Error While Linking Multiple C Object files in Delphi 2007

Question: I am new to delphi. I was trying to add C Object files in my Delphi project and link them directly since Delphi Supports C Object Linking. I got it working when i link a single Object file. But when i try to link multiple object files, i am getting error 'Unsatisfied forward or external declaration'. I have tried this in Delphi 2007 as well as XE.So what am i doing wrong here?
Working Code:
function a_function():Integer;cdecl;

implementation

{$Link 'a.obj'}

function a_function():Integer;cdecl;external;

end.

Error Code:
function a_function():Integer;cdecl;
function b_function();Integer;cdecl;
function c_function();Integer;cdecl;

implementation

 {$LINK 'a.obj'}
 {$LINK 'b.obj'}
 {$LINK 'c.obj'}

function a_function():Integer;cdecl;external;
function b_function();Integer;cdecl;external;
function c_function();Integer;cdecl;external;
end.

Comment: My guess: "b_function()" or "c_function()" is not found in any of the three object files. You assume the problem's related to linking multiple object files and you proved you can link one file. Did you try linking, for example, only "b.obj" and only importing "b_function()"?
Comment: Maybe this article by Rudy Velthuis could help:

http://rvelthuis.de/articles/articles-cobjs.html
Answer: As an aside, the article linked by @vcldeveloper has a good explanation of some of the common issues. The trick of providing missing C RTL functions in Pascal code is excellent and much quicker than trying to link in the necessary functions as C files, or even as .obj files.
However, I have a suspicion that I know what is going on here. I use this same approach but in fact have over 100 .obj files in the unit.  I find that when I add new ones, I get the same linker error as you do. The way I work around this is to try re-ordering my $LINK instructions. I try to add the new obj files one by one and I have always been able, eventually, to get around this problem.
If your C files are totally standalone then you could put each one in a different unit and the linker would handle that. However, I doubt that is the case and indeed I suspect that if they really were standalone then this problem would not occur.  Also, it's desirable to have the $LINK instructions in a single unit so that any RTL functions that need to be supplied can be supplied once and once only (they need to appear in the same unit as the $LINK instructions).
This oddity in the linker was present in Delphi 6 and is present in Delphi 2010.
EDIT 1: The realisation has now dawned on me that this issue is probably due to Delphi using a single pass compiler. I suspect that the "missing external reference" error is because the compiler processes the .obj files in the order in which they appear in the unit.
Suppose that a.obj appears before b.obj and yet a.obj calls a function in b() b.obj. The compiler wouldn't know where b() resides at the point where it needs to fixup the function call.  When I find the time, I going to try and test if this hypothesis is at the very least plausible!
Finally, another easy way out of the problem would be to combine a.c, b.c and c.c into a single C file which would I believe bypass this issue for the OP.
Edit 2: I found another Stack Overflow question that covers this ground: stackoverflow.com/questions/3228127/why-does-the-order-of-linked-object-file-with-l-directive-matter
Edit 3: I have found another truly wonderful way to work around this problem. Every time the compiler complains
[DCC Error] Unit1.pas(1): E2065 Unsatisfied forward or external declaration: '_a'

you simply add, in the implementation section of the unit, a declaration like so:
procedure _a; external;

If it is a routine that you wish to call from Delphi then you clearly need to get the parameter list, calling conventions etc. correct.  Otherwise, if it is a routine internal to the external code, then you can ignore the parameter list, calling conventions etc.
To the best of my knowledge this is the only way to import two objects that refer to each other in a circular manner. I believe that declaring an external procedure in this way is akin to making a forward declaration. The difference is that the implementation is provided by an object rather than Pascal code.
I've now been able to add a couple of more tools to my armory – thank you for asking the question!
Comment: Thank you very much. I guess the single pass linker is the problem. I am linking over 30 Objects which aren't stand alone. So i will have to reorder my Object files or put then in a single file.
Comment: @Ramnish I'd be interested to hear how you get on. Pedantically, I think that it is the compiler that is single pass rather than the linker and my instincts tell me that this is a compiler issue rather than a linker issue, but I'm only guessing at this!
Comment: @Ramnish I found another Stack Overflow question that covers this ground: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3228127/why-does-the-order-of-linked-object-file-with-l-directive-matter
Comment: @Ramnish see Edit 3 above for yet another way around this problem.
Comment: @david. Thanks. I have tried your Edit3. It fix the error, But gives a new error while calling that function.  `Kernel: RegisterWaitForInputIdle`. Check my Edit on the Question.
Comment: @Ramnish That's really a new question. Please can you post it as such.


Printing tens of pages in Silverlight freezes the computer

Question:
we have a Silverlight 4 app that prints a multi-page report. When the number of pages exceeds 20 or 30 (depending on the computer), the printing completely blocks the computer and users are unable to use it.
That is due to the huge print job size - each page takes about 170MB, so a 10 page document results in nearly 2gig!
In a comment from the page http://wildermuth.com/2009/11/27/Silverlight_4_s_Printing_Support (see comment by Marshall Agnew from December 3, 2009) I found that "Silverlight Printing does currently allow users to specify Color/Grayscale, Orientation and Resolution(DPI)..."
However, I am unable to find any info as to how this is done.
We are printing a black and white document, text only, so grayscale (or even black&white, if that were possible) would be fine with us.
Thanks for any help on how to decrease the size of the print job or find an alternative solution to printing multi-page reports in SL4.
Jan
Answer: The problem is that silverlight print raw image bytes by rendering images from XAML. Not optimized at all.
Try generate XPS or PDF files from your client and allow the user to save it before print.
XPS are relatively easy to generate because they use XAML.
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms771669.aspx
Answer: This whole thing irritates the heck out of me.  If I have to print to PDF to print, then Silverlight is just NOT ready for prime time.  I built a large scale application in Silverlight.  Printing works for the most part, but in some printers the large print jobs cause errors and lock up the application or the computer.  This is ridiculous to me!  Silverlight cannot be used for business apps with slap stick print support.  In fact an even worse bug is that there is no page filtering either.  If you select pages 2 and 5 of a 8 page document it will simply print page 1 and 2.
I'm so embarrassed that my application has now inherited the problems of Silverlight.
Answer: It sounds like you're asking too much of the Silverlight printing engine.  You would probably get better performance if you print from a PDF rather than directly from Silverlight.
Have you looked into some third-party Silverlight reporting tools?  Many of them will convert a report to PDF, Excel, and other formats.
Comment: Are you saying, that printing 20 pages is too much to ask of Silverlight version 4? About the tools - are any of them free? Thanks.


Why is water surface smooth?

Question: Liquids have more disorder than solids. Their atoms are much more jiggly than solids, at the same temperature. How then a puddle of water undisturbed by winds etc is able to have a smooth surface?
Answer: Surface tension.
A molecule/atom of the liquid minimises its energy by being surrounded by other molecules/atoms of the liquid. At the surface this isn't possible so the surface has an excess energy, and this interfacial energy produces a force called surface tension that tries to reduce the area of the surface. There is a fuller discussion of this in my answer to Why is Sticking to Glass a Lower Energy State for Water?.
The tendancy to reduce the surface are is why liquid droplets are round, because spherical shape minimises the surface area for any given volume. It also means the surface will be smooth because any roughness increases the surface area and therefore increases the energy.
The surface will not be precisely smooth because we expect that thermal vibrations will produce deformations of the surface with energies of the order of $kT$ per surface molecule. At a macroscopic scale these deformations are too small to see, but at the atomic scale the surface will be fuzzy rather than sharply defined.
Comment: To expand on what John said, the fluid viscosity works in conjunction with the surface tension to dissipate any wave energy, and dampen any oscillations on the macroscale.
Comment: "A molecule/atom of the liquid minimises its energy by being surrounded by other molecules/atoms of the liquid" --How is the energy minimised because of being surrounded?
Answer: Surface tension.
Even at the microscopic level you would not see any motion at the surface, though if the water is unevenly heated there would be currents.
Answer: To elaborate on Peter's answer.
It is precisely because water molecules are 'jiggly' that the surfaces are smooth.
Surface deformities cost (free) energy and so a system will only exhibit them if kinetically trapped (like the atoms in a solid are). But since the water molecules are free to flow, they don't get trapped in these high energy configurations and can instead achieve lower energy states (smooth surfaces).
Answer: Puddles are just a congregate of fluid molecules. True that they have greater disorder than solids, but therr are also stuff like viscous drag, and cohesive/adhesive forces in play(in the most simplest scenario). Surface tension is a result of the last 2. There are microscopic motions in a fluid continuosly(which is the reason behind the famous brownian motion), but without sufficient energy, a finite volume of a liquid cannot overcome the viscous drags(macroscopic motion). On heating the same puddle gradually, at a certain temperature, slight currents will develop(convection) which spreads the heat uniformly to the puddle. If you heat it further, at higher temperature, the system becomes CHAOTIC, having sufficiently more energy to overcome viscous drags and come into motion. Soon enough evaporation starts and then boiling, and after that, there isn't a puddle anymore!

Why is water surface smooth?


Immortal Children

Question: I remember reading a book around 1990 that was a first-in-series story in which the World Health Organization released a formula into the global food supply that resulted in every child who hadn't yet reached puberty being made effectively immortal.  They still grew up, but never aged.  I remember that the protagonist had a brother a year older or so who barely missed having the formula take effect on him.  All of the affected children were gathered into communes for their own protection (jealous older people sometimes murdered them otherwise).  Eventually the mortal population died off as the immortal generation worked to govern themselves.  The implication at the end of the first book was that humanity was in trouble because immortality made people less interested in progress and enlightenment.  Also, there was a child with strong sociopathic tendencies who was being set up as a future villain in the series.
I think the author was a woman, but I can't recall her name, and I have no idea what the title was.
Comment: Can you be more specific than "a number of years ago"? 2? 20? Even a rough estimate might help.
Comment: @phantom42 About 1990.
Comment: I don't think it's the one, but the description reminds me of Nancy Kress' [*Beggars in Spain,*](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beggars_in_Spain) first book in her *Sleepless* trilogy.
Answer: It's the Earth Song trilogy by Sharon Webb. The individual books are:

Earth Child (1982)
Earth Song (1983)
Ram Song (1984)

You've got the details very well. When they realize that creativity is blunted by becoming immortality, a project is started where the talents of gifted kids are nurtured. The kids are then given the choice--keep practicing your 'art' or give it up and become immortal.

