? and connect into the `initialize`??
Comment: You can do that, but this is called for each request.
Comment: what would you advise? the alternative would be to connect-disonnect on service launch and exit which would have a pending connection all the time... timeout managment etc...
Answer: Called in each request which is probably not the best solution but I have chosen following way for the moment:
Redefine the clean procedure of WSF_FILTERED_ROUTED_EXECUTION inherited into the classical EWF_APP_EXECUTION to close the connection
Connect into the redefined initialize


Linear regression sample size

Question: I have about 80-100 participants and a single dichotomous predictor as fail/pass. My outcome variable is  a continuous one and I want to know if my dichotomous predictor predicts the continuous variable and to what extent. I will go for lineer regression as my outcome is continuous, do you think my sample size is enough? Thanks  lot.
Predictor variable = knowing the meaning of a word or not (1-0)
Predicted outcome = how long that word is focused by the participants.
Comment: Well that depends of the samples (noise and etc.), but that requires also testing and validation, it cannot be answered it is enough of not.
Answer: With a predictor that can take two values (0,1) you're basically comparing the mean duration of focus between those who have 1 and those who have 0. That is, the prediction for those who have 1 is the mean of that group, likewise for those with 0.
As indicated by badc0re, whether or not the sample size is sufficient depends on whether the standard assumption of OLS are satisfied, check out this link. The first two assumptions are critical (correct specification and strict exogeneity of the error term), if they are then sample size has more to do with efficiency (variance of the error).
Comment: Thanks a lot badc0re and alanw. Unfortunately i am not a mathematician but a linguist. Is there a practical way to test these assumptions in spss?

Linear regression sample size


What's the figure of speech used in "Get the facts, or the facts will get you. And when you get them, get them right, or they will get you wrong."?

Question: Is it epanalepsis or antimetabole?
Answer: Antanaclasis. Review the examples shown here:
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antanaclasis
Answer: It's part Antanaclasis, but that is nested within an overarching chiasmus structure.
a,b,b,a, usually in an antithetical pairing.
An example is found in Leapor's 'An Essay on Woman':

Despised, if ugly; if she's fair, betrayed.


Can I choose how many bots are on each team in DotA 2?

Question: The only way I know to play with bots is to check the "Fill empty slots with bots", or use the new "Practice Match vs Bots" option.  Can I play a game with say only 1 bot on my team, versus only 3 bots on their team?  If yes, how do I do it?
Answer: Create a practice lobby with "Fill empty slots with bots" disabled. On the lobby screen, you can click on the red arrow to the right of any player slot to add a bot player of any difficulty. By adding bots this way, you can even mix and match bots of varying difficulty levels. See the picture below for reference.
Comment: Perfect!  This is exactly what I was looking for.  I have no idea how I've missed it so far.
Comment: how to do it without an internet connection?


Turn off Hyphenation in Illustrator globally

Question: Adobe Illustrator CC likes to force hyphenation on every single piece of text. It used to be possible in earlier versions to switch it off globally for new documents through the Paragraph palette option when no documents were open. In Illustrator CC, this has no effect though.
Is this a bug, or did they hide it even better?
Answer: The "no document open" thing has never worked in Illustrator - I believe you may be thinking of Indesign there. In Illustrator, with no document open, there are no paragraph or character styles even available.
You have to edit the [Basic Paragraph] paragraph style in the Document Profiles for Illustrator - the startup files.
Here's Adobe's rundown on editing startup files: http://blogs.adobe.com/adobeillustrator/2009/05/startup_profiles_a_great_tool.html


Static HTML to CMS: Same URL structure do I need 301 redirect?

Question: I am transferring a website over from static to CMS and the new CMS will have the same URL structure. Do I need to do any 301 redirects or anything else so I don't impact current ranking. Also if I do find url differences how long should the 301 redirects be kept for.
Answer: This applies to your situation:

If the domain is the same go to 2.
If the url's are the same, go to 3.
Do nothing and enjoy.

Summary:
You only ever need to use a 301 redirect when  changing domain or a url. In the event that you do need to use a 301 redirect then you need to have that as long as the URL exists, its not a tell Google once then remove it... keep it forever.
Comment: I would change step 3 to Drink a beer at the local pub with your friends. ;-) Cheers!!


Lego with hollow posts underneath - dates?

Question: When did TLG change the small posts on the underside of the modern bricks and plates , eg 1x6 and 1x4, to hollow ones?
Comment: Here's a pic of 1x6 plates as an example:- http://img28.imageshack.us/img28/6226/dsc01854il.jpg
Comment: As an aside, this change is probably still ongoing. New molds will be done that way (I assume to save on plastic), but replacing existing molds which still function perfectly just for this would be too expensive, so you'll still find both types in recent sets. No idea when it began, though.
Comment: Pictures? Not sure what you mean.
Comment: In my 2012 star wars sets 9492, 9493 and 9495, the plates have hollow "posts" and the bricks have all solid posts, so I guess basically I have 2 questions, 1: when did they start to introduce the hollow posts? and- 2: did they stop using hollow posts for bricks or are they still phasing solid posts out?
Comment: Basically I was answering 2. : still phasing out. But they probably won't force it, so it can take an awful lot of time. Also, while we AFOLs make a distinction between both versions, LEGO doesn't internally - as long as two parts have the same functionality, they're treated as identical.
Answer: I can confirm that some bricks have hollow posts.  I ran across this in attempting to answer a "how much does a brick weigh" question.  What I thought was a homogenous batch of bricks turned out to have a few with hollow posts.  The bricks were all purchased new in the last three years.
From a "material cost productivity" standpoint, it will be in TLG's best interest to migrate to the hollow posts since parts from these molds will require less material to serve the same function (but not immediately).  An expedient time to do this would be when a mold is at end of life requires replacement.  So, I would expect to see significant variation continue for years to come.  The balance point is the cost of replacing a single mold with the reduction in processed material costs over the expected remaining life of the mold.  So the older the mold is the less cost effective it is to replace prematurely, but the newer one represents less time in service to amortize the mold over fewer piece parts... both of these things mean that the replacement will likely be when the mold normally reaches end of life.  Since the useful life is very long, it is more likely that we are seeing parts from line or factory expansions.
Comment: I would tend to agree with all of this, and we've established that non-hollow tubes still exist as of today for various manufacturing reasons - but we still don't know when they started using hollow ones, which was the original question.
Comment: I was answering question #2 (ref comments).  If we are going to have more questions like this, it would be helpful to get some current or former employees to join the group and respond.  The original question will not have a simple answer.  As a manufacturing process that would have needed to be developed, the TLG likely "used" solid posts long before they started shipping solid posts.  Additionally there would have been a lag between shipping and customers seeing them.
Comment: I believe that hollow studs likely appeared long before hollow posts and the manufacturing process development required to achieve the hollow stud, led to the further improvements required to implement the hollow post.  So what the original poster seems to really want for question #1 is a history with milestone dates for some indeterminate purpose.  I'm better with the "why" on this than the "when".
Answer: Answering the question tl:dr style: Around the 90's.
Long story, quote from another user:

I recall having read somewhere that LEGO didn't replace all the molds in one go during the 90's. LEGO kept using the old molds until they were worn out. This meant that both solid and hollow tube bricks and plates were present in sets during that time, sometimes even in the same set.

This is an example of the main difference between plates:

.
Comment: What I would like to find out was an article/video of someone who have actually found those different molds on the same set, but no luck for now.
Comment: `i have an original 8440 from 1995. It has still solid studs on the 1x4 and 1x6 but hollow studs on 1x2 en 1x8 plates.` Quote found on social media
Answer: I'm going through a Lego lot from the '90s (around '91 to '95) and there are some pieces that have a hollow bottom and some that have a solid bottom. On the other hand, I think the solid bottom was around in the early 2000s too. It just really comes down to the fact that there are many different Lego factories and they needed to make another mould of the exact same piece at different times because it's being used more frequently. After they update the piece, in this case to having a hollow bottom, but sometimes they keep the old mould because it still works. I have gotten these sets and some colours had solid bottom and some didn't in different colours so I imagine that in that factory one machine with the newer mould was making that piece in that one colour and the older mould was making it in the different colour. Even more annoying in that sealed set that I mentioned, there was even one colour with some pieces with hollow bottom and solid bottom but the set that I'm talking about is from 2003 and it's not plates that I'm talking about but bricks. But if the solid bottom did not make it to the early 2000s then I would say the hollow bottom came out around maybe '94-'95 and probably did not retire the old mould until they needed to replace it with the updated version. But also one other thing too is if the piece was around early 2000s they might've kept the old mould in storage instead of destroying it in case they needed it if, I don't know, it was busier that year, and they needed to take it out of storage or the other mould was down but it's best to check if you see anyone opening a sealed set of the set that you're getting pieces to it and see what mould variation is shown in the video on the set.
Comment: Hi Billy and welcome to Bricks.SE! Thank you for your contribution - I took the liberty to edit it a bit in order to improve readability by correcting typoes and breaing up run-on sentences, but feel free to edit anything I might have gotten wrong. Meanwhile you're cordially invited to take the [tour] and read the [help] pages to learn more about this community and how it operates. Play well!


Are pairwise Wilcoxon tests a valid non-parametric alternative to Tukey's HSD test?

Question: I am trying to identify significant differences between groups from normal and non-normal distributions. When the distribution is normal the workflow is pretty straightforward: ANOVA and after that a Tukey's HSD test in order to identify the groups which are responsible of the significant variation. When the distribution is non-normal I apply a Kruskal-Wallis test and after that a pairwise Wilcoxon test (R function pairwise.wilcox.test()) to identify the groups. I know that Wilcoxon test is the non-parametric version of the t test, and is not corresponding to the Tukey's HSD test, but I want to know if what I am doing is wrong and which is the main difference between the outcomes of a t-test and a Tukey's test since they both give differences between groups.
Comment: @Glen_b My bad! I used to use non-parametric, and something I read had me feeling I was making  a mistake in doing so. Potato, pota... wait that doesn't work in the written word. :) (revised now, too).
Comment: I see you have the paired comparison tag. Are you confusing the term "pairwise" (comparing one sample with a second when there are more than one, perhaps as a post-hoc comparison) with the term "paired" (where the individual *observations* are related across samples)? They're quite different!
Answer: No, it is not a valid nonparametric alternative.
The rank sum test (either original Wilcoxon flavor, or New Improved Mann-Whitney $U$ varieties):

ignore the rankings used by the Kruskal-Wallis test, and
do not employ pooled variance for the pairwise tests.

See, for example, Kruskal-Wallis Test and Mann-Whitney U Test. (Also the pairwise.wilcox.test seems not to have the ties adjustments that these tests do.)
The nonparametric pairwise multiple comparisons tests you are likely looking for are Dunn's test, the Conover-Iman test, or the Dwass-Steel-Crichtlow-Fligner test. I have made packages that perform Dunn's test (with options for controlling the FWER or FDR) freely available I have implemented Dunn's test for Stata and for R, and have implemented the Conover-Iman test for Stata and for R.

References
Conover, W. J. and Iman, R. L. (1979). On multiple-comparisons procedures. Technical Report LA-7677-MS, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory.
Crichtlow, D. E. and Fligner, M. A. (1991). On distribution-free multiple comparisons in the one-way analysis of variance. Communications in Statistics—Theory and Methods, 20(1):127.
Dunn, O. J. (1964). Multiple comparisons using rank sums. Technometrics, 6(3):241–252.