Immortal Children


Why won't an OLE DB data source update metadata when the stored procedure changes?

Question: I am calling a stored procedure from an OLE DB data source in SSIS.  Why doesn't SSIS see changes I have made to the stored procedure?  It seems like metadata about the stored procedure is cached somewhere.  Is it cached?  If so how do I force SSIS to see the changes I made to the stored procedure?
Answer: It's possible the problem isn't that SSIS isn't seeing your changes; but rather that what you're changing isn't visible to SSIS.
To clarify that very confusing answer, try this: drag an OLE DB data source onto some data flow. Hook it up to the same stored procedure, with the same parameters, etc. Check the metadata for the output columns.
If they are what you expected, then the problem is SSIS not seeing your changes. I'll be surprised if this is the answer - if anything, SSIS is too picky about seeing changes in metadata (especially in the 2005 version).
If you're not seeing the metadata you expected, then you'll have to edit your post with more detail on your stored procedure. But I can say in general that neither SSIS nor any other piece of software can determine the shape of your resultset in all cases. I believe they use the SET FMTONLY command to arrange that queries "don't really" execute. Instead, they are passed NULL for all their parameters. The result set that occurs when all your parameters are NULL or default values is the one that SSIS will see. If you have a complicated SP that returns result sets of different shapes based on input, then this could be the problem.
Answer: To regenerate the metadata, simply delete the flow pipe (red and green), and re-add them. This is the easiest solution I have found to this problem.


Effect of temperature on Radio Components

Question: Just starting to gain understanding on how various Radio components work (PA, LNA, LO, Mixer, etc.). Every component has ratings from the component manufacturer. I am curious to know, what effect we may see when these radio components are exercised to extreme temperatures. How does temperature affect the Radio performance?
Answer: As far as radio performance goes, temperature has a measurable effect on receiver performance.  A receiver is rated for a certain sensitivity, and if thermal noise exceeds it, you have a reduction in signal-noise ratio as thermal noise contributes to the overall noise floor.  Thermal noise power is calculated in dBm/Hz by the formula 10Log_10(kTB*10^3) where k is Boltzmann's constant (1.3803*10^-23), T is temperature in Kelvin, and B is bandwidth in Hz.  At room temperature with a receive bandwidth of 1 Hz, thermal noise is usually about -174 dBm/Hz.  To see the effect on a receiver, you need to subtract thermal noise from your receive signal level (RSL).  This gives you your SNR.  All of these will change at any given time due to bandwidth, frequency, temperature, and a myriad of other variables, so it is beneficial to learn the calculations and put them in a spreadsheet to make quick use of them when you need them.
Answer: The ratings might indicate temperatures at which the component completely fails - either temporarily or permanently. Less dramatic effects are changes in phase/group delay, voltage fluctuations, etc. Additionally, boards can flex causing weak connections or causing problems at any cold solder joints.
Answer: With FETs in radio circuits, at higher temperatures the amps/volt drops off and the FETS provide less charge/picosecond thus the frequency response drops off.
When you say "extreme" does that mean outside the semiconductor process models?


Galaxy S6 settings widget

Question: I want to add a shortcut to the tethering/mobile hotspot setting, but I can't find the settings widget. Does this not exists? Is there a way to add it to the quick settings (swipe down from top)?
Answer: The best solution I could come up with was to install Power Toggles, and add a shortcut to my homescreen. From unlocked, this is 1 tap. And if locked, because I use fingerprint unlock, it's hardly more than 1 tap anyway.
I can't use root because this is a work-supplied phone, and some required software won't work if the phone is rooted.
Answer: Note: Root access is required.
Follow the instructions:

Install SQLite Editor.
Open the app and look for "Setting Storage" entry
Select "Setting Storage" and then select settings.db
Next select "system". This would be the last item on the list
Tap on the search icon and search for "notification" and select "OK"
Tap on the Plus sign "+" to add new parameter
Under name, type the following: "notification_panel_default_active_app_list"
In the Value field, type all the toggle you want in there. I usually do a copy and past from a text file to avoid any mistake
Hit the same button
Select "notification_panel_active_app_list" and paste/type the same value as in step 8. above and save it.
You could do the same for "notification_panel_default_active_app_list_for_res t"

Additionally, you could increase the number of scrollable toggles from 10 to any value you want. I usually have it at 20. The parameter you need is the "notification_panel_active_number_of_apps"
You can also add SFinder and QuickConnect to the toggle list and you can then get rid of those two in the drop down to have more space in the notification area.
I have provided a list of the toggle I commonly use as a text. Please note that some toggles might not be relevant to the ROM you're using and might not work or do anything when toggled. E.g. Don't expect touch to work if it hasn't been implemented in your ROM version, and so on.
You can never loose any toggle again and you can add more as needed.
Wifi; MobileData; Location; Bluetooth; AutoRotate; Torc hLight; MultiWindow; SilentMode; Ebook; NetworkBooster ; SideKey; WiFiHotspot; AllShareCast; SBeam; Sync; Toddl erMode; SmartStay; SmartPause; SmartScroll; SmartNetwo rk; Nfc; PowerSaving; UltraPowerSaving; AirplaneMode; A irView; AirGesture; Toolbox; CarMode; QuickConnect; SFi nder;NetworkBooster;TouchSensitivity; DoNotDisturb; DormantMode; Brightness; PersonalMode;

Comment: The point is I want to be able to access this without having to go into the settings app in the first place. On all my previous Android phones, I had a widget for tethering, so it was 2 taps to turn it on. Now, it's several.
Comment: the solution I have proposed allow you to select a new quick settings widget, so you can swipe and toggle
Comment: you have to go into settings app only once
Comment: Ok, on my device I don't have that option in the quick settings widget.
Comment: I'll post some photos mate
Comment: This is what I see: http://1drv.ms/1GuiDRI
Comment: that edit , see my answer
Comment: Let us [continue this discussion in chat](http://chat.stackexchange.com/rooms/24948/discussion-between-crunch-and-andrea-cinesi).
Comment: check my new answer mate, hope it helps
Comment: Does this need root? I can't root this phone.
Comment: root access is required,  sadly

Galaxy S6 settings widget


What special properties do the named swords have in Tolkien lore?

Question: There are swords of great renowned; Glamdring, Narcil, Orcrist, Ringil, Sting and others are presented as special weapons. Beyond glowing when Orcs are near, what special properties do they possess?
Comment: No corrosion and staying sharp for millenias seem like perfect weapon properties if gunpowder isn't available. Hardness seems extraordinary as well. Lightweightness. Arr, wanna have one of them ^.-
Comment: They all have names. That's pretty special.
Comment: Ringil is 4d20 +10 speed.
Comment: Sting was more of a magical letter opener
Comment: There is the neat property of glowing when enemies are near.
Comment: @NKCampbell After your comment I realized that Sting is actually a dagger and it's pedigree is not as illustrious as say Ringil's but because of it's properties I think it can be included.
Comment: yeah, it was absolutely of Elvish make so it can count :)
Answer: I'm not sure about all the swords. The ones the hobbitsesssss got with Tom were specifically designed to fight the ringwraiths.
In The Children of Húrin it is said that Gurthang would kill anything it cut though it could be more a matter of a prophecy than an actual magical property of the sword.

There now Glaurung lay, with jaws agape; but all his fires were burned out, and his evil eyes were closed. He was stretched out in his length, and had rolled upon one side, and the hilts of Gurthang stood in his belly. Then the heart of Turambar rose high within him, and though the Dragon still breathed he would recover his sword, which if he prized it before was now worth to him all the treasure of Nargothrond. True proved the words spoken at its forging that nothing, great or small, should live that once it had bitten.
The Children of Húrin, Chapter XVII, "The Death of Glaurung"

About the others I don't really know of other special property besides being shiny and of great nobility.
Comment: Gurthang also talked to Turin once as well before his death which is a pretty unique property
Answer: Sting
We know that Sting at least is incredibly sharp, and allows the hobbit bearing it to perform feats beyond their strength.
Bilbo uses it to penetrate a large wooden beam without much effort.

'This is Sting,' he said, and thrust it with little effort deep into a wooden beam. 'Take it, if you like. I shan't want it again, I expect.'
The Lord of the Rings, "The Ring Goes South"

In the battle of the chamber of Mazarbul, Frodo is able to penetrate the thick skin of an "massive foot" (probably a cave troll) just after Boromir's attack has done nothing but notch his blade.

Boromir leaped forward and hewed at the arm with all his might; but his sword rang, glanced aside, and fell from his shaken hand. The blade was notched.
Suddenly, and to his own surprise, Frodo felt a hot wrath blaze up in his heart. 'The Shire!' he cried, and springing beside Boromir, he stooped, and stabbed with Sting at the hideous foot. There was a bellow, and the foot jerked back, nearly wrenching Sting from Frodo's arm. Black drops dripped from the blade and smoked on the floor.
The Lord of the Rings, "The Bridge of Kazad-dûm"

Frodo uses it to escape Shelob's lair, just after Sam had to hack away to break one cord, he manages to easily slice through the webs with Sting.

'That would not help us now,' said Frodo. 'Come! Let us see what Sting can do. It is an elven-blade. There were webs of horror in the dark ravines of Beleriand where it was forged. But you must be the guard and hold back the eyes. Here, take the star-glass. Do not be afraid. Hold it up and watch!' Then Frodo stepped up to the great grey net, and hewed it with a wide sweeping stroke, drawing the bitter edge swiftly across a ladder of close-strung cords, and at once springing away. The blue-gleaming blade shore through them like a scythe through grass, and they leaped and writhed and then hung loose. A great rent was made.
The Lord of the Rings, "Shelob's Lair"

Andúril
Andúril doesn't seem to be particularly magical, but during the later stages of the war of the ring it is contained in a magical sheath that makes it unbreakable. (Whether this is true is up for debate)

'Here is the gift of Celeborn and Galadriel to the leader of your Company,' she said to Aragorn, and she gave him a sheath that had been made to fit his sword. It was overlaid with a tracery of flowers and leaves wrought of silver and gold, and on it were set in elven-runes formed of many gems the name Andúril and the lineage of the sword. 'The blade that is drawn from this sheath shall not be stained or broken even in defeat,' she said.
The Lord of the Rings, "Farewell to Lórien"

Other swords
While not explicitly "named" the Barrow-blades do seem to have some power to fight wraiths beyond the power of normal swords.