I can't download TOR. When i try it says "This app cant run on your PC. To find a version with your pc, contact the software publisher"

Question: I have a windows 10 Laptop. I tried to download TOR, and when I downloaded the first file, the one on their website, it had that message. I downloaded it successfully, but when i tried to open it, it told me my PC couldnt take the version. For direct quote see the title.
Comment: Where did you download Tor, what is your windows version and is it 64 bit or 32 bit? Please provide more information or your issue cannot be solved properly.
Comment: huh what laptop you're using is it arm64 architecture?
Comment: I think this should be a comment. Please remove your answer and put it as a comment to the question.
Answer: There is a lot of critical information missing: where you got TOR from, Windows version, 64bit or 32bit, logs, anything else. There are many reasons why an executable file may refuse to run. Some of the reasons may be:

Bad Architecture (running 64bit version of TOR on a 32bit version of Windows). This is the most likely cause. Please give us your version of Windows and TOR.
Sideload apps is configured in Windows Settings to only run apps from the Microsoft Store. (Open Settings then go Update & Security and then For Developers. There, underneath Use Developer Features, lie 3 radio buttons. Ensure that Sideload Apps option is selected)
Bad Registry (open an administrator Command Prompt and type the command sfc /scannow)


can a discussion be "contentious"

Question: Not a native speaker, so not sure if this question is appropriate for this forum.
Is there a difference between
"a contentious discussion" and " a discussion on something contentious".
Apparently the former is more "concise", but as the definition of "discussion" is "an act of discussing", "an examination of a matter", it seems to me that only the TOPIC of a discussion could be contentious. The "discussion" per se only describes the behavior, which should not be "contentious". I think "a heated discussion" is fine, but "contentious"? Any idea? Thanks a lot.
Comment: I think this is general reference.  One [definition](http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/contentious) of 'contentious' is involving heated discussion, so the usage is entirely appropriate.  You can also have a non-contentious, healthy discussion about a contentious (controversial) subject.
Answer: A contentious discussion is a discussion in which those who are having said discussion stir up a lot of contention.  The subject matter itself need not be contentious.
e.g. "Your honor, My wife and I were engaged in a contentious discussion over where we would eat that night."
Very few people would consider the subject matter inherently contentious, but as anyone who has been married more than two months can attest, the discussion itself can get quite heated.  At that point, it is contentious.
According to Merriam Webster contentious can mean:

involving a lot of arguing

Again, two people can argue over the most innocuous and trivial matters.
Answer: As Lynn says (in a comment),
a discussion on something contentious is not necessarily a contentious discussion.
For example, a group of employees (of the same company) who all live in New York
might have a calm, cheerful discussion
about a proposal to give all employees in New York a pay increase.
This might turn into a contentious discussion if people from other cities joined in.

can a discussion be "contentious"


Overloading functions

Question: Is there a way to have two functions with the same name but with different arguments inside the same class in Matlab?
Comment: Related/Possible duplicates: [How to overload user defined functions in Matlab?](http://stackoverflow.com/q/7217653/52738), [possible to overload function in matlab class?](http://stackoverflow.com/q/8087155/52738)
Answer: In short : No, it is not possible.
However, You can mimic this kind of behavior:
Obviously, since Matlab is a dynamic language, you can pass arguments of any type and check them.
function foo(x)
    if isnumeric(x)
        disp(' Numeric behavior');
    elseif ischar(x)
        disp(' String behavior');
    end
end

You can also use varargin, and check the number of parameters, and change the behavior
function goo(varargin)
    if nargin == 2
        disp('2 arguments behavior');
    elseif nargin == 3
        disp('3 arguments behavior');
    end
end

Answer: The correct answer has already been given by Andrey. However, I've been running some experiments for some time now and I'd like to show what I think is another relatively straightforward way that has some benefits. Also, it's a method MATLAB uses for its built-in functions quite a bit.
I'm referring to this kind of key-value pair way of passing arguments:
x = 0:pi/50:2*pi;
y = sin(x);
plot(x, y, 'Color', 'blue', 'MarkerFaceColor', 'green');

There are numerous ways of parsing a varargin cell array, but the cleanest way to do this that I've found so far uses the MATLAB inputParser class.
Example:
function makeSandwiches(amount, varargin)
%// MAKESANDWICHES Make a number of sandwiches.
%// By default, you get a ham and egg sandwich with butter on white bread.
%// Options:
%// amount       : number of sandwiches to make (integer)
%// 'butter'     : boolean
%// 'breadType'  : string specifying 'white', 'sourdough', or 'rye'
%// 'topping'    : string describing everything you like, we have it all!

p = inputParser();                          %// instantiate inputParser
p.addRequired('amount', @isnumeric);        %// use built-in MATLAB for validation
p.addOptional('butter', 1, @islogical);
p.addOptional('breadType', 'white', ...     %// or use your own (anonymous) functions
    @(x) strcmp(x, 'white') || strcmp(x, 'sourdough') || strcmp(x, 'rye'));
p.addOptional('toppings', 'ham and egg', @(x) ischar(x) || iscell(x))
p.parse(amount, varargin{:});               %// Upon parsing, the variables are
                                            %// available as p.Results.<var>

%// Get some strings
if p.Results.amount == 1
    stringAmount = 'one tasty sandwich';
else
    stringAmount = sprintf('%d tasty sandwiches', p.Results.amount);
end

if p.Results.butter
    stringButter = 'with butter';
else
    stringButter = 'without butter';
end

%// Make the sandwiches
fprintf(['I made you %s %s from %s bread with %s and taught you ' ...
    'something about input parsing and validation in MATLAB at ' ...
    'the same time!\n'], ...
    stringAmount, stringButter, p.Results.breadType, p.Results.toppings);

end

(slashes after comments because SO doesn't support MATLAB syntax highlighting)
The added benefits of this method are:
- Possibility to set defaults (like Python, where you can set arg=val in the function signature)
- Possibility to perform input validation in an easy way
- You only have to remember the option names, not their order as the order doesn't matter
Downsides:
- there may be some overhead that may become significant when doing many function calls and not much else (not tested)
- you have to use the Results property from the inputParser class instead of using the variables directly

Overloading functions


What is a good place to rent mics from?