No other blade, not though mightier hands had wielded it, would have dealt that foe a wound so bitter, cleaving the undead flesh, breaking the spell that knit his unseen sinews to his will.
The Lord of the Rings, "The Battle of the Pelennor Fields"
Answer: The answer is NO, the blades you named do not have any other special properties.
Some Elvish blades have the ability top glow when Orcs are near:

for being the work of Elvish smiths in the Elder Days these swords shone with a cold light, if any Orcs were near at hand
Fellowship of the Ring Book II Chapter 4: "A Journey in the Dark"

But as far as other magical properties go, there are none.
The swords you mentioned are all very special historical artifacts that hold important places in Elvish history:
Glamdring
A.k.a. the Foe Hammer, originally owned by Turgon, Elven King of the secret city of Gondolin in the First Age. In the Third Age it was wielded by Gandalf. Has no other magical properties.
Orcrist
Was the mate of Glamdring, but the knowledge of who wielded it in the First Age seems to be lost.  In the Third Age it was wielded by Thorin for a short time until he lost it in Mirkwood.  Has no other magical properties.
Sting
Sting was just a simple Elvish dagger from Gondolin, but the perfect size for a hobbit to wield as if it were a short sword.  It was given the name Sting by Bilbo.  Has no other magical properties.
All three of these weapons were found thanks to Gandalf tricking three trolls into staying out until daylight, which caused them to be turned to stone.
Narsil
A.k.a. "The Sword That Was Broken".  A heirloom of the Kings of Númenor.  Wielded by Elendil fighting against Sauron himself, it was broken when Elendil died.  His son Isildur used the shards to cut the One Ring off the hand of Sauron. Isildur lost the ring shortly afterwards, setting the events of the LotR in motion.  So it's a pretty important sword.  Later it was used by Aragorn as proof of his kingship.  But no other magical properties.
Ringil
Fingolfin's own sword, used to fight Morgoth.  Fingolfin died in this battle but with his last blow cut Morgoth in the foot, causing him to be lame from then on.  Never seen again after this battle.  It is said that it "bit with chilling cold", which might imply that it had a frost-like magical enhancement, but this would just be speculation. Has no other magical properties.
So no, none of the blades that you named have other special properties.  But don't lose hope, there are other special blades that do:
Anglachel
A.k.a. Gurthang, or Iron of the Flaming Star.  Made from a meteor.  Melian the Maia perceived malice in it.  Túrin asked the sword whether it would slay him swiftly if he cast himself on its point, and it responded at length.  The only known instance of a weapon talking.
Sources:
List of Middle-earth weapons and armour (Wikipedia)
Do all elven blades glow blue in the presence of orcs?
Comment: In the original Quenta Silmarillion, Mandos predicted that, at the Dagor Dagorath, the black sword Gurthang would finally be the weapon to slay the returned Morgoth.  However, that was based on an earlier conception of Turin in which he was resurrected as a demigod, and so it was (probably) rightly left out of the published Silmarillion.
Comment: Extra bonus source material: me, after spending many years exploring the mines of Angband looking for Ringil (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angband_(video_game))
Comment: I recommend not using lotr.wikia, it's not a very accurate source.
Answer: Angrist
It's a dagger I know, but Sting was in the question so...
Beren's dagger, forged by the dwarf Telchar of Nogrod.
Originally belonging to Fëanor's son Curufin, Beren got this dagger when Curufin and his brother Celegorm were attempting to kidnap Lúthien.
Its name in Sindarin  translates as Iron-Cutter, from Ang - iron and
ris - to cut. (The Silmarillion, Appendix: "Elements in Quenya and Sindarin names")

...but Beren despoiled him of his gear and weapons, and took his knife, Angrist. That knife was made by Telchar of Nogrod, and hung sheathless by his side; iron it would cleave as if it were green wood.
The Silmarillion - "Of Beren and Lúthien"

Angrist was notably used to cut a Silmaril from the crown of Morgoth whilst he slept in Angband.

Then he drew forth the knife Angrist; and from the iron claws that held it he cut a Silmaril.
The Silmarillion - "Of Beren and Lúthien"

It snapped when Beren tried to remove a second, waking Morgoth.

but such was not the doom of the Silmarils. The knife Angrist snapped, and a shard of the blade flying smote the cheek of Morgoth.*
The Silmarillion - "Of Beren and Lúthien"

Angrist was abandoned in Angband as Beren fled.
The knife was said to be able to cut through iron. This is similar to the other blades with the root of Ang; Anglachel and Anguriel.
It may also be worth noting that Tolkien did originally have Angrist to be a somewhat evil blade and it snapping was the blade's doing in an attempt of mischief. I wonder if Tolkien was playing with the idea that these three blades were somehow similar...
Dagmor
Beren's sword, mentioned by name in The History of Middle-earth, Vol. 3: The Lays of Beleriand, III: "The Lay of Leithian"
No special properties were mentioned.
Anguirel
The sword created by Eöl at the same time and from the same meteor as Anglachel.

Then Beleg chose Anglachel; and that was a sword of great worth, and it was so named because it was made of iron that fell from heaven as a blazing star; it would cleave all earth-delved iron.  One other sword only in Middle-earth was like to it. That sword does not enter into this tale, though it was made of the same ore by the same smith; and that smith was Eöl the Dark Elf, who took Aredhel Turgon's sister to wife. He gave Anglachel to Thingol as fee, which he begrudged, for leave to dwell in Nan Elmoth; but its mate Anguirel he kept [...]
The Silmarillion - "Of Túrin Túrambor"

There is no mention of any special properties, but can be assumed to have the same properties as Anglachel, namely cleaving all earth-delved iron, after all Eöl wasn't the kind to have kept the inferior sword.
Eöl also likely to have poured his dark heart into this sword as he did Anglachel.

But as Thingol turned the hilt of Anglachel towards Beleg, Melian looked at the blade; and she said: 'There is malice in this sword. The dark heart of the smith still dwells in it. It will not love the hand it serves; neither will it abide with you long.'
'Nonetheless I will wield it while I may,' said Beleg.
The Silmarillion - "Of Túrin Túrambor"

This would give the blade an awareness and thirst for blood as did its brother; evil deeds also followed this sword.
It was stolen by his son Maeglin, whose treachery lead to the Fall of Gondolin.

[...] but its mate Anguirel he kept, until it was stolen from him by
Maeglin, his son.
ibid

Aranrúth
The sword of Thingol, King of Doriath.
Recovered after the sack of Doriath by Elwing and passed to her descendants.
Ar-Pharazôn was the last holder of the sword who took it with him to Aman in SA 3319.
No special properties are mentioned.
Gúthwinë
Eómer's sword.
No special properties mentioned.
Herugrim
Théoden's sword and royal heirloom of Rohan.
No special properties mentioned.
Morgul-blade
Possibly controversial as it can be argued whether these can be classed as named or not AND they are technically daggers.
The Morgul blades do however have special properties.
Anyone stabbed with a Morgul-blade has a piece of the blade left inside them. This fragment then works towards the heart, once it reaches its target, if not healed in time, the victim becomes a wraith.

'Well, four nights and three days, to be exact. The Elves brought you from this where you lost count. We have been terribly anxious, and Sam has hardly left your side, day or night, except to run messages. Elrond is a master of healing, but the weapons of our Enemy are deadly. To tell you the truth, I had very little hope; for I suspected that there was some fragment of the blade still in the closed wound. But it could not be found until last night. Then Elrond removed a splinter. It was deeply buried. and it was working inwards.'
Frodo shuddered, remembering the cruel knife with notched blade that had vanished in Strider's hands.
'Don't be alarmed!' said Gandalf. 'It is gone now. It has been melted. And it seems that Hobbits fade very reluctantly. I have known strong warriors of the Big People who would quickly have been overcome by that splinter, which you bore for seventeen days.'
'What would they have done to me?' asked Frodo. 'What were the Riders trying to do?'
'They tried to pierce your heart with a Morgul-knife which remains in the wound. If they had succeeded, you would have become like they are, only weaker and under their command. You would have became a wraith under the dominion of the Dark Lord; and he would have tormented you for trying to keep his Ring, if any greater torment were possible than being robbed of it and seeing it on his hand.'
The Lord of The Rings - The Fellowship Of The Ring - "Many Meetings"
Comment: It is not a coincidence, nor is it significant, in using *Ang* (*anga* in Quenya) in the naming of weapons, as it means "iron". Though I know of no named armor, one could easily imagine a suit named something like Aglarang, to mean "glorious iron", a brilliantly polished suit of armor worn by a king.


What is the term used when an object stops smoothly when scroll finished?

Question: What is the term used when an object stops smoothly when scroll finished? For example when you rotate the days of calendar in smartphone its stops somewhere or when you play roulette when you rotate it and then stops somewhere. What is the term in general and also in developing world ?
Comment: It *stops spinning*? It *stopped at a certain value*?
Comment: yes stopped at a certain value, i want the term for the effect of stoping
Answer: I would say:

It landed on 'red 15'

it refers to the pointer to the position on the roulette wheel pointing to "red 15" (in your example), or

It stopped on 'May 20'

it refers to the action, and the item finally displayed when scrolling through views is "May 20" (in your smartphone example).


How is the rate of water vapor condensate formation related to Relative Humidity, Temperature difference and any other relevant parameters?