Question: Specifically I'm looking for eight wireless face mics that would be good for use in a musical.  I'm located near Philadelphia if that helps.
Answer: your best best for that may be to look for A/V rental companies. by that, i mean the companies that supply projectors and sound equipment for conferences and the like. you'll probably have better luck with them than the usual production equipment houses; at least for the type of gear that you're looking for.
call up the event managers for some of the larger hotels or conference centers in the area. they always have a list of companies that they got to for that sort of thing, and they'll know which ones are knowledgeable and reliable. it will get you pointed in the right direction.

What is a good place to rent mics from?


Why does my kitchen faucet's hot water line rattle and lose pressure?

Question: When I turn on the kitchen hot water, it heats up, then rattles, and the pressure cuts back by at least 50%.  This does not happen with the dishwasher or the cold water.  Any suggestions?
Answer: If you're only opening it just a bit, then it can be thermal expansion.  When the hot water reaches the valve, it can cause some component to lengthen slightly, closing the valve a bit more than it was.
I've seen that exact behavior on bathtub valves as well.  If the behavior is new, it could be that a washer is staying compressed when cold and is expanding only when it gets warm.  If so, replacing the washer may change it up.
Does it cut back 50% if you open the valve all the way, or only if you open it a "normal" amount?
Answer: I would replace the hot shut-off valve below this faucet and the line from there to faucet. If this is the only faucet with this problem, then this is your logical first step.Many of these small shut-off valce are prone to becoming blocked.
Comment: Maybe you could elaborate on why you would do this vs the faucet rebuild as @Iggy  recommended. Your answers should explain the logic behind why you would take a particular action.
Answer: The faucet needs rebuilding with a re-build kit specifically for the faucet, some faucet's rubber seats collapse as they fail & dramatically reduce flow.
The other possibility is that a piece of large debris got caught within the faucet & only releases to block the flow with hot water. This may be successfully back-washed out, but usually the faucet has to be replaced.
If it's not an older house with screw-retained compression washers (the screw heads can rot out & fall into the house piping to end up in faucets), then debris of this size could indicate interior pipe corrosion or that piping valves & Shut-Offs are built-up with water deposits & both should be operated to scrape-off or break-off any build-up.


Is there any XBMC remote control for Ubuntu?

Question: I have a Raspberry Pi running Raspbmc (XBMC) connected to the home network. Is there any XBMC remote control application I can use on my Ubuntu notebook to control the Raspbmc (XBMC)?
Answer: There is a web interface for XBMC which allows you to use your browser to pick media, but it is more limited than the UPnP remote controls for eg, Android. Nonetheless, if you just want to play things it's perfectly servicable.
Enable the web interface from within XBMC with System->Settings->Network->Services->Allow Control of XBMC via HTTP.
Then point a browser at http://host:8080/, where host is the IP address of the device running XBMC. If (as implied by raspbmc) the device is a raspberry pi, by default I think you should be able to use raspberrypi.local instead of needing to look up the IP address.
Answer: I use an app on my iPhone called xbmcRemote. Or are you looking for an IR remote?


Numerous buttons in a view

Question: I want to create 25 buttons in my view. Should I create 25 buttons(UIbutton butonwithtype) individually or is there any other alternative ? Please comment if the Question is not understood by you.
Answer: I've been creating an app with a UIView that contains around 20 buttons as well. In a for-loop i've created each button individually, because each button has another frame and function. So, there's no other way for you to build each single UIButton. Have a look at the memory management.
Comment: Hai burki,
Why to have a look at memory management ? I cannot understand the purpose of ur last suggestion. and ya thanks for your answer.

Numerous buttons in a view


Solidity | Smart Contract (Ethereum) transaction tracker API

Question: I am finding the way to detect the specified transaction. For example, I want to detect if someone calls a method in my smart contract by making a transaction then, I want to make the transaction failed.
So I'm looking for the API which can be monitoring the transactions or can be subscribing to the events. For instance, monitoring or tracking some special event. Do anyone know the great API?
I am not an expert so Please let me know someone has an idea. Thanks.
Answer: If your contract grants the right to someone to call a function, there is no way for you to stop him from doing this (when the transaction is already sent). Of course you can implement safety measures in the form of conditions that are checked when the function is called.


Had several rare pokemon run away while wife and son catch them

Question: I have had Tentacruel, Starmie, Ninetales, Scyther, and a few others run away from me after a few failed attempts at catching them. Yet my wife and son standing right next to me catch them. Is there a glitch in my app? Why is it I am the only one who has these rare pokemon run away? Wartortle was another one.
Answer: Pokémon spawn are identical between different players in the area, but the Pokémon statistics are derived from your level.
If you are level 25 and your family is around level 5, your Pokémon will be potentially much higher CP, causing their chance to run away to go up.
In addition, the Pokémon running away is a random event so there also discrepancy between players due to randomness.
Comment: Well that figures. So the only way to get another chance is to find a new spawn right?
Comment: Yes.  It's random for everyone.
Answer: To add to what Nelson said, there are other factors that determine qhethwr or not the pokemon will be caught.
Starting off, the ball you throw. Such pokemon are usually hard to catch, so the use of pokéballs instead of greatballs or ultraballs could lead to them running away.
Also, the way you throw the ball also has an impact on the catch chance.
Lastly, there is the chance that your family used razz (or rasp i cant remember ) berries which makes the pokémon easier to catch.
I really doubt i was of help to you but maybe I can help aome other usees as well.
Answer: Do not take this as offense but have you been GPS spoofing or maybe you randomly jump over the map while playing?
Because there is a chance you got soft banned.
Not saying you did, just trying to help.
This does take 4 hours to time out and you should be fine again


Old TV series with a time-travelling boy and girl and a mechanical time guardian

Question: There was a boy and a girl, and they were doing time traveling. Mechanic person guarding a big clock, his hands like clock hands. Like some time guardian.
Comment: Hi, welcome to SF&F.  When did you see this?  Where?  Was it animated or live-action?  Black-and-white or in colour?  How old were the boy and girl?  What kind of clothing did they wear?  Why were they time-travelling?
Comment: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flying_House_(TV_series) ?
Comment: It looks like [Timeslip](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeslip) has a time traveling boy and girl, but I cant find a mention of a clock.  Looks interesting though.
Comment: My first thought from the title was *Jack Kirby... Time Warrior!*, but no clock hands.
Answer: Finders Keepers, Australian TV, 1991?