Question: I do not mean to know how they vary (inversly or directly), I need to know if there is a function relation for the rate of condensate formation.
Answer: I believe what you are looking for is called a Psychrometric chart.
This chart used in the HVAC industry to calculate relative humidity, wet bulb, dry bulb, etc. There are equations built to mathematically calculate the values in this table, but know that they are modeling empirical data rather than pure theory. So they will be ugly polynomials, and different people may have different equations.
Answer: To calculate the condensation amount, divide the heat removed from the water (using the psychrometeric chart) by the latent heat of the water.
Condensate quantity (lbs) = ((BTU/lb in - BTU/lb out)/lb) / (970 Btu/lb)
For the rate, condensation rate = total heat transfer / heat of vaporization.  Use the equation above and include time
Condensate rate (lbs/hr) = ((BTU/lbhr in - BTU/lbhr out)/lb) / (970 Btu/lb)
Are you calculating for a still body like a cold glass of water of air movement like HVAC?  Airflow condensation rate is much easier to calculate- use the psych chart and see the delta in Relative humidity going in and coming out and multiply this by the air flow rate.
Comment: This does not provide an answer to the question. Once you have sufficient [reputation](https://physics.stackexchange.com/help/whats-reputation) you will be able to [comment on any post](https://physics.stackexchange.com/help/privileges/comment); instead, [provide answers that don't require clarification from the asker](https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/214173/why-do-i-need-50-reputation-to-comment-what-can-i-do-instead). - [From Review](/review/late-answers/423738)
Comment: Their question is actually very vague, so it's very odd to see your comment state that I did not answer the questions.  Theyeven had to follow up on their initial query to explain themselves.  I believe I have answered the question.  The requestor asked for a function in the their follow up and I gave it.  I even edited my answer to include some actual formulas.  I'm not sure how one can state this is not an answer to the question.
Comment: In this case, use the comment section, not the answer section. The answer section is for answers only. As the standard message above explains, answers shouldn't need further clarification.


XMLHttpRequest progress event issue with gzipped content (except FireFox)

Question: On my application I request large JSON files using the XMLHttpRequest API. This works as expected.
I want to display a progress bar while the user waits. Some of the JSON files are between 6 to over 10Mb, so a progress bar would help improve the overall experience.
Here is an example of what I am doing:
var progress = document.getElementById('progress');

function getData(url) {
    var req = new XMLHttpRequest();

  req.onprogress = function(event) {
    if (event.lengthComputable) {
      progress.value = event.loaded / event.total * 100;
    } else {
      console.log('lengthComputable failed');
    }
  }

  req.onload = function() {
    console.log('Finished loading');
    // ... handle data
  }

  req.open('GET', url, true);
  req.overrideMimeType('application/json');
  req.send(null);
}

getData('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/datasets/geo-countries/master/data/countries.geojson');

Also on jsfiddle: https://jsfiddle.net/ctL5f73s/1/
If the content is not gzipped, the progress bar seems to work fine on all the browsers I have tested so far. But if the server sends it as gzip, only firefox works.
For context, I am requesting the data from GitHub. What I understand is that they serve all assets as gzip and I have no control over it.
I am also aware of XHR's progress events should handle gzipped content.
Most of what they say just flew over my head, but what I gather is that there is no plan for changing the way lengthComputable is handled when content is gzipped.
On the Response Headers I see the Content-Encoding and Content-Length are correct:

The question is: is there any way to make the progress event work with gzip content on browsers other than FireFox?
If it is not possible, can anyone point me to an alternative? preferably native JS and not a library.
I don't mind for compatibility too far back, but if it doesn't work with the most recent versions of Chrome, then it is a problem.
Comment: An alternative, which we use, which gives 100% correct results is to just add an additional header on the server side: `X-Uncompressed-Content-Length: ${file.length}` and parse that on the javascript side.
Comment: I am curious - did you get an answer to this?
Comment: Not so far unfortunately.
Answer: I did something like this. It's not exact, but it's good enough.
req.onprogress = function(event) {
  if (event.lengthComputable) {
    progress.value = event.loaded / event.total * 100
  } else {
    var total = req.getResponseHeader('content-length')
    var encoding = req.getResponseHeader('content-encoding')
    if (total && encoding && (encoding.indexOf('gzip') > -1)) {
      // assuming average gzip compression ratio to be 25%
      total *= 4 // original size / compressed size
      progress.value = Math.min(100, event.loaded / total * 100)
    } else {
      console.log('lengthComputable failed')
    }
  }
}

Obviously sometimes progress will jump to 100% and sometimes it will be stuck on 100%, but only for a brief moment, so it's hardly noticeable.
Answer: The problem is probably your Content-Type: text/plain. Use GET from curl at a shell command line (without --compressed, to immediately see the binary output) -- does the response show immediately?
Chrome, for example, does not hit the onprogress callback immediately for 'text/plain', but it would if you used 'application/json', for example. Try 'Content-Type: application/json' in your response headers and see if that makes a difference.


How do I set search option defaults in MS Excel 2007?

Question: I'm using Excel 2007.  Every time I do a search I have to set the options to search within 'Workbook' and look in 'Values'.  Is there a way to permanently set the default search behaviour?
Answer: Excel doesn't allow you to specify what settings you want for a default in the Find dialog box. There is a bit of a way around this seeming limitation, however—at least a partial way. Excel remembers the last settings in the Find dialog box for the entire Excel session. (The settings are not reset until you exit and restart Excel.) This means that all you need to do is create a small macro that will set the settings you want in the dialog box.
See this article for more.


Kids! You're (disgusted/disgusting)! Don't talk with your mouths full! adjective when ended with ed or ing

Question:
Kids! You're (disgusted/disgusting)! Don't talk with your mouths full!

I would like to know why the answer is disgusting?
Comment: Have you looked up those words in a dictionary? Try this one: https://www.ldoceonline.com
Answer: Present participles (V-ing) are active and are used to express that the person (in this case) in question causes a certain feeling, such as disgust:
You are disgusting = You cause disgust
Instead, past participles (V-ed) are passive and are used to express that the person in question experiences a certain feeling:
You are disgusted = You experience disgust
Similar pairs are:

boring/bored

You are boring (you cause boredom) / You are bored (you experience boredom)

interesting/interested

You are interesting (you arouse interest) / You are interested (you show interest)

amusing/amused

You are amusing (you cause amusement) / You are amused (you experience amusement)
Answer: It can be helpful, when there are adjectives that are based on forms of verbs, to think about the verb sense. If someone "has been disgusted"1, something has affected how they feel. If they "are disgusting", they are affecting how other people feel. Consider:

I'm sorry that I disgust you.
I'm sorry that you're disgusted by me.

The thing doing the disgusting, the subject, is the thing that prompts the disgusted reaction. The first example has the verb to disgust in the active voice, the second in the passive.
Thus, anyone who is disgusting is the one doing something that causes people to feel disgusted. The person saying the example is disgusted by the kids speaking with their mouths full; the kids are disgusting the speaker, so the kids are disgusting

1: The adjective use of disgusted has more or less completely displaced its use as a real past participle, but this is about thinking how it could be used as a verb. The verb to disgust isn't really used so much, but it is what gives us the adjectives disgusted and disgusting.
Answer: The question you have to answer is WHO is being disgusted and by whom.
That's to say, who is behaving in a disgusting manner and who is being upset by that behaviour.
If the kids are disgusting, it is the kids who are behaving in an upsetting manner - and it is this behaviour that leaves (presumably) their parents feeling disgusted.
If the kids are disgusted themselves, it is the kids who are upset and not their parents.
So, if you say:

I am disgusted

you are saying that you yourself are upset by something or somebody.
If you say:

I am disgusting

you are saying that it is your behaviour/habits (or similar) that upset other people.
Answer: We add the -ing ending to a verb to talk about the verb's action, and the -ed ending to talk about its effect. If something is disgusting, it makes people feel disgusted. If something is tiring, it makes people feel tired.
Adjectives ending -ing and -ed


What pros would upgrading to Superuser Elite bring?

Question: I somewhat understand what Superuser does, but I'm curious if upgrading to the Elite version is a good idea... What pros are there? Does upgrading provide any additional features?
Answer: You can see the advantages from the developer's home page.
Superuser Elite is the Premium version of Superuser. It unlocks several premium features within Superuser, including:

PIN Protection – Secure your Superuser prompt with a PIN number so that nobody but you can grant Superuser rights to apps
Access timeout – Allow an app to maintain Superuser rights for a set amount of time, so that you can allow certain apps access without having to remember them or press allow multiple times
Ghost mode – Hide Superuser from your app tray and home screen. With ghost mode activated, the only way to launch it is by dialing a secret code into the dialer. The default secret code is <code>*#*#787378737#*#*</code>, but it can be set to whatever you want. Note that this feature will probably be disabled if your device does not have a dialer (tablets specifically).
Advanced log management – Set the log to only store a certain number of entries before deleting the oldest entry. You also gain the ability to set certain apps to not log at all.
Advanced notification management – Set which apps send notifications and which apps don't
Toast notification placement – If you choose to use Toast notifications instead of Status bar notifications, you gain the ability to set where the notification will appear; top, bottom, or center of the screen, or the default location
Comment: I got it for the PIN protection and for beta access (which I believe is over), and of course to support Chainfire.  So far it's been great and the binary updater came in handy a few times before it made it into the standard version.
Comment: Thanks! I really had no idea what most of those things did, haha..


How to migrate one type of contents to other type having same fields?

Question: I have 2 content types having same fields and I have many contents added by cleint in both the types,now I want to change some of the node's type A  other type..
How can i achieve this?
Comment: Too many options. Programmatically. Migration. Feeds. REST. But what have you tried so far and where exactly are you stuck?
Answer: You can probably prepare a view that filters the nodes that you want to migrate using  Rest Export display and than create a migration to import the previous Export as described in this tutorial


How to override background color for WinForm minimize and maximize buttons

Question: Is it possible to override the background color of the minimize and maximized buttons in WinForms?
Answer: Not without writting your own NC_PAINT which is very bad practice by itself.
You never know when the user will use a new visual style never heard before. Your application will display the old ugly buttons over the existing style and everything will clash.
Answer: You cannot do it easily.
The best option is:
http://geekswithblogs.net/kobush/articles/CustomBorderForms3.aspx
You can find more answers here:
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/42460/custom-titlebarschrome-in-a-winforms-app
Answer: The short version is, out of the box, not that I'm aware of.
The longer version is that there's nothing stopping you from creating a borderless form, then creating your own [minimize|restore]/maximize/close buttons on it. You'll have to draw your own form title bar, and basically take on all the magic of moving onscreen and such, but it's not impossible.
Consider this article from Code Maverick as a starting point.
Answer: i once tried to something similar.  It took too much time, plus there are plenty of third party controls out there.  I use the following Krypton Toolkit, its great and the toolkit is free.


Determining Slug Before and After Edit

Question: If I were to edit a post or a page, how would I determine what the slug was before the edit, and again afterwards to compare them and see if it was changed? Also, would the same method work for any Custom Post Types created, or is that done differently?
Answer: If the post/page was previously published, and you changed the slug when you edited the page, the old slug gets put into the post meta table with the name _wp_old_slug.  So you can use get_post_meta( $post->ID, '_wp_old_slug', $single = false ); to retrieve the former slug(s).  I see no reason this wouldn't work with CPTs, as they're just a special type of post.
Reference:

wp_check_for_changed_slugs()
get_post_meta()
Comment: Thanks for the reply. I'll give that a try. Sorry it took so long for me to get back, I haven't been home.

Determining Slug Before and After Edit


When and where to use GetType() or typeof()?

Question: Why this works
if (mycontrol.GetType() == typeof(TextBox))
{}

and this do not?
Type tp = typeof(mycontrol);

But this works
Type tp = mycontrol.GetType();

I myself use is operator for checking type but my understanding fails when I use typeof() and GetType()
Where and when to use GetType() or typeof()?
Comment: Does not `compile` would be more appropriate than does not `work`
Comment: what do you mean by this works... and this not...?
Comment: @anouar204: Try them in your IDE.
Comment: This seems to be the original version of this question, rather than the one listed as a duplicate: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/983030/type-checking-typeof-gettype-or-is
Answer: typeof is an operator to obtain a type known at compile-time (or at least a generic type parameter). The operand of typeof is always the name of a type or type parameter - never an expression with a value (e.g. a variable). See the C# language specification for more details.
GetType() is a method you call on individual objects, to get the execution-time type of the object.
Note that unless you only want exactly instances of TextBox (rather than instances of subclasses) you'd usually use:
if (myControl is TextBox)
{
    // Whatever
}

Or
TextBox tb = myControl as TextBox;
if (tb != null)
{
    // Use tb
}

Comment: Your Line `'The operand of typeof is always the name of a type or type parameter - never an expression with a value (e.g. a variable)'` is the perfect answer to my question. Thanks for helping me out.
Answer: typeof is applied to a name of a type or generic type parameter known at compile time (given as identifier, not as string). GetType is called on an object at runtime. In both cases the result is an object of the type System.Type containing meta-information on a type.
Example where compile-time and run-time types are equal:
string s = "hello";

Type t1 = typeof(string);
Type t2 = s.GetType();

t1 == t2                    ==> true

Example where compile-time and run-time types are different:
object obj = "hello";

Type t1 = typeof(object); // ==> object
Type t2 = obj.GetType();  // ==> string!

t1 == t2                    ==> false

i.e., the compile time type (static type) of the variable obj is not the same as the runtime type of the object referenced by obj.

Testing types
If, however, you only want to know whether mycontrol is a TextBox then you can simply test
if (mycontrol is TextBox)

Note that this is not completely equivalent to
if (mycontrol.GetType() == typeof(TextBox))

because mycontrol could have a type that is derived from TextBox. In that case the first comparison yields true and the second false! The first and easier variant is OK in most cases, since a control derived from TextBox inherits everything that TextBox has, probably adds more to it and is therefore assignment compatible to TextBox.
public class MySpecializedTextBox : TextBox
{
}

MySpecializedTextBox specialized = new MySpecializedTextBox();
if (specialized is TextBox)       ==> true

if (specialized.GetType() == typeof(TextBox))        ==> false

Casting
If you have the following test followed by a cast and T is nullable ...
if (obj is T) {
    T x = (T)obj; // The casting tests, whether obj is T again!
    ...
}

... you can change it to ...
T x = obj as T;
if (x != null) {
    ...
}

Testing whether a value is of a given type and casting (which involves this same test again) can both be time consuming for long inheritance chains. Using the as operator followed by a test for null is more performing.
Starting with C# 7.0 you can simplify the code by using pattern matching:
if (obj is T t) {
    // t is a variable of type T having a non-null value.
    ...
}

Btw.: this works for value types as well. Very handy for testing and unboxing. Note that you cannot test for nullable value types:
if (o is int? ni) ===> does NOT compile!

This is because either the value is null or it is an int. The following code works for int? o as well as for object o = new Nullable<int>(x);:
if (o is int i) ===> OK!

I like it, because it eliminates the need to access the Nullable<T>.Value property.
Comment: The static type of `o` can be either `int?` or `object`. If e.g., `42` was assigned to `o`, then `o is int i` returns `true` and `i` is `42`. If `null` was assigned to `o` it returns `false` and `i` undefined.
Comment: Oh, because this tests the value, not the type as being declared. If an `int?` is assigned an integer, then the value is an `int`. If it is assigned `null` then the type is undefined. `null` does not have a type. But you can test `o.GetType() == typeof(int?)` to test for `int?`. Note that `Nullable` has special compiler support as mentioned in the [reference source](https://referencesource.microsoft.com/#mscorlib/system/nullable.cs): *"[..] we have special type system support that says a boxed Nullable can be used where a boxed is used [..]"*
Answer: typeOf is a C# keyword that is used when you have the name of the class. It is calculated at compile time and thus cannot be used on an instance, which is created at runtime. GetType is a method of the object class that can be used on an instance.
Answer: You may find it easier to use the is keyword:
if (mycontrol is TextBox)

Comment: @NikhilAgrawal: If you already know something which is an obvious answer to your question, you should say so in the question in order to avoid wasting people's time. Please read http://tinyurl.com/so-hints
Comment: @JonSkeet: I use is keyword but was puzzled in typeof() and GetType()
Comment: This answer i am finding all over SO and i know this.


Determine current networking manager being used on Linux

Question: Is there a quick and dirty way to figure out what network manager (and no, not NetworkManager) a given distro is using to manage the machine's networking? Like Ubuntu 18.04+ uses netplan, CentOS uses NetworkManager, etc. Or am I stuck having to google this on a distro to distro basis?
Comment: Netplan is not a network manager. It uses either NetworkManager or systemd-networkd. And I doubt anybody has made a comprehensive list, especially since this can be configured. You don't even have to use a network manager; even Centos 8 can be turned back to the old ifupdown.
Comment: Ubuntu ( and Debian ) uses NetworkManager by default but also has ifupdown installed by default if you want to configure /etc/network/interfaces.  Running `networkctl` will tell you whether systemd-networkd is running and managing any interfaces.
Answer: I didn't find a way to do this other than try out one by one:
<code>$ systemctl status NetworkManager.service
$ systemctl status systemd-networkd.service
$ systemctl status dhcpcd.service
</code>
My list is definitely not complete. Also, network managers can and sometimes are supposed to run simultaneously.


STDERR output in asterisk cli

Question: How can i see the output to STDERR in asterisk CLI? I found that the stderr output is visible in the original asterisk terminal but cannot be seen in the cli which is obtained by asterisk -cvvvvvvvvvr. I want to see the error message of my perl agi script (warn "text") .
Answer: You can't see it.
Reason: stderror sended to linux stderror handler of asterisk process. When you connect to asterisk console, you have other proccess which have other stderror handler.
So if you want see errors, you need setup your asterisk startup script to store that errors in some file. Or edit default script /usr/sbin/safe_asterisk to suite your need.
Actualy if you read AGI specification you can see,that your script have send error messages to stdout,preferable using WARNING agi function. That can be archived by redirecting stderror to stdout in script or by writing special handler/wrapper.

STDERR output in asterisk cli


Power Play: Do I have to collect my weekly bonus every week?

Question: As soon as I have a rating with one of the Powers in Elite Dangerous, I get a weekly credit bonus. What happens if I don't collect that bonus within the week (e.g. when I am on vacation or something)? Do I lose the bonus, or do bonuses accumulate over time?
Answer: I just returned from a multi-week exploration trip and found that I can collect 1000 credits only. When I left I believe I was at either rating 2 or 3 which means, had the bonuses accumulated I would have been able to collect more than 500'000 or 50'000 credits.
My conclusion therefore is that bonuses do not accumulate over time and you have to be there every single week to collect, otherwise the credits are wasted.
Comment: My experience back then was the opposite: it was still there after months, and it did accumulate. But it has changed again in May 2016, so a new answer is required.


Outlook 2010 PST Encryption Algoirthm

Question: What algorithm does Outlook 2010 use for it it's pst encryption?
I am hoping it is AES 128 or 256....
Cheers
Comment: This isn't really an answer as such, so I won't post it as one. The PST file format is now openly documented and can be downloaded from [this page](http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ff385210%28v=office.12%29.aspx).
Answer: PSTs are not encrypted the way you would think.  They do not use a standard encryption scheme, but a custom one.  From the PST specification.  http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ff385210%28office.12%29.aspx

4.1   Strength of Encoded PST Data Blocks
This protocol uses two keyless cipher
  algorithms to encode the data blocks
  in the PST. These algorithms only
  provide data obfuscation and can be
  conveniently decoded once the exact
  encoding algorithm is understood.
Moreover, only end-user data blocks
  are encoded in the PST. All the other
  infrastructure  information, including
  the header, allocation metadata pages
  and BTree pages are stored without
  obfuscation.
In summary, the strength of the
  encoded PST data blocks provides no
  additional security beyond data
  obfuscation.
4.2   Strength of PST Password
The PST Password, which is stored as a
  property value in the Message store,
  is a superficial mechanism that
  requires the client implementation to
  enforce the stored password. Because
  the password itself is not used as a
  key to the encoding and decoding
  cipher algorithms, it does not provide
  any security benefit to preventing the
  PST data to be read by unauthorized
  parties.
Moreover, the password is stored as a
  CRC-32 hash of the original password
  string, which is prone to collisions
  and is relatively weak against a
  brute-force approach.

Microsoft say

We recommend that you use Encrypting File System (EFS) or Windows
  BitLocker Drive Encryption to help secure the data in a .pst file. The
  Compressible Encryption and High Encryption options provide only a
  basic level of security.

from http://support.microsoft.com/kb/829971
Answer: Wikipedia, man:

Microsoft (MS) offers three values for
  the encryption setting: none,
  compressible, and high. None
  encryption is easy because the .pst
  file contains data in plaintext, and a
  simple text editor will show the
  contents.
Compressible encryption is a simple
  byte-substitution cipher with a fixed
  substitution table. Of course, since
  the table is fixed, it is also widely
  known. Attackers can simply decipher
  the data and see the computer's
  plaintext.
High (sometimes called "better")
  encryption is similar to a WWII German
  Enigma cipher with three fixed rotors,
  which are widely known. If the key,
  which is the value of an internal
  identifier, is known, attackers can
  simply decipher the data and see the
  computer's plaintext.