Finders Keepers, also known as The Finder, is an Australian children's
television show, directed by Scott Hicks, that first aired on 28
October 1991, based on a book by Emily Rodda. The story revolves
around a boy called Patrick who, whilst playing on a computer,
receives an invitation to take part on a TV game show called "Finders
Keepers" through a store in a shopping arcade. He accepts the
invitation and is sucked into another world where he is given clues to
find missing treasures from his own world and take part in an
interdimensional hunt.

Your 'Mechanic person' may be the creepy Clock Robot:

There are episodes on YouTube.
Comment: Oh, yes. Finders Keepers, 1991. Pretty old, but I can remember the Clock Robot now. Thank s lot! COuldnt remember for weeks, so I had to ask online on several websites. Cool, thanks again.
Comment: some people were writing theyve been searching for the show for 10 and some for 20years. Ive found it in 10days thanks to you. Thank you :)


Converting from CSS3 to SVG

Question: So, I was working on my site and an accidental mistake did a nice 3D effect to my new Logo, is there any way to convert or import a CSS3 code to illustrator so I can have it as .SVG?
Comment: You'll have to recreate it by hand. For most things this really doesn't take as long as you might think
Answer: No. Illustrator wouldn't know what to do with CSS and HTML.

Converting from CSS3 to SVG


How can I speak about upgrading the prior art/pre-existing/previous products?

Question: My invention is a method to make improved products. Also, it can be used to improve the previous products by adding parts to them or replacing parts from them by improved parts. But some friends warn me from writing "previous products" so how to write the idea?
Thanks
Comment: Did your friends explain why you might want to avoid mentioning previous products? Because I can think of a few different answers, based on the reasoning for that.
Comment: More Patent attorneys also advise not to mention the prior art/previous products/Pre-Existing Products. But for improving them what can be said?
Comment: Sorry, reanswering . No, maybe to avoid obvious rejection or else. More Patent attorneys also advise not to mention the prior art/previous products/Pre-Existing Products. But for improving them what can be said or how?
Answer: From the viewpoint of the patent law and application process, the background is necessary to define the problem that your invention solves.
Therefore it is necessary to include some background, though the quantity differs largely across different applications.
The US patent law has some kind of obligation to disclose known prior art (I'm no expert for US patent law so I'm just mentioning that I read something and you should check for that).
Apart from that, you might hint the examiner what prior art there is and what he could use against you. On the other hand, especially if you do the application yourself without professional help, disclosing all you know might help you get a (possibly narrower) stronger patent, as less prior art can be used against you later if most of it was already considered during the application process.
In the end, it comes down to srategy - whatever you disclose can and will be used against you but might also help you, whatever you don't disclose may be used against you anyways.
I realize my answer might sound like an advise to disclose as much as possible - please don't understand it like that. You should differentiate from the known prior art even before the application and therefore not need the process to further narrow your claims away from prior art you already knew.


Is pathfinding implemented somewhere yet? Is it complicated to do? Why isn't it universal?

Question: I'm dying to use pathfinding for exchanging assets and it would greatly expand the way people trade over the network.
Why isn't it implemented by UI exchanges?
Is it complicated to do?
Is work from anchors required too?
Thanks
Answer: Based on the orderbooks for different asset pairs you could use some graph algorithm like Dijkstra for the best path.
Pathfinding is implemented in Horizon. You can find the code on github: https://github.com/stellar/go/tree/master/services/horizon/internal/simplepath
Answer: You're confusing the different layers here.
Path finding is implemented, and has been, since day one. It is only used for (path) payments, however.
When you make a buy/sell order, it is applied to a specific order book, between two assets.
Path payments are done one layer up, bridging order books to find a path from asset A to asset B by chaining together multiple trades in one atomic operation.
Answer: Pathfinding allows you to find payment paths using intermediate assets going from a source asset to a destination asset. This already exists in Horizon and is a process that happens "off-chain".
Path Payments allows you to make a payment using one asset to a receiver in a different asset without the risk of ever holding an intermediate asset and is a feature of stellar-core. This can be done using the Path Payments Operation and happens "on-chain".

Pathfinding by itself is a computationally expensive problem but is not complicated to implement. The implementation in Horizon is only a Proof-of-Concept since everyone's needs are different. As an example: not everyone would want the shortest path since that would take longer to compute as well. If you want to make use of path payments it would be best to have your own implementation of pathfinding that is robust.
My guess for why it's not implemented by UI exchanges is that it's not very useful for UI exchanges since path payments is more closely related to making payments as opposed to trading. However, it can be useful if you only want to consume offers from the orderbook by doing a path payment to yourself (atomic fill-or-kill offer across multiple orderbooks).

Is pathfinding implemented somewhere yet? Is it complicated to do? Why isn’t it universal?