So, is this something you're trying to do for home use, or are you trying to rollout encryption to your users? Why specifically just to their PST files; what specific problem are you trying to solve?

Outlook 2010 PST Encryption Algoirthm


Connect vertical edge to angled edge

Question: How do I connect the vertical part of my railing to the angled part?  I was wondering if there was a way to do this without just eyeballing it.  They are both part of the same object.
Answer: You may use the knife project tool. Duplicate the top face of the vertical cube (Shift+D), place it between two cubes, then separate the face (P). In Object Mode select the newly created plane, then the angled cube and press Tab to enter the its Edit Mode. Go to the bottom view, press Spacebar and type Knife Project. Delete the plane. Join objects with Ctrl+J. Join meshes in Edit Mode using Bridge Edge Loops operation. Finally dissolve the horizontal edge with X-->Dissolve Edges.
Comment: This is a great place for me to start using the knife Project Tool. When trying to follow this example it keeps projecting to the "top" of the angled cube? If you have time I could use some advise. Thanks in advance.
Comment: When using a knife project make sure you're in a *bottom view*. If you're in a top view it will project on top of the angled cube. To project on both sides check the *Cut Trough* checkbox in the Knife Project panel of a Tool Shelf.
Comment: That was it TYVM
Comment: Mind officially blown. Why did I not know this was a thing?
Comment: Thanks for the answer.  I was thinking about Knife project but I thought there might be  a simpler way.
Answer: I don't know of blender easy tools to do that, there is a way using booleans, but if you need a simpler solution, I can't help. Also, I suppose you just need to "snap" the vertical bar top face to the upper bar, not create a connected geometry from the two separate meshes.
Here is the method I said above: in this case, starting from this

I would go to side ortho view, and duplicate the vertical bar,

then either move or extrude this copy until it crosses the upper bar, and also scale this copy over X axis (eg: try scaling just a little down over X)
Then, apply to copy mesh a boolean with intersect to the upper bar (the scale over X we made before now helps the boolean), and apply.

This creates vertices in the copy mesh that may be later used to snap the original vertical bar vertices (extended or extruded).

After extending or extruding the top vertices of the vertical bar, snapping them to the copy mesh vertices, which are exactly at the intersection you need,

you can then delete the copy mesh.

Hth
Comment: That's interesting. Will definitely help in future projects.  Wish I could also mar you as a answer.

Connect vertical edge to angled edge


Removing/Changing the "mailed by" header in Salesforce emails

Question: Emails we send from Salesforce have the mailby with a lot of numbers @salesforce.com. Is there a way so that this doesn't show, or change it to be our company domain?
Comment: If you have your own SMTP server you could try using it to relay the emails. See [Setting Up Email Relaying](http://help.salesforce.com/apex/HTViewHelpDoc?id=email_relay.htm&language=en_US). I'm not certain, but I suspect this would alter the mailed-by header.
Comment: Thanks Daniel, I learned we are on the free version of Google biz apps, and can't set up SMTP relay until we start paying. Good to know for that time though, thank you!
Answer: @paul I recommend the use of org wide email address. Just define the email adress in the organization and at the time of sending an email set the desired org wide address for the email.
Comment: Hi Mukul,
Can you help me with this please as you said we need to configure the Org Wide Email.
Answer: You should really look into setting up your email relay to use Google. You must use the paid version of Google Apps. Find the detailed instructions here: http://www.grooveapp.com/blog/salesforce-remove-via-gmail/


OOP getter function should return a value or reference of a private property

Question: should a getter of a private property return a reference to the property or the value of the property (or a clone if the property is an object).
Answer: If the property has a primitive type (string, number, boolean) or a reference to an immutable object (String, Number), the answer is that you return the value/reference directly, since there's nothing the caller can do with it that will change your object's state.
If the property has a reference type to a mutable object (an array, an Object, a Date, lots and lots of other things), it depends on whether you want the caller to be able to change the properties on your object's copy of it. If you do, return the reference. If not, clone it.
For example, let's assume an object with a private array and some operations you can perform on that array:
var obj = (function() {
    var o = {};
    var theArray = [];

    o.addItem = function(item) {
        theArray.push(item);
    };

    o.getItemAt = function(index) {
        return theArray[index];
    };

    return o;
})();

(Note that this is not meant to be a glorious example of object design. :-) )
Now you want to add a getArray operation. You can do that in two ways:
You can return a reference to the array:
o.getArray = function() {
    return theArray;
};

...which means the caller can do all sorts of things to it (like remove items from it, an operation the object didn't previously support) that will change your object's state (because you've given them direct access to the formerly-private array).
Or you can return a clone of the array:
o.getArray = function() {
    return theArray.slice(0);
};

...which means the caller can't do anything to the private array, they can only operate on the copy of it you gave them.
Answer: This depends whether the private property is immutable or not. If it's immutable, it can't be changed and there is no harm in returning it. If however it is mutable, then returning it will break the OOP principle of information hiding.
If it's a primitive immutable int/number, then returning the private property is fine since it achieves two things:

You hide the private property and provide an interface, and any changes to the implementation of the private property will not break the interface as easily
The returned object (in this case a value) can't be changed by the caller because it's a primitive type and is passed by value

If however, you return a mutable Array from a method and your language passes objects by reference, then you must accept the fact that the caller may decide to change this internal object - which could very easily lead to your internal code breaking.
For these reasons, if you plan to return a copy to a mutable object, return a copy and not the underlying object itself.
Answer: Generally wherever the property is to be used should not be able to change the property value. This satisfies the important principle of the OOP i.e Encapsulation.


Output attributes from "Find Routes" tool

Question: In the Output from "Find Routes", I see there are attributes like "Total_Meters", "Total_Kilometers" and "Total_Miles". What does these mean and how they are different from actual length of the route? In my output, the actual shape length of the route is different from these values shown in these columns. My output from "Find Routes" tool shows the shortest route between stops.
Answer: First even though you have multiple "totals" I believe they should be equivalent, just in different units.
These "totals" are based on how the network dataset is configured to calculate this "cost".   For example the network dataset could be configure to get the "cost" simply from the length of the polylines, or it might come from some attribute on each polyline where the  value representing the distance (maybe from some other source).  There can be many ways to set up the cost.
Also to note the network dataset can be configured to add to the "cost", so a stop could have an "added cost" that is added to the total (it might represent stopping at a location to drop off a package or such), also there are scaled cost barriers, these can, for example, double the underlying cost of traversing a section of a road.
The "shape length" of your route is dependent upon the coordinate system\projection.  So if your output is in WGS84 the shape_length is in decimal degrees.  You could project that to get something in say meters ... but which projection you use will determine it how accurate it is to the real world.  Something like Web Mercator might not give a super accurate value where as State Plane might be closer to the real world value.
Comment: Thanks for sharing your thoughts. Yes, all the multiple "totals" are equivalent in my results as well. I am finding the shortest routes between two points (origin and destination) on a rail network dataset. When I calculate the length of output shortest route using "Calculate Geometry", it gives a different value than the multiple "total" provide ("total" value are far smaller than calculated length). Still wondering why?The only impedence/cost value used in my network dataset is the length of the route. Time is mentioned in the network dataset properties but it is not assigned any evaluater.


How do you patch a kernel?

Question: I got diff text from lkml how do I patch it into a kernel source? I am using debian
Comment: Short answer: you patch source code with the `patch` utility. But once you've done that, configuring and compiling the kernel correctly is a whole other question, and a pretty broad one at that.
Answer: kernel.org has some excellent documentation on Applying Patches to the Linux Kernel.
Essentially, you use the patch command. Once you have acquired the patch (here called patchfile), place it in your build directory and then issue the command:
patch -p <num> < patchfile
where <num> is the number of leading slashes to remove from the filenames contained in the patch to be applied.
So, assuming your patchfile is in the top-level directory of your kernel source, you can apply it with:
patch -p1 -i patchfile
patch also has a helpful --dry-run option which will print out a list of what the command will do, without making any changes to your files: allowing you to fine tune any adjustments prior to committing them.
Comment: Thanks! I suppose I didn't look hard enough. Sorry for the duplicate!

How do you patch a kernel?


.htaccess RewriteRule causing 403 Forbidden

Question: I'm trying to install the Recess PHP framework on my web host (Dreamhost). It includes the following .htaccess:
Options FollowSymLinks
RewriteEngine On
RewriteRule ^([^.]+)$ $1.html [QSA]
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ bootstrap.php [QSA,L]

This works fine on my machine (XAMPP 1.7.7 on Windows 7) but results in 403 Forbidden errors on some files my web host. All directory permissions are set to 755 and all file permissions are set to 644. PHP runs under the same user that owns the files.
The following URLs result in 403s:

http://test.dd.moofz.com/
http://test.dd.moofz.com/recess-conf.php
http://test.dd.moofz.com/index.php
http://test.dd.moofz.com/bootstrap.php
http://test.dd.moofz.com/MIT-LICENSE

The following URLs don't:

http://test.dd.moofz.com/.gitignore
http://test.dd.moofz.com/httpd_logo_wide.gif
http://test.dd.moofz.com/README.textile
http://test.dd.moofz.com/the-book-of-recess.pdf

What would cause this to happen?
Answer: As it turns out, I needed to change the line:
Options FollowSymLinks

to:
Options +FollowSymLinks

Comment: great! I will not find it too easy, you save me a lot of time. Thank you in advance!
Answer: Not familiar with that framework, but it looks like either there are some lines elsewhere or it may need tweaking.
Though I admittedly am no mod rewrite expert, looks like first line is directing all requests to request_file.html, then on line 2 if the file does not exist it calls up boostrap.php on line 3.
Your problem may lie in boostrap.php, see what happens in that script and how the request is handled. A debugger may be useful at that step. Although you may get this to work, it seems to me it may not be optimal as is. For instance, I believe usually there is a ruleset that avoid havings .gif, .jpg .css directed to your routing script. Something like this:
RewriteCond $1 !^(favicon\.ico|favicon\.png|media|robots\.txt|crossdomain\.xml|css|js)

This avoids the overhead of having php handle the requests for those types of files. There would even be more things to consider for robust application production usage, just tweak your rules so everything is routed proper and things should be fine.


Why is stainless steel a poor conductor of electricity?

Question: I recently had a metal plate put in my shoulder and was wondering why stainless steel isn't a good conductor (At least I hope it isn't). Does the alloy just lack free electrons? Why is that?
Comment: It is a poor conductor relative to copper. I would not advise you to touch a live wire with it: it is a very good conductor in that case. Stainless steel is used in body surgery for its strength and its nor corrosive qualities. After all the body itself is a  conductor http://epb.apogee.net/foe/fshrrh.asp .
Comment: I really do not know. There are people going around with metal plates on their skull. I am sure if there were a danger you would have been warned, but you could ask your doctor.
Comment: So how similar is the conductivity of stainless steel to the innards of the body? Are Eddy currents something I should be concerned about?
Comment: I think the body has some hundreds or thousands of ohms. Like any metal part in the body, you will not be able to pass detectors in airports, for example. Currents will be set up but it will not be dangerous, imo, if it is in the shoulder or pelvis or some thing neutral for the basic body functions.
Comment: It's a collar bone support-Would you think it would be worth going through surgery again to get it out?
Comment: You should look into why certain metals are GOOD conductors of electricity ! It depends on the electron energy levels for the material in question, for eg silver and copper, only a small amount of energy is required to move an atom's electron into a state for a neighbouring atom.
Answer: You are correct, stainless steel is a really poor conductor compared to most metals.  This source lists it as $7.496 \times 10^{-7}\: \mathrm{\Omega \cdot m}$ which is more than 40 times worse than copper.
The reason is that conductivity in metals is high is that metals form a crystal lattice where the outer shell electrons are shared and easily move through the lattice.  When the lattice has imperfections the flow of electrons is retarded.  Stainless steel is an alloy of iron with up to about 25% chromium (and sometimes a small amount of nickel or carbon) added for corrosion resistance.  The chromium atoms disrupt the regular iron lattice and increase the chances of inelastic collisions with moving electrons.
Comment: Brandon, that seems a bit qualitative. Your saying the conductivity is low because the electron mobility is low, which is a bit of a tautology. It would be nice to see evidence from e.g. microscopy for exactly how the crystal doimain structure is scattering electrons, and maybe contrast that with pure iron. I speak as someone who doesn't know the answer to this question!
Comment: But as Anna commented,  it's still more than good enough a connector to zap you.
Comment: @JohnRennie FYI, the reason stainless steel is a bad conductor is precisely because the electron mobility is reduced. This is not a tautology at all, but rather something that is taught in solid state physics courses. The scattering of the electrons is caused by the alloying elements, decreasing the time between collisions. See: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drude_model (also the first Chapter in Ashcroft and Mermin), also alloy scattering in thermoelectrics is the same mechanism:  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_mobility#Alloy_scattering
Comment: @JohnRennie yeah I was looking for more details of the crystal lattice of stainless steel but so far I haven't been able to find anything.
Comment: There is some discussion of the crystal structure here: http://www.keytometals.com/page.aspx?ID=CheckArticle&site=kts&NM=208  There is more information about the Austenite structure of stainless steel at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austenite but details are thin on why the austenite crystal structure is a poor conductor.  Interestingly, it also isn't ferromagnetic.
Answer: Stainless steel is a relatively good conductor of electricity, as are all metals. The body is also a good conductor, due to water. The skin is a relatively poor conductor of electricity because of dead skin cells. Any break in the skin, i.e. cut, greatly reduces its resistance.
Comment: This doesn't really address the question of *why* it is a good conductor.
Comment: Pure water is not a good conductor.  Electrolyte solutions are good conductors because of the solute (salt, etc) , not the solvent (water).


Basic Electricity Question

Question: It is said that electricity is electrons flowing from atoms but how come say a Nitrogen atom with 5 valence electrons missing 1 or adding 1 won't change the atom structure, I know protons will stay 7 but I don't understand the basic of how it flows and how does it affect the atom/ion itself, isn't it supposed to always have a certain number on each level, what if it passes many times won't it steal or give too many electrons, thank you (high school student =)
Answer: The identity of an atom is derived from its nucleus, which doesn't participate in chemical reactions. As long as the nucleus has the same charge, it exerts a certain force on electrons in the vicinity - which results in certain stable orbitals for electrons.
Now depending on what number of electrons (with what energy) is in the vicinity of the nucleus, you can have the atom in different states: stable ground state, ionized, bound to another atom... the actual distribution of electrons is what gives the atom its chemical properties - and these do change. But that doesn't change the identity of the atom.
Comment: it s fine, you answered perfectly now I understand so in copper, electrons are almost acting like a gas which makes conductivity easier..
Comment: interesting, but say current passing through a wire does it modify those valence electrons or just for the time passing through then they are back to 5 (nitrogen again)?
Comment: Note that "current passing" usually implies the existence of a conduction band - a state in which electrons behave almost like a gas, free to move about (not tightly bound to a particular nucleus). By contrast, in insulators the electrons are bound to a specific atom. Your question is hard to answer because it doesn't seem to make that distinction.
Comment: In fact, because like charges repel each other, the electrons act almost like an incompressible liquid.  If you "shove" one electron into the end of a neutral conducting wire, the electrostatic repulsion will tend to shove an electron out the other end of the wire in order to maintain electrostatic neutrality.

Basic Electricity Question


In what ways does the Arkham Horror Toolkit app improve or detract from the experience?

Question: In what ways do people find using the Arkham Horror Toolkit reduces the play time, and how much does it further enhance or detract from the experience? I can imagine one negative is that it simply isn't as fun to tap a screen as it is to draw a physical card and roll dice, but a significant saving in time spent would be nice. Just how much does it make a difference, and are there other benefits or downsides?
Comment: This seems like Good Subjective to me; it's asking for specific ways that something affects the game, not for people to make an ultimate judgment about whether it's a good idea to use or not. (I suppose the original form of the question invited that judgment somewhat, but even then there was obviously a decent question here, just a little tweaking required.)
Answer: Since I've never used the app before (I have android devices, not Apple) I can only answer from what I've seen with other apps like this and tailor it to what the Toolkit claims to do.
Since it has a full list of every event card and gate card, it does save on the setup of the game significantly.  However, since it doesn't have the Mythos deck set up and tracked, it doesn't help the app very much in that regard.  You still have to pull out cards and, when you're setting up, you might as well pull everything out and set it down instead of leaving just the event cards and gate cards.
It also gives you a dice roller, which I don't see as really a time-saver.  Plus, it feels better to roll dice physically.
The investigator tracking sheet is nice to remember what your current stats are for all of your skills, how many clues you have, how much damage you've taken, ect.  It really clears up the clutter of the board.  Down side?  It doesn't show you everything about your character, so you still need the card out.  And it only tracks your character, not all the others.  You'd need to buy the thing for a lot of people.
Lastly, it gives you maps of each of the boards (so long as you buy them as add-ins).  This helps in reading the board for yourself, but you have to have the board out for you in the first place, so I don't see this as a time saver either.


Can we create Email Inbox in WPF application

Question: In my WPF project i have a mailbox option. Where user can only send emails from his EmailID. Now i want to implement Email Inbox in my application,where user can see Emails of his EmailAccount(Yahoo,Gmail..etc).
Is this gonna work..
Please Help me.
Thanks advance.
Answer: It can, you need to explore the API available for invoking mails of user from Yahoo and Gmail. Sometimes api are not exposed in that case u need to use http post methods, http web request and then get the result and show user emails.
I suggest to search if some api available for retrieving mails from user inbox


How to prove my identity by GPG signature on a file?

Question: It's a common need to prove that a file is truly created by someone, and I think GnuPG did the job. However, anyone can generate a gpg key with an unverified email. GPG key servers doesn't verify my email address at all. Is there any CA that provides identity validation like signing a HTTPS Certificate does?
Answer: You can either go to a certificate signing party or get an X509 certificate for you PGP key and get it verified by a CA trusted by all parties involved.
Answer: Any certificate and private key can be used for signing a message, but it's a matter of whom your sending it to that should verify that trust.
Yes, it is arbitrary to create a false key and publish it, however if you truly wanted to verify whom you were speaking with and they wanted to verify you, you should first provide that verification out-of-band.
Meeting them in person in the ideal way to exchange your GPG identity, but you can also do this in any trustable way that you can verify you are speaking with the intended person. Setting a security phrase during a personal meeting and using that over a phone-call is one way. Using something like Signal where you have verified each other's keys is another great way to do it.
A CA doesn't necessarily imply you are who you say you are. As pointed out, an unverified email can go a long way.
Answer: Ppk Infrastructure technically proves only tha a certain key has been used to apply a signature. You need an organisational trust applied to the technology to receive proove of identity.
If you have a key published and signed and it gets compromised, technology wise the system of signature validity is not broken. Yet, in reality, the identity mechanism is now void. You suffered identity theft. This leads to the question as how you secured your identity token in your organization. And how trustworthy is this for the parties involved in the trust relationship for the files you protect.


Should we encourage people to tag their questions with their handset model and network?

Question: So many features can be locked out either by the handset manufacturer, or by the network; Rather than having to word answers along the lines of "On some handsets...", should we instead encourage askers to tag with their handset make/model and/or network, eg <code>[htc-titan] [orange-uk]</code>
Answer: I think one of The best windows phone features is that most functionality is equal on all devices.
By adding handset model or operator tags youll create a lot of similar questions where people have a general windows phone question but make the question to specific for their handset or operator.
What are the features that differ from brand or operator?
I can only think of tethering and brand specific apps
Comment: I think that 90+% of the questions are not brand specific so adding these tags to all questions would only cause confusion. If there is a question on specific vendor apps for example i think it is ok to add tags
Comment: I find the available options and vendor apps differ quite a bit between my Titan, and my wife's Lumia; I personally doubt that someone searching for the answer would be put off by it being tagged for a different device
Comment: Taking http://windowsphone.stackexchange.com/q/195/106 as an example, the handset that *was* tagged (until you removed it) does have a vendor specific app that claims to do what is asked; although it doesn't actually work properly.
Comment: He did tag a handset but the question was a general question that could be asked for each windows phone device. I'd say split the answer in 2 parts like "No this is not possible except for when you have a HTC Titan then there is App xyz that can do this for you".  By answering in that way the Question is generic but the answer answers every case for special devices aswell.
Answer: There are only two questions I can think of that would have this problem.