Analogy of Gerstenhaber algebra

Question: We know that the (endomorphism) operad structure on the cochain complex of an associative algebra induces a Gerstenhaber algebra structure on the cohomology. My query is: if a cochain complex has a (endomorphism) dioperad structure, what structure should we expect in the cohomology? Is there an analogy of Gerstenhaber algebra in this case?
Answer: One possible answer is contained in the paper of Victor Ginzburg and Travis Schedler, "Free products, cyclic homology, and Gauss-Manin connection", https://arxiv.org/abs/0803.3655. You will be in particular interested in Section 7.2 there, where the structure that naturally arises on the chain level is discussed. This structure also appears in my recent work with Sergey Shadrin and Bruno Vallette https://arxiv.org/abs/1510.03261, see in particular Section 3.1 of that paper.
Comment: Thank you @Vladimir, for the reference. I have one more point here: The dioperad structure in the cochain level, in my case, arose from a bialgebra structure, whereas, the structure in the paper you cited does not make use of the co-product at all.
Comment: @ani maybe you can somehow clarify the question - you mean you are still using the standard Hochschild complex, but for a bialgebra, and then use the bialgebra structure to define a dioperad? it would be beneficial to have some clear statements in place of "if a cochain complex has a (endomorphism) dioperad structure"...

Analogy of Gerstenhaber algebra


Running electric to treehouse from outdoor load center

Question: I have this load center on the outside wall of my house. It was added for a hot tub that we no longer use. Can I run electricity from this box to a treehouse I just built?
Comment: Yes, it is possible to run electricity to a treehouse.
Comment: How much power do you want at said treehouse, and are you wanting to run the wire overhead or underground?
Comment: Is this a "spare-wood platform" treehouse or one of those "Treehouse Masters" type of treehouses with multiple rooms?
Answer: If this tree-house involves children, I suggest you go another way entirely.
Make it an experiment/exposition in off-grid solar technologies.  Use the most common voltage for smaller off-grid systems: 12V DC.    There's a lot of exciting stuff going on in this field.  It is highly accessible to children.  It engages them in STEM.  And unlike many "STEM projects, childrens' version", you get to work in the real magilla, with the same hardware the pros use.  The same design issues arise, and he gets direct field experience with them. So those skills apply directly to the solar/off-grid field.
See?  This suddenly becomes worlds safer, and a whole bunch of Code and permitting issues just disappear!
(well not quite. Code does have a thing or two to say about low voltage power systems. But violating Code in this area isn't going to get anyone electrocuted and probably won't burn your tree down.)
If the system needs help, you could certainly add a 12V battery charger fed from 120V.  But you'd have flexibility to put that in a safe, code legal location.
Comment: I was thinking along the same lines but then thought, tree so no sun.
Comment: The panel might need to be on the ground below the canopy.
Answer: Not without getting plans OK'ed by your city.  I have never seen a tree get power (OKed by the city) and really not sure what the requirements would be. I would guess that this would widely vary.
Step 1 - talk to a local inspector and ask them if it is OK.
Step 2 - If it is OK you need to bury wire, get wired protected up tree, and then follow all electrical guidelines in treehouse as it is a house.
Step 2a - If inspector seems hesitant or if you want an easier route.  Run your hot tub line over to under the treehouse and install an outdoor box.  Make sure it has a cover.  From there just run an extension cord if someone wants to watch TV in the treehouse.  This is far safer, especially if kids are involved, than having live electric in tree.  I just know the dumb crap my friends and I did in our tree house.
Comment: It got to be a thing in Dallas TX USA to put powerful lights shining up in trees. It is nutty and must interfere with urban nocturnal wildlife, but there it is . . . It doesn't look to me like low voltage wiring.


From where this number of 14 Tev has arised for proton-proton head on collision in LHC?

Question: I am interested in finding out, why are collisions at 14TeV done in the LHC, instead of some other energy?
Comment: http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/lhc/lhc-en.html
Comment: Note that this years running is at $4\text{ TeV}$ per beam, not $7$, leading to a current CoM energy of $8\text{ TeV}$.
Comment: Hi Poonam, and welcome to Physics Stack Exchange! We generally prefer that you ask one question per post. To help you out, I removed the extra questions that were separate from your main question. Feel free to post them individually as separate posts, but do check our [tag:higgs-boson] questions first to see if some of what you want to know has already been answered.
Answer: This year, the LHC is running at $8\text{ TeV}$.  The energy of the beam is limited by the current in the magnets that steer the beam.  The faster the particles travel, the higher the magnetic field has to be to turn them.
If the magnets were not the limiting factor, like at LEP, we would be limited by Synchrotron-radiation losses.
Answer: The actual effective collision energy of the LHC is less than the beam energy, because the machine is not really colliding the protons, but only their constituents, the quarks and gluons. Imagine you are shooting two shotguns at the same point. Instead of the two shells hitting each other, you will, at most, get occasional collisions of the pellets that are inside the shells. The pellets do, of course, carry only a fraction of the kinetic energy of the shells in total. Very much the same is true for a hadron collider.
Moreover, how much of the energy in the quarks is available in the collision to produce new particles, depends on how close they actually get to each other. In a perfect head-on collision, all of the energy is available in the center of mass system. If there is a slight offset between the colliding particles, we are talking about a soft collision and far less energy is available for the actual particle-particle interaction that creates the new particles we are interested in.
To make sure that we get a lot of particles like the Higgs, which have a large rest mass, and therefor a high threshold energy for their creation, the machine has to have as high a beam energy as possible, because we are losing most of it in the partition due to the constituents and the less then head-on collision events. As others have pointed out, the maximum energy is basically limited by the size of the tunnel, and the field in the magnets. That's why the US tried to build a much larger machine in a much larger tunnel in the 1980s-1990s. That machine was called the SSC and it would have had a beam energy of 20TeV per proton. If the program hadn't been cancelled due to cost overruns and other problems, it would have been the far more capable accelerator. Sadly, sometimes "better" is too expensive, so now we have to do with the LHC for the time being.
Comment: This is not really true. Though these events are rare (*very* rare!), there are $x_{1,2} > 1$ events; that is you can occasionally get parton collision energies to approach the arbitrarily close to the beam energy (and for the momentum transfer to exceed the beam momentum). If you are not familiar with this concept the $x$ there is "Bjorken scaling variable" also known as the light-cone momentum fraction.
Comment: @dmckee: I theory you are right, but in practice the cross section of these processes is too small to be useful. As I said... "the actual EFFECTIVE collision energy"... and that's all that matters for the machine design.