How do I enable Internet Sharing?
Where can I access Visual Voicemail?

There may be more, but I can't think of any. For the most part the OS is very very similar across network/models and I think having the tags is not going to be very useful.
Answer: I would think that a carrier tag would fall under "too localised"?
Answer: I completely agree with GeertvdC.  The reasoning is the same as in Should we bother to tag questions with [windows-phone] or [windows-phone-7]?:
Tagging every question with the device the user has is going to be pure noise.  Most features, bugs, etc. will undoubtedly carry across devices; the device the user has is irrelevant in most cases.
As such, on the Android site we only put version tags on questions that need them:
<code>- Questions about functionality specific to a (set of) device(s)
- Questions about bugs only found on one (set of) device(s)
- Questions about restoring a backup from one device on another (both tags applied)
</code>
And so on.  I suggest we do the same here.
Answer: I think device tags should only be added when the problem is specific to that device, because otherwise they only add unnecessary noise to the question. If I'm asking something about the Messaging Hub, it is most likely that the device I have will not matter at all.
The network tags don't really work well as a tag on their own, which makes it kind of a meta tag; I don't see any use in having them for that occasional question about X being restricted by  network Y, but other than that (and the examples of other answers here) I don't see much occasions to use them so they probably shouldn't be used.


Add control variables in moderated mediation model in Mplus

Question: I am very inexperienced in SEM.
I am testing a moderated mediation model with two serial mediators (M1 and M2) of the X-Y relationship, and also one moderator (W) of the X-M1 relationship (a pathway). The model fits very well.
I now want to add two control variables to the model
I am not sure how to do this within this relatively complicated model? Can someone advise or give an example?
Answer: To obtain valid inference in an SEM model, the residuals for each of X, Y, M1, and M2 must be conditionally independent of the confounder variable(s) to eliminate its/their confounding effects. The easiest and most typical way to do this is to add a path from the confounding variables to each of these variables. However, this will not work in all scenarios. It is unnecessary to add a path if the causal model believes that any one of those variable(s) are independent of the confounders. Adding these paths can cause some forms of bias if the confounders are actually colliders, if there is reverse causality, or if other aspects of the causal model are misspecified such as with variable omission and strong departures from linear relationships.


Skype Sound Device issue

Question: When I get a ping in my Skype, the sound immediately plays in Laptop's sound card and switches back to the jack plugged in. How to control this behavior?
Answer: Ha, you've just dicovered another very carefully designed and wonderfully implemented feature of Skype!! No wonder M$ bought the company.....
To answer your question, you can change the default ringing device in the options.
Note that the settings might be overriden if your audio configuration change, so just go back there and check each time.

Skype Sound Device issue


Pulling object properties out of arrays and converting to string

Question: I am currently working on a chat app and am stuck on getting properties out of an array of objects. I first sent an ajax request with json as the datatype. When I check my (data) parameter in my success function in the console it shows an Array called results which has 9 objects each with 4 properties in them. It looks like this, except each has a different id and text etc.
results: Array[10]
0: Object
createdAt: "2013-05-22T00:41:24.394Z"
objectId: "2tzXVBpwQA"
text: "SYSTEM: I'll be back."
updatedAt: "2013-05
I want to just pull out text: for each of the objects, however I have no clue how to do this. I've searched and used many methods like $grep and for statements to get text out to no avail(I am new to programming)
Here is the sample code
<code>function newFetch(newDisplay){
    $.ajax({
  url: 'https://api.parse.com/1/classes/chats',
  data: null,
  success: function(data){
  /*alert('Load was performed.');*/
   var text = $.grep(data, function(e) { return e.text == text});
   newFetch(newDisplay(text));
  }
,
  dataType:"json"
});
};
</code>
NewDisplay in the callback is another function that appends the passed parameter to one of my .divs.
This code snippet so far seems to no grab the text but instead returns just [] when I use console. Any help is appreciated!
Answer: JSON.prase is your friend
<code> success: function(data){
    //...other success code you might want to run..
    var newObjArray = {};
    for (var i=0; i<data.length; i++) {
       newObjArray[i] = JSON.parse(data[i]);
    }
 }
</code>
this should turn each entry in your array to an objects as well.
JSON.Parse on MDN


What does the number of bit of microprocessor mean?

Question: Intel 8085 is a 8 bit processor whereas 8086 is a 16 bit processor,what does the number of bit specify?
Comment: What kind of research did you do? This information is readily available on the web.
Answer: How many bits wide its registers are: usually, its data registers (the ones which can load and store data and perform logical and arithmetical functions).
The 8086 has 16-bit data and address registers, and a 16-bit data path to external memory.
The 8088 has 16-bit data and address registers, but only an 8-bit data path to external memory. Because it is internally identical to the 8086, it is also considered to be a 16-bit processor.
The 8085 has 8-bit data registers and 16-bit address registers. The address registers (apart from SP) are made up of pairs of 8-bit data registers. The fact that it is possible to add one address register to another isn't enough to make the processor considered to be "16-bit".
Answer: This number indicates the width of the supported bus, and practically is the basic unit of the processors: the registers are (usually) in this size and all supported operations are defined (usually) on operands on this size.


Are there any strains of Judaism that think Islam is not a heresy?

Question: Are there any sects of  Judaism that think Islam is not a heresy for goyim? If yes would like to know more about such a sect.
Comment: the Sabbatians / Donmeh
Comment: Not all Muslims reject the Torah and Talmud, so why should it be? https://www.judaism-islam.com/islam-teaches-torah-is-corrupted-tahrif-but-what-does-that-mean/   https://www.judaism-islam.com/was-abraham-commanded-to-sacrifice-isaac-or-ishmael/
Answer: "A little known 12th century Yemenite rabbi, Natanel Al-Fayyumi, once suggested that not only did Allah SWT establish an eternal covenant with Moses AS and Banu Yisrael, but He may have also established a covenant with Muhammad SAW and the Muslims. However, academic consensus says that he was forced to write this under duress."1

The Bustan al-Ukul, by Nathanael ibn al-Fayyumi, edited and
translated by David Levine, Columbia University Oriental Studies
Vol. VI, p. 105
(https://www.judaism-islam.com/jewish-view-of-islam/)

The webpage goes on to describe how all the 7 Noahide laws are mentioned in the Koran. If you can find which rabbi / sect  is associated with this website, you may have your answer.
Comment: That website is very clearly run by Muslims.
Comment: @יהושעק The Alsadiqin Institute is an association of Muslim and Rabbinic scholars of history and jurisprudence. Founder and Director: Rabbi Ben Abrahamson. His book has haskama from Rabbi Yoel Schwartz of Yeshivat Dvar Yerushalayim and Sheikh Dr. Hoja Ramzy of Oxford U


Best practice of handling many single functions

Question: I have many small functions which every is doing a single thing like for example:
pingServer, checkUserValidAccount, countDistance.
It is not worth of wrapping every function into single class.
What is the best practice in c++ to handle such a different many small functions?
Maybe writing some class called Helpers like for example NetworkHelpers?
Answer: Placing them in a namespace is an option. I don't see the need for a class. An instance of a class is mean to represent a state, but you're describing a bunch of free functions, so a stateless system.
"It is not worth of wraping every function into single class." - this is not a valid argument for making the decision not to write a class. A class can have a single member and a single method, but if there is logic behind it, you should write it.
If your functions and your logic mandates the use of a class, where your functions have the same logic but operate differently depending on the object, by all means, write a class. If your sole purpose is to group the functions together, when their logic doesn't really rely on the same instance of a class, group them in a namespace.
An example based on your question:
namespace NetworkHelpers
{
   //free function, use a namespace
   bool pingServer(std::string hostname);
}

//alternative, where the object has a state:
class ServerConnection
{
   std::string _hostname;
public:
   NetworkHelpersClass(std::string hostname)
   {
      _hostname = hostname;
   }
   bool pingServer()
   {
      return NetworkHelpersNamespace::pingServer(_hostname);
   }
};

As you can see, inside the namespace, the function doesn't depend on anything other than the parameter.
Inside the class, since it has a state and you create an object for each server (so similar behavior, yet different depending on the object), you call the function with no parameters as the object has a state.
I hope this makes it clear.
Comment: Where by "function" you mean "class"? :)
Comment: @themel, yes, I edited my answer just as soon as I hit the post button. :)
Comment: I would add a further note: when it comes to choosing the namespace, it's a good habit to put the function in the same namespace (not `std`) as one of its arguments (choice to be made here, obviously). If it does not take any argument that lives in a namespace (except from `std`), then consider the namespace of its return type. If there is no namespace invovled at all... then create one.
Answer: Unlike some languages, C++ does not require that you put every function in a class. If you have functions that don't belong in a class, put them in a namespace.
Answer: If I may add another best practice other than namespaces: group your functions in DLLs minding their dependencies.
Avoid circular linking and create low-level libraries with the smallest number of dependencies as possible.


Attach single contact in Gmail message

Question: Is there an easy way to attach contact information, much like Outlook, to my email message?
Comment: Not without exporting from your contacts. (There's an easy way if you use Android, though.)
Answer: It takes a few steps but can be done according to the eHow article here. I'm not sure if you'd count it as 'easy' though because the process doesn't seem readily apparent to me.
(Here are steps from the eHow article mentioned above, in case that page changes in the future, and for easy reference.)
Solution:

Log in to your Gmail account.
Click "Contacts" on the left side of the page.
Click the "Export" link on the top right. An "Export Contacts"
dialog box will open.
Select Gmail CSV to share the contacts with another Gmail account or
Outlook CSV to share with any email service that uses
Outlook-formatted address books, such as Apple Mail or Thunderbird.
Click "Export Contacts" and a "Contacts" CSV file will appear on
your desktop.
Attach this file to an email and send the email to the person with
whom you want to share your contacts. You now have shared contacts
in Gmail.

Attach single contact in Gmail message