Could Furstenberg's Argument Prove the Infinitude of Primes in Number Fields?

Question: I have a somewhat unconventional view of the Prime Number Theorem as a "quantification" of the infinitude of primes. Here I recall the argument of Furstenberg.  Define a topology $\mathcal{X}$ on $\mathbb{Z}$.

$\varnothing \in \mathcal{X}$
$a \, \mathbb{Z} + b \in \mathcal{X}$

By unique factorization, there is a finite set that is the complement of these open set:
$$ \mathbb{Z} \backslash  \{ -1, 1 \} = \bigcup_p S(p,0) $$
This could probably work for any number field.  Let's see if I write it correctly.  Is it clear?
$$ K \backslash \{ \text{units} \}  = \bigcup_p S(p,0) $$
There's few literature I could find on the Furstenberg Topology itself [1] Perhaps it has a generalization that is more commonly discussed?  Does the Furstenberg topology have any deeper meaning that we know about?
Later in his life he should prove Szemeredi Theorem which is entirely also about arithemetic sequences.
About two years ago,  I asked for infinite Gaussian primes in segments.  In standard algebraic number theory these are all merged into questions about Dirichlet and Hecke characters.  One person responded that we could use sieves. and filter out the primes that we need.
Elementary Proof of Infinitely many primes $\mathfrak{p} \in \mathbb{Z}[i]$ in the sector $\theta < \arg \mathfrak{p} <\phi $
.
Comment: The Fürstenberg topology is the one induced by $\hat{\mathbb{Z}}$.
Comment: @July But this doesn't *a priori* answer the question.
Comment: @FanZheng: which is why it's only a comment :-) However, it does (somewhat) address the question "Does the Fürstenberg topology have any deeper meaning that we know about?" in the body.
Comment: As @M.G.'s comment indicates, the "Furstenburg topology" is more usually called the "profinite topology".  You'll find a great deal of literature if you search for that.
Answer: Yes. Just replace arithmetic progressions by translations of a nonzero (integral) ideal. The same argument shows that the union on the RHS is closed, so the set of units $K^\times$ has to be open. Since $1$ is a unit, $K^\times$ must contain $1+\frak a$ for some nonzero (integral) ideal $\frak a$. Take a nonzero element $a\in\frak a$. Then $1+na\in K^\times$ for all integer $n$. But $N(1+na)$ is a degree $d=[K:\mathbb Q]$ polynomial in $n$ with leading coefficient $N(a)\neq 0$, so it cannot be $\pm1$ for all integer $n$.


Is 1/2" flexible gas pipe adequate for a 22000 BTU clothes dryer?

Question: I have 1" black iron pipe running just shy of 40' to a manifold. The manifold then has one run of csst coming off it to my furnace. I then have 4 more ports I can run off for new appliances as I convert them to gas. My electric dryer just went up I would like to replace it with gas. The run would be about 30'. Is 1/2" csst big enough for that run the dryer is about 22000 btu. Thanks in advance.
Answer: I concur, 1/2 inch gas pipe is adequate for the dryer. The only thing I would like to add Is, did the gas company run a 2 psi meter to your home?
 an easy way to tell is if there is a gas regulator at each appliance. This is a pretty common practice in the state I live in. If it is a 2lbs system, you'll need to have a regulator added to the new appliance. Just something to be aware of.
Comment: Wow in the 5 states I have lived in 3/4 psi has been the limit for residential. When my dad was alive we had a gas kiln for drying wood and that was 2 psi but the gas company removed that regulator and put in a standard one some years later for safety reasons. Probably because it had not been used once the exotic woods were all used.


VC Dimension generalized to discrete, non-binary, unordered domains?

Question: VC dimension is a measure of the complexity of classes of functions $f:X\rightarrow \{0,1\}$ that is closely tied to sample complexity. Fat shattering dimension is a generalization suited to richer ordered domains: i.e. $f:X\rightarrow \mathbb{R}$. Is there a standard generalization of VC-dimension suited to functions with discrete, unordered domains? i.e. $f:X\rightarrow K$ where $K$ is a finite set with no ordering on it.
Answer: Yes - I think you are looking for "multiclass VC dimension," and there are a couple different generalizations of VC dimension to multiclass classification.  A good paper on this is by Ben-David et al. ('95). In addition to proving learnability results, they give a nice history and references to previous extensions of VC dimension to the multiclass case.  Another perhaps relevant work by Haussler and Long ('95) generalizes Sauer's lemma to more general versions of VC dimension.
Answer: The dimension characterizing multiclass learnability (i.e., the "correct" multiclass analog of VC-dimension) has recently been discovered:
Nataly Brukhim, Daniel Carmon, Irit Dinur, Shay Moran, Amir Yehudayoff:
A Characterization of Multiclass Learnability.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.01550


User Profile Synchronisation from SQL Database

Question: I am trying to update the Manager and Profile Picture properties for the UPS from SQL. The problem is that these two fields are stored as text in SQL but SharePoint expects a Person field and URL respectively. Has anyone been able to find a workaround to this?
Comment: How are you trying to update profile data? Via the object model or via the BCS?
Comment: Sorry for the late response. I am trying to do it via BCS. I have created and External Content Type that is pulls the data from SQL and added to my synchronisation connections. I can map fields like First Name, Last Name, Email Address etc without a problem but having a problem with the Manager and Picture fields. It appeats you cannot map text fields to these two?
Answer: As Thomas indicates this is commonly done either by Creating a connection that imports the data from a BCS connection tied to a foriegn key like email address or account name. If coding is you thing you can use the SharePoint Object model to update the User Profile Properties my instantiating a UserProfileManager and then setting the properties. Either way you should never (ever) go directly to the SQL database.
Comment: Sorry, I did not explain myself well. I am not doing it directly from SQL. I am using BCS. The problem comes when I try to map my Manager field (which is a text field in the External Content Type) to the Manager Property in UPS.


How can I get custom attribute value of an associated product in a grouped product?

Question: How can I get the custom attribute value of an associated product in a grouped product in .phtml file in Magento 2.3.5?
Answer: getAssociatedProducts does not get you full product objects but product links as a custom collection with standard attributes
Two options:

You add the attributes you want to the getAssociatedProducts collection, by extending them. This needs a custom module but they are then available everywhere associated products are used

You fully load a product object for the child in your template before calling the other attributes

Which option you pick depends on context - if you are in a single product context with its children and you only need this in one block, then #2 is easier - but for large lists of products there's a performance impact.
If you are going to want these extra attributes many places, product page, product listing, related products, emails etc, then #1  is your friend
Extending collection
This makes sense if you'll want to show the same attributes in a lot of places - for example anything you want added to a product list view in widgets, modules, catalog search results etc.
Assuming you have a created a custom module MyModule_FixGrouped
in etc/frontend/di.xml
<config xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="urn:magento:framework:ObjectManager/etc/config.xsd">
    <type name="Magento\GroupedProduct\Model\Product\Type\Grouped">
        <plugin sortOrder="10" name="FixModelProductTypeGrouped" type="MyModule\FixGrouped\Plugin\Model\Product\Type\Grouped" disabled="false" />
    </type>
</config>

and MyModule\FixGrouped\Plugin\Model\Product\Type\Grouped
<?php

namespace MyModule\FixGrouped\Plugin\Model\Product\Type;
// was \Magento\GroupedProduct\Model\Product\Type\Grouped ;
use \Magento\Catalog\Model\ResourceModel\Product\Link\Product\Collection;

class Grouped
{
/**
 * Retrieve collection of associated products
 *
 * @param \Magento\GroupedProduct\Model\Product\Type\Grouped $subject
 * @return \Magento\Catalog\Model\ResourceModel\Product\Link\Product\Collection
 */
public function afterGetAssociatedProductCollection(\Magento\GroupedProduct\Model\Product\Type\Grouped $subject, Collection $result)
{
    $result->addAttributeToSelect('whatever');
    $result->addAttributeToSelect('whatever');
    $result->addAttributeToSelect('whatever');
    return $result;
}

}

?>

Fully Loading
This is just added to class or even block code.
Might make sense if it is not used all the time but occasionally so adding the attributes to every product collection across the site would be a waste.
Example: a special catalog view that is not used all the time. I have one used to create a PDF once a month for example
in the constructor
@param \Magento\Catalog\Model\ProductFactory $productFactory;
$this->_productFactory = $productFactory;

in the method
$children = $parentproduct->getTypeInstance()->getAssociatedProducts($parentproduct);
foreach ($children as $childlink) {
     $child = $this->_productFactory->create()->load($childlink->getId());
...
}

After that every product attribute and every product method is available for the $child object
Comment: Should it be `MyModule\FixGrouped\Plugin\Model\Product\Type\Grouped.php` or without the `.php` extension?
Comment: Thanks, the first option seems to work well (It should be `MyModule\FixGrouped\Plugin\Model\Product\Type\Grouped.php`). The second one I didn't understand how to implement it.
Comment: since i just found this again as I had forgotten what to do - I might as well clarify. Associated products are not full products, only shells. The first solution adds missing data to the "associated products" collection. The second solution creates a full product object for each associated product, which means everything a product normally has is available. It will be slower but have everything
Answer: I presume that you're in the product/view/type/grouped.phtml template, or some PHTML file included from that; this is basically how it goes:
<?php $_associatedProducts = $block->getAssociatedProducts();
$_hasAssociatedProducts = count($_associatedProducts) > 0; ?>

<?php if ($_hasAssociatedProducts) {
          foreach ($_associatedProducts as $_item) { ?>

<?php }
} ?>

Among the ways to get the value of an attribute (let's say it's called shirt_size and it's selected via drop-down) are $_item->getShirtSize(); or $_item->getAttribute('shirt_size'); for the numeric value of the index (which often isn't useful), or $_item->getAttributeText('shirt_size'); for the textual value.
Comment: Thanks but it doesn't show anything. It does work for "standard" attributes but not for my custom one `$_item->getAttribute('format');` or `$_item->getAttributeText('format');`
Comment: `$_item->getAttribute('format');` or `$_item->getAttributeText('format');` work for the main grouped product but not for associated (simple and downloadable in my case).
Comment: Did you make sure to try it inside the `foreach` loop? Also, did you try the variant `$_item->getFormat();`?
Comment: Yes, does it work for you? I have no problem to get attribute label and value for the main product in this way: `$attribute = $_product->getResource()->getAttribute('brand');` Label: `$attribute->getStoreLabel()` and Value: `$attr_value = $attribute ->getFrontend()->getValue($_product);` Furthermore, I have no problem to get any ***system*** attributes of the associate products.


"Now that that's out of the way"

Question: I keep hearing this phrase all the time. What does "now that that's out of the way" actually mean?
Answer: Referring to something as being "out of the way" means that it used to be undone or present and it is now done or no longer present.
"That's out of the way now." is a complete sentence using the phrase. We can substitute some reference to the thing itself for "that": "Filling up with gas is out of the way." or "We needed to fill up, and that's out of the way now."
"Now that..." is an introductory phrase indicating the current situation, as opposed to the situation in the past. "Now that you're finished filling up with gas, we can go".
Or we can use the two together, putting the two uses of "that' next to each other "Now that that's out of the way, we can go." There needs to be an antecedent for the second "that".
Comment: @Ashraf Yes, that's correct. ("...out of the way we...", or, better yet, "...out of the way, we...")
Comment: You can say that a topic being discussed is "out of the way" when discussion of it is finished.
Comment: So if we're deciding on a country to visit after the coronaviruse. After we pick a country we can say- "Now that that's out of the we we can start the paperwork."

"Now that that's out of the way"